1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives
Naphthoquinone derivatives have significant pharmacological properties. They are cytotoxic, they have significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Plants with naphthoquinone content are widely used in China and the countries of South America, where they are used to treat malignant and parasitic diseases.


1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives
Naphthoquinone functions as a ligand through its electrophilic carbon-carbon double bonds.


1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives
Dichlone, a chlorinated derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone, is used as a fungicide.


1,4-Oxathiane
1,4-Oxathiane is a heterocyclic compound containing one oxygen atom and one sulfur atom at opposite corners of a saturated six-membered ring. By systematic numbering, the oxygen atom is position number 1, sulfur is number 4, and positions 2, 3, 5, and 6 are carbon atoms.


1,4-Oxathiane, Production
1,4-Oxathiane can be produced from low cost ingredients by heating ethylene glycol or ethylene oxide with hydrogen sulfide. Alternate ways are to dehydrate bis(hydroxy ethyl) sulfide by heating with potassium hydrogen sulfate. These reactions also form 1,4-dithiane as a byproduct.


1,4-Oxathiane, Production
The original 1912 preparation of 1,4-oxathiane involved iodoethyl ether with potassium sulfide in alcohol. A similar method used 2-chloroethyl ether.


1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions
The sulfur atom in 1,4-oxathiane can undergo reaction as other substituted sulfides can. It can be oxidised to a sulfoxide with calcium hypochlorite or sodium periodate, or continuing to a sulfone.


1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions
With elemental chlorine below 0 °C, 3-chloro-1,4-oxathiane is formed. Above 0 °C, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-oxathiane results and further chlorination yields 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-oxathiane.


1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions
With hydrofluoric acid, 1,4-oxathiane is undergoes electrophilic fluorination to yield perfluoro-1,4-oxathiane: all eight hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine substituents, and also four fluorine atoms are attached to the sulfur atom.


1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions
With elemental bromine in ether, an oxathianium salt is formed. In this an extra bromine atom bonds to the sulfur atom which gets a positive charge. To balance this, a bromide ion forms to make up a salt. Similarly iodine in acetic acid reacts to make 4-iodo-1,4-oxathianium iodide. Heating 1,4-oxathiane with ethyl iodide yields 4-ethyl-1,4-oxathianium iodide.


1,4-Thiazepine
1,4-Thiazepine is a thiazepine. Diltiazem is based upon this structure.


1,4-a-glucan 6-a-glucosyltransferase
In enzymology, a 1,4-alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction that transfers an alpha-D-glucosyl residue in a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to the primary hydroxyl group of glucose or 1,4-alpha-D-glucan.


1,4-a-glucan 6-a-glucosyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan(D-glucose) 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include oligoglucan-branching glycosyltransferase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, T-enzyme, and D-glucosyltransferase.


1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase
In enzymology, a 1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-D-xylose and (1,4-beta-D-xylan)n, whereas its two products are UDP and (1,4-beta-D-xylan)n+1.


1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-D-xylose:1,4-beta-D-xylan 4-beta-D-xylosyltransferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoxylose-1,4-beta-xylan xylosyltransferase, 1,4-beta-xylan synthase, xylan synthase, and xylan synthetase. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase
1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate (DHNA) polyprenyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate + H+ ⇌{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } demethylmenaquinol-9 + diphosphate + carbon dioxide


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase
Hence, the 3 substrates of this enzyme are all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate, 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate, and a hydrogen ion, and the three products are demethylmenaquinol-9, diphosphate, and carbon dioxide. However, other substrates this enzyme can use include farnesyl diphosphate or solanesyl diphosphate in replacement of all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase
1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate polyprenyltransferase is located at 88 min on the E. coli chromosome while the rest of the genes responsible for the synthesis of menaquinone (Vitamin K) are clustered at 51 min.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the transferase family, specifically transferring alkyl or aryl groups other than methyl groups. Other names for the enzyme include 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate octaprenyltransferase, 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate monoprenyltransferase, and MenA.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Function
1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate polyprenyltransferase is the 8th out of 9 steps in the biosynthesis of menaquinone (Vitamin K), specifically demethylmenaquinol-9 within ecoli. Vitamin K is a cofactor vital for living and functions as one electron transporter in photosynthesis as a redox molecule. The reactions this enzyme catalyzes works by taking the soluble bicyclic naphthalenoid compound DHNA and converting it into demethylmenaquinone-9 by attaching a 40 carbon side chain to DHNA. However this enzyme is unique in the sense that it can put different lengths of carbon side chains onto DHNA to produce different demethylmenaquinols and menaquinols.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Function
Other organisms that contain this pathway include Micrococcus luterus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Inhibitors and activators
Both E. coli and Micrococcus luterus require Mg2+ to work and a pH of 7 in Micrococcus luterus is optimal. EDTA is also an activating compound for the enzyme in Micrococcus luterus at an optimal concentration of 5mM but once it reaches 20mM it becomes an inhibitor and Mg2+ is required to reactivate it.


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase
This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of menaquinones, phylloquinone, and several plant pigments.


1,4-lactonase
In enzymology, a 1,4-lactonase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the generic chemical reaction:


1,4-lactonase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,4-lactone and H2O, whereas its product is 4-hydroxyacid.


1,4-lactonase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-lactone hydroxyacylhydrolase. This enzyme is also called gamma-lactonase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, calcium.


1,4-lactonase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, three structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .


1,4-lactonase, Applications
In a study by Chen et al. a 1,4-lactonase was expressed in E. coli and used as a highly efficient biocatalyst for asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol
1,5-Anhydroglucitol, also known as 1,5-AG, is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in nearly all foods. Blood concentrations of 1,5-anhydroglucitol decrease during times of hyperglycemia above 180 mg/dL, and return to normal levels after approximately 2 weeks in the absence of hyperglycemia. As a result, it can be used for people with either type-1 or type-2 diabetes mellitus to identify glycemic variability or a history of high blood glucose even if current glycemic measurements such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose monitoring have near normal values. Despite this possible use and its approval by the FDA, 1,5-AG tests are rarely ordered. There is some data suggesting that 1,5-AG values are useful to fill the gap and offer complementary information to HbA1c and fructosamine tests.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, History
The role of 1,5-AG was first inferred by Akanuma in 1981  when he demonstrated decreased 1,5-AG levels in diabetic patients. This observation was enhanced in 1983 when it was seen that plasma 1,5-AG fell to undetectable levels in diabetic patients who did not receive insulin. Further studies showed that patients receiving medication to lower blood glucose had lasting improvement in 1,5-AG levels. If medication stopped, 1,5-AG decreased to pre-treatment levels. In 2003, 1,5-AG began to be looked at by researchers in the United States and was shown to be a valuable short-term glycemic monitor.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, History
In 2006, 1,5-AG showed its most compelling clinical use when it was demonstrated that an assay (GlycoMark, developed by Nippon Kayaku, Inc.) for postprandial hyperglycemia was able to differentiate two patients who had similar, near goal, hemoglobin A1c values, yet very different glucose profiles as shown by continuous blood glucose monitoring - one of the patients having excessive glycemic variability. In 2014, 1,5-AG in saliva was shown to mirror 1,5-AG in blood, indicating that it could be used as a noninvasive marker of short-term glycemic control.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, Underlying physiology
1,5-AG is ingested from nearly all foods during the course of a regular diet and is nearly 100% non-metabolized. It is carried in the blood stream and filtered by the glomerulus, where it enters the kidney. Once in the kidney, 1,5-AG is re-absorbed back into the blood through the renal proximal tubule. A small amount, equal to the amount ingested, of 1,5-AG is released in the urine to maintain a constant amount in the blood and tissue.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, Underlying physiology
Glucose is a competitive inhibitor of the re-absorption. If blood glucose values rise over 180 mg/dL for any period of time, the kidney cannot re-absorb all glucose back into the blood, leading to increased excretion in the urine (glucosuria). As a result, blood levels of 1,5-AG decrease immediately, and continue to decrease until glucose values go below 180 mg/dL. Once the hyperglycemia is corrected, 1,5-AG begins to be re-absorbed from the kidney back into the blood at a steady rate. If a person's glucose levels remain below 180 mg/dL for approximately 4 weeks, 1,5-AG will return to its normal levels. As a result, measurement of the level of 1,5-AG in the blood is a test for a recent history of hyperglycemic episodes.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay
The GlycoMark test is cleared by the FDA to be sold and marketed for the intermediate term monitoring of glycemic control in people with diabetes. It is available through most major reference laboratories, including Quest Diagnostics and Labcorp or may be performed in a hospital or physician's office. A comprehensive evaluation of the assay has been described in the literature.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay
The assay can be run on almost any open chemistry analyzer, including those found in physician office laboratories. Two reactions take place during the measurement:


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay
Reaction 1 is a pretreatment of the sample performed by adding glucokinase to convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenol pyruvate. The purpose of this step is to alter glucose, which is found in the blood sample, so that it can not react during reaction 2.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay
Reaction 2 uses pyranose oxidase to oxidize the second hydroxyl of 1,5-AG, generating hydrogen peroxide. The amount of hydrogen peroxide is detected by colorimetry using peroxidase, and is in direct relationship to the serum 1,5-AG concentration.


