'Ali Akbar Khata'i, The Khataynameh
As modern researchers note, Ghiyāth al-dīn's and 'Ali Akbar's accounts, in a way, complemented each other, as the two authors saw Ming China from different aspects: Ghiyāth al-dīn came to the court of the Ming Yongle Emperor as a member of an official delegation from the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh, and much of his report is focused on court and diplomatic events; on the other hand, 'Ali Akbar, who, as Ildikó Bellér-Hann surmises, may have been a merchant, gives a much better view of the country's everyday life. Ali Akbar, in his book The Khataynameh, recorded many policies of the Ming court during Hongzhi and Zhengde reigns.


'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Modern study and translations
Three chapters of the Khataynameh were translated into French by Charles Schefer and published in 1883, along with the Persian original.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (Persian: علی بن عباس مجوسی; died between 982 and 994), also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist from the Islamic Golden Age, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Biography
He was born in Ahvaz, southwestern Persia, and studied under Shaikh Abu Maher Musa ibn Sayyār. He was considered one of the three greatest physicians of the Eastern Caliphate of his time, and became physician to Emir 'Adud al-Daula Fana Khusraw of the Buwayhid dynasty, who ruled from 949 CE to 983 CE. The Emir was a great patron of medicine, and founded a hospital at Shiraz in Persia, and in 981 the Al-Adudi Hospital in Baghdad, where al-Majusi worked. His ancestors were Zoroastrian (whence the nisba "al-Majusi"), but he himself was a Muslim.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Biography
The name of his father was Abbas, and according to Iranica, is not the kind of name typically taken by a neophyte, a fact which suggests that conversion to Islam took place in the generation of his grandparents, if not earlier. He himself seems to have been lacking in Muslim zeal, since no mention is made of the prophet Moḥammad in his introductory remarks, while his argument for the excellence of medicine is based entirely on pragmatic reasoning without recourse to the Quran or the Sunna. Moreover, by calling himself "Ali b. Abbas Majusi", the author intentionally calls attention to his Zoroastrian background.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine
Al-Majusi is best known for his Kitāb Kāmil aṣ-Ṣināʿa aṭ-Ṭibbiyya (كتاب كامل الصناعة الطبية "Complete Book of the Medical Art"), later called The Complete Art of Medicine, which he completed circa 980. He dedicated the work to the Emir, and it became known as the Kitāb al-Malakiyy (كتاب الملكي, "Royal Book", or in Latin Liber Regalis or Regalis Dispositio). The book is a more systematic and concise encyclopedia than Razi's Hawi, and more practical than Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, by which it was superseded.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine
The Maliki is divided into 20 discourses, of which the first ten deal with theory and the second ten with the practice of medicine. Some examples of topics covered are dietetics and materia medica, a rudimentary conception of the capillary system, interesting clinical observations, and proof of the motions of the womb during parturition (for example, the child does not come out, but is pushed out).


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine
In Europe a partial Latin translation was adapted as the Liber pantegni by Constantinus Africanus (c. 1087), which became a founding text of the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno. A complete and much better translation was made in 1127 by Stephen of Antioch, and this was printed in Venice in 1492 and 1523. Haly's book of medicine is cited in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Medical ethics and research methodology
The work emphasized the need for a healthy relationship between doctors and patients, and the importance of medical ethics. It also provided details on a scientific methodology that is similar to modern biomedical research.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Neuroscience and psychology
Neuroscience and psychology were discussed in The Complete Art of Medicine. He described the neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology of the brain and first discussed various mental disorders, including sleeping sickness, memory loss, hypochondriasis, coma, hot and cold meningitis, vertigo epilepsy, love sickness, and hemiplegia. He placed more emphasis on preserving health through diet and natural healing than he did on medication or drugs, which he considered a last resort.


'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi was a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He described how the physiological and psychological aspects of a patient can have an effect on one another in his Complete Book of the Medical Art. He found a correlation between patients who were physically and mentally healthy and those who were physically and mentally unhealthy, and concluded that "joy and contentment can bring a better living status to many who would otherwise be sick and miserable due to unnecessary sadness, fear, worry and anxiety."


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh
'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh ibn Shibl (Arabic: علي بن الحسين بن قريش بن شبل) (also known as al-Bukhari) was a Muslim military commander who gained control of the Abbasid province of Fars in the mid-860s. He ruled Fars until 869, when he was defeated and captured by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the Saffarid amir of Sistan.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868
A number of Muslim historians, including al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, wrote about 'Ali, but their accounts are not identical.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Ya'qubi
'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863, when the provincial army revolted under his leadership. Fars at the time was one of several provinces that had been assigned to the Tahirid family, who held the important governorships of Khurasan and Baghdad. In response to the revolt, the governor of Baghdad, Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah appointed his fellow Tahirid 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq as governor of Fars and sent him to pacify the province. When 'Abdallah arrived, 'Ali at first submitted to him and was assigned to fight against a group of Kharijites near the border with Kerman.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Ya'qubi
Soon, however, the army became disgruntled with 'Abdallah, who refused to pay their salaries; as a result, 'Ali was able to convince the troops to support him in a new uprising. ' Ali returned and attacked 'Abdallah, forced him to retreat and seized his possessions. The army of Fars then made 'Ali their amir.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Tabari
Al-Tabari's chronicle notes that, in the year 864, the army of Fars revolted against 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq, looted his residence and forced him to flee; however it does not explicitly name 'Ali as being involved with this event. It does not mention 'Ali until the events of 868 and 869, at which point he was serving as the caliphal governor of Fars; it also describes 'Ali as having previously been in the service of the Tahirids.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
In 868, war broke out between 'Ali and the amir of Sistan, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth. According to al-Tabari, 'Ali had written to the caliph al-Mu'tazz and requested that the governorship of Kerman be given to him. Kerman, like Fars, had been assigned to the Tahirids, but 'Ali claimed that Tahirid misrule had weakened their control over the province. According to the narrative, the central authorities did not trust him, but agreed to appoint him as governor of Kerman. At the same time, however, they also wrote to Ya'qub and gave him the same appointment, in the hopes that the two amirs would fight against each other and that one of them would be defeated.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
Upon receiving his appointment, Ya'qub departed from Sistan to Kerman with the intention of establishing his authority there, when 'Ali learned of Ya'qub's advance, he dispatched an army under the command of Tawq ibn al-Mughallis to Kerman to defend the province. Tawq reached Kerman before Ya'qub, and for a while the two sides avoided engaging each other. Eventually, however, Ya'qub was able to defeat and capture Tawq. His victory allowed him to secure his hold over Kerman and it became another one of his provinces.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
When 'Ali learned about Tawq's defeat, he feared that Ya'qub would press his advantage and invade Fars. He therefore mobilized his troops and set up his camp just outside Shiraz. When Ya'qub entered Fars, he and his army advanced to Shiraz and lined up to face 'Ali's forces. According to the biographer Ibn Khallikan, the resulting battle took place on April 21, 869; during the course of the fighting, Ya'qub's army broke through the enemy's front line, and soon 'Ali's men were abandoning the field in a panic and retreating back into Shiraz. '


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
Ali was captured and brought before Ya'qub, who ordered him bound and confiscated the possessions in his camp. Ya'qub then entered Shiraz and allowed his troops to plunder the residences of 'Ali and his partisans. After remaining there for a short time, Ya'qub abandoned Fars and returned to Sistan, and took with him 'Ali and a number of his commanders. Following Ya'qub's departure, the central authorities sent al-Harith ibn Sima al-Sharabi to govern Fars.


'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth
'Ali's date of death is not mentioned by the sources. Ibn Khallikan, however, states that he was tortured on the orders of Ya'qub to the point that he went insane, and was ultimately imprisoned in a fortress in Kerman.


'Ali-Sultan
'Ali Khalil, also known as Ali-Sultan , was the khan (r.1342/1343) of the Chagatai Khanate. He was a descendant of Qadan, son of the second Great Khan Ögedei.


'Ali-Sultan
'Ali attacked the ordo (palace) of Yesun Temur and usurped the throne. He was the first and last one who had restored the Ögedeid authority over the Chagatai Khanate since the reigns of Kaidu and his son Chapar. During his reign, Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions.


'Aliabad
The town of 'Aliabad is the center of Ali abad District in Kunduz Province, Northern Afghanistan. It is situated in the central part of the district at 425 m altitude on the main road between Kunduz and Baghlan. Aliabad has one hospital and is located in an area of rainfed cropland. The town is located on the Kunduz River.


'Aliabad
On 12 June 2021, Taliban forces captured the village as part of their nationwide military offensive.


'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau
'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau is a Tongan politician. She became the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in Tonga when she was named Attorney general and Minister of Justice in 2006.


'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career
Malia Viviena 'Alisi Nunia Taumoepeau studied law in New Zealand, becoming the first Tongan woman with a degree in the subject. She had initially wanted to study medicine and mathematics but was not accepted for a scholarship. She turned to law at the suggestion of her father, Pousima 'Afeaki. Upon returning to Tonga she worked at the Crown Law Office for several years. By 2004 she had become solicitor general for the country. At the same time her husband 'Aisea Taumoepeau jointly held the posts of attorney general and Minister for Justice but was asked to resign. She was also pressured to resign by Prime Minister Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake, following her support of civil servants during a strike.


