102 Not Out, Critical reception
But we have seen both Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor in that avatar in better films (Piku especially, and in Kapoor & Sons) before this." Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "102 Not Out's heart is firmly in the right place. The film knows its territory and the emotions it wants to evoke. It's just that a few important characters don't get enough play and they are sacrificed to make space to Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor." Raja Sen of NDTV gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Shukla's film is a sweet but dull enterprise, one that never quite rises above its ultimate ambition: that of having two legendary actors play off each other."


102 Not Out, Critical reception
Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "The Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor starrer film is a heart warming experience of celebrating life as it comes." Namrata Joshi of The Hindu reviewed the film saying that, "Umesh Shukla's film is unable to leave its inherent theatricality behind. It gets unchanging in terms of the give and take between the duo and leaves the viewers static too. It stirs nothing within, leaving you unmoved."


102 Not Out, Critical reception
Meena Iyer of DNA India gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "This is a small, sweet film with its heart in the right place." Anupama Chopra of Film Companion gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "102 Not Out is uneven but heartfelt. Despite the flaws, the emotions connect." Sonil Dedhia of Mid-Day gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "Bachchan and Kapoor's effortless performances, coupled with their intoxicating screen presence make this movie worth watching."


102 Petty France
102 Petty France is an office block on Petty France in Westminster, London, overlooking St. James's Park, which was designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners, with Sir Basil Spence, and completed in 1976. It was well known as the main location for the UK Home Office between 1978 and 2004, when it was known as 50 Queen Anne's Gate; it now houses the Ministry of Justice, Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service and the Government Legal Department. The building is 56 metres (184 ft) high, with 14 floors providing 51,000 square metres (550,000 sq ft) of office space.


102 Petty France, History
The site was previously occupied by the 14-storey mansion block Queen Anne's Mansions, which was despised by some architectural commentators: Lord Reigate, speaking in the House of Lords in 1972 against the plans for the new building, used Nikolaus Pevsner's description "that irredeemable horror". However, the new building's architecture was not favourably received, either, owing to its scale and massing with protruding elements at the upper and lower floors, often being described as a Brutalist design: it was sometimes known to those who worked there as "the Lubyanka".


102 Petty France, History
Fodor's guide to London described it as "hulking", and Lord St John of Fawsley remarked that "Basil Spence's barracks in Hyde Park ruined that park; in fact, he has the distinction of having ruined two parks, because of his Home Office building, which towers above St James's Park." The building originated as a speculative office development, but the Home Office moved in owing to lack of space in its previous headquarters in Whitehall.


102 Petty France, History
In spring 2005, the Home Office moved to a new purpose-built building at 2 Marsham Street designed by Terry Farrell. The Queen Anne's Gate building had major refurbishment work carried out on it, whilst being under the ownership of Land Securities. It has been the home of the Ministry of Justice and the Tribunals Service since 2008, with the building renamed 102 Petty France.


102 Squadron (Israel)
The 102 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Flying Tiger Squadron, operated A-4H Skyhawk fighters and now operates M-346 Lavi at Hatzerim Airbase in the Negev near Beersheba.


102 Squadron (Israel), History
It was formed in August 1967 when Israel received new A-4s to replace the aging Dassault Mystere and Super Mystere. It also represented the switch to US-made weapons due to the French embargo after 1967 crisis. The squadron fought in all major Israeli wars since 1968, carrying out both interdiction and close ground support missions. It has suffered severe losses, the heaviest in the Yom Kippur war in 1973, when about 20 planes were lost and 7 pilots killed.


102 Squadron (Israel), History
The squadron continues to fly today, playing various roles, and also uses the 2-seat M-346s in advanced IAF pilot training. The squadron is designated to continue service as operational and training units in the future.


102 Squadron (Israel), Current role
During March 2016 the unit was noted as flying Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Lavi's.


102 Squadron SAAF
102 Squadron is a reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron area of responsibility is from north of Polokwane (Pietersburg) to the Limpopo River and is used for reconnaissance flights along the South African and Zimbabwe and Botswana borders. The squadron is based at AFB Makhado in Louis Trichardt. These reserve squadrons are used to fill a pilot and aircraft gap within the SAAF by making use of civilian pilots and their privately owned aircraft. Most flying takes place over weekends and because pilots have a good knowledge of the local terrain in the area where they live and commonly fly, the squadron is used mostly in the reconnaissance and crime prevention role.


102 Street stop
102 Street stop is a tram stop under construction in the Edmonton Light Rail Transit network in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It will serve the Valley Line and will be the terminus station until the line is extended west. It is located on the north side of 102 Avenue between 101 and 102 Streets, in Downtown Edmonton. The stop is scheduled to open in 2022.


102 Sul station
102 Sul is a Brasília Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 4 June 2009 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceilândia. It is located between Galería and 106 Sul Cine Brasília.


102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger
102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger (Swedish: 102 år i hjärtat av Europa) is a Swedish documentary film from 1998 directed by Jesper Wachtmeister. It consists of an interview by the journalist Björn Cederberg with the German writer, philosopher and war veteran Ernst Jünger (1895-1998). Jünger talks about his life, his authorship, his interests and ideas. The actor Mikael Persbrandt reads passages from some of Jünger's works, such as Storm of Steel, The Worker, On the Marble Cliffs and The Glass Bees.


102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger
Cederberg had interviewed Jünger eight years earlier but only in text. Jünger had declined to participate in the film project, but the film team still decided to travel to the village Wilflingen, where Jünger lived, and make an attempt. As a gift, they gave Jünger, known for his interest in botany and zoology, an 18th-century print of Carl Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, and were granted an interview.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911
The 102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. Pattern 1911 guns found a second life on river gunboats and armored trains during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery during World War II. In 1941 it was estimated that 146 guns were in service. Of these, 49 were in the Baltic Fleet, 30 in the Black Sea Fleet, 30 in the Pacific Fleet, 18 in the Northern Fleet, 9 in the Caspian Flotilla and 6 in the Pinsk Flotilla.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, History
The requirement to re-equip destroyers of the Imperial Russian fleet with guns larger than the current 75 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 was raised by the chief of the Baltic Fleet Mine Division, Nikolai Ottowitsch von Essen, in January 1907. The design for the new gun was completed with technical assistance from the British Vickers company at the Obukhov State plant in 1908 and testing was completed in August 1909.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Construction
Pattern 1911 guns were produced at the Obukhov state plant and the Perm artillery factory between 1911 and 1921. In 1911 an order for 505 guns was placed of which 225 were delivered by January 1, 1917. Another 200 were expected to be produced during 1917 and 83 in 1918. In 1921 an order for 85 guns was placed at the Perm factory, but this was reduced to 48 guns. The Pattern 1911 was constructed of an A tube, reinforced by three hoops which were put on while hot and screwed onto the breech.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Construction
The Pattern 1911 had a high rate of fire 12-15 rpm (10 rpm practical) due to the use of Fixed QF ammunition and a semi-automatic, horizontal wedge breech mechanism. After ejecting each empty case the gun re-cocked itself and kept breech open for the next round. It also had the usual combination of hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator. The original naval mounts were short and had low angles of elevation between -6° to +20°. Latter mounts were taller and had high angles of elevation between -10° to +30°.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Naval Use
Pattern 1911 guns armed a variety of ships such as destroyers, guard ships, gunboats, landing craft, minelayers and torpedo cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy. After the 1917 October Revolution the successor states of Estonia, Finland and the Soviet Union all used this gun. Pattern 1911 guns were also used on World War I era destroyers bought by Bulgaria and Peru. Some Romanian cruise ships were lent to Russia in WWI, to be used as auxiliary cruisers, and equipped with 102 mm Obukhov guns. During Bolshevik Revolution most of those ships returned to Romania. In WWII, about 3 to 5 guns were used by Romanians as coastal artillery in Sulina & Sf. Gheorghe Black Sea sectors.