1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay, Interpretation of results
Results are in μg/mL. Lower values indicate worsening glucose control, with more frequent and prolonged glucose values over 180 mg/dL. 10 μg/mL of 1,5-AG correlates to an average post meal glucose of 185 mg/dL, and is the target value in people with diabetes. Values over 10 μg/mL indicate glucose on average is below 180 mg/dL. Those with values below 10 μg/mL could benefit from nutritional counseling, and medications which target post meal glucose spikes, such as pramlintide, exenatide, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, repaglinide or rapid acting insulins.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene
Cycloocta-1,5-diene is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C8H12; specifically [–(CH2)2–CH=CH–]2.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene
There are three configurational isomers with this structure, that differ by the arrangement of the four C–C single bonds adjacent to the double bonds. Each pair of single bonds can be on the same side (cis,Z) or on opposite sides (trans, E) of the double bond's plane; the three possibilities are denoted cis,cis, trans,trans, and cis,trans; or (Z,Z), (E,E), and (Z,E). (Because of overall symmetry, trans,cis is the same configuration as cis,trans.)


1,5-Cyclooctadiene
Generally abbreviated COD, the cis,cis isomer of this diene is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and serves as a ligand in organometallic chemistry. It is a colorless liquid with a strong odor. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene can be prepared by dimerization of butadiene in the presence of a nickel catalyst, a coproduct being vinylcyclohexene. Approximately 10,000 tons were produced in 2005.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Organic reactions
COD reacts with borane to give 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, commonly known as 9-BBN, a reagent in organic chemistry used in hydroborations:


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Organic reactions
The resulting dichloride can be further modified as the diazide or dicyano derivative in a nucleophilic substitution aided by anchimeric assistance.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
1,5-COD binds to low-valent metals via both alkene groups. Metal-COD complexes are attractive because they are sufficiently stable to be isolated, often being more robust than related ethylene complexes. The stability of COD complexes is attributable to the chelate effect. The COD ligands are easily displaced by other ligands, such as phosphines.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
Ni(COD)2 is prepared by reduction of anhydrous nickel acetylacetonate in the presence of the ligand, using triethylaluminium


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
The related Pt(COD)2 is prepared by a more circuitous route involving the dilithium cyclooctatetraene:


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
Extensive work has been reported on complexes of COD, much of which has been described in volumes 25, 26, and 28 of Inorganic Syntheses. The platinum complex is a precursor to a 16-electron complex of ethylene:


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
COD complexes are useful as starting materials; one noteworthy example is the reaction:


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
The product Ni(CO)4 is highly toxic, thus it is advantageous to generate it in the reaction vessel upon demand. Other low-valent metal complexes of COD include cyclooctadiene rhodium chloride dimer, cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer, and Fe(COD)(CO)3, and Crabtree's catalyst.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes
The M(COD)2 complexes with nickel, palladium, and platinum have tetrahedral geometry, whereas [M(COD)2]+ complexes of rhodium and iridium are square planar.


1,5-Cyclooctadiene, (E,E)-COD
The highly strained trans,trans isomer of 1,5-cyclooctadiene is a known compound. (E,E)-COD was first synthesized by George M. Whitesides and Arthur C. Cope in 1969 by photoisomerization of the cis,cis compound. Another synthesis (double elimination reaction from a cyclooctane ring) was reported by Rolf Huisgen in 1987. The molecular conformation of (E,E)-COD is twisted rather than chair-like. The compound has been investigated as a click chemistry mediator.


1,5-Diaminonaphthalene
1,5-Diaminonaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NH2)2. It is one of several diaminonaphthalenes. It is a colorless solid that darkens in air due to oxidation.


1,5-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions
It is prepared by reduction of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene, which in turn is obtained with the 1,8-isomers by nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene. It can also be prepared by treatment of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene with ammonium sulfite. It is a precursor to naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate, a precursor to specialty polyurethanes.


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes
1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes are organophosphorus compounds with the formula [R'NCH2P(R)CH2]2, often abbreviated PR2NR'2. They are air-sensitive, white solids that are soluble in organic solvents. The ligands exist as meso and d,l-diastereomers, but only the meso forms function as bidentate ligands.


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes
Some metal-PR2NR'2 complexes catalyze the production and oxidation of hydrogen (H2). The catalytic mechanism involves the interaction of substrate with the amines in the second coordination sphere.


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions
The ligands are prepared by the condensation of a primary phosphine, formaldehyde, and a primary amine:


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions
Diazadiphosphacyclooctanes function as chelating diphosphine ligands. Typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands are give the formula [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+.


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions
Cationic complexes of these P2N2 and related ligands often exhibit enhanced reactivity toward H2. These complexes serve as electrocatalysts for H2 production.


1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Related ligands
Azadiphosphacycloheptanes are a related family of diphosphines, but containing only one amine. They are prepared by condensation of 1,2-bis(phenylphosphino)ethane, formaldehyde, and a primary amine. From the meso-isomer, typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands, i.e. [Ni(PR2NR')2]2+. When bound to metals, these ligands adopt a conformation similar to that of 1,4-diazacycloheptanes. Acyclic phosphine-amine ligands have the formula (R2PCH2)NR'.


1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene
1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is a chemical compound with the formula C7H12N2. It is an amidine base used in organic synthesis. A related compound with related functions is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The relatively complex nature of the formal names for DBU and DBN (hence the common use of acronyms) reflects the fact that these compounds are bicyclic and contain several functional groups.


1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene
The compounds are employed for dehydrohalogenation reactions as well as base-catalyzed rearrangements.


1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene
The acetate salt is a room-temperature ionic liquid used for processing cellulose fibers by acting as a replacement for the unstable N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide used for making lyocell.


1,5-Diazacyclooctane
1,5-Diazacyclooctane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2NH)2. It is a colorless oil. 1,5-Diazacyclooctane is a cyclic diamine.


1,5-Diazacyclooctane, Synthesis and reactions
It is prepared in low yield by the alkylation of hydrazine with 1,3-dibromopropane.


1,5-Diazacyclooctane, Synthesis and reactions
The N-H centers can be replaced with many other groups. As a bis secondary amine, it condenses with aldehydes to give bicyclic derivatives. When treated with transition metal salts, it serves as a chelating ligand.


1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene
1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(OH)2. It is one of several isomers of dihydroxynaphthalene. It exists as colorless crystals that are soluble in polar organic solvents. It is a precursor to certain dyes.


1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene, Preparation and use
1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene is prepared from naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid by hydrolysis with strong base followed by acidification.


1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene, Preparation and use
It couples with various aryl diazonium salts to give diazo dyes. Oxidation with chromium trioxide gives juglone, a naturally occurring dye.


1,5-Dithiacyclooctane
1,5-Dithiacyclooctane (DTCO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2CH2)CH2S)2. This cyclic dithioether is a colorless oil that is soluble in polar solvents. It forms a variety of transition metal thioether complexes.


1,5-Dithiacyclooctane
DTCO was first prepared in 4% yield by dialkylation of 1,3-propanedithiol with 1,3-dibromopropane.


1,5-Hexadiene
1,5-Hexadiene is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)2(CH=CH2)2. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. It is used as a crosslinking agent and precursor to a variety of other compounds.


1,5-Hexadiene, Synthesis
A laboratory-scale preparation involves reductive coupling of allyl chloride using magnesium:


1,5-Methano(10)annulene
1,5-Methano[10]annulene, 1,5-methanoazulene or homoazulene is a hydrocarbon with chemical formula C11H10.


1,5-Pentanediol
1,5-Pentanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH. Like other diols, this viscous colourless liquid is used as plasticizer and also forms polyesters that are used as emulsifying agents and resin intermediates.


1,5-Pentanediol
1,5-Pentanediol is produced by hydrogenation of glutaric acid and its derivatives. It can also be prepared by hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol.


1,5-Pentanediol, Contamination of Bindeez
A toy called Bindeez (Aqua Dots in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the unauthorized substitution of 1,5-pentanediol with 1,4-butanediol. The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other upon sprinkling with water. 1,4-Butanediol, which when ingested is metabolized to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, was detected by GC-MS. ChemNet China lists the price of 1,4-butanediol at between about US$1,350–2,800/tonne, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700/tonne.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase
In enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, and two products, 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose and H2O.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase (ascopyrone-M-forming). Other names in common use include 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose 4-dehydratase, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydrolyase, 1,5-anhydro-D-arabino-hex-2-ulose dehydratase, AFDH, AF dehydratase, and 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase
In enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, NADPH, and H+.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase, Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)
In enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, NADPH, and H+.


1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)
This enzyme belongs to the common family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (ambiguous), and AFR.


1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose
1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose (dichlorodideoxyfructose) is chlorinated derivative of the sugar fructose. It is one of the two components believed to comprise the disaccharide sucralose, a commercial sugar substitute.


