1043 Beate, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Beate is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


1044
Year 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.


1044 Teutonia
1044 Teutonia, provisional designation 1924 RO, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1924, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the land inhabited by the Teutonic people.


1044 Teutonia, Classification and orbit
Teutonia orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,510 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.


1044 Teutonia, Classification and orbit
The asteroid's observation arc begin 17 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its first identification as A907 EE at Taunton Observatory (803) in March 1907.


1044 Teutonia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
Images of the object made during 2007 were used to produce a light curve that gave a synodic period of 2.84 ± 0.04 h. However, a study made in 2006 gave a period of 3.153 ± 0.003, which can not yet be ruled out. The brightness of the object varied by 0.20 ± 0.03 in magnitude over the course of each rotation.


1044 Teutonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Teutonia measures between 15.20 and 17.929 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2449 and 0.3340. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3613 and a diameter of 15.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.


1044 Teutonia, Naming
This minor planet was named for the land once inhabited by the Teutons, a Germanic tribe that lived in what is now Jutland. The name was proposed by astronomer Gustav Stracke.


1045
Year 1045 (MXLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1045 Michela
1045 Michela, provisional designation 1924 TR, is an stony Massalian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers (4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 November 1924, by Belgian–American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in  Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. The S-type asteroid was named after the discoverer's daughter, Micheline van Biesbroeck.


1045 Michela, Orbit and classification
Michela is a member of the Massalia family (404), a very large inner belt asteroid family consisting of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days; semi-major axis of 2.36 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 0° with respect to the ecliptic.


1045 Michela, Orbit and classification
The asteroid's observation arc begins with its observation as 1953 VB2 at the Goethe Link Observatory in November 1953, or 29 years after to its official discovery observation.


1045 Michela, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Michela is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for Massalian asteroids.


1045 Michela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Michela measures 6.104 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo of 0.328.


1045 Michela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Michela has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.


1045 Michela, Naming
This minor planet was named after Micheline van Biesbroeck, daughter of the discoverer George Van Biesbroeck. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 99).


1046
Year 1046 (MXLVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1046 Edwin
1046 Edwin, provisional designation 1924 UA, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (20 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1924, by Belgian–American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States, who named it after his son, Edwin Van Biesbroeck. The potentially metallic asteroid has a short rotation period of 5.29 hours.


1046 Edwin, Orbit and classification
Edwin is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,882 days; semi-major axis of 2.98 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first recorded observation at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1926, or 15 months after its official discovery observation at Yerkes Observatory.


1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Edwin is an Xe-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the very bright E-type asteroid It has also been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).


1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Since 2001, several rotational lightcurves of Edwin have been obtained from photometric observations by American William Koff at the Antelope Hills Observatory (H09) in Colorado, Richard Ditteon at the Oakley Observatory in Indiana,  and French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini, René Roy and Stéphane Charbonnel.


1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini from November 2006, gave a rotation period of 5.2906 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3). While not being a fast rotator, it has a relatively short spin-rate for an asteroid of its size.


1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Edwin measures between 25.15 and 36.355 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1113 and 0.235.


1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1046 Edwin, Naming
This minor planet was named after Edwin Van Biesbroeck, son of discoverer George Van Biesbroeck. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 99).


1047
Year 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1047 Geisha
1047 Geisha, provisional designation 1924 TE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the British musical The Geisha.


1047 Geisha, Orbit and classification
Geisha is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days; semi-major axis 2.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1047 Geisha, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A916 HB at Heidelberg in April 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in November 1924.


1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Geisha is stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.


1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Geisha was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a somewhat longer-than-average rotation period of 25.62 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3-).


1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geisha measures between 9.96 and 10.729 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.277 and 0.30.


1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, namesake and parent body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 11.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.86.


1047 Geisha, Naming
This minor planet was named after the British musical The Geisha, a story of a tea house (1896). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).


10476 Los Molinos
10476 Los Molinos, provisional designation 1981 EY38, is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.9 kilometers (1.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 March 1981, by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The asteroid was named for the Los Molinos Observatory in Uruguay.


10476 Los Molinos, Orbit and classification
Los Molinos is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,289 days; semi-major axis of 2.32 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as 1978 NB3 at Crimea–Nauchnij in July 1978.


10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics
Based on its high albedo and its location within the asteroid belt, Los Molinos is an assumed S-type asteroid.


10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In August 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Los Molinos was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 267.906±1.9703 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2). This makes Los Molinos one of the top 200 slow rotators known to exist.


10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Los Molinos measures 2.853 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.34.


10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.96 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.01.


10476 Los Molinos, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Los Molinos Observatory (844) located near Montevideo in Uruguay. The observatory is known for its astrometric follow-up observations of asteroids and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 April 2017 (M.P.C. 103975/103976).


1048
Year 1048 (MXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1048 Feodosia
1048 Feodosia, provisional designation 1924 TP, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter.


1048 Feodosia
It was discovered on 29 November 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named for the Crimean city of Feodosiya.


1048 Feodosia, Classification and orbit
Feodosia orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,650 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, 3 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg. On 22 November 2005, it occulted the star TYC 1236-138 as seen from Earth.


1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics
The dark C-type asteroid is classified as a XC and Ch intermediary type in the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, respectively.


1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Photometry
In March 1985, a rotational lightcurve of Feodosia was obtained by European astronomer at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile, using the Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope during three nights. It gave a rotation period of 10.46 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).


1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Photometry
The asteroid was also observed by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in January 2007, and by the Spanish Observadores de Asteroides (OBAS) group in February 2016. However, the obtained lightcurves were only fragmentary and gave a divergent period of 23 and 35.2 hours with and amplitude of 0.04 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=1+/1).


1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 54.98 and 85.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0452 and a diameter of 70.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.75.


1048 Feodosia, Naming
This minor planet was named for the city Feodosiya on the Crimean peninsula. The named was proposed by I. Putilin, who computed the body's orbital elements.


1048 Yellow River flood
The AD 1048 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster along the Yellow River in China caused by the failure of a fascine at Shanghu.


1048 Yellow River flood
After five years of failed efforts to restore the river to its previous course following the 1034 flood, the Song attempted to change their strategy and adjust their flood control efforts along the river's new paths in 1041.


1048 Yellow River flood
This was not yet complete when the 1048 flood shifted the river's main course sharply, overtaking the Hai River and further damaging the empire's northern provinces. Their revenues were reduced to about one-fifth their pre-1034 level. This course lasted until 1194. During this century and a half, the coast around modern Tianjin moved forward about 23 kilometers.


1049
Year 1049 (MXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1049 Fifth Avenue
1049 Fifth Avenue is a 23-floor luxury condominium apartment building located in the Upper East Side, New York City. Built in 1928 as the Adams Hotel, the building underwent extensive renovation in its conversion to residential condominiums during the years 1990-1993. When the apartments were first offered for sale in 1991, they were the highest-priced residential apartments ever listed in New York City. Their sale prices set city records in 1993 and 1994.


1049 Fifth Avenue, History
1049 Fifth Avenue was built in 1928 as the Adams Hotel. A 23-story beige brick pre-war Functionalist-style structure, its architecture has never been considered particularly distinguished.


1049 Fifth Avenue, History
The Adams Hotel was the last residence of Hector Guimard, the main representative of Art Nouveau in France. He died in this building May 20, 1942.


1049 Fifth Avenue, History
The building, still known as the Adams Hotel, was sold in 1957 for $1.4 million (equivalent to $12,900,000 in 2020).


1049 Fifth Avenue, History
The building is situated on the Upper East Side, in the area of New York City known as Museum Mile. It occupies the block bounded by Madison and Fifth Avenues and 86th and 85th Streets. It is adjacent to and relates architecturally with the former Croyden Hotel, now rental apartments, that shares the remainder of the block to Madison Avenue.


