.travel
The domain name .travel is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. .travel domain names are available to individuals and / or organizations who provides or plans to provide services, products or content in or to the travel industry. It is sponsored by Donuts Inc., and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.


.travel, History
The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004. TheGlobe.com acquired Tralliance Corporation, the operator of .travel, on May 9, 2005. In 2018, Donuts acquired the .travel TLD. Information about this TLD, and other travel-related top-level domains in the Donuts portfolio, can be found at


.travel, History
The official launch began in October 2005, with a screening process to determine eligibility to register domains in each of three monthly groups for October, November and December. Open registrations began in January 2006. Governments were given priority registration for geographic place names from July 2005 to December 21, 2007.


.travel, History
By 2017, there were approximately eighteen thousand .travel domains registered.


.travel, Purpose
Registration is open to organizations, associations, and private, governmental and non-governmental agencies, or people who provides or plan to provide services, products or content in or to the travel industry.


.tt
.tt is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Trinidad and Tobago.


.tt
The Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) allows registrations under tt for second-level domains, and for third-level domains under the following domains: co.tt, com.tt, org.tt, net.tt, biz.tt, info.tt, pro.tt, int.tt, coop.tt, jobs.tt, mobi.tt, travel.tt, museum.tt, aero.tt, tel.tt and name.tt. Registration under the above domains is unrestricted and the registry does not require applicants to have a physical presence in Trinidad and Tobago. However, registrants with a foreign address are charged double.


.tt
In addition, there is mil.tt, restricted to entities in the Military of Trinidad and Tobago, edu.tt is a registry for educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago, and gov.tt reserved for agencies of the government.


.tt
Domain hacks using .tt include db.tt, ift.tt and mi.tt, URL shorteners used for Dropbox, IFTTT and the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign of Mitt Romney, respectively.


.tv
The domain name .tv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tuvalu.


.tv
Except for reserved names like com.tv, net.tv, org.tv and others, any person may register second-level domains in TV. The domain name is popular, and thus economically valuable, because it is an abbreviation of the word television. In 1998 the Tuvalu government sought to capitalize on the .tv suffix being similar to "television". In 2010, nearly 10% of the revenue of the Government of Tuvalu came from royalties from .tv addresses.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab
Following Tuvalu being allocated two-letter top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, the Government of Tuvalu worked with the International Telecommunications Union and created a process to select a management partner for the domain suffix.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab
On 6 August 1998 a licensing agreement was signed with Information.CA of Toronto under which it agreed to pay an up-front payment of US$50 million for exclusive marketing rights to Tuvalu's domain until 2048, with the country manager/delegee of the Government of Tuvalu for the .tv extension being The .tv Corporation International, which was established in 1998. Subsequent negotiations with Information.CA followed from the delays in payment of US$50 million.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab
Idealab, a Californian company, became involved in 1999 and assumed the $50 million obligation to be paid over 10 years. With the first $1 million payment, Tuvalu was finally able to afford to join the United Nations. Lou Kerner became the first employee of .tv when he joined as CEO in January 2000. .tv grew to over 100 employees, with offices in Los Angeles, London, and Hong Kong, before being acquired in a nine-figure transaction in December 2001.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign
The .tv Corporation entered into an agreement with VeriSign Inc for the marketing of the domain. In December 2001, The .tv Corporation was sold to VeriSign in a nine-figure transaction. As of 31 December 2001, The .tv Corporation International became a subsidiary of VeriSign Inc. Tuvalu sold its equity stake in The .tv Corporation to VeriSign for which it was paid US$10 million. Following the acquisition of the corporation by VeriSign the quarterly payments made to the Government of Tuvalu were reduced to US$550,000 per quarter, which payment arrangement continued for 12 years.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign
On 14 December 2006, Verisign announced an alliance with Demand Media, run by former MySpace chairman Richard Rosenblatt to market the .tv top level domain name (TLD) as the preferred Web address for rich media content. ".TV" premium names cannot be transferred to another registrar. Annual renewal fees for .TV premium names are the same as the initial "buy now" registration fee.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign
On 16 March 2010, Sedo announced that it had teamed up with Verisign to hold an exclusive auction on 1 April for 115 premium .TV domain names that would carry standard non-premium annual renewals regardless of the closing auction price. On 19 March, Verisign announced that premium .TV names would now be available through an expanded .TV registrar channel, slashed prices on premium .TV names, and made a significant number of high sought after premium .TV names non-premium. As a result, Verisign essentially lifted the roadblock that previously discouraged investment in the .TV extension by major domainers, investors, and developers.


.tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign
In 2011 VeriSign renewed the contract with the Government of Tuvalu to manage the  .TV registry through to 2021. In 2014, Amazon acquired Twitch for $1 billion, becoming the first .tv website to achieve unicorn status. Verisign pays Tuvalu around US$5 million per year for the right to administer .tv. Tuvalu earns about 1/12th of its annual gross national income (GNI) from the agreement with Verisign. The success of Twitch.tv and other esports and video game platforms means that Tuvalu can expect to derive increased revenue following 2020, when it either renegotiates the agreement with VeriSign or signs an agreement with another company engaged in domain name registration.


.tv, Content stations
Websites with the .tv domain often feature video content for specific brands or firms. Publications like The Sydney Morning Herald and Pitchfork Media run sub-stations of their online publications strictly for original video content. Marketing firms like Vice in New York have received contracts to create brand-tailored .tv content stations, such as Motherboard.tv for Dell and the Creator's Project for Intel have given this domain type more visibility, and inspired the creation of independent content stations at the college level across the United States such as Massive.tv at Northwestern University, Maingreen.tv at Brown University, and Kuumba.tv at Washington University.


.tv, co.tv
"co.tv" is not an official hierarchy; it is a domain (co.tv) owned by a company who offers free subdomain redirection services, like co.nr.


.tv, co.tv
This company offers free co.tv subdomains. Due to the large use by website spammers of subdomains from co.tv in July 2011 Google removed .co.tv websites from its search results. This had no impact on other .tv websites.


.tv, co.tv
According to Lucian Constantin at Softpedia, "CO.TV is a free domain provider that is obviously being abused by the people behind this campaign. All of the rogue domains used are hosted on the same IP address."


.tv (TV channel)
.tv (formerly The Computer Channel, pronounced as Dot TV and referred to on-screen as .tv - the technology channel) was a British television channel dedicated to technology. .tv was owned and operated by British Sky Broadcasting. The channel first broadcast on 1 September 1996 and broadcast between 18:00 and 20:00. The broadcasting hours were increased to midday-midnight when the channel started broadcasting on British Sky Broadcasting's digital satellite platform, Sky Digital in 1998. In 1999 the channel interviewed then Microsoft CEO Bill Gates.


.tv (TV channel)
Towards the end of its run, .tv implemented several new shows heavily sponsored by online technology store dabs.com, promoting products which were available at that site. .tv was closed on 2 September 2001 because of low audience ratings. Most of the programmes were produced by Hewland International.


.tv (TV channel), Programming
Buyers Guide, Masterclass and Chips with Everything were repeated as omnibus editions (the weekday editions broadcast as one programme) on weekends.


.tw
.tw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Taiwan. The domain name is based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code TW. The registry is maintained by the Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC), a Taiwanese non-profit organization appointed by the National Communications Commission (NCC) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Since 1 March 2001, TWNIC has stopped allowing itself to sign up new domain names directly, instead allowing new registration through its contracted reseller registrars.


.tw
The current reseller registrars are as follows: Chunghwa Telecom, Chunghwa Int'l Communication Network Co., Ltd., FarEasTone, Taiwan Mobile, Asia Pacific Telecom, PC Home, Net-Chinese, TISNet, IP Mirror, Webnic, Neulevel.


.tw, Internationalized ccTLDs
ICANN assigned two Internationalized country code top-level domains (IDN ccTLDs) for Taiwan on 25 June 2010:


.tw, Internationalized ccTLDs
Presently in November 2019, and since at least November 2015 (), the simplified suffix is a DNAME alias for the traditional suffix. As a result any subdomain of the traditional xn--kpry57d TLD automatically has a CNAME alias from the simplified xn--kprw13d TLD. The traditional suffix is in active use.


.tw, Second-Level Domains
Registrations under .tw are possible in second-level space or under various domains as third-level domains:


.tw, Second-Level Domains
Domain names in Chinese characters may also be registered at the second level. Furthermore, any registrant of a standard domain name who has chosen a domestic registrar may automatically get two more domain names in Chinese characters in the following second-level domains: 網路.tw, 組織.tw and 商業.tw. These second-level domains correspond to net.tw, org.tw and com.tw, respectively.


.tw, Statistics
As of March 2017, around 8.31％ of the .tw domains are served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the cPanel, Inc. Certification Authority being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 47.60% of the .tw domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 20.31% of the total .tw domains.


.tz
.tz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tanzania. Registrations are at the third level beneath these second-level names:


.tz
Additional second-level names were added on Tuesday, 14 February 2012:


.týždeň
.týždeň (meaning Week in English) is a conservative weekly Slovak political news magazine that resides in Bratislava, Slovakia.


