'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
In July 1994, the Israeli Civil Administration executed an eviction order relocating as number of residents to a site adjacent to a Jerusalem municipal garbage dump at Abu Dis, Throughout the 1990s there were 100-120 military or court orders for the eviction of al-Jahalin Bedouin. In 1997 and 1998, two further forcible expulsions of the Jahalin were implemented, with a further 1,050 relocated to Abu Dis.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
In the same year, an appeal resulted in a deal between the Israeli Civil Administration and representatives of 35 al-Jahalin families (about 200 individuals) who were permitted to "lease" what Israel considers to be state lands but which, according to the Jahalin themselves, belong to the local Palestinians of Abu Dis. With the founding of the village of ʿArab al-Jahalin, the relocated Bedouin complained that the allocated area deprived them of pasturage that might enable them to continue their traditional herding lifestyle, forcing 70% of the al-Jahalin to sell off their livestock. The area is also affected by a strong stench, caused by high quantities of methane gas, a process that will continue for at least two decades even after the proposed closure of the dump.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
In 2012, plans to relocate the tribe adjacent to the Abu Dis garbage dump were dropped, with the military-run Civil Administration stating it would select a different site. On 16 September 2014 it was announced that they would be moved to a new area in the Jordan Valley north of Jericho. A documentary film about the current status of the Jahalin was released in April 2012.


'Arab al-Rashayida
'Arab al-Rashayida (Arabic: عرب الرشايدة) is a Palestinian village located twelve kilometers east of Jerusalem. The village is in the Bethlehem Governorate, central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 1,453 in 2007.


'Arab al-Rashayida, History
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Rashayida came under Jordanian rule.


'Arab al-Rashayida, History
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, the village has been under Israeli occupation.


'Arab al-Rashayida, History
After the 1995 accords, 5.7% of al-Rashayida's land was classified as Area A, 1.1% classified as Area B, 10.2% classified as Area C, while the remaining 83% is classified as "nature reserve".


'Are'are constituency
'Are'are was a single-member constituency of the Governing Council and Legislative Assembly of the Solomon Islands. Created in 1973 when the Governing Council was expanded from 17 to 24 seats, it was located on the island of Malaita. In the 1973 elections the seat was won by David Kausimae, who had been elected in the South Central Malaita constituency in the 1970 elections, defeating Peter Kenilorea. It was abolished in 1976 and succeeded by East 'Are'are (which was won by Kenilorea, who went on to be appointed the Islands' first Chief Minister) and West 'Are'are (in which Kausimae was elected).


'Arsh
ʿArsh (Arabic: عرش) is a sub-district located in the Al-Misrakh District, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. ʿArsh had a population of 9,569 according to the 2004 census.


'Asir Province
The ʿAsir Region (Arabic: عَسِيرٌ, romanized: ʿAsīr, lit. 'difficult') is a region of Saudi Arabia located in the southwest of the country that is named after the ʿAsīr tribe. It has an area of 76,693 square kilometres (29,611 sq mi) and an estimated population of 2,211,875 (2017). It shares a short border with the Saada Governorate of Yemen.


'Asir Province
The capital of the ʿAsir Region is Abha. Other towns include Khamis Mushait, Bisha and Bareq. The regional governor is Turki bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud (appointed 27 December 2018), a son of Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. He replaced his cousin, Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, on the same day.


'Asir Province, Geography
The ʿAsir Region is situated on a high plateau that receives more rainfall than the rest of the country and contains the country's highest peaks, which rise to almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) at Jabal Sawda near Abha. Though data is exceedingly sparse and unreliable, the average annual rainfall in the highlands probably ranges from 300 to 500 millimetres (12 to 20 in). It falls in two rainy seasons, the chief one being in March and April, with some rain in the summer. Temperatures are very extreme, with diurnal temperature ranges in the highlands the greatest in the world.


'Asir Province, Geography
It is common for afternoon temperatures to be over 30 °C (86 °F), yet mornings can be extremely frosty and fog can cut visibility to near zero percent. As a result, there is much more natural vegetation in ʿAsir than in any other part of Saudi Arabia, with sheltered areas even containing areas of dense coniferous forests, though more exposed ridges still are very dry.


'Asir Province, Geography
ʿAsir is home to many farmers who chiefly grow wheat and fruit crops. Irrigation has greatly expanded production in modern times.


'Asir Province, Geography
Asir National Park was established in 1981, and extends from the Red Sea coast through the western foothills to the Asir escarpment.


'Asir Province, Governorates
The region is divided into sixteen governorates (with 2010 Census populations):


'Asir Province, History
In 25 B.C. Aelius Gallus marched his legions south from Egypt on a 1,300-mile expedition to take control of the ancient overland trade routes between the Mediterranean and what is now Hadhramaut in Yemen. The Romans wanted control of those routes because they were desperate for money and hoped to raise some by capturing Ma'rib, capital of Sabaʾ, and taking control of the trade in incense - then a priceless commodity - and other valuable aromatics. As it turned out, however, the expedition was a disaster and little information about ʿAsir emerged.


'Asir Province, History
By 1920, however, Ibn Saud the founder of Saudi Arabia had begun to recoup the losses of the House of Saʿud and to unify most of the peninsula under his rule. As part of this campaign, he sent his Bedouin warriors also known as the Ikhwan to occupy ʿAsir, and the ruler of the region, Hasan Al Idrissi, had to leave. Therefore, he asked for protection from Imam Yahya, the ruler of Yemen and went there.


'Asir Province, History
From then on ʿAsir has been controlled by the House of Saud, a situation formalized in 1934 with the signing of the Treaty of Taʾif between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Even then the region was still largely unknown to the West. In 1932, St John Philby, one of the first Europeans to explore and map the peninsula, did enter ʿAsir, but as he did not publish his observations until 1952, the area remained one of the blank spots on the world's map. In 1935 ʿAsir was made a separate governorate.


'Asir Province, Economy
Historically, ʿAsir was known for producing coffee, wheat, alfalfa, barley, senna, and frankincense. Wheat was grown in the summer and sesame has been grown in wetter areas of the region. Straw was used to make mats, hats, and baskets. Tribes in the area also wove tents from straw.


'Asir Province, Development project
In 2019, the Saudi government launched an infrastructure development project in ʿAsir Region. The project is expected to cost more than 1 billion Saudi Riyals. The provided projects will include health care, transportation and municipal services. The project is in line with the Saudi Vision 2030 to diversify non-petroleum income and activate new resources in Saudi Arabia.


'Asta Bowen
'Asta Bowen is an American young adult writer. She's best known for her novel Wolf: The Journey Home.


'Asta Bowen, Biography
'Asta Bowen was born in a family of Irish descent. She was raised in Orland Park, Illinois in Illinois.


'Asta Bowen, Biography
She published her first book, The Huckleberry Book in 1988. Nine years later, her best known work, Wolf: The Journey Home was published.


'Asta Bowen, Biography
From 1988 to 2001, she published a column in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. She's also written for the Salt Lake Tribune.


'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth
'Asta Bowen writes young-adult fiction, with a focus on the myth of the wolf. In Wolf: The Journey Home, there is a scene where a wolf body allows to find the killer has been compared by the professor of American Literature and American Studies S. K. Robisch to a real poaching in the Yellowstone Park, against one male of the Druids wolf pack, named from Druid Peak, the first reintroduced in this park in 1996, where the killer has been apprehended because he kept the head as a trophy.


'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth
In the same study of wolf in American literature, he credits 'Asta Bowen to correctly portraits the role of the den location, to raise the new litter. There is virtually no anthropomorphism in this novel, the author describes real wolves, with some notable exceptions, deemed to be at the border of anthropomorphism, for example giving to the wolves names like Marth or Oldtooth.


'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth
British historian Karen Jones, specialized in the history of the American West, environmental history and Animal Studies, stresses upon the importance of such works in the environmental values transmission. She notes works like 'Asta Bowen "contain descriptions of intelligent canine protagonists that countered the images of bestial excess in traditional Euro-American wolf tales. ".


'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth
Jones also notes, more strongly than Robisch the "humanistic traits" of the wolves: in Wolf: The Journey Home, she sees Marta as an “eco-feminist icon, a strong female character" and as "totem for positive gender identity".


'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth
Finally, she compares the myth to the Turner's Frontier Thesis: "Bowen's fictionalised rendition of lupine restoration involved copious quantities of pain, struggle, and death. This was a damming verdict on Turnerian triumphalism. Here the wolf story showed a West not won but lost. In Bowen's work, the wolf emerged as a potent signifier of frontier guilt, an expression that also proved common in commentary on the wolf reintroduction programme in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s."


'Asta Bowen, Work reception
Her first novel, Wolf: The Journey Home, is well received and was nominated for the 2006 Teens' Top Ten award by the American Library Association.


'Asta Bowen, Positions
Bowen depicts the role of the television as central in our society, and considers it detrimental to effective literature teaching.


'Atara
'Atara (Arabic: عطارة ′Atâra) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 15 kilometers north of Ramallah in the central West Bank. A village of nearly 2,300 inhabitants, it is situated along a mountain ridge line with four peaks and is built upon the second highest point in the West Bank at 810 meters above sea level. ' Atara's total land area consists of 9,545 dunams, most of which is cultivable.


'Atara, Location
'Atara is located  10.7 kilometers (6.6 mi) (horizontally) north of Ramallah. It is bordered by  Silwad  to the east, 'Abwein  to the north, Burham, 'Ajjul and Umm Safa to the west, and Bir Zeit  to the south.


'Atara, History
Sherds from the  Iron Age I, Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine  and  Mamluk eras have been found. Edward Robinson identified 'Atara with the Biblical Ataroth mentioned in the Book of Joshua 16:2. However, some modern authorities prefer to place Ataroth elsewhere.


'Atara, History, Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the  tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 Muslim households who paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, including  wheat, barley, olives, vineyards or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 4,300 Akçe.


'Atara, History, Ottoman era
In the 17th-19th centuries, 'Atara was located in the nahiya of Bani Zeid. Adult males were required to pay 58-60 akçe to the Ottoman government in Jerusalem. It was also noted as a Muslim village.


'Atara, History, Ottoman era
The French explorer Victor Guérin  passed by the village in 1870,  and estimated it to have about  300 inhabitants. An official Ottoman village list from about the same time (1870) showed that 'Atara had a total of 80 houses and a population of 225, though the population count included men only. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Attara as a large village, seemingly ancient, in a conspicuous position on a hill, with olives round it.