1049 Fifth Avenue, History
In 1990, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by Jack C. Heller of Heller Macaulay Equities, Inc. and converted into 54 luxury condominiums averaging 3,000 square feet (280 m2) each. This was subsequently reduced to 45 units.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change
Despite its official address on Fifth Avenue, the building is actually located a short distance east on 86th Street, offset from Fifth Avenue by the William Starr Miller House, which abuts its western facade.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change
When originally constructed, the address of the building was 2 East 86th Street. During its renovation, the building owners applied to the Manhattan Borough President's office for an address change, citing the fact that all floors above the seventh provide an unobstructed view of Central Park. This was for marketing purposes, due to the additional value that accrues to real estate with a Fifth Avenue address. Such changes are unusual but not unheard of, and are granted if deemed justified.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change
The address change was approved and implemented in the spring of 1991.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion
After serious financial problems on the part of its owner, 1049 Fifth Avenue was renovated and converted into luxury condominium apartments starting in 1990. Amid a perilous market for luxury real estate, the condominiums were put on the market starting in 1991 at $1,200 to $1,500 per square-foot, making them the then-highest-priced residential apartments ever offered for sale in New York City.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Gerald Guterman
In the mid-1980s, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by New York condominium developer Gerald Guterman, who then began renovations on the building and started purchasing the apartments of long-term tenants. Later, Guterman suffered substantial financial setbacks due to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which significantly reduced the value of his real estate holdings, and also the 1987 stock market crash. Renovations to the building were halted, and Guterman was forced to declare bankruptcy. Despite an intensive legal struggle by Guterman to retain ownership of the building, it was placed in receivership and ordered sold.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Jack C. Heller
On January 19, 1990, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by Jack C. Heller, partner in the New York real estate development company Heller Macaulay Equities, Inc. The sale price was $38 million, with financing provided by Investcorp. An additional bid by Heller failed to purchase the adjoining former William Starr Miller House, a Louis XIII/Beaux-Arts structure located on the corner of Fifth Avenue.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Jack C. Heller
Heller, a 1978 Boston University graduate, was heir to the capital of the Foreston Group, a family-owned conglomerate founded in 1906 that was the largest independent coal mining and distribution operation in the US, then valued at $150 million. In 1985, reviving the remnants of his family's real estate subdivision, Heller began developing residential real estate. During the years 1985-1990, he built some 1,500 apartments, including Le Chambord, a 23-story luxury condominium building at 350 East 72nd Street. Heller expressed admiration for the architecture of the iconic apartment houses of Rosario Candela. He founded Heller Macaulay Equities in 1989 with partner Duncan Macaulay. Of 1049 Fifth Avenue, Heller said, "Never again in my lifetime do I expect to see the chance to build a great building on or within a few steps of Fifth Avenue".


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation
Heller divided 1049 Fifth Avenue into 54 apartments (later reduced to 45) with an average of 3,000 square feet (280 m2) of floor space per apartment, including four penthouses with up to 4,600 square feet (430 m2). He then spent $47 million on building renovations, almost $1 million per apartment. Designed by Costas Kondylis Architects and appointed by the up-market interior design firm Cullman & Kravis, the apartments were accommodated with extensive luxury features, including separate heating and cooling for each room, 12-inch-thick (300 mm) concrete floors, large picture windows, and a butler's pantry in most apartments. Only four of the resulting apartments have fewer than two bedrooms.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation
All apartments on the west side of the building above the seventh floor overlook Central Park and the Reservoir, over the top of the adjacent William Starr Miller House. This is a highly desirable feature for a condominium in the city and one which fetches a substantial premium. This side of the structure was extensively reworked, with large windows and balconies on some apartments.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation
Other luxury features of the property include refrigerator storage for deliveries, storage lockers, and a bicycle room, but no pool or garage. All of the apartments have their own laundry facilities and some have fireplaces. In addition, the building employs elevator operators. Upscale grocer Dean & DeLuca maintains a storefront on the northwest corner of Madison Avenue and 85th Street.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation
Renovation began after purchase of the building in 1990 and was completed in 1993. In addition to the condominiums, staff apartments were offered for sale on a first-come-first-served basis for $100,000 each.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate
The renovation of 1049 Fifth Avenue was undertaken during a dismal economic climate for luxury real estate. The same economic circumstances that overtook Gerald Guterman had not yet subsided, and many top real estate development companies were failing. One of the prestige luxury addresses in Manhattan, Trump Palace, was struggling, and several recently constructed residential high-rises sat empty. Prices for New York condominiums had fallen at least 25 percent since 1989, and plummeted a whopping 4.6 percent just in the second quarter of 1991. Worse, the malaise extended well beyond New York. The world was in the midst of a severe economic downturn, the recession of 1991.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate
About Heller's ultra-luxury condominium development at 1049 Fifth Avenue, New York Magazine asked, was the project "Folly on the 'Fifth'?" Real estate expert James Austrian, of Austrian, Roth and Partners, was scathing: "I think Jack Heller is crazy, but I wish him well".


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate
Amidst these perilous economic circumstances and skeptical criticism from industry experts, Heller appeared supremely confident, almost ebullient. He expressed confidence that his luxury project would command high prices despite the general depression of real estate values, and he predicted that he would not be able to live in the building because every apartment would be sold.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success
The condominiums at 1049 Fifth Avenue were opened for sale during the first week of October 1991, with initial prices at $1,200 to $1,500 per square-foot. These prices made them the highest-priced residential apartments ever offered for sale in New York City.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success
By 1993, Heller had sold sixteen of the apartments for prices ranging from $800 to $950 per square foot. That year he recorded the two highest condominium sale prices in Manhattan: $3.5 million and $3.8 million. On June 22, 1994, Entrepreneur Magazine reported the spectacular sale of a 4,661-square-foot (433.0 m2) penthouse for $5.5 million, or $1,100 per square-foot, the record for that year. The apartment featured 4 bedrooms, 6.5 marble baths, a living room with a wood-burning fireplace, media room, library, formal dining room, granite kitchen, and a maid's room. It also featured 4 terraces and 360-degree views.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success
Heller took the opportunity of this sale to again express confidence in his project and New York real estate in general, saying that it proved "that the condominium market in New York City is again thriving and getting stronger every day."


1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success
As a result of his high-profile success with 1049 Fifth Avenue, Heller was named one of the "40 Under 40" business luminaries by Crain's New York Business in 1993.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh
American radio personality Rush Limbaugh began his national broadcasting career in Manhattan in 1988. In 1992, he earned $3.5 million, and he was on his way to making a fortune. Limbaugh purchased a 10-room penthouse at 1049 Fifth Avenue, with a fireplace and four terraces, for "just under" $5 million in 1994.


1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh
After moving his broadcast operation to Palm Beach, Florida in the late 1990s, Limbaugh railed on his program about high state income tax rates in New York. In the spring of 2009, New York State adopted a temporary income tax surcharge on wealthy individuals, at which time Limbaugh threatened to sell his condominium and leave the city forever. A transcript of the show on Limbaugh's website was titled, "El Rushbo to New York: Drop Dead." New York Governor David Paterson made light of Limbaugh's criticism, saying, “If I knew that would be the result, I would’ve thought about the taxes earlier.”


1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh
Limbaugh made good on his promise to sell his apartment, and the condominium went into contract on July 8, 2010, for "a bit under" $12.95 million.


1049 Gotho
1049 Gotho, provisional designation 1925 RB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 53 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Although the name of the asteroid is a masculine German name, it is not known to refer to a particular individual.


1049 Gotho, Orbit and classification
Gotho orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A906 DD at Heidelberg in February 1906, the body's observation arc begins much later at Johannesburg in 1952, or 27 years after its official discovery observation.


1049 Gotho, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Gotho was obtained by astronomer Kenda Albers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.470 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3-).


1049 Gotho, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gotho measures between 53.56 and 56.296 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.008 and 0.045 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 51.05 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.4.


1049 Gotho, Naming
For this minor planet, any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.


1049 Gotho, Naming, Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Gotho is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).


104P/Kowal
104P/Kowal, also known as Kowal 2, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered by Charles T. Kowal in 1979. The orbit was confirmed after new sightings in 1991 and 1998.


