1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase, and lysophosphatidic acid-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism.


1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include lysolecithin acyltransferase, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase, acyl coenzyme A-monoacylphosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, acyl-CoA:1-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine transacylase, lysophosphatide acyltransferase, and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.


1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-choline and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol, whereas its two products are CMP and plasmenylcholine.


1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring non-standard substituted phosphate groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-choline:1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called CDP-choline-1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerol phosphocholinetransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine.


1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine.


1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerol.


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase. This enzyme is also called 1-hexadecyl-2-acetylglycerol acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase
In enzymology, a 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and H2O, whereas its two products are 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and acetate. The former is also known as platelet-activating factor. There are multiple enzymes with this function:


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetohydrolase. Other names in common use include 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetylhydrolase, and alkylacetyl-GPC:acetylhydrolase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 2-O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase, 1-alkyl-2-lysolecithin acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase, blood platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase, lyso-GPC:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, lyso-platelet activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, lysoPAF:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, PAF acetyltransferase, platelet-activating factor acylhydrolase, platelet-activating factor-synthesizing enzyme, 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase, and lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.


1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.


1-alpha-O-Galloylpunicalagin
1-α-O-Galloylpunicalagin is an ester of gallic acid and punicalagin, a type of ellagitannin. It is found in the pomegranate (Punica granatum) and in Combretum glutinosum.


1-alpha-O-Galloylpunicalagin
A study in Taiwan showed that 1-α-O-galloylpunicalagin induced nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner in endothelial cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
In enzymology, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-oxobutanoate and NH3.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in compounds that have not been otherwise categorized within EC number 3.5. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate aminohydrolase (isomerizing). This enzyme is also called 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate endolyase (deaminating). This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase, ACS) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor for ethylene, from S-Adenosyl methionine (AdoMet, SAM), an intermediate in the Yang cycle and activated methyl cycle and a useful molecule for methyl transfer. ACC synthase, like other PLP dependent enzymes, catalyzes the reaction through a quinonoid zwitterion intermediate and uses cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6) for stabilization.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
In enzymology, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and two products, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and methylthioadenosine.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming). Other names in common use include 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, ACC synthase, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism
The reaction catalyzed by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) is the committed and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of ethylene [20], a gaseous plant hormone that is responsible for the initiation of fruit ripening, shoot and root growth and differentiation, leaf and fruit abscission, flower opening, and flower and leaf senescence. (source) It is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) dependent gamma-elimination (?). In the gamma elimination, PLP acts as a sink twice (absorbing electrons from two deprotonations).


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism
The aldehyde of coenzyme PLP reacts to form an imine (Schiff base) linkage with the catalytic domain lysine (278) residue of ACS.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism
An imine exchange occurs, and the amine nitrogen of the substrate, S-Adenosyl methionine, replaces Lys (278) in the imine linkage. (Stabilized by H bonding).


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism
PLP acts as an 'electron sink' absorbing delocalized electron density during the reaction intermediates (countering the excess electron density on the deprotonated a-carbon). PLP facilitates the enzyme activity, increasing the acidity of the alpha carbon by stabilizing the conjugate base. The PLP-stabilized carbanion intermediate formed is the quinonoid intermediate.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism
PLP and Tyrosine stabilize negative charges during deprotonation. Tyrosine attacks the sulfur bound carbon, allowing S(CH3)(Ado) to leave, and during ring formation, Tyrosine leaves.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation
ACC synthase reaches optimal activity in conditions of pH 8.5 and with Km = 20 um relative to its substrate, SAM.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation
ACC Synthase and ethylene biosynthesis are regulated by a whole host of stimuli. Stresses such as wounding, noxious chemicals, auxin, flooding, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) promote ethylene synthesis, creating a positive feedback cycle with ACC synthase, up-regulating its activity.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation
However, it is also inhibited by a number of compounds as well. S-Adenosylethionine can bind as a substrate for ACC synthase (with higher affinity than SAM) and therefore inhibit any reaction with SAM. ACC Synthase is also competitively inhibited by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), inhibitors to many pyridoxal phosphate-mediated enzymic reactions. They are natural toxins that cause slow binding inhibition by interfering with the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. ACC synthase activity is also inhibited by intermediates of the activated methyl cycle and the methionine-recycling pathway: 5′-methylthioadenosine, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid, and S-adenosylhomocysteine.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure
ACC Synthase is 450-516 amino acid long sequence depending on the species of plant from which it is extracted. Though it is comparable in the species in which it is found, its COOH terminal domain is more variable, leading to differences such as oligomerization. The COOH terminal domain is responsible for oligomerization. In most ACC Synthase producing cells, ACC Synthase exists as a dimer. However, in some we find a monomer ("which is more active and efficient [than its dimer counterpart").


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure
The structure of ACS has been largely determined via X-ray crystallography. Conservation of the residues in ACS's catalytic domain and sequence homology suggest that ACS catalyzes the synthesis of ACC in a similar fashion as other enzymes that require PLP as a cofactor. However, unlike many other PLP-dependent enzymes, Lys (278) is not the only residue that interacts with the substrate. The proximity of the electronegative oxygen from Tyr (152) to the C-γ-S bond suggests a crucial role in the formation of ACC. X -ray crystallography with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) a competitive inhibitor confirmed Tyrosine's role in the γ elimination.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure
As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Catalytic domain
The main functional groups in the catalytic domains are the Nitrogen from the Lys 278 residue and the Oxygen from the Tyrosine 152 residue.


1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Biological function and applications
ACC Synthase is the key, rate limiting step in ethylene synthesis. Because the up-regulation of ACC-Synthase is what induces fruit ripening and often spoilage there is more research being done on the regulatory mechanisms and biosynthetic pathways of ethylene to avoid spoilage.


1-bit DAC
A Bitstream or 1-bit DAC is a consumer electronics marketing term describing an oversampling digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an actual 1-bit DAC (that is, a simple "on/off" switch) in a delta-sigma loop operating at multiples of the sampling frequency. The combination is equivalent to a DAC with a larger number of bits (usually 16-20). The advantages of this type of converter are high linearity combined with low cost, owed to the fact that most of the processing takes place in the digital domain and requirements for the analog anti-aliasing filter after the output can be relaxed. For these reasons, this design is very popular in digital consumer electronics (CD/DVD players, set-top boxes and the like).


1-bit computing
In computer architecture, 1-bit integers or other data units are those that are 1 bit (1/8 octet) wide. Also, 1-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers of that size.


1-bit computing
There are no computers, microcontrollers of any kind, such as programmable logic controllers that are exclusively 1-bit for all registers and address buses. A 1-bit register can only store 21 different values, i.e. 0 or 1, or they can mean e.g. on and off. This is very restrictive, e.g. not enough for a program counter (which is on modern systems implemented in an on-chip register), that isn't implemented on-chip in some 1-bit systems. Opcodes for at least one 1-bit processor architecture were 4-bit and the address bus was 8-bit.


1-bit computing
While 1-bit CPUs are obsolete, the first carbon nanotube computer is a 1-bit one-instruction set computer (and has only 178 transistors).


1-bit computing, 1-bit
A serial computer processes data a single bit at a time. For example, the PDP-8/S was a 12-bit computer using a 1-bit ALU, processing the 12 bits serially.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
An example of a 1-bit computer built from discrete logic SSI chips is the Wang 500 (1970/1971) calculator as well as the Wang 1200 (1971/1972) word processor series of Wang Laboratories.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
An example of a 1-bit architecture that was marketed as a CPU is the Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU), introduced in 1977 and manufactured at least up into the mid 1990s. Its manual states:


1-bit computing, 1-bit
[ ..] Computers and microcomputers may also be used, but they tend too overcomplicate the task and often require highly trained personnel to develop and maintain the system. A simpler device, designed to operate on inputs and outputs one-at-a-time and configured to resemble a relay system, was introduced. These devices became known to the controls industry as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). The Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) is the monolithic embodiment of the PLC's central architecture [..]


1-bit computing, 1-bit
There are functions for which one bit machines are poorly suited. [ ..] Under some circumstances, a combination of an MC6800 MPU and an MC14500B ICU may be the best solution. [ ..]


