1 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 15, Preparing to move the Ark (15:1–13)
This section combines the account in 2 Samuel 6:12–15 with a list of participating priests and Levites (verses 4–10) to highlight their roles in carrying the ark ( as prescribed in the Torah: Deuteronomy 10:8; 31:25). The three traditional priest families, Gershom, Kohath, and Merari, listed in a different order, together with the families of Hebron and Uzziel (Kohath's sons according to Exodus 6:18), and Elizaphan. David announced his intentions to the head priests and Levites (verse 11), calling upon them to sanctify themselves (verse 12; cf. Exodus 19:14-15) while referring back to the failed first attempt (verse 13).


1 Chronicles 15, Moving the Ark to Jerusalem (15:14–29)
The passage includes details of Levitical duties (verses 16–24) and the Chronicler emphasizes that the relevant instructions were carried out carefully. Musical instruments are prominently described in this passage (cf. 2 Samuel 6:12–15) as well as in ritual liturgies throughout the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 16:42; 2 Chronicles 5:13; 7:6; 23:13; 34:12). The number of sacrifices corresponds with the contemporary practices (see e.g. Numbers 23:1; Ezekiel 45:23; Job 42:8).


1 Chronicles 15, Illustration
The transportation of the ark as king David dances, by Pieter van Lint (c. 1650)


1 Chronicles 15, Illustration
Tapestry: "Entry of the Ark of the Covenant into Jerusalem"; made in Brussels (1515-1525)


1 Chronicles 16
1 Chronicles 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter describes the last act of transporting the  Ark of the Covenant into the City of David in Jerusalem and the great religious festival for the occasion. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 16, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 43 verses.


1 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 16, The Ark placed in a tent (16:1–6)
Verses 1–3 in this section closely resemble 2 Samuel 6:17–19 and here serve as an introduction of the festival to praise and thank God (cf. 2 Chronicles 20:26, 28;29:30; 30:21, 27). After David successfully arranged to place the Ark inside the specially prepared tent, he designates certain Levites and priests to lead the musical service (verses 4–6; cf. 1 Chronicles 16:37).


1 Chronicles 16, The Ark placed in a tent (16:1–6), Verse 6
although the term can also be used for secular trumpets for music service (cf. verse 42).


1 Chronicles 16, David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving (16:7–36)
The festive psalm that David instructed the Levites to sing are a medley composed of parts (with variations) from some known psalms. At this time, there could exist some form of the Book of Psalms as a 'liturgical collection' and possibly was already 'attributed to David'. The composition initially looks back at the history of events up to that point (verses 8–22; Psalm 105:1–15), then praising YHWH (verses 23–33; Psalm 96), and finally asking for deliverance from enemies (verses 34–36; Psalm 106:1, 47–48). The Chronicler copies seven (w. 8, 20, 24, 26, 28, 31, 35, cf. also 'all the earth', v. 30)  foreign nations to show the greatness of YHWH (in contrast to other gods).


1 Chronicles 16, David appoints worship leaders (16:37–43)
David appointed worship leaders to minister the Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem, and also for the tabernacle at Gibeon (verses 39–42). Although the regular ceremony in Gibeon was not mentioned in other parts of Hebrew Bible, its historical authenticity is supported by the confirmation of its existence in 1 Kings 3:3–4. Here is mentioned the first time that the ark and the tabernacle were in two separate places, although the ordinary sacrifices and services, "all that is written in the Law of the Lord" (verse 40; cf.


1 Chronicles 16, David appoints worship leaders (16:37–43)
Exodus 29:38-39; Numbers 28:3-4) were carefully observed on the original altar (Exodus 38:2) in the tabernacle, whereas other and special sacrifices evidently were offered in the presence of the ark. The tabernacle constructed in the wilderness was first stationed at Shiloh (Joshua 18:1; 1 Samuel 4:3, 4), then removed to Nob (1 Samuel 21:1; 1 Samuel 22:19) until the slaughter of the priests there by Doeg the Edomite at Saul's command, before this passage informs its location in Gibeon (cf. 1 Chronicles 21:29; 2 Chronicles 1:3). The uninterrupted and legitimate (sacrificial) services were portrayed in the Chronicles as spanning the entire period from the wilderness era, including the positioning of the tabernacle at Gibeon (underlined by its priests, musicians, and gatekeepers), until Solomon  established the temple in Jerusalem.


1 Chronicles 17
1 Chronicles 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains God's covenant with David through the prophet Nathan and David's response in the form of thanksgiving prayer. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 17, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 27 verses.


1 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 17, God’s covenant with David (17:1–15)
This section closely follows 2 Samuel 7:1–16 with minor redaction to suit the context. Nathan's personal opinion (verse 2) was corrected by God in the subsequent prophecy, without mentioning David's lack of suitability for building the temple (explained later in 1 Chronicles 22:7–10).


1 Chronicles 17, God’s covenant with David (17:1–15), Verse 1
The statement "and the Lord had given him rest from all his enemies around him" in 2 Samuel 7:1 is not copied by the Chronicler, because David's wars have yet to be described (1 Chronicles 18–20).


1 Chronicles 17, God’s covenant with David (17:1–15), Verse 14
Here the Chronicler portrays 'the seed after David', arising from his sons, as the Messiah, whom the prophets announced as the "Son of David", a divergence from 2 Samuel 7:14-16, so it omits "If he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men" (2 Samuel 7:14), because the chastisement would be important for the direct sons of David and the kings of Judah, but not for the Messiah, from whom God will never withdraw His grace.


1 Chronicles 17, David’s Prayer of Thanksgiving (17:16–27)
This passage contains David's prayer as a reply to the promise given by God through Nathan. Apart from a slight change in the name used for God, the section closely follows 2 Samuel 7:17–29.


1 Chronicles 18
1 Chronicles 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations and a list of his executive. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 18, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 17 verses.


1 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 18, David conquers the neighboring nations (18:1–13)
This section is a summary as well as interpretation of 2 Samuel 8:1–18, forming a single unified content. The condensation of multiple wars into one narrative provides the impression of David as a warrior, which would disqualified him from the task of building the temple because this requires peace (cf. Deuteronomy 12).


1 Chronicles 18, David conquers the neighboring nations (18:1–13)
David was successful in his wars against the Philistines to the west (verse 1; 1 Chronicles 20:4–8), against Edom to the southeast (verses 12–13), against Moab (verse 2) and Ammon (1 Chronicles 19:1–19; 20:1–3) to the east and against a number of Aramean kings to the northeast (verses 3–8; 1 Chronicles 19:6–19), as a fulfillment of Nathan's prophecy that David would subjugate all his enemies.


1 Chronicles 18, David’s officials (18:14–17)
This passage contains a list of David's highest officers after the wars, because of the significant role of military ranks during the conquests. It reflects the growth of bureaucracy accompanying the expansion of the kingdom.


1 Chronicles 19
1 Chronicles 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations, especially the Ammonites and the Arameans. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 19, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 19 verses.


1 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, which extant ancient manuscripts include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 19, David's messengers disgraced (19:1–9)
This section a part of the accounts largely corresponding with 2 Samuel 10:1–11:1; 12:26–31, omitting the episode of David, Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite and 2 Samuel 12:27–29. The death of a king, such as Nahash, the Ammonite, could signal then end of international arrangements with other kingdoms, so David wanted to confirm a good relationship with Nahash's successor, Hanun, but David's successive victories against the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, and Arameans, made Hanun's counselors suspicious (verse 3).