.týždeň, History and profile
.týždeň was first published in December 2004. Published weekly by W PRESS  S.A.,  the magazine focuses on topics relating to society, politics and culture. It is functional in shaping the public opinion in Slovakia. The visual content is one of its distinctive aspects.


.týždeň, History and profile
The editor-in-chief of .týždeň is Štefan Hríb. Journalists writing for .týždeň include Elena Akácsová, Peter Balik, Eva Čobejová, Marina Gálisová, Martin Hanus, Lukáš Krivošik, Juraj Kušnierik, Jozef Majchrák, and Francis Šebej.


.týždeň, History and profile
Vladimir Čečetka and Ladislav Rehak have been major shareholders of W PRESS since its inception. Fedor Gál is on the supervisory board of the company. In late 2007, he was joined by the publisher Stephen Meszlen (of Komárom printers) and Rudolf Zajac. Ladislav Rehak sold his shares.


.ua
.ua is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ukraine. To register first level (example) domainname.ua, the exact trademark (TM Domain Name) is required. It is not required for second level domains (.com.ua, .net.ua, etc. ).


.ua, Statistics
As of March 2017, around 10.78% of all the .ua domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Nginx is the most popular web server, serving 68.97% of the .ua domains, followed by Apache serving 17.75% of the total .ua domains.


.ua, Second-level domains
To remove the risk of cyber squatting, registration of second-level domains directly below .ua is restricted to owners of registered trade marks, who may register a domain name similar to that of the trade mark in question. However you can register third-level domains beneath some of the following:


.ua, Second-level domains
There are also second-level domains which are region-specific. These are less popular than the above list (making domain names more available) but they are sometimes restricted to organisations exclusively from within the region.


.ug
.ug is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uganda.


.ug, Disputes over administration
In 2014, Ugandan Members of Parliament called for an investigation after a revelation that a private firm, Infinity Computers and Communication Company (i3c, formerly known as Computer Frontiers), owned Uganda's top-level Internet domain. During a Finance Committee the MPs pressed ICT minister John Nasasira to explain how the private company came to own the domain, which could endanger national security.


.ug, Disputes over administration
The MPs resolved to contact the registrar of companies to furnish them with the details of the proprietors of i3c and asked the minister to explain the circumstances under which the company took over the domain.


.ug, Disputes over administration
Unlike countries like China which put restrictions on the domain purchasing process, Uganda ccTLD managers don't put any restriction on who can register domain names.


.uk
.uk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom. It was first registered in July 1985, seven months after the original generic top-level domains such as .com and the first country code after .us.


.uk
As of February 2016, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain worldwide (after .com, .cn, .de and .net), with over 10 million registrations.


.uk, History
In October 1984, RFC 920 set out the creation of ccTLDs using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. "GB" is the UK's ISO 3166 country code. However, the UK academic network Name Registration Scheme, JANET NRS, had defined "UK" as the top-level domain a few months before the compilation of the ISO-derived list. Consequently, .uk was chosen and registered on 24 July 1985. .gb was reserved but never widely used and it is no longer possible to register domains under that ccTLD.


.uk, History
As with other ccTLDs in the early days it was originally delegated by Jon Postel to a "trusted person" to manage. Andrew McDowell at UCL was assigned .uk, the first country code delegation. In time, he passed it to Willie Black at the UK Education and Research Networking Association (UKERNA). Originally, domain requests were emailed, manually screened by and then forwarded to the UK Naming Committee before being processed by UKERNA. Membership of this committee was restricted to a group of high-end ISPs who were part of a formal peering arrangement.


.uk, History
The Naming Committee was organised as a mailing list to which all proposed names were circulated. The members would consider the proposals under a ruleset that insisted that all domain names should be very close if not identical to a registered business name of the registrant. Members of the Naming Committee could object to any name, and if at least a small number of objections were received, the name was refused.


.uk, History
By the mid-1990s the growth of the Internet, and particularly the advent of the World Wide Web was pushing requests for domain name registrations up to levels that were not manageable by a group of part-time voluntary managers. Oliver Smith of Demon Internet forced the issue by providing the committee with a series of automated tools, called the "automaton", which formalised and automated the naming process end to end. This allowed many more registrations to be processed far more reliably and rapidly, and inspired individuals such as Ivan Pope to explore more entrepreneurial approaches to registration.


.uk, History
Various plans were put forward for the possible management of the domain, mostly Internet service providers seeking to stake a claim, each of which were naturally unacceptable to the rest of the committee. In response to this Black, as the .uk Name, stepped up with a bold proposal for a not-for-profit commercial entity to deal with the .uk domain properly. Commercial interests initially balked at this, but with widespread support Nominet UK was formed in 1996 to be the .uk Network Information Centre, a role which it continues to this day.


.uk, History
The general form of the rules (i.e. which domains can be registered and whether to allow second level domains) was set by the Naming Committee. Nominet has not made major changes to the rules, although it has introduced a new second level domain .me.uk for individuals.


.uk, History
Until 10 June 2014 it was not possible to register a domain name directly under .uk (such as internet.uk); it was only possible as a third-level domain (such as internet.co.uk).


.uk, History
However, some domains delegated before the creation of Nominet UK were in existence even before 10 June 2014, for example mod.uk (Ministry of Defence), parliament.uk (Parliament), bl.uk and british-library.uk (the British Library), nls.uk (the National Library of Scotland), nhs.uk (The National Health Service), and jet.uk (UKAEA as operator of the Joint European Torus experimental fusion tokamak).


.uk, History
Currently management of the .uk domain name is delegated by IANA to Nominet UK. It is possible to directly register a domain name with Nominet UK at £80+VAT as of 2021, but it is faster and cheaper to do it via a Nominet-accredited domain registrar costing in the region of £10+VAT in 2021.


.uk, .uk right of registration
New registrations directly under .uk have been accepted by Nominet since 10 June 2014 08:00 BST, however there was a reservation period for existing customers who already had a .co.uk, .org.uk, .me.uk, .net.uk, .ltd.uk or .plc.uk domain to claim the corresponding .uk domain, which ran until 06:00 BST on 25 June 2019.


.uk, .uk right of registration
If a domain was registered before 23:59 UTC on 28 October 2013 the user had the rights to the equivalent .uk domain (providing there was no other corresponding .co.uk, .org.uk, me.uk, .ltd.uk, .plc.uk or .net.uk registered). For example, if 'your-company.co.uk' was held since 2 October 2013, the registrant of 'your-company.co.uk' had the reserved right of registering 'your-company.uk', up until 06:00 BST on 25 June 2019. 123-reg and NamesCo both created such domains for their customers for free but then began demanding payment in September 2019.


.uk, Second-level domains, Active
.co.uk, .ltd.uk, .me.uk, .net.uk, .nic.uk, .org.uk, .plc.uk and .sch.uk are managed by Nominet UK and except for .nic.uk are available for registration by the public (though they all carry various degrees of restrictions). Other second-level domains are managed by various government agencies, and generally more strongly controlled.


.uk, Allocation of domain names
Allocations are on a strict first-come, first-served basis to qualified applicants. There are no territorial restrictions: applicants need not have any connection to the UK other than those outlined below for .ltd.uk and other restricted domains.


.uk, Allocation of domain names
.co.uk is by far the most used of the domains, followed by .org.uk then .me.uk. .plc.uk and .ltd.uk are only rarely used. The number of new registrations for each of the different .uk domains on a month by month basis can be seen on the Nominet UK website.


.uk, Allocation of domain names
The intended restriction of .co.uk to companies is purely nominal; in practice it is open to any and all applicants. Likewise, whilst .org.uk is for organisations, there are no restrictions on registering domains. While .me.uk originally had no restrictions on registrants it has since been tightened up to require registrants to be natural persons (i.e. not companies, etc. ).


.uk, Allocation of domain names
However, registrants in .ltd.uk must be, and remain, private limited companies incorporated under the UK Companies Acts. In addition, names can only be registered if they correspond (in accordance with the algorithm in the rules of registration) with the exact company name, as recorded at the companies registry at Companies House. The same conditions apply for public limited companies which wish to use a .plc.uk domain name. Neither of these domains is widely used.


.uk, Allocation of domain names
.net.uk is more open, but the Nominet regulations still mean that a registrant must be an ISP, or a similar body, and that the domain is not used for providing services to end-users. .nic.uk, however, is limited solely to domains operated by Nominet.


.uk, Allocation of domain names
.ac.uk domains are intended for the use of higher education institutions and further education colleges, and are also used by some academic support bodies such as the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service public research establishments, and learned societies such as the Royal Society. Primary and secondary education uses .sch.uk.


.uk, sch.uk
Unusually, .sch.uk domains are allocated at the fourth level, with the third level being taken up by the name of the local authority (LA, previously LEA or local education authority) e.g. schoolname.leaname.sch.uk. For example, the Little Ilford School in Newham has the domain name littleilford.newham.sch.uk and the West Exe School in Exeter, Devon has the domain name westexe.devon.sch.uk. Previously applications were made in the normal way, but after Nominet came to an arrangement with the education authorities, one domain per school was issued automatically. Those that had already used another domain were still given one and were able to redirect it to their main domain.