1-bit computing, 1-bit
Program CounterThe program counter is composed of two MC145168 binary up-counters chained together to create 8 bits of memory address. This gives the system the capability of addressing 256 separate memory words. The counters are configured to count up on the rising edge of the ICU clock (CLK) signal and reset to zero when the ICU is reset. Notice that the program counter count sequence cannot be altered by any operation of the ICU. This confirms that the system is configured to have a looping control structure.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
The memory for this system is composed of one MCM7641  512-word by 8 bit PROM memory. Because the program counter is only 8 bits wide, only 256 words, (half of the memory), can be used at any one time. However, by wiring the most significant bit of the memory's address high or low, the system designer can select between two separate programs with only a jumper option. This might be a desirable feature if extremely fast system changes are required.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
One of the computers known to be based on this CPU was the WDR 1-bit computer. A typical sequence of instructions from a program for a 1-bit architecture might be:


1-bit computing, 1-bit
This architecture was considered superior for programs making decisions rather than performing arithmetic computations, for ladder logic as well as for serial data processing.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
There are also several design studies for 1-bit architectures in academia, and corresponding 1-bit logic can also be found in programming.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
Other examples of 1-bit architectures are programmable logic controllers (PLCs), programmed in instruction list (IL).


1-bit computing, 1-bit
Several early massively parallel computers used 1-bit architectures for the processors as well. Examples include the Goodyear MPP and the Connection Machine. By using a 1-bit architecture for the individual processors a very large array (e.g. the Connection Machine had 65,536 processors) could be constructed with the chip technology available at the time. In this case the slow computation of a 1-bit processor was traded off against the large number of processors.


1-bit computing, 1-bit
1-bit CPUs can now be considered obsolete; not many kinds have ever been produced, still as of 2021 some MC14500B chips are available from brokers for obsolete parts.


1-center problem
The 1-center problem, also known as minimax problem or minmax location problem, is a classical combinatorial optimization problem in operations research of facilities location type. In its most general case the problem is stated as follows: given a set of n demand points, a space of feasible locations of a facility and a function to calculate the transportation cost between a facility and any demand point, find a location of the facility which minimizes the maximum facility-demand point transportation cost.


1-center problem
There are numerous particular cases of the problem, depending on the choice of the locations both of demand points and facilities, as well as the distance function.


1-center problem
A simple special case is when the feasible locations and demand points are in the plane with Euclidean distance as transportation cost (planar minmax Euclidean facility location problem, Euclidean 1-center problem in the plane, etc.). It is also known as the smallest circle problem. Its generalization to n-dimensional Euclidean spaces is known as the smallest enclosing ball problem. A further generalization (weighted Euclidean facility location) is when the set of weights is assigned to demand points and the transportation cost is the sum of the products of distances by the corresponding weights. Another special case, the closest string problem, arises when the inputs are strings and their distance is measured using Hamming distance.


1-center problem
The 1-center problem can be restated as finding a star in a weighted complete graph that minimizes the maximum weight of the selected edges. The corresponding problem of minimizing the maximum weight of a path between two selected vertices, in place of a star, is called the minimax path problem.


1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase
In enzymology, a 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate and CO2.


1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups (transaldolases and transketolases, respectively). The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyruvate:d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating), and DXP-synthase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids.


1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase
In enzymology, a 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate and O2, whereas its product is (3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase
This enzyme participates in naphthalene and anthracene degradation. It employs one cofactor, iron.


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase, Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). Other names in common use include 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenase, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate-degrading enzyme, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid dioxygenase.


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase (EC , 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating, decarboxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase is involved in chrysene degradation in some bacteria.


1-inch Nordenfelt gun
The 1-inch Nordenfelt gun was an early rapid-firing light gun intended to defend larger warships against the new small fast-moving torpedo boats in the late 1870s to the 1890s.


1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description
The gun was an enlarged version of the successful rifle-calibre Nordenfelt hand-cranked "machine gun" designed by Helge Palmcrantz and was intended to combine its rapid rate of fire with a projectile capable of deterring attacking torpedo boats. The gun fired a solid steel bullet with hardened tip and brass jacket: under the terms of the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868, exploding shells weighing less than 400 grams were not allowed to be used in warfare between the signatory nations.


1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description
The gun was used in one, two and four-barrel versions. The ammunition was fed by gravity from a hopper above the breech subdivided into separate columns for each barrel. The gunner loaded and fired the multiple barrels by moving a lever on the right side of the gun forward and backwards. Pulling the lever backwards extracted the fired cartridges, pushing it forward then loaded fresh cartridges into all the barrels, and the final part of the forward motion fired all the barrels, one at a time in quick succession. Hence the gun functioned as a type of volley gun, firing bullets in bursts, compared to the contemporary Gatling gun and the true machine guns which succeeded it such as the Maxim gun, which fired at a steady continuous rate.


1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description
The gunner was occupied with manually operating the loading and firing lever, while the gun captain aimed the gun and operated the elevation and training handwheels.


1-methyladenosine nucleosidase
In enzymology, a 1-methyladenosine nucleosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-methyladenosine nucleosidase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-methyladenosine and H2O, whereas its two products are 1-methyladenine and D-ribose.


1-methyladenosine nucleosidase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-methyladenosine ribohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 1-methyladenosine hydrolase.


1-millimeter band
The 1-millimeter band is a portion of the EHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The band is between 241 GHz and 250 GHz.


1-millimeter band
Due to the lack of commercial off the shelf radios, amateurs who operate on the 1 mm band must design and construct their own equipment, and those who do, often attempt to set communication distance records for the band.


1-millimeter band, Allocation
The International Telecommunication Union allocates 241 GHz to 250 GHz to amateur radio and amateur satellites. Amateurs operate on a primary basis between 248 GHz and 250 GHz and on a secondary basis in the rest of the band. As such, amateurs must protect the radio astronomy and radiolocation services from harmful interference, which share the band with amateurs between 241 GHz and 248 GHz. In addition, 244 GHz to 246 GHz is an ISM band, and all users must accept interference caused by ISM devices. The ITU's allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.


1-millimeter band, Distance records
The current world distance record on the 1 mm band was 114 kilometres (71 mi) set by US stations WA1ZMS and W4WWQ on January 21, 2008.


1-millimeter band, Distance records
The longest distance achieved on 1 mm in the United Kingdom was 9.33 kilometres (5.80 mi) between stations G0FDZ and G8CUB on April 30 2019.


1-millimeter band, Distance records
In Australia, the 1 mm distance record was 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) set by stations VK4FD/4 and VK4CSD/4 on December 5, 2019.


1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō
1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō (1日外出録ハンチョウ, lit. "One-Day Outing Foreman") is a Japanese manga series written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Motomu Uehara and Kazuya Arai. It is a spin-off of  the main series Kaiji by Nobuyuki Fukumoto. It has been published in Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine since December 2016. Part of the manga was adapted as segmented episodes within the Mr. Tonegawa: Middle Management Blues anime series. A drama CD based on the series was included on the second DVD/Blu-ray Disc release of the series in March 2019.


1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō, Story
The story follows Ōtsuki, the foreman of Squad E in the underground forced labor camp for people in debt, as he uses one-day outside passes to leave the camp for a day. Usually, each trip involves food or drink in some way.


1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō, Publication
1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Motomu Uehara and Kazuya Arai. It began serialization in the combined 4th and 5th issue of Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine published on December 26, 2016. The series' chapters have been collected by Kodansha into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was published on June 6, 2017. As of May 6, 2021, eleven volumes have been released.


1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō, Reception
1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanchō  ranked 2nd on Manga Shinbun Taishō in 2017. The series ranked 8th on Takarajimasha Kono Manga ga Sugoi! 's top 20 manga for male readers 2018.


1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase
In enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate.


1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating), phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, type II phosphatidylinositol kinase, PI kinase, and PI 4-kinase. This enzyme participates in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signaling system.


1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, the structure has only been solved for this enzyme. Part of the enzyme was crystallized with its activating partner frequenin.


1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase
In enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include type III PIP kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase. This enzyme participates in phosphatidylinositol signaling system and regulation of actin cytoskeleton.


1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase
In enzymology, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.


1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include diphosphoinositide kinase, PIP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, and type I PIP kinase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.


1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .


1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase
In enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.


1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-5-phosphate 4-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called type II PIP kinase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton.


1-phosphofructokinase
In enzymology, 1-phosphofructokinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-phosphofructokinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and D-fructose 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The enzyme was first described and characterized in the 1960s.


1-phosphofructokinase
This enzyme belongs to the phosphofructokinase B (PfkB) or Ribokinase family of sugar kinases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:D-fructose-phosphate 6-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include fructose-1-phosphate kinase, 1-phosphofructokinase (phosphorylating), D-fructose-1-phosphate kinase, fructose 1-phosphate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the presence of three conserved sequence motifs and their enzymatic activity generally shows a dependence on the presence of pentavalent ions.