'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career
When Taumoepeau was named jointly as attorney general and Minister for Justice in 2006 it was the first time that a Tongan woman had been named to a cabinet post within the Tongan Government.


'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career
She was asked to resign her posts by the Tongan government, which she did effective May 31, 2009. Following her resignation her former role was split into two, with John Cauchi succeeding her as attorney general, and Samiu Vaipulu becoming the new Minister of Justice. At the time there was no official comment but it was later reported that it was after she mislead the Cabinet. Following the resignation of Cauchi from the attorney general post, she agreed with his allegations that both resignations were after the Cabinet interfered in the country's legal system.


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!
'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! (sometimes stylized in all caps) is the fourth studio album by Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, released on October 15, 2012 by Constellation Records, which was their first album since 2002's Yanqui U.X.O.. After reforming in 2010, the group went on tour and silently released the album at a concert in Boston on October 1, 2012, with official release dates on October 15 in Europe and the following day in other countries. The album received positive reviews and has been heralded as a comeback for the collective, winning the 2013 Polaris Music Prize.


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!
The album marked the beginning of a major stylistic change for Godspeed You! Black Emperor, being less technically complex and emphasizing further on drones while abandoning the concept of movements altogether - a compositional format they would continue to employ until 2021's G_d's Pee at State's End!.


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception
'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! received positive reviews from critics. Eli Kleman of Sputnikmusic stated that the album has "immeasurable breadth and depth" and is a "truly unforgettable experience." Drowned in Sound's Andrzej Lukowski said that the release is "a modestly magnificent record that entirely validates" the band reforming. Mark Richardson of Pitchfork also draws a connection between the group's entire output, finishing his review by calling this "an album of music that is both new and old from a band that we thought we might never hear from again, one we should appreciate while we can."


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception
Tyler Kane of Paste gave the album an 8.9 out of 10, writing that, "the time-tested tracks not only showcase the band doing what they do best in notoriously long, dramatic, panic-inducing instrumentals but are also startling reminders on why the band was so vital and lead such a movement to begin with." The Guardian's Dom Lawson gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, because "the Godspeed ethos of wordlessly eliciting universal truths remains as devastatingly effective as ever".


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception
The album was listed 13th on Stereogum's list of top 50 albums of 2012.


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception
The album won the 2013 Polaris Music Prize on September 23, 2013.


'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Track listing
The vinyl edition of the album packages the lengthier tracks "Mladic" and "We Drift Like Worried Fire" on a 12" LP accompanied by a 7" featuring the shorter, "drone" tracks "Their Helicopters' Sing" and "Strung Like Lights at Thee Printemps Erable". On the 12"'s inner sleeve there are instructions regarding which order the sides are to be played as this differs from most vinyl albums. The vinyl track listing is, in fact: A1 ("Mladic"), B1 ("Their Helicopters' Sing"), A2 ("We Drift Like Worried Fire") and B2 ("Strung Like Lights at Thee Printemps Erable"). The CD edition of the album compiles all four tracks on a single disc. "Mladic" and "We Drift Like Worried Fire" are re-workings of previously unreleased live tracks formerly known as "Albanian" and "Gamelan", which have been performed live as far back as 2003.


'Allo 'Allo!
'Allo 'Allo! is a British sitcom television series created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, starring Gorden Kaye, and originally broadcast on BBC One. The sitcom focuses on the life of a French café owner in Nouvion, during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, who has to deal with problems caused by a dishonest German officer, a local French Resistance leader, a stolen painting, and a pair of trapped British airmen, while concealing from his wife the secret affairs he is having with his waitresses.


'Allo 'Allo!
Croft and Lloyd devised the concept as a parody of BBC wartime drama Secret Army, and initially launched the programme with a pilot on 30 December 1982. The sitcom was eventually commissioned following the success of the pilot, and ran for nine series between 7 September 1984 until its conclusion on 14 December 1992. Both Lloyd and Croft wrote the scripts for the first six series, while the remainder were handled by Lloyd and Paul Adam.


'Allo 'Allo!
Much like previous sitcoms created by Croft and Lloyd, the programme employed notable elements such as memorable catchphrases and ending credits, cultural clichés, physical humour and visual gags. However, 'Allo 'Allo! differed from these other sitcoms by featuring overarching plotlines rather than simple stand-alone stories, and the device of having actors speaking English but with theatrical foreign accents to distinguish each character's nationality. The sitcom proved popular with viewers and drew respectable ratings during its broadcast, with its success leading to it receiving stage show reproductions.


'Allo 'Allo!
A special entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!, aired on 22 March 2007, featured a number of cast members returning to reprise their original roles to perform in a special story after the conclusion of the programme, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
'Allo 'Allo! is set during the Second World War, between the occupation of France by German Axis powers in 1940 and its eventual liberation by Allied forces in July 1944. The story of the sitcom focuses on René Artois, a café owner in Nouvion and a reluctant member of the town's local French Resistance cell who operates under the codename of "Nighthawk".


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
Because of the occupation of the town by German forces, led by the dictatorial Major-General Erich von Klinkerhoffen, René finds himself caught up between dealing with four problems – the scheme and plots of the town's corrupt commandant, Colonel Kurt von Strohm; the sabotage plans of the Resistance's leader Michelle Dubois; the efforts by Gestapo agent Herr Otto Flick to find a stolen painting and unmask Resistance members; and the love affairs with his waitresses, particularly Yvette Carte-Blanche, each of which he must conceal from both his wife Edith and each of the other waitresses.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
Throughout the programme's broadcast, the sitcom features a number of overarching storylines, with two of these being the most prominent within episodes. The first, and most prominent plot, concerns the theft of a valuable painting from the town's chateau – The Fallen Madonna by fictional artist van Klomp (usually referred to as "The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies") – stolen by von Strohm, and the subsequent effort by him to conceal the theft from his superiors and Herr Flick.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
René is notably forced into handling the stolen painting out of threat of execution, but also due to being indebted to von Strohm for allowing him to fake his death when he is sentenced to execution for unjustified accusations of aiding the Resistance in an act of sabotage.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
The painting itself is subjected to being lost during the course of its concealment, before receiving a forged copy upon being found, only for it be lost again and sought out by not only by von Strohm, but also Herr Flick who, rather than return it to Berlin, intends to keep it himself.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
The second storyline concerns the involvement of two stranded British airmen, shot down while over Nouvion. Because of their predicament, several plots in a number of episodes focus on the efforts of Michelle to devise plans that can help to send them back to England, with René not only forced to help hide them within his café or keep them under disguises, but also help in her schemes, sometimes devised by London who relay these plans via a radio installed within the bedroom of Edith's mother.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise
Often, the schemes devised are so complicated, that they invariably backfire, especially when they collide with other schemes conducted by von Strohm and his assistants, leaving him, René and Michelle often worse off than before. Most other storylines concern various events that occur, including the efforts to remove von Klinkerhoffen's replacement from power, sabotaging the Germans' plan to invade England, and the subsequent build-up of German concern about an Allied invasion of France following the defeat of Italy.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements
As with previous sitcoms created before 'Allo 'Allo!, such as Lloyd and Croft's earlier collaboration Are You Being Served?, much of the humour is derived from classic elements of comedy including classic farce set-ups, physical comedy and visual gags, alongside a large amount of sexual innuendo, and a fast-paced running string of broad cultural clichés. Like most characters devised for previous sitcoms, the cast for the programme were designed with notable elements to distinguish them throughout the series, whether it is a catchphrase, gimmick, or saying.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements
Like previous sitcoms devised by the creators, 'Allo 'Allo! ends each episode with the caption "You have been watching (in order of appearance)", followed by a short vignette shot of actors who performed in the episode – whether as a main or supporting character – identified by their name in caption within each sequence.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements
Although the shots appear like a clip from the episode, the production team conduct a separate filming session aimed as a reenactment of a scene the actor was involved in, mostly pertaining to a specific camera angle or action conducted by their character, with the vignette sequence often done in order of their first spoken line; the exception to this is that actor Gorden Kaye is always first in the sequence, regardless of when his first appearance is made.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, "René Recaps" device
As each episode builds on previous ones, viewers are often required to have followed the series to the episode they have reached in order to understand the plot. As 'Allo 'Allo! revolved around individual story arcs spread across several episodes, the creators opted for using a comical version of the "As you remember ..." device, commonly used in serials, to act as a recap of events in the current story for the beginning of a new episode.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, "René Recaps" device
This device within the sitcom was always conducted by René, who would open an episode by breaking the fourth wall (which Michael Bates did in It Ain't Half Hot Mum) to interact with the audience and provide a brief summary of events that had occurred previously, including notable events that had taken place, and also intermittently during episodes to make comic comments. The use of this plot device within the sitcom had considerable benefits for re-runs, as it allowed local TV stations who had reshuffled episodes for their schedule to ensure that their audiences could be aware of the plot events surrounding the story of the episode being broadcast.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, "Foreign" languages
One of the trickier problems with 'Allo 'Allo! was the fact that the main characters were of four different nationalities – French, German, English, and Italian. Lloyd and Croft determined that it would be too much for the audience to follow multiple languages, so they employed a simple dramatic device to overcome the issue: all characters would speak English in a theatrical foreign accent depicting the foreign language. French and German characters could understand each other when speaking, but the English characters could not understand the others without someone "translating" for them and vice versa.