.um
.um was the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI), which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing that role.


.um
In January 2007, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers reportedly dropped the .um domain from the master list of domain names in response to the domain's being unused and USC-ISI's desire to divest itself of responsibility for the domain. In November 2007 at the registry website of www.nic.um a message stated "Registration is CLOSED at this time. We are only accepting Registrar Accounts." Links to a brief description of each of the individual American islands were also given. In December 2007, registration was opened on an experimental basis with an "Annual Account Maintenance" fee of $1,200 and a $30 annual domain registration.


.um
Since the USC-ISI divested itself of this registry, in late 2006, EP.NET hosted USMIR and continued to administer it. According to the www.nic.um site at that time, the TLD was no longer affiliated with USC-ISI and had spun off the venture into an independent company, USMIR, which has the same contact information as that of the limited liability company EP.net. Accessing the website without the "www" subdomain returned a copy of the main site for EP.net.


.um
Some .um websites, like 'hotel.um' and 'co.um' appeared after the TLD registry opened; however, as of April 20, 2008, the .um domain has been removed from the DNS root zone. It appears ICANN took the action of removing .um from the root since USC-ISI requested this. Whether USMIR will refund domain owners is not known. According to the revocation report on the IANA website, the U.S. DOC has approved the removal and has also instructed ICANN not to reassign the domain without prior approval from the U.S. Department of Commerce.


.us
.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains.


.us, History
On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD. Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation).


.us, History
Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a "50/500 rule" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state.


.us, History
In June 1998, Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars, who would pass the costs along to individual registrants. In September 1998, the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of .us, as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue. On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign.


.us, History
On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us. A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities. Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007 and most recently in 2014.


.us, History
On March 31st, 2019, The .US registry made it clear that under its Acceptable Use Policy it would not allow the sale of opioids through the .US top level domain.


.us, Locality namespace
The .us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy. Until second-level registrations were introduced in 2002, .us permitted only fourth-level domain registrations of the form organization-name.locality.state.us, with some exceptions for government entities. Registrants of locality-based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the .us ccTLD. Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities, it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals. Since 2002, second-level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace, and many local governments have transitioned to .org and other TLDs. In the 2010s, the first top-level domains for U.S. cities became available as paid alternatives to third-level locality domains, including .nyc as an alternative to .new-york.ny.us.


.us, Locality namespace
Many locality-based zones of .us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers. Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager, rather than through GoDaddy. As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants, few if any domain name registrars serve this space, possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization. RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace's deep hierarchy and local delegation:


.us, Locality namespace
One concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically, and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management. Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning, but there has never been overplanning for growth yet.


.us, Locality namespace
This hierarchical system has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally.


.us, Locality namespace
As of October 31, 2013, 12,979 domains were registered under the locality namespace, of which 3,653 were managed by about 1,300 delegated managers while 9,326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager. According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers, 282 were state or local government agencies, while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers. Nearly 90% of the respondents offer domain registrations for free.


.us, Locality namespace
The .au and .ca ccTLDs have also established third- and fourth-level locality namespaces, though the .ca locality namespace is no longer open to registrations. The .cn ccTLD maintains a third-level locality namespace in general use.


.us, Locality namespace, States and territories
A two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia. Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation. For example, .ny.us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York, while .va.us is for those affiliated with Virginia. Second-level domains are also reserved for five U.S. territories: .as.us for American Samoa, .gu.us for Guam, .mp.us for the Northern Mariana Islands, .pr.us for Puerto Rico, and .vi.us for the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: respectively, .as, .gu, .mp, .pr, and .vi.


.us, Locality namespace, States and territories
A state's main government portal is usually found at the third-level domain state.state.us, which is reserved for this purpose. However, some state administrations prefer .gov domains: for example, California's government portal is located at  , while  redirects to Massachusetts's portal at . Fully spelled-out names of states are also reserved under .us, so the State of Ohio's website was at one point available at  in addition to the usual , with the former  remaining as a redirect. Other than for state governments, no third-level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second-level domains.


.us, Locality namespace, States and territories
A few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government:


.us, Locality namespace, Locality domains
A large number of third-level domains are reserved for localities within states. Each fourth-level domain registration under this namespace follows the format organization-name.locality.state.us, where state is a state's two-letter postal abbreviation and locality is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well-known atlas.


.us, Locality namespace, Locality domains
Two values of organization-name are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments:


.us, Locality namespace, Locality domains
Delegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments:


.us, Locality namespace, Locality domains
In some cases, a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the locality, omitting the organization-name. For example, the website of the City of Brunswick, Ohio, is located at  rather than www.ci.brunswick.oh.us, and the website of Delhi Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, is located at  instead of www.twp.delhi.oh.us.


.us, Locality namespace, Locality domains
Private organizations and individuals may register fourth-level domains parallel to these government domains, for example:


.us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces
Directly beneath the state.us zone, several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes:


.us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces
Some of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top-level domains. The first sTLD, .museum, became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the .mus namespace. Since April 2003, the .edu top-level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges, technical and vocational schools, and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the .cc or .tec affinity namespaces.


.us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces
Although the Kentucky Department of Education operates the .k12.ky.us namespace for Kentucky school districts, most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools.us, which the department operates in a similar manner. For example, Gallatin county schools have a website at , while Paducah Public Schools are located at  and the McCracken County Public Schools use  as a redirect to .


.us, Kids.us
The Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 (Pub.L.  ) established a .kids.us second-level domain. The general public could register third-level domains under .kids.us for educational content that met strict requirements, including conformance to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children's Advertising Review Unit standards. Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the .kids.us namespace. On July 27, 2012, in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year, the NTIA suspended .kids.us registrations. By that time, 651 domains were registered under .kids.us, and only six registrants were operating active websites.


.us, Restrictions on use of .us domains
Under .us nexus requirements, .us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities:


.us, Restrictions on use of .us domains
To ensure that these requirements are met, GoDaddy frequently conducts "spot checks" on registrant information.


.us, Restrictions on use of .us domains
To prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements, in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of .us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies, and that their contact information must be made public. Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions.


.us, Restrictions on use of .us domains
Under the locality namespace, delegated managers may impose additional requirements. For example, the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality.


.uy
.uy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uruguay. Domain names can be registered at second-level or at third-level. As of 11 June 2012, second level .uy registrations are possible.


.uz
.uz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uzbekistan. Registry services were formerly operated by  GmBH, but were later redelegated to UZINFOCOM. Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but the former registry also advertised the availability of registrations at the third level beneath co.uz and com.uz, and some domain names under other second-level names such as org.uz also exist.


.uz
In Latvia, .uz is used as short-link address — ej.uz, which means "go to".


.uz
.uz has an A record and had a HTTP server since at least 1997.


.uz, Second-level domains
The table of second-level domains of the .uz domain zone, terms of use, requirements, regulated users, domain categories.


.uz, History
The top-level domain .UZ  was first created and delegated on April 29, 1995 by the IANA-based University of the Informatics Institute of Southern California to an individual named Alex Vostrikov from Tashkent. From 1995 to 2001, the domain "UZ" was registered free of charge for anyone. In 2001, the rights to administer the domain were transferred to a representative in Uzbekistan, Tomas LLC, under the management of Euracom Equipment GmBH. After the appeal of the Uzbek Agency of Post and Telecommunications in December 2002, ICANN and IANA decided to re-delegate the right to manage the ccTLD to the UZINFOCOM Center (now the Single Integrator UZINFOCOM), which is currently the administrator of the ccTLD "UZ".


.uz, History
On April 29, 2020, the national domain UZ celebrated its 25th anniversary


.uz, History
On April 28, 2021, the top-level domain .UZ wa signed using DNSSEC technology


.uz, Domains registration
Initially, the domain name "UZ" was issued free of charge until 2001. Then the registrar LLC "Tomas" took $89 per year for domain registration, with its subsequent reduction. In 2002, the price was reduced to $78, and from January 2003 - to $50 per year, and until 2005 it was $40. At the moment, the average price for domain registration in the "UZ" zone is 25,000 soums. The decline in prices began thanks to the emergence of six more official registrars since 2005. Currently, almost 92000 active domains are registered in the domain zone.


.uz, Domains registration
In September 2019, to protect domain owners from cybersquatting, the Redemption Period service was introduced, thanks to which the former domain owners, after the expiration of the registration period, have the right to redeem the expired domain in their own name.


.uz, Domain registrars
Domain registration is carried out in accordance with the "Regulations on the procedure for registration and use of domain names in the UZ domain" by legal entities that have acquired the right to work in the UZ domain.


.uz, Domain registrars
Currently, there are 25 accredited registrars of the "UZ" domain in Uzbekistan, 8 of them are state unitary enterprises "Computerization Center" under regional khakimiyats (administrations).


.uz, Domain registrars
Registrars register domains for a period of 1 to 10 years.


.va
.va is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City. It is administered by the Internet Office of the Holy See.


