109 Washington Street, Inhabitants
Similar demographics are seen again in 1940, but with fewer residents—only 40 people lived in the building, perhaps indicative of the changing nature and decrease in population of the neighborhood. The building's inhabitants, hailing from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the United States (with many native-born New Yorkers), worked as porters, salesmen at a cigar store, longshoremen, dishwashers, accountants, and bakers. Women, as well, were often employed, typically as office cleaners in nearby office towers or as waitresses.


109 Washington Street, Inhabitants
109 Washington Street was a typical example of a tenement in Little Syria both in its construction and in the wide range of its residents: it housed hundreds of people of more than thirteen nationalities in the first sixty years of the building's existence—Austrian, Slovak, Scottish, Irish, Hungarian, Russian, Lithuanian, Italian, Polish, Czech, German, Yugoslavian, and American.


109 Washington Street, Inhabitants
Because no Syrian residents have been documented through census records at 109 Washington Street, this could, according to Kate Reggev, perhaps speak to the tendency for building owners to rent apartments to people of the same ethnicity—the O’Connors, of Irish background, may have purposely avoided housing Syrian immigrants despite their large numbers in the area, or they may simply not have been residents at 109 Washington Street at the time of the census. While a similar tenement in New York City's Lower East Side, another significant immigrant enclave, would most likely have had a higher occupancy rate, Washington Street was home to a wider range of nationalities and ethnicities and truly represented a melting pot of backgrounds.


109 Washington Street, Design
Of the 16 four-, five-and six-story brick residential buildings and tenements that lined Washington Street between Rector and Carlisle Street in the 1910s, No. 109 was among the taller, newer structures on the street and had a projecting metal-framed bay window storefront. The architect of the tenement, John P. Lee, had his offices at 168 East 89th Street and was perhaps the same John P. Lee, president of the Builders League in the early 20th century. He frequently acted as a consultant and representative of the Builders League regarding amendments to the Tenement House Law of 1901, and, if in fact the architect of 109 Washington Street and several other tenements, he would have been very familiar with the building type.


109 Washington Street, Design
The five-story, four-bay running-bond brick tenement building at 109 Washington Street was constructed in 1885 to be a residential structure that extends nearly all the way back to its rear lot line. The original windows were most likely three-over-three double-sash windows and have what appear to be molded brownstone sills and lintels with neo-Classical inspired swags reliefs. The painted sheet-metal, neo-Grec cornice held up by projecting brackets has a matching sheet-metal belt course just below the cornice; both are painted a brown color to resemble the cast iron window trim.


109 Washington Street, Design
These architectural details were most likely purchased from builder's yards but the subtle swag detail and the use of decorative finishings on the windows, as opposed to lintels and sills with no ornamentation at all, indicates at least some desire to provide ornamentation on the façade.


109 Washington Street, Design
A belt course of slate or bluestone runs through the upper edge of the windows on each floor, and a fire escape on the façade of the building has been extant on the building beginning some time prior to 1907; the current fire escape was most likely preceded by another one, due to holes in the masonry of the facade where the previous escape would have been attached. The fire escapes were typically used to air out bedding, dry laundry, or store large items such as basins or baths.


109 Washington Street, Design
The apartments of No. 109 Washington Street were divided into three rooms: a front room or parlor having access to the two windows in the front or rear of the building, a kitchen located in the middle room, and a small bedroom situated in the center of the structure, either across from or next to the staircase. Each apartment was entered through the kitchen, which had doors leading to either the bedroom or the parlor. The entrance on the ground floor was located on the north side of the building, and the stairs were accessed via a long, narrow hallway.


109 Washington Street, Design
The building has been through two alterations. Originally intended for 19 families when it was built in 1885, 109 Washington Street was home to roughly 35 to 40 people at any given time through the turn of the century; beginning in 1910, the number roughly doubles, with 67 occupants in 1910, 60 in 1920, and 56 in 1930. In 1907, the building was brought up to code outlined in the 1901 Tenement House Law, carried out at No. 109 by John J. O’Connor, an architect and relative of the owner.


109 Washington Street, Design
The 1907 changes included blocking out and flooring over the existing light shaft and creating a new one that would measure five feet by five feet, adding two shared toilets on each floor next to the new light shaft, and inserting windows on interior partition walls in the apartment for light and ventilation. At a later date, the exterior windows were replaced, in some cases in a haphazard manner, and the original metal and glass bay window storefront has been replaced with a tacked-on storefront.


109 Washington Street, Design
The tenement remained in the O’Connor family for over 70 years following Lawrence O’Connor's purchase of the property; in 1955, O’Connor descendants sold the property to Finkenstadt Realty, and through the new owner Robert Ehrich, further improvements were made to the building. In 1955, the first floor store was equipped to prepare food and was converted into a deli, while two new toilets on the north side of the building were added on each of the residential floors. The ground floor has since remained a food service location, housing various restaurants including Marino's Pizza in the 1980s and currently Budtharasa Thai Food. Aside from the replaced windows and the changed storefront, the building looks remarkably similar to the way it did over one hundred years ago.


109 Washington Street, September 11, 2001 attacks
Because of the tenement's proximity to the World Trade Center and its unusual status in the neighborhood, its residents experienced September 11 in a unique way that received media attention after the attacks. In 2003, Public Radio International syndicated the program "109 on 9-11: An Audio Documentary" about the building and about the day of the attacks. In the piece narrated by Jack Cadwallader, residents Eddie Metropolis, Jim Pedersen, Roxanne Yamashiro, Nancy Keegan, Lesley McBurney, Erwin Silverstein, Flavio Rizzo, and Veruska Cantelli present their memories.


109 Washington Street, Preservation effort
Because of the major eminent domain actions and demolitions in the neighborhood, collections of current and former residents and historic preservationists have advocated for the protection of 109 Washington Street as a New York City landmark. Community Board One has passed a resolution encouraging the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to hold a hearing on this question.


109 Washington Street, Preservation effort
In 2011, as reported by The New York Times and the BBC News, a coalition called Save Washington Street of Arab-American and other ethnic organizations, prominent individuals, and historic preservationist wrote letters to the Commission's Chairman Robert Tierney encouraging him to hold hearings on the building. In October 2011 in a ceremony at the Museum of Chinese in America, the Place Matters organization founded by City Lore presented 109 Washington Street, and its residents and advocates, one of its "Places That Matter" awards.


1090
Year 1090 (MXC) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1090 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1090 kHz: 1090 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KAAY Little Rock, WBAL Baltimore and XEPRS-AM Rosarito-Tijuana share Class A status on 1090 AM.


1090 Vermont Avenue
1090 Vermont Avenue NW is a high-rise modernist office building in Washington, D.C., which is tied with the Renaissance Washington DC Hotel as the fourth-tallest commercial building in the city (as of January 2010). The building is 187 feet (57 metres) high and has 12 floors. It contained about 160,000 square feet (14,880 square metres) of space when it first opened, but only 150,000 square feet (13,905 square metres) by 1998. Internal build-outs increased the interior space to 187,000 square feet (17,391 square metres) by 2006.


1090 Vermont Avenue
Several small buildings and a surface parking lot originally occupied the 14,927-square foot (1,388 square metre) site. The John Akridge Companies acquired the location in January 1979 for about $200 a square foot. The buildings and parking lot were razed, and construction began in the spring of 1979.