1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose, Metabolism
In mammals, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose is metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes by a reaction with glutathione that replaces one of the chlorine atoms, forming 6-chlorofructos-1-yl glutathione (or chlorofructosyl glutathione).


1,6-Digalloyl glucose
1-O,6-O-Digalloyl-β-D-glucose is a gallotannin. It can be found in some oak species.


1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione
1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione is a chemical compound classified as a lactone. It is formed as an impurity in the manufacture of polymer resins and biodegradable polyesters. It is the cyclic dimer of GHB.


1,6-Hexanediol
1,6-Hexanediol is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2OH)2. It is a colorless water-soluble solid.


1,6-Hexanediol, Production
1,6-Hexanediol is prepared by the hydrogenation of adipic acid or its esters. Laboratory preparation could be achieved by reduction of adipates with lithium aluminium hydride, although this method is impractical on a commercial scale.


1,6-Hexanediol, Properties
As 1,6-hexanediol contains the hydroxyl group, it undergoes the typical chemical reactions of alcohols such as dehydration, substitution, esterification.


1,6-Hexanediol, Properties
Dehydration of 1,6-hexanediol gives oxepane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran and 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran. Corresponding thiophene and pyrrolidone can be made by reacting 1,6-hexanediol with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia respectively.


1,6-Hexanediol, Uses
1,6-Hexanediol is widely used for industrial polyester and polyurethane production..


1,6-Hexanediol, Uses
1,6-Hexanediol can improve the hardness and flexibility of polyesters as it contains a fairly long hydrocarbon chain. In polyurethanes, it is used as a chain extender, and the resulting modified polyurethane has high resistance to hydrolysis as well as mechanical strength, but with a low glass transition temperature.


1,6-Hexanediol, Uses
It is also an intermediate to acrylics as a crosslinking agent, e.g. hexanediol diacrylate. Unsaturated polyester resins have also been made from 1,6-hexanediol, along with styrene, maleic anhydride and fumaric acid.


1,6-Hexanediol, Safety
1,6-Hexanediol has low toxicity and low flammability, and is generally considered as safe. It is not irritating to skin, but may irritate the respiratory tract or mucous membranes. Dust or vapor of the compound can irritate or damage the eyes.


1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate
1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA or HDODA) is a difunctional acrylate ester monomer used in the manufacture of polymers. It is particularly useful for use in ultraviolet light cure applications. Furthermore, it is also used in adhesives, sealants, alkyd coatings, elastomers, photopolymers, and inks for improved adhesion, hardness, abrasion and heat resistance. Like other acrylate monomers it is usually supplied with a radical inhibitor such as hydroquinone added.


1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, Preparation
The material is prepared by acid-catalyzed esterification of 1,6-hexanediol with acrylic acid.


1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, Other uses
As the molecule has acrylic functionality, it is capable of undergoing the Michael reaction with an amine. This allows it use in epoxy chemistry where its use speeds up the cure time considerably.


1,6-Methano(10)annulene
1,6-Methano[10]annulene (also known as 1,6-methanonaphthalene or homonaphthalene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C11H10. It was the first stable aromatic compound based on the cyclodecapentaene system to be discovered.


1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Preparation
According to Organic Syntheses, it can be prepared from naphthalene.


1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Aromaticity
It is analogous to cyclodecapentaene ([10]annulene), but with two hydrogen atoms replaced by a transannular methylene bridge (-CH2-). Consequently, it obeys Hückel's rule (n = 2) and despite the distortion from planarity introduced by the methylene bridge, the compound is aromatic. In fact, when prepared by Vogel in the 1960s it was the first stable aromatic cyclodecapentaene to be discovered. Its aromaticity is confirmed by three main pieces of evidence. Firstly, the similarity in carbon-carbon bond lengths as measured by x-ray crystallography is inconsistent with alternating single and double bonds. The actual structure is better considered as a pair of resonance hybrids (like the Kekulé structures of benzene) rather than as having alternating single and double bonds.


1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Aromaticity
Secondly, its 1H NMR spectrum displays influence of the diamagnetic ring current which is characteristic of aromatic compounds. The peripheral protons around the ring are deshielded while the methylene bridge nuclei are strongly shielded.


1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase
In enzymology, a 1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of separating the 1,6-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-Manp-(1->6)-D-Manp.


1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-alpha-mannosyl alpha-D-mannohydrolase.


1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase
In enzymology, a 1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-L-fucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide fucohydrolase. This enzyme is also called alpha-L-fucosidase.


1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate and NAD+, whereas its 4 products are catechol, CO2, NADH, and H+.


1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, DHBDH, cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+, oxidoreductase, and dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation and benzoate degradation via coa ligation.


1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one is a natural product, a curcuminoid antioxidant found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and torch ginger (Etlingera elatior).


1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Structure and isolation
The all-trans double bond isomer (1E,4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one was first fully characterised when isolated from extracts of the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in 1993. It has subsequently been found in other species, including etlingera elatior. A very large number of similar compounds are found in turmeric and ginger. These have been extensively studied in their roles as antioxidants and for their potential pharmacological properties.


1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Structure and isolation
The (1Z) double bond isomer is poorly characterised in the literature and it and the compounds with unspecified stereochemistry may in fact be the parent all-E molecule.


1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Properties
Mohamad et al. (2005) found that the curcuminoids 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, demethoxycurcumin, and 16-hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13-trien-15,16-olide inhibit lipid peroxidation more potently than does alpha-tocopherol.


1,7-Octadiene
Researchers have used 1,7-octadiene to assist ethylene in a cross-enyne metathesis Diels–Alder reaction.


1,7-Octadiene
Plasma polymerized 1,7-octadiene films deposited on silica can produce particles with tuned hydrophobicity.


1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife
1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife (僕と妻の1778の物語, Boku to tsuma no 1778 no monogatari) is a 2011 Japanese film based on the true story of the science fiction writer Taku Mayumura. It was directed by Mamoru Hoshi, and stars actor Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and actress Yūko Takeuchi. The film is the fourth in the so-called "Boku Series" starring Kusanagi, and the first to based on a book. Much of the staff of the other three films continued their work on this film.


1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife
1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife was released in Japanese cinemas on 15 January 2011.


1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife, Plot
Sci-fiction author Sakutaro Makimura spends his days giving life to his daydreams, and enjoys a peaceful relationship with his wife Setsuko. One day, Setsuko is struck with stomach pains, and is later diagnosed with bowel cancer and given one year to live. After being told by her doctors that laughter boosts the body's immune system, Sakutaro decides to write one short story for his wife every day.


1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife, Release
The film was released nationwide on January 15, 2011, earning ¥159.7 million and ranking first in its opening weekend. On January 20, 2011, it was shown in a special screening attended by the Empress.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene
1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NMe2)2 (Me = methyl). It is classified as a peri-naphthalene, i.e. a 1,8-disubstituted derivative of naphthalene. Owing to its unusual structure, it exhibits exceptional basicity. It is often referred by the trade name Proton Sponge, a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties
This compound is a diamine in which the two dimethylamino groups are attached on the same side (peri position) of a naphthalene ring. This molecule has several very interesting properties; one is its very high basicity; another is its spectroscopic properties.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties
With a pKa of 12.34 for its conjugate acid in aqueous solution, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is one of the strongest organic bases. However, it only absorbs protons slowly—hence the trade name. The high basicity is attributed to the relief of strain upon protonation and/or the strong interaction between the nitrogen lone pairs.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties
Additionally, although many aromatic amines such as aniline show reduced basicity (due to nitrogen being sp² hybridized; its lone pair occupying a 2p orbital and interacting and being withdrawn by the aromatic ring), this is not possible in this molecule, as the nitrogens' methyl groups prevent its substituents from adopting a planar geometry, as this would require forcing methyl groups from each nitrogen atom into one another - thus the basicity is not reduced by this factor which is found in other molecules. It is sterically hindered, making it a weak nucleophile. Because of this combination of properties, it has been used in organic synthesis as a highly selective non-nucleophilic base.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties
Proton sponge also exhibits a very high affinity for boron, and is capable of displacing hydride from borane to form a boronium–borohydride ion pair.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Preparation
This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by the methylation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene with iodomethane or dimethyl sulfate.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Related compounds, Other proton sponges
Second generation proton sponges are known with even higher basicity. 1,8-bis(hexamethyltriaminophosphazenyl)naphthalene or HMPN is prepared from 1,8-diaminonaphthalene by reaction with tris(dimethylamino)bromophosphonium bromide in the presence of triethylamine. HMPN has a pKBH+ of 29.9 in acetonitrile which is more than 11 orders of magnitude higher than Proton Sponge.


1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Related compounds, Hydride sponge
The chemical inverse of a proton sponge would be a hydride sponge. This property is exhibited by C10H6(BMe2)2, which reacts with potassium hydride to afford K[C10H6(BMe2)2H].


1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase
1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase (EC , Formerly EC , P450cin, CYP176A, CYP176A1) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,8-cineole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-endo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1,8-Cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase
1,8-Cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (EC , CYP3A4) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,8-cineole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-exo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1,8-Diaminonaphthalene
1,8-Diaminonaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NH2)2. It is one of several isomeric naphthalenediamines. It is a colorless solid that darkens in air due to oxidation. It is a precursor to commercial pigments.


