1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 10
This word is a medical term, related to "hygiene". Paul uses here as a "metaphor that contrasts healthy doctrine with the sickly, unhealthy teaching of the heretics."


1 Timothy 2
1 Timothy 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.


1 Timothy 2, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 15 verses.


1 Timothy 2, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 2:12
1 Timothy 2:12 is the twelfth verse of the second chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy. It is often quoted using the King James Version translation:


1 Timothy 2:12
But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.


1 Timothy 2:12
Some scholars argue that the instruction is directed to the particular church in Ephesus and must be interpreted in a contemporary context. Others interpret the text as a universal instruction. The verse is widely used to oppose women from being trained and ordained as clergy, and from women holding certain other positions of ministry and leadership in large segments of Christianity. Many such groups that do not permit women to become clergy also cite 1 Corinthians 14:32–35 and 1 Timothy 3:1–7.


1 Timothy 2:12
Christian egalitarians maintain that there should be no institutional distinctions between men and women. Complementarians argue that Paul's instructions contained in 1 Timothy 2:12 should be accepted as normative in the church today.


1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship
The traditional view is that the words "I suffer not a woman..." are Paul's own words. However, some modern scholars believe on the basis of content, vocabulary, and literary style that 1 Timothy, as well as between two and five other Pauline letters (see Authorship of the Pauline epistles), were not written by Paul but are pseudepigraphical. Others, like New Testament scholar Marcus Borg, contend that this verse fits poorly with Paul's more positive references to Christian women and may be a later interpolation rather than part of the original text.


1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship
Still others, including scholars/theologians Richard and Catherine Kroeger, believe Paul did write the epistle of 1 Timothy. They present a case for interpreting 1 Timothy 2:12 as a refutation of false teaching, rather than as a narrow restriction on women's role. Their research leads them to conclude that Paul was addressing a particular problem localized in the Church at Ephesus where Timothy was pastor of the multicultural congregation. A primary example of this paradigm permeates the book they co-authored, I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11–15 in Light of Ancient Evidence.


1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship
The book presents the Kroegers' well-documented research which sheds new perspectives to this difficult biblical text. They present considerable evidence concerning newly discovered issues and problems Paul was addressing. They argue that the verse must be interpreted in light of careful exegesis of Greek word usage, the Greco-Roman customs and laws of the day, and the outside influences on the Christian churches of the 1st Century.


1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship
While holding firm to a literal approach to 1 Timothy 2:11–15, the Kroegers' research argues from the background of changes in the Greek language since the 1st century, Roman empire customs at the time the Apostle Paul wrote 1 Timothy, and the problems that the church in Ephesus was facing with pagan religions. The Kroegers maintain that gnosticism was taking hold of the Christians at Ephesus, and the women, being given less to no education in those days, were more prone to be misled by gnostic beliefs. Those authors present the case that those women with gnostic influence were trying to pass on those erroneous beliefs to others in the Church at Ephesus. Hence, their conclusion is that 1 Timothy 2:12 is a time-and-place refutation of false teaching, not a universal Christian principle for all time.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches
Interpretation of this passage is almost universally considered to be complex. N. T. Wright, former Bishop of Durham, says that 1 Timothy 2 is the "hardest passage of all" to exegete properly. A number of interpretive approaches to the text have been made by both complementarians and egalitarians. The 1 Timothy 2:12 passage is only one "side" of a letter written by Paul, and is directed at a particular group. Therefore, interpretations are limited to one-sided information with no record of the associated correspondence to which Paul was responding.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches
Theologian Philip Payne, a Cambridge PhD and former Tübingen scholar, is convinced that 1 Timothy 2:12 is the only New Testament verse that "might" explicitly prohibit women from teaching or having authority over men, though he writes that he does not think that is what it means. Moore maintains that "Any interpretation of these portions of Scripture must wrestle with the theological, contextual, syntactical, and lexical difficulties embedded within these few words".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches
Wheaton scholar and professor Gilbert Bilezikian concludes that although it may seem that Paul is laying down an ordinance that has the character of a universal norm for all Christians in all ages, that view does not survive close scrutiny. After extensive research, he has reached these conclusions:


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches
Bilezikian concludes that the exceptional character of the emergency measures advocated by Paul serves as evidence that women could indeed teach and hold leadership positions under normal circumstances.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches
Egalitarian and complementarian interpretive approaches to the text typically take the following forms:


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Christian Egalitarians believe that the passage does not carry the same meaning for the modern church when interpreted in light of the socio-cultural situation of Paul's time; that a key word in the passage should be reinterpreted to mean something other than "exercising authority". Some recent scholarship is believed to show that Paul never intended his first letter to Timothy to apply to the church at all times and places. Instead, it was intended to remediate a state of acute crisis being created by a "massive influx of false teaching and cultic intrusions" threatening the survival of the very young Church at Ephesus.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
The egalitarian socio-cultural position has been represented prominently by classicist Catherine Kroeger and theologian Richard Kroeger. They believe the author of 1 Timothy was refuting false teaching, rather than establishing a narrow restriction on women's role. The Kroegers maintain that Paul was uniquely addressing the Ephesian situation because of its feminist religious culture where women had usurped religious authority over men. They cite a wide range of primary sources to support their case that the Ephesian women were teaching a particular Gnostic notion concerning Eve. They advocate that ancient Greco-Roman world thought patterns faced by the writer of the Pastoral Epistles are germane to interpreting his writings.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
However, their conclusions have been rejected by certain historians as well as by some complementarians. I. H. Marshall cautions that "It is precarious, as Edwin Yamauchi and others have shown, to assume Gnostic backgrounds for New Testament books. Although the phrase, 'falsely called knowledge', in 1 Timothy 6:20 contains the Greek word gnosis, this was the common word for 'knowledge'. It does seem anachronistic to transliterate and capitalize it 'Gnosis' as the Kroegers do.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
They thus explain verse 13 as an answer to the false notion that the woman is the originator of man with the Artemis cult in Ephesus that had somehow crept into the church, possibly by way of the false teaching. However, this explanation cannot be substantiated (except from later Gnostic writings)". Streland concludes that "Kroeger and Kroeger stand alone in their interpretation".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
According to Thomas Schreiner, "The full-fledged Gnosticism of later church history did not exist in the first century 21 AD. An incipient form of Gnosticism was present, but Schmithals makes the error of reading later Gnosticism into the first century documents. Richard and Catherine Kroeger follow in Schmithals's footsteps in positing the background to 1 Timothy 2:12. They call the heresy 'proto-Gnostic', but in fact they often appeal to later sources to define the false teaching (v.23). External evidence can only be admitted if it can be shown that the religious or philosophical movement was contemporary with the New Testament". In his critique of the Kroegers' book, J. M. Holmes' opinion is that "As a classicist ..., [Catherine Kroeger]'s own contributions are reconstruction of a background and choices from linguistic options viewed as appropriate to that background. Both have been discredited".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Many contemporary advocates of Christian Egalitarianism do find considerable value in the Kroegers' research. Catherine Kroeger, in one of her articles, points out that authentein is a rare Greek verb found only here in the entire Bible. She writes that in extra-biblical literature—the only other places it can be found, the word is ordinarily translated "to bear rule" or "to usurp authority". Yet, a study of other Greek literary sources reveals that it did not ordinarily have this meaning until the third or fourth century, well after the time of the New Testament.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Prior to and during Paul's time, the rare uses of the word included references to murder, suicide, "one who slays with his own hand", and "self-murderer". Moeris, in the second century, advised his students to use another word, autodikein, as it was less coarse than authentein. The Byzantine Thomas Magister reiterates the warning against using the term, calling it "objectionable". Kroeger writes that St. John Chrysostom, in his Commentary on I Timothy 5.6, uses autheritia to denote "sexual license".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
He argues that too often we underestimate the seriousness of this problem for the New Testament church, and concludes that it is evident that a similar heresy is current at Ephesus, where these false teachers "worm(ed) their way into homes and gain control over gullible women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires, always learning but never able to come to a knowledge of the truth" ().