102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Ammunition
Ammunition was 101.6 x 790mm R and of Fixed QF type. A complete round weighed between 24.5–30 kg (54–66 lb). The projectiles weighed between 15–17.5 kg (33–39 lb)


102.0 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.0 MHz:


102.1 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.1 MHz:


102.2 FM
This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 102.2 MHz:


102.2 Jazz FM
102.2 Jazz FM (also known as London Jazz Radio and JFM) was a local jazz and soul music station for London run by GMG Radio. The station was based in and broadcast from Castlereagh Street in London. The station experimented with its core playlist over its fifteen-year history, incorporating smooth jazz, mainstream jazz, soul, jazz fusion, acid jazz, blues and rhythm and blues. In 1994, the station changed its name to JFM to encourage more listeners who were put off by the 'Jazz' in the station's name.


102.2 Jazz FM
Richard Wheatly was appointed in 1995 to turn the station around when there was only three months' money left to run the station. He made a number of sweeping changes to the playlist, selling a sister station and changing the name back to Jazz FM, as well as starting up a record label and spin-off business deals and opportunities which helped Jazz FM swing into the black and make a profit in 2001.


102.2 Jazz FM
In July 2002, after a relaxation in ownership rules from the publication of the Communications Bill, the Guardian Media Group's (GMG) radio division was able to purchase the station for £44.5 million. GMG made more changes to the playlist, shifting to more R&B, soul, easy listening and adult contemporary music during the daytime. In 2004 with the agreement of Ofcom, jazz was dropped from the daytime schedules, but a requirement of 45 hours per week of jazz was retained, this to be played during the night.


102.2 Jazz FM
In June 2005, GMG Radio replaced the station with adult contemporary station 102.2 Smooth FM. GMG cited a number of reasons for replacing Jazz FM, including poor listening figures, not making money, the 'Jazz' name putting off potential listeners as well as not enough jazz for jazz purists. The Jazz FM name was retained by GMG for the relaunched ejazz.fm website service which was renamed jazzfm.com on the same day as the launch of Smooth FM. The station broadcast on digital satellite, online and on spare DAB capacity in Yorkshire, South Wales and the Severn Estuary where 102.2 Smooth FM and the defunct Smooth Digital service would have been duplicated.


102.2 Jazz FM
On 28 February 2008 GMG, Radio announced the potential return of Jazz FM in London on DAB radio, digital satellite and the Internet as a relaunch of the current jazzfm.com service. The station relaunched on 6 October 2008.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
The station was launched as a result of a ten-year campaign by musician Dave Lee, who was inspired after listening to a Los Angeles jazz radio station, which has turned into a classical station. In 1980, Lee wrote the following to the Independent Broadcasting Authority: "Dear Sir, I hereby apply for a licence to open a jazz radio station in London."


102.2 Jazz FM, History
With competition from Kiss FM for one of the Londonwide incremental radio licenses, the IBA awarded the London Jazz Radio group the licence on 12 July 1989, who launched as Jazz FM launched on 4 March 1990 with an Ella Fitzgerald concert at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Fitzgerald was flown in by the station to perform the concert, at which she sang with the Count Basie Orchestra; the concert was her last appearance in Europe. To promote the station, Jazz FM paid out £750,000 for advertising on ITV.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
Jazz FM faced insolvency in its early life. Broadcast Investments made an offer of £348,000 to purchase the station. Broadcast Investments withdrew the offer when Golden Rose Communications made a higher offer of £500,000 for the station. Golden Rose Communications took over the station in 1991. Former finance director Alastair Mackenzie stated that in an interview in 2002 that the station had run out of money three times in 1991, and he also helped with a management buy-in of the station for £435,000 in 1992.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
Jazz FM's licence was put up for renewal in 1993 by the Radio Authority. As well as Jazz FM, there was a bid for the licence from Euro Jazz London, which included ex-Jazz FM employees. Jazz FM retained its licence to broadcast.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
In 1994, the name of the station was changed to JFM by the station's management in order to appeal to more listeners who may have been put off by the name "jazz" in Jazz FM, and who thought that Jazz FM only played jazz records. The station spent £500,000 on publicising the name change. Richard Wheatly was appointed chief executive officer in 1995 to revive JFM which was running out of money due to both JFM and sister radio station Viva AM, a radio station for women.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
When Wheatly joined JFM, the station had three months cash remaining in the bank. Golden Rose Communications was floated on the stock exchange in the early part of 1995. Wheatly sold Viva AM which was losing £100,000 a month before the sale for £3 million to Mohamed Al-Fayed as part of his cost-cutting plans. After 15 months of being branded as JFM, in the autumn of 1995 the name reverted to Jazz FM after Wheatly asked the Radio Authority for approval to change the name of the station back from JFM to Jazz FM. The change back to Jazz FM was reported to have cost £900,000.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
Golden Rose Communications opened a jazz themed restaurant, Cafe Jazbar in Liverpool in April 1997. The restaurant was operated under a joint venture with Regent Inns. A travel service in partnership with Thomas Cook Group and British Airways was also set up. There were plans for jazz retail outlets named "Jazshops" to sell CDs and merchandise.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
In December 1997, Golden Rose Communications planned to make a bid for Melody 105.4 FM which failed. The station was purchased by EMAP and rebranded Magic 105.4 FM.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
Beginning in 1998, Jazz FM wanted to expand its operation across the UK. The station made bids to run stations on FM frequencies in Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, and Glasgow. Jazz FM withdrew from bidding for an FM licence in the East Midlands because chief executive Richard Wheatly believed that a dance station would secure the licence. The East Midlands FM licence was awarded to Saga 106.6 FM which started broadcasting in 2003. Jazz FM did become a member of the MXR consortium and did launch on DAB multiplexes operated by MXR as well as Switch Digital multiplexes in London and Central Scotland.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
The station signed a deal with Clear Channel Communications in February 1999. The deal not only invested £3 million into the station but also allowed Jazz FM to advertise on unused advertising billboards.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
On 12 December 1999, Golden Rose Communications changed its name to Jazz FM plc. In January 2002, Jazz FM plc made a £20 million bid for London talk radio station London News Radio. The bid was backed by the Guardian Media Group (GMG) and Clear Channel International. If the bid had succeeded, the station would have combined London News Radio's operations with its own to save money. The station was later sold to the Chrysalis Group for £23.5 million. In May 2002, GMG made a bid of £41 million to Jazz FM plc at 180p per share. The bid came on the day the draft Communication Bill was published.


102.2 Jazz FM, History
Jazz FM plc's largest shareholder, Clear Channel, had been waiting for a 220p-per-share bid, but agreed to the 180p-per-share bid in late May. Herald Investment Management, which had a 7.7% stake in the company, and Aberforth Partners were unhappy with the 180p-per-share bid. On 6 June, GMG raised its bid to 195p per share to secure the institutional shareholders who were holding out for a better bid. Richard Wheatly announced that he would leave Jazz FM once the takeover was complete. The offer was declared wholly unconditional on 5 July. In December 2002, GMG moved its sales operation from Clear Channel Radio Sales to the Chrysalis Group, inline with the sales operation for other GMG Radio stations.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Jazz FM TV
Plans for a Jazz FM TV channel to start in the middle of 2004 were reported by websites from 2003. The channel would have been a mix of music videos and documentaries.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM
In 2005, GMG dropped the name "jazz" name and rebranded Jazz FM Smooth FM. Chief Executive John Myers said, "As sorry as we are to say goodbye to Jazz FM, it's a sad fact of life that it has never made a profit in its 15 years of existence."