1 Chronicles 19, David's messengers disgraced (19:1–9)
1 Chronicles 19:4-8 and 2 Samuel 10:4-7 have a parallel in the Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls)  text (4Q51; 4Q Samuela or 4QSama, dates from c. 200 BCE), which shows that the 'relationship between Samuel and Chronicles was not one of unilateral or unambiguous independence', with distinctive differences such as the spelling of "David" in the books of Samuel (דָוִ֖ד) differs from that in the Chronicles and 4Q51 (דָּוִ֑יד) as well as some details in numbers.


1 Chronicles 19, David defeated the Ammonites and Arameans (19:10–19)
This passage parallels 2 Samuel 10:9–19 with a few differences. The victory of David's army against the Arameans (Syrians) left the Ammonites isolated from their allies.


1 Chronicles 2
1 Chronicles 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 2
This chapter and two subsequent ones focus on the descendants of Judah, where chapter 2 deals with the tribe of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 2, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 55 verses.


1 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 2, Structure
Verses 1–2 are part of the introduction to establish 'Israel's worldwide context' by listing the ancestors from Adam to Israel's twelve sons (1 Chronicles 1:1–2:2).


1 Chronicles 2, Structure
The remaining verses belong to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 2, Structure
Another concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3–4:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:


1 Chronicles 2, The family of Israel (2:1–2)
The twelve sons of Israel are not listed by birth order (cf. Genesis 29:31–30:24; Genesis 35:16–18), but arranged based on Genesis 35:22–26 as follows:


1 Chronicles 2, The family of Israel (2:1–2)
Dan is placed before the sons of Rachel (cf. Genesis 35:23) perhaps in reference to Rachel's wishing that the son of her maid Bilhah to be accounted her own (Genesis 30:3–6). The subsequent parts mention every tribe with the exception of Zebulun and Dan, without any explanation of the omission. Nonetheless, Zebulun is mentioned in the Levitical town lists (1 Chronicles 6:63, 77) and in some narratives (1 Chronicles 12:33, 40, 27:19, 2 Chronicles 30:10–11, 18), whereas Dan is mentioned in Chronicles only in three places (1 Chronicles 12:35, 27:22, 2 Chronicles 2:13–14).


1 Chronicles 2, From Judah to David (2:3–17)
The family of Judah has the largest genealogy among the tribes of Israel, about 100 verses in 3 chapters, with the house of David as the main focus. Verses 3–5 are related mainly to Genesis 38, as well as to Genesis 46:12 and Numbers 26:19–22, whereas verse 5 is also tied to Ruth 4:18. The list of Hezron's descendants started in verse 9 with the emphasis on the family of Ram ben Hezron down to David and his siblings (verse 17).


1 Chronicles 2, From Judah to David (2:3–17)
Verses 10–12 contain the line from Ram to Jesse, whose seven sons are listed in verses 13–17, and the last of these is David, as the climax of the chapter. These verses (including verse 9) are linked to Ruth 4:19–22 (cf. 1 Samuel 16:6–10; 17:13). David was the seventh son in verse 15, whereas 1 Samuel 16:10–11; 17:12 assumes eight sons of Jesse. Nethaneel, Raddai, and Ozem are not mentioned in other texts. David's sisters are mentioned in verses 16–17 (cf. 2 Samuel 17:25).


1 Chronicles 2, The family of Jerahmeel ben Hezron (2:25–41)
Verses 34–35 display special attitude of the Chronicler towards foreigners: because Sheshan had no sons, his line would continue through his daughters and an Egyptian servant.


1 Chronicles 2, The family of Caleb ben Hezron (2:42–55)
The other descendants of Caleb are enumerated in 1 Chronicles 2:42-49, of which the two latter, 1 Chronicles 2:46-55, are the descendants from his concubines.


1 Chronicles 20
1 Chronicles 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations, especially the Ammonites and the Philistines. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 20, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 8 verses.


1 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 20, The capture of Rabbah (20:1–3)
The passage parallels 2 Samuel 11:1; 12:26a, 30–31, leaving out the episodes involving David, Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite as well as 2 Samuel 12:27–29, which would be between verse 1 and 2.


1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4–8)
This passage contains the accounts of three battles against the Philistines involving David's mighty warriors out of the four reported in 2 Samuel 21:15–22. The episode where Abishai, the son of Zeruiah, saved David from being killed by Ishbi-benob is not included in the Chronicles, probably to avoid the unpleasant impression of a Philistine endangering David, so the number "four" appearing in 2 Samuel 21:22 is also removed in the corresponding verse 8. The Chronicles also harmonizes the confusing claims in the books of Samuel (1 Samuel 17:4, 50 and 2 Samuel 21:19) into a clearer statement in verse 5.


1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4–8), Verse 5
The Hebrew text comparison with the corresponding verse 2 Samuel 21:19 demonstrates that the Chronicles (composed after the Babylonian exile) provides clarification to the older text written before the exile, as can be seen here (Hebrew text is read from right to left):


1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4–8), Verse 5
The relation of Lahmi to Goliath in the older text (Samuel) is only given using the word "’êṯ" which can be rendered as "together with; related to", whereas in the newer version (Chronicles), it is given using the word "’ă·ḥî" meaning "brother". Therefore it is clear in the Chronicles that David killed Goliath (as recorded in 1 Samuel 17), then Elhanan killed the brother of Goliath.


1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4–8), Verse 5
It is also noted that the word "’ōregîm" (meaning "weaver") is written only once in this verse, but it is found twice in 2 Samuel, the first of which is attached to the proper name "Jaare" to be "Jaare-oregim", which may create confusion with the second use of the word to describe the weapon of the Philistine.


1 Chronicles 21
1 Chronicles 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's census, its consequences and the purchase of a site for the temple. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 21, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.


1 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 21, David’s military census (21:1–6)
The Chronicler reinterprets and supplements the account in 2 Samuel 24, taking theperspective of Job chapter 1. Instead of "the anger of the LORD" (2 Samuel 24:1), the one who persuaded David to carry out a census is "Satan", a Hebrew word which should be translated as "an adversary" rather than a personal name, more likely is the same figure mentioned in Job 1:6ff and Zechariah 3:1ff. David's guilt is pronounced strongly by Joab (more than in  2 Samuel 24) as the word 'trespass' (verse 3; NRSV, 'guilt') is used to emphasize David's responsibility. The Chronicler simply documents the result of the census, excluding the individual stages (due to its insignificance or incomprehensibility) recorded in 2 Samuel 24.


1 Chronicles 21, David’s military census (21:1–6), Verse 6
Numbers 1:49 forbids to take a military census among the Levites, whereas the tribe of Benjamin was probably excluded because 'the tabernacle resided upon its territory'.


1 Chronicles 21, Judgment for David’s sin (21:7–13)
The passage emphasizes on YHWH's disapproval, not David's remorse (as in 2 Samuel 24) because David was persuaded by Satan, so it has the statement 'he struck Israel' forecasting the events reported in verse 14.


1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14–17)
The sin of David resulted in the death of Israelites (verse 14; cf. 2 Samuel 11:17–26; 12:15–19; 24:15).


1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14–17), Verse 14
This sentence is followed in 2 Samuel 24:15 by "from the morning even to the time appointed," so if "the time appointed" means 'the time of the evening sacrifice', then God shortened the three days to a short one day.


1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14–17), Verse 16
The Chronicler describes the angel hanging in the air, recalling the descriptions in Numbers 22:31 and Joshua 5:13-15 (cf. also verse 18); furthermore cf. Daniel 8:15; 12:6.