.va, Background
The .va top-level domain was created in 1995 by the Archbishop John Patrick Foley of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications. The website Vatican.va went live on Christmas day of 1995.


.va, Description
Name and email servers within the .va namespace include john.vatican.va (DNS and email), michael.vatican.va (DNS), paul.vatican.va (email), lists.vatican.va (email), and vatiradio.va (email).


.va, Websites
There are 23 easily found names starting with "www" in the va zone, listed below. There are many more subdomains for email only


.vc
.vc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Registration is open worldwide, and it has been used for a variety of sites not necessarily related to that location; it can also be seen as standing for "Venture Capital", "Ventura County", "Version Control", "Video Conferencing", or other things, like an informal, but common, abbreviation of "você" (lit. 'you', in Portuguese). In this way, ".com.vc" could be understood in Portuguese like ".with.you" would be in English. .vc is sometimes mistaken for being the ccTLD of the Vatican City State, which is .va.


.vc
On October 31, 2000, the .VC registry operations contract was awarded to Tucows by the government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Tucows serviced .VC through their Liberty RMS wholly owned subsidiary. On March 25, 2002, Afilias acquired Liberty RMS from Tucows, and the binding registry operations contract for the .VC ccTLD was assigned to Afilias by Tucows. Afilias is the current .VC ccTLD registry operator. .VC names began to be registered by the public on July 9, 2002 and began resolving in August, 2002.


.ve
.ve is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Venezuela.


.ve
On 3 March 2009 the ISO 3166-1 code for Venezuela changed to reflect the VE used for the ccTLD.


.ve
Registrations are allowed without restrictions, only at the third level:


.ve
Internationalized domain names are available using the following Spanish characteres: á, é, í, ó, ú, ü, and ñ.


.ve
A number of second-level domain names are in place, i.e., cha.ve, internet.ve, ipv6.ve, nic.ve


.vg
.vg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the British Virgin Islands. Because it allows registration at the second level, and does not require the registrant to be associated with the British Virgin Islands, it has also been used by piracy related websites such as The Pirate Bay, and video gaming related blogs and websites.


.vg, March 2013 dispute over ownership of the .vg, .tc, and .gd registries
In March 2013 domain name registrars such as GoDaddy stopped accepting new registrations for .vg, .gd, and .tc domain names. This is the result of a dispute over the ownership and control of AdamsNames Ltd., which had been the accredited registry by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for those top level domains. A former partner of AdamsNames Ltd. created a new company, Meridian TLD, which claimed to be the new accredited registry.


.vg, March 2013 dispute over ownership of the .vg, .tc, and .gd registries
On 10 April 2014, the zone was re-delegated by IANA to KSregistry. The sponsoring organization was re-delegated to The Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Virgin Islands (TRC). All changes that were made in the .vg zone after 8 March 2013 were lost as Meridian TLD did not cooperate by giving the zone file to KSregistry. After the re-delegation there was a one-month window where KSregistry-accredited registrars would be able to update, renew, or delete domain names from 15 April 2014, 10:00 UTC to 11 May 2014, 23:59 UTC. After 12 May 2014, 10:00 UTC, KSregistry would allow new domains to be registered.


.vi
.vi is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the U.S. Virgin Islands.


.vi, Second-level domains
Second level domains (of more than 2 characters) are allowed, but only for Virgin Island companies or residents. Third level domains are less restricted.


.vi, Second-level domains
Third level registrations are available in .co.vi, .org.vi, .com.vi, .net.vi, and .k12.vi.


.video
.video is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name suggests the intended use by producers, bloggers, videographers to showcase pod-casts to broadcasts, reach out and create an instant recall value.


.vlaanderen
.vlaanderen is a generic top-level domain for Flanders, Belgium first introduced in 2014.


.vlaanderen, History
In mid-2011, ICANN, the umbrella organization for domain names, decided that organizations could apply for their own top-level domain (TLD). In addition to the existing country codes such as .be and generic extensions such as .com, extensions such as .ibm, .shop or .limburg were also possible. The first applications could be submitted to ICANN from January 12, 2012. This expansion is particularly interesting for brands, but also for geographical, ethnic and linguistic organizations and institutions. All newly created extensions belong to the group of gTLDs or 'generic Top Level Domains', as opposed to the country codes, which has consequences for their management. DNS.be was immediately one of the candidates to drive the geographical gTLDs.


.vlaanderen, History
At the beginning of 2012, the Flemish and Brussels governments respectively assigned the management of the gTLDs .vlaanderen and .brussels to DNS.be. DNS.be prepared and submitted the application file for ICANN. After approval, it is responsible for technical and commercial exploitation for 10 years. The formula chosen for the partnership is that of the service concession.


.vlaanderen, History
In 2012, three applications were submitted to ICANN for generic top-level domains for Belgium. These places were raffled, putting .gent in the 1,021th place, .vlaanderen in the 1,416th place and .brussels in the 1,518th place. Because ICANN handles about 1000 applications per year, it was already bet on a commissioning in 2014.


.vlaanderen, History
In 2013, after the extension was officially approved, criticism of the name came from the Flemish business community. A survey of 291 Flemish companies by BeCommerce revealed that 73% of companies were critical of a new top-level domain. On the other hand, a survey by the Flemish government in 2013 showed that 62% of the 258 municipalities are positive about the new extension.


.vlaanderen, History
On 7 February 2014, DNS Belgium (now renamed) signed the contract with ICANN for the management of .vlaanderen and .brussels


.vlaanderen, History
ICANN reported on March 21 that year that the applications for .vlaanderen and .brussels have passed the technical tests.


.vlaanderen, History
On June 18, 2014, ICANN announced that .vlaanderen and .brussels have been delegated. Specifically, this means that they have been added to the DNS root zone. As a result, the first URLs with these new extensions also exist: nic.vlaanderen and nic.brussels.


.vlaanderen, History
On July 9, 2014, ICANN approved the startup information. That is the information about the different launch phases and their timing.


.vlaanderen, History
This also means that all data of the different phases are officially recorded:


.vlaanderen, History
At the end of January 2016, the number of registrations stood at approximately 7000. About 1000 were allocated to institutions of the Flemish government and related organizations. As a result, the number fell short of government expectations.


.vn
.vn is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Vietnam.


.vn
The domain name registry for .vn is the Vietnam Internet Network Information Center (VNNIC). In 2003, the company Dot VN, Inc. signed an agreement with VNNIC allowing it to market the vn domain name abroad. Nowadays, a .vn domain mane can be registered from all over the world via a worldwide .vn accredited registrar system.


.vn
The number of national domain name ".vn" surpassed 500,000 domains, ranked first in Southeast Asia - ASEAN and ranked TOP 10 in Asia - Pacific region in terms of number of domain names maintained in use.


.vn
.vn domain names with 1 or 2 characters are registered through an auction.


.vn
There are 43 1-character .vn domain names, including: 36 domain names with a plain ASCII character(a, b, c, .. .x, y, z, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. 7, 8 , 9.vn) and 7 domain names with a Vietnam-specific character (â, ă, đ, ê, ô, ơ, ư.vn). There are 1296 2-character domain names with a combination of ASCII characters (a0, a1, a2, ..., z7, z8, z9.vn).


.vn, Second-level domains
The .vn domain name may be registered as a ccTLD or country code second-level domain (ccSLD). Below is a list of ccSLDs under the .vn domain name.


.vu
.vu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Vanuatu.


.vu
While .vu domains were initially given away for free to any person requesting one, they are now being sold commercially as is common practice for other top-level domains.


.wales
.wales is one of two geographic top level domains for Wales (the other being .cymru) which were put forth by Nominet UK in 2012. Final approval for both top level domains for Wales was granted by ICANN in June 2014.


.wales
A phased launch of the new domains was scheduled, with trademark holders being eligible to apply initially. General availability was expected by the spring of 2015. Early adopters of the domains include the Welsh Government and male voice choir Only Men Aloud!.


.web
web is a proposed top-level domain (TLD), that was created and assigned by an auction process to several bidding companies. It was awarded to Nu Dot Co LLC, which is primarily funded by Verisign.


.web, Auction
The right to operate the domain web was won at auction by Nu Dot Co LLC, which was chiefly funded by market-dominant Verisign, for a price of $135 million. The ICANN auction of last resort that started on July 27, 2016, completed on July 28, 2016. ICANN will keep the proceeds from this auction. TLD web will be added to the official root after ICANN awards the registry contract.


.web, Auction
Seven companies were bidding for the right to operate web:


.web, Delays
Although Nu Dot Co LLC won the rights to operate the web in 2016, the release of the domain has been postponed by a series of events.


.web, Delays
The release of gTLD web was initially postponed due to Ruby Glen, LCC. On August 8, 2016, they filed an amended complaint against ICANN, which began July 22, 2016. The major complaint was that Verisign planned to use Nu Dot Co LLC to acquire the web. The complaint was dismissed on November 28, 2016. However, the dismissal was appealed on December 20, 2016.


.web, Delays
The Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice opened an investigation concerning antitrust issues with ICANN on February 9, 2017. This investigation was closed on January 10, 2018.