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, "Foreign" languages
Because of this device, each particular main language for the show required a specific accent and speaking style to be devised. While the French-speaking characters mainly spoke with a French accent, the English-speaking characters mostly employed Bertie Wooster-esque "top-hole, old chap! "-style banter in an upper-class English accent, and German speaking characters mainly spoke in a guttural manner. When Italian characters were added to the series, particularly Captain Alberto Bertorelli, in the fourth series, the cast members assigned to these role spoke in a nasal tone, making use of the letter "a" on the ends of certain words (e.g., "What a mistake-a to make-a! ").


'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, "Foreign" languages
One of the most notable, and witty, aspects of the language device was in the speech of Officer Crabtree, introduced in the second series. Because his character was English with a poor grasp of French, the actor, Arthur Bostrom, spoke perfectly in the English style but mangled his words when speaking in the French style. Bostrom therefore altered certain words in his sentences, substituting different vowels and/or consonants, changing them into different or nonsensical words, usually laden with innuendo. An example is the line "I was passing by the door, and I thought I would drop in. ", which Bostrom pronounced "I was pissing by the door, and I thought I would drip in". Another example is Crabtree's greeting of "good morning", pronounced "good moaning".


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
After the pilot aired in December 1982, a full-length first series of seven episodes was commissioned and aired from September 1984 onwards. Series two, three and four followed annually, with six episodes each.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
Series five was commissioned with a view to syndicating the show in America. As a result, it aired as a single long series of twenty-six episodes between September 1988 and February 1989, with each episode running only twenty-five minutes to allow for commercials. The attempts to air the show in America failed (although the series later became popular on PBS), and so series six had only eight episodes commissioned, which aired from September 1989 onwards.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
On 25 January 1990, Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car crash brought on by gale-force winds. This delayed the start of the seventh series, which consisted of ten episodes airing from January 1991 onwards. Series 8 (7 episodes) followed in January 1992, and the ninth and final series of six episodes aired later that year from November onwards.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
Two Christmas specials were also made. The first was a 45-minute episode, which followed Series 2 in 1985, and the second was also a 45-minute episode, screened at Christmas 1991, preceding Series 8.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
In 1994, two years after the series ended, the BBC broadcast The Best of 'Allo 'Allo!, a compilation of clips from the series, linked by new scenes featuring Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera, in which René and Edith reminisce about the events of the war.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
On 22 March 2007, a one-off special episode entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! was filmed in Manchester, and was broadcast on 28 April 2007 at 9 pm on BBC 2. The storyline involves René writing his memoirs after the war, and the events from the final episode in 1992 have been overlooked. The new scenes were interspersed with clips from the original series and new interviews. The actors who reprised their roles were: Gorden Kaye, Vicki Michelle, Sue Hodge, Kirsten Cooke, Arthur Bostrom, Guy Siner, Robin Parkinson, John D. Collins and Nicholas Frankau.


'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes
In addition, Richard Gibson and Sam Kelly are interviewed, although they are not reprising their respective roles. The only main characters who did not appear in the reunion at all (barring those cases where the actor or actress had died) were Private Helga Geerhart (played by Kim Hartman) and Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen (played by John Louis Mansi). Jeremy Lloyd wrote the new material.


'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references
The show's premise was not to make fun of the war but to spoof war-based film and TV dramas, and in particular a BBC1 drama Secret Army, which ran from 1977 to 1979 and dealt with the activities of a Belgian "escape line" that returned allied pilots to Britain, working from a Brussels café and later restaurant.


'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references
Many of the elements and characters are directly taken from Secret Army, such as the café owner having an affair in the restaurant under the nose of his wife, a bed-ridden woman in a room above who knocks on the floor for attention, a pianist who is also the forger, and the enmity between the Gestapo and the German military.


'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references
Many storylines for  'Allo 'Allo also derive directly from episodes of Secret Army, such as the valuable paintings and the accompanying forgeries, which both the Germans and the Resistance are seeking to obtain in the Secret Army second series episode "Weekend". Some actors from Secret Army also appear in 'Allo 'Allo! : Richard Marner, Guy Siner, John D. Collins, Hilary Minster and David Beckett. Inspiration was also drawn from patriotic black-and-white British melodramas of the 1940s.


'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references
The French village setting is reminiscent of 1972's Clochemerle, whilst Rene's intermediary role between the Germans and the Resistance reflects a comic version of Rick from Casablanca (as well as directly matching the proprietor of the café in Secret Army).


'Allo 'Allo!, Music
Having a café-cabaret in the plot, music was often performed on the show. This usually took place with Madame Edith singing, and either Lt. Gruber or Leclerc at the piano. Occasionally, Gruber sang and played piano at the same time. Characters could also be seen whistling or humming tunes at certain points.


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Theme tune
David Croft and Roy Moore composed the theme tune performed at the start and end of each episode. It features a French-style melody performed on an accordion in the 34 (waltz) time signature. The title is "London Calling", but according to Guy Siner the first lyrics are:


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Theme tune
Carmen Silvera sang the full song and it was released on LP in the 1980s.


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
The café cabaret music usually took the form of 1930s film and show tunes – reminiscent of the way period songs were also used in Secret Army.


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
Most popular was "Louise" from the film Innocents of Paris (1929), which featured a number of times and was even sung in the "broken-French" language of Crabtree, who pronounced the title "Loo-woes". Gruber sang a number such as "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" from Show Boat or "(I Got a Woman Crazy for Me) She's Funny That Way" by Neil Monet and Richard A. Whiting. He gazed at René in a slightly lustful manner, replacing lyrics such as "woman" and "she" with "boy" and "he". He caused a particular sensation with his straight version of Noël Coward's "Mad About the Boy".


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
Naturally the "La Marseillaise" and the German National Anthem "Deutschlandlied" featured from time to time, for example where several French peasants sang La Marsellaise to celebrate the expected bombing of the Germans, but the singers flawlessly and without hesitation switch to Das Lied der Deutschen when the Germans come past. Helga also sometimes stripped to a rather raunchy version of the latter tune.


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
Captain Bertorelli could be seen singing "'O Sole Mio (It's Now or Never)"; and the British airmen in a prisoner of war camp could be seen singing "Hitler Has Only Got One Ball".


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
In 1986, Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle released a version of the hit song "Je t'aime... moi non-plus". The characters of Yvette and René could be heard talking and canoodling in a comic manner whilst the familiar musical "Je t'aime..."' melody played in the background. The song got to number fifty-seven in the UK Singles Chart.


'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music
In 1985, Gordon Kaye and Carmen Silvera appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in character as René and Edith, and sang "I Remember It Well" from Gigi.


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
The show gave rise to a successful touring stage-show featuring most of the TV cast. This ran from 1986 to 1992, and included three London stage runs as well as international tours.


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
In January 1990 Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident. As a result, his understudy, John Larson, played the part in a London Palladium production. Kaye had a dent in his forehead for the rest of his life from a piece of wood that smashed through the car window. He wanted to end the television show after his accident, but was persuaded by Jeremy Lloyd to continue. In Australia Gorden Kaye's part was played by Australian comedian/impressionist Max Gillies (later, Gorden Kaye repaid the favour when he took over Max Gillies' role in another play in Australia, when Max Gillies was unable to take part).


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
The show was last performed for a summer season at Bournemouth's Pier Theatre in 1996.


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
In 2007 Gorden Kaye, Sue Hodge and Guy Siner reprised their roles in a production of the stage show in Brisbane, Australia. They were joined by Steven Tandy as Colonel von Strohm and Jason Gann as Herr Flick.


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
A new touring show, based on the 1992 tour written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, opened at the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire on 29 August 2008 before going on a national tour in 2009. Vicki Michelle reprised her role as Yvette Carte-Blanche. The cast also included Jeffrey Holland playing Rene Artois and his wife Judy Buxton playing Michelle Dubois. Other cast members included Robin Sebastian as Gruber, James Rossman as Herr Flick, Nell Jerram as Private Helga Geerhart and Claire Andreadis as Mimi Labonq.


'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show
The theatrical version is also frequently performed by amateur theatre companies in the UK and elsewhere.


'Allo 'Allo!, Locations
Although the French town of Nouvion in which the series is set indeed exists, all filming was done in Norfolk, much of it at Lynford Hall.


'Allo 'Allo!, Locations
Between 1982 and 1987, and from 1989 to 1992, all interior scenes were filmed in front of a studio audience at the BBC Television Centre studios in London. For the fifth series, recorded from December 1987 to August 1988, production moved to BBC Elstree Centre in Studio D. With hopes for a US syndication deal, the BBC planned to make 26 new episodes of the sitcom; hence, a bigger space was needed for the production. Even though the US syndication deal did not go ahead as planned, production remained at BBC Elstree Centre for the remainder of the fifth series. With more space available, the outside set of Café Rene became a semi-permanent structure in the former ATV Garage building.


'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, Australian and New Zealand releases
In Australia, Roadshow Entertainment, under licence from the BBC began releasing the series on DVD in 2006, on a semi-annual basis. To date, all series have been released on DVD; only The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! TV special remains to be released.