1 Chronicles 21, David builds an altar (21:18–30)
In verses 21–25, the purchase of Ornan's threshingfloor is patterned after Abraham's purchase of Machpelah's cave (Genesis 23), including the insistence on paying the full price (an expression used only in Genesis 23:9 and verses 22, 24). The 600 silver shekels David pays is more than Abraham's 400 silver shekels for Machpelah's cave, alluding the higher value of temple site than Sarah's burial site (600 is also a multiple of 12, an important number in various ways in the Chronicles). Verses 29–30 explain that because an angel obstructed his way, David had to make sacrifices on Ornan's threshing-floor, instead of at the high place at Gibeon.


1 Chronicles 21, David builds an altar (21:18–30), Verse 18
The command to erect an altar on the threshing-floor of Ornan (the later name for Araunah) was given only by Gad in 2 Samuel 24, is clarified in Chronicles as originated from the angel of YHWH.


1 Chronicles 22
1 Chronicles 22 is the twenty-two chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 22
This chapter records David's preparation to build the temple, consisting of three parts: (1) David's (own) preparations for the temple's construction (verses 2–5); (2) David's speech to Solomon (verses 6–16); (3) David's speech to Israel's rulers (verses 17–19). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from this chapter to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 22, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 19 verses.


1 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 22, Preparations for the temple (22:1–5)
This section records the material and spiritual preparations for the construction of the temple which David wish to be famous and glorified throughout all the lands (verse 5), because the quality of the palace-temple complex projects the power of a nation, its god, and its king to other nations, gods, vassals, or foreign emissaries. The Chronicler is very particular in providing explanation how the temple site was selected (verse 1 and 2 Chronicles 3:1).


1 Chronicles 22, Preparations for the temple (22:1–5), Verse 1
The verse becomes the climax of the preceding and subsequent sections in that the future site of YHWH's temple (and place for sacrifices) is gloriously announced, regarded 'synonymous' with the desert tabernacle, the high place at Gibeon or 'all legitimate cultic sites and buildings that play an important part in Israel's history'. The selection of the site is very important for the Chronicler, as repeated in 2 Chronicles 3:1. The language is very similar to Genesis 28:17, pertaining to the construction of the holy site at Bethel.


1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6–19)
The section contains two speeches by David, the first one to Solomon (verses 6–16) and the second to the leaders of Israel (verses 17–19). The speech to Solomon parallels David's final decrees in 1 Kings 2 and quotes the dynastic promise in 1 Chronicles 17 (cf. 2 Samuel 7), with the explanation why David was not permitted to build the temple (verse 8). Only David's call to 'abide by the law and act courageously' (1 Kings 2:2–3) is transmitted here. The relationship between David and Solomon in the Chronicles resembles that of Moses and Joshua. The encouragement given by David to Solomon for the forthcoming work, forecasting success if he faithfully follows God and confirms God's presence (verses 11–13) resembles the message in Joshua 1 regarding Joshua's succession to Moses (also using the terms  'the LORD be with you' and 'success').


1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6–19), Verse 8
Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 7 and 1 Chronicles 17 does not provide the explanation why David was not allowed to build the temple. In 1 Kings 5:3 Solomon stated that David was impeded from carrying out his plan, because of his long warfare with the surrounding nations. In the Chronicles, the statement is transformed to a greater principle, that is, because David as a warrior had shed much blood, so he was forbidden to build the temple. The reason is simply to exclude the blemish of bloodshed from the temple's construction.


1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6–19), Verse 9
Using wordplay, "Solomon" (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה֙, , meaning: "peaceful") was to be given "peace" (שָׁל֥וֹם, ), and, as a "man of rest" (איש מנוחה,  ), was to be given "rest" (נוּחַ, ), so he could build the temple. This was to fulfill the precondition in Deuteronomy 12 that the sacrificial services could take place when Israel had "rest" from its enemies.


1 Chronicles 23
1 Chronicles 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the divisions and duties of the Levites. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 23, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 32 verses.


1 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1–24)
This section details David's preparation for his succession as he reached a venerable stage of life, and his priority was to instruct the leaders of Israel, the priests and the Levites, who would help Solomon reigning and building the temple. The census of the Levites (verses 3–5) does not contradict 1 Chronicles 21:6, because it is not a general population census but concerns the division of duties only ascribed to this particular tribe. The Levites are not primarily recorded according to their family trees here, but significantly to their functions: officers andjudges, gatekeepers, musicians. They are to be listed further in 1 Chronicles 23–26.


1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1–24), Verse 2
David prepared well for his death and the reign of his successor, Solomon, by convening his officials to achieve a smooth transition (without mentioning the events recorded in 2 Samuel 15–1 Kings 2. The verse parallels 1 Chronicles 28:1 for the latter as a 'resumptive repetition'. although there are apparent differences (cf. 1 Chronicles 13:5 and 15:3 show that repetitions does not always need be 'resumptive'.


1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1–24), Verse 3
The minimum age of Levites for holding office varies, perhaps according to the number of people available for the duties: 30 years old and above in Numbers 4:3, 23, 30, as here; 25 in Numbers 8:24; 20 in Ezra 3:8;1 Chroncles 23:24–27; 2 Chroncles 31:17.


1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1–24), Verse 6
The 'tripartite segmentation' of the Levites is similar to that in Exodus 6:16–19; Numbers 3:17–39; 1 Chronicles 6:1, 16–47. The families of these three Levite clans are listed in verses 7–24, resulting 24 courses (Japhet(1993: 43): Gershon 10, Kohath 9, Merari 5) or 22 (Rudolph(1955: 155): Gershon 9, Kohath 9, Merari 4). Each course or division was to perform duties in rotation until a round was completed and a new round was started.


1 Chronicles 23, Duties of the Levites (23:25–32)
This section covers the duties of the Levites, partly repeating those mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9. The peace granted by YHWH to his people forced changes to be made in the job descriptions (verses 25–26, 28–32) in contrast to Deuteronomy 12:8–12 or 1Chronicles 22:9.


1 Chronicles 24
1 Chronicles 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the organization and departments of priests (verses 1–19) and a list of non-priestly Levites (verses 20–31). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have any parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 24, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 31 verses.


1 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1–29)
This section details the organization of the priests, the highest branch of the Levites, in a more advanced and systematic manner than anywhere else in the Hebrew Bible and was adhered rigidly until the Roman period (cf. Luke 1:15). Lists of the priestly families also found partially in 1 Chronicles 9:10–13; Nehemiah 10:2–8; Nehemiah 12:1–7; Nehemiah 12:12–21.


1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1–29), Verse 1
Among the four sons of Aaron (Exodus 6:23), Nadab and Abihu died without children (verse 2); and the other two had to supply the "chief men of the house," of which Eleazar had sixteen, and Ithamar eight (verse 4).


1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1–29), Verse 3
Of the two priestly families  (1 Chronicles 15:11; 18:16-17; 25:1; cf. 2 Samuel 8:16–18), Zadok represented the family of Eleazar, and Ahimelech represented the family of Ithamar, to help David organizing the priests. The Chronicler emphasizes the equal treatment of the two groups in the passage (cf 24:31; 26:13) using a procedure of drawing lots (verse 5), also in 1 Chronicles (24:31; 25:8; 26:13) and elsewhere (for examples. Nehemiah 10:35), to indicate God's hand in the distribution of the personnel.


1 Chronicles 24, Remaining Levite assignments (24:20–31)
This section contains the list of Levites which overlaps with the one in 1 Chronicles 23:7–23. The Levites had similar rotation schedule as the priests (verse 31),  and used the same system of drawing lots as the priests with almost the same witnesses, indicating that the Levites are considered as important as the priests.


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
Josephus wrote that David divided the Levites into twenty-four courses, sixteen of the house of Eleazar and eight of the house of Ithamar and he ordained each course to minister eight days, from Sabbath to Sabbath (Antiquities   7.14.7. ).