1,8-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions
It is prepared by reduction of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene, which in turn is obtained as a mixture of isomers by nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene.


1,8-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions
Upon treatment with phthalic anhydride derivatives, the diamine converts to phthaloperinones. The derivative from phthalic anhydride itself, Solvent Orange 60, is a useful orange pigment. It is a precursor to 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene.


1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, or more commonly DBU, is a chemical compound and belongs to the class of amidine compounds. It is used in organic synthesis as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base.


1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, Occurrence
Although all commercially available DBU is produced synthetically, it may also be isolated from the sea sponge Niphates digitalis. The biosynthesis of DBU has been proposed to begin with 1,6-hexanedial and 1,3-diaminopropane.


1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, Uses
As a reagent in organic chemistry, DBU is used as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base. It is also used as a curing agent for epoxy. It is used in fullerene purification with trimethylbenzene (it reacts with C70 and higher fullerenes, but not to C60 fullerenes); and it is also used as a catalyst in polyurethane production. It has a strong catalyst effect for the reactions of alicyclic and aliphatic isocyanates. It also exhibited its dual character (base and nucleophile) in the synthesis of aryl- and styryl-terminal acetylenes.


1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one
1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one, also known as DFO, is a chemical that is used to find fingerprints on porous surfaces. It makes fingerprints glow when they are lit by blue-green light.


1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one
DFO reacts with amino acids present in the fingerprint to form highly fluorescent derivatives. Excitation with light at ~470 nm results in emission at ~570 nm.


1,8-Dibromooctane
1,8-Dibromooctane is a chemical compound used in the synthesis of the carbamate nerve agents EA-3990 and octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide).


1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
1,8-Naphthalic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(C2O3). It is one of three isomers of naphthalic anhydride, the other two being the 1,2- and the 2,3-derivatives. The 1,8-isomer is prepared by aerobic oxidation of acenaphthene. 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid can be prepared from this anhydride. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride is a precursor to the 4-chloro and 4,5-dichloro derivatives. These chloride groups are susceptible to displacement by amines and alkoxides, giving rise, ultimately, to a large family of naphthalimides, which are used as optical brighteners.


1,8-Naphthyridine
1,8-Naphthyridine is an organic compound with the formula C8H6N2. It is the most well-studied of the six isomeric naphthyridines, a subset of diazanaphthalenes with nitrogen in the separate rings. Enoxacin, nalidixic acid, and trovafloxacin are 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives with antibacterial properties related to the fluoroquinolones.


1,8-Naphthyridine, Coordination chemistry
With flanking nitrogen centers, 1,8-naphthyridine serves as a binucleating ligand in coordination chemistry.


1,8-Octanediol
1,8-Octanediol, also known as octamethylene glycol, is a diol with the molecular formula HO(CH2)8OH. 1,8-Octanediol is a white solid. It is produced by hydrogenation of esters of suberic acid.


1,8-Octanediol
1,8-Octanediol is used as a monomer in the synthesis of some polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes.


1,8-Octanediol
As with other fatty alcohols, octane-1,8-diol is used in cosmetics as an emollient and humectant.


1,8-cineole synthase
1,8-cineole synthase (EC , 1,8-cineole cyclase, geranyl pyrophoshate:1,8-cineole cyclase, 1,8-cineole synthetase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 1,8-cineole-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1,837 Seconds of Humor
1,837 Seconds of Humor is the debut album of Ray Stevens, released in 1962. The front of the album shows a sheik that rides a camel, which is a reference to Stevens' song "Ahab the Arab." All of the material on the album was written by Ray Stevens and published by Lowery Music Co., Inc. (BMI). The back of the album cover contains an essay of biographical information of Stevens from his youth in his hometown of Clarkdale, Georgia to the time of this album's release and gives brief descriptions of all the songs on the album.


1,837 Seconds of Humor
Four singles were lifted from the album: "Jeremiah Peabody's Poly Unsaturated Quick Dissolving Fast Acting Pleasant Tasting Green and Purple Pills" (his first Top 40 hit), "Scratch My Back (I Love It)" (which failed to chart), "Ahab the Arab" (his major breakthrough hit and his biggest until his 1970 hit "Everything Is Beautiful"), and "Further More."


1,837 Seconds of Humor
The album was re-released by Pickwick Records in 1971 under the title Rock & Roll Show. This version of the album has a rearrangement of the track listing and does not include the songs "The Rockin' Boppin' Waltz" and "Further More." The front of this album cover contains two faces of Stevens making a huge smile, one on the top left and the other on the top right; the center of the front album shows a sketch of Stevens making the exact smile along with references to a few of the songs on the album. The back of the album cover for the re-released version also contains exactly the same essay as the original album.


1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone
1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone is a chemical compound that is a derivative of anthrone. It is used in biochemical studies as an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs).


1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone
Derivatives of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone have a variety of biological activities. For example, 5-(aminoalkyl)amino derivatives have been investigated as anticancer agents.


1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone, Synthesis
1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone can be synthesized by the condensation of 2-chloroanthraquinone with anhydrous hydrazine in pyridine at 100 °C. Purification is achieved via conversion to the N-acetyl derivative which is crystallized from acetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group with ammonium hydroxide in methanol.


1-(2-Chloro-N-methylbenzimidoyl)cyclopentanol
1-(2-Chloro-N-methylbenzimidoyl)cyclopentanol, sometimes misleadingly referred to as hydroxylimine hydrochloride, is a chemical compound which is the final intermediate in the synthesis of ketamine, an anaesthetic drug which is also subject to recreational abuse. This chemical intermediate is not active as a drug in its own right, and is legal in most countries, but is readily converted into ketamine by dissolving it in a suitable high-boiling point solvent and heating, with no other chemicals required. This has made it subject to illicit trade as a drug precursor, and it has sometimes been seized by law enforcement agencies in significant quantities, leading to it being specifically banned as a controlled drug precursor in some jurisdictions such as Taiwan.


1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole
1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole (4,5-DHP-DMT) is a tricyclic tryptamine derivative which acts as a potent and reasonably selective partial agonist for the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, with a Ki of 17.0 nM, and moderate selectivity over related serotonin receptors. It has lower 5-HT2 affinity and efficacy than the related compound AL-37350A, but higher lipophilicity.


1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine
1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine, also known as RA-7, is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist at the 5HT7 serotonin receptor. It was discovered as an active metabolite of the synthetic 5-HT7 agonists LP-12 and LP-211, and unexpectedly turned out to be a potent antagonist with selectivity approaching that of the parent molecules, despite its much simpler structure.


1-(2-Nitrophenoxy)octane
1-(2-Nitrophenoxy)octane, also known as nitrophenyl octyl ether and abbreviated NPOE, is a chemical compound that is used as a matrix in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, and as a highly lipophilic plasticizer in polymer membranes used in ion selective electrodes.


1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine
1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (3C-PEP) is a designer drug of the piperazine class of chemical substances. 3C -PEP is related to meta-cholorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and phenethylamine that can be thought of as mCPP having a phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom at its 4-position. It was first described in 1994 in a patent disclosing a series of piperazine compounds as sigma receptor ligands. Later, it was discovered to be a highly potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor.


1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Pharmacology
3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand reported to date. It is highly selective for the dopamine transporter (dissociation constant Ki = 0.04 nM) with relatively low affinity for the closely related norepinephrine transporter (NET, Ki = 1107 nM ) and the serotonin transporter (SERT, Ki = 802 nM). In addition, the compound has little or no affinity for D2-like receptor (Ki = 327 nM), serotonin 5-HT2 receptor (Ki = 53 nM), opioid receptor (Ki>10000 nM), and the PCP/NMDA receptor (Ki>10000 nM).


1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Pharmacology
With a DAT dissociation constant Ki of 0.04 nM, 3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter ligand described to date in the literature. In comparison, cocaine which is a prototypical DAT ligand and reuptake inhibitor has a dissociation constant Ki of 435 nm thus making 3C-PEP about 10,000 times more potent than cocaine as a dopamine transporter inhibitor in vitro.


1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Legal status, United States
3C-PEP is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,


1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Legal status, Canada
3C-PEP is not scheduled under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.


1-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine
1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (pTFMPP) is a serotonergic releasing agent. It is rarely encountered as a designer drug but is much less common than the “normal” isomer meta-TFMPP.


1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase
1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase (EC , N-(5'-phospho-D-ribosylformimino)-5-amino-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase, phosphoribosylformiminoaminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase, N-(phosphoribosylformimino) aminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase, 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide ketol-isomerase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1-(Furan-2-yl)undecan-1-ol
1-(Furan-2-yl)undecan-1-ol is an uncharged lipophilic degradation product of the surfactant ProteasMAX.


1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)
"1-2-3" (sometimes listed as "1, 2, 3") is a 1988 song by American singer and songwriter Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine. The song was written by the band's drummer and lead songwriter Enrique "Kiki" Garcia along with Estefan and appears on the multi-platinum album Let It Loose. The music video was directed by Jim Yukich and produced by Paul Flattery.