.web, Delays
On February 23, 2018, applicant Afilias, who was the second highest bidder, requested documents from ICANN.


.web, Registry
web was operated as a prospective registry, but never worked in the official root, by Image Online Design 1995. It originated when Jon Postel, then running the top level of the Domain Name System basically single-handedly, proposed the addition of new top-level domains to be run by different registries. Since internet tradition at the time emphasized "rough consensus and running code", Christopher Ambler, who ran Image Online Design, saw this as meaning that his company could get a new TLD into the root by starting up a functional registry for it. After asking and receiving permission from IANA to do so, IOD  promoted web, but the TLD never worked on the internet as it failed to get ICANN approval.


.web, Registry
Since then IOD tried and failed to get their domain into the official root through several plans to admit new top-level domains. Several new-TLD plans in the late 1990s, including Postel's original proposal, failed to reach sufficient consensus among the increasingly contentious factions of the Internet to admit any new TLDs, including web. When ICANN accepted applications for new TLDs in 2000 which resulted in the seven new domains added soon afterward, IOD's application was not approved; all unapproved applications were rejected.


.web, Registry
A second round of new TLD assignments was conducted with new applications, and only for sponsored domains (generally intended for use by limited communities and run by nonprofit entities). The registry for web remained hopeful, however, that their application will eventually be approved. On May 10, 2007, ICANN announced the opening of public comments towards a new, third round of new gTLDs, a round in which IOD did not participate. One of these new TLD applicants will prevail and operate the web TLD which will resolve on the internet.


.web, Registry
At times IOD has claimed priority rights to the TLD string .web, although any legal basis for such a claim is questionable given that the United States Patent and Trademark Office has stated that top-level domains are not trademarkable in themselves. IOD does, however, have a registered trademark in the term "web". When, at various times, proposals were made to add a web domain not operated by IOD, they have objected, and to date, no such plans have been approved; an application by Afilias to operate a web domain was turned down in favor of their running .info instead.


.web, Registry
Vint Cerf, then chair of ICANN, noted that he recognized IOD's pioneering work in web, and felt that web should be held in reserve for IOD's application in the next round rather than be awarded to Afilias, preferring that they receive .info instead. Afilias is one of the seven applicants who will eventually operate web.


.web, Registry
The IOD web registry has in the past accepted registrations, and intended to allow them to continue in force after entering the root, although some commentators feel that ICANN ought to require them to discard existing registrations and proceed with a startup procedure as with other new TLDs, so as not to grant any legitimacy to unofficial registrations. No previous web registrations will have legal claim when the TLD goes live.


.web, Registry
On February 7, 2013, the United States District Court for the Central District of California approved a motion to dismiss the complaint from ICANN.


.web, Registry
Some movies used web domains for fictional companies. For example, Next Day Air has advertised on one of their trucks, www.nda.web. Skyfall advertises www.868000.web on the side of a taxi during a pursuit scene.


.wf
.wf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Wallis and Futuna Islands. This top-level domain is run by the AFNIC and registrations are open to all.


.wien
.wien is a top-level domain in the Internet for Vienna, Austria. It was approved by ICANN on October 28, 2013, and became available for public registration of second-level domains on February 11, 2014.


.wien
The intent of the domain is to create a unique, individual identity for citizens, companies, and institutions. It is designed to serve the needs of the community of the City of Vienna and to improve awareness of Vienna's historical heritage, and help economic growth. Among the first registrants was the Viennese Volksoper.


.wiki
.wiki is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.


.wiki, History
In June 2012, Top Level Design submitted an application to ICANN for the .wiki gTLD. On November 7, 2013, ICANN and Top Level Design entered into a "Registry Agreement", officially allowing the company to operate as the registry for .wiki. Following the acquisition, Ray King, CEO of Top Level Design, stated many people "from within [the domain] industry tell me that .wiki is their dark horse for a successful [g]TLD," because ".wiki" describes the site format. "So, when I go to craftbeer.wiki, I can expect a vibrant site with passionate folks discussing all things relevant to brewing beer. This is not the case with craftbeer.com or craftbeer.guru, where you could be accessing a storefront, a blog, a brewery tourguide or any number of things."


.wiki, History
In January 2014, .wiki was named one of the "Top 10 gTLDs to Watch in 2014" by ClickZ for having the "potential to provide great secure, shared workspaces for companies large and small". The application was delegated to the DNS root zone on February 19, 2014. By mid-March, Top Level Design had signed agreements with more than 120 domain name registrars to retail .wiki names. It was announced in May that the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization mostly known for hosting Wikipedia, would use "w.wiki" as a URL shortener. The Foundation also endorsed Top Level Design's proposal to ICANN's Registry Services Evaluation Process to unblock 179 two-letter strings representing language codes (all two-character strings are blocked under ICANN's standard Registry Agreement).


.wiki, History
.wiki domain registrations were available to only trademark holders until May 5; they became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. According to Domain Name Wire, more than 3,000 .wiki domains were registered on the first day of general availability.


.wiki, History
As part of the gTLD's launch, Top Level Design and YouGov released a report which concluded that nearly half of consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States have "little to no opportunity" to collaborate with their favorite brands online, and prefer brands that make online collaboration available to them. An additional fifteen percent of U.K. consumers wished they could collaborate with their favorite brands on future products.


.wiki, History
Finally, the report said nearly a quarter of U.K. and U.S. consumers want companies to solicit their ideas for future products and would contribute to a branded wiki "if they could make a difference to an organisation, brand, service or community they feel passionately about". King acknowledged his interest in promoting collaboration between companies and consumers, given the collaborative nature of wikis and Top Level Design's acquisition of the .wiki gTLD. He said of the study's findings:


.wiki, History
Consumers and businesses alike have long recognised the power and potential that the internet has to improve the products and services businesses offer, creating a better two-way dialogue between customers and their favourite brands... In reality, this research shows that most consumers feel that the opportunity to collaborate with most companies they love still doesn't yet exist.


.wiki, History
In July 2015, .wiki was included in a list of the "Top 20 Best New gTLDs Based on Quality", based on data gathered from more than 20,000 developed websites on new gTLD domains, as part of Globe Runner's New gTLD SEO Power Rankings Index.


.wiki, Purpose
In its 2012 application, Top Level Design stated that the purpose of the .wiki top-level domain would be "to create a designated Internet space for wikis. This [gTLD] will clearly identify wikis from among the millions of other websites populating the Internet, and allow Internet users to easily find wikis relevant to their interests. Wiki websites are a growing phenomenon on the Internet and an innovative, easy-to-use peer-production method of creating and presenting information.


.wiki, Purpose
They are generally open and editable and often community-driven; furthermore, individual wikis and the wiki platform are in constant flux in much the same way that the Internet as a whole is in flux. Wikis, like the broader Internet, are repositories of information that depend on each individual user to create value; they are meeting points and revolutionary ways to share ideas and knowledge; and they are both set to be expanded through the implementation of ICANN's New gTLD Program, and a .wiki [ gTLD] specifically. We believe a .wiki [ gTLD] is an intuitive and necessary addition to the collection of new gTLDs to be added as a result of the New gTLD Program."


.ws
.ws is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Samoa. It is administered by SamoaNIC, for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Samoa.


.ws
The .ws domain is an abbreviation for "Western Samoa", which was the nation's official name in the 1970s when two-letter country codes were standardized. Although there are no geographic restrictions on registration of most second-level .ws domains, .org.ws, .gov.ws, and .edu.ws registration is restricted.


.ws
Prior to March 14, 2008, .ws domains were not allowed to be transferred from one domain registrar to another.


.ws
The .ws country code has been marketed as a domain hack, with the ws purportedly standing for "World Site",  Web Site or Web Service, providing a "global" Internet presence to registrants, as it supports all internationalized domain names. Due to its potential popularity, a sliding scale of prices is operated by the registrar, depending on the brevity of the desired domain. Domains with four characters or more are competitively priced while three-, two-, and single-character domains have their own pricing tiers, quickly scaling into thousands of United States dollars. A company named "Global Domains International" operates a multi-level marketing scheme for .ws domain reselling.


.ws
In 2016, .ws gained popularity as one of the first domain name registries to offer emoji domains.


.ws
As of 2018, there are approximately 25,000 emoji domains registered on .ws.


.ws
Google treats the .ws ccTLD as a generic top level domain gTLD.


.wtf
.wtf is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) run by Donuts, a gTLD registry. It is derived from "WTF", an online acronym for "what the fuck? ".


.wtf
In June 2012, Ryan Singel of Wired predicted no one would ever set up the .wtf domain, but later that month an application for the domain was submitted to ICANN, and although in August 2012 the Saudi Arabian government objected to .wtf and 30 other newly proposed top-level domains, ICANN approved .wtf on 23 April 2014. Google indexed about 2,240,000 webpages with the .wtf domain.


.x
The .x file extension was introduced with DirectX 2.0 to contain files of the X file format; and DirectX 6.0 introduced methods that enable reading from and writing to .x files.