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
Babylonian Talmud has a statement by Rabbi Hama ben Guria that "Moses instituted for Israel eight Mishmaroth ("priestly divisions")—four from [the family of] Eleazar and four from [the family of] Ithamar; Samuel increased them to sixteen; David increased them to twenty four" (Taanith 27a).


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
After the Temple destruction in 70 CE, there was a custom of publicly recalling the courses of the priests every Sabbath, a practice that reinforced the prestige of the priests' lineage. A manuscript discovered in the Cairo Geniza, dated 1034 CE, records a customary formula recited weekly in the synagogues, during the Sabbath day:


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
After which, they would recount the number of years that have passed since the destruction of Jerusalem, and conclude with the words:


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
Three stone inscriptions were discovered bearing the names of the priestly wards, their order and the name of the locality to which they had moved after the destruction of the Second Temple:


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
This is the oldest inscription mentioning Nazareth as a location, outside the Bible and pilgrim notes.


1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions
A seventh-century poet, Eleazar ben Killir, wrote a liturgical poem detailing the 24-priestly wards and their places of residence. Historian and geographer, Samuel Klein (1886–1940), thinks that Killir's poem proves the prevalence of this custom of commemorating the courses in the synagogues of the Land of Israel.


1 Chronicles 25
1 Chronicles 25 is the twenty-fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the organization and departments of Levite temple musicians, from three main families (verses 1–19) and the drawing of lots to allocate individual musicians' duties (verses 20–31). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 25, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 31 verses.


1 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1–6)
This section details the organization of the temple musicians who strictly belonged to the Levites (1 Chronicles 23:30–31; cf. 1 Chronicles 15:16–24; 16:4–6). There were three main musician families: Asaph, Jeduthun, and Heman, whose members would be organized into divisions. After returning from exile in Babylon occasionally all musicians are regarded as descendants of Asaph (Ezra 2:41; 3:10; Nehemiah 7:44). Nehemiah 11:17 and 1 Chronicles 9:15-16 mention both Asaph and Jeduthun, whereas a 'third tradition' speaks of three musicians comprising Asaph, Heman, and Ethan (1 Chronicles 6:44; 15:17,19).


1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1–6)
The similar way of writing both names helps the identification of Jeduthun and Ethan. The order of Asaph, Jeduthun, Heman probably reflects an older hierarchy, but the tone in this passage elevates the family of Heman as the largest ('according to the promise of God to exalt him', verse 5). The musician families are introduced with their duties, such as to prophecy (verses 1–3), and instruments, that their singing, playing, and the content of their psalms or music, can be viewed as in 1 Samuel 10:5 and 2 Kings 3:15 as emphasizing the 'close relationship between music and prophecy'.


1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1–6)
In 2 Chronicles 29:25 David gave an order, which was supported by two prophets (Gad and Nathan), to confirm permanent office of these Levites as temple musicians. Allusions to song and music as a kind of prophecy (verses 1–3; cf. 2 Chronicles 24:19–22) may be related to the tradition of regarding David as a 'prophet who composed the psalms through divine inspiration'.


1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1–6), Verse 1
Asaph, Heman, and Jeduthun belonged respectively to the Gershon, Kohath, and Merarite families (1 Chronicles 6:18–32), which are the three branches of Levites.


1 Chronicles 25, Twenty-four divisions of musicians (25:7–31)
The allocation of 24 divisions of musicians resembles that of the priest, suggesting that 'sacrifice and music are closely intertwined' (cf. 23:29–30), but, unlike the priests, none of the names in the list can be proved to have existed in other texts. Four divisions from the family of Asaph (numbers 1, 3, 5, 7), six from the family of Jeduthun (numbers 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14), and 14 from the family of Heman (numbers 6, 9, 11, 13, 15–24).


1 Chronicles 25, Twenty-four divisions of musicians (25:7–31)
From the result it can be deduced that the lots were not placed separately by family, but all lots were placed in one urn, so after the lots of Asaph and Jeduthun were drawn, only sons of Heman remained. Each of the 24 musical divisions has 12 members (24 x 12 = 288).


1 Chronicles 26
1 Chronicles 26 is the twenty-sixth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter describes particular duties of the Levites as gatekeepers (verses 1–19), the temple treasurers (verses 20–28), officers and judges (verses 29–32). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 26, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 32 verses.


1 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 26, The gatekeepers (26:1–19)
This section describes the gatekeepers as a part of David's administrative organization, whom are counted as Levites in the Chronicles (cf. Ezra 2:42, 70; Nehemiah 11:19). Verses 1–12 contain a list of the members, and their assignments by lots are detailed in verses 13–19 with verses 12–13 as a transition passage between the two parts. A group called "sanctuary guards" existed when David transported the ark earlier in his reign (1 Chronicles 15:18, 23–24; 16:38, 42; 23:5), and here the Levite gatekeepers were to perform guard duty, including opening the Temple gates in the morning.


1 Chronicles 26, The gatekeepers (26:1–19)
The gatekeepers were also to manage the temple vessels, including holy utensils, and materials, including flour, wine, spices and oil (9:17–32) as well as to perform 'administrative service on behalf of the king' (2 Chronicles 31:14; 34:13). The lottery (verse 13) determined which family to serve at which gate, so the numbers of family members did not affect the selection process. During the period ofreturn from exile (Ezra 2:42-3) the gatekeepers who were not of levitical rank graduallyachieved this status.


1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20–32)
Some listed here are also mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:6-23. The Levites were given board responsibilities such as 'oversight of Israel west of Jordan' and east of Jordan ("the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh"; verse 32) as 'officers and judges' (verses 29–32; cf. 23:3 -5; 2 Chronicles 17:2; 19:5). The list of treasury officers (verses 20–28) is linked to verses 29–31 as the Izharites and the Hebronites (verse 23) are mentioned in both passages.


1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20–32)
The record distinguishes between 'the treasuries of the house of God' (verses 20, 22) under the responsibility of the Gershonites and 'the treasuries for the dedicated things' (verses 20,26) under the responsibility of the Kohathites. Shebuel of Amram's family (of Kohathite origin; mentioned in verse 24, but also appears in 23:16; 24:20) seems to overview both treasuries.


1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20–32)
Unlike the treasuries of the house of God, those of the dedicated things are described in detail (verses 26–28), including 'spoils of war' provided by various important persons in a 'democratic' manner which Chronicles probably take from Numbers 31:48, 52, 54 as a literary source. The wars were fought by David and Saul (vastly recorded in the Books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles), Samuel (probably referring to 1 Samuel 7:7-14), Abner and Joab (probably those in 2 Samuel 2–4).


1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20–32)
The administrative duties of Levites (verses 29–32), in addition to their religious roles (cf also 23:4 and 2 Chronicles 19:11)  would become especially important during the Maccabean period. The order of these duties is based on David's plans and was partly carried out in post-exilic times, reflecting 'a time in which spiritual and secular elements were closely intertwined and the religious and political claim to Transjordanian territories had not been relinquished', which was important for the Chronicler to include entire region (cf. 2 Chronicles 19).


1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20–32), Verses 31–32
The distinction of matters related to the king and related to God is only noted in the Chronicles (26:30, 32; 2 Chronicles 19:11) and Ezra 7:26.


1 Chronicles 27
1 Chronicles 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter comprises five parts: David's military divisions and their commanders  (verses 1–15), the leaders of the tribes  (verses 16–22), a comment on the census (verses 23–24), David's civil officers (verses 25–31), and David's advisers (verses 32–34). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 27, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 34 verses.