'Atara, History, Ottoman era
In 1896 the population of  Atara was estimated to be about 480 persons.


'Atara, History, British Mandate of Palestine
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Atara had a population of 407 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 559 Muslims in 133  houses. In 1922, the Jewish National Fund established a moshav on 500 dunams of land. Known as Ataroth, it was one of the first Zionist hill settlements.


'Atara, History, British Mandate of Palestine
In the 1945 statistics the population of  'Atara was 690 Muslims, while the total land area was 9,545 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,  3,524 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,550 for cereals, while 45 dunams were classified as built-up areas.


'Atara, History, Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Atara came  under Jordanian rule.


'Atara, History, Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Atara has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 903, of whom 61  originated from the Israeli territory.


'Atara, History, Post-1967
After  the 1995 accords, 40.8% of village land has been defined as Area A land, 43.8%  as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is Area C. Israel has confiscated a total of  163 dunams of land from the village in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.


'Atara, History, Post-1967
In 2002, 95-year-old Atara resident Fatima Hassan became the oldest Palestinian fatality in the Second Intifada when the taxi she was in was shot at by Israeli soldiers. Witnesses said the car was waiting in a long line of cars and soldiers smashed the windows before firing. An Israeli military source said soldiers fired at the taxi after it ignored orders to halt on a prohibited road.


'Atara, Sanctuaries
'Atara contains two sanctuaries for saintly figures. The village's old mosque encases the Sanctuary of I'mar. There used to stand a Byzantine church.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
On the Dahrat Hamoud hill about 1.5 km south-west of 'Atara, standing at about 820 meters above sea level, lies the Maqam (shrine) of Sheikh al-Qatrawani. The shrine is one of a series of watchtowers overlooking the coast built by the Mamluks in the 16th century. The sanctuary, built atop the ruins of an ancient Byzantine monastery, is visited by Palestinian Muslims to offer vows and Christians to rest in or near. The present sanctuary is made up of the shrine, the remains of the monastery, a cave and a cistern.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
According to local Islamic tradition, the sanctuary was named after a holy man named Sheikh Ahmad al-Qatrawani from the destroyed village of Qatra north of Gaza. Popular belief suggests that al-Qatrawani left his home town of Qatra due to his inability to fulfill his religious duties there, thus relocating to the deserted hill of Dar Hamouda where he "lived in prayer and self-mortification". Another popular tale claims when al-Qatrawani died, his dead body descended onto the hilltop where his sanctuary stands.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
According to local legend from the town of Bir Zeit, nearby villagers found a Sufi derwish laying on the site and when asked of his origins, he said he was from Qatra and that angels brought him to the site where he would die. The residents of 'Atara, as well as nearby Ajjul and Silwad provided him with food and protection for four years and when they found him dead, they buried him just west of the sanctuary.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
Many Palestinian Christians argue, however, that the site was dedicated to Saint Catherine, suggesting the etymological origin of "Qatrawani" to be from "Catherine". Hamdan Taha points out similarities between the Muslim tradition of al-Qatrawani descending to his burial place at the time of his death to the Christian tradition of Saint Catherine descending to Mount Sinai at the time of her death.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
The modern building is a renovated version of the original building built in the late Mamluk era in the 16th century. The renovation took place in 1999 undertaken by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities. The sanctuary is a rectangular building 9.8 meters in width, and 5.9 meters in length. It has two semi-spherical domes, measuring 3.8 and 3.9 meters in diameter respectively. The eastern dome is built of finely cut stones, while the western dome is built of small rough field-stones, but both kinds are of local origin. The northern wall is 85 centimeters thick and is constructed of small stones, mortar and rubble. The eastern room of the sanctuary contains a mihrab ("prayer niche") with the typical orientation to Mecca as required in Islamic doctrine.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
The cistern, currently blocked, is in front of the shrine and most likely collected rainwater in the past for the sanctuary. It possibly also drew water from the nearby spring of Wadi as-Saqi, located two kilometers south of the site. To the west of the Sheikh al-Qatrawani sanctuary is a winepress cut through stone. Its basin is 1.8 meters deep and is coated with a layer of white plaster. A stone-cut cave is located in front of the shrine, but was blocked in 1984 by the residents of 'Atara for "safety reasons". In front of the building is a courtyard and the actual tomb of Sheikh al-Qatrawnani is located adjacently west of the site and has been plundered a number of times.


'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani
Sherds from the  Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and  Mamluk eras have been found here.


'Atara, Demographics
Emigration surged between 1952 and 1955 to the Gulf Arab states, due to poor economic conditions in the West Bank. Several others moved to Ramallah and Jerusalem for work. By 1961, the population was 1,110, however, it decreased tremendously after the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan. The village population slowly grew to 903 in 1982, then 976 in 1987.


'Atara, Demographics
In the first census taken by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, 'Atara's population reached 1,661, of which 92 were Palestinian refugees (5.6%). The gender make-up was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. According to a PCBS estimate, 'Atara had a population of approximately 2,400 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. In the PCBS census in 2007, 'Atara had a population of 2,270, of which 1,139 were males and 1,131 females. There 495 housing units and the average household size consisted of 5.5 family members.


'Atara, Economy
Until the early 1950s, 'Atara's inhabitants were dependent on agriculture as a main source of income. After 1967, many inhabitants began to work in Israel. As a result, agricultural production has been further reduced and a substantial portion of 'Atara's economy became dependent residents working abroad. Transportation is an issue in the village, with only one road being able to access through Bir Zeit.


'Atara, Economy
Eggs are a primary agricultural product and there are eleven egg farms in the village. Olives are also widely produced and are delivered to an oil pressing factory in the town of 'Arura, where olive oil is produced. Israeli checkpoints around 'Atara, as well as the harvest of 'Atara's olive crop by Israeli settlers from Ateret has effectively strained the village's economy.


'Atara, Economy
40.8% of  village land is defined as Area A land, 43.8%  as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is defined as Area C. Israel has confiscated 163 dunums of the village land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.


'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji
Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji (1924–1997) was an Iraqi poet and educator.


'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji
She was born in Baghdad and began publishing poetry at the age of fourteen. al-Khazraji received a BA from the Higher Teachers' Institute, going on to work as a teacher. In 1950, she enrolled in the Sorbonne, receiving a PhD in 1955. She published a collection of the poet Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf's work in 1954. She later taught Arabic at the Higher Teachers' Institute. She published a work on the poet Isma'il Sabri.


'Ayn al Ghazaya
ʿAyn al Ghazaya (Arabic: الغزايا) is a village in Nalut District in northwestern Libya. It lies on a crossroads on the Wazzin–Nalut road on the northern edge of the Tripolitanian Plateau in the Nafusa Mountains.


'Ayn al Ghazaya, History
ʿAyn al Ghazaya was a Gaddafi stronghold during the 2011 Libyan civil war, and provided a base for loyalist troops in the 2011 Nafusa Mountains Campaign. After the some 5,000 inhabitants were removed to Tripoli, it was captured by the rebel forces on 29 July 2011.


'Ayy
'Ayy is one of the districts of Karak governorate, Jordan.


'Azza
′Azza (Arabic: مخيم العزة; also spelled ′Azzeh, ′Azzah or Alazzeh) also known as Beit Jibrin Camp (Arabic: مخيم بيت جبرين) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Bethlehem Governorate located within the city of Bethlehem. It is the smallest of the 59 refugee camps in the West Bank and the other Arab countries. It was established in 1950 on an area of 20 dunams (0.020 km2; 0.0077 sq mi) and receives services from UNRWA workers based in nearby Aida camp, but inside the camp there are no medical or educational services, so it was merged with the Aida camp to receive services.


'Azza
The camp is named after a prominent Arab family from the depopulated village of Beit Jibrin west of the Hebron Hills in present-day Israel. The UNRWA recorded a population of 2,025 in 2005, while the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics projected a population of 1,750 in 2006, with UNRWA reporting a population of approximately 1,337 refugees and 2,900 total in 2016.


'Azza
It has been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority since 1995.


'Blue Blazes' Rawden
'Blue Blazes' Rawden is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by William S. Hart and written by J.G. Hawks. The film stars William S. Hart, Maude George, Robert McKim, Gertrude Claire, Robert Gordon, and Jack Hoxie. The film was released on February 1, 1918, by Paramount Pictures. The film has been preserved and it is available in various viewing formats.


'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Plot
Tough lumberjack Blue Blazes Rawden takes up residence at the hotel of the equally tough Englishman, Ladyfingers Hilgard. Because Blue Blazes beats him at cards and steals the heart of his woman, Babette Du Fresne, Hilgard challenges Blue Blazes to a gunfight and is killed. Hilgard's mother and brother Eric soon visit the hotel, and Blue Blazes, touched by Mrs. Hilgard's gentle nature, tells her Hilgard died honorably. Babette, angry at Blue Blazes' inattention, tells Eric the truth, and Eric, enraged, shoots and seriously wounds Blue Blazes. After saving Eric from a lynch mob, Blue Blazes makes him promise never to tell Mrs. Hilgard what he knows and leaves town a reformed man.


'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Background
Hart published a letter in the Motion Picture News (March 30, 1918), titled A straight-from-the shoulder letter, advising exhibitors that he was not connected with a company called "W.H. Productions Co.". Hart claimed that the company was changing titles of his films and showing previously made features of him without his permission. The letter states that "the old titles under which they were previously exhibited have been changed and new titles substituted...they are old pictures with new labels".


'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Background
Hart went on to say that, "if your patrons...are misled by new titles into a belief that these pictures are my latest productions, it will not only injure my reputation but also seriously affect the reputation of your theatre". Blue Blazes Rawden is listed at the bottom of the letter, along with his other films that bear the "Artcraft" trademark.


'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Reviews and reception
A reviewer in Photoplay (1918) said that "Hart gives the best exhibition of his acting ability that I have ever yet seen". They also noted that the story "has no actual ending", but rather "is something of a slice of life...its interest lies in the struggle that goes on in the heart of the naturally ferocious, brutal Rawden, turned gentle by sheer determination". A review in Variety (1918) praised Hart saying, "[he] was a good actor long before he thought of going into pictures... he now reveals one more artistic accomplishment - that of an intelligent, careful, painstaking director.


