10 Color Singles, Promotion
To promote the album, a black van campaign was started. Information on where to purchase the album online and in person was posted on the side of a black van alongside the album's cover. The van drove through 10 different cities for three weeks promoting the sale of the album, making its final stop in Okinawa on the day of the release.


10 Compositions (Duet) 1995
10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, also released as Duets (1995), is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton with bassist Joe Fonda, recorded at Wesleyan University in 1995 and originally released on the Konnex label.


10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, Reception
This is Anthony Braxton doing what he does best -- playing and improvising on his own idiosyncratic small-group compositions, this time in duet with bassist Joe Fonda. The two also have a go at a pair of standards, which come off as well as one might expect -- you either love or hate the way Braxton interprets traditional material -- but they are heard to best advantage on the several originals written by each. ... This album is a small, rough-cut gem from the mine of available Braxton recordings.


10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, Reception
On this meeting Braxton and Fonda share ample space. Each comments on the tunes in tandem without dominating the roiling, circuitous interplay. A brilliant program addressing all aspects of the jazz tradition, Duets 1995 is a solid representation of Braxton's all-encompassing aesthetic and a wonderful introduction to an enigmatic and often misunderstood genius.


10 Corso Como
10 Corso Como is a shopping and dining complex in Milan, Italy. It combines outlets that show and sell works of art, fashion, music, design, cuisine and culture. It was founded in 1990 by gallerist and publisher Carla Sozzani.


10 Corso Como, History
The complex began with an art gallery and a bookshop. Other spaces soon followed: a design and fashion store in 1991, the 10 Corso Como Cafè in 1998, a small hotel (with only three rooms) in 2003, and the Roof Garden in 2009.


10 Corso Como, History
10 Corso Como and the 10 Corso Como logo are designed by American artist Kris Ruhs. In 2002, 10 Corso Como opened in Tokyo in partnership with Comme des Garçons, designed by Rei Kawakubo and Kris Ruhs.


10 Corso Como, History
In 2008, 10 Corso Como opened in Seoul in partnership with Samsung Cheil, Samsung Group, designed by Kris Ruhs.


10 Corso Como, History
On 9 September 2011, 10 Corso Como celebrated its 20-year anniversary. On 31 March 2012, 10 Corso Como opened its second location in Seoul - 10 Corso Como at Avenue L, also designed by Kris Ruhs.


10 Corso Como, History
10 Corso Como Shanghai, designed by kris Ruhs, opened on 14 September 2013 at 1717 Nanjing West Road at Wheelock Square.


10 Corso Como, History, Recent history
In July 2017 it was announced that the original building in Milan, which houses an exhibition space, a library, a garden cafe and a research boutique in 3,000 square meters, was sold for just under €30 million to the founders and former owners of TwinSet, entrepreneur Tiziano Sgarbi and designer Simona Barbieri.


10 Corso Como, History, Recent history
In September 2020 entrepreneur and high-profile retailer Tiziana Fausti announced the acquisition of 10 Corso Como, to expand and reinforce the presence of 10 Corso Como in the global market. In details: through Holding Exor, she took over 100% of the company KCS, the holding that owned Carla Sozzani Editore company, renamed TFC. As the owner of the trademark 10 Corso Como, TFC manages its licenses and the rental agreement of the prestigious property in Corso Como, 10 in Milan.


10 Corso Como, History, Recent history
Through a newco named 10CC Global Shop, Holding Exor also signed a business branch rental agreement with Dieci srl for the management of the structure and the team of the concept store in all its activities, and with C TRE srl for the food services operations of 10 Corso Como Café .


10 Corso Como, History, Recent history
Tiziana Fausti is President of TFC and 10CC Global Shop; Carla Sozzani continues the artistic direction of 10 Corso Como through photography and art exhibitions.


10 Corso Como, In popular culture
The Cheongdam-dong store was used as a filming location for the music video of Psy's 2013 single "Gentleman".


10 DOL
10 DOL is a gram panchayat in the Gharsana tehsil of the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan, India. It is located in south west of Gharsana tehsil.


10 DOL
Government senior secondary school qnd one  Government public schoolis here . Kirayana shop , medical shop , aata chakki , puncture shop , Barber shop E- sewa kendra  meanwhile all facilities are available.


10 DOL
Anoopgarh Depot , Rajasthan Roadways Bus for 10 DOL to Fazilka daily route.


10 DOL
some people from this village are Government Service like that Doctor, Teacher, Army and many other sectors.


10 Day
10 Day is the debut mixtape by American rapper Chance the Rapper. It was released on April 3, 2012, independently as a free digital download. The mixtape garnered significant buzz and critical acclaim and garnered the attention of many music media outlets. The mixtape has been streamed nearly 600,000 times and downloaded over 400,000 times on mixtape site DatPiff. The mixtape was downloaded an additional 235,000 times on . The mixtape was released on commercial streaming platforms in June 2019, followed by a vinyl release.


10 Day, Background and Production, Background
Following a 10-day suspension in 2011 for possessing marijuana on his high school campus, Bennett recorded his first full-length project, called 10 Day. Prior to the mixtape, he was highlighted as one of Complex magazine's "10 New Chicago Rappers to Watch Out For." The mixtape features guest appearances from Vic Mensa, Sulaiman, and Nico Segal. The mixtape also includes production from Peter Cottontale, Chuck Inglish, Blended Babies, DJ SuchNSuch, MF Love, Flying Lotus, THEMPeople, Caleb James, Lex Luger. The mixtape would also garner the attention of Forbes magazine, as it was featured in the publication's Cheap Tunes column.


10 Day, Background and Production, Cover Art
The cover art to the mixtape shows a realistic cartoon drawing of Chance in a red jacket looking up to a sky full of clouds, with stylized, comic book looking text that reads "Chance the Rapper" and "10 DAY" in bold red letters above Chance. The artwork was done by artist Brandon Breaux, and was the first of many collaborations for the two, as Breaux also did the cover art for the two following mixtapes, Acid Rap and Coloring Book. Breaux also worked on the artwork for Chance's 2018 singles "Wala Cam", "65th and Ingleside" and "Work Out".


10 Day, Background and Production, Sampling
The song "Long Time" features a sample from the song "Nantes" by Beirut, originally released in 2007 and featured on their album "The Flying Club Car." Additionally, the track "Prom Night" features a sample from the 1979 song "So Good, So Right" by Brenda Russell, and "Family" samples the 1977 track "You're Not Fooling Me" by the band Angel.


10 Day, Reception
While reviews of 10 Day upon its initial release were scarce, the mixtape has since received recognition for being what launched the now superstar Chance the Rapper into fame. On the music site 'The West Review', critic Joe Stevens described the mixtape as a "notably creative piece of music."


10 Day, Merchandise
Following the success of the mixtape, Chance put out a line of apparel and products all marked with the 10 Day logo. The items include long sleeve and short sleeve shirts, crewnecks, basketball shorts, a lighter and a vinyl copy of the mixtape. All of these products can be purchased on his website, chanceraps.com, and a digital edition of the mixtape is included with every purchase made.


10 Days Before the Wedding
10 Days Before the Wedding is a 2018 Yemeni drama film directed by Amr Gamal. It was selected as the Yemeni entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.


10 Days Before the Wedding, Plot
Ten days before the wedding talks about a love story during the civil war in Aden، its story is was presented in a comedy, social, romance and musical with cultural background category.


10 Days Before the Wedding, Release
After the success of the film, Yemen participated within ten days before the wedding in the best foreign movie race in 2019 Oscar prize.


10 Days Before the Wedding, Release
The film was shown ten days before the wedding, in a number of Arab and foreign countries, where it was shown commercially in the United Arab Emirates in all theaters and continued to be shown there for a period of three weeks.


10 Days Before the Wedding, Release
He has exhibited at a number of prestigious American universities such as Harvard, Yale, Georgetown, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.


10 Days Before the Wedding, Release
It was shown at the United Nations building in New York, as well as in the building of the US State Department amid a wide diplomatic presence. The film also presented a special show at the National Library of Morocco and the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, USA, and the Kazan Islamic Film Festival in Russia also bought the rights to show the film publicly in the state of Tatarstan Russian after the mass audience attained by the film at the Kazan Festival.


10 Days Late
"10 Days Late" is a song by the American alternative rock band Third Eye Blind. It was released in March 15, 2000 as the third single from the band's 1999 album Blue. It peaked at #21 on the Alternative Songs chart. A music video was shot for the single.


10 Days Late, Background
"10 Days Late" was written by band members Stephan Jenkins and Arion Salazar. The song is about a friend of Jenkins who had gotten his girlfriend pregnant at a young age; Jenkins was the baby's godfather.


10 Days Late, Background
According to Jenkins: "This [song] is more than just a modern rock hit about menstruation. It's sort of acknowledging how life is going to come along, and your status quo will be interrupted. It's gonna happen."


10 Days Late, Release
"10 Days Late" was released as the third single from Third Eye Blind's 1999 album, Blue. It was also included on the band's 2006 compilation album, A Collection.


10 Days Late, Release, Chart performance
"10 Days Late" spent 10 weeks on the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart. It peaked at #21 on June 17, 2000.


10 Days Late, Music video
The song's music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was shot in March 2000. It features the band performing the song in a living room.