1 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 27, David's military divisions and their commanders (27:1–15)
The organization of the military was as orderly as that of the priests and Levites. The military forces consisted of 12 divisions of 24,000 men, each subdivided into thousands and hundreds and headed by a divisional leader, reflecting David's standard administrative procedure (1 Chronicles 23:6-23; 24:1-19; 25:8-31; 26:1-12). Each division serves for one month a year, similar to Solomon's system of twelve royal officers in charge of one-month supplying the royal court (1 Kings 4:7)..


1 Chronicles 27, David's military divisions and their commanders (27:1–15)
The divisions' commanders are all mentioned in the list of David's heroes (11:10-47; 2 Samuel 23:8-39), though they are not the first twelve names stated and by contrast to chapter 11, the origins of names all come from the center of David's kingdom. The total army is enormous (288,000 men) and is only deployed as a militia in times of war. Some incongruities with ch. 11 as well as certain other details (such as two commanders of somedepartments) suggest that this passage is based on real circumstances.


1 Chronicles 27, Leaders of the tribes (27:16–22)
The list following the army leaders is of the (political) leaders of the tribes. (cf. 1 Chronicles 5:6). These leaders are presumed to be involved  in carrying out the census reported in verse 23. The twelve tribes are not listed according to a  consistent system in the Hebrew Bible, nor using the same names (some tribal chiefs can only be found in the Chronicles. It is most similar to Numbers 1 (which also involves a census), although not identical. The omission of Gad and Asher and the separation of the Aaronites from Levi are particularly notable in this list.


1 Chronicles 27, Comment on the census (27:23–24)
Mathys considers these verses 'an extremely artistic attempt at twisting the story of the census (1 Chronicles 21) to grant David forgiveness for his deed', as it (implicitly) exonerates David by stating him follow the rules laid down for censuses in Numbers 1:2–4 (by counting only  men older than 20 years) and by giving a justification 'for the LORD had promised to make Israel as numerous as the stars of heaven' (cf. Genesis 15:5), as spoken by the Lord to Abraham (Genesis 22:17).


1 Chronicles 27, David's civil officers (27:25–31)
This section records detailed information on David's wealth, the geographical dispersalof his agricultural estates (verse 27), as well as the storehouse in both urban and ruler areas (verses 27–28), and his highest-ranking administrative officers to oversee the trades (verse 30; camels and donkeys are not related directly to agriculture, but to trade). The list is regarded as a reliable historical document, that correctly reflects David's treasury; its historical authenticity is supported by several impressive arguments: the administration is simpler than during Solomon's reign and nothing contradicts the list's authenticity. The Bedouin (foreigners to the Israelites)  were employed in  David's administrators for their skill at keeping camels and smaller livestock. The extensive discussion of agriculture is typical in the Chronicles (as also observed in Uzziah's passion of agriculture in 2 Chronicles 26:10).


1 Chronicles 27, David's advisers (27:32–34)
This section lists David's closest officials, but not a parallel to the list of David's stateofficials in 1 Chronicles 18:15-17. With historical information given as an aside, it seems not to be an official list.


1 Chronicles 27, David's advisers (27:32–34), Verse 33
A specific account related to Ahitophel and Hushai is recorded in 2 Samuel 15:12, 23–37.


1 Chronicles 28
1 Chronicles 28 is the twenty-eighth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records David's final speech to all officials of Israel (verses 2–8) and to Solomon (verses 9–10, 20–21), specifically handing him the plans for the temple's construction (verses 11–19). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 28, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses.


1 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 28, David's address to the leaders of Israel (28:1–8)
This section apparently continues from 1 Chronicles 23:1–2. After organizing the administration of his kingdom, David gathers a 'large national convocation' to prepare the reign of Solomon, to enlist the support of the leaders for the new king and to witness his final messages.


1 Chronicles 28, David's address to the leaders of Israel (28:1–8)
Such gathering or assembly is often recorded in the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 13:5; 15:3, 2 Chronicles 5:2-3, 11:1;  20:26) God's promise given through Nathan (1 Chronicles 17) was repeated with some individual variations, along with the comparison of David and Solomon being selected for their reigns (verses 4–5) to the system of drawing lots, pointing to YHWH as the active force in creating an eternal kingdom (verses 7–8).


1 Chronicles 28, David delivered the plan of the temple to Solomon (28:9–21)
David addressed Solomon briefly in verses 9–10 with an 'adapted tone of a Deuteronomistic theologoumenon', calling his son to serve YHWH with single (undivided) mind and willing heart. In verses 11–19, David transferred to Solomon his plans for the temple's construction, its materials, and all matters related to it, based on God's plans given to Moses in Exodus 25–31. It also resembles the plans of the new temple's construction shown to Ezekiel (Ezekiel 40–44). Then, in verses 20–21, David reminded Solomon of God's presence together with the willing support of the priests, the Levites, and the entire population, that provide an ideal condition for executing the construction plan.


1 Chronicles 28, David delivered the plan of the temple to Solomon (28:9–21), Verse 20
The transitional message from David to Solomon recalls the one from Moses to Joshua, especially for the phrase "be strong and of good courage" (Deuteronomy 31:7; 31:23; Joshua 1:6–18).


1 Chronicles 29
1 Chronicles 29 is the twenty-ninth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the final chapter in the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 29
This chapter consists of four parts: the voluntary gifts for the temple (verses 1–9), David's prayer and the people's response (verses 10–20); Solomon's accession to the throne (verses 21–25), and the concluding praise of David's reign (verses 26–30). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.


1 Chronicles 29, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.


1 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 29, Offerings for the Temple (29:1–9)
This section records David's collections of materials for the temple construction, which encouraged other leaders of Israel to offer generous ('willing') donation, far more than David's, in parallel to Israel's gifts for the construction of the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:1–7; 35:4–9, 20–29). David contributed tothe costs of the temple's construction both as a king (cf. 1 Kings) and as an ordinary believer, with freedom and joy.


1 Chronicles 29, David's farewell prayer and the people's response (29:10–20)
The section records David's prayer, beginning with a doxology, continuing with an interpretation of the voluntary donations and concluding with a wish for people not to forget the past and a wish for the future reign of King Solomon. The form of the prayer (cf. 2 Samuel 23:1-7; 1 Kings 2:1-10) follows the final addresses by great leaders in the past: Jacob (Genesis 49:1-28), Moses (Deuteronomy 32:1-47; 33:1-29), Joshua (Joshua 23:1-16; 24:1-28), and Samuel (1 Samuel 12:1-25).


1 Chronicles 29, Solomon, king of Israel (29:21–25)
The ascension of Solomon is reported as smooth and without incident, followed by a public endorsement (for the second time; cf. 1 Chronicles 23:1) of Solomon's enthronement by all people of Israel.


1 Chronicles 29, The close of David’s reign (29:26–30)
The summary of an individual king's reign is a standard practice in the books of Kings, with that of David differing from the usual pattern in 1 Kings 2:10-12, but closer to the other kings' concluding formulae in the Chronicles. The Chronicles cite three prophets (with their differing titles) who provide the records of David's reign. David was said to enjoy a productive and respected life, with security and longevity as the marks of divine blessings (2 Chronicles 24:15; Deuteronomy 4:40; 5:16; Isaiah 52:10; 65:17–19).


1 Chronicles 3
1 Chronicles 3 is the third chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or 4th century BCE. This chapter contains the genealogy of unbroken Davidic line from the time of David to the post-exilic period, providing a possibility of the reinstatement of the Davidic monarchy in Jerusalem with its rightful heir, should circumstances allow.


1 Chronicles 3
It is divided into three parts: (1) the sons of David (born in Hebron, verses 1–4; born in Jerusalem, verses 5–9); (2) the kings in Jerusalem (apart from the usurper Queen Athaliah, verses 10–16); (3) the descendants during and after the exile period, verses 17–24. Together with chapters 2 and 4, it focuses on the descendants of Judah: chapter 2 deals with the tribes of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 3, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.