'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Reviews and reception
The detail in the preparation of the feature goes a long way toward enhancing its value". The Motion Picture Magazine (1918), said that "one celluloidic thing is as inevitable as fates and taxes-that William S. Hart starts each new picture career as a bad man and ends it by being completely reformed... like the excess tax, it is an excess reformation".


'Bout Changes 'n' Things
'Bout Changes 'n' Things is an album by folk singer Eric Andersen, released in 1966.


'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2
'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2 is a 1967 album by Eric Andersen and was released on the Vanguard Records label. It is nearly the same album as his previous release, with changes in the song sequencing and the addition of additional instruments.


'Bout It
'Bout It is the second studio album by American singer Jesse Powell. It was released by Silas Records on September 8, 1998 in the United States. It was Powell's first album to chart on the US Billboard 200, peaking at number 63. For sales in excess of 500,000 copies, 'Bout It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 8, 1999. Three singles were released from the album, including "I Wasn't with It", "You" and "'Bout It, 'Bout It". "You" is Powell's only hit to date on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 10 in 1999.


'Bout It, Critical reception
Allmusic editor Craig Lytle found that 'Bout It "isn't a gem but is generally decent. The singer doesn't incorporate an abundance of rapping (something many jeep soulsters were doing), but his producers do favor a very hip-hop-ish production style on "Up and Down," "I Wasn't with It," and other selections. Powell doesn't provide anything for the dancefloor – most of the time, he gets into a comfortable medium-tempo groove, whether he's being romantic or overtly sexual. Not a remarkable CD, but competent and usually likable."


'Bout Love
'Bout Love is the seventh studio album by American R&B singer Bill Withers, released in 1979 on the Columbia label.


'Bout Love, Reception
Bill Withers collaborated with Paul Smith on  'Bout Love, who co-wrote all but "Memories Are That Way" with Withers. ' Bout Love features Withers' usual mellowness and introspective lyrics, however its lead single, "Don't It Make It Better" is up-tempo, and its follow-up single, "You Got the Stuff" is a funk song. "Don't It Make It Better" peaked at No. 30 on Billboard R&B Singles, but "You Got the Stuff" reached only No. 85 on the chart.


'Bout Love, Reception
'Bout Love peaked at #50 on the R&B chart and No. 134 on the Billboard 200. It was re-released as a digital music download in 2008.


'Bout Soul
'Bout Soul is an album by American saxophonist Jackie McLean recorded in 1967 and released on the Blue Note label.


'Bout Soul, Reception
This is intensely cerebral music that is nevertheless played with a fiery passion. Although the music was all composed, it is played as if it was invented on the spot. Fans of McLean's straight-ahead hard bop, or even of his adventurous mid-'60s sessions, might find this a little off-putting at first, but 'Bout Soul rewards close listening. It is one of McLean's finest modern contemporary sessions


'Cause I Have You
"'Cause I Have You" is a song written and recorded by American country artist Wynn Stewart. It was released as a single in 1967 and became a major hit the same year.


'Cause I Have You, Background and release
"'Cause I Have You" was recorded on February 9, 1965 at the Capitol Recording Studio, located in Hollywood, California. The session was produced by Ken Nelson, Stewart's producer at Capitol Records. Four additional tracks were recorded during the same session, including the single "Sha-Marie." Stewart had recently signed with Capitol Records, after first being dropped by the label in the 1950s. He had first number one single on the label, "It's Such a Pretty World Today."


'Cause I Have You, Background and release
"'Cause I Have You" was released as a single on Capitol Records in June 1967. It was his fourth single release with the label. The single spent 16 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart before becoming a top ten hit, peaking at number nine in September. "'Cause I Have You" was Stewart's third top ten hit single in his career and his fifth major hit altogether. Over the next several years, Stewart would have further major hits for Capitol Records.


'Cause I'm a Man
"'Cause I'm a Man" is a song by Australian musical project Tame Impala, released on 7 April 2015 as the second single from their third studio album Currents. The song peaked at number 80 on the ARIA Singles Chart. A music video for the song was uploaded on 21 May 2015 on the group's Vevo channel on YouTube.


'Cause I'm a Man, Background
Kevin Parker described the song as being "about how weak men are basically, and how we make all these excuses." In the song, Parker's vocals are clearer in the mix than in previous Tame Impala songs, an extension of his love of "that dreamy, silvery vocal sound." It was difficult for him, as he was uncomfortable with his vocal performance. According to Parker, recording the song became obsessive. He recalled performing over 1,057 partial vocal takes for either "'Cause I'm a Man" or the album's fourth single, "The Less I Know the Better", though he could not recall which.


'Cause I'm a Man, Background
The song courted controversy over its lyrics, which could be considered sexist. Parker addressed this in an interview with Stereogum:


'Cause I'm a Man, Background
It's really meant to be interpreted more like 'I'm a man' as in 'I'm a human. I'm merely a man.'" I understand how it can be perceived as sexist, almost misogynistic, but put it this way: I know deep in my heart, I am not in any way sexist. And I knew there would be people who would think that. There was a small part of me that was excited about ruffling some feathers 'cause I never do that, you know? I'm not that kind of person.


'Cause I'm a Man, Background
Parker intended the song as tongue-in-cheek, and noted that interpreting the song in such a way disappointed him.


'Cause I'm a Man, Release and remixes
The song debuted on Australia's Triple J on 5 April 2015, and was released for digital download on 7 April 2015.


'Cause I'm a Man, Release and remixes
A remix of the song by pop rock band Haim premiered on 6 August 2015. According to Billboard, Tame Impala asked Haim to remix the song, and subsequently promoted the song via their social media accounts. The song has been noted as more of a cover version than a remix, and Danielle Haim acknowledged this: "We've never really done a "remix" before so we decided to put out our own spin on the song."


'Cause I'm a Man, Critical reception
Evan Minsker of Pitchfork gave it the site's "Best New Track" designation, praising the song's universal theme and R&B balladry: "It's a vulnerable song—one with regret, sure, but also affection." Ryan Reed at Billboard gave it four stars out of five, praising the song as a "soulful single" spread over "four gorgeous minutes."


'Cause I'm a Man, Critical reception, Accolades
The Arizona Republic ranked the song number seven on its list of the top 30 songs of 2015.


'Cause I'm a Man, Music video
The song received two music videos. The first "official" music video for the song, lasting four minutes and four seconds, was uploaded on 21 May 2015 to the group's Vevo channel on YouTube. The video is a 3D animation centered on a man with no face and his events in life involving work, women, and "the ultimate pitfalls of life", as stated by AXS TV. It was directed by Nicky Smith. The second, directed by Dan Dipaola and Megan McShane, features puppet versions of Tame Impala performing the song, and was released on 28 May. In June, Feltworth, a puppet band connected with the Canadian group Sloan, released a clip wherein its members debate the merits of the second clip.


'Cause You're My Boy
'Cause You're My Boy (Thai: อาตี๋ของผม; RTGS: A Ti Khong Phom) (also known as "My Tee") is a 2018 Thai television series starring Sattabut Laedeke (Drake) and Thanatsaran Samthonglai (Frank).


'Cause You're My Boy
Directed by Rachyd Kusolkulsiri and produced by GMMTV together with COSOCOMO, the series was one of the ten television series for 2018 showcased by GMMTV in their "Series X" event on 1 February 2018. It premiered on One31 and LINE TV on 23 June 2018, airing on Saturdays at 22:15 ICT and 23:15 ICT, respectively. The series concluded on 22 September 2018.


'Cos Life Hurts
'Cos Life Hurts is the debut studio album by Australian pop-rock group Uncanny X-Men. 'Cos Life Hurts was released in June 1985 and sold over 100,000 copies in Australia. The album peaked at No. 3 in Australia and was certified 2x platinum.


'Coz I'm Free
"'Coz I'm Free" is a song recorded by Christine Anu. It was released in April 2001 as the third and final single from her gold-selling, second studio album, Come My Way (2000). The song is inspired by Anu's hero Cathy Freeman. At a Mushroom Records press release, Anu said; "I met Cathy at the ARIA Music Awards a couple of years ago but it wasn’t until I saw her in Seville... that "‘Coz I’m Free" came together. I watched her win the World Championships and then we caught up in London not long afterwards.... She's so inspiring—her focus, how hard she trains, all that she's achieved. When I watched the race in Seville, the camera zoomed in on her tattoo and I got the idea then for a song." The song peaked at number 86 on the ARIA Chart.


'Cuz I Can (Pink song)
"'Cuz I Can" is a song written by Pink, Max Martin and Lukasz Gottwald for Pink's fourth album, I'm Not Dead, from which it was released as a promotional single for the album. It was one of the five album tracks that leaked onto the internet in July 2005.


'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Lyrics and composition
Lyrically, the song is about Pink playing by her own rules, and boasting about her "bling", a contrast to the anti-consumerist content of "Stupid Girls", another track on the album. Referring to "'Cuz I Can", she called herself "a walking contradiction" and "a hypocrite sometimes."


'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Release
The track was sent to radio stations in Australia on October 4, 2007. It debuted at number 33 on the Australian ARIA Digital Track Chart and peaked at number 14. The track debuted at number 39 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming the first single to chart on download sales alone. It peaked at number 29.


'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Music video
The official music video for the song was first seen on Australian television on October 5, 2007, and footage of a live performance from the I'm Not Dead Tour. The performance, which was the show opener for the tour, featured dancers dressed like monks and with only underwear beneath their robes.


'Deed I Do
"'Deed I Do" is a 1926 jazz standard composed by Fred Rose with lyrics by Walter Hirsch. It was introduced by vaudeville performer S. L. Stambaugh and popularized by Ben Bernie's recording. It was recorded by influential clarinetist and bandleader Benny Goodman as his debut recording in December 1926 with Ben Pollack and His Californians. Ruth Etting's rendition of the song became a top ten hit in 1927 as did the version by Johnny Marvin.


'Disco' La Passione
"Disco La Passione" is a 1996 song by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea. The song was written for the film La Passione, a semi-autobiography by Rea. Shirley Bassey made her feature film debut here, but the film was a disappointment at the box office. A single was issued, produced by Rea and, unusual for Bassey, credited as co-performer. The track also appears on the soundtrack album La Passione. The single sold well in Europe, making the Top 40 of the Dutch and Belgian charts, but just missed being a Top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart, charting at number 41.


'Disco' La Passione
A video was issued to promote the single, it is taken from the performance made in the film. Shirley Bassey performed the song frequently live in 1996 and 1997, a live recording of the song appears on the 1997 CD The Birthday Concert.