1090 Vermont Avenue
The John Akridge Companies designed and built the structure. The building was jointly financed by Akridge and Mitsui Fudosan America, the United States branch of the giant Japanese real estate firm Mitsui Fudosan.


1090 Vermont Avenue
The building was largely completed in 1979. Although still under construction in April 1980, 90 percent of the building's space had already been leased. It had not yet been completed by May 1980, but internal construction ended later that year. The building has been described as "perfectly bland".


1090 Vermont Avenue
The building was one of five new structures built in the late 1970s which helped rejuvenate Vermont Avenue NW. Construction of the buildings marked the first time since the early 1970s that construction of new office buildings moved east of 15th Street NW rather than west. For many years in the 1980s, the building was managed by JMB Realty.


1090 Vermont Avenue
The building lobby, common areas, and elevators were upgraded in 1995. In 1998, The John Akridge Companies obtained a $21 million loan from HypoVereinsbank, a German investment bank, and used the cash to refinance its stake in the building. The cost averaged out to about $140 per square foot (0.093 square metres). Mitsui Fudosan America bought Akridge's stake in 1090 Vermont Avenue NW for $57 million in April 2007.


1090 Vermont Avenue
A 30-foot (9.15 metres) tall steel geometric sculpture titled "Sky Landscape" by sculptor Louise Berliawsky Nevelson stands across the street. The $640,000 piece of art was dedicated in March 1983.


1090s
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:59, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1090s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1090s
The 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.


1090s BC
The 1090s BC is a decade which lasted from 1099 BC to 1090 BC.


1090s in architecture, Buildings and structures, Buildings
Flower Pagoda in the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, Guangzhou (1097)


1090s in art
The decade of the 1090s in art involved some significant events.


1090s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1090s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1090s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1091
Year 1091 (MXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1091 Pictures
1091 Pictures is an American film studio, based in New York, New York, and Los Angeles, California. The company was founded as the film and television division subsidiary of The Orchard in 2015. The company is best known for the Oscar nominated films Life, Animated and Cartel Land. Sony divested the company and its catalogue of over 4,000 in 2019, with the company adopting the name 1091 Media. In 2020 the company rebranded as 1091 Pictures and announced that its parent company rebranded as Streamwise, the name of its new technology platform in development.


1091 Pictures, History
The company was founded in 2015, as a video on demand division of The Orchard, a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment. By year end, the company expanded to theatrical releases, initially setting a seven-film release with Mark Duplass, and Jay Duplass. The company also picked up Cartel Land, which went on to get an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary in 2016.


1091 Pictures, History
In September 2016, the company announced a film transparency platform to help independent filmmakers get more data around rentals, streams and purchases as well as projections for when a film will break even and start generating profits.


1091 Pictures, History
In January 2019, the film and television studio was divested from The Orchard sold its film and television division. The company was acquired by the principals of Dimensional Associates, a private equity firm that launched The Orchard. The company's final films were Japanese Borscht and Baristas, before being rebranded as 1091 Media on April 3, 2019.


1091 Pictures, History
In April 2019, film studio Fathom Events signed a multi-year distribution deal with 1091 Media.


1091 Pictures, History
In July 2020, the company announced a new Chief Technology Officer, Simon Zhu, rebranded its distribution business as 1091 Pictures, and rebranded its parent company as Streamwise. Streamwise is a new technology platform the company is developing to provide distributors, production companies and filmmakers with insights and consolidated financial information for their releases, along with consolidated access to top streaming channels and other services. A private beta of the Streamwise platform is expected to release in December 2020, beginning with more than 500 distributors already tied to 1091 Pictures. The launch of Streamwise marks the final step in the separation of 1091's systems from its previous owner, The Orchard.


1091 Pictures, History
In August 2020, former Roku executive, Doug Shineman, joined 1091 Pictures and Streamwise as Chief Revenue Officer, leading teams responsible for revenue generation, including all dealmaking, strategy and marketing for the business.


1091 Spiraea
1091 Spiraea, provisional designation 1928 DT, is a carbonaceous Cybele asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 February 1928, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Spiraea, a genus of plants.


1091 Spiraea, Orbit and classification
Spiraea orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2–3.6 AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. With these orbital parameters, it belongs to the Cybele asteroids, a dynamical group near the 4:7 resonance with Jupiter and named after one of the largest asteroids, 65 Cybele. It is, however, a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method (Nesvorny, Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani) to its proper orbital elements.


1091 Spiraea, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1934 CN1 at Uccle Observatory in February 1934, almost six years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2014, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Spiraea was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.03 magnitude (U=1+).


1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Spiraea measures between 35.178 and 40.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.091.


1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 32.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.15.


1091 Spiraea, Naming
This minor planet was named after Spiraea, a genus of shrubs of the rose family (Rosaceae), with small white or pink flowers. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1091 Spiraea, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1092
Year 1092 (MXCII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1092 Lilium
1092 Lilium, provisional designation 1924 PN, is a dark, carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flower Lilium (true lily).


1092 Lilium, Orbit and classification
Lilium is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,804 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1092 Lilium, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery image taken at the Lowell Observatory in July 1906, almost 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Lilium was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24.60 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=3), superseding a period of 17.63 hours by Richard Binzel from March 1984 (U=1).


1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lilium measures between 37.78 and 52.79 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.05.


1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0390 and a diameter of 46.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.82.


1092 Lilium, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after the true lily flowering planet, Lilium. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1092 Lilium, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1093
Year 1093 (MXCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1093 (number)
1093 is the natural number following 1092 and preceding 1094.


1093 (number)
1093 is a prime number. Together with 1091 and 1097, it forms a prime triplet. It is a happy prime and a star prime. It is also the smallest Wieferich prime. 1093 is a repunit prime in base 3 because:


1093 Freda
1093 Freda, provisional designation 1925 LA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt's background population, approximately 110 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1925, by astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after French engineer Fred Prévost.


1093 Freda, Orbit and classification
Freda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.3–4.0 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,022 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 25° with respect to the ecliptic.


1093 Freda, Orbit and classification
In November 1998, the asteroid was first identified as A898 VE at the Boyden Station of the Harvard Observatory in Peru. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in February 1929, almost four years after its official discovery observation at Algiers.


1093 Freda, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Freda is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Freda were obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner, Federico Manzini, and at the Palomar Transient Factory since 2007. Best-rated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 19.67 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).


1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Freda measures between 88.01 and 126.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.06.


1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0381 and a diameter of 116.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.83.


1093 Freda, Naming
This minor planet was named after Fred Prévost, a French civil engineer of mines and benefactor of the Faculty of sciences of Bordeaux. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1094
Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1094 Siberia
1094 Siberia (prov. designation: 1926 CB) is an Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 12 February 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The X-type asteroid (Xk) has a rotation period of 21.2 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was named after the vast region of Siberia in North Asia.


1094 Siberia, Orbit and classification
Siberia is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,483 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.


1094 Siberia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first identified as A918 EJ at Heidelberg or Simeiz in March 1918. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in June 1935, more than 9 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1094 Siberia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the vast geographic region of Siberia in North Asia, approximately 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi) in area. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Siberia is a Xk-subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the K-type asteroids, while the overall spectral type of the Eunomia family is that of a stony S-type asteroid. It is also an assumed X-type.