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM
However, in 2001 Jazz FM plc did make a profit before tax for the six months to December 2000 of £60,000, with most of the profit coming from Hed Kandi and other Jazz FM Records CD sales, a move of Jazz FM's sales team to Clear Channel's control, saving Jazz FM plc £1 million every year and increased revenues from advertising due to higher audience figures. Jazz FM also announced in 2001 that it had made full year profits before tax of £134,000 to 30 June 2001.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM
Other reasons given for rebranding included disappointing RAJAR figures, that the Jazz FM name discouraged people from listening, and that the station wasn't playing enough jazz for the purists. The latter situation was solved by GMG Radio when it invested in the ejazz.fm website and changed the name to jazzfm.com at the same time 102.2 Jazz FM became 102.2 Smooth FM. Included in the investment would be two dedicated jazz stations.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM
The North West version of Jazz FM was the first to rebrand on 1 March 2004, followed by the London version (including the Freeview and many of the DAB feeds) on 7 June 2005. During the last few weeks before the start of Smooth FM, Jazz FM changed its jingles slightly from "Smooth Jazz and Classic Soul" to "London's Smooth Favourites" as an indication to listeners of the change to come. Jazz FM in its previous form closed on Friday 27 May 2005. The last track it played was "Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye" by Ella Fitzgerald.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Return to the airwaves
The station continued to broadcast after the launch of Smooth FM under the Jazz FM name as jazzfm.com on the Internet and on Digital Audio Broadcasting in West Central Scotland at a higher bit rate.


102.2 Jazz FM, History, Return to the airwaves
On 28 February 2008 GMG Radio's chief executive John Myers announced that Jazz FM would return in London, the North West, and the West Midlands on DAB. Myers also said it would make more sense to have a dedicated radio station for jazz listeners than the 45 hours of jazz on Smooth FM, as required by the licence granted to them by Ofcom. The closing of theJazz on Digital One was one reason for the return of Jazz FM. The relaunch of jazzfm.com, under a three-year deal with The Local Radio Company, happened on 6 October 2008.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist
When Jazz FM launched, the station played a mixture of mainstream jazz, with the daytime schedules dedicated to smooth jazz and soul. Specialist programming from Jez Nelson and concerts were broadcast in the evening and at weekends. In 1992, the policy changed, and all non-jazz programming was taken off the schedules.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist
In 1994, alongside the change of name to JFM, the core playlist was changed under agreement with the Radio Authority to give a more mainstream sound of soul, jazz fusion, and blues music, with a requirement that only 25% of music played on the station had to be jazz.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist
In 1995, when the name changed back to Jazz FM, smooth jazz and fusion were reduced. More popular mainstream jazz was put in the playlist.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist
Chief Executive Officer Richard Wheatly noted the station format was in trouble because of its serious straight jazz playlist. To counteract this downturn in listeners to Jazz FM, beginning in 1998, Wheatly introduced varied jazz into the daytime playlists. Beginning in February 1998, smooth jazz and soul were more integrated into the core playlist of Jazz FM.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist
Although from the start Jazz FM played jazz, soul and softer R&B were added to appeal to the 25-45-year-old market. This was especially true after GMG Radio took over the running of the station and in November 2004 after an agreement with Ofcom, when jazz was dropped from the daytime playlists. John Simon, GMG programme director, said that the station was never licensed as a jazz station, but as a station that played a broad range of black music styles.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Ofcom licensing requirements
As part of its licence agreement with Jazz FM, Ofcom stated that Jazz FM had to dedicate at least 50% of the daytime output before 19:00 to jazz, and that the music "must sit well with the label jazz". However, from 15 November 2004, as part of an agreement with GMG, Ofcom agreed to allow GMG to change the format, with the 50% jazz in daytime requirement dropped. John Myers said, "The policy we are going on is ratings by day, reputation by night. Jazz is much more of a night-time listen so the changes fit well." As a result, jazz was increased from 40 to 45 hours and the Dinner Jazz programme hours were increased from two to three.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism
Why not pull out altogether and hand the wavelength to a company happy to play jazz? That, after all, is its broadcasting mandate.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism
Since the station began in 1990, fans of traditional and modern jazz criticised Jazz FM for playing more 'accessible' music, such as smooth jazz, British jazz and blues singer George Melly stated to The Independent in 2003 that he had become so disillusioned with Jazz FM's playlist he had stopped listening to the station, describing the music as "middle of the road". Grammy Award-winning jazz musician John Chilton stated that Jazz FM was failing to reach its remit for jazz and that he would prefer the station adopt a jazz-only policy.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism
In a 2006 article for theJazz, musician Digby Fairweather said Jazz FM had turned into a  "tragic and swift disaster story" and that the change of playlist was "responsible for both the attempted rape and (fortunately abortive) re-definition of the music" to which no-one within the Jazz FM coverage area would forgive.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism, Radio Authority Investigation
In March 2003 the Radio Authority (embodied into Ofcom, the UK government's communications regulator) investigated Jazz FM after it received two complaints from listeners that the station was playing more pop music after changes to the playlist in January 2003. Musicians played on Jazz FM which were alleged to have infringed its licence included U2, Eric Clapton, and Van Morrison. Chris Hodgkins, director of Jazz Service, which is funded by the Arts Council in the UK, stated he would lodge a complaint with the Radio Authority because jazz musicians were being denied airplay due to daytime play of soul and smooth jazz.


102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism, Radio Authority Investigation
Jazz FM was cleared by the Radio Authority of any breach in June 2003. By the end of the investigation, it was revealed that fifteen people had complained that Jazz FM was not playing enough jazz.


102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding
British jazz singer Kay Garner was asked by Dave Lee, founder of Jazz FM, to sing jingles for the station when it began in 1990. Jazz FM has had other jingles and slogan. The most well known was the "Listen in Colour" (featuring the Jazz FM chameleon) strapline, poster advertising campaign and CD in January 1997. The campaign was created by the Willox Ambler Rodford Law advertising agency. The campaign was credited with a 48% increase in RAJAR listening figures from 437,000 to 650,000 in the last quarter of 1997.


102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding
Later in 2002 a poster campaign by WARL was started with the chameleon peering through a misted window with the tagline "Come into the Cool". Other slogans include "The Rhythm of the City" and afterwards, during the GMG era, "Get It On" created by Kitcatt Nohr Alexander Shaw, though on-air it was swiftly replaced by "Smooth Jazz and Classic Soul".


102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding
The £5 million relaunch with Manning Gottlieb over three years from 2003 brought an end to the Jazz FM chameleon because extensive research carried out by GMG Radio found that few people could associate and recall the chameleon with Jazz FM. The Bespoke Music Company created the Jazz FM jingles which were in use since 1 January 2003, until 102.2 Jazz FM was relaunched as 102.2 Smooth FM.


102.2 Jazz FM, Availability
As well as broadcasting on FM in London, Jazz FM was made available on digital radio in the United Kingdom via the Sky Digital platform on 30 April 2002 and on the Freeview platform on 30 October 2002. Both were preceded by test transmissions. Jazz FM was available on DAB digital radio on MXR multiplexes in England, South Wales, and Central Scotland (excluding MXR North West, which hosted the defunct 100.4 Jazz FM service for the North West) and the Switch Digital multiplex covering Greater London. Jazz FM was broadcast around the world on the Internet through its website.


102.2 Jazz FM, Jazz FM events
Jazz FM Events specialised in setting up and providing events based on jazz and soul. This included concerts and performances in bars in the UK.


102.2 Jazz FM, Jazz FM connections
Jazz FM Connections was a dating site run by People2People.com. The service required an individual to pay a subscription to chat and meet people registered on the service. The service continued as Smooth FM Connections and later became Smooth Soulmates.


102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day
Jazz FM, like its counterpart GMG radio stations, held 'Bring a Pound to Work Day' in late October/early November 2003/2004. Listeners were asked to donate and collect pound coins for a local children's charity – Nordoff-Robbins in 2003 and the Lennox Children's Cancer Fund the following year. Listeners could also text message for donations at a cost of £1.50, of which £1 went to the charity. Jazz FM has held auctions to raise money for charity.