'Disco' La Passione, Track listing
UK 3 track maxi CD single and 12" vinyl single


'Double Fish Hook' Strategy
Double fish hook strategy is a speculated maritime strategy which India adopts to counter the String of Pearls strategy by China. This ‘Fish Hook’ strategy of India is expected to complement the fish hook strategy undertaken by the US along with its allies in the Pacific Ocean.


'Double Fish Hook' Strategy
The double fish hook involves a string of port developments and alliances that India has entered into. The first fish hook covers the eastern Indian Ocean and begins in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and ends at the US military base (Diego Garcia) in the Chagos Archipelago. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands constitute the endpoint of the US fish hook strategy. The western fish hook begins at the Duqm port through India's Maritime Transport Agreement with Oman and traverses Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagascar. India also develops maritime linkages with France, which has security interests for its territories in the Indian Ocean region.


'Em Are I
'Em Are I is the fifth album by anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis, and the first credited to Jeffrey Lewis & The Junkyard (Lewis' backing band). Lewis revealed the following in an interview with Audio Antihero Records.


'Em Are I
'Em Are I is probably the one I feel best about as a representation of a well thought-out studio album, where I had the time to get things a bit more how I wanted them instead of just ending up with what I got accidentally. I think the “Mini-Theme” track at the end of “‘Em Are I” is just about the best song recording I’ve managed to do, I’m very happy with how that came out.


'En Esur
'En Esur, also En Esur (Hebrew: עין אֵסוּר; [ʕen ʔsuʁ] eh-N eh-s-oor) or Ein Asawir (Arabic: عين الأساور, lit. ' Spring of the Braceletes') is an ancient site located on the northern Sharon Plain, at the entrance of the Wadi Ara pass leading from the Coastal Plain further inland. The site includes an archaeological mound (tell), called Tel Esur or Tell el-Asawir, another unnamed mound, and two springs, one of which gives the site its name. During the Early Bronze Age, around 3000 BCE, a massive fortified proto-city with an estimated population of 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants existed there.


'En Esur
It was the largest city in the region, larger than other significant sites such as Megiddo and Jericho, but smaller than more distant ones in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The city was discovered in 1977, but its massive extent was realized only in 1993. A major excavation between 2017 and 2019 ahead of the construction of a highway interchange exposed the city's houses, streets and public structures, as well as countless artifacts including pottery, figurines and tools. Archaeologists announced its discovery in 2019, calling it the "New York of the Early Bronze Age".


'En Esur
An even earlier, 7,000-year-old Early Chalcolithic large village already showing signs of incipient urbanisation and with an open space used for cultic activities was discovered below the ruins of the Bronze Age city.


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
The site is known in Arabic as Tell el-Asawir. It appears in the 1799 map drawn by French geographer Pierre Jacotin. American archaeologist and biblical scholar William F. Albright visited the site during his 1923 trip to Mandatory Palestine. He recalled the opinion of German scholar Albrecht Alt that Tel Esur is the site of an ancient city called "Yaham", mentioned in the sources of the 15th century BCE Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III, who campaigned against a coalition of Canaanite city-states, led by the king of Kadesh and gave battle at Megiddo, located just north of the Menashe Heights.


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
According to the Egyptian account, Thutmose III camped in Yaham before he marched on Megiddo and capture the city. Albright stated that the location of the site corresponds with the geographic descriptions of the Egyptian sources, and his discovery of Bronze Age pottery while surveying the mound further confirmed this identification in his opinion. Today however, Yaham is identified with a site located at the Arab village of Kafr Yama, since 1988 part of Zemer, some 10 kilometers south of Tel Esur.


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
The discovery of the larger site around Tel Esur and its springs occurred in 1977, during the digging of a water reservoir south of the mound. A salvage excavation was conducted by archaeologists Azriel Zigelman and Ram Gofna of the Tel Aviv University. They discovered two settlement layers, one from the Chalcolithic period (the last period of the Stone Age) and the Early Bronze Age. The former included the foundations of structures made of rough stones and some installations. These are dated to the Early Chalcolithic (c. 6000 years ago). The latter included the foundations of massive structures made of large stones. The widest wall measured 1.7 meters in width. The pottery there is dated to the Early Bronze Age I period (3300–3000 BCE).


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
A survey and an excavation was conducted in 1993 by Eli Yannai of the Israel Antiquities Authority. It revealed the massive extent of the site during the Early Bronze Age, as well as settlement remains from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, and sherds from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
En Esur was excavated by professional and volunteer archaeologists over two and a half years beginning in January 2017, with the research overseen by archaeologists Itai Elad and Yitzhak Paz. The work was organized in part by the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by Netivei Israel, Israel's national transportation infrastructure company. During the process of excavation, archaeologists found a temple within the city that was built approximately 2,000 years before the rest of the site.


'En Esur, Discovery and excavation
In an announcement of their discovery, researchers called En Esur "cosmopolitan" and the "New York of the Early Bronze Age".


'En Esur, Location
'En Esur stands in the northern Sharon plain, c. 1 km east of Moshav Ein Iron, at the outlet of Wadi Ara, a valley which allowed the ancient international coastal highway to bypass the difficult section squeezed between the sea and western Mount Carmel by passing through the mountain. Today, the important Highway 65 follows the same route and cuts through the archaeological site of En Sur.


'En Esur, Site
The site of En Esur consists of three elements: Tel Esur, which is the main tell (a mound of accumulated human settlement layers) covering c. 28 dunams, a smaller mound southeast of it, and an open field that surrounds the mounds, which was occupied by a massive, densely built city during the Early Bronze Age. The site is supported by two abundant water springs: 'En Esur or 'En Arubot, east of the tell, which gives the site its name; and a second, unnamed one southwest of the tell.


'En Esur, Neolithic
Potsherds and stone tools found in the lowest levels excavated in the area south of Tel Esur (Area A) show that the site was occupied during the Pottery Neolithic period. Little is known about this phase; no traces of structures were found, and only a few artefacts. Both the pottery and the stone tools resemble those of the Jericho IX culture.


'En Esur, Chalcolithic
The 2017–2019 salvage excavation has brought to light a remarkably large settlement from the Early Chalcolithic period, some 7,000 years ago. Researchers are cautious about calling it a proto-city, although its size (400 dunams or 400,000 m2) and clear presence of some elements of urbanisation, are compelling researchers to rethink the beginnings of urban development in the region, possibly dating earlier than the late fourth millennium BCE, which had been the consensus so far.


'En Esur, Chalcolithic
The archaeologists uncovered a c. 60 m2 large area, free of dwellings, used for cultic activities. It was found to contain numerous articulated sheep, cattle and pig bones, showing that animal parts had been buried in this open area during ritual ceremonies. Some 40 metres south of there, a shallow pit containing animal bones as well as the head of a human-shaped clay figurine was discovered, which may also be indicative of some cultic activity. The entire space between the two findings, set at the margin of the settlement, was likely kept open for cultic activity and other functions, although it cannot be ruled out that some mud-brick buildings had stood there without leaving any discernible remains.


'En Esur, Bronze Age, City
En Esur occupied a space of around 0.65 square kilometers (160 acres) and may have had 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants. This would have made the settlement much larger than Tel Megiddo in Israel and Jericho in the West Bank, and therefore the largest settlement in the Southern Levant during this period, but smaller than more distant cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeologist Itai Elad stated that En Esur is double the size of other large settlements known in the area.


'En Esur, Bronze Age, City
The settlement is believed to have existed at the crossroads of two important trading routes. Archaeologists excavating the site believe that the city was planned, and included not only streets, alleys and squares, but also facilities for storage and drainage, and a cemetery. En Esur was surrounded by fortified walls that were 2 metres (6.6 feet) high. Its discoverers have called the city a "megalopolis".


'En Esur, Bronze Age, City
The site includes about four million artefacts overall, with millions of potsherds and flint tools, and some basalt stone vessels. The inhabitants of En Esur are thought to have been an agricultural people. They would have traded with other regions and kingdoms. Sealed imprints on tools demonstrate that these were brought to the city from Egypt.


'En Esur, Bronze Age, City
A temple was found within the city, which was located in a public area and includes a courtyard with a huge stone basin for rituals. Burnt animal bones were found inside the temple, providing evidence of possible ritual sacrifices. Several figurines were also unearthed inside the temple, including a human head and a seal impression showing a cultic scene with person in a supplicant position and raising his hands with a horned animal next to him.


'En Esur, Bronze Age, City
Researchers excavating the site have said that it demonstrates early processes of urbanization within Canaanite civilization, and that the city would have probably possessed a substantial "administrative mechanism." Haaretz described the site as "vastly bigger than anything thought possible in the Southern Levant 5,000 years ago." The settlement was later abandoned.


'En Esur, Bronze Age, Necropolis
Burial caves dating from the fourth to the second millennium BCE were found at Tell el-Asawir during 1953 excavations. The Tell el-Asawir necropolis, located near a stone quarry, underwent a salvage excavation in 2003, resulting in a find presented to the press as "the largest Bronze Age necropolis in the world".


'En Esur, Bronze Age, Necropolis
The Ministry of Religious Affairs intervened and the thousands of human skeletons excavated from burial chambers measuring up to 100 m2 had to be reburied before they could be scientifically studied, although their age excluded the possibility of them being the remains of Jews, which are not to be disturbed under Jewish religious laws.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
In excavations led by S. Bar in 2010-2014 on the western slopes of the small mound (Area D), a large public structure from the early 8th century BCE (Iron Age IIB) came to light. The fortified tower abutted by a storehouse was interpreted as being part of a regional administrative centre, due to similarities with other contemporary public complexes. However, Tel 'Esur is unique in being the only small, countryside settlement, rather than large royal Iron Age estate or city, such as Hazor or Megiddo, where the state or king built an administrative centre.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
The architectural complex shows enough sophistication to vouch for it being a royal or state-run project, in spite of its size of less than 0.5 ha, which would otherwise be characteristic of a hamlet or farmstead. It comes in the context of both Israel and Judah having many, primarily rural settlements established in the 9th–8th centuries BCE.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
The excavation director speculates that the Tel 'Esur compound was established during the reign of the Omride king Jeroboam II (786–746 BCE), as part of the measures taken by the kings of Israel to strengthen their grip over the northern valleys and the Shephelah at a time of maximal expansion (see ). The Tel 'Esur complex is the first official presence along the Wadi Ara pass, proof for the interest of the kings of the northern kingdom in this thoroughfare.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
The tower measures c. 13 by 13 metres, with thick outer walls indicative of a considerable height and a certain martial look, although its location at the foot of the mound and the comparatively modest size exclude a military purpose. The entire structure is more likely to have had a mixed role, both practical and political as a built statement of royal power and control over the newly acquired territory.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
The long, tripartite building adjoining the tower was most probably a warehouse where local produce or different commodities were collected, although some researchers see in such structures stables, barracks, or marketplaces. A typical structure for the Iron Age, such entrepôts are all located next to major trade routes and are commonly found at bottlenecks along the borders of Israel and Judah, with the one at Tel 'Esur being again uniquely placed further in from the border. Its large size and internal separation through solid walls, rather than columns, indicatess that the even larger such structure found at Hazor had served as its prototype.