1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Slow rotation
In December 2006, a first rotational lightcurve of Siberia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers from New Zealand and Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 21.15 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude, indicating a non-spherical shape (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Siberia has a longer than average rotation period, especially for its size.


1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Siberia measures between 17.08 and 18.79 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.089 and 0.127.


1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1227 and a diameter of 18.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.


1094 Siberia, In fiction
1094 Siberia is mentioned briefly in John Varley's science fiction novel Rolling Thunder, where it is described as "an escape-proof prison" of the Republic of Mars.


1095
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 08:02, 8 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1095). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1095
Year 1095 (MXCV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1095 Avenue of the Americas
1095 Avenue of the Americas is a 630-foot-tall (190 m) skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It was constructed from 1971 to 1973 as headquarters of New York Telephone and has 41 floors. The building also served as the headquarters of NYNEX and Bell Atlantic. Kahn & Jacobs designed the tower, which is the 98th tallest building in the city. The original facade was said to be designed to resemble the relays which were commonly found inside telephones of the time.


1095 Avenue of the Americas, History
From 2006 to 2007, the tower was upgraded from Class B+ to Class A office space for $260 million. The phone company moved its headquarters to 140 West Street in the early 2000s and sold off most of the Sixth Avenue building. Verizon retained a condominium interest in floors 6-12, where it maintained offices and a telephone exchange serving landlines in Midtown Manhattan. In 2013, the company moved its corporate headquarters back to 1095 Avenue of the Americas after selling the upper floors of the Verizon Building.


1095 Avenue of the Americas, History
In 2015, Ivanhoé Cambridge and Callahan Capital Properties purchased 1095 Avenue of the Americas from The Blackstone Group for $2.2 billion, the most expensive transaction involving a single office building in New York City since 2008. In August 2016, Real Summit Investment, a real estate investment subsidiary of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority’s Exchange Fund, paid $1.15 billion for a 49% stake in the building.


1095 Avenue of the Americas, Tenants
In addition to Verizon, other major tenants as of late 2008 include insurance giant MetLife (whose name is outside above the entryway), law firm Dechert LLP, iStar Financial, Lloyds Banking Group, Instinet, Standard Chartered USA, and Stifel. In 2013, Whole Foods Market finalized a deal to open a 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m2) flagship location spread across the first and second floors of the building. The market opened its doors in January 2017. Pandora Jewelry, Tourneau, and Equinox Fitness also operate in the base of the building. ASICS abruptly vacated its 5,000-square-foot (460 m2) space in October 2015 amid a legal battle with the company’s retail operator, less than a year after moving in.


1095 Avenue of the Americas, Tenants
In 2016, Salesforce signed a deal to rename the building Salesforce Tower, and the San Francisco-based company plans to eventually occupy 5 floors. The first Salesforce employees in New York City to move to the new office arrived on Monday November 14, 2016. U.S. Bancorp signed a lease for 68,000 square feet (6,300 m2) in September 2016 and Apollo Global Management followed in July 2017 with a 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) lease. Lloyds Bank leased approximately 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) in January 2019, bringing the building to 96% occupancy.


1095 Tulipa
1095 Tulipa (prov. designation: 1926 GS) is an Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 14 April 1926. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 2.8 hours and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flower Tulip (lat. Tulipa). Originally, the name was redundantly assigned to Florian asteroid 1449 Virtanen.


1095 Tulipa, Orbit and classification
Tulipa is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0–3.1 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic.


1095 Tulipa, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg on the night of its official discovery. The body's observation arc begins much later with its identification as 1941 CC at Turku Observatory in February 1941, or almost 15 years after its discovery.


1095 Tulipa, Etymology
This minor planet was named after the Tulip (lat. Tulipa), a genus of spring-blooming showy flowers of the Liliaceae (lily family). The name "Tulipa" was originally assigned to minor planet 1928 DC, discovered by Reinmuth on 24 February 1928, which turned out to be identical with 1449 Virtanen, and was consequently reassigned to 1926 GS (now 1095 Tulipa). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1095 Tulipa, Etymology, Reinmuth's flower
Karl Reinmuth submitted a list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics
Tulipa is an assumed stony S-type, while the Eoan family's overall spectral type is that of a K-type.


1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A large number of rotational lightcurves of Tulipa have been obtained from photometric observations since 1983 (U=3/3-/3-/2+/3/3). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini, Raoul Behrend and Gino Farroni in May 2005, gave a rotation period of 2.78721 hours with a consolidated brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3).


1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Poles
Photometric data gathered with the 60-centimeter BlueEye600 robotic observatory near the Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic, were used to model a lightcurve with a concurring period of 2.787153 hours and two spin axis of (142.0°, 40.0°) and (349.0°, 56.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tulipa measures between 27.875 and 31.52 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1208 and 0.1544. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1229 and  a diameter of 31.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.40.


1096
Year 1096 (MXCVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1096 Reunerta
1096 Reunerta, provisional designation 1928 OB, is an asteroid from the background population of the asteroid belt's central region, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 July 1928, by astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after South African engineer Theodore Reunert, supporter of the observatory and friend of the discoverer.


1096 Reunerta, Orbit and classification
Reunerta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,532 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.


1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 2000, several rotational lightcurves of Reunerta were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini, as well as by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 13.036 hours with a brightness amplitude of xyz magnitude (U=2/2/2/3).


1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Reunerta measures between 35.95 and 46.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.072.


1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0445 and a diameter of 45.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.


1096 Reunerta, Naming
This minor planet was named after Theodore Reunert, a mining engineer in South Africa. He was also a member of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, supporter of the discovering Union Observatory and a friend of the discoverer, who was the director of the discovering Union Observatory at the time. The observatory's Reunert Telescope, a 9-inch (23 cm) telescope, was also named in his honor in 1927. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1097
Year 1097 (MXCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1097 Vicia
1097 Vicia, provisional designation 1928 PC, is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the flowering plant Vicia, commonly known as vetches.


1097 Vicia, Discovery
Vicia was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 11 August 1928. On 15 and 22 August, the asteroid was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, respectively. However, the Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.


1097 Vicia, Discovery
The asteroid was first identified as A907 VF at Heidelberg in May 1907. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in August 1928, six nights after its official discovery observation.


1097 Vicia, Orbit and classification
Vicia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 1.9–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,570 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics
Vicia spectral type has not been determined. Asteroids in the central main belt with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7 AU, are located in a transitional region where both stony and carbonaceous asteroids are frequent and generic assumptions are difficult.


1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Vicia was obtained from photometric observations by Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota (730) and at the Badlands Observatory in North Dakota, United States. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 26.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude, indicative for a spherical rather than irregular and elongated shape (U=1). As of 2017, however, no other lightcurve has been obtained and Vicia's rotation period has not yet been secured.


1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vicia measures between 19.63 and 26.55 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.060.


1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0695 and a diameter of 21.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.


1097 Vicia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the flowering plant Vicia, member of the Fabaceae (legume family). It is commonly known as vetches. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).


1097 Vicia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


10979 Fristephenson
10979 Fristephenson, provisional designation 4171 T-2, is a carbonaceous Sulamitis asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey on 29 September 1973, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The dark C-type asteroid was named for British historian of astronomy Francis Richard Stephenson.