1-phosphofructokinase, Structure
As of 2021, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession codes  and , both from structural genomics efforts. The protein is a homodimer.


1-planar graph
In topological graph theory, a 1-planar graph is a graph that can be drawn in the Euclidean plane in such a way that each edge has at most one crossing point, where it crosses a single additional edge. If a 1-planar graph, one of the most natural generalizations of planar graphs, is drawn that way, the drawing is called a 1-plane graph or 1-planar embedding of the graph.


1-planar graph, Coloring
1-planar graphs were first studied by Ringel (1965), who showed that they can be colored with at most seven colors. Later, the precise number of colors needed to color these graphs, in the worst case, was shown to be six. The example of the complete graph K6, which is 1-planar, shows that 1-planar graphs may sometimes require six colors. However, the proof that six colors are always enough is more complicated.


1-planar graph, Coloring
Ringel's motivation was in trying to solve a variation of total coloring for planar graphs, in which one simultaneously colors the vertices and faces of a planar graph in such a way that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, no two adjacent faces have the same color, and no vertex and face that are adjacent to each other have the same color. This can obviously be done using eight colors by applying the four color theorem to the given graph and its dual graph separately, using two disjoint sets of four colors.


1-planar graph, Coloring
However, fewer colors may be obtained by forming an auxiliary graph that has a vertex for each vertex or face of the given planar graph, and in which two auxiliary graph vertices are adjacent whenever they correspond to adjacent features of the given planar graph. A vertex coloring of the auxiliary graph corresponds to a vertex-face coloring of the original planar graph. This auxiliary graph is 1-planar, from which it follows that Ringel's vertex-face coloring problem may also be solved with six colors.


1-planar graph, Coloring
The graph K6 cannot be formed as an auxiliary graph in this way, but nevertheless the vertex-face coloring problem also sometimes requires six colors; for instance, if the planar graph to be colored is a triangular prism, then its eleven vertices and faces require six colors, because no three of them may be given a single color.


1-planar graph, Edge density
Every 1-planar graph with n vertices has at most 4n − 8 edges. More strongly, each 1-planar drawing has at most n − 2 crossings; removing one edge from each crossing pair of edges leaves a planar graph, which can have at most 3n − 6 edges, from which the 4n − 8 bound on the number of edges in the original 1-planar graph immediately follows.


1-planar graph, Edge density
However, unlike planar graphs (for which all maximal planar graphs on a given vertex set have the same number of edges as each other), there exist maximal 1-planar graphs (graphs to which no additional edges can be added while preserving 1-planarity) that have significantly fewer than 4n − 8 edges. The bound of 4n − 8 on the maximum possible number of edges in a 1-planar graph can be used to show that the complete graph K7 on seven vertices is not 1-planar, because this graph has 21 edges and in this case 4n − 8 = 20 < 21.


1-planar graph, Edge density
A 1-planar graph is said to be an optimal 1-planar graph if it has exactly 4n − 8 edges, the maximum possible. In a 1-planar embedding of an optimal 1-planar graph, the uncrossed edges necessarily form a quadrangulation (a polyhedral graph in which every face is a quadrilateral). Every quadrangulation gives rise to an optimal 1-planar graph in this way, by adding the two diagonals to each of its quadrilateral faces.


1-planar graph, Edge density
It follows that every optimal 1-planar graph is Eulerian (all of its vertices have even degree), that the minimum degree in such a graph is six, and that every optimal 1-planar graph has at least eight vertices of degree exactly six. Additionally, every optimal 1-planar graph is 4-vertex-connected, and every 4-vertex cut in such a graph is a separating cycle in the underlying quadrangulation.


1-planar graph, Edge density
The graphs that have straight 1-planar drawings (that is, drawings in which each edge is represented by a line segment, and in which each line segment is crossed by at most one other edge) have a slightly tighter bound of 4n − 9 on the maximum number of edges, achieved by infinitely many graphs.


1-planar graph, Complete multipartite graphs
A complete classification of the 1-planar complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and more generally complete multipartite graphs is known. Every complete bipartite graph of the form K2,n is 1-planar, as is every complete tripartite graph of the form K1,1,n. Other than these infinite sets of examples, the only complete multipartite 1-planar graphs are K6, K1,1,1,6, K1,1,2,3, K2,2,2,2, K1,1,1,2,2, and their subgraphs. The minimal non-1-planar complete multipartite graphs are K3,7, K4,5, K1,3,4, K2,3,3, and K1,1,1,1,3. For instance, the complete bipartite graph K3,6 is 1-planar because it is a subgraph of K1,1,1,6, but K3,7 is not 1-planar.


1-planar graph, Computational complexity
It is NP-complete to test whether a given graph is 1-planar, and it remains NP-complete even for the graphs formed from planar graphs by adding a single edge and for graphs of bounded bandwidth. The problem is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by cyclomatic number or by tree-depth, so it may be solved in polynomial time when those parameters are bounded.


1-planar graph, Computational complexity
In contrast to Fáry's theorem for planar graphs, not every 1-planar graph may be drawn 1-planarly with straight line segments for its edges. However, testing whether a 1-planar drawing may be straightened in this way can be done in polynomial time. Additionally, every 3-vertex-connected 1-planar graph has a 1-planar drawing in which at most one edge, on the outer face of the drawing, has a bend in it. This drawing can be constructed in linear time from a 1-planar embedding of the graph. The 1-planar graphs have bounded book thickness, but some 1-planar graphs including K2,2,2,2 have book thickness at least four.


1-planar graph, Computational complexity
1-planar graphs have bounded local treewidth, meaning that there is a (linear) function f such that the 1-planar graphs of diameter d have treewidth at most f(d); the same property holds more generally for the graphs that can be embedded onto a surface of bounded genus with a bounded number of crossings per edge. They also have separators, small sets of vertices the removal of which decomposes the graph into connected components whose size is a constant fraction of the size of the whole graph. Based on these properties, numerous algorithms for planar graphs, such as Baker's technique for designing approximation algorithms, can be extended to 1-planar graphs. For instance, this method leads to a polynomial-time approximation scheme for the maximum independent set of a 1-planar graph.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
The class of graphs analogous to outerplanar graphs for 1-planarity are called the outer-1-planar graphs. These are graphs that can be drawn in a disk, with the vertices on the boundary of the disk, and with at most one crossing per edge. These graphs can always be drawn (in an outer-1-planar way) with straight edges and right angle crossings. By using dynamic programming on the SPQR tree of a given graph, it is possible to test whether it is outer-1-planar in linear time. The triconnected components of the graph (nodes of the SPQR tree) can consist only of cycle graphs, bond graphs, and four-vertex complete graphs, from which it also follows that outer-1-planar graphs are planar and have treewidth at most three.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
The 1-planar graphs include the 4-map graphs, graphs formed from the adjacencies of regions in the plane with at most four regions meeting in any point. Conversely, every optimal 1-planar graph is a 4-map graph. However, 1-planar graphs that are not optimal 1-planar may not be map graphs.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
1-planar graphs have been generalized to k-planar graphs, graphs for which each edge is crossed at most k times (0-planar graphs are exactly the planar graphs). Ringel defined the local crossing number of G to be the least non-negative integer k such that G has a k-planar drawing.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
Because the local crossing number is the maximum degree of the intersection graph of the edges of an optimal drawing, and the thickness (minimum number of planar graphs into which the edges can be partitioned) can be seen as the chromatic number of an intersection graph of an appropriate drawing, it follows from Brooks' theorem that the thickness is at most one plus the local crossing number. The k-planar graphs with n vertices have at most O(k1/2n) edges, and treewidth O((kn)1/2). A shallow minor of a k-planar graph, with depth d, is itself a (2d + 1)k-planar graph, so the shallow minors of 1-planar graphs and of k-planar graphs are also sparse graphs, implying that the 1-planar and k-planar graphs have bounded expansion.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
Nonplanar graphs may also be parameterized by their crossing number, the minimum number of pairs of edges that cross in any drawing of the graph. A graph with crossing number k is necessarily k-planar, but not necessarily vice versa. For instance, the Heawood graph has crossing number 3, but it is not necessary for its three crossings to all occur on the same edge of the graph, so it is 1-planar, and can in fact be drawn in a way that simultaneously optimizes the total number of crossings and the crossings per edge.


1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts
Another related concept for nonplanar graphs is graph skewness, the minimal number of edges that must be removed to make a graph planar.


1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase
In enzymology, a 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2,5-dioxopentanoate and NH3.