'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre
The building complex was in use for half a century at most, being emptied of goods and abandoned in the mid-8th century, a decade or two before the destructive campaign of Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BCE. A possible cause might have been Israel's deteriorating relations with Assyria, with the nearby Israelite city of Dor being another example of early abandonment, rather than the more common case of settlements evacuated out of fear during the actual approach of the Assyrian army, or the many destroyed by it.


'En Esur, Preservation
In October 2019, according to Haaretz, En Esur was slated to be paved over by a planned highway interchange for the new town of Harish, with the Smithsonian magazine writing that it will be re-covered, but that the interchange would be built "high over the ruins". All findings were photographed and computer-processed, the 3D documentation of the site allowing archaeologists to continue studying it after it has been covered over. The Agence France-Presse has reported that the road plans have been modified in order to protect the archaeological site.


'En Esur, References, Online excavation reports (HA-ESI)
Excavation reports published by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) in Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (HA-ESI)


'En Esur, References, Horbat Gilan
Horbat Gilan: site about 1 km east of Tel Esur, containing burial caves which are part of the Early Bronze Age necropolis of En Esur.


'Encore' mandarin
This cultivar is a hybrid between two mandarins (King x Willowleaf), obtained by H.B.Frost, in California. It began to be commercialized from 1965. It is cultivated in Japan, in greenhouses. In Portugal, its area has increased due to the high prices of the fruits, but at the moment it is stabilized or diminishing. The tree has a characteristic aspect, given by the branches that form an acute angle with the central axis of the tree, without observing pending branches. The fruit is of excellent internal quality, although its vitamin C content is relatively low when compared to an orange.


'Encore' mandarin
Each fruit can contain 25 or more seeds. In some orchards, the number of seeds is reduced. It has a great tendency to alternate bearing. In the year of high harvest presents low levels of potassium. The fruit can even kill the branches because it is a very strong (the strongest) sink. Sometimes fruit present peel pitting, which is a problem for its commercialization, especially in markets where this fruit is not known. There are orchards where no pitting appear until harvest, or peel pitting is not notorious.


'Eua National Park
ʻEua National Park is a national park on the island of 'Eua in Tonga. It is the country's only national forest park and covers an area of 4.51 km2 (2 sq mi). The park is located on the east coast of the island and covers a 800 metres (2,625 ft) band of tropical rainforest and is bordered on the west by sheer cliffs to the ocean, which have numerous caves and chasms. It received National Park Status in 1992. The area is protected by IUCN.


'F' Debut
'F' Debut is the first album by Fiona Sit, released 8 April 2004 it was a best-seller in Hong Kong, and was awarded gold for sales asfit sold more than  25,000 copies.


'Fore She Was Mama
"'Fore She Was Mama" is a song written by Casey Beathard and Phil O'Donnell, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released in October 2006 as the first single from his album Fall. It peaked at #21 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks in 2007. It was also his first chart entry since "Jesus Was a Country Boy" in 2004.


'Fore She Was Mama, Background
In an interview with the Associated Press, Walker revealed, “It’s great when a song can be humorous without being hokey, and the writers made a good country song without it being a novelty. Anytime we do it, it gets a huge reaction. I think a lot of moms are looking in the rearview mirror saying, ‘I hope the kids aren’t looking at my face right now, because I’m blushing.”


'Fore She Was Mama, Content
The singer tells a first-person account of when he was ten years old and found a "box of forget-me-nots" in his parents' closet. The box was filled with pictures of his mother partaking in various 1960s activities, including hanging out with hippies, riding motorcycles, and smoking marijuana, the latter of which was censored by some radio stations. When his mother finds out that her box has been spotted, she burns it, but that does not stop her children from reminding her about her past.


'Fore She Was Mama, Critical reception
In a review of Walker's album "Fall", The Associated Press described "'Fore She Was Mama" as having "Just the right balance of humor and drama. Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe described the song as "Funny as hell"  Shelly Fabian of About.com gave the song a favorable rating by writing "Clay does ballads so well, but he also can rock out the mid-tempo songs, like this one. It's got a really catchy chorus that will stick in your head."


'Fore She Was Mama, Critical reception
The website New Country Star called it "A fun and funny little song" and also wrote "The lyrics aren't your usual CW style, but the voice is incredibly classic Clay." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic in his review of "Fall" called "'Fore She Was Mama" "wry" and "funny". The editors at USA Today said the song is "slightly creepy, but it also feels true to life. Walker is at his best at moments like that."


'Fore She Was Mama, Music video
A music video was created for the song, it was directed by Roman White.


'Fore She Was Mama, Chart positions
This song debuted at #56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated September 23, 2006. "'Fore She Was Mama" is Walker's twenty-sixth Top 40 single on the chart. The song peaked at #21 on the chart week of February 24, 2007.


'Fraidy Cat
‘Fraidy Cat is a 1951 short subject directed by Jules White starring American comedian Joe Besser and radio disc jockey Jim Hawthorne (billed as "Hawthorne"). It is the third entry in the Joe Besser series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedian, who appeared in ten comedies at the studio between 1949 and 1956.


'Fraidy Cat, Plot
Wide Awake Detective Agency investigators Joe and Hawthorne have been unable to solve the antique robberies perpetrated by The Ape Man Gang. Their superior, I. Katchum (Tom Kennedy) gives them one final opportunity to solve the case. Guarding an antique shop late at night, the duo eventually confront the gang of crooks who have trained a real gorilla to carry out the thefts.


'Fraidy Cat, Production notes
‘Fraidy Cat was filmed on July 23–26, 1951. It is a scene-for-scene remake of the 1943 Three Stooges film Dizzy Detectives using occasional stock footage. ’ Fraidy Cat was itself remade in 1955 as Hook a Crook, using stock footage as well. Jules White directed all three films.


'GAPÔ
'GAPÔ is a 1988 Tagalog novel written by award-winning Filipino author Lualhati Bautista. Its complete title is  'GAPÔ at isang puting Pilipino, sa mundo ng mga Amerikanong kulay brown which means "'Gapô and one white Filipino, in a world of brown Americans" in translation. ' Gapô is an abbreviated form of the Philippine place name Olongapo.


'Gator Bait
'Gator Bait (U.K. title: Swamp Bait) is a 1974 film written, produced, and directed by Beverly Sebastian and Ferd Sebastian.


'Gator Bait
The film starred former Playboy "Playmate of the Year" Claudia Jennings. It was followed by the sequel 'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice.


'Gator Bait, Plot
The film follows a barefoot poacher named Desiree Thibodeau who lives deep in the swampland. Ben Bracken and Deputy Billy Boy find Desiree trapping alligators and chase her, looking to exact sexual favors. Desiree outsmarts the two men. During the chase, however, Billy Boy accidentally shoots Ben. Billy Boy tells his father, Sheriff Joe Bob Thomas, that Desiree was the shooter. Sheriff Thomas and his son join a search party who is also looking for Desiree and attack her family. Desiree exacts her revenge against the attackers.


'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice
'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice is a 1988 sequel to the 1974 film 'Gator Bait, written, produced and directed by Beverly Sebastian and Ferd Sebastian. Largely ignored upon release, the film received a second life on cable television and home video.


'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice, Plot
When a sweet city girl is initiated into the rugged ways of the Louisiana bayou by her good-natured Cajun husband "Big T", she ends up putting her newly acquired survival skills to good use when she is kidnapped by Big T's chief rival Leroy and his swarthy, brutish family as part of an ongoing feud.


'Gator Tails
'Gator Tails (also released as Willis Jackson) is an album by saxophonist Willis Jackson with orchestra which was recorded in 1964 and released on the Verve label.


'Hello,' Said the Stick
"‘Hello,’ Said the Stick" is a science fiction short story  by American writer Michael Swanwick, published in 2002. It was nominated for the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Short Story as well as the 2003 Locus Award.


'Hello,' Said the Stick, Plot summary
Set in a distant future where the Earth's ex-colonies have turned the planet into a steampunkish, pseudo-medieval wasteland in order to stop their technological advancement, particularly in weapons, the story follows a foot soldier who is going to join the Iron Duke's army to help him in his siege at Port Morningstar, a town held by the despotic Council of Seven. Along the way he finds a talking stick which convinces him to take it with him.


'Hello,' Said the Stick, Author's comments
In a 2017 interview, Swanwick said: "I came up with the idea for “’Hello,’ Said the Stick” while listening to a friend's reading on a Friday night, started writing it the next morning after breakfast, and got it into the mail at 2:30 that afternoon. No diagrams, no outlines, no sweat. And it placed on the Hugo ballot too! If every story came that easily, I'd be a very happy man."


'Hood (film)
'Hood is a 1998 Japanese film directed by Hakaru Sunamoto, and starring Shuji Kashiwabara.


'Hood (film)
The soundtrack of 'Hood features songs by Shinichi Osawa and Monday Michiru's special unit, Viva Unity, Zeebra, Muro and Misia.


'Hood (film), Plot
Camping on the streets of Tokyo, Michio meets Chihiro, a dancer, whom he makes fun of at first, but later befriends. Together they join a team of aspiring dancers and aim to make their professional debut. Michio and Chihiro gradually develop feelings for each other but, triggered by jealousy, Michio's old friends try to come in between them.


'I' and the 'me'
The 'I' and the 'me' are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead, one of the key influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic interactionism. The terms refer to the psychology of the individual, where in Mead's understanding, the "me" is the socialized aspect of the person, and the "I" is the active aspect of the person.