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Concluding that the author of 1 Timothy was addressing a specific situation that was a serious threat to the infant, fragile church, in an article entitled "1 Timothy 2:11–15: Anti- Gnostic Measures against Women" the author writes that the "tragedy is that these verses were extensively used in later tradition to justify contemporary prejudices against women. They were supposed to prove from the inspired Scriptures that God subjected women to men and that women are more susceptible to temptation and deception".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Trombley and Newport agree that the Kroegers rightly indicate that authenteo had meanings connected with sex acts and murder in extra-biblical literature. They find it consistent with the historical context of the first letter to Timothy, at the church in Ephesus—home to the goddess Diana's shrine where worship involved ritual sex and sacrifice.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
Social worker Bob Edwards examines this issue from a psychological and sociological perspective. His work focuses on the impact of cultural norms on gender schemata, and subsequently the impact of gender schemata on church tradition as well as biblical translation and interpretation. Specifically, Edwards highlights the patriarchal norms that are evident in the writings of St. Augustine of Hippo. St. Augustine's views on women were consistent with sexist norms found in the culture of Rome in the 4th century. Sexism found in Plato's philosophy is also mirrored in Augustine's work.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural
The impact of St. Augustine's work—and worldview—on the institutional norms of the church is highlighted by a number of authors. These norms, it is argued, shape the lenses through which passages such as 1 Timothy 2:12 are perceived and understood. Through psychological processes such as socialization, confirmation bias and belief perseverance, perception may exclude historical, cultural and literary context that contradicts patriarchal norms.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Lexical
Catherine Kroeger has been one of the major proponents of egalitarian lexical arguments that the key word in the text, authenteō, does not support the exclusion of women from authoritative teaching positions in the congregation. In 1979 Kroeger asserted the meaning of the word was "to engage in fertility practices", but this was not universally accepted by scholars, complementarian or egalitarian. "Kroeger and Kroeger have done significant research into the nature and background of ancient Ephesus and have suggested an alternative interpretation to 1 Tim 2:11–15.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Lexical
While they have provided significant background data, their suggestion that the phrase 'to have authority' (authentein, authentein [sic]) should be rendered 'to represent herself as originator of man' is, to say the least, far-fetched and has gained little support". "On the basis of outdated lexicography, uncited and no longer extant classical texts, a discredited background (see my Introduction n. 25), and the introduction of an ellipsis into a clause which is itself complete, the Kroegers rewrite v. 12". Details of lexical and syntactical studies into the meaning of authente by both egalitarians and complementarians are found further down in this article.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Egalitarians Aida Spencer and Wheaton New Testament scholar Gilbert Bilezikian have argued that the prohibition on women speaking in the congregation was only intended to be a temporary response to women who were teaching error.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Bilezikian points out that the word translated "authority" 1 Timothy 2:12 phrase, one that is a key proof text used to keep women out of church leadership, is a word used only here and never used again anywhere in Scripture. He writes that the word translated "authority" in that passage is a hapax, a word that appears only once within the structure of the Bible and never cross-referenced again. He says one should "never build a doctrine on or draw a teaching from an unclear or debated hapax".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Therefore, since there is no "control text" to determine its meaning, Bilezikian asserts that no one knows for sure what the word means and what exactly Paul is forbidding. He adds that there is "so much clear non-hapaxic material available in the Bible that we do not need to press into service difficult texts that are better left aside when not understood. ... We are accountable only for that which we can understand".


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Spencer notes that rather than using the imperative mood or even an aorist or future indicative to express that prohibition, Paul quite significantly utilizes a present indicative, perhaps best rendered "But I am not presently allowing". Spencer believes this is a temporary prohibition that is based solely on the regrettable similarity between the Ephesian women and Eve—in that the women of Ephesus had been deceived and as such, if allowed to teach, would be in danger of promoting false doctrine.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Spencer's argument has been criticized by complementarian authors and at least one egalitarian writer.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Barron points out that defenders of the traditional view have argued that Paul's blanket statement, "I do not permit a woman to teach", sounds universal. He asks if what Paul really meant was "I do not permit a woman to teach error", and that he would have no objection to women teaching once they got their doctrine straight, why did he not say that?


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Gorden Fee, an egalitarian scholar, also has difficulty with Spencer's hermeneutical points. Fee says that despite protests to the contrary, Paul states the "rule" itself absolutely—without any form of qualification. Therefore, he finds it difficult to interpret this as meaning anything else than all forms of speaking out in churches.


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Although he proposes an updated scenario in his 2006 version of Beyond Sex Roles, Gilbert Bilezikian in his 1989 version proposed that Paul may have been distinguishing between qualified, trained teachers and some of the unschooled women who struggled to assert themselves as teachers with their newly found freedom in Christianity. However, this view is opposed by egalitarians B. Barron and Gordon Fee. Bilezikian further suggests that the fledgling church at Ephesus had been formed among confrontations of superstitious, occult practices. This view is opposed by egalitarians such as Walter Liefeld, as well as by complementarians such as Schreiner. Bilezikian proposes that "the solution for proper understanding of this passage is to follow its development to the letter":


1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical
Women in Ephesus should first become learners,v.11 and quit acting as teachers or assuming the authority of recognized teachers.v.12 Just as Eve rather than Adam was deceived into error, unqualified persons will get themselves and the church in trouble.vv.13–14 Yet, as Eve became the means and the first beneficiary of promised salvation, so Ephesian women will legitimately aspire to maturity and competency and to positions of service in the church.v.15


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō
The meaning of authentein (authenteō), in verse 12 has been the source of considerable differences of opinion among biblical scholars in recent decades. The first is that the lexical history of this word is long and complex. Walter Liefeld describes briefly the word's problematically broad semantic range:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō
A perplexing issue for all is the meaning of authentein. Over the course of its history this verb and its associated noun have had a wide semantic range, including some bizarre meanings, such as committing suicide, murdering one's parents, and being sexually aggressive. Some studies have been marred by a selective and improper use of the evidence.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Classical Greek
The standard lexical reference work for classical Greek, the Liddell Scott Greek Lexicon has the following entry for the verb authentein:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Classical Greek
αὐθεντ-έω, A. to have full power or authority over, τινός 1st Epistle to Timothy 2.12; "πρός τινα" Berliner griechische Urkunden BGU1208.37(i B.C. ): c. inf. Joannes Laurentius Lydus Lyd.Mag.3.42. 2. commit a murder, Scholia to Aeschylus Eumenides 42.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Classical Greek
An exhaustive listing of all incidences is found in Köstenberger's appendix. Then the following related entry for the noun authentes:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Classical Greek
αὐθέντ-ης, ου, ὁ, (cf. αὐτοέντης) A. murderer, Herodotus.1.117, Euripides Rhesus.873, Thucydides.3.58; "τινός" Euripides Hercules Furens.1359, Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica.2.754; suicide, Antiphon (person) 3.3.4, Dio Cassius.37.13: more loosely, one of a murderer's family, Euripides Andromache.172. 2 . perpetrator, author, "πράξεως" Polybius.22.14.2; "ἱεροσυλίας" Diodorus Siculus.16.61: generally, doer, Alexander Rhetor.p.2S. ; master, "δῆμος αὐθέντης χθονός" Euripides The Suppliants.442; voc. "αὐθέντα ἥλιε" Leiden Magical Papyrus W.6.46 [in A. Dieterich, Leipzig 1891]; condemned by Phrynichus Attistica.96. 3. as Adjective, ὅμαιμος αυφόνος, αὐ. φάνατοι, murder by one of the same family, Aeschylus Eumenides.212, Agamemnon.1572 (lyr.). (For αὐτο-ἕντης, cf. συν-έντης, ἁνύω; root sen-, sṇ-. ) [abbreviations expanded for legibility]


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Classical Greek
αὐθεντ-ία, ἡ, A. absolute sway, authority, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum CIG2701.9 (Mylasa), PLips (L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i, 1906).37.7 (iv A. D.), Corpus Hermeticum.1.2, Zosimus Epigrammaticus (Anthologia Graeca).2.33. 2. restriction, LXX 3 Maccabees.2.29. 3. "αὐθεντίᾳ ἀποκτείνας" with his own hand, Dio Cassius.Fr.102.12.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Bible translations
The issue is compounded by the fact that this word is found only once in the New Testament, and is not common in immediately proximate Greek literature. Nevertheless, English Bible translations over the years have been generally in agreement when rendering the word. In the translations below, the words corresponding to authenteō are in bold italics:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Gender bias
Elizabeth A. McCabe has identified and documented evidence of gender bias in English translations of the Bible. This does not apply exclusively to the word authentein. Greek words indicating that women held positions of authority in the church also appear to have been altered in translation. Women identified in Greek manuscripts as a diakonos (deacon) or prostatis (leader) are referred to as servants in some English translations, like the King James Version. This is inconsistent with the manner in which these words are typically translated regarding men.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Gender bias
Furthermore, if this translation of authentein is accepted without consideration of contextual factors related to the original letter (e.g., challenges facing Timothy at the church in Ephesus), it appears to contradict other biblical passages in which women are clearly depicted as leading or teaching:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Gender bias
Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went up to her to have their disputes decided.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Gender bias
I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchreae. I ask you to receive her in the Lord in a way worthy of his people and to give her any help she may need from you, for she has been the benefactor of many people, including me.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
Examples of the use of authentein in extra-biblical sources have been provided by Catherine Kroeger:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
Although the usages prior to and during the New Testament period are few and far between, they are briefs of murder cases and once to mean suicide, as did Dio Cassius. Thucydides, Herodotus, and Aeschylus also use the word to denote one who slays with his own hand, and so does Euripides. The Jewish Philo, whose writings are contemporary with the New Testament, meant 'self-murderer' by his use of the term.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
In Euripides the word begins to take on a sexual tinge. Menelaos is accounted a murderer because of his wife's malfeasance, and Andromache, the adored wife of the fallen Hector, is taken as a concubine by the authentes, who can command her domestic and sexual services. In fury the legitimate wife castigates Andromache with sexually abusive terms as "having the effrontery to sleep with the son of the father who destroyed your husband, in order to bear the child of an authentes". In the extended passage she mingles the concepts of incest and domestic murder, so that love and death color the meaning.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
In a lengthy description of various tribes' sexual habits, Michael Glycas, the Byzantine historiographer, uses this verb to describe women "who make sexual advances to men and fornicate as much as they please without arousing their husbands' jealousy".