1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate aminohydrolase (decyclizing). This enzyme is also called HPC deaminase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung
1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung is the first album from the Austrian band Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung. It is actually self-titled as in written German, cardinal numbers with a full stop after them are converted to being ordinal numbers, therefore 1. in German actually relates to first as opposed to the number 1.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung
The album, like the rest of is mainly in German with a few English words or phrases here and there. Some of the titles are actually in English, however they are still mainly in German.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung
As mentioned in the main Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung article, the band often changed their members. The material on this album differs considerably from the music the band later went on to produce.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung
The album was released only in Austria in 1978 and only on vinyl, catalogue number EMI Columbia 12C 054-33230. Original copies are very hard to find, however in 2015, the album was reissued on CD. No songs from this album were released as singles.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung
The song entitled "Pustel Gunkel" makes some reference to Helena Rubinstein.


1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung, Track listing
The Track names are listed sequentially but which songs appear on which side is not indicated. Titles in brackets are an approximate translation.


1. April 2000
1. April 2000 is a 1952 political satire film directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner and starring Hilde Krahl, made during the Allied Occupation of Austria (1945–55). The script was reportedly commissioned at the request of the Austrian government, and is a political satire depicting a harmless, potentially congenial future Austria still subject to needless and stifling oversight by the four Allied powers, as established following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II (as it was when the film was made). The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival.


1. April 2000, Plot summary
After numerous fruitless negotiations with the Allies about the independence of Austria, the Austrian prime minister prompts his fellow countrymen to shred their four-language identity cards, which have been issued by the Allies, thus sending a clear signal to the world. Thereupon, Austria is charged for breaking the "world peace" at the fictitious "world court". The implicated message is clear: in the same manner as Austria was, in Austria's eyes, falsely indicted for breaking the world peace (1914 and 1939), they are now being indicted again in 2000.


1. April 2000, Plot summary
The world court hovers in with its space rocket into Vienna and lands in front of Schönbrunn Palace. The Austrians now have to prove that they are a lovely nation, and that they would never break the world peace. Subsequently, everything which is supposed to make Austria lovely is presented, starting with Mozart, going over Prince Eugene of Savoy, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, Viennese wine, the Viennese waltz, the mountains, the classic bands, etc. Despite the presented evidence, Austria will be found guilty. Just before the conviction is made, the Moscow Declaration of 1943 is discovered. The declaration clearly states that Austria is to be freed, which happens at the end of the film. Back in the current time of 1952, and in reality, it is bemoaned that those actions and the independence of Austria will not take place until the year 2000.


1. Bockenheimer FC 1899
1. Bockenheimer FC was a German association football club from the western city district of Bockenheim.


1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History
Formed in 1899, 1. BFC had only a short existence playing in the FAB (Frankfurter Associations Bund or Frankfurt Associations Federation). Bockenheim joined founders Frankfurter FC Germania 1894, Frankfurter FC Victoria 1899 and Frankfurter FC in the league's second year, playing out of their home ground at Hundswiese. 1. Bockenheim is recognized as one of the founding members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) in 1900 at Leipzig alongside each of the other FAB clubs. The league disappeared by mid-1905 as Frankfurter sides drifted away to compete in the larger SFV (Süddeutscher Fussball Verband or South German Football League).


1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History
At the end of 1901, 1. FC folded when they lost their ground and a significant number of club members left to join the army. The remaining footballers went on to help form and play for clubs such as Germania 1901 Bockenheim, Bockenheimer Fußball-Vereinigung 1901, FV 1901 Amicitia, FC 1902 Helvetia, and FC 1902 Bockenheim . These clubs would merge over the course of the following years to form the core of the present-day side Rot-Weiß Frankfurt


1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History
The memory of the short-lived Bockenheimer side is also preserved in the chronicles of present-day clubs Viktoria Frankfurt and Kickers Offenbach who both remember 1. BFC as the team they defeated in the first matches they ever played. Bockenheim fell 1:4 to Viktoria on 19 March 1899 and 1:2 to Offenbach on 7 July 1901.


1. CfR Pforzheim
1. Club für Rasenspiele Pforzheim 1896 e.V., commonly known as 1. CfR Pforzheim is a football club based in Pforzheim, Germany. The club play in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, which is the fifth tier of football in the country.


1. CfR Pforzheim, History
On 3 July 2010. The club was formed, when the two local rivals 1. FC Pforzheim and VfR Pforzheim merged to form 1. CfR


1. CfR Pforzheim, History
Of the two clubs, 1. FC Pforzheim had been the more successful side, even making a losing appearance in the German football championship final in 1906. In the more recent past, the club had won a championship in the then tier-three Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 1991. Since 2004, 1. FCP had mainly been playing in the Verbandsliga Nordbaden, where it won a league title in 2006. It was this league place, the new club inherited, entering the Verbandsliga from 2010 onwards. The club also claims 1896, the formation year of 1. FCP, as its historical founding date.


1. CfR Pforzheim, History
VfR Pforzheim had spent most of its history in the shadow of 1. FC Pforzheim. The two clubs last encountered each other in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg for three seasons from 1992 to 1995. VfR finished runners-up in this league in 1994–95 but, missing out on promotion, decided to withdraw to lower amateur league football for financial reasons. The club's final two seasons were spent in the tier eight Kreisliga Pforzheim, before it merged with its rival.


1. CfR Pforzheim, History
In its inaugural season, 2010–11, the club finished seventh in the Verbandsliga Baden and had set its aim for the 2011–12 season to finishing in the top five of the league.


1. CfR Pforzheim, History
In 2014, it came only seventh but finished runners-up in the league the season after and qualified for the promotion round to the Oberliga. It defeated Radolfzell and SV Göppingen to win Oberliga promotion.


1. CfR Pforzheim, Stadium
The club has played its home games at the Stadion im Brötzinger Tal is a stadium in Pforzheim, Germany. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000 people all seater. The club originally favoured the Holzhof as its permanent home ground but was unable to obtain permission from the local council to develop the ground because of its location in a protected zone.


1. CfR Pforzheim, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. Division (Norwegian handball)
1. Division is the name of the second highest handball league for both genders in Norway. The two best placed teams win promotion to Eliteserien for men and Eliteserien for women, while the bottom finishers get relegated to the Norwegian 2. Divisions. The division consists of 12 teams that meet each opponent once away and once at home.


1. Division (Norwegian handball), Promotion to the League
The two best placed teams of the league ensures direct promotion to the premier handball league for Norwegian handball clubs. The third best placed team play a best of two (1 home and 1 away) qualification matches against the team who ended as No. 10 in the premier handball league. The winner of these two matches will play the next season in the premier league and the loser will play in 1. Division.


1. Division (Norwegian handball), Relegation
Teams who end the season as #'s 10, 11 and 12 will be directly relegated to Division 2.


1. FC Aschersleben
1. FC Aschersleben was a German football club from the city of Aschersleben, Saxony-Anhalt. It was the successor to Motor Aschersleben which was part of second-tier competition in East Germany in the early 1960s.


1. FC Aschersleben, History
The club was established on 30 April 1951 as BSG Stahl Achersleben after World War II in the Soviet occupied eastern half of Germany. It became part of the separate East German football competition the emerged in the early 1950s. It was later known as BSG Motor Aschersleben and then BSG Motor Wema Aschersleben. From 1960–63 Motor was part of the 2. Liga DDR, Staffel 3 and was sent down after finishing the 1962–63 season in 13th place. They took part in the opening rounds of the FDGB-Pokal (East German Cup) in 1962 and 1964. In 1990, following the reunification of Germany the club adopted the name Sportverein Arminia Aschersleben. On 1 July 1993, Arminia joined ESV Lok Aschersleben to create 1. FC Aschersleben.


1. FC Aschersleben, History
Lok Aschersleben was a railway worker's side formed in 1945 as Sportgemeinde Aschersleben. The club played as BSG Reichsbahn Aschersleben in 1950–51, before adopting the name BSG Lok Aschersleben. Following the reunification of the country the club was known as ESV Lok Aschersleben.


1. FC Aschersleben, History
After the merger that created 1. FC the team won its way to the Oberliga Nordost-Süd (IV) for the 1994–95 season. They made another single season appearance in Oberliga play in 1998–99.


1. FC Bad Kötzting
1. FC Bad Kötzting is a German association football club from the city of Bad Kötzting, Bavaria.


1. FC Bad Kötzting, History
Founded on 5 May 1921 as 1. FC Kötzting, the club spent most of its existence as a lower-tier side until earning promotion to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in 1990. The club had a good second season in this league, finishing third in 1993, but it came close to relegation in 1998, when it could only come 15th.