'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, UK releases
Universal Playback, under licence from the BBC, began releasing the series on DVD in 2002. In the UK six box sets with series 1–9 have been released, as well as a complete box set.


'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, UK releases
The original UK releases have episode titles superimposed over the openings of the episodes (series 1–4). The 2013 re-release of the complete series box set omits the majority, but not all of these superimposed titles. The American releases have no on-screen episode titles, reflecting the way that the shows were originally transmitted.


'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, North American releases
In January 2004, BBC Worldwide began releasing the show themselves onto DVD in North America, beginning with Series 1. The releases have continued on a somewhat irregular basis (approximately circa twice-yearly).


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1)
The British TV sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! pilot was originally broadcast on 30 December 1982. It was repeated as the first of a series of eight episodes broadcast from 6 September to 19 October 1984.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternative region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
René has the painting of the Fallen Madonna bricked up in his cellar. He has the idea of having a forgery of the painting made, to give to the Gestapo on the pretence it is the original. René ends up with a collection of suicide pills.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
The British Airmen are captured by the Communist Resistance, having escaped in the German officers' uniforms. Replacement uniforms are to be ordered from London, via carrier pigeon.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
René waits for the plane to drop the German uniforms, but it lands and a tailor is on board. Michelle gives the René nitroglycerine to hide - disguised in a gin bottle, and René suddenly finds everyone has a taste or a use for the "gin".


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
General Von Klinkerhoffen survives an assassination attempt when the Resistance attempt to blow up the train delivering him to Nouvion. For his part in the operation, René is sentenced to be executed by firing squad, but Colonel Von Strohm has a plan to ensure his survival.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
René begins posing as his own twin brother, also named René, as his "funeral" is arranged. René hides the Resistance's anti-tank mines in the coffin, and LeClerc poses as the priest.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes
After celebrating his birthday at the cafe, Colonel Von Strohm is captured by the Communist Resistance, along with Captain Geering. The Resistance give René the honour of shooting them in revenge for his twin brother's demise. They all escape and meet the plane with the forged painting of the Fallen Madonna, but it inevitably gets mixed up with the original.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)
The second series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains seven episodes which first aired between 21 October and 26 December 1985.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)
Series 2 sees the arrival of Officer Crabtree, played by Arthur Bostrom and the Gestapo officer Herr Engelbert Von Smallhausen, played by John Louis Mansi. The first Christmas special was commissioned, and aired shortly after the second series. This shows the then rising popularity of the show.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
Edith is enjoying her new-found status as a rich widow, since the reading of René's will leaves almost everything to her. The British Airmen disguise themselves as nuns and hide out in the nearby convent. Gruber is summoned to the Gestapo headquarters to identify the real painting of the Fallen Madonna from two forgeries, and blackmailed into keeping quiet about his task.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
René is ordered to hide the real painting in his cafe, concealed in a knockwurst sausage. Herr Flick has a private dinner at the cafe with Helga, while the cafe staff and the Resistance are making plans to meet a plane due to land in a nearby field that night.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
The Resistance, the cafe staff, and the British Airmen (disguised as a cow) venture out to meet the plane in the middle of the night. However, it does not land - a British intelligence officer parachutes out and gets caught up in a tree. The man, dressed as a Gendarme, introduces himself as Crabtree, and that he's been sent over because he speaks French - although he's not as fluent to French ears as he obviously believes himself to be. Back at the cafe, Madame Fanny is determined to enjoy "freebies" now that her daughter owns the cafe, and René must blow up a train under the Colonel's orders, to make Hitler think that the painting of the Fallen Madonna, expected to be on the train, has been destroyed.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
Having failed to blow up the train, René and Captain Geering head back to the cafe in Gruber's little tank. They end up surrendering to the Resistance at a roadblock, who flee when they see a Gestapo staff car approaching. While everyone is gathering round to discern what has happened, Herr Flick manages to blow up his own car.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
Next day, Michelle arrives at the cafe with the latest plan to help the British Airmen escape: a hot-air balloon was dropped by the same plane which dropped Crabtree, but it needs silk - in the form of women's knickers - to repair it so it is airworthy. To cover their tracks, René explains to the Germans that the silk is needed for Edith's wedding dress, but is overheard by Monsieur Alfonse, who challenges René to a duel in response.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
Plans for the duel are in place - Gruber has put himself forward as one of René's seconds, while Edith is selling tickets for the front row and preparing the catering. The German officers plan to hold manoeuvres in the vicinity of the duel, which might "accidentally" hit Monsieur Alfonse. On the morning of the duel, René augments his clothing with a coal scuttle as armour under his suit. Just as they are about to begin, Gruber receives a message that Von Strohm and Geering have been arrested by the Gestapo and the manoeuvres are cancelled. René sees no option but to run.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
René is discovered by the Resistance while hiding from Monsieur Alfonse, and they disguise him as a Resistance girl. They also explain to Alfonse how brave René is and how important he and the cafe are to their cause, leading Alfonse to see René as a hero of France. Gruber sees through René's disguise in the cafe but vows not to give him away, but does so unintentionally and he is arrested by Von Smallhousen and held prisoner in the dungeon alongside the Colonel and the Captain.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
Gruber decides to go over Herr Flick's head and calls in General Von Klinkerhoffen to extricate the three prisoners. Once René is back home, the wind is favourable, so the cafe staff and the Resistance can venture outside the town to launch the balloon with the British Airmen inside, disguising themselves as a funeral party to get through the curfew.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes
The cafe staff return home after the balloon's launch, only for the balloon to be shot down by General Von Klinkerhoffen and his troops. The balloon crash-lands in the attic bedroom. Following the incident, Von Klinkerhoffen remains in the area and assumes control, with Gruber installed as his ADC. The General plans a party at the chateau to celebrate the Kaiser's birthday, as he is a distant relation. The Resistance, the German officers, and the Gestapo see this as the ideal situation to assassinate the General. However, the Gestapo discover the Resistance are plotting to blow up the chateau, so the party moves to the cafe, leaving René much less keen on the Resistance's plans.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)
The third series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 5 December 1986, and 9 January 1987.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)
Series 3 features the last appearance of Francesca Gonshaw as Maria Recamier.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes
The Communist Resistance steal Herr Flick's sausage (containing a forged copy of the Fallen Madonna) from the cafe, demanding a ransom for its return. René delivers the money, observed secretly by other parties, all in disguise - the cafe staff as German soldiers, Colonel Von Strohm and Captain Geering as trees, Helga and the Gestapo as Resistance girls, and German soldiers as Gendarmes. The sausage ends up in the mouth of Gruber's dog.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes
Maria is sent to the chateau with a knockwurst, containing the real painting, concealed across her bosom for Gruber to create another forgery. Von Klinkerhoffen intercepts her, hangs the sausage in his wardrobe, and sends a message that she will remain in his rooms until his lawnmower engine is returned. As word gets around of their location, the cafe staff, Gruber, and the Gestapo enact their plans to retrieve the sausage and rescue Maria.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes
Following her escape, Maria is hiding around the cafe disguised as a young boy. A classic vehicle parade, led by Gruber in his little tank, has been arranged - this will clear the museum of enough vehicles to enable the airplane to be used. However, it needs a catapult launch - for which all the men in Nouvion have agreed to give up their trouser braces.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes
Back at the cafe, the British Airmen have been disguised as new waiting staff. General Von Klinkerhoffen commandeers their services for the chateau, along with a painting behind a curtain, which contains the Fallen Madonna inside. An elaborate Flamenco Night is staged to "kill off" the new staff so they are not found out.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes
The airmen, having been taken to the mortuary after their "deaths", are tunnelling into the nearby prisoner-of-war camp. The cafe staff must help them, but the Gestapo have been listening in on René's radio conversations with London. The prisoners are tunnelling from their end, and as the two tunnels meet, the cafe staff, Michelle, Von Strohm, and Geering are in the tunnel behind the airmen. The Colonel gets stuck, but freeing him causes the tunnel to collapse behind him and everyone is stuck in the prisoner-of-war camp - just as General Von Klinkerhoffen is about to perform an inspection.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)
The fourth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 7 November and 12 December 1987.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)
Series 4 marks the last regular appearance of Sam Kelly as Captain Hans Geering; though he returned for a one-off special appearance in series 7. Francesca Gonshaw left at the end of the third series; though the exit of her character, Maria, is not explained until the second episode of this series. This series also sees the first appearances of Sue Hodge as Mimi Labonq in the third episode, as the new café waitress; and in the same episode Gavin Richards as Captain Alberto Bertorelli, the seconded Italian captain.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes
The cafe staff, Michelle, Von Strohm and Geering are trapped in the prisoner-of-war camp. The Gestapo try to tunnel in, Helga and Gruber try to sneak into the camp to rescue their friends, while the inmates are planning their own escape.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes
The cafe staff, the Germans, and Michelle manage to escape thanks to the combined diversionary tactics of the camp entertainments and Gruber's refuse truck - but they find they have a couple of stowaways. Maria is not with them, having tried to escape through the post as a Red Cross parcel, but has been sent back to Switzerland due to insufficient postage. Captain Geering, having escaped over the wall, eventually manages to send a radio message - from London.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes
Captain Geering is replaced by the Italian Captain Bertorelli. Maria is replaced, not by one of the many nubile young applicants for the post René favours, nor by the very elderly woman applicant Edith and Yvette favour, but by Mimi Labonq, a Resistance fighter and former gang leader, under Michelle's orders.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes
Without batteries to power the radio in the attic bedroom, René and Yvette must provide pedal power attached to a generator. René amasses a collection of sausages - some real, one containing a forged painting, and some containing explosives.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)
The fifth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains twenty-six episodes which first aired between 3 September 1988 and 25 February 1989.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)
Series 5 is longer than any of the other series, and contains almost a third of the total number of episodes. The series was made with a view to airing the show in the US, so episodes were shortened to 25 minutes rather than 30 minutes to allow for commercial breaks; and twenty-six episodes were commissioned to tie in with the American tradition of having "seasons", rather than the typical British "series" of six to eight episodes.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)
Due to these changes, two episodes were written by different writers; the director's role was shared between four people, the series was taped entirely in the studio (except the wedding scene of episode 6, which was shot on location in an actual church); and not all of the secondary characters appear in each of the series' episodes. Series 5 also sees the first appearances of the Communist Resistance girls Denise Laroque and Louise; and the last appearance of Jack Haig (who died in the time between the fifth and sixth series) as Monsieur Roger LeClerc.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Herr Flick is in the dungeon, but there are plans afoot from several sources to spring him - although not necessarily leave him a free man. The Resistance manage to be first on the scene and effect a prisoner swap.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René is rescued from the dungeon, and is tasked with photographing invasion plans, hidden in a safe in the chateau.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Smoke bombs will provide a diversionary tactic to distract Gruber so René can photograph the invasion plans, but they end up being sent down the wrong chimney. Helga and Von Klinkerhoffen dine together, while the Gestapo infiltrate as a musical interlude to gain intelligence on plans to assassinate Hitler.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Everyone gets a surprise when the safe is blown up by LeClerc. As everyone flees the chateau, René and LeClerc - disguised as German soldiers - are captured by the Communist Resistance.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René and LeClerc are still being held at the sawmill by the Communist Resistance. Their leader announces she and René are to be married very soon.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
It's the day of René and Denise's wedding - except the Gaullist Resistance and the cafe staff have plans in place to ensure the two are not betrothed.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
In the fallout from their wedding day, René tries to hide from Denise and her plans for revenge, but the people of Nouvion are not as accommodating as René would like. A ticking package is delivered to the cafe by a clock repair man (John Rutland).