1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)
Released as the fifth and final single from that album in the late summer of 1988, "1-2-3" peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July 1988, and was the band's seventh Top 10-hit. It also saw a second release (outside the US) in January 1989 after the success of (out of US rereleases) "Can't Stay Away From You" and "Anything For You" in late 1988. It became the band's seventh Top 10 hit in the US. In addition, the song became their fourth #1 hit on the Billboard adult contemporary chart.


1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)
On the Billboard R&B chart, "1-2-3" peaked at 54, and on the UK Singles Chart it peaked at #9. After the success of the re-releases of "Can't Stay Away From You" and "Anything For You", 1,2,3 also saw a re-release outside the US in January 1989. Although the single version was very similar to the album version, it was remixed to add more horns, a stronger rhythm track, and a different intro to the song; this version was issued on Gloria Estefan Greatest Hits and The Essential Gloria Estefan. An extended version of the song was also released on 12" single.


1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)
The lyrics of "1-2-3" detail the singer's desire to have a shy suitor approach her.


1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)
In 1991, Estefan sang a children's rendition of the song with Big Bird and the Birdketeers on Sesame Street.


1-2-3 (Len Barry song)
"1 - 2 - 3" is a 1965 song recorded by American blue-eyed soul singer Len Barry, who also co-wrote the song with John Madara and David White. The recording's chorus and accompaniment were arranged by Jimmy Wisner. The single was released in 1965 on the American Decca label. The writers were sued by Motown Records at the time, claiming that the song is a reworking of Holland-Dozier-Holland's "Ask Any Girl" released by The Supremes as the B-side to their single "Baby Love" the year before. They denied the claim, but after two years of litigation, agreed to give the Motown writers 15% of the song's writing and publishing royalties. Holland-Dozier-Holland are listed as co-authors by BMI.


1-2-3 (Len Barry song)
The personnel on the original recording included Vinnie Bell, Bobby Eli, and Sal Ditroia on guitars; Joe Macho on bass; Artie Butler on percussion; Leon Huff on piano; Artie Kaplan on sax; Bill Tole and Roswell Rudd on trombones; Lee Morgan on trumpet; Fred Hubbard on clarinet; and Bobby Gregg on drums.


1-2-3 (Len Barry song)
"1-2-3" reached number two in the US Billboard chart ("I Hear a Symphony" by The Supremes kept it from the number one spot). "1-2-3" also went to number 11 on the Billboard R&B chart. Overseas, the song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. In addition, it was also a Top 10 hit in Ireland, where it went to number eight. It sold over one and three quarter million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.


1-2-3 (The Chimes song)
"1-2-3" is the 1989 debut single by British dance trio, The Chimes. Along with the track, "Underestimate", their debut single reached number-one for two weeks on the Billboard dance chart and was also their biggest single. "1-2-3" was The Chimes only Hot 100 hit, peaking at number eighty-six and was also their first of four entry on the soul singles chart, peaking at number forty-one.


1-2-3 (The Chimes song), Critical reception
Stewart Mason from AllMusic described the song as "meaty acid house". Music & Media commented, "A muscular, square beat, a house-oriented piano and a soulful vocal delivery typify this chart-bound club record." Miranda Sawyer from Smash Hits noted Pauline Henry's "remarkable voice" and described the song as "classy" in her review of The Chimes.


1-2-3 (fuel station)
1-2-3 is an unmanned fuel station chain in the Nordic and Baltic regions.


1-2-3 (fuel station)
It was created in 2000, as the low cost extension of the Statoil chain, and owned by Statoil Fuel & Retail ASA. The first outlet was opened in Kaunas in December 2000. 65 outlets were planned in the Baltic, later to be supplemented by 107 outlets in Norway and Denmark. Unlike the Statoil stations, there are no franchisees, and all stations are vertically integrated.


1-2-3 Corona
1-2-3 Corona is an East German film directed by Hans Müller. It was released in 1948.


1-2-3 Corona, Plot
In ruined Berlin, several bands of abandoned children roam the streets, engaging in petty crimes. When a circus arrives nearby, the boys are charmed by one trapeze performer called Corona. They are upset when the circus' manager insults her, and plan a revenge by setting a trap on the ring. But their scheme fails and it is Corona that is injured. Being unable to work, she is dismissed. The boys tend to her, and as time passes, she teaches them her art, and they form a little circus of their own. A manager of another circus offers Corona a job. She is reluctant to leave the children. Eventually, the manager takes them all in into his circus.


1-2-3 Corona, Production
The script writers were inspired by a real children's circus, Rose, that was a popular attraction in the city of Pößneck during the first post-war years. 1-2-3 Corona was the first DEFA picture to be filmed in UFA's old studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, which was turned into the DEFA Feature Films Studio. Outdoor photography took place in Charlottenburg and Prenzlauer Berg.


1-2-3 Corona, Reception
1-2-3 Corona had its premiere in East Berlin's Babylon Cinema. It was viewed by some eight million people. The Catholic Film Service defined it as a "realistic picture, managing to create an entertaining film with modest resources."


1-2-3 Corona, Reception
Author Peter Pleyer regarded it as a classical "Rubble film", that "tried to provide some optimism".


1-2-3 Go
1-2-3 Go is a 1941 Our Gang short comedy film.


1-2-3 Go
It was directed by Edward Cahn, and starred George McFarland, Billie Thomas, Mickey Gubitosi, and Billy Laughlin.


1-2-3 Go
It was the 199th Our Gang short released (200th episode, 111th talking short, 112th talking episode, and 31st-MGM produced episode).From Gianna


1-2-3 Go, Plot
While playing baseball on a busy street in Greenpoint, Mickey is struck by a car. Though he fully recovers from his injuries, Mickey meets several other kids in the hospital who were not so lucky.


1-2-3 Go, Plot
Quickly developing a sense of civic responsibility, the Gang members establish the 1-2-3 Go Safety Society, dedicated to lowering the number of auto injuries in their community.


1-2-3 block
Wikipedia does not currently have an article on 1-2-3 block, but our sister project Wiktionary does:


1-2-3-4 (Ray Drummond album)
1-2-3-4 is an album by bassist Ray Drummond which was recorded in 1997 and released on the Arabesque label in 1999.


1-2-3-4 (Ray Drummond album), Reception
The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos said "Drummond's made yet another very fine recording -- what a great treasure jazz has in this bassist, composer, and bandleader. Easily recommended to all lovers of the modern mainstream and jazz in general". All About Jazz said "1-2-3-4 was created, performed, and recorded by a singularly intuitive group of musicians under the guidance of a legitimate mainstay in the modern jazz tradition. An in-depth critical analysis of 1-2-3-4 is unnecessary; it should simply be listened to and enjoyed".


1-2-3-4 (book)
1-2-3-4 is a photography book published by Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn. The book has a foreword by the artist himself. The book of music photography documents his vast career as a photographer of some of the leading contemporary musicians and rock bands, since the late 1970s, in a selection of 350 photographs, including many never published before.


1-2-3-4 (book), Artists and bands documented
The bands and musicians documented include Depeche Mode, U2, The Rolling Stones, Metallica, Nirvana, Arcade Fire, Johnny Rotten, Nick Cave, and Tom Waits.


1-2-3-4 (book), Artists and bands documented
Many of the musicians also wrote their contributions to document their work with Anton Corbijn.


1-2-3-4 (book), About
The book theme was also the subject of the exhibition "Anton Corbijn 1-2-3-4", that took place at the Fotomuseum Den Haag in 2015.


1-2-3-4 (book), About
The oversized book pays tribute to Corbijn's longtime interest and work related with rock and roll. Looking back over four decades, it features hundreds of creative, offbeat images that Corbijn was able to capture largely as a result of his close relationships with his subjects. Also included there are previously unpublished photos of the late Joe Cocker and the band Depeche Mode.


1-2-3-4 Go! Records
1-2-3-4 Go! Records is an American independent record label and retail store that specializes in punk rock and indie rock. Physical and Digital Music is distributed by . The label was founded in August 2001 in Seattle with the release of the Spitting Teeth 7" "Legacy of Cruciality". In December 2003 the label moved to Oakland, California. In March 2008 the label opened a retail record store in the Temescal neighborhood of North Oakland.


1-2-3-4 Go! Records
The store initially focused on punk rock, indie rock, garage rock, and related genres but has since expanded to cover a wide variety of new and used records. The store hosts live music performances and occasional art shows. Frank Portman of The Mr. T Experience and Green Day have performed there.


1-2-3-4 Go! Records
In 2015 they opened a second retail store in the Mission District of San Francisco. Since opening the Oakland retail store, 1-2-3-4 Go! Records has won four Best of the East Bay awards from the East Bay Express. In 2009 it won the Best Punk Record Store awardand in 2008 it won the Best New Business award alongside its neighbor Manifesto Bicycles.