1. FC Bad Kötzting, History
The team came close to advancing to the Bayernliga (IV) in 2000, finishing as league vice-champions before losing on penalties to SpVgg Landshut in the promotion round. They earned promotion in 2004. The club adopted its new name in 2006 after the city changed its name in 2005. 1. FC Bad Kötzting was relegated in 2010 and the team, after this, played in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte again. At the end of the 2011–12 season the club qualified for the promotion round to the newly expanded Bayernliga.


1. FC Bad Kötzting, History
A first round loss to FC Amberg however meant the club would remain in the Landesliga instead. The club won the Landesliga Mitte in 2014 and earned promotion back to the Bayernliga. The club won promotion to the Bayernliga in 2014, after a Landesliga championship, but came only fifteenth in the league in 2014–15 and was forced to enter the promotion/relegation round where it suffered relegation after being defeated by ASV Burglengenfeld.


1. FC Bad Kötzting, History
Bad Kötzting plays its home matches in the Stadion am Roten Steg which has a capacity of 6,000 (800 seats).


1. FC Bamberg
The 1. FC Bamberg was a German association football club from the town of Bamberg, Bavaria.


1. FC Bamberg
In 2006, the club merged with TSV Eintracht Bamberg to form 1. FC Eintracht Bamberg. 1. FC Eintracht went bankrupt in 2010 and a new club was formed, FC Eintracht Bamberg 2010.


1. FC Bamberg
1. FC had spent a number of seasons at top level in German football but, by the time of the merger, had fallen to an existence in the fifth and sixth division of German football. The new club briefly rose to tier-four Regionalliga Süd, dropped back to the Bayernliga before rising to the new Regionalliga Bayern again.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901–45
1. FC Bamberg, formed in 1901, made its first division debut in 1910, when it earned promotion to the Ostkreisliga, a statewide football league in Bavaria, where it played against the strongest Bavarian clubs at the time, 1. FC Nürnberg, FC Bayern Munich and SpVgg Fürth. 1. FC lasted for two seasons at this level, coming ninth in the league on both occasions and being relegated in 1912.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901–45
The club returned to the Bavarian first division, now renamed the Kreisliga Bayern and divided into a northern and a southern division, after the First World War, in 1919. After struggling for the first two seasons, it profited after 1921 from a further split of the league, now into four regional divisions, and came fourth in 1922 and 1923. Nevertheless, in 1923, when the league was renamed to Bezirksliga Bayern and reorganised into a single division once more, 1. FC did not qualify and was unable to return to top level football for almost 20 years.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901–45
It was not until the Second World War that the club made a return to top-flight football, when it earned promotion to the northern division of the Gauliga Bayern, which had replaced the Bezirksliga in 1933. Bamberg had its greatest season in 1943–44, when it finished runners-up in its division, three points behind 1. FC Nuremberg. The following season was never completed because of the effects of the war.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945–63
Post-war football saw the club being grouped in the second division Landesliga Bayern in 1945, a league the club won, earning promotion to the Oberliga Süd. The following season marked the team's last-ever in top-flight, coming 18th out of 20 clubs and being relegated once more in 1947. In the Landesliga, now sub-divided into two regional divisions, 1. FC won another championship but missed out on promotion when it lost to southern champions BC Augsburg, drawing at home and losing 1–4 in Augsburg. Bamberg won another title in the Landesliga in 1950, now in a single division again, but failed to gain promotion, missing out to Hesse champions SV Darmstadt 98. Instead, the side, along with four other Bavarian clubs, gained entry to the newly formed second division, the 2nd Oberliga Süd.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945–63
In the new league, Bamberg never performed particularly well, with the exception of 1952–53, when the side came third, four points behind a promotion rank. While it narrowly avoided relegation in 1955, the season after the side went down after coming last in the league. The club took out two division titles in the northern group of the Amateurliga Bayern in 1957 and 1958, followed up by Bavarian championship wins over southern division winners FC Penzberg and FC Wacker München.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945–63
It remained winless in the promotion round to the 2nd Oberliga in 1957, when Amicitia Viernheim and Borussia Fulda were promoted instead, but was luckier the following year and earned promotion alongside VfB Friedberg from Hesse. The team lasted for two seasons in the second division and made a permanent farewell from the league in 1960, when it once more came last.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945–63
Bamberg remained a strong side in the Amateurliga, coming second and fifth in the years after relegation, with a final league title in 1963. It was unable however to crown the season with the Bavarian championship, missing out to TSV Straubing in three games. Additionally, because of the reorganisation of the German league system with the introduction of the Bundesliga, no promotion was available. For the club, it was the end of an era, it was never again able to repeat past performances.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945–63
In the era from 1961 to 1967, Bamberg's Dieter Zettelmaier was capped twenty times for the German amateur team, scoring 13 goals for the team. Zettelmaier, an outstanding goal scorer, was also top scorer of the Bayernliga from 1961 to 1963 and once more in 1966.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963–2006
1. FC qualified to play in the new single division third tier Bayernliga, which was established in 1963, but results from now on were poor. In 1967, the club suffered relegation to the fourth division the Landesliga Bayern-Nord, and it took until 1975 to make a return to Bavaria's highest league. The club became a predominantly mid-table side in the Landesliga from then on. A brief stint in the Bayernliga in 1975–76 was followed by another five Landesliga seasons. Another title in this league, in 1981, however returned the side to the Bayernliga. It spent five seasons at this level, with a seventh place in the first one as its best result, but another relegation followed in 1986. The club was not to return to this level either after that.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963–2006
Bambergs return to the Landesliga was an unlucky one, the club finished 15th and was relegated even further down, now to the Bezirksliga. Difficult years followed for the club, playing for a season in the Bezirksliga, gaining entry to the new Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken in 1988, and making a brief return for two seasons to the Landesliga from 1992 to 1994.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963–2006
In 1997, the side finally made a permanent return to the Landesliga, which it would play in for the next nine seasons, until the merger. In this era, two second places, in 2004 and 2006, were its best result, the later allowing the club to earn promotion back to the Bayernliga through the promotion round, but then under a new name. The club's promotion-clinching 2–0 victory against Freier TuS Regensburg in Schwabach on 13 June was to become the side's last competitive game under the old name and identity.


1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963–2006
The new club retained most of the old club's logo which depicts the Bamberg Horseman.


1. FC Bamberg, Basketball
The club operated a successful basketball department for many years before it became independent as what is now the Brose Baskets Bamberg. The team shared the football departments rivalry to local neighbour Bayreuth, in the form of SpVgg Bayreuth in football and BBC Bayreuth in basketball.


1. FC Bocholt
1. FC Bocholt is a German association football club based in Bocholt, North Rhine-Westphalia.


1. FC Bocholt, History
The team was founded 21 August 1900 as Fußball-Club Bocholt and in 1919 was joined by VfvB Bocholt, which had been established in 1917 as Ballverein Bocholt. In 1937, they merged with another local side, Ballspielverein 1919 Bocholt, which had played as the football department of Turnverein Phönix Bocholt until 1936. The new club played as BV 1900 Bocholt until after World War II and adopted its current name in 1946.


1. FC Bocholt, History
1. FC enjoyed its greatest successes through the late 1970s and early 1980s playing third-division football. They earned short-lived single-season promotions to the 2. Bundesliga in 1977–78 and 1980–81. The club also made several appearances in DFB-Pokal (German Cup) play in that period and in 1984 advanced as far as the quarter-finals before going out 1:2 to FC Bayern Munich.


1. FC Bocholt, History
After slipping out of the Regionaliga West/Südwest (III) in 1997, Bocholt played for a decade in the Oberliga Nordrhein (IV) as a mid-to-lower table side. The club had a poor 2006–07 campaign and was relegated to the Verbandsliga Niederrhein (V) play. The club dropped as far as the Landesliga Niederrhein, but a division title there in 2014 took it back up to what is now the Oberliga Niederrhein.


1. FC Breslau
1. FC Breslau was a German association football club from the city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (today Wroclaw, Poland). It was established by the former membership of SV Stern Breslau, a workers' club that had been banned by the Nazis in 1933 alongside other left-leaning and faith-based clubs. Stern was notable as the losing side in the 1924 title match of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund, (ATSB or en:Workers Gymnastics and Sports Federation), a leftist national sports organization which organized a football competition and championship separate from that of the DFB (Deutscher Fußball Bund, en:German Football Association).


1. FC Breslau
1. FC played in the regional top flight Gauliga Schlesien in 1938–39 and the Gauliga Niederschlesien in 1939–40. After the end of World War II, Breslau became part of Poland and all German football clubs were dissolved.


