.com for Murder, Plot
After he finishes the decrypting job and leaves the house, Misty walks after him to inform him that the gate is jammed. Werther suddenly turns towards her and cuts her left wrist slightly, just enough to keep her living for another 20 minutes, all the while viewed by Sondra from the computer. Werther then turns to enter the house and kill Sondra, but Sondra manages to lock the main entrance in time to prevent this. Werther then tries to open the pool door, but is electrocuted with 22,000 volts by Hal.


.com for Murder, Plot
Sondra bandages Misty's wrist and tries to restore power to the house. Werther turns out not to be dead and in the meantime takes Misty. Carrying a passive night vision device that amplifies light 60,000 times, he is stunned by the house lights and falls off the second floor, coming to his death. Agent Matheson, his assistant agent Williams (Clarke) and the police finally arrive at the scene, after electronic disinformation by Werther had previously sent them to the other end of town.


.com for Murder, Release and reception
.com for Murder was released on DVD on January 14, 2003.


.com for Murder, Release and reception
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed deemed it a "terrible remake of Rear Window", full of clichés and illogical. He said that Sheridan's and Daltrey's talent was lost through mis-casting and disliked Mastorakis' unrealistic portrayal of computers.


.coop
The domain coop is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for the use of cooperatives, their wholly owned subsidiaries, and other organizations that exist to promote or support cooperatives.


.coop
The coop TLD was proposed by the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA) as a response to the announcement by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in late 2000 of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains in an expansion of the Internet domain name space.


.coop
The proposal was backed by many cooperatives and similar trade groups around the world, including the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). The technical infrastructure for the coop TLD was developed by the worker cooperative Poptel in the United Kingdom and became operational on January 30, 2002.


.coop
The domain's sponsoring organization is DotCooperation LLC (also known as dotCoop), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA). DotCooperation is responsible for the TLD operation, including the enforcement of registration requirements. In 2005, the Midcounties Co-operative assumed operation of the domain registry through a subsidiary unit (Midcounties Co-operative Domains). DynDNS was contracted as the sole DNS provider for the registry in 2006.


.coop
Active coop domains holders are automatically included in an online co-op directory and registrants receive a periodic newsletter. Registrations are processed via accredited ICANN domain name registrars or their resellers.


.coop
coop domains are in use around the world, however, many co-ops, as businesses in the global community, also maintain domain names in other generic or country code top-level domains to identify themselves both as a co-op and as a business.


.corp
.corp is an ICANN rejected generic top level domain proposed in 2012. The ICANN Board issued a resolution on February 4, 2018 to cease the processing of all applications for the .corp, .home, and .mail gTLDs.


.corp, Technical Concerns
Investigation into the conflicts regarding gTLDs that are in use in internal networks was conducted at ICANN's request by Interisle Consulting. The resulting report was to become known as the Name Collision issue, which was first reported at ICANN 47.


.cr
.cr is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Costa Rica.


.cs
.cs was for several years the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Czechoslovakia. However, the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, and the two new countries were soon assigned their own ccTLDs: .cz and .sk respectively. The use of .cs was gradually phased out, and the ccTLD was deleted some time around January 1995.


.cs
.cs domain first appeared in Internet Assigned Numbers Authority tables in autumn 1990 and in June 1991 in RIPE list. In October 1991 first domain was registered (iac.cs - Institute of Applied Cybernetics in Bratislava), in February 1992 first hosts existed. As of December 1992 40 domains were registered, while maximum number of 114 registered domains was reached in November 1993 and February 1994.


.cs
Until the deletion of .yu in 2010, .cs was the most heavily used top-level domain ever to be deleted. Statistics from the RIPE Network Coordination Centre show that even in June 1994, after much of the conversion to .cz and .sk had been done, .cs still had over 2,300 hosts. By comparison, other deleted TLDs (.nato and .zr) may never have reached 10 hosts.


.cs
In July 2003, CS became the ISO 3166-1 code for Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora in Serbian), and remained so until 2006, when the country split and the codes for domains .rs and .me were created. However, Serbia and Montenegro did not use .cs as its ccTLD, but continued instead to use the Yugoslavian ccTLD .yu until it finally expired on 30 March 2010.


.cu
.cu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cuba.


.cv
.cv is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cape Verde. It is managed by the National Communications Agency (Portuguese: Agência Nacional das Comunicações, ANAC). It was introduced on 21 October 1996 and initially it was managed by the Instituto Superior de Engenharia e Ciências do Mar (ISECMAR), later the School of Maritime Sciences, and finally a campus of the University of Cape Verde, until its redelegation in August 2009 by the current National Communications Agency.


.cv
The technical manager, originally the Foundation for the National Scientific Information of Portugal (Fundação para a Computação Científica Nacional, FCCN), a non-profit organisation who managed the .pt domain name) transferred the rights and obligations managing the top level domains to dns.,pt , the association including the transfer of management rights by the IANA was published for the .cv in June 2014.


.cv
ANAC is part of the group LusNIC, an entity which includes top-level domains of other countries including .br (Brazil), .gw (Guinea-Bissau), .pt (Portugal), .st (São Tomé and Príncipe) and .ao (Angola). This is why the .cv domain shares a part of the .pt network infrastructure (notably for a part of its DNS servers), and its technical management is delegated to the DNS.PT association.


.cv
ANAC has defined the following second-level domains, each with specific target users


.cv
As of October 2017, 1,743 websites use the domain .cv, of which 1,377 use the domain .cv alone, 252 use .com.cv, 69 use .org.cv, 38 use .edu.cv including all university sites such as UniCV, six use .publ.cv and one use .net.cv. The number using .gov.cv is unknown, as that subdomain is not maintained by ANAC but by the Government of Cape Verde.


.cw
.cw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Curaçao. It was created following the decision on December 15, 2010 by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate CW as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Curaçao. This decision followed Curaçao's new status as an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands on October 10, 2010. The University of Curaçao, which already was the sponsor for .an was designated as the sponsoring organization. Registration of .cw domains was available from 1 February 2012.


.cw
Previously, many websites in Curaçao used the former Netherlands Antilles's ccTLD, .an. Domains from .an were be able to switch to .sx (Sint Maarten) or .cw, depending on where they are based.


.cx
.cx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Christmas Island. It is administered by the Christmas Island Internet Administration (CIIA), through the Christmas Island Domain Administration Limited (cxDA). CIIA is a community-owned non-profit company which also provides Internet service to the island's residents.


.cx
The TLD was formerly administered by Planet Three Limited, a company with offices in the United Kingdom and Australia, which went bankrupt and ceased operations, voluntarily transferring management to CIIA (called Dot CX Limited at the time). The local (shire) government of Christmas Island endorsed the transfer, but the Commonwealth of Australia (which has international authority over Christmas Island as an external territory) did not immediately approve it. Australia has since published a Memorandum of Understanding which recognizes CIIA as the legitimate manager of .cx.


.cx
It is unclear whether the Christmas Island Domain Administration is currently operating. As of February 2021, the URL listed in its IANA record, as well as the Network Information Center nic.cx, do not have associated websites.


.cx
The domain achieved a certain degree of notoriety when it was used for the shock site goatse.cx, to the point the CIIA was forced to take down the website following complaints by Christmas Islanders.


.cy
.cy is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cyprus. Registration is limited to residents of Cyprus or companies and organizations registered with the government there; the personal or business registration number is required on registration. Some additional restrictions exist for various subdomains, but .com.cy is unrestricted to Cypriot entities.


.cym
.cym is a GeoTLD reserved for eventual assignment to the Cayman Islands. The primary top-level domain used by the Cayman Islands is .ky. The Islands already have the international three letter code, CYM. ICANN plans to increase the number of generic top-level domains, and it is through this process that a .cym top-level domain might be awarded.


.cym
The Cayman Islands were previously in competition with Wales over use of the top-level domain. A campaign named "dot.CYM", not overly supported at government level, sought to have the .cym suffix for websites concerning Wales (Welsh: Cymru), the Welsh language (Welsh: Cymraeg) and Welsh culture. However, .cym was eventually assigned to the Cayman Islands because ICANN's policy states that new applications for 3-letter domains will not be accepted if they match existing ISO 3-letter codes. Wales was eventually granted the domain .cymru.


.cym, .cymru and .wales
In June 2012, ICANN opened the process of applications for new top level domains. Nominet, who own the .uk TLD, applied to ICANN for both .cymru and .wales.


.cymru
.cymru is one of two geographic top level domains (GeoTLD) for Wales (the other being .wales). The word Cymru means Wales in Welsh.


.cymru
The TLD was proposed by the British internet registry company Nominet, which has run the domain for the UK (.uk) since 1996. The proposal initially ran into conflict with .cym, proposed by the Wales-based, not-for-profit dotCYM organisation, which advocates for the Welsh language and culture. (.cym was ultimately assigned to the Cayman Islands.)


.cymru
In June 2014, final go-ahead for the domains was granted by ICANN, and a phased launch of the new domains began. Initially, the new domains were available to trademark holders, with full availability originally planned for the spring of 2015.


.cyou
.cyou is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. Originally delegated to Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd. on 31 March 2015, it was transferred to Shortdot SA on 14 May 2020.


.cyou, Reference section
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.cyou, Reference section
This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.cz
.cz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Czech Republic. It is administered by CZ.NIC. Registrations must be ordered via accredited domain name registrars.