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
Licentious doctrines continued to vex the church for several centuries, to the dismay of the church fathers. Clement of Alexandria wrote a detailed refutation of the various groups who endorsed fornication as accepted Christian behavior. He complained of those who had turned love-feasts into sex orgies, of those who taught women to "give to every man that asketh of thee", and of those who found in physical intercourse a "mystical communion". He branded one such lewd group authentai (the plural of authentes).


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
The meaning of the word was seriously disputed in 1979 when Catherine Kroeger, then a university classics student, asserted the meaning was "to engage in fertility practices". Kroeger cites the findings of French linguist and noted authority on Greek philology, Pierre Chantraine to support her conclusions.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
In later work, Kroeger explored other possible meanings of the word authentein that are consistent with its use in Greek literature prior to and during the New Testament era. In 1992, she highlighted the possibility that authentein is a reference to ritual violence perpetrated against men in the goddess worship of Asia Minor. Specifically, she focused on the practice of ritual castration as a rite of purification for priests of Artemis and Cybele. A. H. Jones, J. Ferguson, and A. R. Favazza all highlight the prevalence of ritual castration in Asia Minor before, during and after the New Testament era.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
In 1 Timothy 1:3–7 and 4:1–5, the author of the epistle warns against false teaching, mythology and extreme forms of asceticism. Ritual castration was part of an extreme form of asceticism practiced in and around Ephesus during the New Testament period, and evidence presented by Favazza suggests that it did have an influence on the emerging traditions of the early Christian church.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Catherine Kroeger
Leland E. Wilshire in 2010 made a study of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae database, which contains 329 references to variations of the word authentein in Greek literature, and concluded that authentein in the New Testament period, in Ephesus of Asia Minor, most likely refers to some form of violence. Wilshire does not make a definitive statement regarding the nature of the violence the epistle may be referring to, but notes that authentein was often used to express the commission of violence, murder or suicide.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
Although the claim was rejected largely by complementarian scholars, debate over the meaning of the word had been opened, and Christians affirming an egalitarian view of the role of women in the church continued to contest the meaning of the word authenteō. Standard lexicons including authenteō are broadly in agreement with regard to its historical lexical range.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
Wilshire, however, documents that whereas lexicons such as the Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literauture only contain 13 examples of the word authetein and its cognates, the computer database known as the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) contains 329 examples, offering a much larger and more representative sample of the use of the word throughout the history of Greek literature. Uses of the word in the TLG from 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. are listed in a subsequent section below—syntactical study.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
A number of key studies of authenteō have been undertaken over the last 30 years, some of which have involved comprehensive searches of the largest available databases of Greek literature, Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, and the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri. These databases enable researchers to study the word in context, as it is used in a wide range of documents over a long period of time.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
Those who favor "traditional" understandings of male ecclesiastical leadership have tended to translate this word in the neutral sense of "have authority" or "exercise authority" as, for example, George Knight in his widely cited article of 1984. In 1988, Leland Wilshire, examining 329 occurrences of this word and its cognate authentēs, claimed that, prior to and contemporary with the 1st century, authentein often had negative overtones such as "domineer", "perpetrate a crime" or even "murder". Not until the later patristic period did the meaning "to exercise authority" come to predominate.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
By 2000, Scott Baldwin's study of the word was considered the most extensive, demonstrating that the meaning in a given passage must be determined by context. "After extended debate, the most thorough lexical study is undoubtedly that of H. Scott Baldwin, who conclusively demonstrates that various shades of meaning are possible, and that only the context can determine which is intended".


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
Linda Belleville's later study examined the five occurrences of authentei as a verb or noun prior to or contemporary with Paul and rendered these texts as follows: "commit acts of violence"; "the author of a message"; a letter of Tryphon (1st century BC), which Belleville rendered "I had my way with him"; the poet Dorotheus (1st and 2nd centuries AD) in an astrological text, rendered by Bellville "Saturn ... dominates Mercury". Belleville maintains that it is clear in these that a neutral meaning such as "have authority" is not in view. Her study has been criticized for treating the infinitive authentein as a noun, which is considered a major weakness in her argument.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
Lexical studies have been particularly focused on two early papyri; Papyrus BGU 1208 (c.27 BC), using the verb authenteō and speaking of Trypho exercising his authority, and Papyrus Tebtunis 15 (c. 100 AD), using the noun form and speaking of bookkeepers having authority over their accounts.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Responses
These two papyri are significant not only because they are closest in time to Paul's own usage of authenteō, but because they both use their respective words with a sense which is generally held to be in agreement with the studies by Baldwin and Wolters, though some egalitarians (such as Linda Belleville), dispute the interpretation of authenteō in Papyrus BGU 1208.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
The lexical data was later supplemented by a large scale contextual syntax study of the passage by Andreas Köstenberger in 1995, which argued that the syntactical construction ouk didaskein oude authentein ("not teach nor have/exercise authority") requires that both didaskein and authentein have a positive sense. Köstenbereger examined fifty-two examples of the same ouk ... oude ("not... nor"), construction in the New Testament, as well as forty eight extra-biblical examples covering the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. Köstenberger concluded that teaching has a positive meaning in such passages as ; , and . The force of the ouk ... oude construction therefore would mean that authenteo likewise has a positive meaning, and does not refer to domineering but the positive exercise of authority.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
The majority of complementarian and some egalitarian scholars agreed with Köstenberger, many considering that he has determined conclusively the contextual meaning of authenteo in 1 Timothy 2:12. Peter O'Brien, in a review published in Australia, concurred with the findings of this study, as did Helge Stadelmann in an extensive review that appeared in the German Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie. Both reviewers accepted the results of the present study as valid. Köstenberger notes a range of egalitarians agreeing with his syntactical analysis.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
Kevin Giles "finds himself in essential agreement with the present syntactical analysis of 1 Tim 2:12", Craig Blomberg is quoted as saying "Decisively supporting the more positive sense of assuming appropriate authority is Andreas Köstenberger's study". Esther Ng continues, "However, since a negative connotation of didaskein is unlikely in this verse, the neutral meaning for authentein (to have authority over) seems to fit the oude construction better".


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
Egalitarian Craig Keener, in a review appearing in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, states that while in his view the principle is not clear in all instances cited in Köstenberger's study, "the pattern seems to hold in general, and this is what matters most". Keener concurs that the contention of the present essay is "probably correct that 'have authority' should be read as coordinate with 'teach' rather than as subordinate ('teach in a domineering way')".


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
Egalitarians such as Wilshire (2010), however, reject the conclusion that authentein, as used in 1 Timothy 2:12, refers to the use of authority at all—either in a positive or negative sense. Wilshire concludes that authentein might best be translated "to instigate violence". Women in Timothy's congregation, therefore, are to neither teach nor instigate violence. He bases this conclusion upon a study of every known use of the word authentein (and its cognates) in Greek literature from the years 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. This study was completed using the Thesaurus Linguae Graeca computer database. His findings are summarized as follows:


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authenteō, Syntactical study
Whereas the word authentein was used on rare occasions (e.g. by Irenaeus) to denote authority, it was much more commonly used to indicate something violent, murderous or suicidal.


1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of didaskō
More recently, John Dickson has questioned the meaning of the word didaskō ("teach"). Dickson argues that it refers to "preserving and laying down the traditions handed on by the apostles". Dickson goes on to argue that since that does not happen in most sermons today, women are not prohibited from giving sermons. Dickson's argument has been criticized in Women, Sermons and the Bible: Essays interacting with John Dickson's Hearing Her Voice, published by Matthias Media.


1 Timothy 3
1 Timothy 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author was traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.


1 Timothy 3, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter has been divided into 16 verses.


1 Timothy 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 3, Text, Textual witnesses
There has been some claims that the Dead Sea Scrolls contain fragments of Timothy (such as: 7Q4 contains verse 3:16) and other Christian Greek scriptures, but this is rejected by the majority of scholars.


1 Timothy 3, The office of bishop (3:1–7)
This section indicates that at this time the Christian church already 'reached a settled situation, where it needs capable and dignified men to run it' in the position of "overseer" or "bishop".


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 15
In his Commentary on John, while talking about the cleansing of the Temple, Origen mentions the Temple as "the house of the living God, the pillar and bulwark of the truth", referring to the Church which provides firmness. Clark H. Pinnock uses this verse to say that the view that God raising up Church leaders to protect and interpret the Bible is "good and scriptural". He argues that in the Apostolic Age itself there were heretics misinterpreting the truth, and the Church as "the pillar and bulwark of the truth" had to take action against them.


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 15
Citing Lesslie Newbigin, who says that the Church confessing the mystery of the faith is "the pillar and bulwark of the truth", Brian Stanley says, "The church herself, as the body of Christ, ... is the only missiologically effective 'hermeneutic of the gospel', bearing witness with 'proper confidence' (a favourite phrase of Newbigin's) to the revelation she has received."


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 15
Linking with ecclesial authority, the Eastern Orthodox Church uses this verse to state that the Church (Ekklēsia) proclaims and protects divine truths, both written (Scripture) and unwritten (Tradition), "which coexist in complete harmony with each other". Peter Kreeft gives his summary: "The Bible appeals to the authority of Tradition and Tradition appeals to the authority of the Bible. The Bible calls the Church "the pillar and bulwark of the truth" (1 Timothy 3:15), and the Church calls the Bible infallible divine revelation."