102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day
Jazzfm employee Mark Doyle created and marketed many of the later Jazz FM compilations and created the Hed Kandi label, running and compiling the albums until his departure in 2005. From 2000 Hed Kandi began to market events appearing at nightclubs around the world. The most successful events were the residencies in Ibiza at El Divino and at Pacha in London. Hed Kandi also started the record labels Stereo Sushi & The Acid Lounge and had with Stonebridge.


102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day
In November 2001, Ministry of Sound and Jazz FM plc made a deal whereby Ministry of Sound would distribute all Jazz FM records. Jazz FM Records was renamed Enterprise Records, which in turn was bought by the Ministry of Sound record label from GMG for an undisclosed sum in January 2006. However, under plans to relaunch jazzfm.com as Jazz FM, the Jazz FM Records label was brought back.


102.2 Jazz FM, Former specialist programmes
Many of the programmes that played on Jazz FM continued to be broadcast on 102.2 Smooth FM and were made available for download on the jazzfm.com website until 2008.


102.2 Smooth FM
102.2 Smooth FM was an Independent Local Radio station for Greater London. It replaced 102.2 Jazz FM on 7 June 2005 at 10 am, with the help of R&B singer Lemar and the then breakfast show host Jon Scragg. The first track played, keeping with the name of the newly launched radio station was Sade Adu's "Smooth Operator", and was owned by the radio division of the Guardian Media Group, GMG Radio. Following disappointing audience figures, the station was closed on 23 March 2007 and relaunched as 102.2 Smooth Radio the following Monday, following a successful format change request to Ofcom to play music oriented at listeners aged 50 and above.


102.2 Smooth FM
102.2 Smooth FM was available on DAB across London, Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales and the Severn Estuary, Yorkshire and the West Midlands, as well as on Freeview channel 718.


102.2 Smooth FM, Origins
In 2005, the Guardian Media Group made the decision to drop the jazz name from the Jazz FM brand and relaunch the station as Smooth FM. The London version of Jazz FM closed on 27 May 2005 to prepare for the launch of Smooth FM on 7 June.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
102.2 Smooth FM played middle of the road music, soul and R&B during the day and, as part of its licence requirements, focused on jazz music at night. Smooth FM also played specialist jazz and soul shows at weekends, details of which are listed below.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
The station was launched on the premise of a 'clutter-free' listen, offering 40 minutes of non-stop music every hour without commercial interruptions, deliberately posed as a direct challenge to the 'might' of the BBC and a tactic aimed at increasing the total number of hours listeners stayed with the station. The 'Smooth 40' later became the '9-5 Smooth 40', with off-peak shows introducing more commercial breaks into their output, before the concept was dropped altogether in mid-2006.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
Weekday programming featured an 'all-request' feature entitled 'Smooth on Demand' at 2 pm and 7 pm, Monday to Friday, where listeners were invited to 'demand' their favourite song by calling a local-rate phone number.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
Smooth FM also ran a number of 'big money' promotions to entice listeners to trial the station - the 'Smooth £10K Tripleplay' ran for several weeks in late 2005, giving £10,000 to a listener for correctly identifying three consecutive songs in a particular order. Another large prize was awarded to Dawn Muggleton on 19 April 2006, however - who correctly identified the 'Smooth Secret Song' (Diana Ross' My Old Piano), winning £118,454 at the end of a contest that had run for several months, which was, at that time, the biggest cash prize awarded on UK radio since 1999.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
The station also held exclusive live commentary rights for Chelsea FC soccer matches in London for the 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons. Commentary was provided by Gary Taphouse and Kerry Dixon.


102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air
The station's jingle package was produced by Bespoke and voiced by Mitch Johnson.


102.2 Smooth FM, Rebrand
On 20 October 2006, GMG Radio announced that it was requesting a change of format for Smooth FM from Ofcom, moving the station away from its daytime soul and R&B remit, instead offering easy listening music and speech for the over 50s and an improved local news service. Ofcom approved the changes on 8 December 2006, with the condition that GMG retained the 45 hours of jazz per week that constituted part of the former licence requirement.


102.2 Smooth FM, Rebrand
Smooth FM trailed the forthcoming changes from the beginning of March 2007, promising 'more of London's smooth favourites mixed with the best songs from the past five decades'. The station closed at 6:02 pm on Friday 23 March 2007 with newsreader Sam Gudger uttering the final words - "that was Smooth FM" - followed by a weekend of preview music, before the station's replacement, 102.2 Smooth Radio, launched on Monday 26 March.


102.3 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.3 MHz:


102.5 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.5 MHzit is in Etawah':


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire
Radio Pembrokeshire is an independent local radio station that broadcasts to Pembrokeshire. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.5 and 107.5 FM and DAB from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire
The station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel and community information.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
Radio Pembrokeshire was founded by Keri Jones and Stephen Cole as Haven FM, a RSL station which carried out a 30-day trial broadcast to the Pembroke, Pembroke Dock and Neyland areas during the summer of 1999. Based at a small studio at Bethany Chapel, the station returned for a further trial period in November and December 1999 - and encouraged listeners to lobby the Radio Authority to license a permanent local radio station.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
Two further RSL broadcasts took place in 2000 - by the end of the year, Haven FM launched its bid to secure a countywide licence for the whole of Pembrokeshire. Two further groups, More FM and Real Radio, also applied for the licence. In November 2001, Haven FM was awarded an eight-year licence.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
The station was renamed Radio Pembrokeshire following a pre-launch competition to find a new station name. Originally intended to broadcasts from studios in Haverfordwest, a lack of suitable premises led to the station setting up studios at the Old School Estate in Narberth, around nine miles to the east of Haverfordwest and near the border with neighbouring Carmarthenshire.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
Radio Pembrokeshire began broadcasting on Sunday 14 July 2002, broadcasting on 102.5 FM from the Haverfordwest transmitter near Woodstock with low power relay stations in Fishguard and Tenby, broadcasting on 107.5 FM.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
Nearly two years after the launch of Radio Pembrokeshire, the station's Narberth studios became home to a second local station, Radio Carmarthenshire, followed in March 2010 by Radio Ceredigion. In August 2006, the station was sold to Town and Country Broadcasting (now Nation Broadcasting.)


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History
In September 2016, Nation Broadcasting announced plans to relocate Radio Pembrokeshire and its two neighbouring counties services from the Narberth studios to studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge. The station switched broadcasting to the St Hilary studios at 10 am on Tuesday 22 November 2016.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming
The majority of Radio Pembrokeshire's output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcasting's St Hilary studios. Some programming and presenters are shared with sister stations Radio Carmarthenshire, Radio Ceredigion, Bridge FM and Swansea Bay Radio.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming
Presenter-led shows air from 6 am to 10 pm on Monday–Thursday, 6 am to 7 pm on Fridays, 6 am to 6 pm on Saturdays, and 6 am to 7 pm on Sundays.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming
The station retains a weekly religious and farming affairs programmes on Sunday mornings also airs a rugby magazine show, Rugby Nation (presented by Sean Holley) on Wednesday evenings, both are aired with neighbouring Radio Carmarthenshire.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming
An hour long Welsh language music programme airs at 9pm on a Sunday.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming, News
Local news bulletins air hourly between 6:02 am and 6:02 pm on weekdays and between 8:02 am and 12:02 pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime. As of June 2016, the station's news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds.


102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming, News
Radio Pembrokeshire also airs national Sky News Radio bulletins 24 hours a day and detailed local weather forecasts on the half-hour.


102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM
Durham FM was an Independent Local Radio station based in Durham, County Durham, England.


102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History
Since its launch in 2005, Durham FM was owned and operated by TLRC.


102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History
In December 2008, Durham FM submitted an application to OFCOM to co-locate with sister station, Sun FM in Sunderland. Following a consultation, the majority of responses were against the idea.