.cz
Until Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993, it used the domain .cs.


.cz
The maximum domain name length permitted is 63 characters, which may only be alphanumeric or the hyphen (-). Hyphens are restricted in that they may not be the first or last character, neither may they appear consecutively. As of 2013, there are six domains which use the maximum of 63 characters.


.cz, History
The .cz domain came into effect in January 1993, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. In 2009, new European Union legislation came into effect, allowing the use of diacritics in second-level domains under the .eu domain only. Czech customers were among the most interested in the new domains, only Germans bought more, with the French in third. The .cz domain, operated by the CZ.NIC association, continued to only offer standard characters, citing insufficient demand and lower accessibility from abroad as reasons behind their decision.


.cz, History
Over 850,000 internet sites had been registered as .cz by the end of 2011. In 2012, the number exceeded one million. The Czech Republic was therefore the 12th European Union member state with a top-level domain to top a million active domain names.


.cz, History
At the end of 2011, CZ.NIC reported that ownership of all domains, 58% were by individuals, whereas those held by organisations accounted for a minority of 42%. Domains were most popular in Prague, followed by Brno and Ostrava.


.dbf
The .dbf file extension represents the dBase database file. The file type was introduced in 1983 with dBASE II. The file structure has evolved to include many features and capabilities. Several additional file types have been added, to support data storage and manipulation. The current .dbf file level is called Level 7. The .dbf format is supported by a number of database products.


.dbf, Overview
The original dBASE database was known as Project Vulcan and was started by Wayne Ratliff in 1978. At the time the file that held the data was a simple table that could have data added, modified, deleted, or printed using the ASCII characters set. As the product became more popular, the underlying file type .dbf was expanded, and additional files were added to increase the capabilities of the database system. Despite dBASE being an IDE (integrated development environment), a database system, a compiler, and a database application builder, the original .dbf file was still used for the actual data storage mechanism.


.dbf, History of the file format, Modern dBASE
This was the last update to the 16-bit version of the Borland Database Engine (BDE).


.dbf, History of the file format, Modern dBASE, xBase
xBase is a name applied to clones of the dBase, typically dBASE III+–V. Most xBase programs either use the format directly or uses a derived format with custom extensions. Erik Bachmann maintains an open-licensed description of these formats.


.dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7
The Level 7 structure is the latest supported by dBASE and BDE. It is incompatible with the previous file format, and is supported by few third-party applications.


.dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7
Level 7 brought many improvements. The maximum length for field names increased from 10 to 31 characters. Some new fields types were added, such as the auto-increment field, which prevents creation of duplicate record numbers in the same table.


.dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7
Significant improvements over the prior releases. There are also some limitations with regards to what the BDE can handle.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE
The "modern dBASE" III+–V is the most common dBASE file format found in the wild. In "modern dBASE", a .dbf file consists of a header, the data records, and the end-of-file marker.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Database records
Each record begins with a 1-byte "deletion" flag. The byte's value is a space (0x20), if the record is active, or an asterisk (0x2A), if the record is deleted. Fields are packed into records without field separators or record terminators.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Database records
All field data is ASCII. Depending on the field's type, the application imposes further restrictions:


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file
A memo (.DBT) file consists of blocks numbered sequentially (0,1,2, and so on). SET BLOCKSIZE determines the size of each block. The first block, block 0, is the memo file header.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file
Each memo field of each record in the .DBF file contains the number of the block (in ASCII) where the memo field begins. If the memo field contains no data, the .DBF file contains blanks (0x20) rather than a number.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file
When a memo field's content changes, its block number may also change. I.e. the memo gets relocated. In that case, the number in the .DBF file gets updated.


.dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file
In dBASE III PLUS, the space consumed by deleted text in a memo field cannot be reused — the .DBT file size grows each time text is added, even if other text has been deleted. dBASE for DOS may reuse that space for new text. dBASE IQ PLUS always appended new text to the end of the .dbt file.


.dbf, Other file types found in dBASE
dBASE defines many types of files. It also recognizes some operating system files and files from other products. The table below lists the most commonly used formats first. It was compiled from the documentation of dBASE III+, dBASE IV, and dBASE CLASSIC.


.dd
.dd was the assigned country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was chosen based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the German Democratic Republic, the letters coming from the German name of the country, Deutsche Demokratische Republik. In accordance with IANA policy, .dd was therefore available to be assigned as the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Germany. However, this was never done, and so .dd was never added to the root nameservers. Its only use was internally in an isolated network among the universities of Jena and Dresden.


.dd
With the reunification of Germany, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), which had already been assigned the ccTLD .de. The ISO 3166-1 code "DD" was withdrawn in 1990.


.de
.de is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Federal Republic of Germany. DENIC (the Network Information Centre responsible for .de domains) does not require specific second-level domains, and there are no official ccSLDs under .de ccTLD, as it is the case with the .uk domain range which until 2014 required .co.uk domain for example.


.de
The name is based on the first two letters of the German name for Germany (Deutschland). Prior to 1990, East Germany had a separate ISO 3166-1 code (dd), and had never delegated a ccTLD, .dd.


.de
.de is currently the second most popular ccTLD in terms of number of registrations with .cn being the first most popular ccTLD and .uk being third. It is third after .com and .cn among all TLDs. The first point of registration for .de domains was at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Dortmund. uni-dortmund.de was among the first registered .de-domains.


.de
.de registrations may be directly ordered from DENIC but it is faster and cheaper to do so via a DENIC member (registrar).


.de
Previously, domain names had to be at least three letters long. There were a few two-letter domains registered before the rule was put in place: db.de (Deutsche Bahn), ix.de (the German computing magazine iX), and hq.de. A fourth domain, bb.de (Bilfinger Berger), was later deregistered (and after 2009 registered by another company). As of 23 October 2009, DENIC allowed the registration of single- and two-letter domains as well as number-only domains.


.de
Registrations of internationalized domain names (IDN) are also accepted so that all diacritics of German, many diacritics of other languages and the eszett, ß, may be used.


.de
In many of the Romance languages, e.g., Spanish, French, Romanian and Portuguese, "de" expresses the genitive of a noun (like "of" in English). This is exploited in domain registrations under the German TLD for romance language webhosts that offer customized sites, like elforo.de (theforum.of), encoding the site name into the URL path, such as elforo.de/wikipedia, meaning theforum.of/Wikipedia.


.desi
.desi is a  top-level domain (TLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is operated by Desi Networks LLC. The domain name was originally applied for by  Afilias Inc. and Desi Networks LLC, but the latter won the auctions though the original amount was not disclosed.


.desi
The stated purpose of the domain is to promote domain name owners. The word "desi" is derived from Sanskrit deśīya and means "one from our country". The domain refers to websites of desis in the Indian sub-continent and to culturally Indian individuals around the world.


.design
.design is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program, and became available to the general public on May 12, 2015. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.


.design, History
In September 2014, Portland, Oregon-based Top Level Design (TLD) won the right to operate the .design top-level domain after beating out six other applicants in a private auction. According to TLD's CEO Ray King, winning the auction was "very important" and one of the company's top priorities, evidenced by its name. He told Domain Name Wire, "Think of all the things that require design. Design permeates all aspects of culture.". design domain registrations became available to the general public on May 12, 2015. According to The Domains, more than 5,200 .design domains were registered on the first day of general availability.


.design, History
CentralNic provides backend services through an exclusive distribution agreement and shares in the global revenues from .design domain names. Ben Crawford, CentralNic's CEO, said of the top-level domain, "It has impressive commercial potential, and it will be adopted more quickly than many other TLDs as it caters, among many other groups, to one of the best-informed professions on new Internet developments – website designers".


.design, History
Design has always been fundamental to the way people, companies and products present themselves, and since the elegance of the Apple revolution there has been a conscious embrace of how design is a lot more than just how a product or service looks, but a fundamental carrier of one's message. Beyond that, design is what I call a 'horizontal-vertical', in that it is a broad term, but not generic like .web or .online. It touches on many clear vertical markets such as graphic design, interior design, lighting design, web design, fashion design and many more. These are all distinct markets whose survival depends on them being ahead of the curve and defining future trends — .design does just that.


.detuned
.detuned is a demoscene project by the German demogroup .theprodukkt (also known as Farbrausch), released on the PlayStation 3. It was initially released on September 17, 2009 in Japan as .detuned: Gumi Senpai no Fushigi Kūkan (デチューンド グミ先輩の不思議空間, Dichūndo Gumi Senpai no Fushigi Kūkan, lit. ".detuned: The Mysterious Space of Senior Gumi"), and on October 15 worldwide. It is the second demo released on the PlayStation 3 after Linger in Shadows.


.detuned
.detuned features a man sitting in a chair surrounded by a psychedelic environment. The player can switch into various modes, and using the trigger buttons and right analogue stick, apply certain effects on the man, which e.g. make his head shrink or apply a post-processing filter on the visuals and music. The player is also able to load their own music in.


.detuned, Reception
The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN cited the lack of lasting appeal as the biggest problem about .detuned, saying that "selling for $2.99 in the US PlayStation Store, that's about a dollar per minute of entertainment".


.dev
.dev is a top-level domain name operated by Google. It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program, and became available to the general public on March 1, 2019, with an early access period that began on February 19. To increase the security of the domains, the entire gTLD has been included in the HSTS preload-list; as a result, popular web browsers will only connect to a .dev webpage using HTTPS.