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 15
Though there are disagreements on the exercise of teaching authority, the Evangelicals and Catholics Together (ECT) participants cites this verse and share their agreement in Your Word Is Truth:


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 15
Because Christ's church is the pillar and bulwark of truth, in disputes over conflicting interpretations of the Word of God the church must be capable of discerning true teaching and setting it forth with clarity. This is necessary both in order to identify and reject heretical deviations from the truth of the gospel and also to provide sound instruction for passing on the faith intact to the rising generation.


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 16
In An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (posthumously published in 1754), Isaac Newton argues that a small change to early Greek versions of this verse effectively changed "which" (referring to godliness) was changed to "God". This change increases textual support for trinitarianism, a doctrine to which Newton did not subscribe. There is evidence that the original Greek read 'ος' but was modified by the addition of a strikethrough to become 'θς' (see the excerpt from the Codex Sinaiticus, above). 'θς' was then assumed to be a contraction of 'θεος.'


1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14–16), Verse 16
The biblical scholar Metzger explains, "no uncial (in the first hand) earlier than the eighth or ninth century (Ψ) supports θεος; all ancient versions presuppose ὃς or ὃ; and no patristic writer prior to the last third of the fourth century testifies to the reading of θεος.” In other words, Bible manuscripts closest to the original said 'who' and not 'God' in verse 16.


1 Timothy 4
1 Timothy 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.


1 Timothy 4, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.


1 Timothy 4, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 4, Text, Textual witnesses
There has been some claims that the Dead Sea Scrolls contain fragments of Timothy and other Christian Greek scriptures (such as: 7Q4 contains verses 4:1–3), but this is rejected by the majority of scholars.


1 Timothy 5
1 Timothy 5 is the fifth chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.


1 Timothy 5, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.


1 Timothy 5, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 6
1 Timothy 6 is the sixth (and the last) chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.


1 Timothy 6, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.


1 Timothy 6, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 6, Final Exhortation to Timothy (6:11–16), Verse 15
See : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament


1 Timothy 6, Exhortation for the Wealthy (6:17–19)
This part can be seen as an interlude in the exhortation to Timothy (6:11–16; 6:20–21) or alternatively the previous exhortation (6:11–16) can be seen as an 'interruption' in Paul's discourse on wealth (6:3–10; 6:17–19), but in either case, the topic of wealth here seems to be a continuation of the theme of 6:3–10. In this short pericope, the 'sound of riches' is repeated (a literary device called paronomasia, "repetition of the same sound") four times, could be heard by those listening to the reading of the epistle: plousiois ... ploutou ... plousiōs ... ploutein ("the rich ... riches ... richly [generously] ... to be rich"), which are, respectively, a personal noun, an objective noun, an adverb, and a verb.


1 Train (song)
"1 Train" is a song by American hip hop recording artist ASAP Rocky from his debut studio album, Long. Live. ASAP (2013). The song was produced by Hit-Boy, and features additional verses from fellow American rappers Kendrick Lamar, Joey Badass, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T. The song is a posse cut created to feel like an "original '90s underground track." Upon the release of the album, high downloads resulted in the song peaking at number three on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.


1 Train (song), Background
The song features an ensemble of young rappers Kendrick Lamar, Joey Badass, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T.. Rocky described the meaning behind the song saying, "I wanted to make a posse cut that felt like an original '90s underground track, and I didn't have to tell anyone what to do." He also said he "took it upon myself to feature all the people who I respect as artists of my generation." Rocky wanted to make sure that the track turned out perfectly, so he pieced it together himself, determining the order of every feature. He also said his favorite verse in the song is K.R.I.T. 's.


1 Train (song), Background
The song's title is a reference to New York City's No. 1 subway line. Rocky elaborated saying, "When you think about New York, you think about things like the subway, and I needed to bring it back to that essence," he said. "[ But] when I'm rapping and mentioning 'anything is better than that 1 train,' it's the truth."


1 Train (song), Background
He also said, "I was just thinking of each artist as a different train stop, and when you hear that beat, it just brings me back to like - well, for me, it brings me back to being at the bus stop or being on the train early in the morning, cold, mad at life on the way to school late. I'm showing up third period - that's the 1 train. Anything is better than the 1 train."


1 Train (song), Background
On December 18, 2012, the song leaked along with the rest of the album, a month before its retail release. Following the song's leak, it was rumored that Joey Badass would be signing to Jay-Z's Roc Nation record label, due to his comments in the song. However, in January 2013, Joey dispelled the rumors saying he would rather stay independent than sign to a major label for the time being.


1 Train (song), Music and lyrics
"1 Train" features a looped instrumental sampled from the 2003 song "Senen" by Syrian artist, Assala Nasri. The song also features no refrain and continuous verses from the featured artists. Due to this it has received  many comparisons to classic Wu-Tang Clan cypher style songs.


1 Train (song), Critical reception
The song was met with generally positive reviews, and sparked much debate on which rapper had the strongest verse on the song. Luke Fox of Exclaim! named the song an "indisputable mega-posse cut, "1 Train" is an event song, the kind of 1990s throwback album cut that, in a bygone era, would cause a segment of heads to buy the CD just for that one tune."


1 Train (song), Critical reception
Roman Cooper also gave the song a positive review saying, ""1 Train" is truly a must-listen as Rocky, Kendrick Lamar, Joey Bada$$, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson, and Big K.R.I.T. perfectly execute the cypher-style posse cut that's largely been missing since the 1990s. Each emcee comes correct, so don't be surprised if you and your friends will all have different favorite verses. The cut is also a perfect example of Rocky's refusal to be regional, as K.R.I.T. 's Southern drawl hits home just as well as Bronson's gritty NYC flavor."


1 Train (song), Critical reception
Expert Witness of MSN Music called the song a "terrific virtual-posse cut." Chris DeVillie of The A.V. Club credited Rocky for assembling an "eye-popping tag team of recent next big things to set the bar for 2013 posse cuts." Idolator praised all the rappers verses and called the song an "utterly ferocious, old school posse cut. Andrew Nosnitsky of Spin called the song, "a flatlined true-school posse cut that features every rapper you've ever read about on a blog", also saying Danny Brown had the best verse.


1 Train (song), Critical reception
David Amidon of PopMatters said the instrumental "seems to go on forever despite a lot of solid verses, Hit-Boy’s beat just fails to bring any energy to the situation. You can feel him going for a classic 1993, gritty NYC type cypher beat but it’s just not there, a simple loud drum loop and a quickly grating violin swirl. It changes up a little but overall doesn’t really get the Aftermath meets DITC vibe it’s going for. It’s especially a shame considering the talents of the rappers on hand, and the risks that are taken elsewhere."


1 Train (song), Critical reception
Michael Walsh of The Boston Phoenix called Rocky's verse his toughest on the album, however said that it was overshadowed by the guest appearances. Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine said the guests, "sound hungrier and more lyrically inventive than A$AP, who hangs back and contributes little." Chris Kelly of Fact also gave it a more mixed review saying, it is "an interesting experiment, but one so obviously engineered for blog interest that it's tough to enjoy on its merits.


1 Train (song), Critical reception
It would have been better off as a segment at the BET Awards, rather than a six minute series of verses in the middle of the album." Lucy Jones of NME also gave the song a mixed review, saying ASAP Rocky sounded weak compared to the guest rappers on the song. Dan Jackson of CMJ gave it a more negative review, calling it a "meandering, directionless mess."


1 Train (song), Critical reception
Complex not only named Brown's verse the best of the song, they named his the sixth best verse of 2013. They said, "It's not just the sounds of Danny's voice that make this a memorable affair; the verse itself is the eccentric at his finest, from his tightly-packed wordplay ("That molly got me nauseous, aw shit, no off switch") to drug references to comedic lines, it's some of the most remarkable chaos around." HipHopDX called it one of the most memorable tracks of 2013.


1 Treasury Place
1 Treasury Place (also known as the State Government Office) is a government building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that was built in the 1960s and comprises five levels of office accommodation. The building was designed by architect Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty Ltd. according to the internationalist style of architecture.


1 Treasury Place
The building is home to the Victorian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet (DPC) and Department of Treasury and Finance (DTF). The building is also home to the office of the Secretary of DTF (currently David Martine), the office of the Premier of Victoria (currently Daniel Andrews), and the office of the Treasurer of Victoria (currently Tim Pallas).


1 Treasury Place, History
Prior to the planning and construction of 1 Treasury Place, the undeveloped landscape was a large paddock with a caretaker as its sole resident. The land was selected to be used as a site for an architectural competition to design a series of government owned and operated buildings which resides within the Treasury .


1 Treasury Place, History
The Treasury Precinct holds significant historic value as for the past 150 years it has resided at the centre of the Victorian government administration in Melbourne. The government's position in the precinct was established before the separation of government departments and included buildings such as the Government Printer's Office, Old and New Treasury Building and Department of Agriculture Building. These buildings along with the buildings built in the 1960s under Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. portray the work that the government has done over the past 150 years while operating in the Precinct.