1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll
1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll is an EP produced by British heavy metal band, Girlschool. It was released in 1983 by Bronze Records, in an attempt to boost the declining sales of the band and launch the upcoming new album Play Dirty. The title track was produced by Ramones' producers Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin, who completed with samples the recording process that the band refused to carry on. The same song was released by the American band Rail the same year.


1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll
"Tush" is a re-recording of the ZZ Top song the band already covered on Hit and Run, with Kim McAuliffe on vocals instead of Enid Williams. "Don't Call It Love" is also a re-recording of the song already present in the Wildlife EP and in the album Screaming Blue Murder. Both songs were produced by Chris Tsangarides. Bronze issued also a 7-inch single with a shorter version of the title track and without the song "Emergency".


1-2-3-4... Fire!
1-2-3-4... Fire! is a song by Penny McLean released as third single from her album Lady Bump in 1976. The single was successful and managed to appear in 6 charts worldwide in the year of its release.


1-2-3-Nul!
1-2-3-Nul! is an EP by British band The Futureheads, released in 2003. The album was released on Fantastic Plastic Records, before the band signed to a major label. Due to the band having gained an amount of mainstream popularity and the EP's 'limited edition' status (only 1000 copies were made) the release is now very popular among record collectors and can fetch high prices.


1-2-3-Nul!, Track listing
All tracks are written by The Futureheads, except where noted.


1-2-AX working memory task
The 1-2-AX working memory task is a task which requires working memory to be solved. It can be used as a test case for learning algorithms to test their ability to remember some old data. This task can be used to demonstrate the working memory abilities of algorithms like PBWM or Long short-term memory.


1-2-AX working memory task, Description
The input of the task is a sequence of the numbers/letters 1, 2, A, X, B, Y. And additional C and Z which should be ignored. The output is a sequence of the letters L and R — one letter for each input letter (except for C or Z).The output R should be returned if and only if there is a matching of any trailing part of the input sequence to the regular expression "1[AXBYCZ]*A[CZ]*X" or "2[AXBYCZ]*B[CZ]*Y". Otherwise (except for C or Z), an L should be returned. In other words, C and Z are completely ignored. The sequence A-X or B-Y is accepted (with an R) depending if the most recent number was a 1 or a 2. Otherwise, an L is returned.


1-2-AX working memory task, Requirements
To solve this task, an algorithm must be able to both remember the last number 1 or 2 and the last letter A or B independently. We refer to this memory as the working memory. This memory must persist all other input. In addition, the algorithm must be able to strip out and ignore the letters C and Z.


1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Pseudocode
For traditional computer models, both requirements are easy to solve. Here is some Python code (kind of pseudocode but works) where the function next_output gets one single number/letter as input and returns either a letter or nothing. next_outputs is there for convenience to operate on a whole sequence.


1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Finite-state machine
Similarly, this task can be solved in a straightforward way by a finite-state machine with 7 states (call them ---, 1--, 2--, 1A-, 2B-, 1AX, 2BY).


1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Neural network
This task is much more difficult for neural networks. For simple feedforward neural networks, this task is not solveable because feedforward networks don't have any working memory. After all, including working memory into neural networks is a difficult task. There have been several approaches like PBWM or Long short-term memory which have working memory. This 1-2-AX task is good task for these models and both are able to solve the task.


1-2-Switch
1-2-Switch is a party game developed and published by Nintendo as a launch title for the Nintendo Switch, which was released worldwide on March 3, 2017. The game extensively uses the system's Joy-Con controllers, with players facing each other performing various minigames. By the end of 2019, it sold 3.18 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games on the platform.


1-2-Switch, Gameplay
1-2-Switch is a party game in which players do not usually rely on what is happening on-screen, but rather make use of audio cues and the functionality of the Switch's Joy-Con controllers to play in several different games. It features 28 different minigames, most of which involve two players, who each use one of the Joy-Con controllers and are often encouraged to look at each other during gameplay. Aside from tutorial videos for each game, players mostly rely solely on audio cues and feedback from the Joy-Con's rumble feature to indicate how well they are performing.


1-2-Switch, Development
After Nintendo announced the game at the Nintendo Switch event in January 2017, Nintendo showed off six of the minigames to the public. The game was also unveiled to show off Nintendo's innovative Joy-Con capabilities, through the HD Rumble and IR Motion Camera features.


1-2-Switch, Development
As a way to promote the milking minigame and the Nintendo Switch, several representatives of Nintendo of America took part in a cow milking competition at a dairy farm in Woodstock, Vermont. Grey DeLisle appears on the cover, albeit her nose being doctored.


1-2-Switch, Reception
Upon the release of its initial trailer, several commentators compared the game to the WarioWare series. Ben Skipper of the International Business Times made note of the game's sexual innuendos.


1-2-Switch, Reception
Nintendo's decision to release the game separately from the system was criticized by several commentators, arguing that the game would be better off as a pack-in game, similarly to Wii Sports, although Nintendo stated that they opted to allow consumers to select a game to purchase rather than bundling one and increase the Switch's price so as to not disinterest consumers and compromise the console's sales. Cory Arnold of Destructoid criticized the lack of a true single-player mode, and went as far as to say that the minigames were worse than what was included in Wii Sports, arguing that they lacked any sort of progression.


1-2-Switch, Reception, Sales
By April 2017, Nintendo reported that 1-2-Switch had shipped nearly a million copies worldwide. By March 2018, that number had risen to over two million. By June 2019, total sales reached 3.01 million. The 2020 CESA Games White Papers revealed that 1-2-Switch had sold 3.18 million units, as of December 31, 2019.


1-5-7-1
1-5-7-1 is the name of a family of calling features in the United Kingdom, for residential and business telephone lines and for mobile telephones, that are provided by BT Group and several other telephone service providers. The family is named after the telephone number 1571, the special service number that is used to access it. Call Minder is the name of BT's highest level of 1571 service.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
The 1571 feature was introduced by BT Group to the UK in the 1990s after they digitised all the telephone exchanges. As of 2006 several other telephone service providers in the British Isles also provided 1571 answering services, including One.Tel,  Platinum Telecom, Kingston Communications, and Manx Telecom. Most such providers rely on a local loop that is owned by BT Group. However, it is also available from providers that have their own local loops, such as Virgin Media.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
In 2001 BT Group launched its Answer 1571 service as a free service, available at no extra cost to its existing telephone line customers. In 2007 a charge of £1 was introduced for any month in which two chargeable calls are not made on the line (this might apply, for instance, to people who have Carrier preselect with another telephone company). In 2014 a monthly charge (£2.25 as of 2016) was introduced for all residential users of the service, and the charge for not making two chargeable calls in any month (which had increased to £2) was removed.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
The Answer 1571 service, a cut-down version of BT Group's Call Minder service, allows a calling party to leave messages when the called party is engaged or does not answer within a fixed number of rings. The system allows for the storage of up to 20 messages, each of which can be up to 2 minutes long, for up to 60 days (or 20 days once they have been heard). To indicate to called parties that they have waiting messages, the exchange sends an interrupted dialling tone to them when they take their telephone off-hook. The called party can retrieve the messages by dialling 1571.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
A significant advantage of 1571 answering services over answering machines is that messages can be recorded when the called party is engaged on another call, in addition to when the call is not answered. This is particularly useful when long calls are made, e.g., on long dialled-up Internet sessions.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
To supplement the Answer 1571 services, BT provides additional services at an extra charge: the 1571 Text Alerts service sends a text message to a designated mobile telephone number whenever a new message is left. Another service was withdrawn in March 2009: 1571 Online allowed customers to retrieve their stored messages via the World Wide Web.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
A problem with the 1571 Text Alerts system that was not stated on BT's website as of 7 June 2007 is that if a mobile phone number is transferred from another provider to either Virgin or T-mobile, the alert system will not work; phone messages will be stored, but text message alerts will not be sent.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
As of December 2016 BT offers two services accessed by dialling 1571. Messages can be accessed by dialling in with an identification number, and a personal greeting can be recorded. Neither of the services can be disabled or re-enabled by the user, but must be cancelled or ordered, with a lag of several days.


1-5-7-1, Land lines
The number of rings before answering is not guaranteed, and may vary to some extent. This can be a problem if an answering machine is used on a line with a 1571 service (which cannot be temporarily disabled), with the intention that messages will be recorded on the machine; it is necessary to ensure that the machine answers before 1571 does.