104P/Kowal
In 2003, Gary Kronk and Brian Marsden noticed that an object observed by Leo Boethin in 1973 was actually 104P/Kowal. From Boethin's report, it was apparent that comet Kowal 2 had been in a short, major outburst to apparent magnitude 9.5 in 1973.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot
104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot was a regiment of the British Army. The regiment had its origins in the New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry, a unit of fencibles raised for the defence of the colony of New Brunswick in 1803. Recruits were drawn from across British North America, Scotland, Ireland and existing British Army units. The regiment was formally entered into the establishment in 1806 with a strength of around 650 enlisted men but grew to almost 1,100 by 1808. In 1810 the regiment's officers requested that it join the British Army as a regiment of foot. This request was granted on 13 September 1810 and the unit was renamed the 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot
The regiment took part in the War of 1812 against the United States. It undertook a renowned winter march from Fredericton, New Brunswick, to Kingston, Ontario, in 1813 to defend Upper Canada from American invasion. The unit participated in the 29 May Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor, an unsuccessful British attempt to capture a US naval base on Lake Ontario. Its flank companies fought in Niagara later in 1813 and were present in the aftermath of the 24 June victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot
After overwintering in Montreal part of the regiment fought at Cape Vincent, New York, on 14 May 1814. The flank companies were once again detached to fight in the 1814 Niagara campaign, seeing action at the inconclusive 25 July Battle of Lundy's Lane. The regiment was present at the Siege of Fort Erie and took part in the unsuccessful assault of 15 August, during which their lieutenant-colonel, William Drummond, was killed. The 104th fought their last engagement at the Battle of Cook's Mills on 19 October 1814. The unit received the battle honours "Defence of Canada, 1812-1815" and "Niagara, 1814".


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot
The regiment ended the war at Montreal and was renumbered to the 103rd Regiment of Foot in 1816. It was disbanded on 24 May 1817. The lineage of the regiment is claimed by the Canadian Army's The Royal New Brunswick Regiment, though it is not a descendant unit. The 104th's colours have been preserved and were restored as part of the 200th-anniversary celebrations of its 1813 march. A plaque and monument have been erected in Fredericton to honour the regiment.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment
A militia was raised in British North America from 1787 but proved an ineffective defensive force. In 1791 the colony of New Brunswick was authorised to raise the King’s New Brunswick Regiment of fencibles. Fencibles were considered to be regular infantry units and came under the command of the British Army, rather than colonial control as was the case with the militia.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment
Fencibles were not required to serve outside of their home territory, this proved a boon to recruitment in North America where many colonists were dissuaded from joining the regulars by the fear of being sent to serve in the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe. The King’s New Brunswick Regiment formed the garrison of the colony, together with a regular British Army regiment and another unit of fencibles. After the 1802 Peace of Amiens the King’s New Brunswick Regiment was disbanded.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment
The resumption of hostilities with France in 1803 led to a new unit of fencibles being raised in the colony. Brigadier-General Martin Hunter received authorisation to raise the New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry (often just "New Brunswick Fencibles") on 6 July 1803. Hunter served as colonel of the regiment throughout its existence. The regiment's first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel George Johnstone, who was promoted from major of the 29th Regiment of Foot. Johnston was in Scotland at the time he was appointed and before joining his new regiment in North America recruited men from Scotland and Ireland to join it.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment
The New Brunswick Fencibles were permitted to recruit across British North America. Recruits were offered a bounty of five or six guineas and 200–500 acres (0.81–2.02 km2) of land in New Brunswick upon disbandment; a minimum height requirement of 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) was set. Recruiting parties were sent out in autumn 1803 and performed well in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (these colonies would provide the majority of the enlisted personnel in the regiment). They also met with some success in Lower Canada, though they were refused access to Newfoundland by Governor Vice-Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment
A substantial number of the French Canadian population enlisted, as did a number of Black Canadians. At least ten of the latter were transferred to the York Rangers, and thereafter the Royal African Corps (the privates in these units were all black). The New Brunswick Fencibles retained black enlisted men as pioneers, one to each company, and drummers.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment
The recruits were bolstered with experienced regulars drafted from the 37th Regiment, serving in the West Indies, and the 60th Regiment, in British North America. The officers were largely British, with three quarters, including all of the captains and majors, being existing regular army officers. These came from other regiments including the 46th, the 11th and the Cape Regiment as well as from officers on half-pay. A number of subalterns were recruited locally in British North America.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment
The New Brunswick Fencibles mustered only 38 other ranks on 1 January 1804 but 217 by 1 July, 305 by 1 January 1805 and 466 by 1 July 1805. The regiment passed its initial acceptance inspection in January 1806, the vast majority of the recruits being judged fit for service. After this the unit  was formally added to the establishment by George III, with the date of this being antedated to 25 June 1805. The unit's official establishment strength was 33 sergeants, 20 drummers, 600 men.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment
The unit was initially clothed in spare uniforms left behind by the 60th Regiment when it was posted to England. It was later clothed in its own uniform which accorded with the 1802 British Army regulations, with some minor adaptions. The New Brunswick Fencibles wore buff facings on their red coats and the flank companies (which were the usual grenadiers and light infantry) wore the regulation shoulder wings. Although it was not authorised one, a regimental band was established by Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston soon after the regiment was formed.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
In 1806 detachments of the regiment were deployed to outposts around the Bay of Fundy. In September 1807 one company was deployed at Saint John and one split between there and Saint Andrews. In early 1808 four companies were at Saint John. In June one company was deployed to Sydney, Nova Scotia, and one to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, where they remained until 1810.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
The regiment's establishment strength was increased progressively on 25 April 1807, 25 August 1811 and 13 April 1812 (when a dedicated recruiting company was added). A surgeon was authorised and appointed in 1807, the regiment previously relying on two surgeon's mates. Despite a temporary halt on recruitment implemented by governor of British North America Sir James Henry Craig in spring 1808 the regiment reached an enlisted strength of 63 sergeants, 26 drummers and 1,008 men in 1812.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
The fighting force was organised into 8 line companies each comprising a captain, 2 lieutenants, an ensign, 5 sergeants, 5 corporals, 2 musicians and 95 privates plus the two flank companies. The company drummers seem to have been replaced by buglers by 1810 (unusual for British line infantry, buglers typically being used only in rifle regiments), though by 1813 both drums and bugles may have been in use for passing on orders at the company level.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
In 1810 the officers of the regiment applied to the King to be admitted to the British Army as a regiment of the line. This was granted on 13 September 1810 and the unit formally became the 104th  (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot. The regiment was the fourth to bear the number in the British Army, the previous units being the 104th Regiment of Foot (King's Volunteers) (1761–63), the 104th Regiment of Foot (1782-1783) and the 104th (Royal Manchester Volunteers) (1794-5).