10979 Fristephenson, Orbit and classification
Fristephenson is a member of the Sulamitis family (408), a small family of 300 known carbonaceous asteroids named after 752 Sulamitis. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,407 days; semi-major axis of 2.46 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 19 September 1973, ten days after its official discovery observation.


10979 Fristephenson, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
The survey designation "T-2" stands for the second Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory during the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10979 Fristephenson, Physical characteristics
Fristephenson has an absolute magnitude of 15.1. Based on the Moving Object Catalog (MOC) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the asteroid has a spectral type of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with its classification into the Sulamitis family, as well as with its low Geometric albedo measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


10979 Fristephenson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Fristephenson measures 5.327 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.057.


10979 Fristephenson, Naming
This minor planet was named after Francis Richard Stephenson (born 1941), a British historian of astronomy at Durham University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 November 2004 (M.P.C. 53174).


1098
Year 1098 (MXCVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1098 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1098 kHz.


1098 Hakone
1098 Hakone (prov. designation: 1928 RJ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.1 hours and measures approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at Tokyo Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the volcanic Mount Hakone in Japan.


1098 Hakone, Orbit and classification
Located in the orbital region of the stony Eunomia family, Hakone is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.


1098 Hakone, Discovery
Hakone was discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the old Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) on 5 September 1928. It was independently discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory and Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 9 and 11 September 1928, respectively. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 RD at Taunton Observatory (803) on 16 September 1906. The body's observation arc begins the following month at the U.S. Naval Observatory, almost 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tokyo.


1098 Hakone, Naming
This minor planet was named after the volcanic Mount Hakone, located 80 kilometers from the discovering Tokyo Astronomical Observatory and near the Japanese town of Hakone. The mountain resort is known for its hot springs, Lake Ashi and its view of Mount Fuji, after which the asteroid 1584 Fuji was named. The official naming citation was prepared by astronomer Kōichirō Tomita.


1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Hakone is a Xe-subtype, that transitions from the X-type the very bright E-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid, by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.


1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Hakone were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a rotation period of 7.142 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=3/3/2).


1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 7.14117 hours, as well as a spin axis of (40.0°, 43.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Hakone measures between 24.73 and 29.567 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1745 and 0.245.


1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1865 and a diameter of 24.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.


10988 Feinstein
10988 Feinstein, provisional designation 1968 OL, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 July 1968, by astronomers at the Félix Aguilar Observatory in El Leoncito, Argentina. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer Alejandro Feinstein in 2008.


10988 Feinstein, Orbit and classification
Dynamically, Feinstein is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large inner-belt asteroid family of stony composition. However, no membership to any known family could be found when using the Hierarchical Clustering Method.


10988 Feinstein, Orbit and classification
Feinstein orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,257 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at El Leoncito with its official discovery observation in 1968.


10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics
Feinstein has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, which agrees with the family's overall spectral type.


10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Feinstein was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 2.6723 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=3-).


10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 – derived from 25 Phocaea, the Phocaea family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a mean-diameter of 3.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.54.


10988 Feinstein, Naming
This minor planet was named after Argentinian astronomer Alejandro Feinstein (born 1928) at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, and one of the co-founders of the Argentinian Astronomical Association (Spanish: Asociación Argentina de Astronomía). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 2008 (M.P.C. 62929).


1099
Year 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1099 14th Street
1099 14th Street NW, also known as Franklin Court, is a high-rise Postmodern office building located in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Constructed in 1992 as part of the redevelopment of the Franklin Square area from a red-light district to an area of office buildings, it is a Class A office building with 11 stories aboveground, four below, and a mezzanine. Its tower, when built, was the highest in the city.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
After the American Civil War, 14th Street NW became a fashionable residential district. By the 1930s, numerous retail shops and trendy nightclubs ringed Franklin Square and lined 14th Street. In the 1950s, 14th Street NW between H Street NW and Thomas Circle was a high-class entertainment district. A large number of nightclubs lined the street, and some of the top entertainers in the nation performed in them.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
Beginning in the 1960s, adult bookstores and peep shows began appearing along the street. The 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. riots caused many businesses to flee the area. By the 1970s, encouraged by city zoning laws, 14th Street had become a red-light district 10 blocks long. Prostitution and the illegal drug trade (including the overt sale and use of illegal drugs) was common along the street. Known as "the Strip", this red-light district was nationally known and the very large number of prostitutes was something of a tourist attraction.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
Among the more notable establishments along the Strip were Adam & Eve, Benny's Home of the Porno Stars, The Butterfly, Californian Steak House, Casino Royal, The Cocoon, This Is It?, and the Pink Pussy. Numerous barkers stood in the street, soliciting business for the adult businesses. A large number of lounges and tourist homes also existed along the Strip, and prostitutes (male and female; gendered, transvestite, and transgender; straight and gay) used these locations for prostitution.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
Between 1978 and 1985, real estate developers (driven by the scarcity of low-cost real estate in the city) slowly began buying up and closing some of the adult businesses along the Strip. About the same time, the Franklin Square Association – a group of building owners and investors with financial interests in the area – hired private investigators to record examples of liquor and zoning code violations. The association's activities led to the arrest of many adult club owners and the closure of their businesses.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
In 1986, developers began tearing down many of the small, dilapidated structures along the Strip and started erecting tall, modern office buildings. In the spring of 1987, the city began the largest crackdown on prostitution on the Strip since 1980.Crime fell rapidly. By January 1988, there was 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m2) of new and renovated office space along 14th Street NW and around Franklin Square, with another 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of space worth $400 million opening by 1990.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
The late 1980s saw a number of high-rise office buildings finished on 14th Street NW between I Street NW and Thomas Circle. These included 1400 I Street NW (erected by Manufacturers Real Estate) and 1313 K Street NW (now known as One Franklin Square). But according to a map printed by Washington Post, no new building was planned to replace the five-story, dilapidated commercial building on the east side of 14th Street between K and L Streets NW.


1099 14th Street, History of the site
By April 1989, the commercial buildings were being demolished, and a parking lot occupied the remainder of the site. There were four pieces of property which constituted the future site of 1099 14th Street NW. The four parcels owned by Howard Flax and Ronald Cohen. Cohen was the principal owner of Ronald Cohen Investments (a real estate investment and management firm located in Bethesda, Maryland). Flax was an associate with the firm. Cohen and Flax had intended to develop the four sites themselves. But a rapid rise in land prices along 14th Street led them to sell the property and build elsewhere.


1099 14th Street, Construction
Between March 1988 and January 1989, a holding company known as 1330 L Street Associates L.P. purchased the four smaller plots of land on the southwest corner of the intersection of L and 14th Streets NW and merged them into a single large parcel. The cost of the four plots totaled $40.3 million.


1099 14th Street, Construction
In April 1989, Chubb Realty paid $64 million for the 1 acre (4,000 m2) site. (The Washington Post listed the size of the plot at 42,808 square feet (3,977.0 m2).) It was a record price for a parcel of land in downtown Washington, D.C. The Evans Partnership, a real estate investment firm formed by fashion entrepreneur Charles Evans and his brother-in-law, Michael Shure, was the new owner of the lot, while Chubb Realty provided the financing. Crimson Services, a property acquisition consultant, acted as go-between for Evans Partnership and 1330 L Street Associates.