.dev, Security
The .dev top-level domain is incorporated on the HSTS preload list, requiring HTTPS on all .dev domains without individual HSTS enlistment.


.dev, History
Web developers have been using .dev top-level domains within their internal networks for testing purposes for a long time. However, after Google acquired the TLD, such environments have stopped functioning on some modern web browsers.


.dj
.dj is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Djibouti.


.dj
It has been marketed for music-related sites due to the common use of "DJ" to mean disc jockey. A project is also under development to use it for "Data Journals". However, this TLD has not proven especially popular to date. Other similar ccTLDs are .fm, .am, .tv, .cd, .mu and .me. Such unconventional usage of TLDs in domain names are known as domain hacks.


.dk
.dk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Denmark. The supervision of the .dk top-level domain is handled exclusively by DK Hostmaster. Any new .dk domain name has to be applied for via an approved registrar. Then the domain name applicant can ask the registrar to manage his domain name or have it managed directly by the DK Hostmaster. Registrations of domain names with the characters æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, and é are also allowed.


.dk, History
The country code top-level domain .dk was created July 14, 1987, at ARPA Network Information Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI-NIC). The Danish UNIX User Group (DKUUG) at Datalogisk Institut, Københavns Universitet (DIKU) received management of the .dk domain on the DKnet, at that time an informal name used for the UUCP network used at DIKU and other places in Denmark. The name DKnet has been in use since at least 1985.


.dk, History
In mid-1988 DKnet was connected to the emerging DENet, the government-sponsored research network established in late 1987 now known as forskningsnettet, run and maintained by UNI-C.


.dk, History
In November 1987 DKUUG made a name agreement ("navneaftalen") with the coordinators of the three other networks then working in Denmark, a national experimental X.400 net (EAN from University of British Columbia), EARN and DECnet, concerning the .dk domain. They agreed to share it, hiding from the users which network they were connected to, and nullifying the use of pseudo-domains like .uucp or second-level domains like gov.uk, thereby creating a practice that has been enforced ever since, and also applied in other countries.


.dk, History
By early 1992 UNI-C via DENet (an acronym for "Danish Educational Network") serviced all the Universities in Denmark, and DIKU had no need for DKnet anymore. Thus DKUUG, with DKnet, moved to Symbion Science Park where they received their own international lines and started to lease these to companies, and modem connections to private consumers. The growing business quickly overshadowed the organization's own economy, forcing the creation of a separate company. In 1993, DKnet ApS, a genuine ISP and Denmark's first, was established as a limited liability company (ApS).


.dk, History
In 1996, with the establishment of the Danish Research Network, the name "DENet" was used for the commercial part of the network and changed to be an acronym for "Dansk Erhvervs Net", i.e. Danish Business Network.


.dk, History, Tele Danmark takes over
On February 15, 1996, DKnet ApS, including the .dk domain management, was sold by DKUUG to Tele Danmark (now TDC) at the price of 20 million DKK. Acknowledging the possible conflict of interest of a company (Tele Denmark) behind both a commercial ISP (DKnet A/S, now a stock company) and also in control of the .dk domain management (DK Hostmaster), a group of tele- and internet companies, 28 in all, including TeliaSonera, Global One, Deutsche Telekom, IBM, assembled five days after the purchase in order to gain control of the DK Hostmaster function.


.dk, History, Tele Danmark takes over
Tele Danmark initially refused, and the group together formed the organisation Foreningen af Internetleverandører (FIL), and threatened to go directly to IANA to counter what they saw as a bona fide Tele Danmark monopoly. Tele Denmark agreed and FIL became the authority registered by IANA for the .dk domain, while the nominal and practical administration remained the responsibility of DKnet A/S. In June 1996 they signed a one-year contract about the practice and rules concerning the .dk domain, which would later be renewed for another year.


.dk, History, Race for the .dk domain
On January 15, 1997, at 15.00, FIL loosened the restrictions for registering a .dk domain name. Where one had previously needed a valid reason to register one, all restrictions were now removed, creating an unprecedented run on .dk domain names. By the end of 1996 there were only 6.500 registered .dk domains, by February 1, 1997, this had more than doubled and at the end of 1997 there were 41.000 registered .dk domains. This in turn created a series of legal actions, which would last well into the 2000s, not only against FIL's own members, who were accused of using inside knowledge to register large amount of "good" domain names quickly, but also against individuals who were accused of cyber squatting.


.dk, History, Race for the .dk domain
In December 1997 Tele Danmark announced that from the beginning of 1998 they would start collecting a yearly fee (of 340 DKK excluding VAT) for every registered domain name via DK Hostmaster. This caused a stir in FIL's members, as they had not been informed. While there had been talks about some sort of fee to DK Hostmaster to cover its expenses, no review of DK Hostmaster's actual budget was available since it was financially all but a part of Tele Danmark.


.dk, History, Race for the .dk domain
This was therefore seen by FIL as abuse of power and profit making via the supposedly non-profit DK Hostmaster organization. It was later revealed that it was the board of directors of FIL (later fired) that had granted Tele Danmark the right to set the price that they wanted, without asking its members.


.dk, History, Race for the .dk domain
As a consequence of this, Tele Danmark announced in March 1998 that the commercial parts in DKnet A/S would be moved to Tele Denmark Internet and DKnet A/S, with its only remaining asset, DK Hostmaster, would be renamed to "DK Hostmaster A/S", and put up for sale. Tele Danmark encouraged a larger forum or group comprising more than just telecom and internet companies (like FIL) to form and buy it, because the Internet now had a much broader appeal. This caused yet another stir in FIL who flat-out rejected that Tele Denmark had the right to sell something it did not own.


.dk, History, DIFO takes over
In October 1998 FIL sent a letter to Tele Danmark ending the contract and agreement that had been signed back in June 1996 (renewed in 1997). The letter also stated that FIL wanted to take over the running of DK Hostmaster themselves. Tele Danmark denied that FIL could do this.


.dk, History, DIFO takes over
In November 1998 FIL, on the invitation of the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, called a meeting between all actors on the Danish internet, companies as well as users, under the banner "ID MoU" ("Internet Danmark Memorandum of Understanding") in order to establish a long-term agreement on the administration of the .dk domain. The result of "ID MoU" was that a number of institutions and organizations established a self-owning institution named Dansk INTERNET Forum (DIFO) on July 1, 1999, which with the help of external investment bought "DK Hostmaster A/S" in December 1999.


.dk, History, IPv6
DK Hostmaster has offered IPv6 glue records for second-level domains since April 4, 2008, when the first DNS provider had IPv6 glue records added in the TLD. IPv6 was enabled at the transport layer to TLD nameservers a few years prior to that. Just days prior to the World IPv6 day, DK Hostmaster added an IPv6 address in DNS for their web server and that of the web server of its owner, DIFO.


.dk, History, DNSSEC
After the DNS root zone was signed in mid-July 2010, the .DK-zone was officially signed using NSEC3 on July 23, 2010, and the root zone was updated July 26, 2010, to include the corresponding DS-record. Since August 1, 2010, customers' DS-records have been included in the DK-zone.


.dk, Second level domains
In general most companies and people register their desired domain name at the second level, e.g. company.dk and lastname.dk.


.dk, Third level domains
Third level domains are allocated by second level domain owners. The registry does not run, recommend nor endorse any general second level domains, such as .com.dk, for third parties, and they are generally not seen.


.dk, Oldest .dk domains
The oldest .dk domains still registered in DK Hostmaster's database, are the domains , , , , , ,  and  which were all registered in 1987 when .dk was registered. With the registration of .dk a dual naming with both .uucp and .dk names was introduced. Of these, diku.dk and ibt.dk can be said to be the oldest names, as these were the initial names on the Danish UUCP network started 2 January 1983.


.dm
.dm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Dominica. Registrants of a second-level .dm domain get the corresponding third-level names within .com.dm, .net.dm and .org.dm automatically included. There are no restrictions on who can register these names, but they are not very heavily used.


.dm
One example of a current ".dm" web property is a URL shortener, play.dm, used exclusively by Playdom, which is an example of domain hacking.


.do
.do is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Dominican Republic. has administered the domain since 1991.


.do
Gizmodo has also used this domain for shortener with the gizmo.do URL, as well as Nintendo with their ninten.do URL.


.dwg
DWG (from drawing) is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several  CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, BricsCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files.


.dwg, History
DWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, and subsequently licensed by Autodesk in 1982 as the basis for AutoCAD. From 1982 to 2009, Autodesk created versions of AutoCAD which wrote no fewer than 18 major variants of the DWG file format, none of which is publicly documented.


.dwg, History
The DWG format is probably the most widely used format for CAD drawings. Autodesk estimates that in 1998 there were in excess of two billion DWG files in existence.


.dwg, History
There are several claims to control of the DWG format. As the biggest and most influential creator of DWG files it is Autodesk who designs, defines, and iterates the DWG format as the native format for their CAD applications. Autodesk sells a read/write library, called RealDWG, under selective licensing terms for use in non-competitive applications. Several companies have attempted to reverse engineer Autodesk's DWG format, and offer software libraries to read and write Autodesk DWG files. The most successful is Open Design Alliance, a non-profit consortium created in 1998 by a number of software developers (including competitors to Autodesk), released a read/write/view library called the OpenDWG Toolkit, which was based on the MarComp AUTODIRECT libraries. (ODA has since rewritten and updated that code.)