102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History
In July 2009, OFCOM give permission to rename Durham FM to Alpha Durham, and sister station Minster Northallerton to Alpha Northallerton. All programmes on would be shared, except for a local breakfast show and four-hour show on Saturday and Sunday, each produced and broadcast locally. Previously, TLRC asked for Ofcom approval to move Durham FM further north to Sunderland to share facilities with Sun FM, but a decision was delayed by the regulator.


102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History
Instead, the three stations became part of UKRD's Star brand and the station's frequencies are now used to broadcast Star Radio North East which was formed when UKRD merged the services of Durham FM with Alpha 103.2 and Minster Northallerton. Until 2010, a daily local breakfast show was produced for the former Durham FM area.


102.6 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.6 MHz:


102.7 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.7 MHz:


102.7FM (Toowoomba)
102.7FM (ACMA callsign: 4DDB) is a community radio station operating in Toowoomba, Queensland. Established in the 1970s, it broadcasts from studios in the city's CBD, and is transmitted from the University of Southern Queensland in Darling Heights. It is a member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Association.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Audience
102.7FM's signal propagates throughout Toowoomba, the Darling Downs and Lockyer Valley and listeners report acceptable signals from as far away as North Brisbane, the Lockyer Valley, Dalby, over the NSW border and to the South Burnett.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Programming
As a "generalist" style community broadcaster, 102.7FM seeks simply to connect with its audience within the geographic coverage provided by its transmitter. 102.7FM caters for special- interest groups by programming with dedicated, Dutch, Filipino, and Christian, multi-faith programs which air on a weekly basis. Likewise, print-handicapped members of the community benefit from daily news, events, articles, current affairs and weather readings sourced from local and state, national and international print media. 102.7FM supports a high Australian content policy in its programming and encourages local artists and performers to contribute works for broadcast.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Programming
102.7FM broadcasts programs of many musical genres including country, pop, rock, jazz, oldtime and folk, urban, alternative as well as informational content and community announcements. 102.7FM follows a traditional radio broadcasting format including early morning, breakfast, news, lunchtime, 'drive', evening and 'graveyard' slots or shifts.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Funding
4DDB is supported financially through subscriptions, sponsorship, donations and grant funding.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches
In May 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority found that 4DDB was in breach of its licence conditions by failing to appropriately disclose financial support during live interviews with commercial sponsors. No penalty was issued as this was the first such breach.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches
In September 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, investigating in response to two written complaints, again found that 4DDB was operating in breach of its licence conditions specified by Schedule 2 to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 by i) broadcasting advertisements without acknowledgement of financial support, ii) exceeding the five minutes per hour limit of sponsorship announcements, and iii) operating the service as part of a profit- making enterprise. ACMA did find however, that the service was adequately representing the community interest.


102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches
The investigation detailed the complex programming, commercial and financial arrangements and agreements that have been in place between the management committee, presenters and other parties. It also mentions verbal agreements and found that, in practice, 4DDB had effectively sold air time to other parties. The investigation concluded that these breaches of licence conditions were of a serious nature and as such ACMA would pursue compliance measures.


102.8 FM
This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 102.8 MHz:


102.9 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.9 MHz:


102/35 su Fiat 634N
The 102/35 on Fiat 634N was an anti aircraft truck used by the Regia Marina during the Second World War.


102/35 su Fiat 634N, History
The 102/35 on SPA 9000, produced since 1914 and used during the Great War, was the first Italian gun truck, obtained from the installation on a truck of an anti-aircraft naval gun, designed for cruisers. After the end of the First World War, the trucks were disassembled and the guns were returned to Regia Marina. In 1941 the Fiat Tripoli plant set up seven gun trucks on the chassis of the Fiat 634 N for the Regia Marina, using  102/35 S.A. (Schneider Ansaldo) guns taken from the defenses of Benghazi.


102/35 su Fiat 634N, History
With these means two mobile  batteries were created, the 1st and 6th, served by personnel of the Maritime Artillery Militia of the Blackshirts, together with some old naval guns of type  76/30 alreadt installed on the 634N trucks. The 1st Battery and a  section of the 6th were joined to the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete, while section B of the 6th was subordinated to the 102nd Motorised Division Trento.


102/35 su Fiat 634N, History
In the last months of 1941 they participated in several battles; on November 19 it was used during the first battle of Bir el Gobi, destroying at least 15 British tanks from a long distance. All 102/35 trucks were lost due to battle damage or accidents by the end of the same year. In addition to the counter-tank actions, served by the fire stations, they carried out long-range bombardments and anti-aircraft attacks with good results. As this was an "emergency" solution, its defects soon became apparent, such as the excessively high silhouette, the deterioration of the off-road performance of the truck and the tendency of some mechanical parts to wear off. None of these gun trucks survived the North African campaign.


102/35 su Fiat 634N, Technology
The cannon 102/35 Mod. 1914 was installed on the truck bed using two different types of mounts: the  OTO Mod. 33 on the first two specimens and the Vickers-Terni Mod. 25 mount on the others.


102/35 su Fiat 634N, Technology
The modifications of the vehicle, on the other hand, consisted in the "cutting" of the closed cabin, replaced by a canvas cover, and in the installation of four manually operated jacks; the rear body was replaced by a shooting platform on which the mount swung 360°; this platform could be expanded to battery placement through the 90° pivot of the two metal side rails, which thus increased the floor space for the crew. The latter are transported on uncovered benches located at the rear end of the platform, between the two stores of ready-to-use shells.


1020
Year 1020 (MXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1020 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1020 kHz: 1020 AM is a clear-channel U.S. frequency. KDKA Pittsburgh and KVNT Eagle River, Alaska, share Class A status of 1020 AM.


1020 Arcadia
1020 Arcadia, provisional designation 1924 QV, is a stony Agnia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after the Greek region of Arcadia.


1020 Arcadia, Orbit and classification
Arcadia is a member of the Agnia family (514), a very large family of stony asteroids with more than 2000 known members. They most likely formed from the breakup of a basalt object, which in turn was spawned from a larger parent body that underwent igneous differentiation. The family's parent body and namesake is the asteroid 847 Agnia.


1020 Arcadia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,703 days; semi-major axis of 2.79 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in March 1924, six days after its official discovery observation.


1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Arcadia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. It has been characterized as an S-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, as well as by SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Bus).


1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2011, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Arcadia was obtained from photometric observations by Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.05 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.


1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arcadia measures between 10.067 and 13.02 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.150 and 0.2364. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo 0.057, i.e. an albedo for a carbonaceous rather than for a stony asteroid, and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 21.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1. It may be speculated whether this anomaly is a glitch in the data base.


1020 Arcadia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Greek region of Arcadia in central Peloponnese. It is also a celebrated mythological region, where the shepherd god Pan lived. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).


10208 Germanicus
10208 Germanicus, provisional designation 1997 QN1, is a stony Florian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter.


10208 Germanicus
It was discovered on 30 August 1997, by Italian amateur astronomer Antonio Vagnozzi at the Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory in Stroncone, Italy, and named for ancient Roman general Germanicus. The asteroid's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2007.


10208 Germanicus, Orbit and classification
Germanicus is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Crimea–Nauchnij and Brorfelde Observatory in August 1987, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Stroncone.


10208 Germanicus, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Germanicus measures 2.87 and 3.552 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.36 and 0.267, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.1747 and a diameter of 3.50 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.79.


10208 Germanicus, Lightcurve and satellite
In August 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Germanicus was obtained from photometric observations by an international group of astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.1291 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=n.a.). It was also revealed that Germanicus is orbited by a minor-planet moon every 58.55 hours. The system has a high secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.46. This translates into a satellite diameter of 1.48 kilometers (based on a primary-diameter of 3.23 kilometers).