1099 14th Street, Construction
Evans Partnership said it intended to build an 11-story, 460,000 square feet (43,000 m2) office building. It hired architect Arthur May of the firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox to design the structure.


1099 14th Street, Construction
Construction on 1099 14th Street NW began in March 1990. The Washington Post reported that the $200 million building would contain only 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) of interior space. A completion date of late 1991 was planned. In April 1990, Australian Capital Equity (an investment holding company owned by Australian businessman Kerry Stokes) purchased a 25 percent ownership equity in the structure. Chubb Realty continued to hold a majority ownership stake, and Evans Partnership retained its minority interest as well. The structure was on track for a fall 1991 opening in December 1990. However, the building was completed in 1992.


1099 14th Street, About the building
As of 2012, the 11 story Postmodern building had 450,000 square feet (42,000 m2) of interior space, of which 340,502 square feet (31,633.7 m2) was leasable. Emporis (which includes a mezzanine as one of the building's floors) notes that the structure has four floors belowground, and lists the building's height as 155.60 feet (47.43 m). The interior floors and walls are clad in granite and marble, and all the common-area lighting fixtures are of bronze.


1099 14th Street, About the building
1099 14th Street is in the Postmodern architectural style. The building contains two notable features: Its tower and its lobby. The tower, reported to be the highest yet built in the city, is a  Neoclassical, open-air temple-like structure with a column set in each side. Washington Post architecture critic Benjamin Forgey called it "Tuscan" in style. The lobby runs the length of the building along an east-west axis. Its ceiling is a catenary arch clad in flame maple. The floor of the lobby is tricolor marble arranged in a geometric pattern. At its midpoint, the lobby is pierced by a multi-story atrium lit with skylights. This atrium pieces below-ground, giving occupants and visitors access to an underground retail arcade.


1099 14th Street, About the building
In 1993, the National Labor Relations Board signed a five-year lease (with options to renew for three additional five-year terms) for 62 percent of the building. The Environmental Protection Agency also took space in the building.


1099 14th Street, About the building
As of 1997, the structure was reported to have only 443,000 square feet (41,200 m2) of interior space. That year, Chubb Realty sold its majority interest in the structure to a joint venture created by Paine Webber Real Estate Securities and Morgan Stanley Real Estate Fund II. The building's sale prices was not reported, but the total transaction (which included a number of other office and residential buildings in the D.C. metropolitan area) was $649 million in cash and the assumption of $109 million in debt.


1099 14th Street, About the building
In 1999, the building was sold again — this time to Lend Lease Real Estate Investment. The company purchased the building (now said to have just 440,000 square feet (41,000 m2) of interior space) for $115 million (somewhat on the low end of recent prices for Class A office space).


1099 14th Street, About the building
The building was still considered a "trophy class" office building in 2010, and the General Services Administration was in the process of negotiating a new long-term lease for the federal tenants at 1099 14th Street NW.


1099 14th Street, About the building
Beginning in 2010, 1099 14th Street was managed by Lincoln Property Company.


1099 14th Street, About the building
In May 2013, the Washington Design Center moved into the building after losing its long-time home in southwest Washington. At least 15 high-end interior design firms moved into the structure, and more were expected to follow. In late summer 2015, the NLRB left the building for a new headquarters at 1015 Half Street SE. The Washington Post considered moving its headquarters to 1099 14th Street in 2014 and 2015, taking two floors in the building. But the building owners and the newspaper could not come to terms, and the Post moved to One Franklin Square instead.


1099 14th Street, Critical reception
Washington Post architecture critic Benjamin Forgey called the tower at 1099 14th Street NW the "quirkiest" of the many towers downtown, and said it looked like an "improbabl[e]...cemetery ornament in the sky". Although his praise for the tower was equivocal, his admiration for the lobby was not. He called it "beautiful" and the "most elegant and most urbane" lobby in the city.


1099 Figneria
1099 Figneria, provisional designation 1928 RQ, is an asteroid from the background population of the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after Russian revolutionary activist Vera Figner.


1099 Figneria, Discovery
Figneria was discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 13 September 1928. On the same night, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer.


1099 Figneria, Discovery
In October 1927, the asteroid was first identified as A917 UF at Simeiz, where the body's observation arc begins 11 months later with its official discovery observation.


1099 Figneria, Orbit and classification
Figneria is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.3–4.1 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,071 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.


1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics
PanSTARRS photometric survey gave Figneria a spectral type of an L- and S-type asteroid, while it has been characterized as a K-type asteroid based on polarimetric observations. The asteroid is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Figneria was obtained by astronomer Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove (E19) and Leura Observatories (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.577 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3-). In January 2014, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a period of 13.583 hours and an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).


1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Figneria measures between 23.309 and 29.39 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1415 and 0.225.


1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1683 and a diameter of 29.55 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.


1099 Figneria, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after Vera Figner (1852–1942), a Russian writer and revolutionary political activist. The official naming citation was published in the Planetenzirkular des Astronomischen Rechen-Institut (RI 789).


1099 papal election
The 1099 papal election (held 13 August) took place upon the death of Pope Urban II, the cardinal-electors with the consent of the lower Roman clergy chose Pope Paschal II as his successor.


1099 papal election, Death of Urban II
Urban II died in Rome on 29 July 1099 - two weeks before the soldiers of the First Crusade won Jerusalem, however, news of which arrived in Rome after his death. During this time, the schism initiated by Antipope Clement III, with the support of the Empire and much of the Roman clergy, was ongoing.


1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors
The election in 1099 was probably the last which was compliant with preference of cardinal-bishops as contained in the papal bull, In nomine Domini of 1059. It is known, however, that the cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons also participated.


1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Cardinal-bishops
The election was attended by five of the six cardinal bishops and one bishop, who acted as a substitute for the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. This office was vacant from 1094 years, and the territory of the Diocese of Sabina supporters controlled the antipope Clement III.


1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Other cardinals
In August 1099, in obedience Urban II was only ten cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons, but probably no more than seven cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons participated in the election:


1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Other cardinals
The cardinal-deacons present were probably the Palatine deacons, assistants to the Pope whose Cathedra is located in the Archbasilica of St John Lateran, which numbered up to six deacons. The twelve regional deacons joined the rank of cardinals only under Paschal II.


1099 papal election, Absent
One cardinal-bishop and at least three cardinal-priests were absent during the election.


1099 papal election, Election of Paschal II
On 13 August 1099 the cardinals in the presence of the lower clergy and representatives of the city authorities unanimously elected Ranieirus, the cardinal-priest of San Clemente and abbot of the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls as successor to Urban II. The new pope initially protested against this decision, stating that he was only a humble monk unfamiliar with the political problems attached to the office of Pope, but relented and accepted their decision. He took the Papal name Paschal II. On the next day he was consecrated Bishop of Rome by Cardinal-bishop of Ostia Eudes of Chatillon, who was assisted by other Cardinal-bishops and Offo, Cardinal-bishop of Nepi.


1099-OID fraud
1099 OID fraud is  a common scam used to obtain money from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by filing false tax refund claims.