10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads
10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads is a CD/DVD and is the fifth release from American blues musician Kenny Wayne Shepherd. The documentary film was directed by Noble Jones and produced by Phillipa Davis. It was executive produced by Kelly Norris Sarno, Devin Sarno, Ken Shepherd, and Kristin Forbes. It was edited by Mark Morton. The CD was produced by Jerry Harrison. Tour still photography, CD, DVD, and LP photos by Amanda Gresham.


10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads
10 Days Out was nominated for two Grammys, Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video and Grammy Award For Best Traditional Blues Album at the 50th Grammy Awards and won the 2008 Blues Music Award for Best DVD and the 2008 Keeping the Blues Alive Award under the category of Film, Television or Video.


10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads
The documentary portion of the album featured a 10-day venture of Shepherd meeting blues pioneers with the intent of spotlighting veterans of the music genre. Artists include the Music Maker Relief Foundation's Etta Baker, Cootie Stark, and Neal Pattman, as well as B.B. King, Henry Townsend, Hubert Sumlin, Lazy Lester, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Pinetop Perkins, and several others. It finished with a concert featuring the surviving members of both Muddy Waters’ and Howlin’ Wolf’s bands. Since completion of the film, at least eleven of the featured musicians have died, adding a cultural significance to the content.


10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America
10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America is a ten-hour, ten-part television miniseries that aired on the History Channel from April 9 through April 14, 2006. The material was later adapted and published as a book by the same title.


10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America, Overview
The ten days featured in the series, in chronological order. It is important to note that the book and television series take a different approach to analyzing these events.


10 Days in Sun City
10 days in Sun City is a 2017 Nigerian romantic action comedy film which premiered on 17 June 2017. It is executively produced AY Makun, who is also a lead character in the film. It is directed by Adze Ugah, written by Kehinde Ogunlola and produced by Darlington Abuda. The film is the third installment in the Akpos Adventure franchise, and was shot on location in Lagos and Johannesburg, South Africa.


10 Days in Sun City
The film tells the story of an aspiring beauty queen who was brought to stardom and in the process had to pay the price of losing her peace and joy by denouncing her fiancé who happened to be her manager as well. She was on the verge of being enslaved by her God Father when he got dealt with by some of the people he had deprived of the benefits in time past. It explains that true love conquers all irrespective of the barrier or challenges encountered.


10 Days in a Madhouse
10 days in a Madhouse is a 2015 American biographical film about undercover journalist Nellie Bly, a reporter for Joseph Pulitzer's New York World  who had herself committed to the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island to write an exposé on abuses in the institution. The production was written and directed by Timothy Hines with consultation from one of Bly's modern biographers, Brooke Kroeger. The film draws from Bly's book, Ten Days in a Mad-House, which led to significant reforms in the treatment of mental health patients. The cast includes Caroline Barry, Christopher Lambert, Kelly Le Brock, Julia Chantrey and Alexandra Callas.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Plot
The film closely follows Bly's original account, and extracts much of the dialogue from Bly's 1880s exposé.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Plot
In an interview on Los Angeles talk radio, Caroline Barry described Christopher Lambert bringing authenticity to the part of the antagonist Dr. Dent by portraying his motives as misguided good intent rather than evil, adding to the realism of the film.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Production
Caroline Barry was selected for the starring role of Nellie Bly out of 8,000 submissions, only two months after she moved from Colorado to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. Barry recounted in a 2015 interview: "The director said he was looking for Nellie Bly's smile and that optimistic spirit, and he felt my audition was the one that really had that smile and the brightness and optimism."


10 Days in a Madhouse, Production
Principal photography took place in Salem, Oregon,  a location known for another film that shed light on injustices in the mental health world, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The physical location was an abandoned mental institution with no electricity, which meant the actors had to perform in 10 degree temperatures, which Barry suggests added to the depth of the film's performances.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Production
Other elements of the film were filmed later on sound stages in Los Angeles with additional cast members Christopher Lambert and Kelly Le Brock.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Production
When Kelly Le Brock was cast in the production, she had 12 hours to prepare for her role. To accomplish this, she drew from her experiences dealing with mental illness of her past stalkers, as well as previous roles as a nurse.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Release
The film was shown May 5, 2015, Bly's 151st birthday, on the opening day of the Bentonville Film Festival (Arkansas), an event founded by actress/activist Geena Davis to highlight women and minorities in the media. The film was released in theatres on November 11, 2015.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Release, Box office
In its opening week the film was a box office flop grossing only $12,165 against a reported $12 million production budget. Its final domestic box office receipts totaled $14,616. The film has since been released in European and Middle Eastern Markets.


10 Days in a Madhouse, Reception
A reviewer in Ms. wrote: "I can honestly say this movie is a must-see. Nellie Bly's heroism and courage truly come to life on the screen, thanks to the work of talented up-and-coming actor Caroline Barry. Barry is instantly magnetic as Bly, and it's hard not to root for and fall in love with her character as the story progresses." The review ascribed the film's shortcomings as forgivable due to its relatively low budget: "And I can hardly blame Hines for the lack of funds to create a slicker product. The problem lies not with him, but with Hollywood."


10 Days in a Madhouse, Reception
Paste wrote: "Bly's life is an intrinsically compelling one, and the failure of 10 Days in a Madhouse is that it never once lives up to the indelible nature of the life it portrays." The review cited the film's "B-movie camp" and its "one-dimensional characters, awkward, hammy acting and clumsy dialogue."


10 Days on the Island
10 Days on the Island is a biennial cultural festival held in Tasmania, Australia. The first was held in 2001. It is Tasmania's premier cultural event, and presents exhibitions, performances and community events in 50 locations around the island.


10 Days on the Island
Initially organised and co-ordinated by Robyn Archer the event has established a significant place in the Australian arts calendar.


10 Days on the Island
In 2004 the event was reviewed for the government, and various recommendations were made. For the first time in 2007, the festival held extensive regional tours of theatre productions.


10 Days on the Island
In 2017, the Ten Days included the Tasmanian premiere of the Jane Cafarella play e-baby, a two-hander play about "matters of infertility, adoption and motherhood" in the context of gestational surrogacy which had been performed in Melbourne in 2015 and Sydney in 2016.


10 Days to War
10 Days to War is a series of eight short television dramas commissioned by Newsnight and broadcast on BBC Two between 10 March 2008 and 19 March 2008 to mark the fifth anniversary of the start of the Iraq War. It starred Kenneth Branagh, Toby Jones, Juliet Stevenson, Art Malik, Stephen Rea and Avin Shah.


10 Dollars (owarai)
$10 (テンダラー, Ten Darā, 10 Dollars) is a fairly well known comedy duo under the company Yoshimoto Kogyo. The group consists of the boke, Hiroaki Hamamoto (浜本 広晃, Hamamoto Hiroaki) and the tsukkomi, Satomi Shirakawa (白川 悟実, Shirakawa Satomi), both from Osaka Prefecture. Hamamoto is known for his half-hearted apology of "Suima Suimasen" (すいますいません, roughly "Suh-sorry") and often plays female characters in konto skits. Shirakawa is known as a skilled hand in the kitchen.


10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street (pronunciation (help·info)) in London, also known colloquially in the United Kingdom as Number 10, is the official residence and executive office of the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Along with the adjoining Cabinet Office at 70 Whitehall, it is the headquarters of the Government of the United Kingdom.


10 Downing Street
Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence for the prime minister's use occupies the third floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. The other floors contain offices and conference, reception, sitting and dining rooms where the prime minister works, and where government ministers, national leaders and foreign dignitaries are met and hosted. At the rear is an interior courtyard and a terrace overlooking a half-acre (0.2 ha) garden. Adjacent to St James's Park, Number 10 is approximately 0.8 mile (1.3 km) from Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British Monarch, and near the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of both Houses of Parliament.


10 Downing Street
Originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury. The post of First Lord of the Treasury has, for much of the 18th and 19th centuries and invariably since 1905, been held by the prime minister. Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house that is known as Number 10 Downing Street.


10 Downing Street
Despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early prime ministers lived at 10 Downing Street. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was scheduled to be demolished several times, but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen and events in British history. In 1985, Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become "one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage".


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
Number 10 Downing Street was originally three properties: a mansion overlooking St James's Park called "the House at the Back", a town house behind it and a cottage. The town house, from which the modern building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
Downing, a notorious spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property and acquired considerable wealth. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St James's Park, adjacent to the House at the Back within walking distance of parliament. Downing planned to build a row of terraced town houses "for persons of good quality to inhabit in ..." The street on which he built them now bears his name, and the largest became part of Number 10 Downing Street.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
Straightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise. The Hampden family had a lease on the land that they refused to relinquish. Downing fought their claim, but failed and had to wait 30 years before he could build. When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build on land further west to take advantage of more recent property developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads: "Sir George Downing ...


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
[is authorised] to build new and more houses ... subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14 feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof". Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built a cul-de-sac of two-storey town houses with coach-houses, stables and views of St James's Park. Over the years, the addresses changed several times. In 1787 Number 5 became "Number 10".


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
Downing employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations. Winston Churchill wrote that Number 10 was "shaky and lightly built by the profiteering contractor whose name they bear".