.x
It is a simple file containing geometry meshes and material information that can be viewed in the DirectX Viewer, a program available with the 2008 DirectX June SDK (Software Development Kit). Because the SDK provided the means to load and save assets in this format, it was often used as a simple way of getting assets into and out of game programs. As of 2014, the file format has been deprecated for a long timeand the interchange role is better served by a more modern format like Autodesk FBX.


.xk
.xk is a temporary, unofficial country code top-level domain for the Republic of Kosovo, assigned under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99.


.xk
XK falls under the ISO 3166-1 "alpha-2 user-assigned codes", which include AA, ZZ, QM to QZ and XA to XZ. This means it is reserved for private use and will not be permanently assigned to any entity – nor used as a country code top-level domain. Thus, its use is unofficial and temporary, until Kosovo is assigned its own alpha-2 country code.


.xxx
.xxx (pronounced "dot triple-ecks" or "dot ecks ecks ecks") is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) intended as a voluntary option for pornographic sites on the Internet. The sponsoring organization is the International Foundation for Online Responsibility (IFFOR). The registry is operated by ICM Registry LLC. The ICANN Board voted to approve the sTLD on 18 March 2011. It went into operation on 15 April 2011.


.xxx
The TLD entered its sunrise period on 7 September 2011 at 16:00 UTC; the sunrise period ended 28 October 2011. Landrush period lasted from 8 November through 25 November, and General Availability commenced on 6 December 2011.


.xxx, Background
A gTLD (generic top-level domain) for sexually explicit material was proposed as one tool for dealing with the conflict between those who wish to provide and access such material through the Internet, and those who wish to prevent access to it, either by children and adolescents, or by employees at their workplaces.


.xxx, Background
Advocates of the idea argue that it will be easier for parents and employers to block the entire TLD, rather than using more complex and error-prone content-based filtering, without imposing any restrictions on those who wish to access it. Editors of explicit content sites, however, were afraid that the use of a single TLD like .xxx would also make it easier for search engines to block all of their content.


.xxx, Background
Critics of the idea argue that because there is no requirement for providers of explicit content to use the TLD, sexually explicit material will still be commonplace in other domains, making it ineffectual at restricting access, and simply creating a new "landrush" as registrants of .com domains hosting explicit material attempt to duplicate their registrations in the .xxx domain, competing with operators who hope to register desirable names unavailable in other TLDs. There is also concern that the existence of .xxx will lead to legislation making its use mandatory for sexually explicit material, leading to legal conflicts over the definition of "sexually explicit", free speech rights, and jurisdiction.


.xxx, Background
There were also early indications that .xxx domain names will be registered not with the intent to focus on pornographic content, but to use the adult connotations as a benefit to a marketing strategy. An example is the registration of kite.xxx, which is aimed at the extreme sport of kitesurfing, thus benefiting from sexual connotations and innuendo for humor and promotional purposes. Another example of a .xxx domain name being registered without a focus on pornographic content was the registration of popebenedict.xxx, which contained pro-Islamic content despite being named after Pope Benedict XVI.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
The .XXX TLD was first proposed in 2000 by ICM Registry and resubmitted in 2004, but it faced strong opposition from politicians and conservative groups.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
ICANN announced on 1 June 2005 a preliminary approval of .xxx as an sTLD similar to .aero, .travel, etc. ICM said it would charge $60/year for domains. In December 2005, discussions about the implementation of .xxx were taken off the agenda of ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), placing its future in doubt. In its March 2006 meeting, the GAC formulated a letter of concern to the ICANN board about .xxx. On 10 May 2006, ICANN reversed the approval.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
On 6 January 2007, ICANN put up for public comment a revised proposal following changes to the policy of the ICM registry including the policing of any site that signs up to use the .xxx registry. On 30 March 2007, the ICANN board again rejected the .xxx proposal for the third time.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
On 6 June 2008, in accordance with ICANN bylaws, ICM filed an application with the International Centre for Dispute Resolution for an independent review challenging ICANN's decision. The filing became ICDR Case No. 50 117 T 00224 08, and in September 2009, a live hearing was held in Washington, DC, where both sides submitted documentary evidence and witness testimony. on 19 February 2010, the ICDR's independent review panel – consisting of Stephen M. Schwebel, Jan Paulsson and Dickran Tevrizian – issued its declaration.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
The panel found that the application for the ".XXX sTLD met the required sponsorship criteria," and that "the Board’s reconsideration of that finding was not consistent with the application of neutral, objective and fair documented policy". At the ICANN meeting in Nairobi in March 2010 the board resolved to consider "process options". A 45-day public comment was opened on 26 March 2010. At the Brussels ICANN meeting in June 2010, the ICANN board resolved to restart the process, including renewed due diligence and GAC consultations.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
On 18 March 2011, ICANN's board approved the execution of the registry agreement with ICM for the .xxx sponsored top level domain. The vote was nine in favor, four against, with three abstentions.


.xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry
ICM is expected to make over $200 million a year, with 3 to 5 million domain registrations, as companies are anticipated to defensively register their domains.


.xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits
On 16 November 2011, Manwin International, a pornography company that operates a large number of popular adult websites including YouPorn, filed a request for a second ICANN Independent Review Proceeding. In the request, Manwin asks that the .xxx delegation be voided, or, if not, put up to competition on renewal.


.xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits
On the same day Manwin, together with adult film studio Digital Playground, filed a suit in the Central District of California against ICM alleging antitrust and competition violations. Among the claims in the suit are that ICANN provided "no competitive process for the award of the .XXX registry contract" and that ICM CEO Stuart Lawley "has announced that he expects to be able (and intends) to prevent the establishment of any other (potentially competing) adult-content TLDs, including through a contractual promise by ICANN not to approve such TLDs".


.xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits
On 14 August 2012, Judge Philip S. Gutierrez granted in part and denied in part ICANN's motion to dismiss Manwin's claims and allowed the case against ICANN to move forward. On 10 May 2013, the case was voluntarily dismissed by the parties, likely due to private settlement.


.xxx, Opposition, Free Speech Coalition
The Free Speech Coalition opposed the domain, arguing it would "harm the adult entertainment business" by inviting censorship and blocking, while raising money for ICM without considering the "best interests of the industry".


.xxx, Alternative implementations
Starting in 2005, there was an alternative implementation of .xxx by New.net, a private domain registration service unaffiliated with ICANN, via an alternative DNS root. New.net no longer offers domain names under this unofficial TLD.


.xxx, Alternative implementations
Another unofficial .xxx TLD was previously available through the alternative DNS root system administered by the now-defunct AlterNIC.


.xyz
.xyz is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on June 2, 2014. The domain name came about both because the three letters are the last in the Latin-script alphabet, and to refer to people from Generations X, Y, and Z. XYZ.com and CentralNic are the registries for the domain.


.xyz, Adoption
In November 2015, .xyz reached 1.5 million domain name registrations, possibly boosted in part by Google's decision to use abc.xyz for its corporate (Alphabet Inc.) website, one of the first major corporations to use the domain. However, domain name registry VeriSign and others have claimed that domain name registrar Network Solutions gave away possibly hundreds of thousands of these names by placing them into customer accounts on an opt-out basis.


.xyz, Adoption
As of January 2016, .xyz was the sixth most registered domain name on the Internet. As of June 2016, .xyz was the fourth most registered global top-level domain (gTLD) name on the Internet, after .com, .net, and .org.


.xyz, 1.111B Class
On June 1, 2017, .XYZ launched the 1.111B class .xyz domains which are cheap domains priced at $0.99 per year and renewed at the same price. They are 6-digit, 7-digit, 8-digit, and 9-digit numeric combinations between 000000.xyz – 999999999.xyz. Daniel Negari, CEO of .XYZ said that it is for bringing competition, choice, and innovation to the market.


.ye
.ye is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Yemen.


.ye, .YE regulations
In order to register a .YE domain, you must have a company registered in Yemen. However, some registrars provide a local presence service for non-Yemeni clients. Domain names also need to be hosted in the Republic of Yemen.


.ye, Second top domain
A second top domain will be used for the Republic of Yemen, intended for domain names in the local language. The string اليمن (al-Yaman) was registered and approved for this purpose in March 2011, but it was not activated and lower level domains were not granted at that time.


.yt
.yt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mayotte, a part of the registry for France. The official registry address nic.yt redirects to the French registry site, AFNIC. Registrations, which had been suspended, resumed in December 2011.


.yu
.yu was the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was assigned to SFR Yugoslavia in 1989 and was mainly used by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its successor states after 1994. After Serbia and Montenegro acquired separate .rs and .me domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired in 2010.


.yu, History
The .yu ccTLD was assigned originally to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the University of Maribor and the Jožef Stefan Institute, which were located in Slovenia. Computer scientist, Borka Jerman Blažič, registered the domain in 1989, which allowed Yugoslavia to have an Internet connection.


.yu, History
When the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved, Slovenia and Croatia registered their own ccTLDs (.si and .hr). Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but was under international sanctions at the time because of ongoing Yugoslav wars. The old .yu domain registry had been left in Slovenia, and the domain became a succession matter when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the University of Belgrade in Serbia, which had requested they do so.