1099-OID fraud
Form 1099-OID is intended to be submitted to the IRS by the holder of debt instruments (such as bonds, notes, or certificates) which were discounted at purchase to report the taxable difference between the instruments' actual value and the discounted purchase price. In 1099-OID fraud, the filer of a tax return fills out the form themselves with a false withholding amount and submits it to the IRS in an attempt to reduce tax liability. Promoters of the fraud allege that the withheld amount exists in a secret bank account, a claim that originates from the redemption movement. The IRS initially overlooked the fraud because it lacked time to verify withholding data; however it has since taken notice and responded with both criminal prosecutions and public awareness campaigns.


1099-OID fraud
In one egregious case, Ronald L. Brekke of Orange County, California, was convicted on March 17, 2012, in federal court in Seattle, Washington, of conspiracy and wire fraud in which 1,000 people, most of them Canadian, filed fraudulent U.S. tax refund claims with the IRS. The scam totaled $763 million, but the IRS paid out only $14 million. Mr. Brekke received $400 thousand from his clients.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot
The 109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. Raised by Alexander Leith Hay for service in the French Revolutionary Wars the regiment was briefly deployed in Jersey before it was disbanded in England and its men sent to reinforce the 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot. The disbandment was controversial as Leith-Hay believed it contravened an assurance given to him in his original letter of service to raise the regiment.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
The 109th was one of fifty-eight regiments of foot raised in 1793–95 as part of a recruiting drive. The majority of these units had a short and uneventful existence as it was decided in 1795 to "reduce" all regiments numbered above 100, and to draft their members into existing senior regiments.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
The establishment of the regiment had been proposed to the House of Commons committee of supply on 19 November 1793 by Major-General Richard FitzPatrick on behalf of Alexander Hay. Alexander was known as "Sandie" Leith-Hay after inheriting Leith Hall from his brother, and later taking on the additional titles of Hay of Rannes to honour his great uncle Andrew Hay, a renowned jacobite in the 1745 rising.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
He was a regular army soldier who had been commissioned lieutenant upon his birth and promoted to captain in the 7th Dragoons at the age of ten, as well as a noted laird in Aberdeenshire. On 8 March 1794 Leith-Hay wrote to Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet, Secretary of State for War, to remind him of his offer to recruit soldiers to fight in the French Revolutionary Wars, and he was granted a letter of service to raise the regiment on 2 April 1794.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
The regiment was raised on 17 May 1794 in Aberdeenshire, and was initially known as "Hay's" or the Aberdeenshire Regiment. Leith-Hay was reported to have offered between 20 and 25 guineas bounty as an incentive to recruits in Aberdeen and also gave his recruits a written promise that they would not be drafted into another regiment. Leith-Hay adopted the "Aberdeenshire" name for the regiment, apparently causing a dispute with the rival Huntly Gordon family who had originally considered the name for their 100th Regiment of Foot (which instead became known as the Gordon Highlanders).


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
The 100th and 109th regiments reflected the rivalries of their colonels, with both attempting various means to recruit from the limited pool of available men in north-east Scotland. Officers of the Gordons complained that the Aberdeen town council showed favour to the 109th over their regiment. The rivalry extended to the Highland Fencible Corps too, with Leith-Hay's brother, James, raising the Aberdeenshire Fencibles in 1795 in direct rivalry to the Duke of Gordon's Northern Fencibles.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment
Leith-Hay was able to furnish his regiment with experienced officers, his majors, captains and all bar one of his lieutenants already holding commissions in other regiments. Upon its first muster the regiment comprised 32 sergeants, 30 corporals, 22 drummers and 610 privates. The officer corps comprised Leith-Hay, 2 majors, 8 captains, 14 lieutenants, 15 ensigns, a chaplain, surgeon, adjutant and quartermaster (though not all of these served at one time, with some resigning or joining later).


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Service
The regiment received its colours and was inspected by General Sir Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar at Aberdeen on 5 September 1794. On 1 October 1794 the regiment was numbered as the 109th Foot and Hay appointed colonel by royal warrant. By September 1794 it was billeted in the Dundee area before boarding ships at Burntisland for transit to Southampton where they disembarked on 26 October.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment
In April the following year the regiment moved to Jersey, returning to England in July to form part of a force commanded by General Sir Ralph Abercromby for service in the West Indies. Whilst mustering with 19 other regiments on Nursling Common, Southampton, the regiment received the order to disband on 15 September. This caused disquiet amongst the regiment's officers and two of their number, Captain Leith and Lieutenant Leslie, were brought to the attention of General Gordon for their behaviour. Under the circumstances he showed leniency, a decision later approved of by the commander-in-chief, the Duke of York.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment
Colonel Leith-Hay travelled to London to protest the move, claiming he had been promised that if the regiment were ever to disband it would do so in Aberdeenshire and to allow the men to enter a regiment of their own choosing as volunteers. His protests, and those of The Morning Chronicle, were in vain and the regiment ceased to exist on 24 September 1795.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment
The men were drafted into the existing 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot, despite an apparent attempt to place Scottish recruits into other Scottish regiments in such circumstances. Such instances of drafting of Scottish soldiers into non-Scottish regiments created a distrust among recruits that hampered recruitment north of the border. The 109th's officers were placed on half-pay.


109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment
On 26 November 1795 the House of Commons ordered that all correspondence between Colonel Leith-Hay and the government's secretaries of state regarding the raising and disbanding of the regiment be presented to the house. This was at the instigation of Generals Fitzpatrick and Macleod, who believed that the disbanding of the regiment and drafting of its men contravened the letter of service originally granted to Leith-Hay. The colonel had himself almost resigned his commission in disgust at the decision to disband the regiment. Leith-Hay went on to have a distinguished military career and became a full general of the British Army in 1838.


109th Airlift Squadron
The 109th Airlift Squadron (109 AS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 133d Airlift Wing located at Minneapolis–Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station, Minnesota. The squadron is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.


109th Airlift Squadron
The 109th AS is the oldest unit in the Minnesota Air National Guard, having over 90 years of service to the state and nation. It is a descendant organization of the World War I 109th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 17 January 1921, as the 109th Observation Squadron, being the first of 29 National Guard aviation squadrons to receive federal recognition following World War I.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
The 109th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to the 109th Aero Squadron, being organized on 28 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The men of the squadron were from almost every section of the United States, recruited largely though the Columbus Barracks, Ohio and the Recruit Depot at Fort Thomas, Kentucky. At Kelly Field, the squadron was put into indoctrination training, with drills, hikes, guard duty, fatigue work and other things that are done in military training camps.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Once basic indoctrination training was completed, the 109th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 24 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made. The squadron left Garden City on 7 December 1917 in a train bound for St. John's, Newfoundland, arriving on 10 December. There, it boarded the SS Tuscania, and proceeded across the Atlantic and arrived at Liverpool, England on 26 December.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
It then moved by train to the English Channel port of Southampton, where it waited at a Rest Camp for several days before crossing to Le Havre, France on 28 December. It again waited for transportation at Le Havre before finally arriving at the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
On 17 January 1918, the squadron was again moved, this time to Romorantin Aerodrome, in central France. There, along with the 75th Aero Construction Squadron and the 116th Aero Squadron, it was part of the first regular detachments of Americans to be stationed at the airfield. It was quartered in French barracks at the Camp de Bluets, on the outskirts of the town of Romorantin. Members of the squadrons were at once put into construction work to develop the Air Service Production Center No. 2