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
The upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed off the access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as "a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk". The cul-de-sac had several distinguished residents: Elizabeth Paston lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10
Downing did not live in Downing Street. In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died in 1684, a few months after building was completed. In 1800 the wealth he had accumulated was used to found Downing College, Cambridge, as had been his wish should his descendants fail in the male line. Downing's portrait hangs in the entrance hall of Number 10.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The "House at the Back", the largest of the three houses which were combined to make Number 10, was a mansion built in about 1530 next to Whitehall Palace. Rebuilt, expanded, and renovated many times since, it was originally one of several buildings that made up the "Cockpit Lodgings", so-called because they were attached to an octagonal structure used for cock-fighting. Early in the 17th century, the Cockpit was converted to a concert hall and theatre; after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some of the first cabinet meetings were held there secretly.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
For many years, the "House at the Back" was the home of Thomas Knevett, Keeper of Whitehall Palace, famous for capturing Guy Fawkes in 1605 and foiling his plot to assassinate King James I. The previous year, Knevett had moved into a house next door, approximately where Number 10 is today.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
From that time, the "House at the Back" was usually occupied by members of the royal family or the government. Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King James I, lived there from 1604 until 1613 when she married Frederick V, Elector Palatine and moved to Heidelberg. She was the grandmother of King George I, the Elector of Hanover, who became King of Great Britain in 1714, and was the great-grandmother of King George II, who presented the house to Walpole in 1732.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, the general responsible for the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, lived there from 1660 until his death in 1671. As head of the Great Treasury Commission of 1667–1672, Albemarle transformed accounting methods and allowed the Crown greater control over expenses. His secretary, Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, who built Downing Street, is thought to have created these changes. Albemarle is the first treasury minister to have lived in what became the home of the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
In 1671 George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham took possession when he joined the Cabal Ministry. At considerable expense, Buckingham rebuilt the house. The result was a spacious mansion, lying parallel to Whitehall Palace with a view of St James Park from its garden.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
After Buckingham retired in 1676, Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, Charles II's daughter, moved in when she married Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield. The Crown authorised extensive rebuilding which included adding a storey, thus giving it three main floors, an attic and basement. This structure can be seen today as the rear section of Number 10. (See Plan of the Premises Granted to the Earl and Countess of Lichfield in 1677) The likely reason that repair was required is that the house had settled in the swampy ground near the Thames, causing structural damage. Like Downing Street, it rested on a shallow foundation, a design error that caused problems until 1960 when the modern Number 10 was rebuilt on deep pilings.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The Lichfields followed James II into exile after the Glorious Revolution. Two years later in 1690, William III and Mary II gave the "House at the Back" to Hendrik van Nassau-Ouwerkerk, a Dutch general who had assisted in securing the Crown for the Prince of Orange. Nassau, who Anglicised his name to "Overkirk", lived there until his death in 1708.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The "House at the Back" reverted to the Crown when Lady Overkirk died in 1720. The Treasury issued an order "for repairing and fitting it up in the best and most substantial manner" at a cost of £2,522.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The work included: "The Back passage into Downing street to be repaired and a new door; a New Necessary House to be made; To take down the Useless passage formerly made for the Maids of Honour to go into Downing Street, when the Queen lived at the Cockpit; To New Cast a great Lead Cistern & pipes and to lay the Water into the house & a new frame for ye Cistern". (See Buildings on the Site of the Cockpit and Number 10 Downing Street c1720)


10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The name of the "House at the Back" changed with the occupant, from Lichfield House to Overkirk House in 1690 to Bothmer House in 1720.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First politician and "head of government" in the house
Johann Caspar von Bothmer, Premier minister of the Electorate of Hanover, head of the German Chancery and adviser to George I and II, took up residency in 1720. Although Bothmer complained about "the ruinous Condition of the Premises", he lived there until his death in 1732. Even though Count von Bothmer was not British, he was a subject of George I and George II and the first politician and head of a government who resided in 10 Downing Street.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
When Count Bothmer died, ownership of the "House at the Back" reverted to the Crown. George II took this opportunity to offer it to Sir Robert Walpole, often called the first prime minister, as a gift for his services to the nation: stabilising its finances, keeping it at peace and securing the Hanoverian succession. Coincidentally, the King had obtained the leases on two Downing Street properties, including Number 10, and added these to his proposed gift.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
Walpole did not accept the gift for himself. He proposed—and the King agreed—that the Crown give the properties to the Office of First Lord of the Treasury. Walpole would live there as the incumbent First Lord, but would vacate it for the next one.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
To enlarge the new house, Walpole persuaded Mr Chicken, the tenant of a cottage next door, to move to another house in Downing Street. This small house and the mansion at the back were then incorporated into Number 10. Walpole commissioned William Kent to convert them into one building. Kent joined the larger houses by building a two-storey structure between them, consisting of one long room on the ground floor and several above. The remaining interior space was converted into a courtyard. He connected the Downing Street houses with a corridor.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
Having united the structures, Kent gutted and rebuilt the interior. He then surmounted the third storey of the house at the back with a pediment. To allow Walpole quicker access to Parliament, Kent closed the north side entrance from St James's Park, and made the door in Downing Street the main entrance.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
The rebuilding took three years. On 23 September 1735, the London Daily Post announced that: "Yesterday the Right Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, with his Lady and Family, removed from their House in St James's Square, to his new House, adjoining to the Treasury in St James's Park". The cost of conversion is unknown. Originally estimated at £8,000, the final cost probably exceeded £20,000.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
Walpole did not enter through the now-famous door; that would not be installed until forty years later. Kent's door was modest, belying the spacious elegance beyond. The First Lord's new, albeit temporary, home had sixty rooms, with hardwood and marble floors, crown moulding, elegant pillars and marble mantelpieces; those on the west side with views of St James's Park. One of the largest rooms was a study measuring forty feet by twenty with enormous windows overlooking St James's Park. "My Lord's Study" (as Kent labelled it in his drawings) would later become the Cabinet Room where Prime Ministers meet with the Cabinet ministers.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
Shortly after moving in, Walpole ordered that a portion of the land outside his study be converted into a terrace and garden. Letters patent issued in April 1736 state that: "... a piece of garden ground situated in his Majesty's park of St James's, & belonging & adjoining to the house now inhabited by the Right Honourable the Chancellor of His Majesty's Exchequer, hath been lately made & fitted up at the Charge ... of the Crown".


10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733–1735
The same document confirmed that Number 10 Downing Street was: "meant to be annexed & united to the Office of his Majesty's Treasury & to be & to remain for the Use & Habitation of the first Commissioner of his Majesty's Treasury for the time being".


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Walpole lived in Number 10 until 1742. Although he had accepted it on behalf of future First Lords of the Treasury, it would be 21 years before any of his successors chose to live there; the five who followed Walpole preferred their own homes. This was the pattern until the beginning of the 20th century. Of the 31 First Lords from 1735 to 1902, only 16 (including Walpole) lived in Number 10.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
One reason many First Lords chose not to live in Number 10 was that most owned London town houses superior in size and quality. To them, Number 10 was unimpressive. Their possession of the house, albeit temporary, was a perquisite they could bestow as a political reward. Most lent it to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, others to lesser officials or to friends and relatives.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Another reason for its unpopularity was that Number 10 was a hazardous place in which to live. Prone to sinking because it was built on soft soil and a shallow foundation, floors buckled and walls and chimneys cracked. It became unsafe and frequently required repairs. In 1766, for example, Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, pointed out that the house was in a dilapidated condition.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
His architect's letter to the Treasury stated: "...we have caused the House in Downing Street belonging to the Treasury to be surveyed, & find the Walls of the old part of the said House next the street to be much decayed, the Floors & Chimneys much sunk from the level". Townshend ordered extensive repairs, which were still incomplete eight years later. A note from Lord North to the Office of Works, dated September 1774, asks that the work on the front of the house, "which was begun by a Warrant from the Treasury dated 9 August 1766", should be finished. (See Kent's Treasury and No. 10, Downing Street, circa 1754.)


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Treasury officials complained that the building was costing too much to maintain; some suggested that it should be razed and a new house constructed on the site or elsewhere. In 1782 the Board of Works reporting on "the dangerous state of the old part of the House", stated that "no time be lost in taking down said building". In 1783 the Duke of Portland moved out because it was once again in need of repair. A committee found that the money spent so far was insufficient.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
This time the Board of Works declared that "the Repairs, Alterations & Additions at the Chancellor of the Exchequer's House will amount to the sum of £5,580, exclusive of the sum for which they already have His Majesty's Warrant. And praying a Warrant for the said sum of £5,580—and also praying an Imprest of that sum to enable them to pay the Workmen". This proved to be a gross underestimate; the final bill was over £11,000. The Morning Herald fumed about the expense: "£500 pounds p.a. preceding the Great Repair, and £11,000 the Great Repair itself! So much has this extraordinary edifice cost the country – For one moiety of the sum a much better dwelling might have been purchased!" (See Plan of the Design for Number 10 c1781.)