1 Treasury Place, History
Commonly known as the State public offices 1 treasury place is one of several buildings in the urban surroundings that was influenced by the internationalist style of architecture. A number of these buildings were designed by Barry Patten and other architects from Yucken freeman architects. During the time 1 Treasury Place was under construction two other structures were also undergoing work on the same site. Using the same facade as 1 Treasury place these additional buildings were also designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects in response to the architectural competition.


1 Treasury Place, History
One building located directly behind the old treasury building was designed to accommodate the premier and other ministers. The other structure which was built to the East of 1 treasury place was to house the State Chemical Laboratories. All 3 government buildings were designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. as a response to the brief that outlined the competition.


1 Treasury Place, Description
The state government offices is a strictly modernist building that expresses that of a "soaring wonderment" as per the guidelines of the competition that was held in 1962. The form of the building (1 treasury place) is rectangular and horizontal with a centralised square tower in the centre surrounded by void space consisting of walkways leading to the tower from the outer shell of the building.


1 Treasury Place, Description
Its use of off grey precast concrete walls results in the facade of the building being expressed as a repeating grid made from the tall sections of precast panels and the chamfered rectangular window cutouts that complete the grid pattern. The grid like formation of the windows are in close relation to that of the window formation of the old treasury building. The whole building appears to be elevated off the ground and is supported by a row of repeating square concrete columns on the ground floor. A much taller rectilinear building of the same aesthetic is joined onto this building via a walkway. The overall ensemble of structures taking on the form of a monument.


1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach
In 1962 the government conducted an architectural competition amongst twelve competing firms to design and submit plans for the existing site. One of the requirements for a successful entry was to showcase one or more buildings with an aesthetic quality described as "soaring wonderment".


1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach
Ultimately the winning proposal was submitted by Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects; it differed from the majority of other proposals offered, in that it rejected a tower-like construction in order to minimise impact of views from the top of Collins street, and would include two infill buildings of similar scale to the Old Treasury Building and 2 Treasury Place, with the taller building to face Macarthur Street.


1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach
Originally known as the State Public Offices, this building, along with the two others,is architecturally important as it represents a unique modernist ‘urban ensemble’. This is an austere ensemble of high modernist concrete buildings which emphasise their grid structure. They are co-ordinated in a pleasing arrangement of contrasting scales and levels, softened by a treed walkway. Despite their severity, they relate well to the formal classicism of the adjoining 19th-century building. Their rigid, contemporary and austere design was intended to contrast with the surrounding buildings in the treasury precinct.


1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach
The building's exterior, constructed primarily of masonry, with small classically proportioned window openings as well as the location of the tower to one side (1 Macarthur Street) of Old Treasury Building was an unusually sensitive response to the urban context. These buildings are important for their innovative use of pre-cast panelling incorporated as load bearing elements. The key influence for these 3 buildings was the urban context in which they were constructed, as well as somewhat continuing the design approach of the existing buildings in its area, all of which follow the same design principals and architecture. A key element in their design was the functions of what the buildings still perform today, the buildings currently house the Department of Premier and Cabinet, the Department of Treasury and Finance as well as ministerial officer of the Premier, Deputy Premier and Treasurer.


1 Treasury Place, Awards
In 1970, 1 treasury place was ‘Building of the Year’, awarded by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and Yuncken Freeman Architects was one of the most highly regarded firms of their time.


1 Trianguli
1 Trianguli, also known as HD 10407, is a star in the northern constellation Triangulum. With an apparent magnitude of 7.58, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with binoculars. With a radial velocity of 7 km/s, it is currently drifting away from the Solar System. 1 Trianguli is currently about 723 light years away based on parallax.


1 Trianguli, Properties
1 Trianguli is an A-type main-sequence star with over twice the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times its radius. It is radiating at 41 times the luminosity of the Sun, and has an effective temperature of 9,171 K, which gives it a white hue. It is calculated to have formed about 348 million years ago.


1 Turgenjev Street
The building at 1, Turgenjev Street in Belgrade was built in 1935, and it is important for the organization and operation of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It now stands as a cultural monument.


1 Turgenjev Street, Architecture
It was built as a family home for the doctor Radomir Ćirković. The building is located on the corner of Turgenjev and Kirovljev Street in the Municipality of Čukarica, it is slightly indented with a small garden in front of the front facade. It was built according to the project of the municipal architect – engineer Marko Andrejević as a two-wing corner building whose main facade with a terrace in the loggia faces the intersection, while the side facades face the regulatory line of the mentioned streets.


1 Turgenjev Street, Architecture
The two storey building is built of solid material – brick – and covered with tiles and features a stone staircase. There used to be three entrances to this building: two led from Turgenjev Street to the ground premises, and the third led from Kirovljev Street to the basement. One of the first two entries was later walled up.


1 Turgenjev Street, History
In addition to the owner, party activists lived in the building, such as Lazar Kočović and Petruša Kočović-Zorić. Since 1936, the building became a meeting place and temporary residence of prominent members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In 1943, Lazar Kočović as an activist of NLM was arrested and then executed in the Banjica camp. His sister Petruša stayed in the same apartment until 1945.


1 Turgenjev Street, History
In the years before World War II, the layout of the building and its position was suited to the needs of the Party. According to Petruša's memories, as well as the memories of other activists, numerous activists met or hid in this building from police persecution. Sreten Žujović, Moma Marković, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo and many others stayed at the house. Before the war, numerous meetings and consultations took place in the building. The two most important consultations of the Provincial Committee of the CPY for Serbia were held in February and March 1941 in the building.


1 Turgenjev Street, History
The consultation held on 30 March was attended by Josip Broz Tito, Rade Končar, Ivan Milutinović, Žuro Strugar, Miloš Matijević, Lazar Koliševski and many others. A number of papers were published about this meeting, in addition to the memories of the participants and the number of articles in newspapers and magazines. This event which took place in March was also described in the monograph "Čukarica, Labor Movement and NLW", as well as in the sixth volume of Tito's collected works.


1 Undershaft
Coordinates: 1 Undershaft, informally known as 'The Trellis' due to its external cross bracing, is a skyscraper planned for the City of London financial district which was given approval in November 2016. The scheme has been developed by Aroland Holdings and designed by Eric Parry Architects. It is set to replace the St Helen's tower and upon completion will become the second tallest skyscraper in London, and the United Kingdom.


1 Undershaft
The building is the second design for a skyscraper at 1 Undershaft, replacing a previous proposal designed by architects Avery Associates. The approved plans are also revised, reducing the height of the tower. Construction may not begin until several years after its approval date.


1 Undershaft, Background, Original proposal
In January 2015, early plans emerged of a replacement office building for the St Helen's tower in Undershaft within London's Square Mile. The proposal, named 1 Undershaft, was designed by Avery Associates who began working on the scheme in collaboration with the then owner of the site Simon Halabi in 2010. At 270 metres (885 ft), it would have become the third tallest building in London and the United Kingdom behind The Shard and 22 Bishopsgate.


1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal
In July 2015, details of a revised scheme by the new owners of the site, Aroland Holdings, were reported. The plans were for a skyscraper of 304 m (997 ft) designed by Eric Parry Architects. According to some reports, the design could be "modelled on Cleopatra's Needle".


1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal
In December 2015, the new design was released for a tower of 294.6 metres (966.5 ft) with 73 floors. Subject to planning permission, it was set to become the tallest building in the Square Mile when completed and the second tallest building in London and the United Kingdom behind The Shard. A consultation process took place in autumn 2015. On 8 February 2016, a planning application was submitted for the development, with a decision expected to be made in September 2016.


1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal
However, a revised planning application was submitted by the developer which reduced the proposed height by 4.66 m to 289.9 m (951.2 ft), due to possible interference with the flight paths of the nearby London City Airport. Each floor has been reduced in height by 50 mm and structural floor beam depths have been changed. In addition, the level of the soffit has been decreased and the viewing gallery height has been reduced, which was intended to be double height. Despite its height reduction, the proposed height will still make 1 Undershaft the second tallest building in London and the United Kingdom upon completion.


1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal
Following a recommendation by planning officers for approval, the scheme was approved by the City of London Corporation on 28 November 2016, with 19 votes in support and two against and given final approval by Mayor of London Sadiq Khan on 12 December 2016.


1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal
The start date for construction of the scheme has not yet been decided, but building work is expected to be finished anywhere between six and ten years from its approval date, with demolition of the St Helen's building currently on the site expected to take 18 months and construction of 1 Undershaft due to take between three and four years.


1 Undershaft, Background, Design
The proposed skyscraper is rectangular in shape and slightly tapers as it gets higher. Developer Aroland Holdings originally wanted 1 Undershaft to be taller than the proposed height. However, the height has been limited by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to avoid intruding on flight paths. In addition, the building's crown, which was intended to resemble Cleopatra's Needle, was not accepted by City planners who wanted "a less demonstrative top. They didn’t want another overt shape".


1 Undershaft, Background, Design
The tower is designed to be built 10.5 metres off the ground in order to create public space underneath the building. To make room for the public space, the core will need to be positioned to the side of the tower. As a result, bronze diamond shaped external cross bracing will be required, giving the building its nickname The Trellis.


1 Undershaft, Background, Design
A public square is also part of the proposed scheme with 2,178 m2 (23,444 sq ft) of retail space below ground level. The top of the skyscraper is set to have London's highest viewing gallery free for public access (which could include a museum run by the Museum of London), and a restaurant.