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
. Work was performed in erecting buildings and also the construction of a railroad line into the camp next to the airfield. After several weeks of basic construction at the camp, much of the work was transferred to Chinese laborers who began to arrive and the Americans were placed in charge of details of these workers. On 1 February, the designation of the squadron was changed from the 107th to the 802d Aero Squadron.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
The squadron was reassigned to the Transportation Division, Air Service on 20 February, its work becoming the construction of the first vehicle repair shop on the field, installing machinery. Large qualities of vehicles had begun to arrive, and the men were put to work in their assembly. Automobile trucks, trailers, tractors and over vehicles were continually arriving damaged from the front and this equipment was either salvaged or repaired. Some squadron members were assigned to duty with the Railway and Marine Sub-Divisions and assisted in the operation of the narrow-gauge line between Romorantin and Pruniers.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Also, as part of the Transportation Division, many of the men were detailed for Convoy Duty. At one time or another, every man in the squadron did duty as a driver of some kind of motor vehicle. This work consisted in conveying truck trains loaded with various kinds of materiel, supplies and equipment from the various Base Ports along the coast and the supply depots in France to places along the front from Belgium to the American sector in Alsace-Lorraine.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
During the early spring of 1918, a large detachment of men from the 802d was sent to Orly Field, near Paris. For several months, these men were attached to several French Army units as truck drivers, and in this capacity, made frequent trips to the Front and were often under enemy fire. Also, the detachment around Paris was constantly subject to German air raids directed at Paris, and many of the men were in Paris when the "Grand Bertha" long range artillery was using the Eiffel tower as an aiming point.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
Many of the men narrowly escaped death while being in and around Paris at the time, as well as the convoy duty to the front and back to Orly. When the great German drives threatened to smash the lines north of Paris in March and later in the summer of 1918, members of the squadron did their bit in moving troops, hauling ammunition and supplies to the front, while others worked at the depots loading trucks and being prepared to help in the evacuation of Paris if necessary.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
When the American Army halted the Germans' big drive at Chateau Thierry, for many days members of the 803d assisted in moving troops and supplies to the front lines and in transporting the wounded to the rear. On this and numerous other occasions they also helped the civilian population in escaping from the battle lines.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
During the summer of 1918, members of the squadron not assigned to convoy work were kept busy at Romorantin repairing and assembling vehicles. On many occasions the men worked day and night to fill rush orders from the front for equipment. During October 1918, almost all members of the squadron, with the exception of 40 men retained for convoy duty, were reassigned to the airplane shops at Romorantin. In these shops, the men assisted in the assembly of Dayton-Wright DH-4 "Liberty" planes, recently arrived by ship from the United States.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I
After the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November, the entire squadron was again assigned to transportation and convoy duty, this time performing collection of equipment from front-line units and also moving personnel back from the lines. The 803d returned to the United States in late May 1918. Arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota National Guard
In 1920 the Minnesota National Guard organized an aviation squadron, the 109th, on paper. On 26 September 1920 the Adjutant General, the Assistant Adjutant General, and Captain Ray S. Miller rented a Curtiss Oriole biplane to launch an 8-day flight to Washington D.C. Their aim was to have the 109th Observation Squadron recognised as the first federally recognized National Guard flying squadron. Subsequently, the 109th Observation Squadron, the predecessor to today's Minnesota Air National Guard, passed muster inspection, and was federally recognized by the Militia Department on 17 January 1921. It was the first National Guard aviation squadron to receive federal recognition following the First World War. On recognition or beforehand the squadron was assigned as a divisional observation unit for the 34th Division of the National Guard.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota National Guard
It began flight operations, flying the JN-6H "Jennys" in 1923. The 109th had nine aircraft in their inventory, and the Jenny was the first aircraft assigned the 109th Observation Squadron in 1922. However, before they would receive the "Jennys" the squadron had to move from Curtiss Field in St. Paul to Speedway Field in Minneapolis. The 109th flew out of Speedway Field, a former auto race track. Jennys were flown by the 109th through the end of 1927.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
It was called to federal duty in 1941 (World War II). The 109th Observation Squadron was assigned to the 67th Observation Group at Esler Army Airfield, Louisiana in August 1941. The Squadron flew antisubmarine patrols along the Gulf of Mexico coastline after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The 109th was transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), August–October 1942, becoming part of the VIII Fighter Command of Eighth Air Force and then in late 1943 it came under the command of the IX Fighter Command of Ninth Air Force. In May 1943 it was renamed into the 109th Reconnaissance Squadron and then the 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in November 1943 and then another name change in 1945 to the 109th Reconnaissance Squadron. In addition to flying photo reconnaissance missions in support of the strategic bombing missions in the ETO, the 109th flew photo reconnaissance missions in preparation for the D-Day landing at Normandy. The squadron also flew photo reconnaissance missions over the V-1 bomb sites in France.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron returned to the US in September 1945 and was disbanded in March 1946.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard
The wartime 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 109th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Minnesota Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis, and was extended federal recognition on 28 August 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 109th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group. The new unit's mission was the air defense of Minnesota.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Air defense
On 2 March 1951 the 109th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group and initially was moved to Holman Field, St. Paul when activated. It was returned to Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis on 28 June for the remainder of its activation. It was reassigned to the Air Defense Command 31st Air Division on 6 February 1952, and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Air defense
After the Korean War, the squadron was re-formed by 1 January 1953 and resumed its air defense mission. Was upgraded by ADC in 1954 to the dedicated F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 109th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1958 the 109th again upgraded to the improved F-89H Scorpion.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Strategic airlift
In 1960, the 133d FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its air defense interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 133d Air Transport Group (Heavy). During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, both the Group and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Minneapolis, the 109th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to Minnesota state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
The C-97s were retired in 1971 and the 133d TAG was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1974 the unit was returned to Military Airlift Command (MAC) when TAC transferred out its troop carrier mission. In the early 1970s, USAF's "Total Force" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the unit's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
The unit has been upgraded over the years with newer C-130E aircraft in 1981 and currently flies the C-130H, which it received in 1995. 2011 marked the 90th anniversary of the 1921 decision to make Minnesota's 109th Aero Squadron the first federally recognized National Guard flying unit in the country. To commemorate the heritage of the Minnesota Air National Guard, the 133d Airlift Wing hosted an Air Expo, welcoming upwards of 15,000 members of the community to the base to celebrate.


109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift
During 2011, the 109th Airlift Squadron deployed 528 Airmen to 17 countries, serving in support of U.S. operations worldwide, including humanitarian missions to Africa, Honduras and Indonesia. The squadron provides combat-ready air crews, support personnel, and aircraft for the airlift of passengers and cargo anywhere in the world. Upon direction of the Governor, the unit furnishes personnel and equipment, including aircraft, to assist in natural disaster relief or to safeguard life and property in Minnesota.


109th Airlift Squadron, Lineage
* * This unit is not related to another 109th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.


109th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


109th Airlift Wing
The 109th Airlift Wing (109 AW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Stratton Air National Guard Base, Schenectady, New York. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.


109th Airlift Wing
The wing's mission is to provide airlift support to the National Science Foundation's South Pole research program by flying LC-130H Hercules airlifters, modified with wheel-ski gear, in support of Arctic and Antarctic operations. The 109th Airlift Wing is the only unit in the world to fly these aircraft.