1. FC Bruchsal
1. FC Bruchsal is a German association football club from the town of Bruchsal, Baden-Württemberg. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier five Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 2013 but it was relegated after only one season at this level.


1. FC Bruchsal, History
The club was formed as Fußballclub 1899 Bruchsal on 10 July 1899. The early years of football in Bruchsal see quite a number of other clubs being established and disestablished, with Fußballclub 1899 Bruchsal merging in 1906 with FV 1900 Bruchsal to form Bruchsaler Fußballvereinigung 1906. The club played as high as the A-Klasse, the second highest league in Baden at the time. In 1935 the club merged with Frankonia Bruchsal to form VfB 1899 Bruchsal with the new club being able to play football until 1943 when the events of the Second World War stopped play for the club.


1. FC Bruchsal, History
In post war football VfB played mostly in the tier four 2. Amateurliga. After a long stint at this level the club declined in the late 1970s, dropping as far as the B-Klasse. A merger with local rival TSV 08 Bruchsal, playing in the same league under similar circumstances was however rejected by the members in a vote. The club continued to struggle in the early 1980s but another merger, now with DJK Bruchsal, was again rejected in 1981. The club improved after this, climbing up through the league system again to reach the tier six Bezirksliga. In 1991 another merger attempt with TSV 08 Bruchsal was made and, this time, was successful, with the 1. FC Bruchsal being formed on 1 August 1991.


1. FC Bruchsal, History
The club's rise in the league system began in 2005 when it finished runners-up in the Kreisliga Bruchsal and earned promotion to the Landesliga Mittelbaden. Bruchsal played the bext five seasons in this league, finishing in mid-table until a league championship in 2010 allowed it to move up to the tier six Verbandsliga.


1. FC Bruchsal, History
In the Verbandsliga Baden the club played the first two seasons as a mid-table side finishing ninth and tenth. In 2012–13 Bruchsal won the league and earned promotion to the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg for the first time. It lasted for only one season at this level, finishing second-last and being relegated to the Verbandsliga again.


1. FC Burg
1. FC Burg is a German association football club from the northern district of Burg-Grambke in the city-state of Bremen.


1. FC Burg, History
The club was established in 1957 and won its first lower tier local title in 1965. FC remained part of Kreisklasse play through the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s, until finally winning promotion to the Landesliga Bremen (VI) in 1997. In 2004, they won the league championship and advanced to the Verbandsliga Bremen (V) where they earned mid-table results until being relegated in 2007. They finished as runners-up to SC Weyhe in the Landesliga in 2010 in order to return to what is now the Bremen-Liga (V). In 2014 they finished at the bottom and were relegated back to the Landesliga along with OT Bremen.


1. FC Düren
1. Fußball-Club Düren e.V., commonly known as 1. FC Düren, is a German association football club based in the town of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia.


1. FC Düren, History, FC Düren-Niederau
FC Düren-Niederau was founded in the year 1908 as FC 08 Niederau-Krauthausen and later adopted the name FC Düren-Niederau. The team's greatest success was being promoted into the Verbandsliga Mittelrhein in 1981, in which they would later go on to reach fourth place in the 1984/85 season — the best performance in the club's history. In 1991 the club were relegated from the league. In 2008 they were re-promoted into the league, but were shortly relegated at the end of the next season.


1. FC Düren, History, FC Düren-Niederau
In 2012 they then were relegated further from the Verbandsliga to the Bezirksliga, but  promptly re-entered the Verbandsliga the following season. Their junior teams also showed great success, with the C-Juniors winning the Mittelrheinpokal in 2005 and 2012, and the D-Juniors in 2000 and 2004. Johanna Elsig became the 2009 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship champion.


1. FC Düren, History, SG GFC Düren 99
The partnering club to 1. FC Düren, SG GFC Düren 99, is a product of multiple fusions between other clubs and a team associated with two German national football team players: Karl-Heinz Schnellinger and Georg Stollenwerk. Their roots stem back to 1899, where the team was founded as Germania Düren. On August 8th 1935 this team would then fuse with Düren SC 03 to form SG Düren 99.


1. FC Düren, History, SG GFC Düren 99
SG Düren 99 would go on to play in the top division Gauliga Mittelrhein league during the 1930s, and then later in the second division 2. Oberliga West following the end of World War II. During the 1980s and 90s the club were often without success found themselves in a downward spiral and would end up in Kreisliga B. On June 29th 2001 the team would fuse with Schwarz-Weiß Düren to form SG Schwarz-Weiß Düren 99. Six years later, however, Schwarz-Weiß Düren was re-founded as a separate team. On April 1st 2011 SG Düren 99 merged with GFC Düren 09, who had played in the fourth division Oberliga Nordrhein from 2002-2007, to form the current team: SG GFC Düren 99.


1. FC Düren, History, Founding of 1. FC Düren
1. FC Düren was founded on 30 November 2017, and took over the football section of FC Düren-Niederau, which finished the 2017–18 season in the sixth-division Landesliga Mittelrhein under their old name. On 25 April 2018, the Middle Rhine Football Association approved the merger of the youth and senior football departments of SG GFC Düren 99, also playing in the Landesliga Mittelrhein, with 1. FC Düren, which took effect on 15 June 2018. FC Düren-Niederau finished the 2017–18 season in third place, while SG GFC Düren 99 won the Landesliga Mittelrhein and earned promotion, resulting in 1. FC Düren playing their inaugural 2018–19 season in the fifth-division Mittelrheinliga.


1. FC Düren, History, Founding of 1. FC Düren
During the 2018–19 season, 1. FC Düren reached the semi-finals of the Middle Rhine Cup before losing to Alemannia Aachen, and finished eighth in the Mittelrheinliga. In the following season under new manager Giuseppe Brunetto, Düren finished in second place in the league behind FC Wegberg-Beeck after the season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the club won the Middle Rhine Cup against Alemannia Aachen, securing their qualification for the 2020–21 DFB-Pokal, in which they were drawn against record German league and cup winners Bayern Munich.


1. FC Düren, Stadium
The club plays its home matches at the Westkampfbahn in Düren, which has a capacity of 6,000. The stadium was opened on 9 August 1914, and was last renovated in 2014. Prior to foundation of 1. FC Düren, the clubs Germania Düren, SG Düren 99 and SG GFC Düren 99 also played at the stadium.


1. FC Eschborn
1. FC Eschborn was a German association football club which played in Eschborn, a town close to Frankfurt, Hesse.


1. FC Eschborn, History
The association was founded 10 September 1930 and after World War II was re-established as SG Eschborn. In 1950, the football department left behind the postwar sports club, which was by then known as Turnverein Eschborn, to become an independent club under its current name.


1. FC Eschborn, History
A perennial lower division amateur side, 1. FC made strides that have seen it playing in the Regionalliga Süd (III) as recently as the 2005–06 season. Their success was mixed, however: while making some strong showings in the fourth division Oberliga Hessen, they were not able to compete effectively at the Regionalliga level. The club was also suffering financially, and unable to find a strong sponsor, faced bankruptcy from which it never recovered.


1. FC Eschborn, History
Eschborn took part in the 2005–06 German Cup tournament on the strength of their championship in the Oberliga Hessen (IV) the previous season, but were eliminated in the opening round by 1. FC Nürnberg.


1. FC Eschborn, History
The club returned to the Hessenliga (V) again after spending the 2007–08 season in the Landesliga. It won the league in 2011–12 and thereby earned promotion to the new Regionalliga Südwest. At this level it lasted for only one season before being relegated back to the Hessenliga. At the end of the 2015–16 Eschborn withdrew from the Hesenliga and competitive football after declaring insolvency and ceased to exist.


1. FC Femina
1. FC Femina is a Hungarian women's football team competing in the Hungarian First Division.


1. FC Femina
Founded in 1970, Femina is the most successful team in the championship with 10 titles between 1988 and 2008, including two 3-year winning streaks in 2000–03 and 2005–08. The following two seasons marked a decline with the club's worst rankings yet, while in 2011 Femina was 3rd. Femina has been less successful in the national Cup, with just one title to make a double in 1996.


1. FC Femina
Femina was the first team to represent Hungary in the UEFA Women's Cup. Its major success in its six appearances so far was reaching the last 16 in 2007.


1. FC Frankfurt
1. FC Frankfurt is a German football club based in Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg. The club was founded as the army club SV VP Vorwärts Leipzig in the city of Leipzig in East Germany in 1951. The club won six East German championships as ASK Vorwärts Berlin and FC Vorwärts Berlin between 1958 and 1969.