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
The number was later reused for the  104th (Bengal Fusiliers) (1861-1881), after the British Army expanded with the incorporation of the regiments of the Honourable East India Company. None of these units share any lineage with the New Brunswick Regiment. As their terms of contract had changed all members of the fencibles regiment were required to re-attest to serve as regulars, all bar two enlisted men chose to do so.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry
As a regular regiment the 104th were liable to serve anywhere in the world. It was replaced in the fencible role by a separate New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry raised in autumn 1812. The 104th's uniform was modified after it changed status, for example the shoulderbelt plate was amended to show a "104" numeral surrounded by a crowned garter. After the transfer the 104th remained on garrison duty in New Brunswick.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
The government of the United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, beginning the War of 1812. Later that year there were fears of an American invasion of Upper Canada and in the middle of winter it was decided to send the 104th from New Brunswick to reinforce the colony. Detachments of the regiment gathered at Fredericton from where six companies, numbering 20 officers and 550 men, departed on 16 February.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
Marching in snow shoes and towing their equipment and supplies on toboggans the men arrived at Quebec City on 15 March, having covered a distance of 350 miles (560 km). The men rested for a short period before continuing the march to Kingston, Ontario, which they reached in early April, having marched 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) in the Canadian winter. This arduous march "was reckoned one of the feats of the war" by British historian Charles Prestwood Lucas in his  Canadian War of 1812 and was described as "almost certainly the longest winter march made by a British regiment up to that time" by Canadian historian John R. Grodzinski.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
The six companies were joined at Kingston by the remainder of the regiment over the following months, reaching a peak strength of around 1,000 men. The arrival of the reinforcements allowed the British commander George Prévost to launch an offensive on Sacket's Harbor, an American naval base on Lake Ontario. The regiment provided the majority of the British force engaged in the subsequent battle on 29 May 1813 and lost one-third of those committed to the unsuccessful attack.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
In June the flank companies were ordered to the Niagara region. They reached there in time to join the end of the 24 June Battle of Beaver Dams and helped to guard American prisoners of war. The regiment reunited at Kingston over winter. In 1814 the 104th garrisoned posts between Kingston and Prescott, an important link in the lines of communication to Montreal. Some of the regiment fought an engagement with the American forces at Cape Vincent, New York, on 14 May 1814.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
The flank companies were again detached in July 1814 and served in the Niagara campaign, the last American attempt to invade Canada. The companies fought at the inconclusive night-time Battle of Lundy's Lane on 25 July. The remainder of the regiment was ordered to Niagara to rejoin the flank companies and fought at the Siege of Fort Erie. In an assault at 3 am on 15 August the regiment's light company succeeded in capturing a key bastion but was forced to retreat after a powder magazine exploded. Only 23 of the company's 77 men returned to British lines and the regiment's commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Drummond was killed. The regiment's last engagement was the 19 October 1814 Battle of Cook's Mills.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
The flank companies had been nearly wiped out during the Niagara campaign and were accorded the honour of wearing the word "Niagara" on their equipment thereafter. Some 36 of the less-fit men, mainly those who had been stationed at Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, were detached and transferred from the regiment in November 1814 into one of the Royal Veteran Battalions. The 104th ended the war in 1815 at Montreal. The unit was awarded the battle honours "Defence of Canada, 1812-1815" and "Niagara, 1814".


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812
The War of 1812 memoirsof Sir John Le Couteur (then a lieutenant) describe the winter march and the regiment’s subsequent war service.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment and legacy
In 1816 the British Army's 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot was removed from the line infantry and reformed as the Rifle Brigade. As its number was vacated all regiments with higher numbers were advanced one place. Thus, the 104th became the 103rd Regiment of Foot. The 103rd was disbanded at Montreal on 24 May 1817. Its ranks included men from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Upper and Lower Canada, England, Scotland, and Ireland and many chose to settle in New Brunswick.


104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment and legacy
The 104th is unique in Canadian history as the only regular British Army regiment to be raised and serve in the region during the Napoleonic period. It is honoured by a Historic Sites and Monument Board of Canada plaque on the wall of the Soldiers’ Barracks on Queen Street, Fredericton, and a monument in the nearby Officers’ Square. The modern Canadian Army unit The Royal New Brunswick Regiment perpetuates the lineage of the 104th, though is not descended from the 104th. The colours of the regiment are maintained and were restored to commemorate the 200th anniversary of their 1813 march to Kingston. The march itself was recreated by a group of re-enactors to mark the bicentenary.


104th Aero Squadron
The 104th Aero Squadron was an Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.


104th Aero Squadron
The squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the V Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, when it was redesignated as the 13th Squadron (Attack) .


104th Aero Squadron
The current United States Air Force unit which continues its lineage and history is the 13th Bomb Squadron, assigned to the 509th Operations Group at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.


104th Aero Squadron, History
The 104th Aero Squadron was organized on 25 August 1917. The unit was formed from all the unassigned recruits at Kelly Field, Texas, who were lined up in formation and 150 men were counted off to form the squadron. No attention was paid to the capabilities of its members at the time, because there were no facilities at Kelly Field for trade testing or flight training. The unit was instructed in close order drill and ordinary post duties.


104th Aero Squadron, History
The urgency of the need for men in France led to the squadron receiving orders to report to the Aviation Concentration Center at Garden City, New York, on 30 October. On 28 November the squadron sailed aboard the SS Baltic and arrived at Liverpool, England, on 7 December. The next day, the squadron proceeded to Winchester where they were quartered at the Windall Rest Camp. The Air Service attached the 104th to the British Royal Flying Corps for training. At Winchester, the squadron was split into four flights, with each flight going to a separate English flying school for training.


104th Aero Squadron, History
The headquarters flight was established at Winchester, before moving to the Central Flying School at RFC Upavon and then to Netheravon. Other flights went to the Mechanics School at RFC Salisbury, RFC Andover and the motor transport school at RFC Yatesbury.


104th Aero Squadron, History
On 10 July 1918, all four flights met at Winchester to prepare for movement to France, but an outbreak of Spanish influenza delayed their movement across the English Channel to Le Havre, France, until 19 July. On the same day the squadron boarded a troop train and arrived at the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) St. Maixent Replacement Barracks on 22 July. After being processed and properly equipped, the squadron first moved to Amanty Airdrome on 1 August where the 104th was classified as a Corps Observation squadron.


104th Aero Squadron, History
It then was moved to Epiez Aerodrome on 4 August, where the squadron received its first aircraft, French Salmson 2A2s and was assigned to the V Corps Observation Group. On 8 August the 104th was transferred to the "Zone of Advance" and proceeded to Luxeuil-les-Bains Aerodrome where it joined the 88th and 99th Aero Squadrons of the group.


104th Aero Squadron, History
By 8 September the squadron was ready for action, and it moved to Souilly Aerodrome where it participated in the St. Mihiel offensive, serving primarily as the eyes of the artillery. Pilots flew reconnaissance, directed Allied artillery fire and pinpointed troop movements. The demand for artillery fire adjustments through aerial observation was constant in spite of difficulties encountered with air-to-ground communication. It was largely due to the photographs made by aerial reconnaissance that the Allied infantry knew where it was advancing. As the war progressed the demand for observation and reconnaissance by the 104th increased.


104th Aero Squadron, History
During the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the 104th operated from Foucaucourt Aerodrome (near Verdun). The squadron continued its previous operations and also engaged the enemy in aerial combat and attacked enemy machine-gun nests. It also dropped thousands of propaganda leaflets over German lines and thousands of newspapers to American soldiers. In the final days of the war the 104th operated from Parois Airdrome, with a flight deployed at Barricourt.


104th Aero Squadron, History
The war ended on 11 November 1918, and by the end of that month the 104th was at Belrain Aerodrome, where it remained until it could return home. Finally, on 14 January 1919, orders were received to proceed to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, where its equipment would be turned in. The squadron's Salmson aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. Personnel at Colombey proceeded to a staging camp at Libourne on 3 February where it remained until moving to the port of Bordeaux on 10 April. On 18 April, the squadron boarded the USS Orizaba, and nine days later it disembarked in New York.


104th Aero Squadron, History
The wholesale discharge of personnel soon depleted the l04th's strength. In May the squadron was down to one officer and one enlisted man and was classified as an administrative unit without personnel or equipment at Mitchel Field. New York.


104th Aero Squadron, References, Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .


104th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 104th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army, primarily provided by the Army National Guard.


104th Aviation Regiment (United States)
Both battalions of the regiment are part of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion is an attack helicopter battalion of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.


104th Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 2d Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment was formed in October, 1990 at Fort Indiantown Gap as an assault helicopter battalion. The 2nd Battalion exchanged its Bell UH-1 Hueys (as an aviation battalion) for Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawks (as a general support aviation battalion) in 2002.


104th Battalion, CEF
The 104th Battalion, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 104th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 June 1916, where, on 18 July 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF and the 32nd Battalion, CEF,  to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 27 July 1918.


104th Battalion, CEF
The 104th Battalion recruited throughout New Brunswick and was mobilized at Sussex.