10208 Germanicus, Naming
This minor planet was named for the ancient Roman general and poet Germanicus (15 BC – AD 19), who led several successful campaigns into Germania. Germanicus was also the nephew and designated heir of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. As a poet, he wrote "Aratea", an astronomical treatise, which illustrated copy is known as the Leiden Aratea. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 May 2010 (M.P.C. 70407).


1020s
The 1020s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1020, and ended on December 31, 1029.


1020s BC
The 1020s BC is a decade which lasted from 1029 BC to 1020 BC.


1020s in art
The decade of the 1020s in art involved some significant events.


1020s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1020s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1020s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1021
Year 1021 (MXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1021 Flammario
1021 Flammario, provisional designation 1924 RG, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 March 1924, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after French astronomer Camille Flammarion. The uncommon F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.16 hours.


1021 Flammario, Orbit and classification
Flammario is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,654 days; semi-major axis of 2.74 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1021 Flammario, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A910 CE at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1910. The body's observation arc begins at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg, Russia, in January 1928, more than four years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Flammario is a "bright" carbonaceous B-type, while it is an uncommon F-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. (The SMASS taxonomic scheme classifies all F-types as B-type asteroids). More recent polarimetric observations also characterized the asteroid as a dark F-type.


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Flammario have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s (U=2/2/2). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in January 2005 gave a rotation period of 12.160 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.40 magnitude (U=3-).


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources, rendered a similar sidereal period of 12.15186 hours and two spin axes of (32.0°, 22.0°) and (216.0°, 55.0°) in ecliptic coordinates.


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Flammario measures between 84.78 and 105 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.05.


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 99.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.98.


1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Mass, density and porosity
Flammario has an estimated mass of (5.14±0.12)×1018 kg with a theoretical bulk density of 10.03±1.02 g/cm3 (marked as unrealistically high by the author of the publication) due to its low macroporosity, i.e. the lack of voids within the body. Small Solar System bodies may have 20% of more porosity (which decreases with the size of the body due to self-gravity). The carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids typically show a higher macroporosity than the basaltic, stony asteroids from the inner regions of the asteroid belt.


1021 Flammario, Naming
This minor planet was named after renowned French astronomer Camille Flammarion (1842–1925), who founded the French Astronomical Society (French: Société astronomique de France) and the astronomical journal L'Astronomie in the 1880s. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98). The lunar crater Flammarion as well as the crater Flammarion on Mars were also named in his honor.


1022
Year 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1022 Olympiada
1022 Olympiada, provisional designation 1924 RT, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 23 June 1924, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky, who named it after his mother, Olimpiada Albitskaya. The X-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.83 hours.


1022 Olympiada, Orbit and classification
Olympiada is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,716 days; semi-major axis of 2.81 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic.


1022 Olympiada, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A910 NA at Heidelberg Observatory in July 1910, or nearly 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1022 Olympiada, Naming
This minor planet was named after Olimpiada Albitskaya, mother of the discoverer Vladimir Albitsky (1891–1952). No accurate naming citation was given for this asteroid in The Names of the Minor Planets. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Nikolai Chernykh (1931–2004), a prolific long-time astronomer at Nauchnij, Crimea.


1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Olympiada have been obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from April 2008 gave a rotation period of 3.833 hours with a consolidated brightness variation between 0.27 and 0.66 magnitude (U=3), while the period of his first 1999-observation was later revised from 4.589 to 3.822 hours. For an asteroid of its size, it has a rather fast spin-rate.


1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
This period is also in good agreement with other observations obtained by astronomers at the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory (3.8331 h; Δ0.35 mag) in March 2008, by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (3.835 h; Δ0.46 mag) in January 2012, and by a group of Italian astronomers (3.834 h; Δ0.66 mag) in March 2017 (U=3/2/3).


1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Poles
In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue  and other sources gave a concurring sidereal period 3.83359 hours, as well as two poles at (46.0°, 10.0°) and (242.0°, 52.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=2+). Brian Warner also determined two spin axes at (40.0°, 18.0°) and (250.0°, 71.0°) using his data set from 2008 (Q=2).


1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Olympiada measures between 26.39 and 34.30 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.105 and 0.1600.


1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an untypically high albedo of 0.2069 and a diameter of 26.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.


1023
Year 1023 (MXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1023 Thomana
1023 Thomana, provisional designation 1924 RU, is a rare-type carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 58 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 June 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig.


1023 Thomana, Classification and orbit
Thomana orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, one night after its official discovery observation.


1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Thomana is an uncommon carbonaceous G-type asteroid.


1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between 2006 and 2009, three rotational lightcurves of Thomana were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers James W. Brinsfield, Pierre Antonini as well as René Roy and Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 17.56 hours with a brightness variation between 0.27 and 0.36 magnitude (U=2/2/3-).


1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Spin axis
In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources with a period of 17.5611 hours and found two  spin axis of (86.0°, −65.0°) and (272.0°, −42.0°), respectively, in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=n.a. ).


1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Thomana measures between 53.28 and 61.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0649 and a diameter of 58.27 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.76.


1023 Thomana, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after the St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig ("Thomanerchor"), a boys' choir at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, Germany, where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work as music director. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 98; LDS).


1024
Year 1024 (MXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1024 (number)
1024 is the natural number following 1023 and preceding 1025.


1024 (number)
1024 is a power of two: 210 (2 to the tenth power). It is the nearest power of two from decimal 1000 and senary 100006 (decimal 1296).


1024 (number)
1024 is the smallest number with exactly 11 divisors (but note that there are smaller numbers with more than 11 divisors; e.g., 60 has 12 divisors) (sequence  in the OEIS).


1024 (number), Approximation to 1000
The neat coincidence that 210 is nearly equal to 103 provides the basis of a technique of estimating larger powers of 2 in decimal notation. Using 210a+b ≈ 2b103a is fairly accurate for exponents up to about 100. For exponents up to 300, 3a continues to be a good estimate of the number of digits.


1024 (number), Approximation to 1000
For example, 253 ≈ 8×1015. The actual value is closer to 9×1015.


1024 (number), Approximation to 1000
In the case of larger exponents, the relationship becomes increasingly inaccurate, with errors exceeding an order of magnitude for a ≥ 97. For example:


1024 (number), Approximation to 1000
In measuring bytes, 1024 is often used in place of 1000 as the quotients of the units byte, kilobyte, megabyte, etc. In 1999, the IEC coined the term kibibyte for multiples of 1024, with kilobyte being used for multiples of 1000.


1024 (number), Special use in computers
In binary notation, 1024 is represented as 10000000000, making it a simple round number occurring frequently in computer applications.


1024 (number), Special use in computers
1024 is the maximum number of computer memory addresses that can be referenced with ten binary switches. This is the origin of the organization of computer memory into 1024-byte chunks or kibibytes.


1024 (number), Special use in computers
In the Rich Text Format (RTF), language code 1024 indicates the text is not in any language and should be skipped over when proofing. Most used languages codes in RTF are integers slightly over 1024.


1024 (number), Special use in computers
1024×768 pixels and 1280×1024 pixels are common standards of display resolution.


1024 Hale
1024 Hale, provisional designation A923 YO13, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 2 December 1923, by Belgian–American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States. It was named for American astronomer George Ellery Hale. The dark C-type asteroid may have a rotation period of 16 hours.


1024 Hale, Orbit and classification
Hale is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,772 days; semi-major axis of 2.87 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory with its first recorded observation in December 1928, or five years after its official discovery observation.


1024 Hale, Physical characteristics
Hale has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey and by the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel). In the SMASS classification it is a "hydrated" Ch-subtype.


1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2013, a first rotational lightcurve of Hale was obtained from photometric observations by Michael S. Alkema at the Elephant Head Observatory (G35) in Arizona, United States. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 16.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.


1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hale measures between 28.46 and 51.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0260 and 0.10.