.dwg, History
In 1998, Autodesk added file verification to AutoCAD R14.01, through a function called DWGCHECK. This function was supported by an encrypted checksum and product code (called a "watermark" by Autodesk), written into DWG files created by the program. In 2006 Autodesk modified AutoCAD 2007, to include "TrustedDWG technology", a function which would embed a text string within DWG files written by the program: "Autodesk DWG. This file is a Trusted DWG last saved by an Autodesk application or Autodesk licensed application."


.dwg, History
This helped Autodesk software users ensure that the files they were opening were created by an Autodesk, or RealDWG application, reducing risk of incompatibilities. AutoCAD would pop up a message, warning of potential stability problems, if a user opened a 2007 version DWG file which did not include this text string.


.dwg, History
In 2008 the Free Software Foundation asserted the need for an open replacement for the DWG format, as neither RealDWG nor DWGdirect are licensed on terms that are compatible with free software license like the GNU GPL. Therefore, the FSF placed the goal 'Replacement for OpenDWG libraries' in 10th place on their High Priority Free Software Projects list. Created in late 2009, GNU LibreDWG is a free software library released under the terms of the GNU GPLv3 license. It can read DWG files from version R13 up to 2021, and write R2000 DWG files.


.dwg, History
Also in 2008 Autodesk and Bentley Systems agreed on exchange of software libraries, including Autodesk RealDWG, to improve the ability to read and write the companies' respective DWG and DGN formats in mixed environments with greater fidelity. In addition, the two companies will facilitate work process interoperability between their AEC applications through supporting the reciprocal use of available Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
On November 13, 2006, Autodesk sued the Open Design Alliance alleging that its DWGdirect libraries infringed Autodesk's trademark for the word "Autodesk", by writing the TrustedDWG watermark (including the word "AutoCAD") into DWG files it created. Nine days later, Autodesk's attorneys won a broad and deep temporary restraining order against the Open Design Alliance. In April 2007, the suit was settled, essentially on Autodesk's terms, with Autodesk modifying the warning message in AutoCAD 2008 (to make it somewhat less alarming), and the Open Design Alliance removing support for writing the TrustedDWG watermark from its DWGdirect libraries.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
The effect of the temporary restraining order and subsequent consent decree was to render the Open Design Alliance's DWGdirect libraries, from one point of view, incapable of creating DWG files that are 100% compatible with AutoCAD Unsubstantiated claim..  Others point out that the failure of "100% compatibility" means only that loading such a drawing triggers an essentially irrelevant warning message when the file is opened in AutoCAD.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In 2006, Autodesk applied for registration of US trademarks on "DWG", "DWG EXTREME", "DWG TRUECONVERT", "REALDWG", "DWGX", "DWG TRUEVIEW". As early as 1996, Autodesk has disclaimed exclusive use of the DWG mark in US trademark filings. Out of these applications, only TRUSTEDDWG has been registered as a trademark by the USPTO. The REALDWG and DWGX registrations were opposed by SolidWorks. The DWG EXTREME, DWG TRUECONVERT, and DWG TRUEVIEW trademark registration applications all received substantial resistance, with the USPTO examining attorney requiring Autodesk to disclaim exclusive use of DWG as a condition for their registration.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In a non-final action in May 2007, the USPTO examining attorney refused to register the two DWG marks, as they are "merely descriptive" of the use of DWG as a file format name. In September 2007, Autodesk responded, claiming that DWG has gained a "secondary meaning," separate from its use as a generic file format name.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
As of June 22, 2008, all of Autodesk's DWG-related trademark registration proceedings were suspended by the USPTO, pending disposition of trademark opposition and cancellation petitions Autodesk had filed against the Open Design Alliance and Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corporation. The USPTO office actions notifying Autodesk of this noted that Autodesk was not the exclusive source of files with the format name DWG, and Autodesk does not control the use of DWG by others, either as a trademark or as a file format name, among other points.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In 2006, Autodesk filed an opposition with the USPTO to the trademark registration of DWGGATEWAY by SolidWorks. Autodesk subsequently filed a petition for cancellation of SolidWorks' trademark registration for DWGEDITOR. In both cases, Autodesk's basis was that they had "been using the DWG name with its CAD software products since at least as early as 1983." The opposition and cancellation actions were consolidated, and suspended pending disposition of Autodesk's US District Court suit against SolidWorks.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In early 2007, Autodesk petitioned the USPTO to cancel the Open Design Alliance's "OpenDWG" trademarks, claiming that they had been abandoned. This cancellation action was suspended pending disposition of Autodesk's US District Court suit against SolidWorks.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In 2008, Autodesk sued SolidWorks in US District Court, arguing that through its marketing efforts, the term "DWG" has lost its original generic meaning and taken on a secondary meaning referring specifically to Autodesk's proprietary drawing file format, and therefore any use of "DWG" in competitive products amounted to trademark infringement. In January 2010, on the morning that trial was scheduled to begin, Autodesk and SolidWorks settled the suit, with SolidWorks acknowledging Autodesk's trademark rights for DWG, surrendering its trademark registrations for its DWG related projects, and withdrawing its opposition to Autodesk's DWG-related trademark registrations.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In April 2010, Autodesk and the Open Design Alliance settled their suit, with the Open Design Alliance agreeing to cancel its DWG-based trademark registrations and cease use of DWG and DWG-based trademarks in its product marketing and branding. Because there was no adjudication in either case, the agreements between the parties are not binding upon the USPTO. In March 2010, the Office of the Deputy Commissioner for Trademark Examination Policy at the USPTO determined that evidence submitted by the Open Design Alliance two years earlier was relevant and supported a reasonable ground for refusal to register DWG as a trademark.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In June 2011 the USPTO issued a final refusal to register DWG as a trademark owned by Autodesk. They were quoted as saying:


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
DWG is merely descriptive of applicant's goods under Section 2(e)(1) of the Trademark Act for two reasons: (1) DWG is a recognized abbreviation for “drawing," and (2) .dwg is a file format used for computer-aided design (CAD) drawings made both with applicant's CAD software and others' CAD software.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
Autodesk appealed the decision. The USPTO affirmed in 2013 their refusal to recognise DWG as a trademark. Despite this, Autodesk websites still claimed DWG as a trademark after the decision.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In late 2014 Autodesk again lost, this time at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The judge dismissed all their arguments.


.dwg, History, Autodesk trademark
In 2015 Autodesk's website has a section title About DWG in which they try to make a distinction between .dwg as a file format and the DWG technology environment.


.dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software
As neither RealDWG nor DWGdirect are licensed on terms that are compatible with free software licenses like the GNU GPL, in 2008 the Free Software Foundation asserted the need for an open replacement for the DWG format. Therefore, the FSF placed the goal 'Replacement for OpenDWG libraries' in 10th place on their High Priority Free Software Projects list. Forked in late 2009 from libDWG, GNU LibreDWG can read all DWG files from version R13 on.


.dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software
But the LibreDWG library, offered under the GNU GPLv3, could initially not be used by most targeted FOSS graphic software, such as FreeCAD, LibreCAD and Blender, because of a GPLv2/GPLv3 license incompatibility. A GPLv2 licensed alternative is the libdxfrw project, which can read simple DWGs. Some of these CAD licenses were only fixed recently to be able to use LibreDWG's GPLv3.


.dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software
FreeCAD is a free and open-source application that can work with the DWG files by using the proprietary ODA File Converter for .dwg and .dxf files from the Open Design Alliance (ODA). The ODA also provides a freeware stand-alone viewer for .dwg and .dgn files, ODA Drawings Explorer, which runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.


.dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software
LibreCAD is a free and open-source 2D CAD application that can open DWG and DXF files using its own library.


.dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software
Autodesk DWG TrueView is a freeware, closed source, stand-alone DWG viewer with DWG TrueConvert software included, built on the same viewing engine as AutoCAD software. The freeware Autodesk Design Review software adds a possibility to open DWG files in Design Review to take advantage of measure and markup capabilities, sheet set organization, and status tracking.


.dz
.dz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Algeria (from Dzayer, the local name for Algeria).


.dz
It is administered by Network Internet Center. DZ, a subdivision of CERIST (Centre de Recherche sur l'Information Scientifique et Technique). To apply for a .dz domain name, one must be an organization with a permanent presence in Algeria, and choose a name of three or more letters. Currently, NIC.DZ charges 1000 Algerian dinars a year (about US$8).


.dz, Second-Level domains
Registrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:


.dz, Second top-level domain
A second top-level domain will be used for Algeria, intended for domain names in the local language, using Arabic characters: الجزائر. It was registered in 2011 and is represented as .xn--lgbbat1ad8j for the DNS name.


.earth
.earth is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. It was delegated to Interlink Co., Ltd. on 12 May 2015.


.earth, Reference section
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.earth, Reference section
This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


.ec
.ec is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ecuador.


.ec, Domains and Subdomains
Registrations are made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath these names:


.ec, Notable incidents involving .ec domains
In November 2016, one of the mirror domains of Archive.is , "archive.ec", did not work for a period of 8 consecutive days due to a software bug in the .ec registry


.eco
.eco is a top-level domain (TLD). It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program and became available to the general public on April 25, 2017. The registry is advised by a council of organizations.