104th Battalion, CEF
The 104th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. G.W. Fowler from 28 June 1916 to 22 January 1917 and by Lt-Col A. Ernest Ings (formerly the CO of the 105th Bn) from 22 January 1917 to 2 March 1918.


104th Battalion, CEF
The 104th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-18.


104th Battalion, CEF
The 104th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.


104th Brigade (Croatia)
The 104th Brigade (Croatian: 104. brigada) was a unit of the Croatian Army that existed during the Croatian War of Independence.


104th Brigade (Croatia), History
The 104th was formed as part of the Croatian National Guard (Zbor narodne garde) on May 8, 1991, and officially activated as of July 2, 1991. Operations were undertaken in September 1991 as part of blockades of the Yugoslav People's Army at Varaždin, which remains the home of the brigade.


104th Brigade (Croatia), History
The brigade undertook front line combat duty against Serbian forces in October 1991 and operated there into December 1992, suffering 174 casualties (29 dead). Operations in 1993 resulted in a further 13 casualties (1 dead). Around 12,000 soldiers served in the brigade from 1991 to 1995.


104th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 104th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 35th Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.


104th Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of battle
The infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.


104th Cavalry Regiment
The 104th Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the United States Army first established in 1921. Troop A, 1st Squadron is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 104th Cavalry Regiment wasn't actually raised until 1921 although some of its subordinate troops can trace their lineage  back to the Revolutionary War & War of 1812. For example, Troop A, 1st Squadron, is also known as the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, the oldest mounted unit in the United States Army. Troop B, 1st Squadron, is also known as the "State Fencibles" while Troop C, 1st Squadron, is also known as the "Governor's Troop."


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 104th Cavalry has gone through many configurations, its elements serving as the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry and the 8th Pennsylvania Infantry on Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 6 July 1916, subordinate units of the regiment was mustered into Federal service for the Mexican border and stationed at El Paso, TX. The unit was mustered out on 22 January 1917.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 15 July 1917, the regiment was drafted and mustered into Federal service for World War I as the 103d Headquarters Troop, 28th Division; and on 9 December 1917, as 103d Trench Mortar Battery, 53d Field Artillery, 28th Division. It served in both France and Belgium and was mustered out on 12 April 1919, returning to state service with its headquarters at Harrisburg.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 104th Cavalry Regiment was formed as a unit of the Pennsylvania National Guard on 1 June 1921 via conversion of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard. The regiment eventually commanded three squadrons located at Tyrone, Carlisle, and Harrisburg, and was subordinated to the 21st Cavalry Division. The regiment confronted striking coal miners from July through September 1922 at Ebensburg and Cokeburg. The 104th Cavalry provided relief assistance during floods in 1936. The regiment was relieved from the 21st Cavalry Division and assigned to the 22nd Cavalry Division in January 1939.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The regiment was re-titled the 104th Cav. Regt. (Horse and Mecz) on 23 September 1940 and was relieved from assignment to the 22nd Division the following month. On 17 February 1941, the regiment was inducted into federal service. After transfer to Salem, Oregon, the units of the regiment were retitled in this manner:


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 104th Cavalry Group was not sent overseas. The group headquarters and the 119th C.R.S. were inactivated on 15 August 1944 at Camp Gruber, Oklahoma. The 104th C.R.S. was subordinated to the 115th Cavalry Group (Mechanized) and served in combat with the VI Corps in Germany in 1945. The 104th C.R.S. returned to the U.S. and was inactivated at Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts, on 22 October 1945.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 25 August 1952, the regiment was redesignated the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment; on 1 June 1959, it was redesignated as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 103rd Armor; on 1 April 1963, the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 223rd Cavalry; and finally, on 1 1 April 1975, as the 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry, headquartered in Philadelphia, PA.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
In 1980, elements of the 104th Cavalry were used as extras in the George C. Scott film Taps (film).


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 28 May 2002, elements of the 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment were mustered into Federal service as Task Force Saber. TF Saber deployed to Bosnia Herzegovina as a part of SFOR 12 for a NATO peacekeeping mission earning the Governor’s Unit Citation (Permeant Orders 97-2 dated 25 October 2006).


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
On 4 January 2005, Troop B, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry, augmented with platoons from Troops A and C, and teams from the 104th Infantry Detachment (Long Range Surveillance) were mustered into federal service as part of the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. The HBCT was responsible for its own battle space as part of Ramadi under U.S. military occupation from July 2005 to July 2006 attached to the 2d Marine Division and then the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, earning the Navy Unit Commendation twice (DA Memorandums AHRC-PDP-A, dated 20 July 2009 and 5 March 2010).


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
In 2003, the 2d Squadron was reformed and the regiment's current configuration in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard is in two squadrons, one Armored (1st) and one Stryker (2d).


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
In 2005, the 2d Squadron was awarded the Governor's Unit Citation for Operation Katrina Relief (Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana)Permanent Orders 104-6.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
In 2009, the 2d Squadron deployed to Taji, Iraq. With several company sized elements working and living on J.S.S. 's (Joint Security Site) with their Iraqi counterparts. The 2d Squadron was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation Permanent Orders 337-04.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
The 1st Squadron was called upon and deployed to the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt in 2008 as part of the 51st rotation of the Multinational Force and Observers and deployed again in 2013 to the State of Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.


104th Cavalry Regiment, History
As of 2014, the 1st Squadron is assigned to the 55th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. The 2d Squadron is assigned to the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania Army National Guard. As with most other Army units, there is no regimental headquarters, although a ceremonial regimental dining in is held annually in the Philadelphia area.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia
A circular device, 1 ¼ inches (3.18 cm) in diameter, with the Regimental motto "Over, Under or Through," lettered around the outer circumference. Diagonal bar running from 10 o’clock to 4 o’clock, with horse’s head superimposed thereon and filling the center of the circle. Red keystone between horse’s head and 8 o’clock, Maltese cross between horse’s head and 1 o’clock. Outer circumference and horse’s head in yellow; motto and crossbar in blue; keystone in red; and Maltese cross in black.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia
The shield is of yellow – the Cavalry color; the blue bend is for service as Infantry; the black Maltese cross is for the service in Puerto Rico; the red keystone is the Divisional insignia of the Twenty Eighth Division in which elements of the First Cavalry and the Eighth Infantry served.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 104th Cavalry, Pennsylvania National Guard on 24 January 1924. It was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) on 8 June 1944. It was redesignated for the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 25 August 1952. The insignia was redesignated for 104th Cavalry Regiment on 9 May 1989. It was amended to correct the previous designation dates and the symbolism on 17 October 2003.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon
Or on a bend Azure five mullets of the first between in sinister chief a Maltese cross Sable and in dexter base a keystone Gules.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard: On a torse of the colors Or and Azure a lion rampant guardant Proper, holding in dexter paw a naked scimitar Argent hilted Or and in sinister an escutcheon on a fess Sable three plates. Motto OVER, UNDER OR THROUGH.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon
The shield is of yellow – the Cavalry color; the blue bend is for service as Infantry; the black Maltese cross is for the service in Puerto Rico; the red keystone is the Divisional insignia of the Twenty Eighth Division in which elements of the First Cavalry and the Eighth Infantry served, and the five stars represent the five major operations of the Twenty Eight Division.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon
The crest is that of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.


104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 104th Cavalry Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard on 3 January 1924. It was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) on 6 June 1944. It was redesignated for the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 25 August 1952. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Regiment on 9 May 1989.