1-5-7-1, Mobile telephones
To its mobile telephone business customers BT Group provides a 1571 Voicemail service, which is similar to the service provided to landlines. Calling parties can leave messages when the mobile telephone is switched off, when it is in an area of reduced coverage, when it is on another call, or when the call is not answered within a fixed number of rings.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point
1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 1-63 Windmill Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History
Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History
This terrace was built c. 1910 as part of the post-plague redevelopment. An 1880 plan shows a two-storey hotel on this site.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History
In 1958 architect John Fisher (member of the Institute of Architects, the Cumberland County Council Historic Buildings Committee and on the first Council of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) after its reformation in 1960), with the help of artist Cedric Flower, convinced Taubmans to paint the central bungalow at 50 Argyle Place. This drew attention to the importance of The Rocks for the first time. As a result, Fisher was able to negotiate leases for Bligh House (later ClydeBank) and houses in Windmill Street for various medical societies.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History
First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1982.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Description
Two storey, three bedroom, Federation terrace with gable to street. Decorative pressed metal gable detailing. Storeys: Two; Construction: Face brick, painted reinforced concrete, pressed metal, corrugated galvanised iron, painted joinery. Cast iron railings. Style: Federation.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
As at 23 November 2000, 1-63 Windmill Street is an extensive group of Federation style terraces in very good condition, having high streetscape value.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing
1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution
This Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 896 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point
1-7 Argyle Place is a heritage-listed row of shops with overhead residences at 1, 3, 5 and 7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, History
The row of shops and residences at 1-7 Argyle Place was built by the Sydney Harbour Trust in 1910 following the state resumption and reconstruction of the surrounding area following a turn-of-the-century outbreak of bubonic plague. It now forms an important element of the historic streetscape.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, History
Ownership passed from the Trust to the Department of Housing in 1986. The shops were threatened with sale to private developers in 1988, but were saved in 1990 after a two-year community campaign. The campaign also resulted in an agreement whereby the City of Sydney leased the shops from the Department, with the council pledging to ensure they were kept as service stores for the local community. However, they were eventually put up for sale by the state government in 2006 and sold soon after.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description
1-7 Argyle Place is a two-storey row of shops with residences overhead, built in the Federation style. It features face brick walls and chimneys, a slate roof to the main body of the building with corrugated galvanised iron verandah roofs, and painted pebble dash parapets.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description
The verandahs on the second storey have been filled in, and some sash windows were renewed in the 1990s.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing
An interesting example of early twentieth century commercial and residential development being part of the-post plague redevelopment, very important to the streetscape of Millers Point.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.


1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing
1-7 Argyle Place was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.


1-800 Contacts
1-800 Contacts Inc. is an American contact lens retailer based in Draper, Utah. The brands that 1-800 Contacts use includes Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Alcon, Bausch & Lomb and CooperVision. In 2006, its last year as a public company, the company reported net sales of US$247 million.


1-800 Contacts, History
1-800 Contacts was founded in 1995 by Jonathan C. Coon and John F. Nichols, and was incorporated in February that year. The company held an IPO in 1998 on NASDAQ with the symbol CTAC with an offer price of $27.5M and share price of $12.50. They acquired Lens Express in 2002.


1-800 Contacts, History
Over the years, 1-800 Contacts has been owned by several companies. In June 2007, 1-800 Contacts was acquired by Fenway Partners for $24.25 per share. In June 2012, 1-800 Contacts was sold to WellPoint (now Anthem). In 2013 Wellpoint sold 1-800 Contacts to Thomas H. Lee Partners and glasses.com to Luxottica. AEA Investors acquired a majority interest in 1-800 Contacts in December 2015.


1-800 Contacts, History
In 2008, 1-800 Contacts entered into a partnership with Walmart to integrate phone and Internet orders for contact lenses with eye-doctor services and operations in Walmart's stores, The agreement ended in 2013. In June 2013, 1-800 Contacts launched glasses.com, a domain which the company has held since 1999.


1-800 Contacts, Brand awareness
It was hoped that consumers would more easily remember the company's phone number, and thus be more likely to become repeat customers. 1800Contacts.com is also a domain name owned by the company in which a customer may order online. The combined toll-free number and matching domain is called a "Toll-Free Domain" or a "Teledotcom".


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit
1-800 Contacts sued WhenU over pop-up advertisements in 2002. In the suit against WhenU, which also named Vision Direct as a co-defendant, 1-800 Contacts alleged that the advertisements provided by WhenU, which advertised competitors of 1-800 Contacts (such as Vision Direct) when people viewed the company's web site, as "inherently deceptive" and one that "misleads users into falsely believing the pop-up advertisements supplied by WhenU.com are in actuality advertisements authorized by and originating with the underlying Web site".


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit
In December 2003, Judge Deborah Batts of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted a preliminary injunction, barring WhenU from delivering the advertisements to some web surfers, on the grounds that it constituted trademark infringement violating the Lanham Act. WhenU appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that WhenU's actions did not amount to the "use" that the Lanham Act requires in order to constitute trademark infringement.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit
The appeals court reversed the preliminary injunction and ordered the dismissal of all claims made by 1-800 Contacts that were based upon trademark infringement, leaving the claims based upon unfair competition and copyright infringement. The district court had already found that 1-800 Contacts was unlikely to prevail in its copyright infringement claims, finding that "the conduct neither violated [the] plaintiff's right to display its copyrighted website, nor its right to create derivative works therefrom".


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit
The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the case, stating that it was "not to help [people] fight off adware and spyware" but was rather intended to allow companies "to gain control over [a computer's] desktop", where the legal principles being employed "would create a precedent that would enable trademark owners to dictate what could be open on your desktop when you visit their websites". At the time of the appeal, it filed an amicus curiae brief urging the Appeals Court to limit the reach of the "initial interest confusion" doctrine that had been applied by the District Court.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit
In addition to the WhenU case, 1-800 Contacts has been involved in other trademark infringement suits revolving around the issue of keyword advertising. On March 8, 2010, 1-800 Contacts sued Contact Lens King, Inc. for trademark infringement based on their use of "1-800 CONTACTS" trademarks as keywords to trigger sponsored ads directing consumers to Contact Lens King's website and products.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, Lens.com lawsuit
1-800 Contacts was also involved in several lawsuits against Lens.com, Inc., including a trademark cancellation case in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc., in which the Court determined that Lens.com's trademark "LENS", held in connection with "computer software", had been abandoned because Lens.com merely used software to sell contact lenses over the internet, while consumers had no association between the trademark and computer software.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, Lens.com lawsuit
In 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing. As of October 2019, the case was still being litigated.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
On April 17, 2013, the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that 1-800 Contacts abused patent law by acting like a patent troll in its lawsuit against DITTO. In a blog post, the EFF accused 1-800 Contacts of “leveraging the massive expense of patent litigation to squelch the competition” and asked its followers to help DITTO by crowdsourcing prior art.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
On August 8, 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint charging that 1-800 Contacts, the largest online retailer of contact lenses in the United States, unlawfully orchestrated a web of anti-competitive agreements with rival online contact lens sellers that suppress competition in certain online search advertising auctions and that restrict truthful and non-misleading internet advertising to consumers.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
According to the administrative complaint, 1-800 Contacts entered into bidding agreements with at least 14 competing online contact lens retailers that eliminate competition in auctions to place advertisements on the search results page generated by online search engines such as Google and Bing. The complaint alleges that these bidding agreements unreasonably restrain price competition in internet search auctions, and restrict truthful and non-misleading advertising to consumers, constituting an unfair method of competition in violation of federal law.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
In an initial decision entered on October 27, 2017, and announced on October 30, 2017, Chief Administrative Law Judge D. Michael Chappell upheld a Federal Trade Commission complaint against 1-800 Contacts, ruling that the FTC has proved that the nation's largest online retailer of contact lenses unlawfully orchestrated a web of anti-competitive agreements with rival online contact lens sellers.


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
An order Judge Chappell included with the initial decision would bar 1-800 Contacts from agreeing with a marketer or seller of any contact lens product to restrict, prohibit, regulate or otherwise limit that seller's participation in search advertising auctions, and would also bar 1-800 Contacts from instructing search engines to restrict or prohibit any seller's use of any keyword (a word or phrase used to instruct a search engine to display specified search advertising), or to require any seller to use any negative keyword (a word or phrase used to instruct a search engine not to display specified search advertising).


1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits
Also under the order, 1-800 Contacts would be barred from agreeing with a seller to restrict, prohibit, regulate or otherwise limit that seller's use of truthful, non-deceptive, and non-trademark-infringing advertising or promotion. The order would also require the company to stop enforcing or attempting to enforce any and all provisions, terms, or requirements in any existing agreement or court order that impose a condition on a seller that would be inconsistent with the order.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc.
1-800 CONTACTS v. WhenU.com was a legal dispute beginning in 2002 over pop-up advertisements. It was brought by 1-800 Contacts, an online distributor of various brands of contact lenses against WhenU SaveNow, a maker of advertising software. The suit also named Vision Direct, one of WhenU advertising customers, as a co-defendant.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc.
1-800 CONTACTS alleged that the advertisements provided by WhenU, which advertised competitors of 1-800 CONTACTS (such as Vision Direct) when people viewed the company's web site, were "inherently deceptive" and that one of the advertisements "misleads users into falsely believing the pop-up advertisements supplied by WhenU.com are in actuality advertisements authorized by and originating with the underlying Web site".