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
A conference is planned by the occupying forces, where the invasion of England is likely to be under discussion. Michelle orders René to provide the catering while gathering information on the plans, with the resulting intelligence to be sent to England via a duck.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
The conference goes ahead, despite the duck escaping and being shot down. A serving of peppermints provides the necessary diversion for René to photograph the invasion plans.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
In the aftermath of the conference, René is on the General's hit list following the incident with the peppermints.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
The cafe finds itself the location of a meeting between a group of German Generals, disguised as French onion-sellers. It's also the scene of a meeting of more shot-down British airmen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René is ordered to steal the paintings from the headquarters of the Communist Resistance.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René must rob a bank to raise the ransom to pay the Communist Resistance to free Mimi, Gruber, the Colonel, and Bertorelli.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René and the cafe staff have money from robbing the bank, but Michelle puts a spanner in the works. Mimi manages to escape and return to Nouvion.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Everyone is trying to get their hands on the money, for a variety of reasons. The duck is ready to leave for England, but René would rather it remain with its ducklings.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Monsieur Alphonse has been arrested by the Gestapo after being caught passing forged banknotes. Fortunately a glimpse of Helga's stockings strains his "dicky ticker" and he's rushed to hospital. The cafe staff and the Resistance must rescue him before the Gestapo can interrogate him.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
The Colonel sets up Bertorelli in an attempt to be rid of him. Michelle has another plan to help the British Airmen return home, with the help of the casing from a new type of bomb. LeClerc has yet another new disguise.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
LeClerc has been arrested by the Gestapo and they threaten to shoot him if the missing money is not returned.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
The Resistance are in possession of a thousand kilograms of explosives which were originally in the bomb casings. René is charged with hiding the explosives, which will be disguised as 500 Christmas puddings.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
The Gestapo discover the whereabouts of the landmines and decide to lie in wait in order to arrest the Resistance members collecting them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René decides to elope to Switzerland with Yvette and the paintings.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René's plans have gone awry, and the train is full of people after the paintings for their own ends.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René and his staff must impersonate a musical group at the chateau. René's attempts to disguise stolen gold don't work as well as he hoped, and Crabtree gives his own unique rendition of a popular French song.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René and Edith are heading for the altar, while Michelle initiates Operation Waterloo, the latest plan to return the British Airmen to England.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
René must deliver the Enigma machine to a waiting British submarine, via Nouvion's sewer system. His resurrected plan to elope with Yvette interferes with the objective of the mission.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes
Another plan to get the Enigma machine safely into the hands of British intelligence sees a plethora of disguises from the usual quarters, with varying success, as the Germans are equally determined to get their hands on it too.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)
The sixth series of the British Sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains eight episodes which first aired between 2 September and 21 October 1989.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)
Series 6 and subsequent episodes were 30 minutes in length, as they were not co-commissioned for the American market (as series 5 was). Jack Haig was originally meant to star in the series; but his death before the start of production prevented this. As the LeClerc character was important to the series, Derek Royle was brought in to play the part of Ernest LeClerc, Roger's brother. Naturally, the two characters are very similar in the roles that they play within the show's plot. The show also features the last appearance of Gavin Richards as Bertorelli who would be recast by Roger Kitter and Ernest would later be recast by Robin Parkinson.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
LeClerc's brother Ernest has swapped places with him, and is now the resident pianist and object of Madame Fanny's affections. The Resistance are constructing a communications hub in the empty grave of René's twin brother.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
The Gestapo plan to infiltrate the Resistance by posing as British Airmen, for which they undertake English language lessons via gramophone, with interesting results.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
Madame Fanny discusses her wedding plans with Edith, while Helga tries to seduce Herr Flick with an eye to marriage.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
The British Airmen have been captured by the Germans, and there are plans from several quarters to spring them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
Helga gets Flick and Von Smallhousen out of a tricky situation. The latest Resistance plan to infiltrate the chateau ends with René and Edith being handcuffed to the British Airmen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
Herr Flick and the German officers turn their attention back to the paintings (and their forgeries), the cuckoo clock, and the stolen gold.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
Madame Fanny and Ernest's wedding provides the ideal cover for Michelle's latest scheme to get the British Airmen back to England.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes
Following the wedding ceremony, General Von Klinkerhoffen wants to blow up the town, so the German officers call on General Von Flockenstuffen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)
The seventh series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains ten episodes which first aired between 5 January and 9 March 1991.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)
There is a gap of fifteen months between the broadcasting dates of series 6 and 7. Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident in January 1990; causing him to lose some of his memory. As Kaye was slow to make a full recovery, the whole show's future was in doubt. Even when the seventh series did come about, it brought some changes.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)
David Croft left the series, with Paul Adam taking over the co-writing; Mike Stephens became the producer for the show; Robin Parkinson took over the role of Ernest LeClerc from Derek Royle, who had died in 1990; Roger Kitter replaced Gavin Richards as Bertorelli; and the series also saw the reappearance of Sam Kelly as Captain Hans Geering, though only for one episode.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)
Unlike in previous series, there was no exclamation mark when the title "'Allo 'Allo" was shown on screen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
The newlyweds return to the cafe on a stolen motorbike, having evaded German roadblocks. General Von Flockenstuffen announces he is replacing General Von Klinkerhoffen due to the latter's nervous breakdown.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
After their escape from custody, the newlyweds hide in a secret compartment in the cafe but then find they are trapped. General Von Flockenstuffen is determined that the Nouvion garrison will play a bigger part in the war. In response, the Germans and Bertorelli decide to spring General Von Klinkerhoffen from hospital and return him to his post.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
General Von Klinkerhoffen wants to award René with a medal. Under pressure from all sides, René decides once again to elope with Yvette - this time to England. What could go wrong?