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
A few prime ministers however did enjoy living in Number 10. Lord North, who conducted the war against the American Revolution, lived there happily with his family from 1767 to 1782. William Pitt the Younger, who made it his home for twenty years (longer than any First Lord before or since) from 1783 to 1801 and from 1804 to 1806, referred to it as "My vast, awkward house". While there, Pitt reduced the national debt, formed the Triple Alliance against France and won passage of the Act of Union that created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Fredrick Robinson, Lord Goderich took a special liking to the house in the late 1820s and spent state funds lavishly remodelling the interior.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Nevertheless, for 70 years following Pitt's death in 1806, Number 10 was rarely used as the First Lord's residence. From 1834 to 1877, it was either vacant or used only for offices and meetings.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Downing Street declined at the turn of the 19th century, becoming surrounded with run-down buildings, dark alleys, the scene of crime and prostitution. Earlier, the government had taken over the other Downing Street houses: the Colonial Office occupied Number 14 in 1798; the Foreign Office was at Number 16 and the houses on either side; the West India Department was in Number 18; and the Tithe Commissioners in Number 20. The houses deteriorated from neglect, became unsafe, and one by one were demolished.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
By 1857 Downing Street's townhouses were all gone except for Number 10, Number 11 (customarily the Chancellor of the Exchequer's residence), and Number 12 (used as offices for Government Whips). In 1879 a fire destroyed the upper floors of Number 12; it was renovated but only as a single-storey structure. (See Numbers 10, 11, and 12 Downing Street First Floor Plan and Ground Floor Plan.)


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
When Lord Salisbury retired in 1902, his nephew, Arthur James Balfour, became Prime Minister. It was an easy transition: he was already First Lord of the Treasury and he was already living in Number 10. Balfour revived the custom that Number 10 is the First Lord and Prime Minister's official residence. It has remained the custom since.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
However, there have been numerous times when prime ministers have unofficially lived elsewhere out of necessity or preference. Winston Churchill, for example, had a great affection for Number 10, but, during World War II, he grudgingly slept in the hastily converted flat on the ground floor of what was then the New Public Office building (NPO) at nearby Storey's Gate. The flat became known as the No.10 Annexe, and lay above the much more comprehensive underground bunker now known as the Cabinet War Rooms, and where he also had a bedroom, very rarely used.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
To reassure the people that his government was functioning normally, he insisted on being seen entering and leaving Number 10 occasionally, and indeed, continued to use it for meetings and dinners despite being urged not to. Harold Wilson, during his second ministry from 1974 to 1976, lived in his home in Lord North Street because Mary Wilson wanted "a proper home". However, recognizing the symbolic importance of Number 10, he worked and held meetings there and entertained guests in the State Dining Room.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
For most of his premiership, Tony Blair lived in the more spacious residence above Number 11 to accommodate his relatively large family (a wife and four children). In May 2010, it was reported that David Cameron, who also had four small children upon taking office, would also take up actual residence above Number 11, and his Chancellor, George Osborne, above Number 10.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
Despite these exceptions, Number 10 has been known as the prime minister's official home for over one hundred years. By the turn of the 20th century, photography and the penny press had linked Number 10 in the public mind with the premiership. The introduction of films and television would strengthen this association. Pictures of prime ministers with distinguished guests at the door became commonplace. With or without the prime minister present, visitors had their picture taken.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
Suffragettes posed in front of the door when they petitioned H. H. Asquith for women's rights in 1913, a picture that became famous and was circulated around the world. In 1931, Mohandas Gandhi, wearing the traditional homespun dhoti, posed leaving Number 10 after meeting with Ramsay MacDonald to discuss India's independence. This picture, too, became famous especially in India. The freedom fighters could see their leader had been received in the prime minister's home. Couse's elegant, understated door—stark black, framed in cream white with a bold white "10" clearly visible—was the perfect backdrop to record such events.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
Prime Ministers made historic announcements from the front step. Waving the Anglo-German Agreement of Friendship, Neville Chamberlain proclaimed "Peace with honour" in 1938 from Number 10 after his meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich. During World War II, Churchill was photographed many times emerging confidently from Number 10 holding up two fingers in the sign for "Victory". The building itself, however, did not escape the London Blitz entirely unscathed; in February 1944 a bomb fell on nearby Horse Guards Parade and some of the drawing-room windows were destroyed.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
The symbol of British government, Number 10 became a gathering place for protesters. Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragette leaders stormed Downing Street in 1908; anti-Vietnam War protestors marched there in the 1960s, as did anti-Iraq and Afghanistan War protestors in the 2000s. Number 10 became an obligatory stop in every tourist's sightseeing trip to London. Ordinary people, not only British but foreign tourists, posed smiling and laughing in front of its famous door.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
By the middle of the 20th century, Number 10 was falling apart again. The deterioration had been obvious for some time. The number of people allowed in the upper floors was limited for fear the bearing walls would collapse. The staircase had sunk several inches; some steps were buckled and the balustrade was out of alignment. Dry rot was widespread throughout. The interior wood in the Cabinet Room's double columns was like sawdust. Skirting boards, doors, sills and other woodwork were riddled and weakened with disease. After reconstruction had begun, miners dug down into the foundations and found that the huge wooden beams supporting the house had decayed.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
In 1958, a committee under the chairmanship of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres was appointed by Harold Macmillan to investigate the condition of the house and make recommendations. In the committee's report there was some discussion of tearing down the building and constructing an entirely new residence. But because the prime minister's home had become an icon of British architecture like Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament, the committee recommended that Number 10 (and Numbers 11 and 12) should be rebuilt using as much of the original materials as possible.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
The interior would be photographed, measured, disassembled, and restored. A new foundation with deep pilings would be laid and the original buildings reassembled on top of it, allowing for much needed expansion and modernisation. Any original materials that were beyond repair – such as the pair of double columns in the Cabinet Room – would be replicated in detail. This was a formidable undertaking: the three buildings contained over 200 rooms spread out over five floors.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
The architect Raymond Erith carried out the design for this painstaking work and the contractor that undertook it was John Mowlem & Co. The Times reported initially that the cost for the project would be £400,000. After more careful studies were completed, it was concluded that the "total cost was likely to be £1,250,000" and would take two years to complete. In the end, the cost was close to £3,000,000 and took almost three years due in large part to 14 labour strikes. There were also delays when archaeological excavations uncovered important artefacts dating from Roman, Saxon and medieval times. Macmillan lived in Admiralty House during the reconstruction.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
The new foundation was made of steel-reinforced concrete with pilings sunk 6 to 18 feet (1.8 to 5.5 m). The "new" Number 10 consisted of about 60% new materials; the remaining 40% was either restored or replicas of originals. Many rooms and sections of the new building were reconstructed exactly as they were in the old Number 10. These included: the garden floor, the door and entrance foyer, the stairway, the hallway to the Cabinet Room, the Cabinet Room, the garden and terrace, the Small and Large State Rooms and the three reception rooms.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
The staircase, however, was rebuilt and simplified. Steel was hidden inside the columns in the Pillared Drawing Room to support the floor above. The upper floors were modernised and the third floor extended over Numbers 11 and 12 to allow more living space. As many as 40 coats of paint were stripped from the elaborate cornices in the main rooms revealing details unseen for almost 200 years in some cases.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
When builders examined the exterior façade, they discovered that the black colour visible even in photographs from the mid-19th century was misleading; the bricks were actually yellow. The black appearance was the product of two centuries of pollution. To preserve the 'traditional' look of recent times, the newly cleaned yellow bricks were painted black to resemble their well-known appearance. The thin tuckpointing mortar between the bricks is not painted, and so contrasts with the bricks.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
Although the reconstruction was generally considered an architectural triumph, Erith was disappointed. He complained openly during and after the project that the government had altered his design to save money. Erith described the numbers on the front, intended to be based on historical models, as 'a mess' and 'completely wrong' to a fellow historian. "I am heart broken by the result," he said. "The whole project has been a frightful waste of money because it just has not been done properly. The Ministry of Works has insisted on economy after economy. I am bitterly disappointed with what has happened."


10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960–1990
Erith's concerns proved justified. Within a few years, dry rot was discovered, especially in the main rooms due to inadequate waterproofing and a broken water pipe. Extensive reconstruction again had to be undertaken in the late 1960s to resolve these problems. Further extensive repairs and remodelling, commissioned by Margaret Thatcher, were completed in the 1980s under the direction of Erith's associate, Quinlan Terry.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, 1990–present
The work done by Erith and Terry in the 1960s and 1980s represent the most extensive remodelling of Number 10 in recent times. Since 1990 when the Terry reconstruction was completed, repairing, redecorating, remodelling, and updating the house has been ongoing as needed. The IRA mortar attack in February 1991 led to extensive work being done to repair the damage (mostly to the garden and exterior walls) and to improve security. In the summer of 1993 windows were rebuilt and in 1995 computer cables installed.


10 Downing Street, History of the building, 1990–present
In 1997, the building was remodelled to provide extra space for the prime minister's greatly increased staff. To accommodate their large families, both Tony Blair and David Cameron chose to live in the private residence above Number 11 rather than the smaller one above Number 10. In 2010, the Camerons completely modernised the 50-year-old private kitchen in Number 11.


10 Downing Street, 10 Downing Street today
It currently houses the UK Cabinet Room in which Cabinet meetings in the UK take place, chaired by the current prime minister, Boris Johnson. It also houses the prime minister's executive Office which deals with logistics and diplomacy concerning the government of the United Kingdom.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
Number 10's door is the product of the renovations Charles Townshend ordered in 1766; it was probably not completed until 1772. Executed in the Georgian style by the architect Kenton Couse, it is unassuming and narrow, consisting of a single white stone step leading to a modest brick front. The small, six-panelled door, originally made of black oak, is surrounded by cream-coloured casing and adorned with a semicircular fanlight window. Painted in white, between the top and middle sets of panels, is the number "10".