1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0496 and a diameter of 41.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1024 Hale, Naming
This minor planet was named after George Ellery Hale (1868–1938), a prolific American astronomer and pioneer of a new generation of large aperture telescopes, namely the 60-inch Hale and the 100-inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, as well as the 200-inch Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory. He founded the discovering Yerkes and Mount Wilson observatories and was their first director. Hale also founded The Astrophysical Journal and invented the spectroheliograph, which allowed to take monochromatic images of the Sun. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).


10241 Miličević
10241 Miličević, provisional designation 1999 AU6, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 January 1999, by Croatian astronomer Korado Korlević at the Višnjan Observatory in Croatia. The C-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.87 hours and was named after hermit and amateur astronomer Don Nikola Miličević.


10241 Miličević, Orbit and classification
Miličević is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,944 days; semi-major axis of 3.05 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.


10241 Miličević, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Palomar Observatory in October 1981, more than 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Višnjan.


10241 Miličević, Physical characteristics
Based on its classification to the Themis family and on observations conducted by the Pan-STARRS survey, Miličević is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


10241 Miličević, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Miličević was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 3.87 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=2).


10241 Miličević, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Miličević measures 10.882 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.065, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 8.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.11.


10241 Miličević, Naming
This minor planet was named after Don Nikola Miličević (1887-1963), Croatian amateur astronomer and last administrator of Blaca hermitage. The Hermitage is an UNESCO World Heritage Site located on the Brač island in Croatia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55720).


10244 Thüringer Wald
10244 Thüringer Wald, provisional designation 4668 P-L, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.3 kilometers (2.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after the Thuringian Forest, a German mountain range.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Orbit and classification
Thüringer Wald is a member of the Vesta family (401). Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. Vesta is the main belt's second-largest and second-most-massive body after Ceres.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Orbit and classification
Thüringer Wald orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,361 days; semi-major axis of 2.4 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in September 1960.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Vestian asteroids typically have a V- or S-type, with albedos higher than measured by the WISE telescope (see below). It has an absolute magnitude of 14.6. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Thüringer Wald has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Thüringer Wald measures 3.346 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.190.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Physical characteristics, Palomar–Leiden survey
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10244 Thüringer Wald, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Thuringian Forest (German: Thüringer Wald), a mountain range in central Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).


10245 Inselsberg
10245 Inselsberg, provisional designation 6071 P-L, is a Gefion asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The likely S-type asteroid was named for the German mountain Großer Inselsberg.


10245 Inselsberg, Orbit and classification
Inselsberg is a member of the Gefion family (516), a large intermediate belt family, named after 1272 Gefion It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,695 days; semi-major axis of 2.78 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in May 1954, or 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.


10245 Inselsberg, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden survey
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10245 Inselsberg, Physical characteristics
As a member of the Gefion family, Inselsberg is likely a stony S-type asteroid. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.2. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Inselsberg has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


10245 Inselsberg, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Inselsberg measures 6.9 kilometers in diameter for an assumed stony albedo of 0.20, derived from the Gefion family's standard albedo, and a measured absolute magnitude of 13.2. According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inselsberg measures kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo.


10245 Inselsberg, Naming
This minor planet was named after Großer Inselsberg, a mountain with an altitude of 916.5 m (3,007 ft) located in the Thuringian Forest in Thuringia, Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).


10247 Amphiaraos
10247 Amphiaraos /ˌæmfiəˈreɪəs/ is Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The X/D-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 34.26 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It was named after the seer Amphiaraus (Amphiaraos) from Greek mythology.


10247 Amphiaraos, Orbit and classification
Amphiaraos is a Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.2–5.3 AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,410 days; semi-major axis of 5.26 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in September 1960.


10247 Amphiaraos, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden survey
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics
Amphiaraos has been characterized as an X and D-type asteroid in the SDSS-based taxonomy, and by Pan-STARRS' survey. It is also an assumed C-type.


10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In March 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Amphiaraos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Daniel Coley and Ralph Megna at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 34.26 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=2).


10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Amphiaraos measures 26.83 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 33.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.


10247 Amphiaraos, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Greek seer Amphiaraus (Amphiaraos), who was the king of Argos. He was one of the Seven against Thebes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 38199).


10249 Harz
10249 Harz, provisional designation 9515 P-L, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The assumed S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a short rotation period of 3.63 hours. It was named after the German mountain range Harz.


10249 Harz, Orbit and classification
Harz is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,510 days; semi-major axis of 2.58 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in October 1960.


10249 Harz, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden survey
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10249 Harz, Physical characteristics
Harz is an assumed S-type asteroid, which agrees with the measured albedo (see below) by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


10249 Harz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2010, and December 2014, two rotational lightcurves of Harz were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.631 and 3.64 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.47 and 0.52 magnitude, respectively, indicating that the body has an elongated shape (U=2/2).


10249 Harz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Harz measures between 3.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.26, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.88.


10249 Harz, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Harz mountains, an old German mountain range where silver was mined until the last century. Legend has it that the witches gathered on their broomsticks on a plateau in the Harz mountains on the first day of May. The legendary place where the witches danced is known as Hexentanzplatz. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).


1025
Year 1025 (MXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1025 Riema
1025 Riema, provisional designation 1923 NX, is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after ARI astronomer Johannes Riem.


1025 Riema, Orbit and classification
Riema is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 9 months (1,017 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, four nights after its official discovery observation.


1025 Riema, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Riema is a bright E-type asteroid. In the SMASS taxonomy, it has been classified as a Xe-type, which transitions from the E to the X-types. In addition, the asteroid has also been polarimetrically characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid.


1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In August 2001, a first rotational lightcurve of Riema was obtained from photometric observations by Ukrainian astronomers at Kharkiv (101) and Simeiz (094). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.557 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).


1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
The Ukrainian team also determined the body's poles and axis-ratios. They found a spin axis of (141.0°, 11.0°) and (321.0.0°, −13.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β), as well as a semi-axis ratio of 3.41 (a/b) and 1.16 (b/c) for the three-axial ellipsoid model (Q=2).


1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Between 2003 and 2017, several additional lightcurves were obtained by American photometrists Robert Stephens and Brian Warner at the Santana Observatory (646), the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) and the Palmer Divide Station (U82), respectively. The constructed lightcurve gave a shorter period for Riema between 3.566 and 3.588 hours with a low amplitude of 0.06 to 0.19 magnitude (U=2/2/2+/2+/3/3).


1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Riema measures 4.605 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an outstandingly high albedo of 1.000. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for E-type Hungaria asteroids of 0.40 – taken from 434 Hungaria, the family's largest member and namesake – and derives a diameter of 5.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.92.


1025 Riema, Naming
This minor planet was named after Johannes Karl Richard Riem (1868–1945), a German astronomer at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) in Berlin. The name was suggested by ARI. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 98).


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan
The 1025 demonstration(Chinese: 1025反黑心顧台灣大遊行; lit. ' October 25 Opposing Evil Minds and Looking out for Taiwan March') was a demonstration on 25 October 2008 sponsored by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and Taiwan Solidarity Union in Taipei, Taiwan. This protest march was launched five months after the inauguration of President Ma Ying-jeou and was preceded by an earlier 30 August 2008 protest in August which focused on Ma's failing economic plans.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan
The protesters marched against the perceived pro-China policies of the Ma administration. An estimated half a million people were reported to have participated in the march. It was planned by the DPP in response to the Chinese tainted milk powder scandal and Taiwan's perceived growing ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC).