1. FC Frankfurt, History
1. FC Frankfurt originally began as the football department of sports club SV VP Vorwärts Leipzig. The sports club was founded in on 2 August 1951 and its first team was admitted to the 1951–52 DDR-Oberliga.


1. FC Frankfurt, History
One of the characteristics of East German football after World War II, under the Soviet occupation and the socialist East German regime, was the willingness of the authorities to manipulate teams and clubs in various ways for political or other reasons.


1. FC Frankfurt, History
The first team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953 and continued as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin The football team that begun the 1952–53 DDR-Oberliga in Leipzig, thus finished the season based in East Berlin. The sports club would undergo several name changes in the following years, before it was finally known as ASK Vorwärts Berlin.


1. FC Frankfurt, History
The club began a run of success in 1954 which included an FDGB-Pokal (East German Cup) that year, East German championships in 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1965, as well as losing appearances in the 1956 FDGB-Pokal, and the 1957 and 1959 national finals. Their success continued after the team was again renamed as the football department of ASK Vorwärts Berlin was separated from the sports club and reformed as FC Vorwärts Berlin, one of the new centralized football clubs formed to increase the level of performance throughout the country. Vorwärts won another two championships (1966, 1969) and in 1970 again made a losing appearance in the FDGB-Pokal final. Throughout the entire period from 1951–71, the side played in the DDR Oberliga (top tier).


1. FC Frankfurt, History
In 1971, the club was moved again, this time from the capital to Frankfurt (Oder) on the German-Polish border, to replace the local secret police-sponsored side SG Dynamo, which was then disbanded. Vorwärts then enjoyed another decent run in the 1980s, going to the UEFA Cup four times (where they were twice knocked out by West German clubs, (Werder Bremen and VfB Stuttgart). In 1983 they finished second nationally.


1. FC Frankfurt, History
After German reunification in 1990, the club dropped its affiliation with the army and became FC Victoria Frankfurt/Oder. After financial problems and re-organization in 1993 the side emerged as Frankfurter FC Viktoria (FFC Viktoria 91). In the early 1990s, they played a couple of seasons in tier III before slipping to division IV and V level play. The side then played in the Brandenburg-Liga (VI) before, on 1 July 2012, merging with MSV Eintracht Frankfurt to become 1. FC Frankfurt. The new club took over Viktoria in the Brandenburg-Liga and was aiming for promotion to the higher leagues. Their first success was winning the league in 2015, earning promotion to the NOFV-Oberliga for the first time in 12 years.


1. FC Frankfurt, Nomenclature
FC Vorwärts Berlin and its forerunners in Berlin were not related to the historical football club Berliner FC Vorwärts 1890. The name "Vorwärts" was in common use in East Germany for teams associated with security organs, notably the East German army.


1. FC Frankfurt, Nomenclature
The "E.V." in the present club name stands for the names of the two predecessors "Eintracht" and "Viktoria" respectively.


1. FC Gera 03
1. FC Gera 03 was a German association football club located in Gera, Thuringia. The club withdrew from the NOFV-Oberliga Süd during the 2011–12 season and became defunct.


1. FC Gera 03, History
The club was founded in 2003 through the merger of TSV 1880 Gera-Zwötzen and SV 1861 Liebschwitz. The club was made up largely of players who used to play in higher divisions with a large number coming from the two most successful Thuringian clubs, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Gera won the Landesliga Thüringen (V) in 2006–07 and gained promotion to the Oberliga. It lasted for three seasons in the Oberliga, was relegated in 2010 and won immediate promotion back up in 2011. The club withdrew from the league during the 2011–12 season for financial reasons, became insolvent and eventually folded.


1. FC Gera 03, History
Gera's most notable success was their advance to the final of the 2007 TFV-Pokal (Thuringian Cup) where they lost to FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Despite their losing appearance, the team still qualified for the 2006–07 DFB-Pokal as Jena had already earned their place in that competition through their promotion to the 2. Bundesliga. Gera hosted 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the opening round and lost 0–2.


1. FC Gera 03, History
1. FC Gera 03 played in the Stadion der Freundschaft which has a capacity of 16,800 spectators. They shared the venue with 1. SV Gera.


1. FC Gera 03, History
The best known footballer to have played for Gera 03 was Marco Weißhaupt, who went on to play in the Bundesliga for Hamburger SV, SC Freiburg, and Hansa Rostock.


1. FC Gera 03, History
The club also had a women's football team, which played at the Regionalliga level.


1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden
1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden is a German association football club from Ober-Roden one of five former villages that today make up the town of Rödermark, Hesse.


1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, History
The club was established on 10 April 1908 by a group of two dozen young men at the Zum Schützenhof restaurant. Germania enjoyed some success in local play, but did not advance to regional level competition. The club was forced to suspend its activities during both world wars as many of its members were called away to serve in the armed forces. Following World War II the team played in the Amateurliga Hessen from 1952 to 1963, at that time the country's highest amateur league. Their best result was a third-place finish in 1960 behind SpVgg Bad Homburg, who then defeated them 2–1 in the promotion round for the 2nd Oberliga Süd (II).


1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, History
After their descent in 1963, it would be nearly thirty years before the club returned to upper level regional play with an advance to the Landesliga Hessen-Süd (V) in 1992. A vice-championship in 2003 led to the Oberliga Hessen (IV) for a three season long stint. They returned to Oberliga play in 2007 on the strength of a Landesliga title. but once more were relegated after three seasons. In the Verbandsliga, in the following season, the club finished last and consequently dropped down to the tier seven Gruppenliga for 2011–12.


1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, Stadium
1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden play their home matches at Sportanlage Frankfurter Straße which has a capacity of 1,000.


1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder
1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder is a German association football club from the town of Barsinghausen, Lower Saxony. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Nord in 2016. By reaching the final of the 2015–16 Lower Saxony Cup the club also qualified for the German Cup for the first time, entering the first round of the 2016–17 edition.


1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History
The club was formed on 16 March 2001 when two local clubs, TSV Egestorf and TSV Langreder, merged to form the current club in an effort to combine the extensive youth department of the former with the senior team of the latter.


1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History
The new club took started out in the tier seven Bezirksliga Hannover 1 but won promotion from this level to the Landesliga Hannover in 2003. It spent the next nine seasons there, with the league renamed to Bezirksoberliga Hannover from 2006 to 2010. After finishing runners-up in 2008 and 2010 and missing out on promotion Germania won the league in 2011–12 and earned promotion to the Niedersachsenliga for the first time. At this level the club finished sixth in its first season and gradually improving every year. A second place finish in 2015–16 and success in the promotion round moved the club up to the tier four Regionalliga Nord for the first time. They were relegated in 2019.


1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History
The club qualified for the final of the Lower Saxony Cup and thereby directly for the first round of the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal. They lost 6–0 in the first round at home to Hoffenheim.


1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FC Haßfurt
The 1. FC Haßfurt is a German association football club from the city of Haßfurt, Bavaria.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
The club was formed in 1917 under its current name, 1. FC Haßfurt.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
The 1. FC Haßfurt first appeared above the local football level in 1957, when it achieved promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern-Nord (III), the northern division of the highest state league. It could not manage to hold this level in its first season 1957–58 and was relegated straight back to the 2. Amateurliga Unterfranken.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
Bouncing straight back in 1959, Haßfurt had a much better second try in the Amateurliga, coming sixth in 1959–60. A strong performance the season after saw the club winning its league and earning promotion to the 2. Oberliga Süd, then the second tier of league football in Southern Germany. While the club easily won its promotion round, unbeaten in six games versus Offenburger FV, TSV Heusenstamm and Salamander Kornwestheim, it could only obtain a licence for the second division on appeal.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
In the same league with some well-known football clubs from the south of Germany, like Hessen Kassel, FSV Frankfurt and Stuttgarter Kickers, the team performed well, earning a tenth place in its first season. Its second year in the league was to be the last edition of the competition due to the formation of the Bundesliga. A fourteenth place was not enough for the 1. FC Haßfurt to earn a place in the new tier two Regionalliga Süd and it had to return to the now single-division Amateurliga Bayern.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
Upon return to the third tier, the club continued to perform well, earning a third place in its first year. After a some mixed results, the team repeated this performance in 1968–69. From there, however, the club went downhill, resulting in relegation from the Amateurliga to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV) in 1972. After three unimpressive seasons in this league, Haßfurt took out the title in 1975–76 and returned to the third division.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
Settling in its first season, the second, 1977–78, proved to be a highlight in the club's history. Winning the division, one point ahead of MTV Ingolstadt, the 1. FC Haßfurt was directly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga Süd. Financial reasons however forced the club to not accept this offer and Ingolstadt found itself promoted instead. The club had one more outstanding season after this, in 1979–80, when it finished second in the league to FC Augsburg. The season after, it slipped to seventeenth place, and was relegated from what was now the Amateur-Oberliga Bayern.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
The 1. FC Haßfurt did not manage to return to its successful past after this, fluctuating between the Landesliga Bayern-Nord and the league below, the Bezirksliga Unterfranken and later the Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken. The club found itself relegated from the Landesliga five times in the next two decades, in 1985, 1989, 1993, 1999 and 2005, only to return each time.