.eco
The .eco domain is unique in that it requires a two-stage activation process. After registering a .eco domain, the domain is registered and placed on a 'hold' status. Registrants are then sent an activation email. This email invites registrants to walk-through a simple process in which they make a public pledge: "We pledge to support positive change for the planet and to be honest when sharing information on environmental actions.” registrants are also required to select a number of sustainable development goals that they want to work towards achieving. The pledge and priorities are amalgamated at . This allows any member of the public to identify who is behind a particular .eco domain.


.eco
This approach was designed in consultation with environmental organizations to minimize disinformation and other forms abuse arising from the use of the domain. Registrants are encouraged to link from their .eco website to their .eco profiles as a way of fostering further transparency. The registry also reserves the right to suspend and or take-down domains that contravene their pledge. Details on this process and policy are described here:


.eco
The .eco domain was highly contested and was one of very few 'community priority domains' selected by ICANN. Further details on this process are available here: . The community priority evaluation result can be found here:


.edu
The domain name edu is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The domain was implemented in 1985 for the purpose of creating a domain name hierarchy for organizations with a focus on education, even for non-U.S.-affiliated entities. Since 2001, new registrants for second-level domain names have been required to be United States–affiliated institutions of higher education.


.edu, History
The domain edu was implemented in April 1985 as a generic top-level domain. Six universities were the initial registrants that month. UCLA was among this group of the first schools to have their URLs registered. And while the first ARPAnet message was sent from UCLA to Stanford, Stanford did not have their URL registered until half a year after these first schools, becoming the 18th .edu site.


.edu, History
Until 2001, Network Solutions served as registrar for edu under an arrangement with the U.S. Department of Commerce. Domain registration was done at no cost to educational institutions. In 2001, the Commerce Department entered into a five-year agreement with Educause making that organization the registrar for the .edu domain. The agreement with Educause was extended for an additional five-year period in 2006; at that time Educause was authorized to begin charging a yearly administrative fee to registrants.


.edu, History
The domain edu was originally intended for educational institutions anywhere in the world. However, most of the institutions that obtained edu registrations were in the United States, while non-U.S. educational institutions typically used country-level domains. In 1993, a decision attributed to Jon Postel limited new registrations in the edu domain to four-year postsecondary educational institutions. This prevented new edu registrations by community colleges and other institutions offering less than four years of postsecondary schooling.


.edu, History
Enforcement of the restrictions in the 1990s was not entirely effective. The webmaster for the Exploratorium, a San Francisco science museum, recalled in 2006 that the museum obtained its edu domain name at a time in the early 1990s "when there were about 600 websites and only one for a museum." The museum's Internet registrar allowed it to sidestep the then-extant domain-naming rules by using edu in spite of not being an academic institution and by using a name with more than 12 characters. Some community colleges were reported to have registered edu second-level names after 1993. In 1999 an article in Mother Earth News quoted an authority on distance education as saying, "Anyone who has the necessary $70 can register an edu domain name and use it to archive any type of enterprise on the Internet."


.edu, History
In 2001, the domain was restricted to U.S.-accredited postsecondary educational institutions. Subsequent changes expanded its use beyond four-year institutions, allowing registrations by accredited community colleges as well as by university systems, community college districts, and similar entities.


.edu, History
Between 2004 and 2019, the number of registered names in domain edu remained relatively constant, with more than 7,000 but fewer than 8,000 names registered at any given time .


.edu, Eligibility
Since October 29, 2001, only postsecondary institutions and organizations that are institutionally accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies are eligible to apply for an edu domain. To be eligible, an institution must be located in the U.S., legally organized in the U.S., or recognized by a U.S. state, territorial, or federal agency. University system offices, community college district offices, and other entities within the United States that are organized to manage and govern multiple accredited postsecondary institutions may also register .edu domain names. Each eligible institution is limited to registering one .edu domain name, but institutions may also use names in other top-level domains.


.edu, Grandfathered uses
Domains that were already registered in edu as of October 29, 2001, were grandfathered into the system. Holders of such domain names can retain their edu domain names without regard to the current eligibility criteria.


.edu, Grandfathered uses
In 2003, Educause undertook an initiative to purge the edu registry of domain names that were not accurately registered by removing names whose registrants did not respond to requests that they log into the registry and review their whois entries. Through this effort, Educause expected to eliminate a number of domains that did not appear to qualify for registration in the edu domain, such as oracle.edu, geraldine.edu, and jedi.edu. Since 2006, Educause has been authorized to implement measures to prevent edu domain name owners from transferring their domain names to other entities. These measures, together with the imposition of registration fees, were intended to reduce the number of inactive or ineligible edu domain names.


.edu, Grandfathered uses
The U.S. Department of Education notes that some "suspect" or "illegitimate" educational institutions continue to use edu addresses that were registered before the stringent eligibility criteria were adopted in 2001.


.edu, Related domains
Many countries operate edu or .ac namespaces within their country code top-level domains that serve the same purpose as the edu top-level domain. In the United States, community colleges and technical and vocational schools also have the option of registering fourth-level domains under the .cc.state.us and .tec.state.us affinity namespaces, while elementary and secondary schools and school districts may register under the .k12.state.us namespace.


.edu, Related domains
In September 2015, the .college top-level domain emerged as an option for organizations that do not meet edu's more stringent criteria, such as non-accredited institutions and institutions based outside the United States.


.edu (second-level domain)
The sequence .edu (short for educational) is in use in many countries as a second-level domain for academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes.


.edu (second-level domain)
Many countries use .ac for the same purpose. Still others do not maintain a second-level domain specifically for academic institutions. In France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, for example, each institution will have its own second-level domain (thus sorbonne.fr for the Sorbonne, hslu.ch for the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and tum.de for the Technical University of Munich). In Italy, this applies only for university and higher education institutions, such as Sapienza University of Rome whose website is uniroma1.it, or unibo.it for the University of Bologna and so on. In the past, schools had to use the .gov.it domain. That changed with Agid's Order no.36 of February 12th, 2018.


.edu (second-level domain)
In some countries, both .edu and .ac second-level domains exist, differentiating between different types of academic institutions. China, for example, announced in 2006 that it would use .edu.cn for educational institutions and .ac.cn for research institutions.


.ee
.ee is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Estonia, operated by the Estonian Internet Foundation.


.ee, History
The top-level domain .ee was introduced in 1992 and was operated by EENet until July 2010. The administrator of .ee domain was the academic Endel Lippmaa. There was a limit of one domain name per legal entity, and registrations of additional names to protect trademarks were specifically denied because "The domain name has no trademark status". As domains under .ee were meant to be an institution's identification on the Internet (like the register code in the commercial register), registration of additional domains in the defense of a trademark or a name form is not possible. Valid registrations were free of charge.


.ee, Domain relaunch
The new order of registration of .ee TLD became available on 5 July 2010. Estonian Internet Foundation took over .ee ccTLD registry functions from EENet. All existing domains registered before the transition had to be re-registered during a 6-month transition period which ended on 5 January 2011. Registration services can be done through accredited registrars listed on Estonian Internet Foundation website.


.ee, Domain relaunch
After relaunch, new .ee domain rules allow unlimited number of domains to be registered by private and legal persons directly under .ee. Foreign entities and persons can register .ee domains. Domain disputes are handled by Domain Disputes Committee. Domains can be registered and renewed for 1, 2 and 3 years.


.ee, Registration fee
Registration fee for registrars is set to 6, 12, 18 euros in 2017 depending on the registration period. The final cost is influenced by competition on the market.


.ee, Domain hacks
Linktree, a social media landing page service, uses the .ee domain (linktr.ee). Adventist World Radio, a refugee info and charity service, also uses the .ee domain (refug.ee).


.ee, Criticism
The new order of domain registering in 2010 was met with great controversy. The relaunch of the registry was at one point delayed to be reassessed. When the relaunch was finalized, the annual fee for a .ee domain was announced to be 285 Estonian kroons (18.2 euros) plus tax, which was met with wide criticism. A list of shortcomings was presented in a public notice to Estonian Internet Foundation by Tõnu Samuel and Jaan Jänesmäe, mentioning that the .ee domain had become the most expensive TLD in Europe. Their cause gained over 800 supporters on Facebook.


.ee, Criticism
The NGO Estonian Internet Community was founded partly as a reaction to the controversial domain reform with 22 founding members. Its board is made up of Tõnu Samuel, Elver Loho and Heiti Kender. Recently it noted on its blog that several of its members had lost faith in the possibility of any sort of compromise and had independently written e-mails to IANA asking them to step in to resolve the controversy.


.ee, Criticism
Over the following years the annual fee has gradually dropped, reaching 6 euros on 1 January 2017.


.eg
.eg is the Latin alphabet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Egypt. Any entity who wants to register a domain name ending with .eg must have a local representative or the domain name has to be hosted on Egyptian DNS servers. Egypt's Arabic alphabet ccTLD is .مصر.


.eg, Second-level domains
There are eleven second-level domains. Registrations are possible at the second level (directly under .eg) or at the third level beneath these names.


.eh
Western Sahara is a disputed territory, and as such it has no country code top-level domain (ccTLD). .eh is reserved for this purpose, and will be assigned if the Western Sahara conflict results in an agreement between Morocco and armies in the territory. IANA has not designated a ccTLD manager for the .eh domain.