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
The zero of the number "10" is painted in a very eccentric style, in a 37° angle anticlockwise. One theory is that this is in fact a capital 'O' as found in the Roman's Trajan alphabet that was used by the Ministry of Works at the time. A black iron knocker in the shape of a lion's head is between the two middle panels; below the knocker is a brass letter box with the inscription "First Lord of the Treasury". The doorbell is inscribed with "PUSH" although is rarely used in practice.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
A black ironwork fence with spiked newel posts runs along the front of the house and up each side of the step to the door. The fence rises above the step into a double-swirled archway, supporting an iron gas lamp surmounted by a crown. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from the outside)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
After the IRA mortar attack in 1991, the original black oak door was replaced by a blast-proof steel one. Regularly removed for refurbishment and replaced with a replica, it is so heavy that it takes eight men to lift it. The brass letterbox still bears the legend "First Lord of the Treasury". The original door was put on display in the Churchill Museum at the Cabinet War Rooms.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
The door cannot be opened from the outside; there is always someone inside to unlock the door.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
Beyond the door, Couse installed black and white marble tiles in the entrance hall that are still in use. A guard's chair designed by Chippendale sits in one corner. Once used when policemen sat on watch outside in the street, it has an unusual "hood" designed to protect them from the wind and cold and a drawer underneath where hot coals were placed to provide warmth. Scratches on the right arm were caused by their pistols rubbing up against the leather.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall
Couse also added a bow front to the small cottage—formerly Mr Chicken's house—incorporated into Number 10 in Walpole's time. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from inside showing the black and white marble floor and the door providing access to Number 11)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Main staircase
When William Kent rebuilt the interior between 1732 and 1734, his craftsmen created a stone triple staircase. The main section had no visible supports. With a wrought iron balustrade, embellished with a scroll design, and mahogany handrail, it rises from the garden floor to the third floor. Kent's staircase is the first architectural feature visitors see as they enter Number 10. Black and white engravings and photographs of all the past prime ministers decorate the wall. They are rearranged slightly to make room for a photograph of each new Prime Minister. There is one exception.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Main staircase
Winston Churchill is represented in two photographs. At the bottom of the staircase are group photographs of Prime Ministers with their Cabinet ministers and representatives to imperial conferences. (See The Main Stairway c1930 General view showing portraits of the prime ministers and Detail of the Wrought Iron Balustrade) (See also Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt4: The Staircase)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room
In Kent's design for the enlarged Number 10, the Cabinet Room was a simple rectangular space with enormous windows. As part of the renovations begun in 1783, it was extended, giving the space its modern appearance. Probably not completed until 1796, this alteration was achieved by removing the east wall and rebuilding it several feet inside the adjoining secretaries' room. At the entrance, a screen of two pairs of Corinthian columns was erected (to carry the extra span of the ceiling) supporting a moulded entablature that wraps around the room.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room
Robert Taylor, the architect who executed this concept, was knighted on its completion. The resulting small space, framed by the pillars, serves as an anteroom to the larger area. Hendrick Danckerts' painting "The Palace of Whitehall" (shown at the beginning of this article) usually hangs in the ante-room. It also contains two large bookcases that house the prime minister's library; Cabinet members traditionally donate to the collection on leaving office – a tradition that began with Ramsay MacDonald in 1931.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room
Although Kent intended the First Lord to use this space as his study, it has rarely served that purpose; it has almost always been the Cabinet Room. There have been a few exceptions. Stanley Baldwin used the Cabinet Room as his office. A few prime ministers, such as Tony Blair, occasionally worked at the Cabinet Room table. Painted off-white with large floor to ceiling windows along one of the long walls, the room is light and airy. Three brass chandeliers hang from the high ceiling. The Cabinet table, purchased during the Gladstone era, dominates the room.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room
The modern boat-shaped top, introduced by Harold Macmillan in the late 1950s, is supported by huge original oak legs. The table is surrounded by carved, solid mahogany chairs that also date from the Gladstone era. The prime minister's chair, the only one with arms, is situated midway along one side in front of the marble fireplace, facing the windows; when not in use, it is positioned at an angle for easy access. The only picture in the room is a copy of a portrait of Sir Robert Walpole by Jean-Baptiste van Loo hanging over the fireplace. Each Cabinet member is allocated a chair based on order of seniority. Blotters inscribed with their titles mark their places.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room
The First Lord has no designated office space in Number 10; each has chosen one of the adjoining rooms as his or her private office.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms
Number 10 has three inter-linked state drawing rooms: the Pillared Drawing Room, the Terracotta Drawing Room and the White Drawing Room. (See the three state drawing rooms.)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room
The largest is the Pillared Room thought to have been created in 1796 by Taylor. Measuring 37 feet (11 m) long by 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, it takes its name from the twin Ionic pilasters with straight pediments at one end. Today, there is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth I over the fireplace; during the Thatcher Ministry (1979–1990), a portrait of William Pitt by Romney was hung there.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room
A Persian carpet covers almost the entire floor. A copy of a 16th-century original now kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum, there is an inscription woven into it that reads: "I have no refuge in the world other than thy threshold. My head has no protection other than this porchway. The work of a slave of the holy place, Maqsud of Kashan in the year 926" (the Islamic year corresponding to 1520).


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room
In the restoration conducted in the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry restored the fireplace. Executed in the Kentian style, the small Ionic pilasters in the over-mantel are miniature duplicates of the large Ionic pillars in the room. The Ionic motif is also found in the door surrounds and panelling.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room
Sparsely furnished with a few chairs and sofas around the walls, the Pillared Room is usually used to receive guests before they go into the State Dining Room. However, it is sometimes used for other purposes that require a large open space. International agreements have been signed in this room. Tony Blair entertained the England Rugby Union team in the Pillared Room after they won the World Cup in 2003. John Logie Baird gave Ramsay MacDonald a demonstration of his invention, the television, in this room. (See The Pillared Drawing Room c1927)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Terracotta State Drawing Room
The Terracotta Room is the middle of the three drawing rooms. It was used as the dining room when Sir Robert Walpole was prime minister. The name changes according to the colour it is painted. When Margaret Thatcher came to power it was the Blue Room; she had it re-decorated and renamed the Green Room. It is now painted terracotta.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Terracotta State Drawing Room
In the renovation of the 1980s Quinlan Terry introduced large Doric order columns to this room in the door surrounds and designed a very large Palladian overmantel for the fireplace with small double Doric columns on each side with the royal arms above. Terry also added an ornate gilded ceiling to give the rooms a more stately look. Carved into the plasterwork above the door leading to the Pillared Room is a tribute to Margaret Thatcher: a straw-carrying 'thatcher'.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, White State Drawing Room
The White State Drawing room was, until the 1940s, used by Prime Ministers and their partners for their private use. It was here that Edward Heath kept his grand piano. It is often used as the backdrop for television interviews and is in regular use as a meeting room for Downing Street staff. The room links through to the Terracotta Room next door. In the reconstruction during the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry used Corinthian columns and added ornate Baroque-style central ceiling mouldings and corner mouldings of the four national flowers of the United Kingdom: rose (England), thistle (Scotland), daffodil (Wales) and shamrock (Northern Ireland).


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room
When Frederick Robinson (later Lord Goderich), became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1823, he decided to leave a personal legacy to the nation. To this end, he employed Sir John Soane, the distinguished architect who had designed the Bank of England and many other famous buildings, to build a State Dining Room for Number 10. Begun in 1825 and completed in 1826 at a cost of £2,000, the result is a spacious room with oak panelling and reeded mouldings. Accessed through the first floor, its vaulted, arched ceiling rises up through the next so that it actually occupies two floors. Measuring 42 by 26 feet (12.8 by 7.9 m), it is the largest room in Number 10. Soane was the guest of honour when the dining room was first used on 4 April 1826.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room
The room is usually furnished with a table surrounded by 20 reproduction Adam style chairs originally made for the British Embassy in Rio de Janeiro. For larger gatherings, a horseshoe-shaped table is brought in that will accommodate up to 65 guests. On these occasions, the table is set with the Silver Trust Silver set given to Downing Street in the 1990s.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room
(See the State Dining room with the Silver Trust Silver in use for a luncheon) Above the fireplace, overlooking the room, is a massive portrait by John Shackleton of George II, the king who originally gave the building to the First Lord of the Treasury in 1732. Celebrity chefs such as Nigella Lawson have cooked for Prime Ministers' guests using the small kitchen next door. Entering through the Small Dining Room, Blair used this room for his monthly press conferences. (See Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt 3: The Dining Room)(See The State Dining Room c1930: View toward the entrance and View from the entrance and also a more modern view)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Great kitchen
The great kitchen located in the basement was another part of the renovations begun in 1783, probably also under the direction of Robert Taylor. Seldom seen by anyone other than staff, the space is two storeys high with a huge arched window and vaulted ceiling. Traditionally, it has always had a chopping block work table in the centre that is 14 feet (4.3 m) long, 3 feet (0.91 m) wide and 5 inches (13 cm) thick.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Smaller Dining or Breakfast Room
Above Taylor's vaulted kitchen, between the Pillared Room and the State Dining room, Soane created a Smaller Dining Room (sometimes called the Breakfast Room) that still exists. To build it, Soane removed the chimney from the kitchen to put a door in the room. He then moved the chimney to the east side, running a Y-shaped split flue inside the walls up either side of one of the windows above. The room therefore has a unique architectural feature: over the fireplace there is a window instead of the usual chimney breast.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Smaller Dining or Breakfast Room
With its flat unadorned ceiling, simple mouldings and deep window seats, the Small Dining Room is intimate and comfortable. Usually furnished with a mahogany table seating only eight, Prime Ministers have often used this room when dining with family or when entertaining special guests on more personal state occasions. (See the Small Dining or Breakfast Room c1927. The double doors behind the table lead to the State Dining Room.)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Terrace and garden
The terrace and garden were constructed in 1736 shortly after Walpole moved into Number 10. The terrace, extending across the back, provides a full view of St James's Park. The garden is dominated by a half-acre (0.2 ha) open lawn which wraps around Numbers 10 and 11 in an L-shape. No longer "fitted with variety Walle fruit and diverse fruit trees" as it was in the 17th century, there is now a centrally located flower bed around a holly tree surrounded by seats.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Terrace and garden
Tubs of flowers line the steps from the terrace; around the walls are rose beds with flowering and evergreen shrubs. (See North elevation of Number 10 with steps leading to the garden) The terrace and garden have provided a casual setting for many gatherings of First Lords with foreign dignitaries, Cabinet ministers, guests, and staff. Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, hosted a farewell reception in 2007 for his staff on the terrace. John Major announced his 1995 resignation as leader of the Conservative Party in the garden. Churchill called his secretaries the "garden girls" because their offices overlook the garden. It was also the location of the first press conference announcing the Coalition Government between David Cameron's Conservatives and Nick Clegg's Liberal Democrats.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
Number 10 is filled with fine paintings, sculptures, busts and furniture. Only a few are permanent features. Most are on loan. About half belong to the Government Art Collection. The remainder are on loan from private collectors and from public galleries such as the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Gallery. (See works from the Government Art Collection currently on display at Number 10)