109th Airlift Wing
Along with the NSF mission, the 109th Airlift Wing also supported Operation Enduring Freedom. In addition to its combat airlift mission, particularly when placed in a Federalized status, the wing also provides domestic-related functions commonly associated with Air National Guard units, such as disaster or hurricane relief.


109th Airlift Wing, Units
The 109th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units


109th Airlift Wing, History
Established by the USAF and allotted to New York ANG in 1956. Received federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau and activated on 1 May 1956 as the 109th Fighter Group (Air Defense). The group was assigned to the NY ANG 107th Air Defense Wing and stationed at Schenectady County Airport, Schenectady, New York.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War
The primary mission was the air defense of eastern and northern New York. It was assigned the 139th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as operational unit, equipped with F-94B Starfires.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War
A major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 109th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and the 139th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 139th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
With air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 109th was re-designated the 109th Air Transport Group (Heavy) on 2 January 1960 and was transferred from TAC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 139th Air Transport Squadron was equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter intercontinental transports, with an Aeromedical Flight as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 109d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 139th ATS was federalized on 1 October 1961. From Schenectady, the 139th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to New York State control on 31 August 1962.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
During the 1960s, the Group flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the units were re-designated as the 109th Military Airlift Group and 139th was re-designated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
With the retirement of the C-97 in 1971, the 109th became a Tactical Airlift Group and the 139th Tactical Airlift Squadron received eight C-130A Hercules transports and was transferred from MAC to Tactical Air Command.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission
The first major mission of the C-130s was in June 1972 when the squadron provided relief assistance to storm victims of Tropical Storm Agnes. 109th crews gave around-the-clock support to relief efforts. Operating mainly from the Broome County Airport at Binghamton, 109th crews provided the lion's share of airlift into stricken areas, particularly Elmira, where surface transportation was cut off. On 1 December 1974, the unit was transferred back to Military Airlift Command when MAC took over the tactical airlift mission from TAC, USAFE and PACAF air force wide.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
The Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six had been flying scientific and military missions to Greenland and the arctic Operation Deep Freeze compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped LC-130s had been flying National Science Foundation support missions to Antarctica since 1988. In early 1996, the United States National Guard announced that the 109th Airlift Wing at Schenectady County Airport in Scotia, New York was slated to assume that entire mission from the United States Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
The wing expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation (which became Operation Deep Freeze). The 109th assumed responsibility for the Volant Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line) resupply missions as well to the DYE-1, 2, 3 and DYE-4 stations. The 109th assumed the mission from the Air Force's Alaskan Air Command receiving their eleven C-130s, five of which were ski-equipped for landings on packed snow runways. In October 1984, the C-130D aircraft were replaced by eight new C-130H models, of which four were ski equipped LC-130s.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
In 1988 the 109th had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the DEW Line radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow and the 109th would be largely out of business because it main mission had ended. The last flight to radar site DYE-3 in December 1989 marked the end of the DEW Line mission. The 107th assumed jurisdiction of the landing strip at the DYE-2 station for pilot training for practicing Antarctic takeoffs & landings (called Ice Station Ruby); a.k.a. the Raven Ski-way Training Facility.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
After the closure of the Greenland stations, the experience gained by the wing was transferred to its new mission: airlift support to the National Science Foundation's South Pole research program and the U.S. Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6). The 109th continued to augment VXE-6's Antarctic flying operations for the next eight years.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
The 109th was not mobilized during the 1990 Gulf Crisis, however 109 AW members were called to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm. In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 109th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 109th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base - One Wing" policy, the 109th Airlift Wing was established and the 139th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 109th Operations Group. In September 1994, elements of the 139th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron deployed to Rwanda as part of Operation Support Hope.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active Duty, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
Early in 1996, it was announced that the 109th Airlift Wing was slated to assume that entire Antarctic mission from the U.S. Navy in 1999 as a result of post-Cold War Navy downsizing that would eliminate Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6), along with their Navy LC-130 Hercules and UH-1 Huey aircraft. The Antarctic operation would then be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. On 20 February 1998, responsibility for airlift support to the United States Antarctic Program (USAP) was passed over to the 109 AW from VXE-6 during a ceremony at Christchurch International Airport, Christchurch, New Zealand.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
With the assumption of the support mission from the Navy, the 109th established an operating location at Christchurch and a forward location at Williams Field, on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Williams Field consists of two hard-packed snow runways located on approximately 8 meters (25 ft) of compacted snow, lying on top of 80 meters (262 ft) of ice, floating over 550 meters (1,800 ft) of water. Williams provides support to the United States McMurdo Station and New Zealand's Scott Base.


109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support
During October 1999 the 109th AW aided in the rescue of Dr. Jerri Nielsen, a doctor with breast cancer symptoms and based at isolated Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
The 109th Wing's high operational tempo increased dramatically with the surprise attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The 109th provided immediate support deploying 49 Civil Engineers, Services and Public Affairs personnel to Ground Zero within the first 24 hours. Since that time, the men and women of the 109th AW have continued to voluntarily deploy in support of military operations in Southwest Asia and around the world.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 109th Airlift Wing by transferring four C-130H aircraft to the 189th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas. The LC-130 aircraft (ski-equipped) would remain at Schenectady. This decision was not enacted. An effective lobby against the move was carried out by the Schenectady Military Affairs Council.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
The 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron deployed to Afghanistan in June 2007, marking the first time since Vietnam that aircraft from the unit flew their own aircraft in a combat theater of operations.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
During the 2011–2012 season, crews flying six LC-130H Ski-Herc transports carried out 359 missions between McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and eighteen inland Antarctic destinations, transporting more than seven million pounds of cargo and fuel and more than 1,600 passengers. The LC-130H crews were also called on to provide aerial reconnaissance and communication links to a disabled Russian vessel, allowing for a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 crew to later airdrop three parcels on an ice floe next to the ailing ship.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
Aircrews and maintainers from the 109th Airlift Wing took off on 18 October 2013 to begin the unit's annual support of the National Science Foundation in the Antarctic. Seven LC-130s were on the ice between October through February 2014. The wing has deployed 479 Air National Guardsmen to Antarctica since the season began in October, with an average of 150 on duty at any one time. The Airmen deploy for 30–60 days each, working two 12-hour shifts six days each week, running supplies and people to field camps across the continent and the South Pole station.


109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century
The wing has completed 38 more missions than the 181 which the Airmen had planned to execute in 2014. In addition to the routine support the 109th AW gives each year, the 109th AW will also support U.S. Antarctic research efforts by flying 1,100 researchers and support staff, and 43 tons of cargo, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, to New Zealand.


109th Airlift Wing, Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF
The 109th Battalion CEF was a unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, the men of which saw active service during the First World War.


109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF
The battalion was formed from volunteers from the Ontario counties of Victoria and Haliburton. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J.J Fee and headquartered in the town of Lindsay prior to embarkation.


109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF
By the spring of 1916 the battalion had reached a strength of 1050 men and was embarked for England. On arrival in London the battalion strength was reallocated as reinforcements to replace the dead in the 20th, 21st, 28th and 124th Battalions.


109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF
The battalion was perpetuated by the 1st Battalion, The Victoria & Haliburton Regiment but that unit was later disbanded.


109th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 109th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 36th (Ulster) Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.


109th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


109th Delaware General Assembly
The 109th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1937, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Richard C. McMullen and Edward W. Cooch as Lieutenant Governor.