'I' and the 'me'
One might usefully 'compare Mead's "I" and "me", respectively, with Sartre's "choice" and "the situation". But Mead himself matched up the "me" with Freud's "censor", and the "I" with his "ego"; and this is psychologically apt.


'I' and the 'me', Characteristics
The "Me" is what is learned in interaction with others and (more generally) with the environment: other people's attitudes, once internalized in the self, constitute the Me. This includes both knowledge about that environment (including society), but also about who the person is: their sense of self. "What the individual is for himself is not something that he invented. It is what his significant others have come to ...treat him as being." This is because people learn to see who they are (man or woman, old or young, etc.) by observing the responses of others to themselves or their actions. If others respond to a person as (for instance) a woman, the person develops a sense of herself indeed as a woman.


'I' and the 'me', Characteristics
At the same time, 'the "Me" disciplines the "I" by holding it back from breaking the law of the community'. It is thus very close to the way in a man Freud's 'ego-censor, the conscience...arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him by the medium of the voice), to whom were added, as time went on, those who trained and taught him and the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment—his fellow-men—and public opinion'. It is 'the attitude of the other in one's own organism, as controlling the thing that he is going to do'.


'I' and the 'me', Characteristics
By contrast, 'the "I" is the response of the individual to the attitude of the community'. The "I" acts creatively, though within the context of the me. Mead notes that "It is only after we have acted that we know what we have done...what we have said." People, he argues, are not automatons; Mead states that "the "I" reacts to the self which arises though the taking of the attitude of others." They do not blindly follow rules. They construct a response on the basis of what they have learned, the "me".


'I' and the 'me', Characteristics
Mead highlighted accordingly those values that attach particularly to the "I" rather than to the me, "...which cannot be calculated and which involve a reconstruction of the society, and so of the 'me' which belongs to that society." Taken together, the "I" and the "me" form the person or the self in Mead's social philosophy. According to Mead, there would be no possibility of personality without both the "I" and the "Me".


'I' and the 'me', Fusion
Mead explored what he called 'the fusion of the "I" and the "me" in the attitudes of religion, patriotism, and team work', noting what he called the "peculiar sense of exaltation" that belongs to them. He also considered that 'the idea of the fusion of the "I" and the "me" gives a very adequate explanation of this exaltation...in the aesthetic experience'.


'I' and the 'me', Fusion
In everyday life, however, 'a complete fusion of the "I" and the "me" may not be a good thing...it is a dynamic sort of balance between the "I" and the "me" that is required'.


'I' and the 'me', Conventionality
When there is a predominance of the "me" in the personality, 'we speak of a person as a conventional individual; his ideas are exactly the same as those of his neighbours; he is hardly more than a "me" under the circumstances'—"...the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality..." that is "all persona, with its excessive concern for what people think." The alternative—and in many ways Mead's ideal—was the person who has a definite personality, who replies to the organized attitude in a way that makes a significant difference. With such a person, the I is the most important phase of the experience.


'I' and the 'me', Dissociation
Mead recognised that it is normal for an individual to have 'all sorts of selves answering to all sorts of different social reactions', but also that it was possible for 'a tendency to break up the personality' to appear: 'Two separate "me's" and "I's", two different selves, result...the phenomenon of dissociation of personality'.


'I' and the 'me', Literary examples
Walt Whitman 'marks off the impulsive "I", the natural, existential aspect of the self, from critical sanction. It is the cultured self, the "me", in Mead's terms, that needs re-mediation'.


'If Only' Jim
'If Only' Jim is a 1920 American silent western film directed by Jacques Jaccard and starring Harry Carey. The film is based on Philip Verrill Mighel's 1904 novel Bruvver Jim's Baby. It is not known whether the film currently survives, and it may be a lost film.


'If Only' Jim, Plot
There is a villain (Charles Brinley), who's after Jim Golden's (Harry Carey) gold, and a nice post mistress (Carol Holloway), who is willing to become both wife and mother. Universal surrounded their veteran western star, Harry Carey, with a fine supporting cast in this film, including former serial queen Carol Holloway as the post mistress, rotund comedy actor George Bunny, and one Minnie Prevost, a Native American supporting player who was billed as "Minnie Ha Ha" and had made an indelible impression with Mabel Normand in the 1918 film Mickey.


'Igginbottom
'Igginbottom was an English progressive rock band, featuring Steven Robinson (guitar), Allan Holdsworth (guitar, vocals), Dave Freeman (drums) and Mick Skelly (bass). They were managed by a company called Mimo, which was owned by Mick Jackson, Mo Bacon, Ronnie Scott and his business partner Pete King. Their only album, 'Igginbottom's Wrench, was released in 1969.


'Igginbottom's Wrench
'Igginbottom's Wrench is a studio album by the band 'Igginbottom, released in 1969 through Deram Records originally on vinyl only. It has been reissued a number of times (sometimes under the group title of "Allan Holdworth & Friends"), most notably on CD for the first time on 5 March 1989, as well as a remastered edition in 2000 through Angel Air Records with extensive liner notes detailing the band's history. It is one of the first recordings to feature guitarist Allan Holdsworth.


'Ilaheva
In the mythology of Tonga, ʻIlaheva Vaʻepopua (ʻIlaheva, living at Vaʻepopua) was a mortal woman, the daughter of Seketoʻa. Seketo'a was either a chief of Tongatapu, or perhaps a god from Niuatoputapu,depending on the source. All accounts, however, agree that 'Ilaheva became the wife of Tangaloa ʻEitumātupuʻa and mother of ʻAhoʻeitu, the first divine king of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty in Tonga, around 900 AD.


'Ilaheva, Further reading
This article relating to a myth or legend from Oceania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


'Ili'ili
'Ili'ili is a village in the southwest of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located seven miles inland, southwest of Pago Pago, between the villages of Futiga and Vaitogi. It is in Tuālāuta County.


'Ili'ili
Ili’ili is home to American Samoa's only golf course, which is an 18-hole golf course maintained by the Department of Parks and Recreation. It is 120 acres.


'Ilm al-huruf
ʿIlm al-Ḥurūf (Arabic: عِلْم الْحُرُوف) or the science of letters is an process of Arabic numerology whereby numerical values assigned to Arabic letters are added up to provide total values for words in the Quran. Used to infer meanings and reveal secret or hidden messages. [ Definition is taken from oxford reference and oxford Islamic studies article]


'Ilm al-huruf, Etymology
ʿIlm al-Ḥurūf is composed of the two words ʿilm (Arabic: عِلْم) meaning "knowledge", and ḥurūf (Arabic: حُرُوف), the plural of the word ḥarf (Arabic: حَرْف), meaning "letters".


'Imran ibn Shahin
'Imran ibn Shahin (Arabic: عمران بن شاهين) (died 979) was a Nabataean and the founder of a state in the Batihah marshlands in the 10th century. His reign was marked by decades of struggle against the Buyids of Iraq.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
'Imran created the marsh state during the period of the declining authority of the Caliphate. Having committed a crime in Jamidah, 'Imran fled to the neighboring swamps to avoid punishment by the local government. From there he managed to gain the cooperation of fellow criminals and local fisherman, and was able to set up a robber state, defying government authority. He managed to expand his power when the Biridis of Basra charged him with the protection of Jamidah and the parts of Ahvaz lying within the Batihah. With more followers flocking to him, 'Imran was eventually able to take control of the whole swamp.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
The Buyids' entrance into Baghdad in 945 meant that conflict between the two sides was inevitable. The Buyid amir Mu'izz al-Daula sent his deputy Abu Ja'far al-Saymari to subdue the Batihah. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon 'Imran, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. The death of Mu'izz's overlord 'Imad al-Daula in late 949, however, forced Mu'izz to send al-Saymari to Fars in order to secure the succession of 'Imad's son 'Adud al-Daula, giving 'Imran the opportunity to recover his authority.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
Shortly afterwards, Mu'izz al-Daula sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a Daylamite officer named Ruzbahan, ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Daula, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of Ruzbahan and the amir's vizier al-Muhallabi.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. ' Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Daula then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Daula's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. The Buyid sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared from a new attack. He remained secure for twelve years; only in 967 was another campaign launched against him. Mu'izz al-Daula oversaw the expedition himself, but he became sick and ultimately died, preventing any progress from being made. His son and successor, 'Izz al-Daula, quickly sent the Turkish general Sebük-Tegin to make peace with him.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
War between the two sides resumed in the summer 971, when 'Izz al-Daula's vizier Abu'l-Fadl suggested carrying out an attack against the Batihah in an effort to plunder the robber-state and relieve the Buyids' financial troubles. He dammed all the waterways leading into the marshes in order to destroy 'Imran's advantage, and built a dyke that allowed his troops to march up to 'Imram's capital fortress. ' Imran, however, sent his men out when the waters rose to destroy the dams, and if they could not do that he would simply move himself to another location in the marshes. As a result of the slow progress of the campaign, the Buyid troops lost morale and became mutinous. This, coupled with an invasion by the Byzantine Empire, forced 'Izz al-Daula to make peace with 'Imran. The latter greatly benefited from the terms, without any obligation for tribute.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
Internal struggles within the Buyid state enabled 'Imran to enhance his position. Having lost control of northern Iraq to the Turks, 'Izz al-Daula in 974 requested 'Imran's help. He sent him robes of honor, with a title Mu'in al-Daula and asked for military support, as well as his daughter's hand in marriage. ' Imran refused both proposals.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
In 975 'Adud al-Daula, who had come from Fars to help 'Izz al-Daula, ended up taking power for himself. ' Imran requested and received from him a formal grant for the rule of the Batihah. When 'Izz al-Daula's vizier, Ibn Baqiyya, revolted against 'Adud, 'Imran gave support to him. ' Izz temporarily regained control of Iraq, and continued to seek 'Imran's help, but to no avail. ' Adud al-Daula defeated his cousin and took over the region for good in 977, and 'Imran maintained peace with him.


'Imran ibn Shahin, Life
'Imran died in the summer of 979 and was succeeded by his son Hasan.


'In Wrong' Wright
'In Wrong' Wright is a 1920 American western silent film directed by Albert Russell and starring Hoot Gibson.


'Izbān
ʿAzban or ‘Izbān (Arabic: عزبان) is a sub-district located in the Shar'ab as-Salam District, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. ʿAzban had a population of 3,226 according to the 2004 census.