1 Up Top Ahk
1 Up Top Ahk is a solo studio album by American rapper Mozzy from Sacramento, California. It was released on August 17, 2017 via Mozzy Records/EMPIRE. Production was mostly handled by Juneonnabeat and David "DaveO" Grear, along with Jay Nari, Murda Beatz, Jay P Bangz, A Dot the God, MB13 Beatz and Daniel Cruz Beatz. It features guest appearances from June, Bobby Luv, Boosie Badazz, Celly Ru, Dave East, DCMBR, E Mozzy, Kolyon, Lex Aura, Lil Durk, Rexx Life Raj, The Jacka and YFN Lucci. The album peaked at number 68 on the Billboard 200.


1 Up Top Ahk
Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album on 31st position of their 40 best rap albums of 2017.


1 Utama
1 Utama is a shopping mall in Bandar Utama, Selangor, Malaysia, with an area of 5,590,000 square feet (519,000 m2) and containing 713 stores. It is the largest shopping mall in Malaysia and the seventh-largest shopping mall in the world. The first phase of the mall, now known as the "Old Wing", was opened in September 1995. With the increase in customer traffic and demand for retail spaces inside the mall, a second phase called "New Wing" was added in 2003.


1 Utama
An additional expansion of 592,015 square feet (55,000.0 m2) was added in 2018 with the addition of 1 Utama E. Today the mall houses multiple retail areas, restaurants, cafes, sports facilities, a rainforest, and a bus station with national and international services. Current anchor tenants of the mall include; AEON Department Store and Supermarket, Jaya Grocer, and department stores Parkson and Isetan. The mall formerly housed the first IKEA store in Malaysia in 1996. The mall has received several awards including Gold in EdgeProp Malaysia's Best Managed Property Awards 2019 (retail category) and the Platinum Award for Shopping Complex of the Year in the Retail World Excellence Awards 2006/07 edition.


1 Utama, History
In the 1990s, See Hoy Chan Holdings Group started developing a new town known as Bandar Utama that consists of residential and commercial areas. As the market demand for this location has surged, the developer had planned to build a mall in this town. The developer looked for inspiration for such a mall in the United States in 1993 before designing the first phase of the mall known as the Old Wing today. As the developer believed that the mall should come with anchor tenants, they signed an agreement with AEON to open Jusco (currently rebranded as AEON) as the main tenant in the mall.


1 Utama, History
The mall was officially opened in September 1995 and all the premises were fully rented by various tenants. The cost of the construction of the first phase of the mall was RM89 million. The first IKEA store in Malaysia opened on April 25, 1996 in the mall and received very good reception from customers during the first few days after opening. At the time, most of the IKEA products were made in Malaysia including dining tables, chairs, coffee tables, venetian blinds, cutting boards, toys and bed frames.


1 Utama, History
The IKEA store covered 7,431 square metres (79,990 sq ft) of space inside the mall. Due to the increased demand for IKEA products, the store was relocated to Mutiara Damansara on August 14, 2003 which was bigger than the previous store and became the largest IKEA store in Asia-Pacific during that time until it was surpassed by another store in Gwangmyeong, South Korea in 2014.


1 Utama, History
As the mall facing increased demand for retail spaces which led to long tenant waiting list, the director of See Hoy Chan Holdings Group, Teo Chiang Kok, considered expanding the mall by building the second phase which is known as the New Wing in order to further accommodate the increasing numbers of customers and retail lots which would cost RM300 million and increased the retail lot from 220 units to 600 units. The two blocks are now connected by a covered pedestrian bridge. The new section also includes an aviary, zoo, diving pool and climbing wall. The mall soft-opened on December 13, 2003, with the grand opening taking place on April 2, 2004 by the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah. The owner and management of the mall was transferred to Bandar Utama City Centre.


1 Utama, History
The first renovation of the first phase (or Old Wing) took place in June 2011, 16 years after it opened, and cost RM160 million. The renovation included a relocation of the Jusco supermarket to the new area, additions of cinema screens, and a new entrance to the 1 First Avenue office building. An additional expansion of 592,015 square feet (55,000.0 m2) inside the mall included the third phase (known as 1 Utama E) which was opened on January 24, 2018.


1 Utama, History
It features a surfing pool, a skydiving wind tunnel and several restaurants and cafes which aim to make the mall a multi-sport and entertainment venue alongside shopping. The mall will also bring 500 more parking bays as well as providing pedestrian access to Bandar Utama MRT station. The development of this phase cost RM150 million.


1 Utama, Features
1 Utama contains 203,000 square metres (2,190,000 sq ft) of retail space. Its 713 stores appeal to all economic strata, from department stores such as AEON, Parkson and Isetan, to high-end international chains and multiple restaurants such as Food Republic food court, Din Tai Fung, KFC, McDonald's, Texas Chicken, Dunkin' Donut and Carl's Jr. and two cinema chains, TGV Cinemas and GSC Cinemas. This mall previously housed the first IKEA store in Malaysia, Cold Storage and MPH bookstore.


1 Utama, Features
Aside from retail, 1 Utama offers sport amenities to the public including a bowling alley, baseball cage, climbing wall, surfing pool and skydiving wind tunnel. The rainforest inside the mall was grown on October 25, 2003. It was done by extracting a Tabebuia rosea tree from a nearby forest carried into the mall to create the forest canopy, whereas an additional 200 samplings of other species such as Alocasia, wild banana, Johanesteijsmannia, Aglaonema and Phyllagathis will be used as shrub layer. The rainforest opened to the public in November 2003. As of 2019, the mall attracts more than 33 million visitors annually, with peak traffic occurring during the holiday season.


1 Utama, Features
The mall is connected to several major roads including Lebuhraya Damansara Puchong and Lebuh Bandar Utama. In addition to providing 14,000 parking bays for cars, the mall also provides bicycle parking. The car park is also equipped with electric vehicle charging points. The mall is accessible via public transport, including MRT via Bandar Utama MRT station or via buses from RapidKL bus service.


1 Utama, Incidents, Fires
There were two fires that broke out in the mall. The first fire was on February 25, 2013 which started in a storage facility in the children's playground equipment store which caused the whole building to experience a power outage. The second fire occurred on July 11, 2014 when the fire broke out from the kitchen of one of the food court. Both fires were minor, and no casualties were reported.


1 Utama, Incidents, Crime
In response to the abduction of Canny Ong in a shopping center in Bangsar which led to her death on June 13, 2003, many shopping malls in Klang Valley strengthened their security in order to protect their customers, including One Utama shopping mall where the management deployed additional policemen, guard dogs and security guards to patrol the mall. Despite this, there were several false alarms when some customers reported to police that their cars were stolen, when in fact the customers forgot where they had parked their cars.


1 Utama, Incidents, Crime
During Chinese New Year in 2014, a burglar stole jewellery worth RM10 million in one of the jewellery shops. The heist was planned by a Latin American gang in advance before executing the burglary, which included hiding inside the mall as it closed, cutting off electricity, disabling the burglar alarm system, stealing CCTV recording units and melting safe doors using an oxy acetylene torch.


1 Utama, Incidents, Suicide
A woman fell to her death from the 4th floor at the new wing on 19 May 2021. The incident happened at 1 pm. The mall emergency response team quickly handled the situation before handing it over to the police. The management of One Utama has confirmed that the police will be investigating the matter further.


1 Vicarage Road
1 Vicarage Road is an historic building in the English village of Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire. It was built in 1839. The building, now a business, was originally Poulton Savings Bank. It is symmetrical, constructed of brick with stone dressings and a concrete tile roof. The front entrance is a stone doorway with a depressed-arch head and a radiating fanlight. The building is of two storeys. At the front there are two sash windows on the ground floor and three on the first, each with a stone windowsill and hood mould. There are a further two windows on each end. The right gable (looking from the front) has a stone plaque which is inscribed with "Poulton Savings Bank 1839".


1 Vicarage Road
The building stands at the corner of Vicarage Road and Breck Road, directly across the latter from the Thatched House public house.


1 Vida – 3 Historias: – Despedida de Culiacán – Jenni Vive 2013
1 Vida – 3 Historias: Metamorfosis – Despedida de Culiacán – Jenni Vive 2013 (English: One Life, Three Stories) combines a live concert album with two DVDs of Regional Mexican artist Jenni Rivera on December 2, 2014. This collection represents three major components of the singer's life: her work on-stage, her family, and her friends. The first component is represented by Despedida de Culiacán, a live album recorded during her last sold out appearance in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. The second is Metamorfosis, a documentary featuring interviews with her family along with several music videos and live concert clips.


1 Vida – 3 Historias: – Despedida de Culiacán – Jenni Vive 2013
The last disc, Jenni Vive 2013, is a DVD of the tribute concert held one year after her death, featuring performances by her family and many close friends in the Latin music world. The DVD includes performances by some of Rivera's children, father, siblings and some of her very close friends such as Larry Hernandez, La Original Banda el Limon, Chuy Lizarraga, Diana Reyes, Tito el Bambino and others.


1 Vulpeculae
1 Vulpeculae is a class B4IV (blue subgiant) star in the constellation Vulpecula. Its apparent magnitude is 4.77 and it is approximately 780 light years away based on parallax.