.yu, History
In 1994, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. After that, the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade.


.yu, History
The FR Yugoslavia renamed itself Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD .cs was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that did not correspond to a current ISO 3166-1 two-letter code.


.yu, History
The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in July 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code CS to RS. The new domains .rs for Serbia and .me for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.


.yu, History
In September 2007 ICANN resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names, operators of the new .rs domain registry. A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009. However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months away. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010. All .yu websites were wiped out, including historical ones.


.yu, Former use of .yu domains
All of the domains directly under .yu were reserved for legal entities only. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well as Internet service providers. The Serbian Orthodox Church was also allowed to use .yu domain.


.yu, Former use of .yu domains
Montenegrin websites often used subdomain .cg.yu which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which registered the domain, making it a popular option for those who opt not to register a domain for their website.


.yu, In the media
The domain is part of the story in the film, From Yu to Me (2013).


.za
.za is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Africa. The .za namespace is managed and regulated by the .za Domain Name Authority (ZADNA). Most domains are registered under the second-level domain .co.za.


.za
ZA hails from the Dutch name for the country: Zuid-Afrika.


.za, Management
None of the official names for South Africa can be abbreviated to ZA, which is an abbreviation of the Dutch Zuid-Afrika. Dutch was considered an official language in the Union of South Africa until 1961; it subsequently lost its synonymous status with Afrikaans in 1983. Suid-Afrika is the standard spelling in Afrikaans, but the .sa domain is used by Saudi Arabia. Zuid-Afrika has a history of usage: the international vehicle code for South Africa has been "ZA" since 1936. ZAR serves as the ISO 4217 currency code for the South African rand. South African aircraft registration prefixes also start with Z.


.za, Second-level domains, Former (deleted)
ZADNA removed a number of domains from the .za zone on 7 August 2009:


.za, Statistics
Currently around 29.39% of the .za internet is served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 66.56% of the .za domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 11.60% of the total .za domains. The most common 1st character in domain names is "c", with 10.76% of .za domains starting with this character.


.zm
.zm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zambia. Registrants of .zm domains must "have a presence in Zambia".


.zm, Second-level domains
Registrants are required to register domains at the third level under an existing second-level domain (SLD). There are eleven second-level domains:


.zm, Second-level domains
The designations above are assumed based on observed practices and standard conventions, as ZICTA (the ccTLD registry) do not maintain online documentation codifying this. Most entities will generally register either a .co.zm or .org.zm domain, if they choose to use the ccTLD rather than a generic top-level domain.


.zm, Second-level domains
The one documented exception to the requirement to register at the third level is that "registered ISPs" may register at the second level—e.g., . However, there are several undocumented variances to this rule—e.g., the Bank of Zambia's domain is , and the regulator (ZICTA) operates under .


.zm, Registrars
ISPs are required to be registered with ZICTA, and only registered ISPs may be accredited as registrars. ZICTA lists ISPs on their website.


.zr
.zr is the former Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zaire. When Zaire was renamed to Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997, .zr was phased out and .cd took its place. In 2001, .zr was deleted.


.zw
.zw (zimbabwe) is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zimbabwe.


.zw
Although no registry Web site is shown in the IANA whois listing, at least .co.zw registrations are presently being taken by the Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association, whose charter claims that one of the purposes of the organization's founding was to oversee the .zw domain.


.zw
.ac.zw registrations are being taken by the University of Zimbabwe. Applications are handled by this institution's Computer Centre. As with the general norm, .ac.zw registrations are for academic institutions.


.zw
.org.zw registrations are taken by the country's fixed telecommunications provider, TelOne. These are intended for use by NGOs, individuals and such like organisations but any restrictions are not clear.


.бг
The domain name .бг (romanized as .bg; abbreviation of Bulgarian: България, tr. Bălgarija) is an internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Bulgaria. The ASCII DNS name of the domain would be xn--90ae, according to rules of the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications procedures.


.бг
It has previously been rejected by ICANN twice, due to its visual similarity to Brazil's .br, but in 2014 an ICANN panel determined that .бг is not confusingly similar to ISO 3166-1 country codes. The panel compared the two Cyrillic characters in several fonts to the Latin br, bt, bs, BT and BF.


.бел
The domain name бел (abbreviation of Belarusian: Беларусь, transliterated: Belarus, English: Belarus) is an approved internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Belarus. Activisation of the domain was finished in late 2014. The Latin domain for Belarus is .by.


.мкд
.мкд (Punycode .xn--d1alf) is the internationalized Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for North Macedonia. It is administered by The Macedonian Academic Research Network (MARnet). In November 2012, MARnet announced that the agency was planning to introduce a national Cyrillic domain. Additionally, the agency started with the process of gathering proposals from the Macedonian citizens about the form of the domain which will be applied for official registration. The call started on 19 November 2012 and ended on 3 December 2012. The Cyrillic domain needs to contain letters of the country's name. On 3 December, MarNet has choose six proposals (.мкд, .мак, .македонија, .рмкд, .рм and .рмак). In this second phase of the process, the Macedonian citizens  voted for the final Macedonian Cyrillic domain. The winning proposal was officially announced in January 2013.


.мкд, Final results
In the final phase of choosing the national Cyrillic domain, there were six domains. During the voting period 2,288 votes were registered and the final results were announced on the official MARnet website.


.мкд, Final results
The Cyrillic domain .мкд was officially approved and registered on 20 March 2014.


.мон
.мон is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mongolia. It is administered by .MN Registry, Datacom. The domain name is composed of the consonants in the three first letters of the country name. The .МОН registry is operated under the thick registry model. Administrative, billing, technical and registrant contacts are required. In 2012 a new top domain was registered for Mongolia, intended for domain names in the Mongolian language. Registrations for the domain opened in May 2014. The first site  became active during that month.


.рф
The domain name .рф (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossíyskaya Federátsiya) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name xn--p1ai. The domain accepts only Cyrillic subdomain applications, and is the first Cyrillic implementation of the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) system. The domain became operational on 13 May 2010. As of 2014 it is the most used internationalized country code top-level domain, with around 900,000 domain names.


.рф, Character set
The Cyrillic letters рф stand for Российская Федерация (transliterated as Rossijskaja Federacija / Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), the Russian Federation. The domain has an ASCII representation of xn--p1ai derived as Punycode for use in the Domain Name System.


.рф, Character set
The domain is intended for Internet resources with names in the Russian language using Cyrillic.


.рф, Character set
A principle in the approval process of ICANN Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) states that Cyrillic two-character top-level domains should not exclusively use characters that could be confused with Latin characters of identical or similar shapes—not just those containing the seven letters а, е, о, р, с, у and х, but originally also proposed ccTLDs such as .бг (Bulgaria) due to its visual similarity to .br, although in 2016 the top-level domain .бг was launched.


.рф, Character set
As such, GNSO sought to avoid the direct transcription of "ru" into Cyrillic, "ру", and common abbreviations for Russia (Russian: Россия), such as "ро", in order to avoid confusion with the Latin ccTLDs .py (Paraguay) and .po (currently unassigned). In English sources .рф can be romanized as .rf, but the latter is not a valid domain for Russia. Later, other countries have won approval of two or three letter Cyrillic ccTLDs such as .укр, .срб, .мон, .қаз, .бел, .мкд and .бг.


.рф, Early preparations
The preparation, development, and technical testing of the domain started in 2007 by registrar RU Center. The domain delegation process started in November 2009 as an application to ICANN under the new Fast Track IDN ccTLD process. The domain is expected to be launched in 2010. In preparation for a launch, RU Center opened a sunrise registration period for Russian trademark owners from 25 November 2009 to 25 March 2010. General public registrations are planned starting 20 April 2010 through June 2010 using a Dutch auction process, and at a fixed price beginning in July 2010.


.рф, Early preparations
In January 2010 ICANN announced that the domain was one of the first four new non-Latin ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.


.рф, Early preparations
In a press release in December 2007, Alexei Lesnikov of RU-Center suggested that an auction for domain names could be highly successful, as was the case with a similar domain name auction on the .su ccTLD.


.рф, Early preparations
With comparisons being made with an equivalent Chinese TLD of .中国, it was anticipated that take-up of a Russian Cyrillic TLD could outstrip demand for the Latin alphabet equivalent, .ru. As of 2014 however, .ru has five times as many registrations as .рф.


.рф, First use
The top-level domain became operational on the Internet on 13 May 2010. The first two accessible sites were  (president) and  (government).


.рф, Related domains
The traditional country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Russia, based on the ISO country codes, is ru. There is no direct mapping of subdomains between рф and ru, they are independent domains hosting potentially different resources. However, many resources may use URL redirection or DNS pointers to provide mapping between the name spaces. For example, the URLs http://президент.рф (prezident.rf) and http://kremlin.ru point to the identical resource, and http://яндекс.рф (Yandex) redirects to http://www.yandex.ru.


.рф, Second-level domains
The second-level domain names are registered directly with user-defined names, such as company names. There are no standardized category names (such as com or org) used on the second level. The second-level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third-level names, it is fairly common that "www" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third-level name.