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
In London, René and Edith meet up with an old friend enjoying a new life. However they must return to Nouvion, and do so just in time to avoid the mandatory interrogation for persons missing for over 24 hours.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
General Von Klinkerhoffen wants to resurrect Nouvion's local newspaper as a propaganda tool.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
René is determined to flee to Spain in disguise, while Michelle is testing another plan to repatriate the British Airmen, this time with the help of wine barrels destined for the coast.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
Edith is celebrated as the Spirit of Nouvion in the local newspaper, and is under orders to marry Bertorelli to cement relations between the locals and the occupying forces.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
The British Airmen are still in the town sewers. Helga is away on a training course, and is replaced by Private Elsa Bigstern.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes
It's the day of the annual Gypsy Fair in Nouvion, providing yet another distraction to Michelle's latest plan to help the British Airmen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)
The eighth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains a Christmas special which aired on 24 December 1991, and seven episodes which first aired between 12 January and 1 March 1992.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)
Series 8 marks a change in the series. Rather than continuing to tell the story from the end of the seventh series, the first episode picks up the story some two years later. This sees the departure of the two British airmen and Bertorelli from the series. John B. Hobbs became the producer for the show.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)
In this series the letters in the initial credits were yellow instead of white like all earlier series. Secondly, there was no exclamation mark, when the title "'Allo 'Allo" was shown on screen.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes
A tour by a group of Spanish Flamenco dancers provides the ideal cover for René and the cafe staff to search the chateau for radio parts which were erroneously dropped down the chateau's chimneys from an Allied plane.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes
It's René's birthday, and the cafe staff have a few surprises in store for him. General Von Klinkerhoffen announces that Hitler and Goering are to visit the town on a morale-boosting tour of the coast.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes
René and Edith are saved from the firing squad and have to walk back to Nouvion. Meanwhile, the cafe staff and the Resistance believe them to have been shot dead, so take over the running of the cafe themselves. Von Strohm and Gruber make plans to flee to Spain. Yvette learns that she is not pregnant after all.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)
The ninth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 9 November and 14 December 1992.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)
Series 9 was the last series of the show, and contains the final regular episode (The Best of 'Allo 'Allo! aired some two years later; but was mostly made up of archive footage). Richard Gibson did not take part in the final series; so the character of Herr Otto Flick was taken over by David Janson.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)
The following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Von Strohm and Gruber's escape attempt does not go to plan, and they return to Nouvion in disguise. Herr Flick has undergone plastic surgery in order to facilitate his escape to South America when the Allies invade. René is captured by the Communist Resistance again, leading the cafe staff to believe he is dead.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Louise, the leader of the Communist Resistance, is determined to keep René captive as her love slave. The cafe staff decide to hold a memorial service for René, who returns in the middle of the service, but not to the warm welcome he might have expected.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Michelle's latest plan is to take advantage of the belief that René is dead by sending him to England. Madame Fanny returns to Nouvion, but all is not well between her and LeClerc. ---


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Michelle needs a pigeon to send microfilm to London. The cafe staff make plans for the fishmonger's parade, while General Von Klinkerhoffen makes plans to assassinate Hitler.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Monsieur Alfonse is sculpting a statue of René, but not without mishap. Colonel Von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber decide that supervising the fishmonger's parade is the ideal excuse to get out of involvement in Von Klinkerhoffen's plans to assassinate Hitler. When the parade float reaches the coast, a German patrol vehicle commandeers the float so they can retreat - the Allied invasion has begun. The cafe staff are left to walk back to Nouvion in their costumes.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
The cafe staff prepare to welcome the British troops, but do not bargain for seeing a couple of familiar faces. General Von Klinkerhoffen orders Colonel Von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber to stay and fight to the end, so they decide to escape and hide - ending up at the cafe, walking into the attic bedroom just as René is making his final radio call to London. The Gestapo officers' attempts to escape prove fruitless, but Helga regains possession of her missing piece of the painting.


'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes
Von Klinkerhoffen changes his mind and decides to formally surrender to the British at the cafe to spare the lives of the men under his command. All the Germans are rounded up and the British make themselves at home in the cafe. Many years later, an impressive car pulls up on the square, driven by the former Colonel. He's in the employ of Gruber, now a world-renowned art dealer, married to Helga. They greet the cafe staff, discussing how none of them ever found out what happened to the Fallen Madonna painting. Helga still carries her missing piece of the painting, and the rest is accidentally discovered to have been under their noses all these years. With the original painting, and a getaway car in the square, René decides that maybe it's not too late for him and Yvette to elope.


'Alī ibn Mākūlā
Abū Naṣr Alī ibn Hibat-Allāh ibn Ja'far ibn Allakān ibn Muḥammad ibn Dulaf ibn Abī Dulaf al-Qāsim ibn ‘Īsā al-Ijlī, surnamed Sa’d al-Muluk and known as Ibn Mākūlā (ابن ماكولا)  (1030 or 1031 - †1082 / 1083); was a highly regarded muḥaddith (Ḥadīth scholar) who authored several works. His magnum opus was his biographical-genealogical history on etymology and orthography of Islamic names, Al-Ikmāl.


'Alī ibn Mākūlā, Life
Abū Naṣr ibn Mākūlā was a native of the village Ukbara on the Tigris north of Baghdād and the son of Hibat-Alāhā ibn Makula, vizier to the Buyid ruler of Baṣrah, Jalāl-al-dawla. He gained the title ‘al-Amīr’ (أمير), or ‘prince’, maybe in his own right, or in reference to his famous ancestor Abū Dulaf al-Ijlī. His family had originally come from Jarbāzakān, between Hamadān and Isfahan in Irān, but his paternal uncle, was a muḥaddith (traditionist),  and qāḍī (chief justice) in Baghdād where Ibn Mākūlā began his studies.


'Alī ibn Mākūlā, Life
He continued his education by travelling to the regional centres of learning across Irāq, Khurāsān, Syria, Egypt, and Fars. In the last years of his life he held various official posts in the imperial administration of the Seljuk Empire, and once led an embassy to Bukhara to obtain the recognition of the new Abbāsid caliph Al-Muqtadi (1075-1094). One anecdote tells of a personal application made by Ibn Mākūlā on behalf of the grammarian Al-Akhfash the Younger, requesting a pension from the vizier Abū al-Ḥasan Alī ibn ‘Īsā. This was angrily rejected it seems and the scholar was left in abject poverty.


'Alī ibn Mākūlā, Life
In the account of his eventual assassination the sources differ on details of location and date. It seems that sometime, either in 475 h. [1082/1083] or 487 h. [1094/95], or 479 h. [1086/87], he was on a trip for Khurāsān when he was murdered and robbed by his Mamluk guards, either in Jurjan in Golestan Province, or al-Ahvaz in Khuzestan; or in Kirmān, Iran.


'Alī ibn Mākūlā, Works
— In 1232, muhaddith Ibn Nukta (ابن نقطة), published Takmila al-Ikmāl (تكملة الإكمال), as an addendum to Al-Ikmāl.


'Amanave
'Amanave (Samoan: 'Āmanave) is a village on the coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located close to the island's western tip, Cape Taputapu, and to the south of the village of Poloa. It is located in Lealataua County.


'Amanave
'Amanave was severely damaged by the 2009 tsunami. However, of a population of about 500 residents, no deaths were recorded. When the tsunami approached, emergency information was sent by radio and a bell rang in the village. After the tsunami, some residents followed the advice of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and moved into houses on a higher elevation.


'Amanave
Its mayor Aveao Faausu Fonoti received the Community Resiliency Leadership Award at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center in 2010, due to his handling of the 2009 tsunami. The executive director of the center told reporters: "In spite of the fact that something like eighty percent of his village was destroyed, there were no casualties. And based on our research we found that many lives were saved because of his bravery, his leadership, his knowledge."


'Amanave
The village is in an area which is renowned for its rugged volcanic coastline. After its confluence with its tributaries near central parts of the village, Laloafu Stream discharges into the Pacific from 'Amanave Bay.


'Amanave, History
The first formal school established on the island was Atauloma Girls School in 'Amanave, which opened in 1900–1901. Although originally located in the village of 'Amanave, it was later relocated to Afao. Remains from the historic site can still be viewed on the top of the hill in the Atauloma area of Afao village.


'Amanave, History
During World War II, the single-lane roads which for long had been connecting Alofau in the east to 'Amanave in the west proved inadequate for military requirements. They were therefore replaced by a two-lane, coral-rock-surface road, which could handle the heavy military vehicles.


'Amanave, Demographics
The 1990 U.S. Census reported 53 houses in 'Amanave. The proportion of 'Amanave inhabitants born outside of American Samoa was 17% in the early 1980s and 29% in the late 1980s. In 1990, 43 percent of village residents were born outside of American Samoa.


'Amanave, Economy
As of 1995, business license records from the government show eleven commercial enterprises based in the village. Businesses included five grocery stores, a retail shop, a gas station, and several bus companies. There is also banana production on the western side of the village, upslope from the shoreline road near Malama Point. Coconut production occurred east of 'Amanave on the south side of Leafu Stream.


'Amm
'Amm (Sabaean: 𐩲𐩣; Arabic: عمْ) was a moon god worshipped in ancient Qataban, which was a kingdom in ancient Yemen. ' Amm is also the Arabic word for paternal uncle. The inhabitants of the kingdom referred to themselves as the Banu Amm, or the "Children of Amm". He was also revered as a weather god, as his attributes included lightning bolts. His consort is the goddess Asherah, and he was served by the oracle-judge Anbay.


'Amm, Sources
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'Amran
ʿAmrān (Arabic: عمران; Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩣𐩧𐩬 ʿmrn) is a small city in western central Yemen. It is the capital of the 'Amran Governorate, and was formerly in the Sana'a Governorate. It is located 52.9 kilometres (32.9 mi) by road northwest of the Yemeni capital of Sana'a, at the upper (southern) end of the al-Bawn plain. According to the 2004 census it had a population of 76,863, and an estimated population of 92,763 in 2013.


'Amran, History and architecture
'Amran has a long history, dating back to the pre-Islamic era. During that period, it was one of the main centers of the Bakil tribal confederation. At the time of the Sabaean kingdom, the town blossomed into a fortress. A series of bronze plaques from that time were found in the town in the mid-nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. In particular, in the seventh century it was the great city of valour during the clashes against the Sabeans, a plurality of regionally based tribes. Remains of carved stones that belonged to former temples and palaces bear witness today of past glory. A large stone inscription is found in the western city gate (Bab al-Kabir).