104th Company of Syndicalists
104 Company of Syndicalists (Polish: 104 Kompania Syndykalistów) was a military unit created by the Union of Polish Syndicalists (Związek Syndykalistów Polskich), which participated in the Warsaw Uprising.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure
The 104th company was formed within the Home Army in 1943, on the basis of the combat unit of the Polish Syndicalists Union. Initially, the unit functioned as the 1028th platoon of the 1st District, the center of the Home Army. After being reformed into a company, it became part of the 1st Grouping of the 1st Region. Before the uprising, it was separated from the grouping and constituted the reserve of the commander of the 1st Region in the following composition:


104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure
It consisted of three assault platoons, a reserve platoon, and two labor platoons. The assault platoons were commanded by the following officers:


104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure
On July 30, the company received 12 Sidolówek grenades from the District command. The company headquarters was located in the Szlenkier curtain factory at ul. Świętojerska 10. On the first day of the Uprising, before 17.00 on August 1, sixty soldiers arrived - including fifteen women - arrived at the HQ. The armament was: 5 pistols, 200 rounds of ammunition, two revolvers and 12 grenades.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days
At first, the Company had around 50 soldiers, but it quickly grew in size, with numerous volunteers joining. On the first day of the Uprising, it took part in two failed attacks on a school located at Barokowa street, in which a German hospital was located. Also, it attacked the Polish Securities Printing House building, capturing it on the night of August 1/2.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days
On the third day of the Uprising, it had some 360 soldiers, who, however, lacked weapons. The situation improved when the Poles captured Krasiński Palace and seized German guns and grenades as well as 42 German POWs.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days
The Company was not only engaged in fighting. It had its own field bakery, which made bread, distributed to civilian population, as well as a field hospital, led by doctor Adam Krakowski. Furthermore, it had its own press service, consisting of members of the Union of Polish Syndicalists. It published two magazines - Iskra and Syndykalista.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days
After heavy fights in the first weeks of August 1944, the Company became the best-equipped Polish unit in the area of the Old Town. It participated in capture of the PASTA skyscraper and in skirmishes around Warsaw’s Royal Castle. Then, under pressure from the Germans, it organized defence of the Old Town, including St. John’s Cathedral.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days
In the second half of August, the Company created its headquarters in the so-called Professors’ House, at 12 Brzozowa Street, where it stayed until general retreat from the district. During several skirmishes back then, the Company used red-black flags of Anarcho-syndicalists, which was at odds with the Home Army’s Military police, which demanded replacement of the flag with the Polish one and change the name of the Company into 104 Company of the Home Army. It has been estimated that losses (KIA, MIA and WIA) of the unit reached more than 50% of its personnel.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, Final days
In late August 1944 the company, numbering only around 100 soldiers, evacuated through the sewage canals to the Warszawa-Śródmieście (Warsaw city center). There, it became part of the Boncza Battalion, and took part in fighting in the district of Powiśle, during which the Company was further depleted. The Assault Platoon, with 26 men managed to get to Czerniaków, where it became engaged in heavy fighting. In early September, parts of the company carried out rearguard actions during the evacuation of Warsaw’s Old Town.


104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, Final days
On September 15, 1944, three soldiers of the company managed to get across to the eastern bank of the Vistula. Later on more men got across, where they were conscripted into the First Polish Army.


104th Delaware General Assembly
The 104th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1927, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Robert P. Robinson and James H. Anderson as Lieutenant Governor.


104th Delaware General Assembly
Currently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.


104th Delaware General Assembly
In the 104th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.


104th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate
About half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


104th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative
All the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.


104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 104th Division((Chinese: 第104师) was created in October 1948 basing on defected 161st Reorganized Brigade of 96th Reorganized Corps, Republic of China Army.


104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In February 1949 the division absorbed 46th Division of Luzhongnan Column of the People's Liberation Army. 3 regiments from the original 161st Reorganized Brigade were merged as 310th Regiment, and 311th and 312th Regiments were reorganized from 136th and 138th Regiments from 46th Division.


104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In April 1949 the division took part in the Nanjing Campaign. On April 24, 2nd Battalion, 312th Regiment of the division seized the Presidential Palace in Nanjing.


104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From January 16 1950 the division was acting as Shaoxing Military Sub-district.


104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 104th Division(Chinese: 第104师)(2nd Formation) was activated on February 26, 1951 from 6th Military Sub-district. The division was composed of:


104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In May 1952 the division was reorganized as 6th Building Construction Division (Chinese: 建筑工程第6师), all its regiments were redesignated as follow:


104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In 1953 the division was reorganized as 3rd Building Construction Corporation of Eastern China({Chinese: 华东建筑工程第三公司).


104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In 1955 the corporation moved to Xi'an and renamed as 3rd Building Construction Corporation of Northeast({Chinese: 西北建筑工程第三公司). In the same year the corporation was merged into 3rd Sanitary Facility Installation Corporation(Chinese: 第三卫生设备安装公司).


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 104th Division (第104師団, Dai-hyakuyon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Phoenix Division (鳳兵団, Ootori Heidan). It was formed 16 June 1938 in Osaka as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 4th division headquarters. The division was originally subordinated to the Northern China Area Army.


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
Originally the 104th division was sent for the escalating Battle of Lake Khasan on Soviet border, but the battle was finished 11 August 1938. Therefore, the 104th division was attached to 21st Army on 19 September 1938 and sailed from Dalian on 4 October 1938. It arrived in Daya Bay on 12 October 1938. The 137th Infantry Regiment then landed and proceeded inland to isolate Hong Kong, as part of the large-scale Canton Operation. Afterwards, the main garrison of the 104th Division was established in Conghua District. On 9 February 1940 the 21st Army was dissolved and the 104th Division was reassigned to the Southern China Area Army.


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
The 104th Division was reassigned to the 23rd Army in January 1941, and simultaneously lost the 170th Infantry Regiment, becoming a triangular division. The detached regiment was converted into the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade which was eventually sent to participate in the Invasion of Southern French Indochina.


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
After a long garrison service in Guangzhou, the 104th Division participated in Operation Ichi-Go, capturing Zhaoqing on 16 September 1944, Wuxuan County on 4 November 1944 and Xiangzhou County on 6 November 1944. Also, it captured Huizhou on 15 January 1945 and Haifeng County on 18 January 1945. Until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the 104th Division built coastal fortifications along the Daya Bay – Haifeng County – Lufeng – Huizhou line. The 161st Infantry Regiment and 104th Transport Regiment were concentrated at Daya Bay. The 108th Infantry Regiment was at Dongguan.


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
It was moved to the port of Taiping, Perak by 16 February 1946. The 137th Infantry Regiment was garrisoned at Haifeng County, and was moved to Humen Town port on 19 February 1946. The 104th Artillery Regiment was located on the southern outskirts of Huizhou, but was transferred on 18 February 1946 to Dongguan. The 104th Engineer Regiment was in Huizhou.