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
About a dozen paintings are changed annually. More extensive changes occur when a new Prime Minister takes office and redecorates. These redecorations may reflect both individual taste as well as make a political statement. Edward Heath borrowed French paintings from the National Gallery and was loaned two Renoirs from a private collector. When Margaret Thatcher arrived in 1979 she insisted that the artwork had to be British and that it celebrate "British achievers".


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
As a former chemist, she took pleasure in devoting the Small Dining Room to a collection of portraits of British scientists, such as Joseph Priestley and Humphry Davy. During the 1990s John Major converted the first floor anteroom into a small gallery of modern art, mostly British. He also introduced several paintings by John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, Britain's two best known 19th-century artists, and cricketing paintings by Archibald Stuart-Wortley including a portrait of one of England's most celebrated batsmen W. G. Grace.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
In addition to outstanding artwork, Number 10 contains many exceptional pieces of furniture either owned by the house or on loan. One of the most striking and unusual is the Chippendale hooded guard's chair already mentioned that sits in a corner of the entrance hall. To its left is a long case clock by Benson of Whitehaven. A similar clock by Samuel Whichcote of London stands in the Cabinet anteroom. The White State Drawing Room contains examples of Adams furniture.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
The Green State Drawing Room contains mostly Chippendale furniture including a card table that belonged to Clive of India and a mahogany desk that is thought to have belonged to William Pitt the Younger and used by him during the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to the large carpet previously described, the Pillared State Drawing Room also contains a marble-topped table by Kent. The State Dining Room contains a mahogany sideboard by Adam. Until the late 19th century, Prime Ministers were required to furnish Number 10 at their own expense with furniture, tableware, china, linens, curtains and decorations.


10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings
This arrangement began to change in 1877 when Benjamin Disraeli took up residency. He insisted that the Treasury should bear the cost of furnishings at least in the public areas. The Treasury agreed and a complex accounting procedure was developed whereby the outgoing prime minister was required to pay for "wear and tear" on furnishings that had been purchased by the Treasury. This system was used until November 1897 when the Treasury assumed responsibility for purchasing and maintaining almost all of the furnishings in both the public and private areas except decorating the walls with art work. In 1924 when Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald took office, he did not own nor have the means to buy an extensive art collection. He had the Government Art Collection loan pieces. The arrangement became the standard practice.


10 Downing Street, 250th anniversary: 1985
In 1985, Number 10 was 250 years old. To celebrate, Thatcher hosted a grand dinner in the State Dining Room for her living predecessors: Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and James Callaghan. Also in attendance were Elizabeth II and representatives of the families of every 20th-century Prime Minister since H. H. Asquith, including Lady Olwen Carey Evans (daughter of David Lloyd George), Lady Leonora Howard (daughter of Stanley Baldwin), and Clarissa Avon (widow of Sir Anthony Eden and niece of Winston Churchill).


10 Downing Street, 250th anniversary: 1985
That same year, the Leisure Circle published Christopher Jones' book No. 10 Downing Street, The Story of a House. In the foreword, Thatcher described her feelings for Number 10: "How much I wish that the public ... could share with me the feeling of Britain's historic greatness which pervades every nook and cranny of this complicated and meandering old building ... All Prime Ministers are intensely aware that, as tenants and stewards of No. 10 Downing Street, they have in their charge one of the most precious jewels in the nation's heritage".


10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing
For most of its history, Number 10 was accessible to the public. Early security consisted of two police officers. One stood guard outside the door. The other was stationed inside to open it. Since the door had no keyhole, the inside officer depended upon the lone outside officer.


10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing
During Thatcher's premiership, terrorist threats led to the implementation of a second level of security. Guarded gates were added at both ends of the street. Visitors could then be screened before approaching the door.


10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing
Despite the added measure, on 7 February 1991 the Provisional IRA used a van they parked in Whitehall to launch a mortar shell at Number 10. It exploded in the back garden, while Prime Minister John Major was holding a Cabinet meeting. Major moved to Admiralty House while repairs were being completed. This led to the addition of guardhouses at the street ends as well as other less visible measures. Each guardhouse is staffed by several armed police officers. The Metropolitan Police Service's Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) provides overall protection and acts on intelligence from MI5.


10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office
The Prime Minister's Office, for which the terms Downing Street and Number 10 are metonymous, lies within the 10 Downing Street building and is part of the Cabinet Office. It is staffed by a mix of career civil servants and special advisers. The highest ranking civil servant position is the principal private secretary to the prime minister, currently Martin Reynolds.


10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office
From 1997 to 2019 and since 2020, the most senior special adviser post is the Downing Street chief of staff but this job title was out of use from July 2019 to November 2020 when the role was split into two positions with Dominic Cummings who served as the chief adviser to the prime minister, and Edward Lister who served as the chief strategic adviser to the prime minister. Lister served as acting chief of staff, but was replaced by Dan Rosenfield, who officially assumed the role in January 2021. Though Number 10 is formally part of the Cabinet Office, it reports directly to the Cabinet Secretary, who is currently Simon Case.


10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, Current positions within the Office of the Prime Minister
List of current civil service and senior special adviser positions serving Prime Minister Boris Johnson:


10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, History
Changes were intended to strengthen the PM's office. However, some commentators have suggested that Blair's reforms have created something similar to a Prime Minister's Department. The reorganisation brought about the fusion of the old Prime Minister's Office and other Cabinet Office teams, with a number of units (including the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit) now reporting directly into the Prime Minister's Office. Since 2005, Number 10's Direct Communication Unit has not used its staff's real names on signed correspondence to MPs and members of the public; this is for security reasons.


10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, History
However, the Institute for Government has written that the Cabinet Office (of which the Prime Minister's Office is a component) "is a long way from becoming a fully fledged premier's department", primarily based on the fact that the prime minister "largely lacks the direct policy responsibilities, either in statute or by convention under the Royal Prerogative, possessed by secretaries of state, who have substantial budgets voted to them by Parliament."


10 Downing Street Guard Chairs
The 10 Downing Street Guard Chairs are two antique chairs. In the early 19th century, 10 Downing Street was guarded by two men who sat outside the building in leather chairs made by Thomas Chippendale. There was a drawer underneath the chair which was filled with hot coals to keep the guards warm whilst on duty. The chairs were hood chairs, made with a circular back and hood, both to shield the guards from bad weather and to improve the surrounding acoustics, thereby allowing the guard to hear better from a wider angle.


10 Downing Street Guard Chairs, Current state
The chairs still exist. One of them (also known as the Hall Porter's Chair) stands in the entrance to 10 Downing Street; the other is owned by a private collector of furniture. The fraying of the inner arm rests evident in the accompanying picture is the result of the guards' pistols repeatedly rubbing against the fabric during their watch.


10 Draconis
10 Draconis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It was a latter designation of 87 Ursae Majoris, and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.66. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 8.2 mas, is around 400 light years. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −12 km/s, and is expected to come to within 84 ly in about 8.6 million years.


10 Draconis
Estimated to be around 10 billion years old, this is an aging red giant star with a stellar classification of M3.5 III. It is a periodic variable with a frequency of 11.98912 cycles per day and an amplitude of 0.0254 in magnitude. The spectrum does not show evidence of s-process enhancement. 10 Dra has 93% of the mass of the Sun but has expanded to about 83 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating over 1,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,584 K.