.eh, History
The letters .eh correspond to "Sáhara Español" (ESH, as Western Sahara was previously called Spanish Sahara) and also match Saguia el-Hamra, one of two provinces in the earlier Spanish Sahara.


.eh, History
On August 1, 2007, an international consortium made a bid to IANA to administer the .eh domain on behalf of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco, which controls most of Western Sahara, has made competing claims to the domain.


.eh, History
On October 16, 2007, ICANN decided not to delegate .eh at all, with the explanation that:


.eh, History
there are currently two applicants for the delegation of the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .EH (Western Sahara). Both requests meet the technical criteria for managing a top-level domain. In cases like this, IANA has a long-standing policy of requesting that the two contesting applicants work together to find a mutual solution that will serve the needs of the local Internet community in the best possible fashion. ICANN does not see a way to approve the .EH ccTLD delegation to one of the applicants without violating its long-standing policy unless the contesting parties are able to reach an agreement.


.eh, History
The two applicants remain armed belligerents; no such agreement has been reached and the domain remains inactive.


.eh, Release
On April 1, 2013 the Canadian Internet Registration Authority announced it would be releasing .eh domain names to consumers as part of an April Fools' Day joke, the TLD being a play on the stereotypical Canadian interjection "eh".


.er
.er is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Eritrea.


.er, 2nd level domains
A number of second level domains exist, although there is no information available about their exact purposes (although inferences can be made) or restrictions.


.es
.es is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain.


.es
Registrations are permitted at the second level or at the third level beneath various generic second level categories. Some qualifications and restrictions apply to third-level registrations depending on which second-level domain they are within. Second-level registrations have had some limitations including requiring registrants to have a connection with Spain, but these restrictions were lifted in a multi-stage process completed by the end of 2005, at which point registrations at the second level of .es were open to anybody worldwide.


.es
The .es domain does not have a conventional WHOIS server operating on port 43, but WHOIS queries can be made using a page on ESNIC's website.


.es, Alternatives
Until the liberalization in November 2005, registering in .es was expensive and encumbered compared to other ccTLDs. The second-level word had to be either a trade mark valid in Spain, the exact name of the registering business or association, or the first name and at least the first surname of the registering individual. Common words and placenames were unregisterable. There was also a requirement of a minimum of three characters in the name, though some exceptions like  (Hewlett-Packard Spain) and  (People's Party) were allowed. As an alternative many Spanish organizations registered under .com, .org or .net.


.es, Usage
Although very popular in Spain for its intended use, .es has been used for domain hacks such as geociti.es, a website mirroring Geocities; adspac.es, a mobile-based advertising firm; broni.es, a forum for fans of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic; thelettervsixtim.es, for the game VVVVVV; and iTun.es for iTunes Ping URL shortening.


.et
.et is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ethiopia. Registrars offer second- and third-level domains.


.et
Ethio Telecom, the state-owned telecommunication services provider of Ethiopia, is the registry operator of the domain, and is supported by the registry system developed by ZDNS, an internet infrastructure service provider from China.


.eu
.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.


.eu
The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.


.eu, History, Establishment
The .eu ccTLD was approved by ICANN on 22 March 2005 and put in the Internet root zone on 2 May 2005. Even though the EU is not a country (it is a sui generis intergovernmental and supranational organisation), it has an exceptional reservation in ISO 3166. The Commission and ICANN had extended negotiations lasting more than five years to secure its acceptance.


.eu, History, Establishment
.eu.int was the subdomain most used by the European Commission and the European Parliament, based on the .int generic top-level domain (gTLD) for international bodies, until 9 May 2006. The .eu domain (ccTLD) was launched in December 2005, and because of this most .eu.int domain names changed to .europa.eu on Europe day, 9 May 2006.


.eu, History, Sunrise period
The Sunrise Period was broken into two phases. The first phase, which began on 7 December 2005 was to facilitate applications by registrants with prior rights based on trademarks and geographic names. The second phase began on 7 February 2006 and covered company, trade and personal names. In the case of all Sunrise applications, the application needed to be accompanied by documents proving the claim to ownership of a certain right. The decision was then made by PricewaterhouseCoopers Belgium, which had been chosen as the validation agent by EURid.


.eu, History, Sunrise period
On 7 February 2006, the registry was opened for company, trade and personal names. In the first 15 minutes, there were 27,949 total applications, and after one hour, 71,235.


.eu, History, Landrush
On 7 April 2006 at 11 am CET registration became possible for non-trademark holders. Most people requesting domains had asked their registrars to put their requested domains in a queue, ensuring the best chance to register a domain. This way more than 700,000 domains were registered during the first 4 hours of operation. Some large registrars like Go Daddy and small registrars like Dotster suffered from long queues and unresponsiveness, allowing people to 'beat the queue' by registering through a registrar that had already processed its queue. By August 2006, 2 Million .eu domains had been registered. It was then fourth-largest ccTLD in Europe, after .de, .uk and .nl, and is one of the largest internationally.


.eu, History, Landrush
The number of .eu domain registrations during the year after the landrush 7 April 2006 to 6 April 2007 seems to have peaked at approximately 2.6 million .eu domains. The market adjustment that follows a landrush in any domain name extension ensures that the number of registered domains will fall as many speculative domain registrations that failed to be resold will not be renewed. This is sometimes referred to as the Junk Dump. On the morning of 7 April 2007, the number of active .eu domains stood at 2,590,160 with approximately 15,000 domains having been deleted since 5 April 2007.


.eu, History, Stabilisation
Approximately 1.5 million .eu domains were up for renewal in April 2007. The EURid registry software is based on the DNS.be software and domains are physically renewed at the end of the month of their anniversary of registration. This process differs from more sophisticated registries like that of .com TLD and other ccTLDs that operate on a daily basis. As with any post-landrush phase, an extension shrinks as the Junk Dump takes effect.


.eu, History, Stabilisation
Over one year after the launch of .eu (5 July 2007), the number of .de domains registered was 11,079,557 according to the , while number of German owned .eu domains according to  was 796,561. The number of .uk domains registered was 6,038,732 according to . The number of apparently UK owned .eu domains was 344,584.


.eu, History, Stabilisation
The extent of the shrinkage of .eu ccTLD is difficult to estimate because EURid does not publish detailed statistics on the number of new domains registered each day. Instead it provides only a single figure for the number of active domains. The number of new registrations are combined with numbers of domains registered. Approximately 250,000 .eu domains were either deleted or moved into quarantine by 30 April 2007. In the intervening years the renewal rate has stabilised to approximately 80%, which is above the industry average.


.eu, History, Brexit
On 29 March 2018, as a consequence of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, it was announced that "as of the withdrawal date, undertakings and organisations that are established in the United Kingdom but not in the EU, and natural persons who reside in the United Kingdom will no longer be eligible to register .eu domain names or, if they are .eu registrants, to renew .eu domain names registered before the withdrawal date".


.eu, History, Brexit
The commission announced on 27 April 2018 that it would like to open registration to all EU and EEA citizens, including those living outside the EU. The Parliament, the council, and the Commission reached an agreement on this in December 2018, and the corresponding regulation passed the Parliament on 31 January 2019.


.eu, History, Brexit
The 317,000 British .eu domain names were subject to Brexit negotiations because the .eu domain is reserved for European Union use. The .eu Brexit would have occurred on 30 March 2020, in case of no deal, but had since been postponed to January 2021.


.eu, History, Brexit
British citizens had their .eu domains suspended on January 1 2021 for three months, during this time they can reactivate the domain if they change their address to an EEA-member country or can otherwise prove their EEA citizenship. If they do not prove their EEA citizenship in this time, their domain will be deleted in March 2021.


.eu, History, Brexit
The UK Government released guidance for British citizens regarding .eu domains in October 2020, and .eu holders with a British address attached have been contacted twice by the domain registry regarding their domains – once in October 2020, once in December 2020.


.eu, History, Brexit
The UK-EU free trade deal does not cover .eu domains.


.eu, Use by the European Union institutions
The second-level domain .europa.eu has been reserved for EU institution sites, with institutions and agencies making the switch from .eu.int to .europa.eu domains on the Europe day of 9 May 2006.


.eu, Actual use
The main users of .eu domains are websites with pan-European or cross-border intentions and audiences. It is often used to emphasise the 'European identity' of a website, as opposed to the website having a strictly national ccTLD or global "dotcom" nature. Alternative (opportunistic) uses include Basque webpages (as the initial letters of Euskadi or the language Euskara) and Romanian, Portuguese, or Galician personal sites, as eu is the equivalent of the English pronoun 'I' in those languages.


.eu, Actual use
In most countries of the EU, the national ccTLDs have the major share of the market with the remainder spread over .com/.net/.org/.info/.biz. As a result of this, .eu has had an uphill battle to gain a significant share of these national markets. The dominant players tend to be the national ccTLD and .com. The other TLDs such as .net, .org and to a lesser extent .info and .biz have progressively smaller shares of these national markets.


.eu, Actual use
Some .eu domain names have had some popularity, such as torrentz2.eu. As of November 2019, according to the Tranco rank, the top 100 thousand most popular domains in the world included over 200 .eu domains.


.eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects
As of around 2010, some statistics indicated a large number of .eu domains being used to direct to other domains.


.eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects
According to page 20 of EURid's , the breakdown of .eu domain ownership figures on 31 December 2006 was:


.eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects
The number of registrants with five domains or fewer registered in .eu ccTLD was, according to these statistics, 805,316. These registrants accounted for 1,128,454 domains out of 2,444,947 .eu domains registered as of 31 December 2006. These registrations, typically those of individuals and companies protecting their brand, only represent 46% of the number of registered .eu domains.


.eu, Cyrillic domain
.ею, a top-level domain using Cyrillic letters was put into operation on 1 June 2016. A Cyrillic domain was needed because Bulgaria, a member of the EU, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Keyboards and smartphones used in Bulgaria have special key combinations to change script, but in order to avoid that, all-Cyrillic addresses are used. The EU is called ЕС (Европейски Съюз) in Bulgarian Cyrillic, but .ес (in Cyrillic letters) is much too similar to .ec (in Latin letters), the existing top-level domain of Ecuador, so .ею was chosen. (While some Latin and Cyrillic letters may look identical, they have different character encodings and are distinct for data processing purposes. Consequently, there is an opportunity for misrepresentation unless steps are taken to prevent abusive registration).


.eu, Cyrillic domain
EURid has a rule that the second-level domain name must be in the same script as the top-level domain, so Cyrillic second-level domains must go under .ею instead of .eu, and all domain names under .ею must be spelt using Cyrillic. Older Cyrillic domains under .eu were cloned into .ею at its launch.


.eu, Greek domain
An application for a top-level domain using Greek letters, .ευ was submitted in 2016.


.eu, Greek domain
The application was originally turned down because it was too visually similar to .eu. The Greek name of the EU is Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ), but .εε would be too visually similar to .ee, the top-level domain of Estonia.


.eu, Greek domain
In 2019 steps were taken towards approving .ευ as a domain. The proposal was to have one and the same registry manager of .eu, .eю and .ευ, which shall make sure second-level domains are not visually similar and in the long-term assign all Cyrillic domains under .eu to .eю and all Greek letters domains to .ευ. .ευ domain names were officially launched in November 2019.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
Domain name speculation, domain name warehousing and cybersquatting are always features of the launch of any new TLD; however, this was more widespread in the case of the .eu launch.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
Bob Parsons, CEO and co-founder of GoDaddy, criticized the landrush process designed by EURid. Particularly, he condemned the use of shell companies by some registrars. In his blog, he stated "These companies, instead of only registering their real active registrars, created hundreds of new "phantom" registrars." Parsons cited a group of about 400 companies, all with similar address and contact information based in New York, each registered as an LLC; in his opinion, these were phantom registrars "created to hijack the .EU landrush."


.eu, Allegations of abuse
These "phantom" registrars effectively had hundreds of opportunities of registering a domain whereas a genuine registrar effectively only had one opportunity to register the same domain. Thus some registrants were crowded out of the .eu landrush process and many generic .eu domain names are now owned by the companies using these "phantom" registrars.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
Patrik Lindén, spokesman for EURid at the time, denied the allegations by Parsons, stating that "[EURid] verified that each registrar was an individual legal entity. Each had to sign an agreement with us, and prepay €10,000." Parsons didn't dispute that each registrar was a separate legal entity, but noted that creating such entities was trivial: "Mr. Linden seemed proud that the EURid registry verified that each applicant was a legal entity before it was accredited. Take a moment and think about what that means.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
You can form a "legal entity" for $50 – an LLC – and you are good to go. Is that what we want a registry to do? Don't we want them instead to make sure that the organization it allows to provide end-users with its domain names – especially Europe's very own domain name – are actually in the domain name registration business?"


.eu, Allegations of abuse
Others claimed that .eu domain had been actively targeted during the sunrise period by speculators using fast-track Benelux trademarks to create prior rights on various high-value generic terms and during the landrush by speculators using EU front companies in the UK and Cyprus to register large numbers of domains. While speculative activity occurred with the launch of other domains, it was the scale of the activity that called into question the competence of EURid in protecting the integrity of eu ccTLD.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
The EURid organisation investigated some allegations of abuse, and in July 2006 announced the suspension of over 74,000 domain names and that they were suing 400 registrars for breach of contract. The status of the domains was changed from active to on-hold. This meant that the domains could not be moved or have their ownership changed. The registrars also lost their access to the EURid registration database meaning that they could no longer register .eu domain names.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
The legal action relates to the practice of domain name warehousing, whereby large numbers of domain names are registered, often by registrars, with the intention of subsequently selling them on to third parties. EURid rules state that applications for domains can only be made after a legitimate application has been made to a registrar. The 74,000 applications were made in the name of only three Cyprus registered companies – Ovidio Ltd., Fausto Ltd. and Gabino Ltd.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
The affected registrars, joined in the action by the affected registrants, obtained a provisional order from the Court of First Instance in Brussels, Belgium on 27 September 2006. The court ordered EURid to release the blocked domain names or else pay a fine of €25,000 per hour for each affected domain name. EURid complied with the court order and changed the status of the domains from on-hold to active and restored EURid registration database access to the affected registrars.


.eu, Allegations of abuse
The main legal action, that of EURid seeking the registrar agreements between EURid and the registrars in question to be dissolved has still to be heard.


.eus
.eus is the top-level domain for the Basque language. The abbreviation eus comes from the Basque endonym euskara, meaning "Basque language". Previously to its creation, .eu (European Union) domain was also used for this purpose, although unofficially.


.eus
In 2008, dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT, and dotBZH formed ECLID. On 10 June 2013, ICANN approved the creation of the domain. Use of the domain name was restricted until March–April 2014. However, ICANN facilitated an eus qualified launch program that allowed certain websites to claim a .eus domain before this General Registration date.


.eus
As of March 2020, there were 10,030 active domains in the .eus domain zone.


.example
The name example is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.


.example, Reserved DNS names
By publication of  in 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.


.example, Reserved DNS names
The reason for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.


.example, Purpose
The top-level domain example is explicitly intended to be used in documentation or other technical writing, when domain names are presented as examples in usage or presentation of concepts of the Domain Name System or the Internet.


.exe
.exe is a common filename extension denoting an executable file (the main execution point of a computer program) for Microsoft Windows.


.exe, File formats
There are numerous file formats which may be used by a file with a .exe extension:


.exe, File formats, Windows
When a 16-bit or 32-bit Windows executable is run by Windows, execution starts at either the NE or the PE, and ignores the MZ code known as DOS stub. Started in DOS the stub typically displays a message "This program cannot be run in DOS mode" (or similar) before exiting cleanly, this thereby constituting a minimal form of fat binary. A few dual-mode programs (MZ-NE or MZ-PE) such as regedit and older WinZIP self extractors include a more functional DOS section.


.exe, File formats, Windows, IExpress
IExpress is Windows program that makes self-extracting .exe files. It uses self-extraction directive (.sed) files to extract files, optionally running an installation command. It supports package titles, confirmation prompts, license agreements, and post-install commands using an .inf file.


.exe, Other
Besides these, there are also many custom EXE formats, including but not limited to W3 (a collection of LE files, only used in WIN386.EXE), W4 (a compressed collection of LE files, only used in VMM32.VXD), DL, MP, P2, P3 (last three used byPhar Lap extenders).


.exe (Person of Interest)
".exe" is the 12th episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 102nd overall episode of the series and is written by executive producer Greg Plageman and supervising producer Erik Mountain and directed by Plageman on his directorial debut. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on June 14, 2016.


.exe (Person of Interest)
The series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as "The Machine" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team follows "irrelevant" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. However, their security and safety is put in danger following the activation of a new program named Samaritan. In the episode, Finch sets out to destroy Samaritan with a virus, despite knowing it will also kill the Machine. The title refers to ".exe", a common filename extension denoting an executable file for Microsoft Windows.


.exe (Person of Interest)
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 6.27 million household viewers and gained a 1.0/4 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the writing, directing, acting, use of the alternate scenarios and set-up for the finale.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
During a talk with Finch (Michael Emerson) while he works on the ICE-9 virus, the Machine (Amy Acker) produces an alternate scenario where the Machine was never created.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
In Finch's scenario, Ingram (Brett Cullen) is alive, their company is still active, Finch was not injured but feels saddened at feeling lost in the world and never met Grace.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
In Fusco's (Kevin Chapman) scenario, he ratted out on HR to avoid prison, which led to their dismissal but he is reviled by the rest of the precinct. Szymanski (Michael McGlone) is still alive and they use new DNA database to solve crimes. In this scenario, Carter is still alive and for her actions in taking down HR, she was promoted to Lieutenant.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
In Shaw's (Sarah Shahi) scenario, she still works for ISA with Michael Cole (Ebon Moss-Bachrach), who is still alive. She assassinates Henry Peck (Jacob Pitts) after he reveals his knowledge of a mass surveillance system. Due to this, she never met Root.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
In Reese's (Jim Caviezel) scenario, he returned in time to the country to prevent Peter from killing Jessica. However, his past caught up with him and Jessica left him. Without a purpose in life, Reese died a few months later.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios
In Root's scenario, she works for Greer (John Nolan) and Samaritan, who now expanded its reach. When Senator Garrison (John Doman) expresses concern for the purpose of Samaritan, Greer assigns Root to kill him.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario
Reese and Shaw find that the Machine produced the number for Greer through an alias. They then receive the coordinates to Fort Meade and deduce that Finch may target the NSA and Greer. At the precinct, Fusco finds that the corpses at the tunnel were discovered and Agent LeRoux (David Aaron Baker) has found out about his secret investigation. LeRoux reveals himself to be the killer and tries to kill Fusco but Fusco subdues him but questions whether to kill him or let him live.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario
Finch infiltrates Fort Meade but due to the building serving as a Faraday cage, loses contact with the Machine after he enters. He manages to gain access to the server room and starts uploading the virus. The virus is complete but it requires a voice password confirmation and Samaritan's agents arrive at the room to retrieve Finch. They take him to a base of operations in the building to meet Greer, who warns that Samaritan is working on something called "The Great Filter". Reese and Finch have infiltrated Fort Meade and are instructed by the Machine to get to an evidence room to retrieve a wireless modem.


.exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario
Greer once again tries to convince Finch to join Samaritan but Finch refuses. However, their talk revealed that Finch is the only one who can activate the virus and Greer locks himself and Finch in a room where their oxygen starts dropping. Greer dies for lack of oxygen but Finch manages to escape thanks to the Machine, who managed to gain access to the building thanks to Reese and Shaw using the modem. After evading the Samaritan agents, Finch instructs Reese and Shaw to leave the building while he goes to activate the virus. The reason behind the alternate scenarios was to convince Finch to activate the virus as Samaritan would continue existing but nothing would stand on its way. Despite knowing the virus will kill the Machine as well, Finch activates it and leaves Samaritan's base of operations as it starts glitching.


.exe (Person of Interest), Production, Development
The episode marked executive producer Greg Plageman's directorial debut and it was his last writing credit for the series. He said, "the big lesson I learned is if you ever get that feeling that you're completely terrified by doing something because you're not sure how it'll work out, then you should definitely do that thing. Because that was this episode for me.


.exe (Person of Interest), Production, Development
It certainly arrived at the perfect time for me since it was the second to last episode and it was something we'd talked about doing and it hadn't come up, so I thought 'Well, if I'm going to direct, I'm going to do that and I'm going to get Michael Emerson to be in, like, every scene.'" On the concept of the Machine never been created, Plageman said, "That was a lot of fun, extrapolating what that world would have looked like if Samaritan had emerged and become more dominant. And also, what's really fun is bringing back some people we missed from the past and seeing what would have happened to them."


.exe (Person of Interest), Production, Casting
Plageman revealed that the original concept for the episode involved the return of many characters including Annie Parisse as Kara Stanton and Michael Kelly as Agent Mark Snow but scheduling conflicts forced them to abandon some ideas.


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers
In its original American broadcast, ".exe" was seen by an estimated 6.27 million household viewers and gained a 1.0/4 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 4 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 2% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 6.36 million viewers with a 1.0/3 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, Person of Interest was the most watched show on CBS for the night, third on its timeslot and fifth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind To Tell the Truth, Maya & Marty, Uncle Buck, and America's Got Talent.


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers
With Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 8.75 million viewers with a 1.5 in the 18-49 demographics.


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews
".exe" received extremely positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an "amazing" 9 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, "The combination of alternate Machine-free lives and the final fifteen minutes (Finch vs. Greer, Finch in God Mode, Reese and Shaw as back up, Samaritan reaching out to Finch before its flickering demise) made '.exe' a tremendous penultimate chapter."


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews
LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "Person of Interest takes all of those assumptions about what '.exe' will be like from that very first 'what if?' simulation and decides to flip them on their head. The 'what if?' simulations are still a part of the bigger decision, but unlike most versions of this story, Person of Interest doesn't make it easy to lean in one direction or the other."


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews
Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Is defeating Samaritan worth the price? That's one of several questions asked in tonight's penultimate episode, where Person of Interest explores what a world would look like without The Machine."


.exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews
Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.8 star rating out of 5 and wrote "It's bittersweet knowing that this exciting series is coming to and end, but the penultimate episode did a wonderful job of leading us into that final chapter."


.fi
.fi is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Finland. It is operated by TRAFICOM, the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency.


.fi
On 4 December 1986, an application to register a top-level domain for Finland was sent by the Finnish Unix Users Group from Tampere. The application was accepted and the administration of .fi TLD was granted to Tampere University of Technology. Later the administration was transferred first to FICIX and later to TRAFICOM.


.fi
In the past TRAFICOM regulated .fi domains very strictly. Domain names were only admitted to company names or companies that owned trademarks. This policy led to Finnish companies applying for domains under other top-level domains. The policy was changed on 1 September 2003. Since September 2016 anyone worldwide is permitted to register domain names under the .fi TLD.


.fi
.fi was once best known among non-Finnish internet users as the TLD of the Penet remailer (anon.penet.fi), a privately operated server which enabled users to post e-mail and Usenet messages anonymously in the early 1990s. Another popular .fi address in the early 1990s was nic.funet.fi, one of the largest public file servers at the time which made Finland the only country outside the US that sent out more data than it received.


.fi
Since 1 September 2005, .fi domains may contain Scandinavian letters (ä, å, ö), though they are not recommended to be used as the primary domain. Since 1 March 2006, private persons have also been able to apply for a domain name. Some restrictions still apply, for example, company names or trademarks can only be applied for by the companies concerned.


.fi
It can also be (although not popular) be used for domain hacking as well. Examples like Spotify who has a domain hack called Spoti.fiFICORA began supporting Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) on .fi domain names in late 2010.


.fj
.fj is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Fiji. Domain names can not be registered directly under .fj, but must be registered as a third level name. The .fj TLD was registered in 1992 and is currently administered by The University of the South Pacific IT Services.


.fj, Second-Level Domains
These are the second-level domains that websites may be registered under:


.fk
.fk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands.


.fk
Only registrations at third levels are possible under these second-level sub-domains:


.fm
.fm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Federated States of Micronesia, an independent island nation located in the Pacific Ocean.


.fm
Except for reserved names like .com.fm, .net.fm, .org.fm and others, any person in the world can register a .fm domain for a fee, much of the income from which goes to the government and people of the islands. The domain name is popular (and thus economically valuable) for FM radio stations and streaming audio websites (other similar ccTLDs are .am, .tv, .cd, .dj and .mu); a notable example is Last.fm, a social music website.


.fm
On March 29, 2018, .fm began allowing registration of emoji domains.


.fm, Usage
Aside from Micronesians and the audio streaming industry, the ccTLD is also used by companies such as:


.fo
.fo is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Faroe Islands.


.fo, History
The .fo domain was operated by UNI-C, the Danish University Network organisation until June 1997. It then passed under the control of Tele2 DK, who had bought the activities of UNI-C as part of a privatisation.


.fo, History
In July 1998, the operation was handed to nic.fo as a gesture of good will - and recognition that .fo was indeed Faroese.


.fo, Registration rules
Type A registrations must respond to a trademark of the registrant.


.fo, Registration rules
Type B registrations are possible if you do not hold a matching trademark. Any entity which owns the corresponding trademark can file an opposition within 20 days after the domain registration and be awarded the concerned domain name itself.


.fr
.fr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France. It is administered by AFNIC. The domain includes all individuals and organizations registered at the Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération (AFNIC). AFNIC pays 90% of the profits for the domain.


.fr
Since 2004, websites registered with the .fr domain are archived and preserved by the Bibliothèque nationale de France.


.fr, Requirements
In order to purchase and use a .fr domain, they must be a resident of the European Union or an EFTA member state (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein).


.fr, Requirements, British restrictions
Due to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, since January 1 2021 UK residents are not able to register new .fr domains. However, the AFNIC has stated that all domains registered before December 31 2020 by Britons will not be affected.


.frl
.frl is the Internet top-level domain for Friesland. .frl domain names are issued by FRLregistry B.V., which is responsible for the top-level domain '.frl'. On September 1, 2014, the delegation took place and .frl was established. On September 2 the first .frl domain nic.frl went online.


.frl, .fy April Fools' Day joke
.fy is a fictional top-level domain of Friesland, as provided on April 1, 2006, as an April Fools' Day joke by the equally fictitious Stichting Internet Domeinnammeregistraasje Fryslân (SIDF).


.frl, .fy April Fools' Day joke
The reason for its own top-level domain was because it was felt that information in the West Frisian language had to be offered from domains where it could be read from the domain name that it was Frisian information.


.ga
.ga is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Gabon.


.ga, History
Between 1998 and 2004 it was administered by the Office des Postes et Télécommunications de la République Gabonaise and then transferred to Gabon Telecom. Gabon Telecom in 2013 formed a partnership with international domain registrar Freenom to offer registrations of this domain for free. It has quickly become the second most popular domain name offered by Freenom and Safecow, right after .tk which has been free for many years.


.ga, History
Since 2013, the Agence Nationale des Infrastructures Numériques et des Fréquences (ANINF) of Gabon is responsible for the .ga domain.


.gal
.gal (Galician pronunciation: [ˈpuntʊ ˈɣal]) is a GeoTLD intended to highlight the Galician people, Galician language, and Galician culture. It was approved on 14 June 2013 by ICANN, and the first 93 domains went online on July 25, 2014.


.gal
The initiative was backed by more than 13,700 people and 110 institutions in Galicia, including relevant agencies of culture such as the Royal Galician Academy, the Galician Culture Council, and the three Galician universities. Asociación PuntoGal is committed to establishing a foundation to reinvest the money in projects that promote Galician language and culture in the field of new technologies.


.gay
.gay is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public in September 2020. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.