1 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 3, Structure
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David; 2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 3, Structure
Another concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3–4:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:


1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Hebron (3:1–4)
The house of David is the main focus within the large genealogy of Judah. This section shares almost word for word materials with 2 Samuel 3:2–5.


1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Hebron (3:1–4), Verse 4
Verse 4 apparently is a rework of 2 Samuel 5:5. The move from Hebron to Jerusalem is not explained, assuming the readers' knowledge of the narratives in the earlier materials.


1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Jerusalem (3:5–9)
This section shares the same materials as 2 Samuel 5:14-16 (also in 1 Chronicles 14:4–7), and verse 9 from 2 Samuel 5:13; 13:1.


1 Chronicles 3, Davidic royal line (3:10–16)
The kings of Judah are listed here from Solomon up to the period of exile, following a monotonous formula—"his son was X"—until Josiah, who had several sons succeeding him, so that the Chronicler changes the listing method. The sources could be 2 Kings 22–24 and Book of Jeremiah (which uses Shallum, the alternative name of Joahaz, in Jeremiah 22:11). Parts of the list are repeated in 1 Chronicles 14:4–7, whereas in other parts some kings have different names from the rest of Chronicles (for examples, Azariah instead of Uzziah), and Zerubbabel's father is called Pedaiah, and not Shealtiel, as in Ezra 3:2, 8.


1 Chronicles 3, Davidic royal line (3:10–16), Verse 16
Two sons of Jehoiakim are listed here: "Jeconiah" (also called "Jehoiachin" in 2 Kings 24:6–17; 2 Chronicles 36:8–9, and "Coniah" in Jeremiah 22:24) and "Zedekiah", which confirmed in 2 Chronicles 36:10 as the brother of Jeconiah. 2 Kings 24:17 states that king Zedekiah (the last king of Judah who replaced Jeconiah) was Jeconiah's uncle. Jeremiah consistently called Jehoiakim the son of Josiah and never called Zedekiah as the son of Josiah, leading to the assumption that Zedekiah in the book of Jeremiah refers to the brother of Jeconiah.


1 Chronicles 3, Post-exilic descendants of David (3:17–24)
This section lists the descendants of David – in particular, the posterity of Jeconiah – during the exile and into the early part of post-exilic period. Jeconiah was taken away to Babylon in 597 BCE and among his seven sons, Shenazzar (called Shenazzar in Ezra 1:8–11; both names are the transliteration of Babylon name: "Sin-ab-uṣur"), became the first Persian-period governor of Judah.


1 Chronicles 4
1 Chronicles 4 is the fourth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 4
Together with chapters 2 and 3, this chapter focuses on the descendants of Judah: chapter 2 deals with the tribes of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon, geographically the southernmost west-Jordanian tribe. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 4, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 43 verses.


1 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 4, Structure
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 4, Structure
Another concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3–4:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:


1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Judah (4:1–8)
This section, continued in verses 11–23, consists of 'many small, seemingly unrelated pieces' with little textual clarity, which potentially could be a valuable historical source, although it is difficult to interpret. These lists partly refer back to chapter 2. A number of prominent women are listed here (as well as in the latter parts):


1 Chronicles 4, Prayer of Jabez (4:9–10)
These two verses form a unique passage highlighting the Chronicler's respect for wealth and the effectiveness of prayer. It shows one example of the Chronicler's frequent use of meaningful names: "Jabez" (יַעְבֵּץ֙, ) was given that name because his mother bore him with sorrow (בְּעֹֽצֶב, , meaning "in pain"; verse 9), while he himself prays that no sorrow' (עָצְבִּ֑י, ; verse 10) would fall upon him.


1 Chronicles 4, More descendants of Judah (4:11–23)
Together with verses 1–8, this section partly refers back to chapter 2. Some prominent women are listed here (other than in the previous parts):


1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Simeon (4:24–43)
This section focuses on the tribe of Simeon, which had constant close ties with Judah (such as in Joshua 19:1, 9; Judges 1:3–4) and historically was quickly engulfed by the descendants of Judah.


1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Simeon (4:24–43)
In contrast to the previous parts in the same chapter, it has an obvious structure: the genealogy (verses 24–27; drawn from Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15) is followed by the lists of the tribe's settlement territories (verses 28–33, drawn from Joshua 19:1–9), the leaders (verses 34–38) and two events in their history, when the tribe pushed out the Meunites and Amalekites to expand the territories for their flocks (verses 39–43). The tribe's warlike attitude correlates to the characterization in Genesis 34, 49:5–7, and Judges 9:2.


1 Chronicles 5
1 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 5
This chapter focuses on the Transjordanian tribes, geographically from south to north: Reuben (verses 1–10), Gad (verses 11–17) and the half tribe of Manasseh (verses 23–24), as well as the account of the war against the Hagrites (verses 10, 18–22) and the reasoning why Transjordanian tribes were taken away into exile (verses 25–26). It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 5, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 26 verses. The verse numbering differs between the English versions and the Hebrew versions as follows:


1 Chronicles 5, Text
This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.


1 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 5, Structure
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Reuben (5:1–10)
This section begins with explanation (a kind of midrash) that Reuben did not receive the rights of a firstborn son of Jacob because he slept with Bilhah, his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22; cf. 49:3–4). The firstborn rights were passed on to the two sons of Joseph, whereas the leadership was given to Judah (underlined in verse 2 and reflected in its prominence in the lists of tribes themselves) with an unnamed "chief ruler" (certainly pointing to David). Reuben's four sons are only named in verse 4.


1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Gad (5:11–17)
This section focuses on the tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Manasseh (half of the tribe). The close releationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20–42; Joshua 13:8–33; 1 Chronicles 5:18–22, 26. The sources of the genealogies of the descendants of Gad are the documents compiled during the reign of Jotham, King of Judah (c. 750–735 BCE), and Jeroboam, King of Israel (c. 793–753 BCE), that bear no resemblance to other parts of the Bible (cf. Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15).


1 Chronicles 5, The war against the Hagrites (5:18–22)
This section elaborates the conflict against the Hagrites (descendants of Hagar) during the reign of Saul, as briefly mentioned in verse 10 (also in Psalm 83:7, where the group was mentioned along with Edom, Ishmael, and Moab), over pastureland.


1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Manasseh (5:23–24)
This section focuses on the half-tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The close releationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20–42; Joshua 13:8–33; 1 Chronicles 5:18–22, 26.


1 Chronicles 5, The exile of Transjordanian tribes (5:25–26)
This passage combines the two-phases of the northern Israel kingdom (2 Kings 15:29 and 2 Kings 17:6; 18:11) into a single exile of the Transjordanian tribes, by taking the name of the king from the first, whilst using the deportation place-names of the second phase. Historical documents only record that Tiglath-pileser conquered Gilead in the east of Jordan.


1 Chronicles 6
1 Chronicles 6 is the sixth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.


1 Chronicles 6
This chapter focuses on the tribe of Levi, divided into the line of the high priests (verses 1–15); the three lines of the families Gershom, Kohath, and Merari (verses 16–30); the lines of the musicians/singers (verses 31–47); duties of Levites and priests (verses 48–49); list of high priests (verses 50–53) and the Aaronites' and Levites' settlements (verses 54–81). It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 6, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 81 verses. The verse numbering differs between the English versions and the Hebrew versions as follows:


1 Chronicles 6, Text
This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.


1 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15)
The genealogy of priestly tribe of Levi, apart from that of Judah, is longer than any of other tribes, showing the focus of the Chronicler on the temple and temple workers, preserved by David's line. The list first names Levi and his three sons, apparently taken from Genesis 46:11 (also Exodus 6:16; Numbers 26:57). Subsequently three generations of the Kohathites, continuing with only the branches leading to famous siblings: Moses, Aaron and Miriam, then to the Aaronite high priests. Miriam's name is this list, because of her significance in history, which has parallels in the Torah (cf. for instance Exodus 6:16–25).