1. FC Haßfurt, History
Having returned to the Landesliga in 2007, the club played in this league until 2009, when a 17th-place finish meant another relegation. The club continued its descend through the leagues, playing in the tier-eight Bezirksliga in 2011–12, where it suffered another relegation, now to the Kreisliga Schweinfurt.


1. FC Haßfurt, DFB Cup appearances
The club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:


1. FC Heidenheim
1. FC Heidenheim 1846 is a German association football club from the city of Heidenheim, Baden-Württemberg.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
The current day club was formed in 2007 through the separation of the football section from parent association Heidenheimer Sportbund, a larger sports club that has 5,800 members in 27 departments. The independence of the football side allows it to operate under the stricter economic standards set for professional clubs which are members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund or German Football Association).


1. FC Heidenheim, History
Heidenheimer SB itself was founded through the 1972 merger of TSB Heidenheim and VfL Heidenheim. The club's origins go back to 14 August 1846, with the establishment of the gymnastics club Turngemeinde Heidenheim, which folded in 1852, but was re-constituted under the same name in 1861. The club was renamed Turnverein Heidenheim in 1872.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
A football department was created within the association on 8 July 1911 and became an independent side known as VfR 1911 Heidenheim on 21 August 1922. The swimming club Schwimmverein 04 Heidenheim joined VfR in 1936 to form VfL Heidenheim 04. In 1949, following World War II, these two clubs went their separate ways, the swimmers under their original name, and the footballers as VfL Heidenheim 1911.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
In the meantime, parent club TV 1846 Heidenheim was joined on 13 July 1935 by SpVgg Heidenheim and then on 3 April 1937 merged with 1. Sportverein 1900 Heidenheim – which was known as Athletenklub Hellenstein until 1920 – to become TSV 1846 Heidenheim. After the war TSV was united with Turnerbund Heidenheim 1902 whose history was as a worker's club. TB was established on 21 December 1902 and was renamed Turnerbund Heidenheim on 6 August 1904. This club merged with Arbeiterturnverein 1904 Heidenheim on 8 March 1919. Like other worker's clubs, TB was considered as politically unreliable by the Nazi regime and was dissolved in 1933. It was re-established after the war and on 3 February 1946 joined TSV 1846 Heidenheim to form TSB 1846 Heidenheim.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
27 May 1972 merger of TSB and VfL brought all these threads together, returning the footballers to the fold of the original gymnastics club. Heidenheimer SB and predecessor VfL Heidenheim played in the Amateurliga Württemberg (III) from 1963 to 1975 and again from 1976 to 1979. Regional cup wins led to the team's participation in the opening round of the DFB-Pokal (German Cup) in 1975, 1978, and 1980, before the side slipped into lower level competition.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
The club has since recovered and in 2004 advanced to the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg. A successful season finish in 2008 saw the club being promoted to the Regionalliga Süd. Having simultaneously won the Württemberg Cup, Heidenheim was allowed to participate in the first round of the DFB-Pokal in the following season, where the team lost 0–3 to VfL Wolfsburg. In 2009, Heidenheim finished first in the Regionalliga Süd and got promoted to the 3. Liga.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
After five seasons in the 3. Liga with the club always finishing in the upper half of the table, 1. FC Heidenheim won the league in 2013–14, and earned promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time. At the same time the club however withdrew its reserve team, playing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, from competition after such teams ceased to be compulsory for professional clubs.


1. FC Heidenheim, History
In the 2019–20 season, 1. FC Heidenheim finished third to play against the 16th-placed Bundesliga club, Werder Bremen, in the promotion-relegation play-offs. The tie ended in a 2–2 draw on aggregate, as 1. FC Heidenheim lost on the away goals rule to stay in 2. Bundesliga.


1. FC Heidenheim, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FC Heidenheim, Players, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FC Heidenheim, Stadium
Since June 1973 the team has played in the Albstadion which has a capacity of 8,000. Since the extension in 2009 the stadium is now called Voith-Arena and accommodates 10,000 visitors. Following another extension in 2013 the stadium holds 13,000 visitors. At the beginning of 2015 another extension was added increasing capacity to 15,000.


1. FC Herzogenaurach
1. FC Herzogenaurach is a German association football club from Herzogenaurach, a suburb of the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.


1. FC Herzogenaurach
The history of the club is strongly intertwined with the local sports equipment manufacturer Puma, then just a local company and sponsor of the FC and its rivalry to ASV Herzogenaurach, which was sponsored by another local company, Adidas.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years
Formed in 1916, the club did not begin to play competitive football till 1919 due to the difficult circumstances of the First World War. Between the two world wars, the club played on local Middle Franconian level, at times as high as the Bezirksliga, the local third division.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years
With the rise of the Nazis, the club profited from the disbanding of the local workers club Freie Union, a predecessor to the ASV Herzogenaurach. FC gained a considerable number of players from this in 1933.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years
After the Second World War, the club played in the local A-Klasse, later the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. With a championship in the later in 1965–66, the FC's rise to the higher Bavarian amateur leagues begun.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Rise
In the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte for the first time for the 1966–67 season, the club finished in a respectable eleventh spot and repeated this result the season after. In November 1967, it was offered a sponsorship by the Puma AG, which it accepted, a fact which earned it its later nickname The Pumas. Puma offered a similar sponsorship to the other club in town, ASV Herzogenaurach, but was beaten to this by Adidas, its long-term rival. The rivalry between Puma and Adidas, which is in truth the rivalry of the two brothers who owned the companies then, Rudolf Dassler and Adolf Dassler, actually predates the rivalry of the two football clubs, stretching back to 1948.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Rise
In the Landesliga in 1968–69, the club met its local rival once more, the ASV having earned promotion to the league in 1968. The first season there together, ASV finished fourth while the FC came third, the clubs being separated by one point. The season after, the FC won the league and earned promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern (III) while the ASV came third. The ASV had to wait another two seasons to do the same and win the league and promotion in 1972.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
While the FC enjoyed two good first seasons in the highest league in the state, it did not so well when the ASV joined it there and with a third place in 1972–73, the Adidas-club finished above the Puma-team for the first time in years while FC went into decline for a time.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
The 1973–74 season became even more upsetting for the club as the ASV won the Amateurliga Bayern title while FC Herzogenaurach found itself relegated from the league, finishing 17th.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
Spending the next three seasons in the Landesliga, FC worked hard on a return to the Amateurliga, finishing in the top-three each year. FC earned its return to the Amateurliga Bayern through another league championship in 1977, the year ASV found itself relegated from the Bayernliga.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
The club managed to survive in the league for only one season before being handed down once more. Back in the Landesliga for 1978–79, it finished top of the league once more, beating ASV by a point to it.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
Upon return to what was now the Amateur Oberliga Bayern, the FC earned a respectabel seventh place before suffering relegation from the league the season after in 1981.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years
The late 1970s also saw the rise of two promising young footballers in Herzogenaurach who went to school together. Günter Güttler, who played for the ASV and later joined FC Bayern Munich and Lothar Matthäus, who played for the FC and became Germany's most capped footballer. Matthäus could not play for the ASV even though it had at that time the better under-19's side, because his father worked for Puma.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Decline
Back in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte, the FC's started to fluctuate between Landesliga and Bezirksliga. FC suffered three relegations from the Landesliga in the 1980s, in 1983, 1985 and finally in 1989, on which instance both Herzogenaurach clubs left the Landesliga for good. In the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken in 1989–90, a last-place finish meant a further drop, now to the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. There, the club managed to halt its decline for the time, spending four seasons in the league. In 1994, it dropped further, now to the Kreisliga. In 1998, another relegation took the team down to the Kreisklasse level. Since then, it has flactuated between the two.


1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current
The club played in the Kreisliga Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (IX) in 2008–09, the second-lowest league in the region. Its old rival, the ASV Herzogenaurach had fallen down even deeper in the league system, playing two levels below in the A-Klasse Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (X)