10 Dundas East
10 Dundas East (formerly Metropolis and Toronto Life Square) is a retail, office and entertainment complex development on the north-east corner of the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The project was delayed several times, and sits on a large parcel of prime land in the city's downtown core, on the north side of Yonge-Dundas Square. The complex was owned and developed by PenEquity Management Corp., but is now owned by 10 Dundas St. Ltd.


10 Dundas East, History
Before 1998, the site was occupied by several buildings including the O'Keefe's Brewery (formerly Victoria Brewery) and a two-storey structure at the corner. From 1949 to 1974 it was home to the Brown Derby tavern and in the 1980s as a Mr. Submarine location. Many views of that intersection, and the local area as it looked in 1986, can be seen in the movie Short Circuit starring Ally Sheedy. All the buildings were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s.


10 Dundas East, History
The project was approved in 1998 with the opening planned for 2000. The land was expropriated by the City of Toronto immediately afterwards, and while construction boarding soon went up, the project suffered shutdowns and major delays.


10 Dundas East, History
While under construction it was known as Metropolis (as late as 2007), but when it opened, the complex was renamed "Toronto Life Square" after the local magazine. After the building was placed in court-ordered receivership in 2009, St. Joseph Communications, the owner of Toronto Life magazine, initiated a court action to have the magazine's name removed from the complex. The building was renamed "10 Dundas East" in September 2009. Entertainment Properties Trust, a Kansas City-based real estate investment trust that had provided construction financing for the project in 2005, acquired the complex in March 2010.


10 Dundas East, Architecture
The project was built in an L-configuration around a number of existing buildings, including a parking garage belonging to the adjacent Ryerson University; in exchange for the air rights to build over its land, Ryerson gained use of the movie theatres as classrooms during daytime hours.


10 Dundas East, Architecture
The exterior facing Dundas Square is primarily covered with giant video screens and static billboard advertisements of various sizes. The Yonge Street facade is made up of curtainwall store fronts with a glass and steel canopy overhanging the sidewalk. Toronto Star architecture critic Christopher Hume wrote a lengthy piece in the newspaper entitled "We don't deserve this horrorchitecture", which decried the building as a "nasty dark grey bunker". Daily Hive alluded the facade to Blade Runner 2049 per local artist Lucan Coutts.


10 Dundas East, Retail
10 Dundas Square East is anchored by a Cineplex Cinemas 23-screen movie theatre, Dollarama, an Adidas Sport Store, the tourist attraction Little Canada, and restaurants including Jack Astor's and Milestones.


10 E Broad / W Broad
The 10 E Broad / W Broad is a Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) bus service in Columbus, Ohio. The line operates on Broad Street, the city's main east-west thoroughfare.


10 E Broad / W Broad
The 10 replaced the West Broad Street streetcar line, an early streetcar line in Columbus, built by the Glenwood and Green Lawn Railroad Company in 1875. This line initially served West Broad Street with horsecars, and horse-drawn omnibuses followed a similar route. The horsecars were replaced with electric streetcars in 1890, and later with trolleybuses. In 1965, the trolleybus line was replaced with a bus line similar to the modern-day 10 E Broad / W Broad.


10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership
Route 10 traverses Prairie Township, the Hilltop, Franklinton, Downtown Columbus, Near East Side, Wolfe Park, Bexley, East Columbus, Whitehall, and Reynoldsburg. It is classified as a local line with frequent service (every 15 minutes or better).


10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership
The 10 starts at Westwoods Park & Ride, traveling north on Westwoods Boulevard for a short distance to West Broad Street. The route then travels east on West Broad Street to Broad & High, where at late-night times it travels north to Spring Street for the late-night lineup. At all hours, the bus proceeds east on East Broad Street through Columbus, Bexley, and Whitehall into Reynoldsburg, where it exits onto Limited Parkway at the L Brands office.


10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership
Landmarks and parks along the line include COSI, the National Veterans Memorial and Museum, the Discovery Bridge, the Scioto Mile (including Dorrian Green, Genoa Park, Battelle Riverfront Park, and the Scioto Mile Promenade), the Palace Theatre, the Ohio Statehouse, the Jubilee Museum, Franklin County Memorial Hall, the Washington Gladden Social Justice Park, the Columbus Museum of Art, the Main Library, Topiary Park, and Franklin Park and the Franklin Park Conservatory.


10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership
The 10 bus has the second-highest ridership in the transit system, only second to the No. 2 bus. The 10 West Broad bus was also the second-most popular as early as 1987, while the 10 East Broad route was the sixth most popular. In 1992, the year of AmeriFlora '92, the route was the system's busiest.


10 E Broad / W Broad, History
Broad Street has seen public transportation as early as 1860, with a horse-drawn omnibus route run by W. B. Hawkes & Co. The road subsequently was used for horsecars, streetcars, and trolleybuses operating only on West Broad Street (streetcars never operated on East Broad).


10 E Broad / W Broad, History
In 1875, the newly-formed Glenwood and Green Lawn Railroad Company built a horsecar line from High Street west on Broad to the city's western boundary, with a branch to Green Lawn Cemetery. That line was the first successfully electrified to utilize streetcars, completed in August 1890. The line was later converted to utilize trolleybuses. On January 4, 1965, buses replaced the West Broad trolleybuses, amid the Columbus Transit Company's conversion into 100 percent bus service.


10 E Broad / W Broad, History
In the 1980s, accessibility became an issue. COTA requested a waiver for a U.S. Department of Transportation regulation that required wheelchair lifts on all buses; COTA hoped the waiver would potentially save money. A 1981 ruling removed the requirement, giving transit authorities more flexibility. An transit accessibility advocacy organization opposed COTA's move. In 1982, a handicapped passenger moved from his wheelchair onto the steps of the bus, preventing the bus from moving in protest. In 1988, routes 10 and 2 were proposed for the first wheelchair lifts to allow handicapped passengers to ride. The first buses were equipped in 1991, and today all buses are wheelchair-accessible.


10 E Broad / W Broad, History
In 2019, COTA officials stated the 10 route may become the next bus rapid transit (BRT) line in the city, after the CMAX. The route 10 line could support bus-only lanes on West Broad Street, an improvement over the limited BRT features the CMAX offers. LinkUS, a COTA-Columbus-MORPC partnership, is evaluating the corridor the line operates on. LinkUS began the evaluation in 2020 as one of several highly-trafficked routes to investigate upgrading transit service on. The route received some federal funding in 2020, to be released around 2024. BRT was decided as the transit mode for the corridor in July 2021. Construction will be relatively fast as the route is straight and wide; it is aimed to start along with the northwest route by the end of the decade.


10 East 40th Street
10 East 40th Street or the Mercantile Building is a skyscraper on 40th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in the middle of the block between Fifth and Madison avenues, extending back to 39th Street. Designed by Ludlow and Peabody and built by Jesse H. Jones, it was finished in 1929 and is an example of Renaissance Revival architecture. When it was built, it was the fourth-tallest tower in the world.


10 East 40th Street
It is 632 feet (193 m) high, with 48 floors, and contains 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) of office or mixed-use space.


10 East 40th Street, History
It was previously known as the Chase Tower, after its first tenant, Chase Brass & Copper. Its owner until his death in 1938 was Frederick William Vanderbilt.


10 East 40th Street, History
During the 1970s, the building housed part of the Mid-Manhattan Library. In September 2002, the building's lobby was renovated, restoring the 15-foot (4.6 m) ceilings. Current tenants include the Moroccan consulate.


10 East 40th Street, History, Last building on the direct current grid
On November 14, 2007, the building became the final site to be removed from Thomas Edison's original direct current grid in New York City.


10 East 40th Street, History, Last building on the direct current grid
The building was completed in 1929 when 90 percent of the electricity in lower Manhattan was direct current. In that year New York Edison announced plans that it was going to convert the entire system to alternating current. The last 2 rotary converter substations generating direct current (at West 26th and West 39th Street) were retired in 1977 and the DC conversions were handled by solid-state rectifier units. The 2007 event shifted the responsibility for providing the conversion from Con Edison to the building via a local converter. Many of the buildings built in 1929 and before still use direct current with the local converter – most notably for elevators. The New York City Subway's third rail electric system is still direct current (with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority providing the local converters from AC to DC.


10 Endrathukulla
10 Endrathukulla (transl. Before I count to 10) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language road action film written and directed by Vijay Milton and produced by A. R. Murugadoss under the banner A. R. Murugadoss Productions and Fox Star Studios. The film features Vikram and Samantha Akkineni in the lead roles. Made on a budget of ₹65 crore, principal photography and filming took place in February 2014. The film was slated for a January 2015 release, but it was postponed, due to the release of I (2015). It was released on 21 October 2015, coinciding with the Dusshera festival. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was an average success at the box office, grossing ₹85 crore worldwide. The film also dubbed and released in Telugu as 10 on 15 December 2017.


10 Endrathukulla, Plot
A driving instructor (Vikram) who refers to himself by various names (such as "James Bond", "Mani Ratnam", or "Sunil Gavaskar") but never reveals his actual name is assigned by a local criminal Das (Pasupathy) to deliver a woman named Shakeela (Samantha Ruth Prabhu) to Pooran Singh (Abhimanyu Singh) in Mussoorie. Shakeela is an orphan who has failed her driving test 14 times. The driving instructor is constantly irritated by Shakeela's antics during the journey to Mussoorie but soon falls in love with her.