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15)
Verses 4–15 contain twenty-two successors of Aaron from the time of his death to the Babylonian exile, but the abridged version of the same list in Ezra 7:1–7 only has 15 names instead of 22. The list apparently serves as a legitimizing role, that the high priests in office during Chronicler's time could genealogically be traced back to Zadok and even further to Aaron, while omitting some names mentioned in other documents (such as Jehoiada, cf. 2 Chr 22:11–24:17).


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15)
Omissions could be attributed to the confusion of the same names within the priestly families, such as recurrences of Amariah, Azariah and Zadok, leading to copyist errors. For examples, three Azariahs are listed here but one from the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:20) and another from the reign of Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 31:10) are apparently overlooked. However, the narrative of the histories in the book and the writings of Josephus who provides a longer list (Antiquities 10:152-153) help to reconstruct a fairly complete genealogy.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15)
Two high-priests are given bits of narrative: Azariah son of Johanan "who served as priest in the house that Solomon built in Jerusalem" (verse 10) and Jehozadak son of Seraiah "who went into exile when the Lord sent Judah and Jerusalem into exile by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar" (vese 15), a witness to the destruction of Solomon's temple, therefore these two priests bracket the entire First Temple Period. The high-priestly lineage here ends with Jehozadak, but Nehemiah 12:10-11 continues where the list leaves off, with Joshua son of Jehozadak (cf. Haggai 1:1; 2:2, 4) and his line down to Jaddua II (born c. 420 BCE).


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15)
Verses 16–30 list the Levites' genealogy (cf. Numbers 3:17–35; cf. Exodus 6:16–25); verses 16–19 for the genealogy of Levi's sons (up to his grandchildren), whereas verses 20–30 contain the lines of Gershom, Kohath, and Merari, starting with their eldest sons and continuing vertically for seven generations.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1–30; Hebrew: 5:27–6:15), Verse 15
This is the most explicit mention of Judah's exile; 1 Chronicles 9:1; 2 Chronicles 36 only mention the exile of Jerusalem.


1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31–48; Hebrew: 6:16–33)
This section focus on the genealogy of the temple singers whose roles are explained extensively in 1 Chronicles 15–16. Until the construction of the temple, they performed their duty before the tent of meeting. There was no relevant law of Moses for these roles. David appointed them (verse 31) and from Solomon's time onwards they sang in the temple. They are entrusted with "service of song in the house of the Lord" (verse 31) after the ark is installed inside there.


1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31–48; Hebrew: 6:16–33)
Three main singers are mentioned, representing three Levitical families, and familiar from the Psalms they contribute:


1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31–48; Hebrew: 6:16–33)
In addition, Psalms 42, 44–49, 84, 85, 87 and 88 are associated with the Korahites, a subgroup of the Kohathites to which Heman belonged (cf. the title of Psalm 88, Exodus 6:24; 2 Chronicles 20:19). Heman is significantly noted as the leader among the three "with his brothers, Asaph and Ethan, standing to his right and left" (cf. Numbers 4:1–4 for Kohathites' preeminence).


1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31–48; Hebrew: 6:16–33), Verse 48
This depicts a "traditional view of priestly institution" that the Levites have responsibilities for everything related to the temple, except for three tasks assigned to priests descended from Aaron (verse 49).


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38)
This section lists only the Aaronid priests until Zadok and his son, Ahimaaz, in the time of David.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38), Verse 49
Three tasks are specifically assigned to the priests descended from Aaron:


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron
A present-day Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim (singular "Kohen", also spelled "Cohen") claims to be the direct descendants of Aaron. Genetic studies on the members of this group reveals that a majority of them share a pattern of values for six Y-STR markers, which researchers named the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH). Subsequent research using twelve Y-STR markers indicated that about half of contemporary Jewish Kohanim shared Y-chromosomal J1 M267, also called J1c3. Molecular phylogenetics research published in 2013, 2016, and 2020 for haplogroup J1 (J-M267) yield a hypothetical most recent common ancestor of the Kohanim, named Y-chromosomal Aaron with age estimate 2,638–3,280 years Before Present (yBP) within subhaplogroup Z18271.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron
Following the findings, similar investigation was made of men who identify as Levites, because Aaron is recorded in Hebrew Bible as a descendant of Levi, son of Jacob. The 2003 Behar et al. investigation of Levites found high frequencies of multiple distinct markers, suggestive of multiple origins for the majority of non-Aaronid Levite families, although one marker presents in more than 50% of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish Levites, indicating a common male ancestor or very few male ancestors within the last 2000 years for many Levites of the Ashkenazi community. Subsequent publication by Rootsi, Behar, et al.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron
in Nature Communications in December 2013 determined that among a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defining the Ashkenazi R1a lineage, the M582 mutation is not found among Eastern Europeans, but the marker was present "in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males, and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity." Therefore, Rootsi, Behar, et al., concluded that this marker most likely originates in the pre-Diasporic Hebrews in the Near East.


1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49–53; Hebrew: 6:34–38), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron
The Samaritan community in the Middle East maintained that the priests within the group, called "Samaritan Kohanim", also of the line of Aaron/Levi. Samaritans claim that the southern tribes of the House of Judah left the original worship as set forth by Joshua, and the schism took place in the twelfth century BC at the time of Eli. A 2004 Y-Chromosome study concluded that the Samaritan Kohanim belong to haplogroup E-M35, indicating a different patrilineal family line than the Jewish Kohanim.


1 Chronicles 6, Dwelling Places of the Levites (6:54–81; Hebrew: 6:39–66)
This section contains the list of living and grazing areas for the Levites, corresponding to that in Joshua 21:9–42, with some differences in the arrangement of its elements. The purpose is to show the areas where Levites actually settled among the those designated in Joshua 21. The tribe of Levi was not given allotment of land because their are dedicated to God (Joshua 14:4), so the Chronicler clearly lists the cities where they were to settle.


1 Chronicles 7
1 Chronicles 7 is the seventh chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the genealogies of tribes settled north of Judah: Issachar, Benjamin, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim and Asher. It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 7, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 40 verses.


1 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 7, Structure
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Issachar (7:1–5)
The list parallels Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23–25, but with additional information about the tribe of Issachar whose allotted land was located southwest of the Sea of Galilee.


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Issachar (7:1–5), Verse 1
"Puah" (Hebrew: פוּאָ֛ה): written as Puvvah (פֻוָּ֖ה) in Genesis 46:13, and Puvah (פֻוָ֕ה) in Numbers 26:23.


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Benjamin (7:6–12)
This is one of varying Benjamin's genealogies in Chronicles and other Old Testament documents, with one uniting element: Bela is Benjamin's firstborn son (cf. Genesis 46:21; Numbers 26:38; 1 Chronicles 8:1). A longer genealogy is listed in 1 Chronicles 8:1–28.


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Naphtali (7:13)
The genealogy consists of only one verse, paralleling Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:48–50.


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Manasseh (7:14–19)
The list is difficult to understand because of possible transmission corruption in some places since it differs from older source (Numbers 26:29–34). It also parallels Joshua 17:1–6.


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Ephraim (7:20–29), Verse 22
This verse recalls the opening of the story of Job (Job 2:11) suggesting that the Chronicler wished to draw a parallel between Job and Ephraim,


1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Asher (7:30–40)
The first part of Asher's genealogy parallels Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:44-7, but the rest  has no other parallel and contains far more non-Hebrew names than other biblical documents.