104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History
The division departed from Humen Town port between 28 March and 2 April 1946, and arrived at Uraga, Kanagawa between 6 and 19 April 1946. The dissolution of the 104th Division was complete by 23 May 1946.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery
The 104 Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery was formed in the town of Moascar in Egypt during March 1916 during the First World War, as the 104th Field Artillery (Howitzer) Battery, part of 4th Field Artillery Brigade. The battery was disbanded in 1919, but the name was used for a new battery raised in 1965, which later formed part of the Auustralian military involvement in the Vietnam War. It is now one of three gun batteries in 1 Regt RAA.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I
The 104th Field Battery, Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery, had its beginnings in Egypt, in March 1916. At this time the Battery was raised as a part of the general expansion of divisional artillery prior to the AIF being dispatched to France. In mid-March 1916 the battery sailed for France, and upon their arrival were issued with new 4.5 inch howitzers, reunited with their horses and commenced training. On 21 April 1916, 104th Howitzer Battery relieved C Battery of 176 Brigade Royal Field Artillery (RFA) on the line south east of Armentières, exchanging guns in the process. Shortly after this, they were deployed to the Somme and saw their first real action on the Western front. After the Third Battle of Ypres, the battery fired in support of the British 30th Division and the British 7th Brigade in the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I
Over the next two years, the 104th Field Battery, as part of the 2nd Division Artillery, saw intense and unrelenting action on the Western Front, with almost 58% of the total gunners deployed from Australia being killed. After victory was declared the battery returned to Australia and was disbanded.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I
In the Second World War, the previous practice of having independent artillery batteries was abandoned in favour of allocating batteries to artillery regiments, and so the 104th title was not used in that conflict.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Vietnam War
The 104 Battery name was revived in September 1965 as a medium battery equipped with BL 5.5-inch medium guns, but in 1967, these were replaced by M2A2 howitzers, changing its designation to a field battery. The unit served two tours of South Vietnam; the first was from May 1968 to May 1969 as part of 12 Field Regiment, supporting 4 RAR. On returning to Australia, the battery regrouped in Holsworthy, and moved up to Townsville in preparation for its second tour of Vietnam. The battery's second tour was from May 1971 to December 1971, again supporting 4 RAR. 104th Field Battery was the last Australian Field Artillery unit to leave Vietnam. On returning to Australia the Battery was located at Coral Lines Ingleburn with 12th Field Regiment.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post-Vietnam
For a short period time the battery participated in peacetime training and support activities, but with the formation of 8th/12th Medium Regiment, the Battery was disbanded in December 1973.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post-Vietnam
In November 1977 the Battery was re-raised as part of the 8th /12th Medium regiment with M2A2 (105mm) guns. Soon after the re-raising, the battery took part in its most important peacetime action. In February 1978, following a bomb blast at the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, the decision was made to call in the Army to secure Bowral, the venue for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting. However, on 15 June 1979 the battery was once again formally disbanded.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history
In October 1985 the battery was re-raised as an Army Reserve Unit, as part of 1st Field Regiment in Brisbane, and again issued with the 105mm M2A2 Howitzer. The M2A2 was replaced in October 1990, with the 105mm L118/L119 Hamel Gun.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history
In January 1992 the Regiment converted to the Ready Reserve Scheme, attracting a large increase in numbers to the battery and Regiment. The scheme involved members undertaking a contract to work full-time for 12 months, then work 50 days a year for the next four years.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history
In December 1996, the Ready Reserve Scheme was completed, however the Battery continued to foster 'Ready Reserve Soldiers' until 2000, when the Battery assumed the composition of a general reserve unit.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history
104 Field Battery was disbanded on 1 July 2005 during a parade held by 1st Field Regiment to retask 105 Field Battery to a Medium Battery role. Personnel were transferred to the reserve element of 105 Medium Battery and to other batteries within the regiment.


104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history
As part of an Army wide restructuring of Artillery units, the Battery was re- raised in 2011 as an observation battery. In 2014 it was again restructured as a conventional battery with Observers, CP and M777 Gun line. It is currently building its manning to be a full sized battery in the coming years.


104th Fighter Squadron
The 104th Fighter Squadron (104 FS) is a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard 175th Wing stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The 104th is equipped with the A-10 Thunderbolt II.


104th Fighter Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the 104th Squadron (Observation), which was formed on 29 June 1921. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II and is the oldest unit of the Maryland Air National Guard.


104th Fighter Squadron, Heraldry
Unit Emblem: A caricature of a Baltimore Oriole (black and orange) in a boxing stance, with wings represented as arms wearing boxing gloves, in front of a yellow lightning flash descending diagonally downward on and over a blue irregular curved background (Approved 21 September 1953)


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard
In personnel, if not in official lineage, the 104th Fighter Squadron can trace its origins to 1920 when the Flying Club of Baltimore was organized for former World War I Army Air Service reserve officers of that city. This club became part of the Maryland National Guard in 1921 when Maryland formed one of the nation's first post-war flying units with the creation of the 1st Observation Squadron in Baltimore which received federal recognition on 29 June 1921.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard
Maryland became the fifth state to have a post-World War I National Guard aviation unit. The 1st Observation Squadron (a state designation) was re-designated the 104th Squadron (Observation) under the federal numbering system. At the time, the number 104 was widely used to designate combat support units in the Maryland National Guard, including the 104th Medical Regiment and the 104th Military Police Battalion.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard
The 104th became the first post-World War I United States National Guard unit to be equipped with its own aircraft, 13 Curtiss JN-4 Jennies, which it flew until 1927. Initially assigned as division aviation for the 29th Infantry Division, the unit operated out of Baltimore's Logan Field. In addition to Jennies, the 104th flew a variety of other aircraft during the interwar period, almost all of them two-seat biplanes.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard
Conducted annual summer training at various locations to include Langley Field, VA; Shepard Field, Martinsburg, WV; Middletown Air Depot, PA; and at Detrick Airfield, Frederick, MD.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
At the outset of World War II the 104th became part of the Antisubmarine Patrol used along the East Coast. Initially operating out of the Fort Dix Army Airfield, squadron was moved to the Atlantic City Municipal Airport, as part of the 59th Observation Group using O-46 and O-47 aircraft fling coastal patrol missions. On 18 October 1942, the 104th was inactivated and its personnel and aircraft transferred to the 517th Bombardment Squadron. The 517th was soon moved to Langley Field, Virginia, where it was re-designated as the 12th Antisubmarine Squadron and equipped with B-18 Bolo, and later B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchell bombers configured for antisubmarine attack missions.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
By this time most of the original Maryland National Guard members had been transferred elsewhere as individual replacements, although a handful were still serving with the unit when it deployed to England in 1943, by which time the 517th Bomb Squadron had been redesignated the 859th Bombardment Squadron, part of the 492d Bombardment Group, Eighth Air Force, a B-24 Liberator group. There is no official lineage however, between the 104th Observation Squadron and the 859th Bombardment Squadron.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
Meanwhile, the 104th Observation Squadron was reactivated with the 59th Observation Group. The squadron was redesignated as the 104th Reconnaissance Squadron (Fighter) on 1 March 1943. Equipped with P-39 Airacobras, the squadron was assigned to the 59th Reconnaissance Group, III Fighter Command. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from AAF flight training schools to fly single-engine fighter planes as a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). In August 1943, the squadron was redesignated as the 489th Fighter Squadron. However, those changes were administrative in nature, the mission of the squadron remaining the same.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron was inactivated and disbanded on 1 May 1944 as part of an Air Force reorganization of its training program. The squadron's training mission subsequently was carried out by "Squadron B", Thomasville Replacement Training Unit. With the end of the war, Thomasville AAF and all of its assigned units were inactivated on 30 September 1945.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard
The wartime 489th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945 and re-designated as the 104th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, and was extended federal recognition on 17 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th Fighter Squadron continued the lineage of the 489th Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. It was initially equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
The squadron was one of the first in the Air National Guard and was operationally gained by the Air Defense Command First Air Force. As the ANG command and control echelons were formed, the 104th came under the operational control of the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing, although administrative control was retained by the Maryland ANG.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The Maryland Air National Guard was not federalized, however its aircraft were replaced by very long distance F-51H Mustangs in 1951 to better carry out its air defense mission.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command
By 1955 the Mustangs were at the end of their operational lifetime, and the Air Force issued a directive to ADC to replace all of its interceptor force with Jet Aircraft. As a result, the 104th entered the jet age and received Korean War veteran F-86E Sabres to replace its propeller-driven Mustangs, which were retired. However, Baltimore Harbor Field was unsuitable for jet aircraft due to the length of its runway, and the squadron was forced to temporarily base its jet aircraft at Andrews AFB, and later at Friendship Airport (now BWI Airport), while it looked for a new home. Eventually, the squadron relocated to Glenn L. Martin Company Airport on 1 July 1957 whose longer runway was necessary to support jet operations.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1957 the gaining command of the 104th was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and the squadron received the post-Korean War North American F-86H Sabre. The F-86H was a fighter-bomber version of the Sabre designed for TAC and was transferred to the ANG by TAC units being upgraded to the F-100 Super Sabre. The air defense of Baltimore and Washington, however, was retained as a secondary mission and the squadron remained under the administrative control of the PA ANG 111th Air Defense Wing, the successor unit to the 53d Fighter Wing.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 10 November 1958 the squadron was re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron. The 104th flew the F-86H for over a decade, remaining in service until well after the United States had committed itself to the Vietnam war. However, no F-86Hs ever went overseas to participate in that conflict, the fighter-bomber mission in Vietnam being flown by F-100s, F-105s and F-4C Phantom IIs.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 1 October 1962, the 104th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federally recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 175th Headquarters, 175th Material Squadron, 175th Combat Support Squadron, and the 175th USAF Dispensary. With the formation of the 175th TFG, all administration of the unit by the 111th ADW ended.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
On 13 May 1968 the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federalized and ordered to active service. It was transferred to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico along with the NY ANG 139th Tactical Fighter Squadron and 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron as well as the 104th TFS. At Cannon AFB, the Group's mission was to act as a filler unit for the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing which were deployed to the Vietnam War. At Cannon, the squadron trained active Air Force pilots in forward air controller duties. The unit did not deploy overseas. The units were returned to New York and Maryland state control on 20 December 1968 when the TAC 4429th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated with regular active-duty Air Force personnel.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1970 the F-86H Sabres were transferred after being with the 104th TFS for thirteen years. The 104th was one of the last ANG units to fly the F-86. The Sabres, however, were not retired, but instead transferred to the United States Navy which used them both as target drones and as MiG simulators for TOP GUN aggressor training. The F-86H had a similar size, shape, and performance as the MiG-17 fighter then being encountered over North Vietnam, and many a Navy F-4 pilot was "killed" by a F-86H Sabre during these mock battles.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In return, the 104th TFS received Cessna A-37 Dragonfly ground-attack aircraft. In the Vietnam War, the A-37 was a very effective ground support aircraft that was simple to operate, maintain and fly. The mission of the 104th was to train in the aircraft to support Air Force and Army special forces personnel and units. In 1974, after the end of American participation in Vietnam, the unit began supporting the Military Assistance Program (MAP) by supplying training to Latin American Air Forces. In addition, in the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was used as a Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft, that replaced the aging O-2 Skymaster. In the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was equipped with small rocket pods, usually with smoke or white phosphorus warheads used for target marking.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command
In 1979, the 175th was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. The 104th received brand new A-10A Thunderbolt II attack aircraft from the factory in Hagerstown, Maryland. The unit continues to fly the latest version (A-10C) of the famed tank killer to this day.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era
Early in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 175th adopted the new USAF "Objective Organization" in early 1992, with the word "tactical" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 175th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era
On 15 June 1996, in accordance with the Air Force "One Wing, One Base" directive, the units of the 135th Airlift Group and 175th Fighter Wing merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing became a composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit, an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit, a United States Air Forces in Europe-gained civil engineer flight, and, from 2006 to 2016, a network warfare squadron.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era
In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as "Provisional" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.