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations
The People's Republic of China claims that self-ruled Taiwan is its 23rd province. The PRC has threatened the use of force if Taiwan declares de jure independence from China.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations
Zhang Mingqing, the deputy chairman of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Strait, arrived in Taiwan about a week before the protest. When asked by reporters to comment on President Ma's remarks that there will be no war across the Taiwan Strait in the next four years, Zhang expressed that there will never be war in the Strait if there is no Taiwan independence.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations
During a private visit to the Taiwan Confucian Temple in Tainan, Zhang fell to the ground as he encounters a small number of protesters led by the DPP's Tainan City legislator Wang Ting-yu. It was not clear whether he tripped or was pushed down, but Zhang was hurt. The car that Zhang was in was attacked and damaged when a protester jumped on the top of the car. Later, Zhang remarked, "Those who commit violence do not get what they want, but instead drop a rock on their own feet." as well as "A handful of compatriots in Tainan were involved in the violence (against me). They do not reflect the true feelings of the vast majority of compatriots in Tainan, nor the 23 million people of Taiwan."


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations
DPP's Kaohsiung mayor Chen Chu said that any use of violence is not acceptable by the Taiwanese society and this includes  the PRC's threat of force on Taiwan. She demanded President Ma to condemn the PRC's threat of force on Taiwan. She said that the export of toxic food and the thousands of missiles aimed at Taiwan are also forms of violence.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Tainted products
The safety of Chinese food products has become a major issue in Taiwan. The Ma administration's policy of normalising cross-strait relations has been perceived by the pro-independence supporters as forming closer ties with the PRC. The milk scandal became not only a public health issue, but a political one as well. The government's ability to address the issue was questioned by the general public and the media. The Department of Health was heavily criticized by the Consumers' Foundation and investigated by the Control Yuan.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Tainted products
Other than condemning the PRC, DPP demanded that President Ma should request compensation from the PRC. DPP chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen also criticized the government for being "weak" toward the PRC. Some Kuomintang legislators, on the other hand, criticized the PRC government for notifying Taiwan late after the news had already been reported by Taiwanese media.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes
The planned starting point of the first route "Oppose Toxic Goods" was the Dinghao Plaza. Some of the politicians who took this route were former President Chen Shui-bian, former president of the World United Formosans for Independence Peng Ming-min and current president Ng Chiau-tong, and former foreign minister Chen Tang-shan.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes
The participants of the "Oppose One China Education" route started out in front of the main gate of the National Taiwan University. Protesters are mostly students who resisted the government's policy to recognize mainland Chinese academic qualifications. Leaders of this group include DPP chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen, former Kaohsiung mayor Yeh Chu-lan, current mayor Chen Chu, and Kaohsiung County magistrate Yang Chiu-hsing.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes
The third route was organized by the TSU. Protesters marched from the Lungshan Temple. The TSU convened about 20,000 people including members of Victims of Investment in China Association. The participants protested against Ma's perceived policy of "damaging Taiwan's sovereignty".


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes
The fourth route was led by former premier Yu Shyi-kun, who was accompanied by Yunlin County magistrate Su Chih-fen, deputy magistrate Lee Ying-yuan, Tainan County magistrate Su Huan-chih, and Tainan mayor Hsu Tain-tsair. Protesters held a banner with slogan "Love Yunlin, Rebut Chen Yunlin!" The last route "Oppose the Incompetent Government" was led by former DPP chairman Su Tseng-chang. Protesters T-shirts with slogans such as "Defend Taiwan" and "I am Taiwanese, not Chinese."


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration
Because the protest march was launched primarily by the Democratic Progressive Party, participants were predominantly pan-green. Former DPP chairmen Yao Chia-wen, Su Tseng-chang, and Yu Shyi-kun all participated in the march.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration
Despite recent corruption controversies, former President Chen Shui-bian also marched and took the "Oppose Toxic Goods" route, although he did not finish the route. This was Chen's last appearance at a public political event before his arrest on November 11. The DPP organizers announced that there were over 600,000 protesters.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration
According to the pro-independence Taiwan East Society (Chinese: 台灣東社), there were some pan-blue or Kuomintang supporters who signed up for the event. The chairman of the organization said that President Ma's pro-China policies had irritated many Taitung residents.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration, Controversial officer
When protesters asked a police officer whether her boss is President Ma or not, the officer, surnamed Chou, responded that she worked for the People's Republic of China (PRC). The response irritated pan-green supporters, and an apology was immediately demanded. Chou apologized and left the scene.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration, Controversial officer
The director of the National Police Agency Wang Cho-chiun later publicly apologized for the conduct of the officer, saying she has "damaged the police's public image." Wang also said that the officer will be punished for sure.


1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Responses
President Ma Ying-jeou said he would listen to the voice of the people and respond to their criticism, but maintained that the main direction of his government policies remained the correct one.


10251 Mulisch
10251 Mulisch, provisional designation 3089 T-1, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey on 26 March 1971, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after Dutch writer Harry Mulisch.


10251 Mulisch, Orbit and classification
Mulisch is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,302 days; semi-major axis of 2.33 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 26 March 1971, two nights prior to its official discovery observation.


10251 Mulisch, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
The survey designation "T-1" stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10251 Mulisch, Physical characteristics
The asteroid has an absolute magnitude 15.2. Based on its high albedo measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mulisch likely belongs to the stony S-complex. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this asteroid has been obtained from photometric observations. Its rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.


10251 Mulisch, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Mulisch measures 2.398 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.337.


10251 Mulisch, Naming
This minor planet was named after Dutch writer Harry Mulisch (1927–2010), known for his novels, plays, essays, poems and philosophical reflections such as The Discovery of Heaven. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 June 2006 (M.P.C. 56959).


10252 Heidigraf
10252 Heidigraf, provisional designation 4164 T-1, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey on 26 March 1971, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude. It was named after Heidi Graf, a former Head of the ESTEC Communications Office.


10252 Heidigraf, Orbit and classification
Heidigraf is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family of six thousand known members with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,760 days; semi-major axis of 2.85 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 24 March 1971, two nights prior to its official discovery observation.


10252 Heidigraf, Orbit and classification, Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
The survey designation "T-1" stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.


10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics
Heidigraf is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type of the Koronis family.


10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In January 2014, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory observed Heidigraf photometrically in the R-band during which it showed a brightness amplitude of 0.56 magnitude, indicative for a non-spheroidal shape. However no rotational lightcurve could be constructed and its rotation period remains unknown.


10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Heidigraf measures 5.782 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.331 and 0.4007, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 5.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.61.


10252 Heidigraf, Naming
This minor planet was named after Heidi Graf (born 1941), former Head of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) Communications Office from 1977 to 2006 at the European Space Agency, ESA. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2006 (M.P.C. 57950).


10258 Sárneczky
10258 Sárneczky, provisional designation 1940 AB, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 January 1940, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory, near Budapest. The asteroid was named after Hungarian astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky.


10258 Sárneczky, Orbit and classification
Sárneczky is non-family asteroid from the main-belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,053 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Konkoly in 1940.


10258 Sárneczky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sárneczky measures 14.275 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo of 0.151. The asteroid has an absolute magnitude of 12.1.


10258 Sárneczky, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Sárneczky has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.


10258 Sárneczky, Naming
This minor planet was named after Krisztián Sárneczky (born 1974), a Hungarian amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and supernovae. He is a board member of the Hungarian Astronomical Association (HAA). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 5 October 2017 (M.P.C. 106499).


1026
Year 1026 (MXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1026 Ingrid
1026 Ingrid, provisional designation 1923 NY, is a stony Florian asteroid and long-lost minor planet (1923–1986) from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg in 1923, and later named after Ingrid, niece and godchild of astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt.


1026 Ingrid, Discovery and recovery
Ingrid was discovered on 13 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was observed for only a few days during August 1923, before it became a lost minor planet for nearly 63 years until its recovery by Japanese astronomer Syuichi Nakano in 1986.


1026 Ingrid, Discovery and recovery
Nakano was able to show that Ingrid had been observed and provisionally designated several times during its lost period: as 1957 UC at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory in October 1957, possibly as 1963 GD at Goethe Link Observatory in April 1963, as 1981 WL8 at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in November 1981, and as 1986 ES2 at Palomar Observatory in March 1986.