'Jock' Tradd
Joffre Peter 'Jock' Tradd (or Trad) (1922-2000) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s.


'Jock' Tradd, Playing career
Tradd came to the St. George club from the N.S.W, South Coast for one season in 1946. A handy lock-forward, he was noted for his defensive game. Injuries disrupted his season with only limited appearances for the Red V. He trialled with the North Sydney club in 1947, before finishing his career as Captain/coach of the Gerringong rugby league club in 1950.


'Jock' Tradd, War service
Tradd also enlisted in the Australian Army in World War II.


'Jock' Tradd, Death
Tradd died on 7 June 2000 in Warrawong, New South Wales age 77.


'Ksan
ʼKsan is a historical village and living museum of the Gitxsan Indigenous people in the Skeena Country of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. ʼKsan is located near Hazelton at the confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers on Gitxsan territory.


'Ksan, History
ʼKsan was founded before Hazelton was in 1866, and was populated by the Gitxsan Indigenous people.


'Let it Snow' Christmas Parade
'Let it Snow' Christmas Parade (Chinese: 雪映舞動巡遊) was a parade at Hong Kong Disneyland that replaced Disney on Parade, the park's regular operating parade. The parade itself was essentially the same as Disney on Parade but with new Christmas additions, decorations and replacements. It first ran from 23 November 2007 through 6 January 2008 as part of the A Sparkling Christmas Holiday event. The parade ran for another three years, until the 2010 Christmas season.


'Live and Well in Japan!
'Live and Well in Japan! is an album by saxophonist/composer Benny Carter recorded in 1977 and released by the Pablo label the following year.


'Live and Well in Japan!, Reception
AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated "Benny Carter headed a talent-filled tentet for this frequently exciting concert. ... it is not at all surprising that the results would be memorable, but this date actually exceeds one's expectations".


'Makabelo Mosothoane
'Makabelo Priscilla Mosothoane (born 1952) is a Lesotho politician who served as the country's Minister for Education and Training from 2012 to 2015, in the government of Tom Thabane. She worked as a nurse and schoolteacher prior to entering politics, and was also president of the local branch of the Red Cross Society.


'Makabelo Mosothoane, Early life
Mosothoane was born in Kanye, Botswana, into a Tswana family. Her native language was Setswana. Mosothoane attended secondary school in Gaborone (Botswana's capital), and subsequently completed a diploma in nursing, interning at Gaborone's Princess Marina Hospital. She moved to Lesotho to study at the National University of Lesotho, graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts in Education. Remaining in Lesotho after graduation, Mosothoane initially worked as a high school teacher, teaching at schools in Linare and Hlotse. In 1987, she began working at the English-medium school for the Leribe District, where she became principal in 1991. Outside of her work in education, Mosothoane was elected president of the Lesotho Red Cross Society in 2003.


'Makabelo Mosothoane, Politics
At the 2012 Lesotho general election, Mosothoane was elected to the National Assembly as a Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) candidate, winning the Hlotse constituency. She defeated Lineo Molise, a sitting deputy minister. After the election, Mosothoane was made Minister for Education and Training in the coalition government formed by Prime Minister Tom Thabane of the All Basotho Convention (ABC). During her period as education minister, she introduced a new nationwide curriculum for primary schools, and also oversaw the localisation of secondary school examinations, which had previously been administered by Cambridge International Examinations (a British organisation).


'Makabelo Mosothoane, Politics
In October 2014, Mosothoane was also appointed Minister for Communications, Science and Technology in an acting capacity, following the dismissal of Selibe Mochoboroane from the ministry. Mochoboroane claimed his removal was unlawful, and refused to vacate his office or give up his other ministerial resources. Mosothoane was replaced as acting minister by Joang Molapo in February 2015, at which point Mochoboroane was still disputing the legitimacy of his dismissal. Despite being a sitting minister, she was defeated in an LCD primary election prior to the 2015 general election, and consequently did not retain her seat in the National Assembly.


'Makholane
'Makholane is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 25,002.


'Makholane, Villages
The community of Makholane includes the villages of Ha 'Mpeli, Ha Chopho, Ha Isaka, Ha Joase, Ha Joase (Khohloaneng), Ha Joase (Thabeng), Ha Khalala, Ha Khalienyane, Ha Khalienyane (Mokhoabong), Ha Khati, Ha Koili, Ha Koili (Santeng), Ha Koloboi (Mokhoabong), Ha Koranta, Ha Kotoane, Ha Lebeta, Ha Leemisa, Ha Lempetje (Aupolasi), Ha Lempetje (Ha Malimo), Ha Lesia, Ha Lesole (Mokhoabong), Ha Libete, Ha Likupa, Ha Lumisi, Ha Lumisi (Metheoaneng), Ha Mafeto, Ha Mahali, Ha Maholi, Ha Maholi (Mahlabatheng), Ha Mahosi, Ha Makhathe, Ha Makopela, Ha Malilimetsa, Ha Manehella, Ha Matlatsoaneng, Ha Matšaba, Ha Matsepe, Ha Matsie, Ha Mohapi, Ha Mohlomi, Ha Mokhasi (Mokhoabong), Ha Mokhuthu, Ha Motlohi, Ha Motlohi (Leralleng), Ha Mpata, Ha Nthinya, Ha Ntlhakeng, Ha Ntsiane, Ha Oni, Ha Pelesa, Ha Phokojoe, Ha Qobete, Ha Raborane, Ha Ralerata, Ha Raliemere, Ha Ramaleshoane, Ha Ramarothele, Ha Ramatheko, Ha Ramohapi, Ha Ramokoatsi, Ha Ramontsoe, Ha Ramporoane, Ha Rankapu, Ha Ranthokho, Ha Sebusi, Ha Seetsi, Ha Sekoati, Ha Sempe, Ha Sephula, Ha Setenane, Ha Setenane (Mahloleng), Ha Setenane (Moreneng), Ha Setenane (Motimposo), Ha Tauhali, Ha Teba, Khatleng, Likupa, Liphiring (Ha Ramohapi), Litsahaneng, Litšilong, Maieaneng, Makeneng, Mapolateng, Matlapaneng, Matsooeng, Matsoseng (Ha Lesole), Motse-Mocha, Noka-Ntšo, Qotata, Semakaleng, Thabaneng, Thabaneng (Borokhong), Thabaneng (Maikhokhong), Thabaneng (Sekantšing), Thelingoaneng (Ha Sempe), Thotaneng, Thoteng, Tieleng, Tsaeng and Tsekong.


'Makholane, Health care
The Amitofo Care Centre in Mafeteng was officially opened by Deputy Prime Minister, Mr. Lesao Lehohla. A total number of 500 orphaned children can be accommodated at the centre. The 'Makholane Community Council provided land so that the centre would be constructed and is financially sponsored by Amitofo Charity Association.


'Malakeng
'Malakeng is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 8,382.


'Malakeng, Villages
The community of Malakeng includes the villages of Ha 'Majane, Ha 'Motsi, Ha Daniel, Ha Hlelesi, Ha Jase, Ha Kanono, Ha Kholoanyane, Ha Khorong, Ha Lemonomono, Ha Letooane, Ha Likhama, Ha Makhaooane, Ha Makhasane, Ha Makoanyane, Ha Maliehe, Ha Motau, Ha Ntele, Ha Phatela, Ha Pitso, Ha Qaba, Ha Rabele, Ha Ralehoabali, Ha Ralipoli, Ha Ramakhakhe, Ha Ramosoeu, Ha Rantanyane, Ha Rantho, Ha Rapokane, Ha Setlakotlako, Ha Shololo, Ha Tebelo, Ha Tlhone, Ha Tohlang, Ha Tšoeunyane, Ha Tsoinyane, Khilibiting, Lehlakaneng, Letlapeng (Malealea), Likhohloaneng, Lithabaneng, Litšoeneng, Makhetheng, Makhomalong (Malealea), Makhoseng, Malere, Metsohlong, Mohlakeng, Ngoana-Khare, Pitseng, Sekhutlong, Sekiring, Tšeea-Nku and Tutulung.


'Mamantšo
'Mamantšo is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 21,175.


'Mamantšo, Villages
The community of 'Mamantšo includes 80 different villages according to the Lesotho Bureau of Statistics, they are listed below:


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso
'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso (née Princess Tabitha 'Masentle Lerotholi Mojela) (28 April 1941 – 6 September 2003) served as the Regent Head of State of Lesotho on three occasions: 5 June to 5 December 1970, 10 March to 12 November 1990 and 15 January to 7 February 1996.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography
'Mamohato was born at Tebang, located in the District of Mafeteng. She was the youngest child of Lerotholi Mojela (1895–1961), Chief of Tsakholo.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography
The princess was sent to study at Bath Training College of Home Economics in the United Kingdom.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography
A year after the death of her father, she married Moshoeshoe II. During her reign, she helped improve children's education in Lesotho.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography
The queen died on September 6, 2003 of heart failure while at a Catholic retreat for the Order of Saint Cecilia at the Auray Mission in Mantsonyane.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography, Charity work and legacy
There is a hospital named for her, the Queen 'Mamohato Memorial Hospital.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography, Charity work and legacy
The queen, known as the "Mother of the Nation" created Hlokomela Bana in the 1980s to provide care and support for some of the most vulnerable children in Lesotho. Hlokomela Bana, which means “Take Care of Children” in Sesotho, works closely with principal chiefs to identify what support can be best provided to those who have lost their parents or are living with disabilities.


'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Family
She was the wife of King Moshoeshoe II and the mother of King Letsie III, Prince Seeiso and Princess Constance Christina 'Maseeiso.


'Mamoroallo Tjoka
'Mamoroallo Tjoka (born 25 October 1984 in Ha Seqhoe, Malehloana, Lesotho) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the marathon event at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.


'Mamoshebi Kabi
'Mamoshebi Kabi (7 March 1936 – 9 May 1999) was a Mosotho politician. She was one of the first group of women elected to the  National Assembly of Lesotho in 1993.


'Mamoshebi Kabi, Biography
Kabi was born in Khubetsoana in 1936, the eighth child of Eliza Phakisi and reverend Elijah Phakisi. After attending the National University of Lesotho, she studied at Tennessee State University in the United States and St. Francis Xavier University in Canada. In 1958 she married Motete Kabi, with whom she had two daughters and two sons. Two years later she became a member of the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP). During the state of the emergency of the 1970s, Kabi was detained by police on fourteen occasions, and was tortured eleven times. She worked at the Institute of Extra Mural Studies at the National University of Lesotho and served as secretary general of the Women's League.