104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era
Following the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001, members of the 175th Wing repeatedly volunteered or have been mobilized to take part in the Global War on Terrorism. From January to June 2003, the 104th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, where it flew strikes against Taliban and al Qaeda forces and earned the distinction of being the longest-deployed Air National Guard fighter squadron at Bagram.


104th Fighter Wing
The 104th Fighter Wing (104 FW) is a unit of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, stationed at Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport (Barnes Air National Guard Base), Westfield, Massachusetts. When activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.


104th Fighter Wing
In its dual state mission, the 104th Fighter Wing is an Air Force component of the Massachusetts National Guard.


104th Fighter Wing, Overview
The 104th Fighter Wing flies the F-15 Eagle and supports Air Force wartime contingency requirements, performing a variety of missions to include a 24/7 active Air Control Alert (ACA) to protect the Northeast corridor of the United States.


104th Fighter Wing, Overview
In addition to the ACA mission, the highly decorated Wing provides operationally ready combat units, combat support units and qualified personnel for active duty. Its goal is to organize, train and equip assigned personnel to provide an operationally ready squadron to the Air Combat Command that flies, fights and wins.


104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry
The 104th Fighter Wing has nine Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.


104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry
The multi-color 104th Emblem is proudly worn by both the 131st Fighter Squadron and the 104th Fighter Wing, and has a symbolic meaning as explained below:


104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry
Emblem designed by:  MSgt. Robert J. Della Penna, Original artwork by:  SSgt. Donald Bein, Computer Generated by:  MSgt. Robert J. Sabonis


104th Fighter Wing, History
In 1946, the National Guard Bureau authorized an Air National Guard unit in Western Massachusetts. On 24 February 1947, the unit was federally recognized as the 131st Tactical Fighter Squadron, 131st Utility Flight, 131st Weather Flight, and Detachment B of the 202nd Air Services Group.


104th Fighter Wing, History
The unit received its first plane, the P-47 Thunderbolt I, in the winter of 1949, and was chosen to conduct a flyover for President Truman's inauguration. That year the first edition of the unit paper, called the "Thunderbolt" was also published. The paper was later named the "Airscoop" and has won three Department of Defense (DOD) awards in nationwide competitions since publication began.


104th Fighter Wing, History
The 131st FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 104th Headquarters, 104th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 104th Combat Support Squadron, and the 104th USAF Dispensary.


104th Fighter Wing, History
In 1950, the unit was awarded the Spaatz Trophy based on its accomplishments in maintenance, personnel, training, safety, supply, and overall proficiency. Then, in 1951, the 131st Fighter Squadron underwent its first of eight conversions and flew the P- 51 Mustang Fighter for three years until the F-94 Starfire Fighter permanently put the 131st into the jet business. The Guard Base at Barnes Airport was dedicated on 19 October 1952.


104th Fighter Wing, History
In 1954 the 131st stood up a dawn-to-dusk air defense alert with its F-94 jets, a rotation of pilots, and a 10-person support crew (a precursor of things to come). In April 1956 came the organization as the 104th Fighter Group, from the previous squadron-hierarchy.


104th Fighter Wing, History
The mission of the 104th Fighter Group was the air defense of Massachusetts.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command
The air defense mission ended on 10 November 1958 when the Massachusetts Air Guard and its units were reassigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and converted to F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. During the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force greatly improved the readiness of the Massachusetts Air National Guard.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization
During the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the 131st TFS was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and recall to active duty. On 1 October the 131st was federalized and 730 members were placed on active duty.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization
The mission was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the unit was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces and air interdiction. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, the Wing departed for Phalsbourg.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization
Starting on 5 December, the Wing began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the 104th participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization
On 7 May 1962, USAFE Seventeenth Air Force directed that the 104th would deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. The last of the ANG aircraft departed on 20 July.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Vietnam era
After the Berlin Crisis, the readiness status of the 104th Tactical Fighter Group greatly improved under the "gaining command concept", whereby the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command was responsible for overseeing the training of the Group. Operational readiness inspections also honed the edges of the wing.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Vietnam era
In 1964, the 131st TFS was switched from F-86H Sabres to the F-84F Thunderstreak. Exactly why this equipment change was made can not be determined. The F-86H was a viable aircraft in the ANG's inventory, with the Sabres from both the 101st and 131st TFS's being sent to the New Jersey ANG, and the 119th and 141st TFS's sending their F-84Fs to the Massachusetts squadrons. The 131st flew the Thunderstreaks throughout the 1960s, and although the squadron was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. In 1971, the 104th began re-equipping with the F-100D Super Sabre; the Air Guard was always one generation of fighter aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support
The 104th remained as a tactical fighter unit flying the F-100 until July 1979 when the F-100s were retired and the unit was re-equipped with new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the "Total Force" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. This marked the first time the 131st had received new aircraft.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support
For most of its existence, the Air Guard had been a reserve force for use only in wartime. By the 1980s, the Air Guard was an integral part of daily Air Force operations. As a result, the Massachusetts Air Guard took on more missions. With the receipt of the A-10, the 104th began a commitment to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), beginning frequent deployments to West Germany, England, Italy, Turkey, and other NATO bases.


104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support
As the Cold War was ending, the Massachusetts Air National Guard was called upon to meet new challenges. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 led to a U.S. response with air, ground and naval attacks during Operation Desert Storm. While no flying units of the Massachusetts Air Guard were mobilized, mission support units provided personnel to backfill deploying Air Force units in the U.S. The Total Force Policy of the Department of Defense stipulated that the Reserve Components were to play a large role in the nation's defense.