'Amran, History and architecture
'Amran is largely absent from medieval sources, and the nearby fortified town of al-Jannat eclipsed it in importance during this period. This may have been partly because 'Amran, located in the middle of the al-Bawn plain on level ground, was less defensible, whereas al-Jannat had a more strategic location. The 10th-century writer al-Hamdani described the ancient palace at 'Amran, but he gives no details about its population or any indication that it was still occupied.


'Amran, History and architecture
From the late 14th century onward, 'Amran appears to have emerged as a strategic site, and it appears frequently in historical texts such as the Ghayat al-amani of Yahya ibn al-Husayn during this  period. Then, in the 1500s and 1600s, 'Amran is mentioned as a more generally important city.


'Amran, History and architecture
ʿAmran is completely surrounded by walls which date to 1720. The surrounding landscape is dominated by terraced landscapes with stone walls to counteract erosion of fertile arable land. The old souq is noted for its stone columns.


'Amran, Economic development
The road through the city from Sana'a was modernized following Chinese investment and is over 200 km (120 mi) long, and the old medical centre has been transformed into a small public hospital. The city is located in a fertile area in what was the centre of the area's coffee industry.


'Amran Governorate
ʽAmran (Arabic: عمران, romanized: ʽAmrān) is one of the governorates of Yemen.


'Ana Kata Nau
'Ana Kata Nau was a Tongan attorney. She was the first female attorney in Tonga.


'Ana Kata Nau, Life
'Ana Kata Nau was born on March 17, 1899, at Nelafu, Vava'u, Tonga to Tevita Kata Nau II (a reverend minister) and Sela Mahe. She received her education from Tupou College in Nuku'alofa, Tonga, and initially embarked on careers as an educator (1921-1926; 1929) and nurse (1926-1929) before graduating as a lawyer. She died in 1996.


'Anata
'Anata (Arabic: عناتا) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate in the central West Bank, located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's Old City. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 'Anata had a population of 9,600 in 2006. Its total land area is 30,603 dunams, of which over half now lies within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area. Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with Shu'afat refugee camp, the village is almost surrounded by the separation barrier, cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank.


'Anata, History
'Anata is a village on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient agricultural terraces.


'Anata, History, Bronze and Iron Ages
Edward Robinson identified 'Anata with Biblical Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, in his .An alternative etymology links the toponym to the Canaanite goddess Anat.


'Anata, History, Byzantine period
There are ruins of a Byzantine-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the Muslim conquest of Palestine by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century.


'Anata, History, Ayyubid period
Ahead of the 1187 Muslim siege of Jerusalem against the Crusaders, Saladin, the Ayyubid general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 10 Muslim households. The villagers   paid a fixed tax rate of 40 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 Akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
The village was destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1834 following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against Egyptian rule. In 1838 Anata was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem.


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
When W. M. Thomson visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a "small, half-ruined hamlet, but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen."


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
In 1863 Victor Guérin visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only. According to information received byClermont-Ganneau in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a "village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ... There are a few olives round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east."


'Anata, History, Ottoman period
In 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.


'Anata, History, British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim,  increasing in the 1931 census to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.


'Anata, History, British Mandate period
In the 1945 statistics  'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims,   with 18,496 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals, while 35 dunams were built-up land.


'Anata, History, Jordanian period (1948-1967)
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 'Anata came under Jordanian rule.


'Anata, History, Jordanian period (1948-1967)
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.


'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)
After the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Anata has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory. At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the wadis near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the Israeli military base at Anatot, 4 Israeli settlements and several illegal Israeli outposts.


'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)
After the 1995 accords, about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being Area B, while the remaining 96.2 % (or 23,108 dunams) is Area C. Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel. Of the 1877 dunums which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, 957 dunums became part of Area B, 220 dunums part of Area C, and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities. The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been annexed by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon. Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation.


'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)
According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements:


'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)
Ayn Fara, the Palestinian village’s natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli Ein Prat Nature Reserve.


'Anata, Main families
The families are Shiha , Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.


'Anata, Sanctuaries
'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to Saleh and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a mosque dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical Shelah), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of Nabi Salih to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a "Rumia" which according to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, "looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic." This signifies that it is very possible that "Rumia" is an Arabicized form of "Jeremiah".


'Anata, Local administration
Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a mukhtar. Since then a village council was established to govern the town.


'Anchomomys' milleri
'Anchomomys' milleri is an extinct primate related to lemuriforms that lived in Africa during the early late Eocene. It was originally thought to be a member of the European genus Anchomomys, but was later aligned with the djebelemurids, although a new generic name needs to be assigned.


'Anin
'Anin (Arabic: عانين) a Palestinian village in the West Bank governorate of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,719 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.


'Anin, History
Potsherds from  Iron Age I, IA II, Persian, early and late Roman, Byzantine,  early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here.


'Anin, History
"Immediately north of the village is a rock-cut passage large enough to walk along, extending about 50 feet and lined with cement; it then becomes about a foot high. This leads out on to a flat surface of rock.(...) Two rock-cut tombs, now blocked, exist west of this."


'Anin, History, Ottoman era
'Anin, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the  census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of  Sahil Atlit which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of  Lajjun. The village had a population of 16 households, all Muslim. The villagers  paid a fixed tax rate of 25%  on  wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,600  akçe. Potsherds from the Ottoman era have also been found here.


'Anin, History, Ottoman era
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Anin as:  "a small village on a ridge, partly built of stone, with a small olive grove beneath it on the west, and two wells on that side. It has the appearance of an ancient site, having rock-cut tombs, and a curious channel for water."


'Anin, History, British mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 360 Muslims, increasing  in the 1931 census  to 447 Muslims, in 68 houses.


'Anin, History, British mandate era
In the 1944/5 statistics the population of Anin was 590  Muslims, with a total of 15,049  dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,769 dunams were used for  plantations and irrigable land, 1,806  dunams for cereals, while 13 dunams were built-up (urban) land.


'Anin, History, Jordanian era
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 'Anin came  under Jordanian rule.


'Anin, History, Post-1967
'Anin has been  under Israeli occupation along with the rest of the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War.


'Aoa
'Aoa is a village on the north-east coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located on the north coast, close to the island's eastern tip, at a narrowing of the island and is connected by road with Amouli on the south coast. Aoa is the oldest site on Tutuila to yield ceramics. Located in a large U-shaped valley on the northeast coast of the island, Aoa sits on a wide, sandy beach fronted by a large, deep bay. Fresh water is supplied by a steady river which runs through the village. It is located in Vaifanua County.


'Aoa
Over 40 ancient star mounds have been discovered in the bush near ‘Aoa. Village chiefs believe these elevated stone platforms were used in the ancient chiefly sport of pigeon-snaring. Archeologists believe they served as military lookouts due to their placement at strategic vantage points, perhaps as a military lookout for enemy canoes. Besides the star mounds, lepita pottery has been discovered in ‘Aoa. Some estimates date some of the potshards discovered here to 2000 BCE, while most of the scientific community dates them to 500 BCE. The Department of Tourism operated a camp site here complete with showers and barbecue facilities. The campsite was however closed as of 1994.


'Aoa
It is one of few places in American Samoa with remaining patches of mangrove forest. The largest such forests are found in Nu'uuli and Leone.


'Aoa
'Aoa is adjacent to Fa'alefu, a neighboring village which shares 'Aoa Bay.


'Aoa, History
In 1942, Austrian immigrant to the U.S., Karl Paul Lippe, was billeted in the village of 'Aoa. He had joined the U.S. Marine Corps and was sent to the Samoan Islands. In the village of 'Aoa, Lippe was embraced by High Chief Logo, who asked him to move into his fale. Eventually, Lippe fell in love with Malele, the chief’s daughter. At the time the young Marine was called off to war, his wife was pregnant.


'Aoa, History
After World War II, he made an attempt to visit American Samoa, but was told no one was allowed to settle in the islands without the Naval Governor’s permission. His request was initially denied but was later accepted when he managed to get in contact with the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington.


'Aoa, Geography
The steep and mountainous terrain of the northern coast separates the villages along this coast from Pago Pago and other Tutuila villages. A narrow and unpaved road (as of 1975) connects Aoa with its neighboring villages.


'Aparima
The ʻaparima or Kaparima (Rarotongan) is a dance from Tahiti and the Cook Islands where the mimicks (ʻapa) with the hands (rima) are central, and as such it is close to the hula or Tongan tauʻolunga. It is usually a dance for groups. There are two types of ʻaparima: the ʻaparima hīmene (sung handdance) and the ʻaparima vāvā (silent handdance), the latter being performed with music only, and no singing. The music is often played on the guitar or the Tahitian ʻukulele.


'Aparima
The stories depicted by the dance are taken from daily traditional occupations or ancient myths.


'Aparima
Unlike the other Tahitian dances, this one is more often performed with the dancers dressed in pāreu and maro. It can also (especially the ʻaparima vāvā) be performed seated, much like the Tongan māʻuluʻulu.