.срб
.срб (romanized as .srb; abbreviation of Serbian: Србија/Srbija) is the Internationalised (Cyrillic) Internet country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Serbia. It has been active since May 3, 2011.


.срб
The Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS) has initiated on its forum (www.forum.rnids.rs) a public discussion on the Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain “.срб”.


.срб
The Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain “.срб” is available on the forum of RNIDS. It regulates the registration of the sub-domain “.срб” and the reservation of other domains for the needs of RNIDS, the reservation of the “.срб” domain for the needs of the state, the reservation of the “.срб” domain based on the current .rs domain names and the allocation of the unique code to each and every reserved “.срб” domain.


.срб
The Rule book also determines the period for assigning the ".срб" domain according to the priority right, after which the period of free registration of the ".срб" domain will commence, based on the same or similar rules now applicable for the .rs domain.


.срб
The process of registering the Cyrillic domain ".срб" had been expected to commence in the second half of 2011, but is postponed and it was started on 27 January 2012, due to some technical issues considering the documentation.


.срб
".срб" has, in many fonts, a very similar appearance to the Latin alphanumeric .cp6, which is not registered as a TLD. Similarly proposed TLDs .бг (for Bulgaria) and .ελ (for the Greece) have been rejected or stalled because of this problem, but ".срб" has not. The general policy for internationalized TLDs is to require at least one of the letters in a TLD to not resemble a Latin letter; 6 is a numeric digit (not a Latin letter) and is not used in any TLDs. Furthermore, though б appears similar to a 6 in most Cyrillic alphabets, it does not in Serbian, where it more closely resembles Greek lowercase delta (δ), see the relevant section in the article on the letter б.


.укр
The domain name .укр (romanized as .ukr; abbreviation of Ukrainian: Україна, tr. Ukrayina) is an approved internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Ukraine. It is a common abbreviation used in Ukraine, as in Ukrbank and Ukrnafta.


.укр, History
In June 2008 the ICANN approved a document that foresees the introduction of high-level domain names in Cyrillic and other national non-Latin alphabets.


.укр, History
On November 17, 2009 Ukraine initiated an application to ICANN for assignment of the Cyrillic top-level domain name 'укр'. Already in December 2008 the Company Center for Internet names of Ukraine had announced the registration of domain names in two new top-level domains 'укр' and 'блог' (transliterated: bloh). The full set of required documents was submitted to ICANN on November 26, 2009 by the Ukrainian Network Information Center (UNIC). Ukraine was one of the first countries that applied for the creation of domains in their native writing system, following Russia, Egypt and China.


.укр, History
The domain was expected to be available in the first half of 2010 since assignment of top-level domain takes about a month. In November 2009 UNIC Director Yuriy Honcharuk expected the new domain to start operating on the Internet in February–March 2010.


.укр, History
On March 1, 2011, ICANN announced that the .укр domain had passed string evaluation, the step before delegation.


.укр, History
.укр was approved by the ICANN Board on February 28, 2013. The zone was added to the root servers on March 19, 2013. The very first two domains were тест.укр (xn--e1aybc.xn--j1amh) and уміц.укр (xn--l1ank7d.xn--j1amh). In Ukrainian "тест" stands for "test", and "уміц" stands for "Український Мережевий Інформаційний Центр", Ukrainian Network Informational Centre. According to UNIC Director Honcharuk, registration of .укр domain names could begin in the summer of 2013. Registration is allowed both in Russian and in Ukrainian. The .укр registration of domains of Ukrainian government agencies in the Ukrainian language began on 22 August 2013. On 21 August 2013 the first such site got active — президент.укр (president.ukr). Before the end of 2013, many sites were active.


.укр, History, Doubts about registration
In June 2008 President Oleksandr Olshansky of the Ukrainian Internet company Internet Invest considered it unlikely that .укр would be assigned by ICANN. According to Olshansky the existing rules for non-Latin domain names stipulate that at least one letter should differ in the shape from the corresponding Latin character. The country name Україна (Ukraine) does not contain any letter whose shape does not exist in any Latin language. In November 2009 UNIC Director Yuriy Honcharuk had stated there were no technical issues preventing the assignment of this Cyrillic domain. Latin ccTLDs contain two letters, whereas .укр contains three, which makes it recognizably distinct, especially with the lack of any such suffix as ".ykp".


.қаз
.қаз (abbreviation of Kazakh: Қазақстан, tr. Qazaqstan) are the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kazakhstan, .қаз ("qaz") for Kazakhstan is now active. It is  used with web addresses using Cyrillic letters. It was launched in March 2012, when the first site, a test site ("test.qaz") was activated.


.қаз
Own second level domains are allowed, but there are also the following standardized second-level domains:


.қаз
Some second-level domains have been reserved in a prioritized manner, such as президент.қаз ("prezident.qaz"). Between May 1, 2012 to July 31, 2012, companies and trademark holders could apply for their names.


.қаз, Notes
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.қаз, Notes
This article about media in Kazakhstan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.հայ
.հայ (Armenian: Հայ, translit. hay, hye) is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Armenia, designated for two-letter country code AM, intended for domain names in the Armenian language.


.հայ, Information
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) made a decision on November 20, 2014 to register the .հայ domain name. Support for .հայ Armenian language domain names is intended to promote the use of the Armenian keyboard globally, drive support for Armenian fonts on modern mobile devices, and generally promote use of the Armenian language online.


.հայ, Information
A report published by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) which works with the US government and ICANN stated that, "as the current operator of .AM ccTLD, the application has provided satisfactory details on the technical and operational infrastructure and expertise that will be used to operate the .հայ domain."


/ (Person of Interest)
"/" (also known as "Root Path") is the 17th episode of the third season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 62nd overall episode of the series and is written by co-executive producer David Slack and directed by Jeffrey Lee Gibson. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on March 18, 2014.


/ (Person of Interest)
The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "The Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, Root is completing tasks for the Machine in order to help a janitor. Coincidentally, Finch has also been notified that the janitor is their new number. The role of the janitor further expands the development of "Samaritan".


/ (Person of Interest)
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 10.64 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received critical acclaim, with critics praising the writing, action scenes and Amy Acker's performance.


/ (Person of Interest), Plot
in Champaign, Illinois, Root (Amy Acker) hijacks a prison bus and releases an inmate, Billy Parsons (Colin Donnell), per instruction from the Machine. She then gives him a fake ID so he infiltrates a government building posing as a United States Department of Defense and receives a note with an address. She then leaves Billy to be arrested by the police.


/ (Person of Interest), Plot
The Machine instructs Root to go to New York and locate a janitor at a bank, Cyrus Wells (Yul Vazquez). Surprisingly, Cyrus is willing to cooperate with her despite not knowing all the details. Root then finds Finch (Michael Emerson) on a bank, he tells her Cyrus is their new number. Finch tells Root to step aside as she will put Cyrus on danger but Root refuses and warns Finch to focus on Samaritan as it will pose a threat to the Machine.


/ (Person of Interest), Plot
Root and Cyrus go to his apartment to pack his things when Vigilance hitmen, led by Collier (Leslie Odom Jr.), arrive. Reese (Jim Caviezel) and Shaw (Sarah Shahi) hold off Vigilance but also discover that John Greer (John Nolan) and Decima Technologies also want Cyrus. Root and Cyrus escapes and Root has Cyrus arrested so he can be on a safe protection. She later uses a fake federal warrant to release him from Fusco (Kevin Chapman), who is forced to proceed with the release. Cyrus confesses to Root that he and his college friends founded a firm but a shooter killed his friends and he eventually became a janitor.


/ (Person of Interest), Plot
Greer locates Cyrus and Root on a park and interferes with signals so Root has no access to the Machine. Greer's men capture Cyrus while Reese unsuccessfully tries to stop them. Root then meets with Finch to show him the note she retrieved in Illinos; they deduce that Cyrus has access to a company named Maxwell Limited, which is controlled by the NSA and houses an advanced supercomputing chip that could activate Samaritan. Finch questions the relevancy of Cyrus compared to the chip and Root confesses that she is responsible for his college friends' deaths. She excuses her actions by stating that if Samaritan is activated, the whole team (including herself) will die.


/ (Person of Interest), Plot
Greer's men take Cyrus to Maxwell Limited where they gain access through Cyrus's Retinal scan. Greer then orders his men to kill Cyrus but Reese and Fusco shortly arrive to save him. After forcing a doctor to fix her right ear with a device, Root also arrives at Maxwell Limited. They save Cyrus but Decima fled with the chip. Cyrus thanks Root and leaves, although Root does not mention her involvement in his friends' deaths. Finch offers Root to work together in order to stop Samaritan but Root declines, leaving for Paraguay. The episode ends as the Machine keeps track of Samaritan's development and starts analyzing threats to the team.


/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "/" was seen by an estimated 10.94 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 3% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 10.64 million viewers with a 1.7/5 in the 18-49 demographics.


/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers
With these ratings, Person of Interest was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, behind NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS, second on its timeslot and seventh for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Growing Up Fisher, Chicago Fire, About a Boy, NCIS: Los Angeles, NCIS, and The Voice.