1 Chronicles 8
1 Chronicles 8 is the eighth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter focuses on the tribe of Benjamin, especially the family of King Saul. It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).


1 Chronicles 8, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 40 verses.


1 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Chronicles 8, Structure
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:


1 Chronicles 8, Descendants of Benjamin (8:1–32)
This section contains a second genealogy of Benjamin (after 1 Chronicles 7:6-12) and is considered as a later addition to the Chronicles, documenting family trees of individuals in the tribe of Benjamin, with dwelling places and historical notes, in four sections that end in verses 7, 12, 28 and 32, respectively. The first section is the family of Bela (verses 1–7), then followed by the family of Shaharaim (verses 8–12). Several families who lived in Aijalon and Jerusalem are listed in verses 13–28, continues with the forefathers of Saul in verses 29–32, to be followed with the genealogy of Saul in the subsequent section.


1 Chronicles 8, Family of Saul (8:33–40)
This section focuses on the genealogy of Saul, nearly identical to the list in 1 Chronicles 9:35–44. Although the royal throne was occupied by David's line, the descendants of Saul was apparently still considered important, as the list continues to the ten generation after Saul's death (1 Chronicles 10) into the 8th century BCE.


1 Chronicles 9
1 Chronicles 9 is the ninth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains list of Jerusalem's inhabitants in the post-exilic period (verses 1–34), and closes with the family of Saul (verses 35–44), an almost literal repetition of the list of in 1 Chronicles 8:29–38.


1 Chronicles 9
The first part of the chapter (verses 1–34) belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34), whereas the second part (verses 35–44)  belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).


1 Chronicles 9, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 44 verses.


1 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).


1 Chronicles 9, Returned exiles in Jerusalem (9:1–16)
This section contains a list of people returning from Babylonian exile to Jerusalem, in following order: Israel (non-clerics, naming four tribes: Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, Manasseh; verses 1–9), priests (verses 10–13), and Levites (verses 14–16).. Verses 2–17 are probably adapted from Nehemiah 11:3-19.


1 Chronicles 9, The gatekeepers (9:17–34)
The gatekeepers (or 'porters' are described in great lengths as a part of Levite families (cf. Nehemiah 11:19ff; they are listed separately from other 'Levites') with specific duties (verses 18–19) to guard 'thresholds of the tent' as well as the entrances, rooted from the desert-dwelling period and not changed since that time. This is different from the singers, who only held their office when their job as bearers of the ark became unnecessary (cf. 1 Chronicles 6:13). Other than guard duties they also in charge of utensils, furnitures, materials for service and even baking the flat cakes and "rows of breads" (cf. Leviticus 24:5–9). 1 Chronicles 26:1–19 also give a special attention to gatekeepers.


1 Chronicles 9, The family of King Saul (9:35–44)
This section focuses on the genealogy of Saul, the first ruler of Israel, nearly identical to the list in 1 Chronicles 8:29–38, to conclude the genealogies of the tribes of Israel.


1 Clinton Street
1 Clinton Street (previously known as 280 Cadman Plaza West) is a primarily residential building under development in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. The building will replace a preexisting branch of the Brooklyn Public Library. It is being developed by Hudson Companies and designed by Marvel Architects.


1 Clinton Street, History
The Brooklyn Public Library's Brooklyn Heights Library at 280 Cadman Plaza was built in 1962. The two-story library was originally designed to serve as a library and a fallout shelter. During the next half-century, the building had accrued many defects in need of overdue maintenance. The Department of Design and Construction and a third party consultant separately assessed the property and agreed that the building had roughly $9 million worth of overdue capital needs. The building needed $3.6 million for a new heating, ventilation, and air cooling system.


1 Clinton Street, History
$4.2 million were needed for upgrades to the boiler, lighting, roof, and site drainage. $1 million would be required for new elevators. Lastly, $500,000 were needed for fire safety and security enhancements, which are held to a higher standard since the building was built. These large outstanding costs were big contributing factors in the decision to redevelop the location.


1 Clinton Street, History
Revised renderings of the structure were released in June 2015. In addition, as part of the project, 114 units of affordable housing will be built on two privately-owned sites in Community Board 2. The affordable housing will not utilize any public subsidy. At the time, New York City's three public library systems had seen increasing patronage and insufficient public funding for repair and capital costs. The residential project allowed the construction of a new library, which removed the need to perform maintenance on the existing facility. The Brooklyn Heights Library was relocated to 109 Remsen Street, five blocks from the current location, to a renovated space at Our Lady of Lebanon Church. The interim library opened to the public in July 2016.


1 Clinton Street, History
Demolition plans for the site were filed and approved in March 2017, and demolition proceeded as planned. As of January 2021, construction on the library was set to be completed in mid-2021.


1 Clinton Street, Design
Hudson Companies, the developer of the project, is looking to turn the public library into a 36-story condominium building with a new high-tech public library at the base. The new building will be 409 feet (125 m) with as much as 294,773 square feet (27,385.3 m2)  square feet total. The new designs have a total of 134 total units. 8 apartments will be placed on the second floor of the building, twelve units will be on the third floor, and eight on the fourth. All of the floors above that will have fewer, larger, units.


1 Clinton Street, Design
The average size of the units will be 2,064 square feet (191.8 m2), with a total of 276,662 square feet (25,702.7 m2) allocated to residential space. The lower three floors which will replace the old Brooklyn Heights Library and span 26,624 square feet (2,473.5 m2). The main entrance to the library will be on Cadman Plaza West. The building will also include a 9,000-square-foot (840 m2) STEM Lab which will be made available to students in school district 13. Finally, a 930-square-foot (86 m2) retail space will take up the remainder of the first floor.


1 Clinton Street, Design
The architects of record for the new library and condominium (Marvel Architects) have gone with a contemporary design that should be practical while incorporating minimalism which will reduce how dated the building looks as it ages. As Marvel Architects states, “a minimalist, highly repetitive, gridded facade clad in limestone gives the building an elegant presence within the varied urban context. The building’s distinct shape comes from its triangular footprint, creating three façades that address different parts of the city: the harbor to the southwest, Manhattan’s Midtown to the north, and the carpet of brownstone Brooklyn to the east.”


1 Clinton Street, Design
There is some controversy regarding the two bas-reliefs which were made by Clemente Spampinato, which had to be removed before demolition could commence. Deputy Director of the PDC Keri Butler said of the bas-reliefs, “The Public Design Commission has reviewed the methods and materials for removing the artworks from the facade of the library and temporarily storing them, and has found these methods to be appropriate with the understanding that a proposal for relocating the artworks within the new development at 280 Cadman Plaza West will be submitted by September 2017.”


1 Clinton Street, Controversy
The sale of the building caused controversy. The site previously held a branch of the Brooklyn Public Library, and initial proposals involving the sale of the site were opposed by two organizations: Citizens Defending Libraries and Love Brooklyn Libraries. Concerns included increased traffic, overpopulation of the local schools, the decrease of the library's space, and worries over the developer's pledge to provide affordable housing. The Brooklyn Public Library provided a defense of the sale, stating in front of city council that it receives insufficient funds from the city. However, a complaint sent to the city and state attorney general alleges that the Public Library has over $100 million in unspent funds.


1 Clinton Street, Usage
The building will be residential, with the exception of a small retail space and first floor library branch. As part of the deal through which Hudson was given development rights, 114 units of affordable housing will be built in Clinton Hill. The project also includes a dedicated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education lab for the local school district and a small library branch in DUMBO, amenities negotiated by Councilmember Stephen Levin during the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) process.