'Apepi
'Apepi was a ruler of some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1650 BC. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, 'Apepi was the fifty-first ruler of the 14th Dynasty. As such he would have ruled from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the Western Delta as well. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty.


'Apepi, Attestation
'Apepi's only secure attestation is the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the Ramesside period. ' Apepi is listed on a fragment of the document corresponding to column 10, row 15 (column 9 row 16 as per Alan H. Gardiner's reconstruction of the Turin canon). The chronological position of 'Apepi cannot be ascertained beyond doubt due to the fragile and fragmentary state of the canon. Furthermore, the document preserves only the beginning of 'Apepi's prenomen as "'Ap [...]". which, Ryholt argues, may be restored to "'Apepi".


'Apepi, King's son Apophis
Ryholt's reconstruction of the name of 'Apepi is significant because five scarab seals inscribed with "King's son Apophis" are known. On two of these seals the inscription is furthermore enclosed in a cartouche and followed by di-ˁnḫ meaning "given life". These two attributes are normally reserved to kings or designated heirs to the throne and 'Apepi could be the Apophis referred to on the seals. Tentatively confirming this attribution, Ryholt notes that both scarabs can be dated on stylistic grounds to the 14th Dynasty, between the reigns of Sheshi and Yaqub-Har.


'Aql
‘Aql (Arabic: عقل, meaning "intellect"), is an Arabic language term used in Islamic philosophy or theology for the intellect or the rational faculty of the soul or mind. It is the normal translation of the Greek term nous. In jurisprudence, it is associated with using reason as a source for sharia "religious law" and has been translated as "dialectical reasoning".


'Aql, History
In Islam, the term ‘aql was heavily elucidated by early Shī‘ah thinkers; it came to replace and expand the pre-Islamic concept of ḥilm (Arabic: حلم) "serene justice and self-control, dignity" in opposition to the negative notions of ignorance (jahl) and stupidity (safah).


'Aql, History
The "possessor of ‘aql", or al-‘āqīl (plural al-‘uqqāl) realises a deep connection with God. Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq (d. 765, notably an Imām) described this connection as a realisation that God loves some, that God is truth and that only ‘ilm "sacred knowledge" and its development can help humanity fulfil its potential.


'Aql, History
His son, Imām Mūsà al-Kāżim (d. 799), expanded this exegesis by defining ‘aql as the "faculty for apprehending the divine, a faculty of metaphysical perception, a light in the heart, through which one can discern and recognize signs from God." He further noted that where the A'immah (Imāms) are the ḥujjatu ż-żāhira "External proof [of God]", ‘aql is the ḥujjatu l-Bāṭina "Secret proof".


'Aql, History
While in early Islam, ‘aql was opposed to jahl "ignorance", the expansion of the concept meant it was now opposed to safah "[deliberate] stupidity" and junūn "lack of sense, indulgence". Under the influence of Mu‘tazilī thought, ‘aql came to mean "dialectical reasoning".


'Aql, Shī‘ī Legal Implementation
In Shī‘ī jurisprudence, ‘aql is the process of using intellect or logic to deduce law. Legal scholars in both Sunni and Shī‘ī Islamic traditions share Quranic interpretation, the Sunnah, and Ijma‘ "consensus" as sources of Islamic law and judicial decisions (ḥukm). However, Twelvers of the Ja‘farī school of law utilize ‘aql whereas Sunnis use qiyas "analogical reasoning" as the fourth source of law.


'Aql, Shī‘ī Legal Implementation
Among Twelvers, Akhbārīs (associated with exotericism and traditionalism and theological schools in Qom) and Usulis (associated with esotericism and rationalism and theological schools in Baghdad) were contending subschools: the former reject ijtihād outright; the latter advocate ijtihad and have been predominant for the last 300 years.


'Aql, Shī‘ī Legal Implementation
In Shī‘ī Islam, "the gates of ijtihād" were never closed and with the use of ‘aql, Shī‘ī mujtahids "practitioner of ijtihād" and faqīhs "legal specialists" are able to respond as issues arise that were not explicitly dealt with in the Qur'an or Sunnah.


'Aqqaba
'Aqqaba (Arabic: عقّابة) is a Palestinian town located on a slope in the Jordan Valley in the northern West Bank, 15 kilometers northeast of Jenin in the Tubas Governorate. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 6,598 inhabitants in the 2007 census.


'Aqqaba, History
Pottery remains from the Persian, Hellenistic and Byzantine eras have been found here.


'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era
'Aqqaba, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village was located in the Nahiya of Jabal Sami of the Liwa of Nablus. The population was 22 households and 5 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 5,982  akçe.


'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era
In 1870 Victor Guérin found the village to have 130 inhabitants, who had a mosque in the eastern part of the village.


'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "a good sized village on the northern slope of Ras el Akra. It is surrounded with brushwood on the hills, but has arable land below."


'Aqqaba, History, British  Mandate of Palestine
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Aqqaba had a population of 330; 322 Muslims and 8 Christian Orthodox, increasing in the 1931 census to 411; 9 Christians and 403 Muslims, in a total of 89 houses.


'Aqqaba, History, British  Mandate of Palestine
In the 1945 statistics the population was 600; 20 Christians and 580  Muslims, with 8,068 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,259 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 4,284 dunams were for cereals, while 54 dunams were built-up (urban) land.


'Aqqaba, History, Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Aqqaba came under  Jordanian rule.


'Aqqaba, History, Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Aqqaba has been held under Israeli occupation.


'Aqqaba, History, Post 1967
'Aqqaba is made up of three main families: Abu Arra, Abu Ghannam and al-Masri. During clear weather, Haifa could be seen from the west on the Mediterranean Sea as well as the summit of Jabal ash-Sheikh in Lebanon, while from the east the mountains of Ajloun in Jordan are clearly seen day and night. ' Aqqaba is the highest point in the Tubas Governorate. ' Aqqaba lies five kilometers east the Arab American University.


'Ara
'Ara (Hebrew: עָרָה; Arabic: عاره) is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel, located in the Wadi Ara valley. Since 1985, 'Ara has been part of the Ar'ara local council. It is north of highway 65, between Ar'ara and Kfar Qara. Its population of 4,600 (as of 2004) is almost entirely Muslim.


'Ara, History
Burial caves along with white mosaic pavements have been excavated at the village.


'Ara, History
Pottery remains from the Middle Bronze IIb and forward have been found here.


'Ara, History
Some of the burial caves have been dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Roman era. Byzantine lamps, glass vases and ceramics have also been found.


'Ara, History
A building from the Umayyad era have been excavated in the village. It included many pottery objects and a glass jar, all from the same period.


'Ara, History, Ottoman era
'Ara, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Shara of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 2 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, vines, and goats or beehives; a total of 1,800 akçe.


'Ara, History, Ottoman era
In 1882, PEF's  Survey of Western Palestine  noted "traces of ruins on a prominent mound with a well."


'Ara, History, British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Arah had a population 372, all Muslims


'Ara, History, British Mandate era
This had increased at the time of the 1931 census to 673 Muslims, in 115 occupied houses.


'Ara, History, British Mandate era
In the 1945 statistics, 'Ara was counted with Ar'ara, together they had a population of 2,290 Muslims, of which 800 were in 'Ara.


'Ara'ir
` Ara`ir  (Arabic: عراعير) is a town in the Madaba Governorate of north-western Jordan, thought to be the biblical town of Aroer. Aroes in Hellenistic and Roman periods.


'Arab al-Jahalin
ʿArab al-Jahalin also known as al-Jabal (Arabic: عرب الجهالّين; Hebrew: ערב אל-ג'האלין) is a Palestinian Bedouin neighborhood in the Jerusalem Governorate, located five kilometers southeast of Jerusalem in the West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), ʿArab al-Jahalin had a population of approximately 1,205 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. The village is situated on a hillside outside al-Eizariya and 300 meters away from the Jerusalem Municipal dump. It is located in Area C of the West Bank. While the Israeli government has full control over the village, the populace hold Palestinian IDs.


'Arab al-Jahalin
ʿArab al-Jahalin contains a mosque, a seven-class school and a 12-class school. The village is linked to the East Jerusalemelectricity system and has running water. As-Sawahira ash-Sharqiya shares the facilities, particularly schools and health amenities with the villages of ʿArab al-Jahalin, Jabal Mukaber and ash-Sheikh Sa'd. The healthcare facilities for as-Sawahira ash Sharqiya are designated as Ministry of Health level 2. All residents of the ʿArab al-Jahalin are refugees and have UNRWA refugee papers.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History
The ʿArab al-Jahalin tribe were originally based around Tel Arad in the northern Negev, but were entirely evicted from the area in the early 1950s by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Prior to Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War, they negotiated with Palestinian landowners to set up semi-permanent camps in, and pasture their flocks around, an area between Ramallah, Wadi Qelt and Jerusalem, maintaining the traditional Bedouin lifestyle.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Jordanian period
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the area came under Jordanian rule.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
Since the 1967 war, 'Arab al-Jahalin has been under Israeli occupation.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
In 1975 the IDF confiscated 4,217 dunams of land from 'Arab al-Jahalin, land which in 1977 was used for construction the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim.


'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967
After the 1995 accords, 3.3% (or 74 dunams) of the land was classified as Area B, the remaining 96.7% (or 2,197 dunams) as Area C.