1 Vulpeculae
The primary was discovered to be a spectroscopic binary in 1978 with a period around 250 days although the orbital elements are described as marginal. There are also companions B, with magnitude 11.6 and separation 39.1", and C, with magnitude 12.8 and separation 43.6".


1 Vulpeculae
Component A is also a suspected variable star, reported to vary from 4.57 to 4.77 in magnitude. It was reported as possibly variable in 1952 during a search for β CMa variables, but has not been seen to vary since. It was listed as one of the least variable stars based on Hipparcos photometry.


1 Vulpeculae
On the 29 May 1983, 1 Vulpeculae was occulted by the asteroid Pallas. This event was observed at 130 locations in the United States and Mexico and was the best observed of all asteroid occultation events.


1 Wall Street
1 Wall Street (also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, the Bank of New York Building, and the BNY Mellon Building) is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, on the eastern side of Broadway between Wall Street and Exchange Place. 1 Wall Street, designed in the Art Deco style, is 654 feet (199 m) tall and consists of two sections. The original 50-story building was designed by Ralph Thomas Walker of the firm Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and constructed between 1929 and 1931, while a 36-story annex to the south was designed by successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines and built from 1963 to 1965.


1 Wall Street
The facade, made of limestone, contains slight inwardly-curved bays with fluting to resemble curtains. On the lower stories are narrow windows with mullions, as well as ornate entrances. The massing of 1 Wall Street incorporates numerous small setbacks, and the top of the original building consists of a freestanding tower. The corners of the original building consist of chamfers, while the top of the tower has fluted windowless bays. The facade of the annex is designed in a style evocative of the original structure. Inside is an ornate main lobby with colored mosaics.


1 Wall Street
1 Wall Street had been constructed for Irving Trust, one of the larger banks in New York City in the early 20th century. At the time of its construction, the building occupied what was then considered one of the most valuable plots in the city. The building replaced three previous structures, including the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, once the world's tallest building. After Irving Trust was acquired by The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon) in 1988, 1 Wall Street subsequently served as BNY Mellon's global headquarters through 2015. After the building was purchased by Harry Macklowe, it has been undergoing a renovation since 2018, which is converting the interior to residential use with some commercial space.


1 Wall Street
The building is regarded as one of New York City's Art Deco landmarks, despite initially remaining ignored in favor of such buildings as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the original portion of the building as a city landmark in 2001. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.


1 Wall Street, Site
1 Wall Street occupies the entire block in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, bounded by Broadway to the west, Wall Street to the north, New Street to the east, and Exchange Place to the south. 1 Wall Street is adjacent to the Adams Express Building, 65 Broadway, the Empire Building, Trinity Church, and Trinity Church's churchyard to the west; the American Surety Company Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the northeast; the New York Stock Exchange Building to the east; and 52 Broadway to the south. Entrances to the New York City Subway's Wall Street station, served by the 4 and 5 trains, are adjacent to the building.


1 Wall Street, Site
Because of the curves in the facade, the original structure does not completely occupy its full land lot, and some 180 square feet (17 m2) of the lot was used as sidewalk space. At the chamfered corners of the building, the facade is recessed by up to 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from the lot line. Consequently, when 1 Wall Street was built, its main occupant Irving Trust embedded small metal plaques to assert the boundaries of its lot.


1 Wall Street, Design
The original building was designed by Ralph Walker of the Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker in the Art Deco style. The annex was designed by Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker's successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines. The original building reaches 50 stories and stands 654 feet (199 m) tall. The southern annex was originally 28 stories tall with a height of about 391 feet (119 m), but in 2019 was expanded to 36 stories with a height of about 494 feet (151 m). Dormer structures of up to two stories are located on the tops of both sections.


1 Wall Street, Design
Walker had designed other Art Deco buildings in the New York City area, mainly telecommunications structures. These included the Verizon Building (1927), New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building (1929), 60 Hudson Street (1930), and 32 Avenue of the Americas (1932), as well as telephone buildings in Upstate New York.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade
1 Wall Street's facade is made primarily of limestone. This contrasts with the brick facades of Walker's telecommunications buildings, the use of which was likely influenced by Dutch and German Expressionism. 1 Wall Street also contains numerous setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution in order to allow light and air to reach the streets below, they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building
The original 1931 building, on the northern portion of the site, has indented vertical bays with fluting that are arranged similarly to curtains. It contains a series of small setbacks starting at the 20th story and continuing until the 35th story, above which a slender tower rises. The southern portion of the original building rises as high as a dormer on the 37th floor, though the 36th floor is the highest story that also connects to the annex. The original structure measures 179 feet (55 m) on Broadway by 102 feet (31 m) on Wall Street.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building
The facade of 1 Wall Street's original section contains several decorative elements that make it appear as an "organic" design, rather than a machine-produced design. Walker said that 1 Wall Street would "have 200 thousand people looking at it from all sides" in a single year, including workers and pedestrians, and that they should have "mental relief and pleasure" when looking at the building. Walker also stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, he "tried to superimpose one rhythm upon a basic rhythm", and as such, he treated the facade as a series of "rhythmic motifs" in different sizes. Each of the bays is separated by curved, projecting piers that proceed to the top of the setback. Several piers also contain vertical incisions for emphasis. The windows of the original building had to be specifically designed with curved frames in order to fit into the facade.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building
The base of the original building is composed of the lowest three stories. The section of the base along Wall Street is eight bays wide, with a double-width entrance in the middle of the Wall Street facade, which is reached by a short flight of stairs and leads to the main lobby. The sections of the base on Broadway and New Street are seventeen bays wide. There is an exposed granite basement on New Street with a service entrance. On the upper floors, each of the bays has a single sash window on each floor. The northwestern and northeastern corners of the building both contain chamfers.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Annex
The southern annex, completed in 1965, is also mostly made of limestone. On the New Street side, there are setbacks above the 5th and 10th floors; the building then rises as a slender slab with setbacks on the 29th, 34th, and 35th floors. Along Broadway, the facade of the annex was originally recessed behind that of the original building, by a width of two vertical bays.


1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Annex
In 2018, an entrance to the retail space was constructed in front of the annex; the entrance is clad with glass. The entrance structure ranges between one and seven stories high. The facade of the 2018 addition projects forward to the facade of the original structure. Five stories were also built atop the initial portion of the annex. In total, according to zoning documents, the annex measures 180 feet (55 m) on Broadway and 132.5 feet (40.4 m) on Exchange Place.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features
The building contains 43 elevators and 14 escalators. When built, 1 Wall Street contained 29 elevators, some of which were near the building's exterior walls. Irving Trust had its own private elevators, while the rest of the building contained three types of elevators, providing service to the lower, intermediate, or upper floors. Because the New Street side of the building was lower than the Broadway side, engineers configured the original elevator shafts so that double-deck elevators could be installed if necessary. These double-deck elevators were never built. At its completion 1 Wall Street was the first office structure in Lower Manhattan to use alternating current for electric power. It contained a network of pneumatic tubes for sending documents between floors.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features
There is 1,165,645 sq ft (108,292 m2) of interior space, of which the original building had 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of floor space. There are also five basement levels under the original structure. A corridor inside 1 Wall Street's basement, stretching between Broadway and New Street, provided access to the northbound platform of the Wall Street station, but it was converted to a communications room by 2000. Upon the building's opening, Irving Trust occupied the basements, lowest ten floors, and uppermost three floors of 1 Wall Street. Following its 2018–2021 conversion, 1 Wall Street contained 678,000 square feet (63,000 m2) of residential space and 166,000 square feet (15,400 m2) of commercial space.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Lobby
At ground level is the Red Room, a large space with a ceiling stretching 33 feet (10 m) high. It was designed as the reception room rather than a banking room. The Red Room measures 100 feet (30 m) long, stretching the entire distance between the western and eastern facades, and 40 feet (12 m) wide.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Lobby
The walls and ceilings are decorated with 8,911 square feet (827.9 m2) of red and gold mosaics designed by Hildreth Meiere and manufactured by the Ravenna Mosaic Company in Long Island City and in Berlin. The ceiling had an allegorical painting measuring 20 by 66 feet (6.1 by 20.1 m), depicting the influence of wealth on the creation of beauty, was made by Meiere and Kimon Nicolaïdes. The walls are made of Pyrenees black marble, and the columns are made of Verona red marble; a similar design was used in the Stockholm City Hall. The floor was made of red terrazzo tiles; Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith personally supervised the creation of the floor tiles in Berlin. When the annex was built, the expanded lobby floor was clad in travertine, and the original lobby's ceiling was covered with a dropped ceiling.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Upper floors
The upper floors were accessed from another lobby on Wall Street. As arranged, Irving Trust's directors' room was on the 46th floor, while the stories above it had dining spaces and a 3-story observation lounge. These spaces contained Art Deco furnishings. The executive lounge, at the 49th story, had a ceiling made of gold-leaf seashells. The executive lounge had four full-height windows that faced each of the cardinal directions, as well as walls covered with multicolored patterned fabrics. The other floors, except the lowest ten above-ground floors, were rented out to commercial concerns.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Upper floors
After 1 Wall Street's residential conversion, there have been 566 condominium apartments, 47 of which have private decks. Of the total units, 304 are studios and one-bedroom units. There are also amenities such as a 75-foot (23 m) indoor swimming pool, 39th-floor observation deck, library, golf simulator, dog spa, and playroom. These amenities are mostly clustered in the annex. The upper three floors were converted into a three-story penthouse apartment with 12,965 square feet (1,204.5 m2), four bedrooms and four bathrooms, as well as a private library and chef's kitchen.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Vault
Irving Trust's bank vault, weighing 5,000 short tons (4,500 long tons; 4,500 t) was located 69 to 72 feet (21 to 22 m) below ground level. At the time of the building's 1931 completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building and the Bank of England. The vault was encased in a 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete.