'Mamoshebi Kabi, Biography
Kabi was a BCP candidate in the 1993 general elections, and was one of three women elected, becoming the first female members of the National Assembly. She was an Organisation of African Unity observer at the 1994 South African general elections. In 1996 she was appointed Minister of Transport, Post and Telecommunications. The following year she became the first Minister of Women's affairs, with the post renamed the Minister of Gender, Youth and Environment the following year. She died on 9 May 1999 following a long illness.


'Mamphono Khaketla
'Mamphono Khaketla (born 5 March 1960) is a Lesotho mathematician and senator who served as Minister of Finance from March 2015 to June 2017.


'Mamphono Khaketla, Early life and education
Khaketla was born in Maseru on 5 March 1960 to Benett Makalo and Caroline Ntseliseng ’Masechele Khaketla. Her father was a novelist, journalist, politician and former minister, as well as the major shareholder of Mohlabani Property Company, and left her a sizeable estate. Her mother was a teacher and author, one of the first women published in Lesotho.


'Mamphono Khaketla, Early life and education
Khaketla did her primary and secondary schooling Maseru, before receiving a bachelor of education from the National University of Lesotho in 1980. She has a master's degree in education and a PhD in mathematics education from the University of Wisconsin (1991). Her thesis was titled "An analysis of the Lesotho Junior Certificate Mathematics Examination and its impact on instructions".


'Mamphono Khaketla, Career
Khaketla was a lecturer in mathematics at the National Teacher Training College from 1981 until 1995 and became assistant director of the college. She worked at the Institute of Development Management in Lesotho and Botswana from 1996 until 2001 before becoming the director of the Centre for Accounting Studies.


'Mamphono Khaketla, Career
Khaketla was appointed as a senator by Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili in 2002 and served as Minister of Communications, Science and Technology from 2002 until 2004. At the 2007 election, she lost her seat but was elected to the National Assembly as one of the Lesotho Congress for Democracy members on a party list for proportional representation submitted by the National Independence Party. She served as Minister of Education and Training from 2007 until 2012. In 2011, Khaketla was one of seven women ministers in the Cabinet, alongside: Mannete Ramali, Maphoka Motoboli, Mathabiso Lepono, Mphu Keneileo Ramatlapeng, Mpeo Mahase-Moiloa and Pontso Suzan Matumelo Sekatle. On 30 March 2015 she was appointed Minister of Finance.


'Mamphono Khaketla, Career
In November 2015, she presided over the 102nd session of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Council of Ministers.


'Mamphono Khaketla, Career
In July 2016, Khaketla was accused of soliciting a bribe for a major government contract in a case that was before the courts. She denied the allegation.


'Mantšebo
'Mantšebo (in full: 'Mantšebo Amelia 'Matšaba; 1902–1964) was the ruler of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) from 1941 to 1960, as the regent for her stepson, the future Moshoeshoe II.


'Mantšebo
'Mantšebo was the first of the three wives of Seeiso, who was paramount chief from 1939 to 1940. She was elected regent a month after his death, becoming the only female ruler during Lesotho's colonial period. Her early years in power were marked by disputes over both the legitimacy of her rule and her guardianship of her stepson (Seeiso's heir). However, 'Mantšebo retained the regency for over 19 years, and laid the foundations for Lesotho's current constitutional monarchy.


'Mantšebo, Early life
'Mantšebo's name at birth was Moipone Nkoebe. She was the daughter of Sempe Nkoebe, who was a chief in the Quthing region and a "ranking member of the royal dynasty". After completing her primary education, 'Mantšebo married Seeiso Griffith, the son of Griffith Lerotholi (who had succeeded his brother Letsie Lerotholi as paramount chief of Basutoland in 1913). She was her husband's first wife (or "senior wife"), and bore him a daughter, Ntšebo (who was ineligible to succeed to the throne). Seeiso married twice more, and had one son each by his second and third wives. His son by his second wife, Bereng (the future Moshoeshoe II), became his heir when he acceded to the throne in July 1939.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Power struggle
Seeiso died on 26 December 1940. He had been ill for some time, and during his illness authorised his chief counsellor, Gabasheane Masupha, to act as paramount chief while he was incapacitated. As Seeiso's heir, Bereng, was only two years old, Gabasheane initially continued as acting paramount chief after Seeiso's death. In January 1941, however, a council of the leading Basotho chiefs (collectively known as the "Sons of Moshoeshoe") was called to elect a permanent regent during Bereng's minority. ' Mantšebo was one of two candidates, along with Bereng Griffith (Seeiso's half-brother). The council voted 44–23 in her favour, and she had the support of all but one of the principal chiefs. She was subsequently recognised as regent by the British Resident Commissioner, Edmund Richards, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Moyne.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Power struggle
Despite the council's ruling, Bereng Griffith and his supporters refused to recognise 'Mantšebo as regent, and sued her in the High Court of Basutoland (which had only been established in 1938). Bereng put forward an argument that traditional law and custom prevented women from functioning as chiefs. He also contended that Seeiso and 'Mantšebo had married under the levirate custom, and therefore, as his brother's widow, he was obliged to marry her. However, the presiding judge rejected both of those arguments and upheld the decision of the council, allowing 'Mantšebo to continue as regent. Bereng continued to agitate for power until 1949, when he and the former regent Gabasheane were convicted of muti murder and hanged.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Guardianship of Bereng
When 'Mantšebo was elected regent in 1940, she was also made the guardian of Seeiso's heir, her step-son Bereng. ' Mantšebo and Bereng's mother, 'Mabereng, were said to have "loathed each other thoroughly". ' Mabereng and her supporters contrived to keep him away from the direct control of the regent, as it was feared that 'Mantšebo (or one of her allies) might have him killed. At one point, rumours of an assassination attempt meant the boy was hidden in a cave for two days. As Bereng grew older, however, 'Mantšebo began to have more of a say in his affairs.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Guardianship of Bereng
She arranged to have him raised in her own Roman Catholic faith, and rejected a plan to have him taught at a non-denominational government school, despite the strong objections of his mother (a Protestant), the Legislative Council, and the Resident Commissioner. This conflict over schooling resulted in "a full-scale war between the royal widows", which only ended when Bereng left Lesotho to continue his education in England.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Politics
'Mantšebo has been described as a "shrewd and willing" leader who was skilled in dealing with the British administration, but yet unable to develop an "alternative national agenda". She employed various tactics to frustrate colonial officials, including feigning poor health and affecting frequent bouts of "tears and histrionics". Internally, 'Mantšebo laid the foundations for Lesotho's current constitutional monarchy. She agreed to consult the Basutoland National Council (the protectorate's legislative council) on certain matters, and supported the right to freedom of association, allowing political organisations to hold public meetings without interference.


'Mantšebo, Regency, Politics
Basutoland's "first modern political parties" were formed in the 1950s, during her regency. However, 'Mantšebo herself was not politically neutral, and came to "informally support" the Basutoland National Party, which was led by Leabua Jonathan (a former advisor). By the late 1950s, she was facing increasing pressure to step aside and allow Bereng to assume the chiefship. Her intention was to remain regent until he had completed his university education and married. ' Mantšebo was eventually forced into "involuntary retirement" in March 1960.


'Mantšebo, Later life and legacy
'Mantšebo died four years after relinquishing the regency, as "an evidently depressed and broken-hearted lady". She was the only female ruler of Basutoland prior to independence, and in southern Africa Labotsibeni of Swaziland was the only other woman to rule for a comparable length of time. In his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela recalled a meeting with 'Mantšebo in which she chided him for his poor grasp of the Sotho language, which he said made him "realise [his] parochialism".


'Mantšebo, Later life and legacy, Honours
In the 1946 Birthday Honours, 'Mantšebo was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), "in recognition of the war effort of the Basuto Nation". The following year, during a deviation from a royal tour of South Africa, King George VI personally inducted her into the order in front of a crowd of thousands. His wife, Queen Elizabeth, and daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, were also present for the ceremony.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla
'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla (1918 – August 13, 2012) was a writer and educator from Lesotho.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography
Born in the Berea District of Lesotho, Khaketla went to primary school in Liphiring and Siloe in Mohale's Hoek District, finishing with an unusual first-class pass. From 1933 to 1935 she studied in Morija, becoming the first Mosotho woman to gain a junior certificate. She then attended Fort Hare University College, where in 1941 she became the first Mosotho woman to graduate with a bachelor of arts degree, in education.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography
She spent time as a practice teacher at Lovedale Missionary Institute, where among her pupils was Godfrey Kolisang. She next taught briefly at Thabana Morena Girls' School, before going on to Morija Training College in Morija. There she met Bennett Makalo Khaketla, who became her husband. Together they taught at Basutoland High School in Maseru, until he was dismissed for political activities, whereupon they went to Nigel in South Africa for work. In 1953 he returned to Lesotho to begin a political career, and she returned to Basutoland High School.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography
Later in the decade, with a colleague she developed an experimental primary school, Iketsetseng ("do it yourselves"), which by 1988 had over one thousand pupils. Among its students were the future Queen 'Mamohato of Lesotho and her son, later Letsie III. Khaketla lost control of the school in 1992, and opened another in her own house.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography
Khaketla wrote 11 books, including poetry collections, in Sesotho. In 1979 she became the first Mosotho woman to be appointed an assessor on the High Court; she served on the council of the National University of Lesotho and on the government's National Planning Board. She was active on the Special Committee on the Status of Women on the Law Reform Commission. She was active in the Anglican Church and its Mothers' Union. In 1983 she was the first Mosotho to be awarded an honorary doctorate of literature by the National University. In 1997 she received the Gold Record of Achievement award from the American Biographical Institute.


'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography
Khaketla was the mother of six children, including 'Mamphono Khaketla. After her death she was honoured with a mass at the Anglican Cathedral of St Mary and St James in Maseru, before burial in Kokobela Cemetery.


'Masenate Mohato Seeiso
'Masenate Mohato Seeiso (born Anna Karabo Motšoeneng, June 2, 1976) is the queen consort of Lesotho as the wife of King Letsie III of Lesotho. She was the first commoner in modern history to marry into the royal family of Lesotho. Since becoming Queen, she has become the Patron of several charities and has worked to promote the work of projects related to HIV/AIDS.