10 Endrathukulla, Plot
At Mussoorie, he learns from Pooran that Shakeela is to be delivered to Daksha Bhai (Rahul Dev), an upper-caste landlord from an Uttarakhand village. He delivers Shakeela to Daksha and is invited to stay at his ancestral mansion for a festival. During the stay, he finds out why Shakeela has been delivered to Daksha: Shakeela is the doppelgänger of Daksha Bhai's sister Gadgi Moi (Samantha Ruth Prabhu), a cruel, merciless upper-caste leader who has been sentenced to death for orchestrating a massacre against the lower-caste people.


10 Endrathukulla, Plot
Daksha Bhai plans to send Shakeela to jail in the place of Gadgi, who has been released on parole to perform the last rites of her dead grandmother. The plan backfires as Shakeela escapes from the police. In the chaos that ensues, Gadgi breaks her cover and kidnaps Shakeela, planning to kill her in a moving train. The driving instructor manages to rescue Shakeela and kill Gadgi. Daksha, distraught at Gadgi's death, commits suicide by jumping off the train with her body. In the end, the driving instructor and Shakeela, who are now in a relationship, happily drive back to Chennai. During the journey, the driving instructor whispers his real name in Shakeela's ear, to which she reacts in a disgusting manner.


10 Endrathukulla, Production, Development
Vijay Milton collaborated with Vikram for his next film. Director AR Murugadoss was confirmed to be bankrolling the film along with Fox Star Studios. Initially titled Idam Maari Irangiyavan, the film was later renamed as 10 Endrathukulla. D. Imman was signed on as composer for this film, which the composer confirmed through his official Twitter handle. The movie is supposed to be a road movie, which Behindwoods states was a relatively fresh genre for the Tamil audience.


10 Endrathukulla, Production, Casting
Samantha was selected to play a lead role, marking her first collaboration with Vikram. Pasupathy has been roped in to play an important role in the film. In August 2014, Ramdoss of Mundasupatti (2014) fame was added to the cast.


10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming
Scenes involving Vikram and Samantha were shot in Chennai for a week's time, and the team was spotted filming in the MRC Nagar area of Chennai. The film began its first schedule on 26 May 2014. The film's first schedule ran for 7 days covering Hyderabad, Ladakh, Sikkim and many major North Indian cities. A major portion of filming is also done in Nepal, whose location are mainly Bhaktapur. The crew reported that they would shoot in many exotic locations across the globe, but also strictly adhere to a 6 months time frame, when the project will be completed.


10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming
Furthermore, the team also promised a surprise Hollywood crew in the movie. The second schedule began on 23 June 2014. On 23 July 2014, the second schedule was completed, and the next schedule began subsequently. A song sequence featuring the lead pair was shot in a set erected near DMI College of Engineering near Sriperumbudur in August 2014. In late August 2014, about 3 schedules in were completed in Chennai, In One of the 3 schedules, a scene featuring the lead actress Samantha, actor Vikram in a duck farm near Madha Engg. College was shot, and the fourth schedule was planned to be shot in Pune for close to 20 days, with the schedule including a song sequence as well. The climax of the film was shot in Nepal and the train sequence Cappadocia, Turkey.


10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming
In October, Charmme Kaur shot for a nine-minute-long song, which was said to have been designed like a play, with Charmme appearing as a character throughout the song. A set for about two-and-a-half crore rupees had been erected in Pune for the shoot. In September, 80% of the film was complete. One song scene was shot in Sikkim mountains on 29 October 2014. The shoot was done in Sikkim, Bagdogra, Jaipur and Delhi. The film team roped Racer Narain Karthikeyan for the action sequences with the racing car. Samantha said that the film was the toughest character she has played so far, she had also been trained to smoke as part of a scene. On 8 April 2015, the filming part ended at Nepal and post production started. Lee Whittaker was the action director in the film.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
"10 Endrathukulla is a commercially packed script. It's Vijay Milton's second movie, after this year's super hit Goli Soda, and has an interesting line. Since it's a road movie, it gives me an opportunity to explore racy music"


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
– Music composer D. Imman about working for 10 Endrathukulla


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
D. Imman composed the soundtrack, while Anoop Seelin has composed the background score for the film. On an interview with Behindwoods, about working for 10 Endrathukulla, which is a high-octane racy thriller film, Imman said that it gave the opportunity for him to explore racy music since the film was a road thriller.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
The soundtrack album features 8 songs composed by D. Imman, featuring a piece of theme music, male and female version of the title track and two karaoke versions of the songs. While all the song lyrics were written by Madhan Karky, Mani Amudhavan penned both the male and female versions of the title track "10 Endrathukulla". Sony Music acquired the audio rights of the film and subsequently for legal purchase as a soundtrack on digital music platform, iTunes.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
The first track, "Vroom Vroom," is penned by Madhan Karky, and rendered by Santhosh Hariharan, with backing vocals by D. Imman. The song is termed as a racy bike ride with this eerie number supported well by thumping rhythm and amazing bass guitar. The vocal renders the tune with supreme confidence and mastery. Here is a James Bond from Tamil Nadu musically presented in style by Imman-which happened never before! One will be surprised to find Indian musical instruments like Sitar and Mrudangam effortlessly fusing in this mélange.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
The male version of the title track "10 Endrathukulla" is rendered by Vishal Dadlani, with rap portions by Emcee Jesz. Experimentation gets a new dimension further when the sequencing sounds like a motorcycle ride in a convincing manner. Vishal Dadlani's urbane voice is a perfect fit for this contemporary chase genre composition. The live drumming and freaky electric guitars are like a detour to Classic Rock of the 80s, but just when that is assumed, a layer of Hip-Hop chorus arrives from nowhere! Watch out for the mesmerizing electric guitar solo in the first interlude- which defines the soul of the album.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
The female version of "10 Endrathukulla" is performed by Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. The raciest track of the album gets a different treatment from the season's favorite vocalist Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. While the first version focused on Classic Rock, this version gives its tribute to Hip-Hop beats, addictive Trance and House mix riffs. A totally new perspective of a trendy track is a brilliant treat for the ears!


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack
The song "Vroom Vroom" was released as a single on 28 August 2015. The tracklist of the film was unveiled on 15 September 2015, through the official Twitter handle of Sony Music South and the entire album was released on 17 September 2015, at the Suryan FM Radio Station, Chennai. The makers also made to launch the jukebox in all streaming platforms on the same day.


10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack, Reception
The soundtrack album of 10 Endrathukulla, got a mixed reception, while "10 Endrathukulla" and "Vroom Vroom" were quietly praised. Behindwoods rated the album 2.75 out of 5 stars, summarising that "10 Endrathukulla is a fun listen!" Indiaglitz reviewed as "Imman experiments with urbane flavor with ease" and rated the album 2.75 out of 5. Moviecrow rated it as 2.5 out of 5, stating "Imman fails to deliver the completely enjoyable album in this 10 Enrathukulla mainly due to uninspiring tunes, However, Imman's orchestration is considerably engaging throughout the album."


10 Endrathukulla, Release
The film was initially expected to be released by January 2015, but citing the release of the Vikram's other film I, 10 Enradhukulla's release was pushed to April, which further moved to 21 October 2015, to coincide with the Dusshera festival. The first look was released on 17 April 2015. The film's satellite rights of the film were sold to STAR Vijay. The film was also dubbed and released into Hindi as 10 Ka Dum (2016)(English : Power of 10).


10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception
Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "With 10 Enradhukulla, Milton has made exactly the kind of movie for which Goli Soda appeared an antidote. The writing is shockingly scattershot, right from the scene that's supposed to set up the story". Deccan Chronicle gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "10 Endrathukulla is a good pathology of current Tamil cinema: you have the decision makers of the filming world deciding that it is best to forego artistic ingenuity in favour of safe and predictable entertainment".


10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception
The Times of India gave the same rating and wrote, "this film lacks the liveliness and inventiveness that made Goli Soda stand out. Rather the focus seems to have shifted from script to scale – smart writing is traded in for exotic locales, larger-than-life characters, over-the-top action choreography and overall blandness". Rediff gave 2 stars as well and wrote, "10 Endrathukulla is a tedious road film marred by overzealous performances, ordinary music, tacky CGI and poor execution". Sify wrote, "The film has racy action sequences, bubbly romance along with unexpected twists and turns but somewhere the packaging goes haywire.


10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception
Though everything looks good on paper, Milton has lost things in translation". DNA stated "Vijay Milton has come up with a story that unfortunately doesn't do much for the audience. The movie has a very 1980s feel and look and considering the movies releasing today, this one is outdated" and rated it 2 out of 5. Indiaglitz stated "A jolly ride with a few speed breakers" and rated the film 2.75 out of 5. Behindwoods stated "Not as racy as expected, but a watchable ride" and rated the film 2.5 out of 5.


10 Endrathukulla, Release, Box office
10 Endrathukulla was reported to have collected ₹6.5 crore in India on its first day and almost ₹5 crore in South India alone.


10 Essential Public Health Services
The 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) serve as a framework to guide the field of public health, describing the activities that public health systems should undertake in all communities in the United States.


10 Essential Public Health Services
The original framework was developed in 1994, and in 2020 a revised framework was released that brought the EPHS up-to-date with current and emerging practice. The field has begun updating and adopting the revised framework.