1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Vault
The vault contained three stories and stretched from Broadway to New Street; the upper floor of the vault was used by bank customers while the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes. Each story had 2,700 square feet (250 m2) of space. A tank of water, as well as modern chemical, electrical, and mechanical features, were used to prevent potential break-ins.


1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion
Since the settlement of New Amsterdam in the 17th century, only three buildings on the northern portion of the current skyscraper's site had carried the address 1 Wall Street. The first was a 17th-century stone house and the second was built in the 19th century. The third such structure was an 18-story office building built in 1907 and designed by St. Louis-based firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett. The structure was known as the "Chimney Building" or the "'chimney corner' building", and its footprint measured only 29 by 39 feet (8.8 by 11.9 m).


1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion
The Chimney Building was developed by a syndicate from St. Louis, headed by Festus Wade of the St. Louis Mercantile Trust Company. In mid-1905, the company paid $700,000 for the 1,131-square-foot (105.1 m2) plot, or an average of $576 per square foot ($6,200/m2). The next year, the syndicate announced that it would start erecting an 18-story structure at 1 Wall Street. The Chimney Building was completed in 1907, and for years afterward, its site was regarded as the world's most valuable.


1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion
Adjoining the Chimney Building were five other structures: a 20-story building at 74 Broadway, the 15-story Union Trust Building at 80 Broadway, and three other buildings of between 10 and 12 stories. The oldest of these was the Union Trust Building, which was erected in 1889 and had 8-foot-thick (2.4 m) masonry walls because engineers of the time did not know how much steel the building required. One of the twelve-story structures surrounded the Chimney Building, and in 1926, this structure and the Chimney Building were sold to a syndicate of bankers.


1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Southern portion
The southern half of the block contained two structures: the Manhattan Life Insurance Building on the north and the Knickerbocker Trust Company Building to the south. The 18-story Manhattan Life Building, completed in 1894, was located in the middle of the block at 64 Broadway. The Manhattan Life Building was slightly extended north in 1904 to encompass all lots between 64 and 70 Broadway.


1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Southern portion
The Knickerbocker Trust Company bought the land immediately south of the Manhattan Life Building in early 1906, and finalized building plans the next year. The 22-story Knickerbocker Trust building at 60 Broadway was completed in 1909 and contained a ground-floor banking room, a private penthouse restaurant, and eight elevators. There was a 23-foot-wide (7.0 m) space between the Manhattan Life and Knickerbocker Trust buildings. A 10-inch (250 mm) strip of land on the northern side of the gap was sold to John E. Schermerhorn in 1912. The Schermerhorn family subsequently built an eight-story structure at 62 Broadway, within the gap.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction
The idea for the current skyscraper was attributed to Irving Trust president Harry Ward. Irving Trust, founded in 1851, had merged with numerous other banks in preceding years, and had outgrown its offices in 60 Broadway, the Equitable Building, and the Woolworth Building. At the time of the proposal, the bank was known as American Exchange Irving Trust, having merged in 1926 with the American Exchange-Pacific National Bank. During the mid- and late 1920s, many Art Deco office buildings were constructed in New York City, peaking around 1929 and 1930. Additionally, banks in Manhattan were clustering around Wall Street, and the corner of Broadway and Wall Street was seen as a valuable location.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Planning
By April 1928, the Central Union Trust Company controlled the buildings from 64 to 80 Broadway, and reportedly planned to build a 36-story structure at the site of the Chimney Building. The following month, American Exchange Irving Trust bought the Chimney Building along with three adjacent structures at 7 Wall Street, and 74 and 80 Broadway, in exchange for $5.5 million in cash and a $9 million mortgage. The transaction cost approximately $725 per square foot ($7,800/m2). Following the sale, the Central Union Trust Company moved to the Manhattan Life Building and modified the structures at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Planning
Immediately after the purchase, Irving Trust's board of directors founded a sub-committee for construction oversight, and several Irving Trust employees formed the One Wall Street Unit to coordinate logistical planning for the new skyscraper. Thirty-five potential architects were identified and interviewed extensively. Ultimately, in June 1928, Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker was hired to design the structure, and Marc Eidlitz was hired as builder. Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker filed plans with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings the next month. The initial plans called for a 46-story building, on a plot of 178 by 101 feet (54 by 31 m). In October 1928, local newspapers reported that Irving Trust had accepted "final plans" for a 44-story building rising 560 feet (170 m). The actual final plans, filed in June 1929, provided for a 50-story structure.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening
Demolition of the four buildings on the northern portion of the Irving Trust site began in May 1929, while work on the building itself began that August. The ceremonial cornerstone was laid on January 15, 1930. During the construction process, nearby structures such as Trinity Church were shored up. In March 1930, Irving Trust signed an agreement with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, at the time one of the operators of the city's subway system, to build three new entrances to the Wall Street station on Broadway and another entrance in 1 Wall Street's basement.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening
The frame involved the installation of 250,000 rivets and was completed within five months of the groundbreaking without any serious incidents. When the steel frame topped out on May 12, 1930, workers hoisted an evergreen tree to the top of the frame. While the workers were securing the final rivets, a hot steel rivet fell from the building's top and hit a truck below, narrowly missing the truck driver's head and causing a small fire on the street.


1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening
The exterior was completed by August 1930. Several hundred boxcars were used to transport the building's Indiana Limestone to New York City; according to railroad workers, it was the largest-ever such order. Before being used in the building, the limestone blocks went to a workshop in Long Island City, where they were carved to meet the building's specifications.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
By December 1930, Irving Trust announced that 80% of the space had been leased in the nearly-completed building. Tenants started moving into 1 Wall Street by mid-March 1931, before its formal opening. Among the tenants were several members of the New York Stock Exchange and Curb Exchange. The Irving Trust Company moved into the building on March 23, 1931. Two hundred guards armed with machine guns moved the bank's $8 billion holdings from its former location at the Woolworth Building. The next day, 1 Wall Street opened to public use, with thousands of visitors.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
By that time, the building was 90% occupied. Shortly afterward, the Fiduciary Trust Company of New York also moved its banking quarters to the 30th floor, making that space the highest banking quarters in New York City. In a 1938 incident, an electrical transformer on the 21st-story setback blew up; though the windows were shaken, nobody was injured.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
The original building soon became too small to accommodate the operations of Irving Trust and its tenants. Accordingly, in 1961, Irving Trust purchased from Hanover Bank the three buildings at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway, thereby giving Irving Trust control of the entire block between Broadway, Wall Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The company initially anticipated that the annex would cost $25 million. Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines were hired to design the annex. By mid-1963, the site had been cleared; in preparation of the work, Irving Trust took a sublease at 2 Broadway.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
To finance construction, Irving Trust sold the building to a subsidiary, which then sold $30 million of secured notes to investors. Renovations also took place in the original building; tenants continued to use 1 Wall Street during construction, but the vault in the basement was emptied. A refrigeration plant was installed on the annex's roof to provide air-conditioning to both buildings. The project was finished by late 1965.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
Between 1987 and 1988, Irving Trust held negotiations to merge with the Bank of New York, which at the time was headquartered nearby at 48 Wall Street. Irving Trust initially rejected buy-out offers from the Bank of New York because the latter had "undervalued" Irving Trust's assets such as 1 Wall Street. By October 1988, with a merger imminent, Irving Trust placed 1 Wall Street for auction; at the time, the building was valued at $250 million. With the Bank of New York's acquisition of the Irving Trust in December 1988, the company became known as BNY Mellon, and its headquarters moved to 1 Wall Street.


1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use
BNY Mellon opened a museum on the 10th floor in 1998, which was dedicated to the history of both banks. During the same time, BNY Mellon hired Hoffmann Architects to conduct mortar repair and window replacements. While 1 Wall Street was not damaged following the September 11 attacks at the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, BNY Mellon's operations were disrupted, and 1 Wall Street had to be cleaned up.


1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion
By January 2014, BNY Mellon was looking to sell its headquarters, as it was moving to a location with less space. In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold the building to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585 million, though BNY Mellon continued to occupy the building until September 2015. Macklowe added up to 174,000 square feet (16,200 m2) of retail space at the base.


1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion
He initially planned to make 1 Wall Street a mixed-use residential and office building, but in early 2017, changed these plans so that it would be almost entirely residential condominiums, since an all-residential building would require less debt. Macklowe Properties partnered with former Prime Minister of Qatar Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani in a bid to convert the office property into 566 condos with retail at the base. The renovation was originally supposed to be undertaken by Robert A.M. Stern Architects, though it was replaced by the firm SLCE Architects. Deutsche Bank provided $750 million in debt for the conversion.