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts
Both the plaintiff, 1-800 Contacts, and the co-defendant, Vision Direct, sell and market replacement contacts lenses though their respective websites. The other defendant, WhenU.com was a software company that developed and distributed a software application known as "SaveNow". The SaveNow program, when installed on a users computer, remains resident in memory and observes activity within the user's web browser. It is normally installed as part of a "bundle" of other software programs, and is provided at no cost to the user.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts
The SaveNow program contains a directory that match specific URLs or search terms that the user enters into their browser to categories of popup advertisements. Specifically relevant to this case, when the user typed "1800contacts.com" into their browser the SaveNow program would match this to the category "eye-care" and retrieve an ad for a company in this space.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts
At least three types of ads can be presented to the user—small "pop-up" advertisement appearing in the bottom right-hand corner of a user's screen; it may be a "pop-under" advertisement that appears behind the webpage the user initially visited; or it may be a "panoramic" advertisement that stretches across the bottom of the user's computer screen.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Plaintiff's theory
Plaintiff argues that it has been harmed by the creation of an "impermissible affiliation between Plaintiff and Defendant", since because of Defendants' pop-up advertising, users "are likely to have the impression that the pop-up advertisements operate in cooperation with, rather than in competition against, the Plaintiff". William D. Neal, an expert for 1-800 Contacts, conducted a study to determine if consumers were likely to be confused as to the source of the popup advertisements displayed by the defendants software.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Plaintiff's theory
The conclusion of this survey was the 76% of users who had the SaveNow software on their system did not realize that it generated pop-up ads as the result of them visiting specific websites. Additionally, he reported that 60% of people who participated in his survey believed that "pop-up advertisements are placed on the website on which they appear by the owners of that site".


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Defendant's theory
Avi Naider, CEO of WhenU.com, testified that the SaveNow program performs "contextual marketing", which he defined as "delivering something to a consumer when they need it". He also argued, through the presentation of a number of screen captures, that the use of pop-ups was analogous to a number of other common computer programs including instant messaging software. Additionally, Professor John Deighton, an expert in interactive marketing, testified that due to novel structure of the internet, a "conjoined" model has emerged that is "a combination of publisher and marketplace".


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Defendant's theory
As a result, he argues there is an expectation that websites will present users with an experience to users reads like a publication, with an expectation of competition. Finally, he testified that a preliminary injunction, if granted, would have "some short-term immediate impacts and some chilling long-term impacts". This assertion was based on his belief that users who had chosen to install the SaveNow software would be frustrated in further attempts to use the software.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Preliminary injunction
In December 2003 Judge Deborah Batts of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted a preliminary injunction, barring WhenU from delivering the advertisements to some web surfers, on the grounds that it constituted trademark infringement violating the Lanham Act. The district court held that while the trademark infringement claim was likely to succeed on the merits the copyright infringement claim was unmeritorious.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Second Circuit appeal
Upon appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that WhenU's actions did not amount to the "use" that the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. ) requires in order to constitute trademark infringement. The appeal court reversed the preliminary injunction and ordered the dismissal of all claims made by 1-800 CONTACTS that were based upon trademark infringement, leaving the claims based upon unfair competition and copyright infringement.


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Second Circuit appeal
The district court had found that 1-800 CONTACTS was unlikely to prevail in its copyright infringement claims, finding that "the conduct neither violated [the] plaintiff's right to display its copyrighted website, nor its right to create derivative works therefrom". 1-800 Contacts did not appeal from the adverse copyright ruling. For commentary on the issues, see   2014-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, suggesting in Notes to the district court opinion that a consumer interest in "reducing costs to consumers in obtaining product information" may exist in the challenged practice. The same commentary notes that plaintiffs in these cases (reprints and commentary on several of which are contained in the cited source) argue that "pop-ups and other contextual advertising . . . piggy-backs or 'free-rides' on the content that other Web sites provide."


1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Outside involvement
The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the case, stating that it was "not to help [people] fight off adware and spyware" but was rather intended to allow companies "to gain control over [a computer's] desktop". They argued this lawsuit if successful "would create a precedent that would enable trademark owners to dictate what could be open on your desktop when you visit their websites". At the time of the appeal it filed an amicus curiae brief urging the Appeals Court to limit the reach of the "initial interest confusion" doctrine that had been applied by the District Court.


1-800 Suicide
"1-800 Suicide" is the third and final single released from the Gravediggaz' debut album, 6 Feet Deep. Produced by Prince Paul (The Undertaker), "1-800 Suicide" was the Gravediggaz final charting single, making it to 46 on the Hot Rap Singles. The song was paired with "Mommy, What's a Gravedigga?" as a Double A-Side, although Gee Street also released "1-800 Suicide" and "Mommy, What's a Gravedigga?" as individuals with exactly the same cover art. The song can also be found on the soundtrack of the 1995 film Tales from the Crypt presents: Demon Knight, and as the opening theme song for The Leftovers Season 3 episode "Certified".


1-800 Suicide
Complex ranked "1-800-Suicide" at #22 on their list of the 25 most violent rap songs of all time.


1-800 Vindication
1-800 Vindication is the fifth album by Danish death metal band Illdisposed. The clean vocals were performed by producer and former Hatesphere guitarist Peter Siegfridsen.


1-800 Vindication, Reception
In 2005, 1-800 Vindication was ranked number 490 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.


1-800 Vindication, Track listing
All music written by Illdisposed, lyrics written by Bo Summer


1-800-273-8255 (song)
"1-800-273-8255" (also known simply as "1-800")  is a song by American rapper Logic, featuring guest vocals from singer-songwriters Alessia Cara and Khalid. It was released on April 27, 2017, through Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings, as the third single from Logic's third studio album, Everybody. The song's title is the phone number for the American National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL). Produced by Logic and 6ix, it was written by the three recording artists, along with 6ix and Drew Taggart of The Chainsmokers. "1-800-273-8255" eventually peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and received nominations for Song of the Year and Best Music Video at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Background
So the first hook and verse is from the perspective of someone who is calling the hotline and they want to commit suicide. They want to kill themselves. They want to end their life. When I jumped on a tour bus that started in Los Angeles, California and I ended in New York City and did a fan tour where I went to fans' houses and shared meals with them, hung out with them, played them my album before it came out.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Background
Them along with other people on tour, just fans that I met randomly, they've said things like, "Your music has saved my life. You've saved my life." And I was always like, "Aw so nice of you. Thanks." And I give them a hug and shit but in my mind, I'm like, "What the fuck?" And they're really serious. And they tat shit on their arms and get shit like lyrics that save their life and in my mind, I was like, "Man I wasn't even trying to save nobody's life." And then it hit me, the power that I have as an artist with a voice. I wasn't even trying to save your life. Now what can happen if I actually did?


1-800-273-8255 (song), Music video
The song's accompanying music video premiered on August 17, 2017, on Logic's Vevo channel on YouTube. The music video was directed by Andy Hines and centers around a young man who struggles with feeling accepted due to his sexuality. The video features appearances from Coy Stewart, Nolan Gould, Don Cheadle, Luis Guzmán and Matthew Modine.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Commercial performance
"1-800-273-8255" debuted at number 61 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 67 the Canadian Hot 100 for the chart dated May 20, 2017. Following the album's release it went up to number 47 and 40 respectively. On August 20, 2018, the single was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming equivalent units of over five million units in the United States.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Commercial performance
Following the song's performance at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, the song jumped to number nine, becoming Logic and Khalid's first top 10 single, and Alessia Cara's fourth. It later reached the top three on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming all three's highest-charting single; it performed well at radio, especially contemporary hit radio, where it reached number three on the Mainstream Top 40.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact
According to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), in the three weeks following the single's release, calls directed to the NSPL rose by 27%, while visits to their website increased from 300,000 to 400,000 over the following months. According to Billboard, the hotline received the second-highest daily call volume ever with over 4,573 calls on the day that the song was released.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact
Lifeline's Director of Communications Frances Gonzalez reported that, following the night of the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, the NSPL experienced a 50% surge in the number of calls to their hotline. This was reportedly as a result of the performance of the song by Logic, Cara, and Khalid during the show as well as the speech given by recording artist and activist Kesha, who was tasked with presenting the performers.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact
During the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, Logic performed the song alongside Alessia Cara and Khalid, as a tribute to Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell and Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington, who both died by suicide in 2017. It was performed after the annual in memoriam tribute, which ended with Bennington.


1-800-273-8255 (song), Remix
A Spanish remix featuring Colombian singer Juanes was released on October 13, 2017. Rapper Lil Durk has also remixed the hit single on his album Just Cause Y'all Waited and titled it "1 (773) Vulture".


1-800-COLLECT
1-800-COLLECT (1-800-265-5328) is a 1-800 number, owned and operated by Viiz Communications, which provides fixed rate collect calling in the United States. The service was launched by MCI in 1993. $29.99 first 5 minutes/$2.99 each additional minute.


1-800-COLLECT, History, Launch
Prior to 1993, collect calling was a virtual monopoly held by AT&T as people were accustomed to dialing "0" to place collect calls. MCI moved aggressively to insert itself into the market by launching 1-800-COLLECT that year. By dialing 1-800-COLLECT, customers could connect with an automated MCI system which would directly place a call to a designated receiving party for a fraction of the cost of the AT&T service for its operator-assisted collect calling. According to Advertising Age, 1-800-COLLECT went from concept to launch in less than three months. Launched with a large marketing budget, within a year New York Magazine reported that MCI had "stamped 1-800-COLLECT onto our consciousness with a mammoth marketing blitz" aimed largely at Generation X consumers.