1-800-COLLECT, History, Competition
Following the successful launch of 1-800-COLLECT, AT&T responded with a competing 1-800 phone number providing discounted collect calling, 1-800-OPERATOR. However, a significant portion of calls intended for 1-800-OPERATOR misspelled "Operator" as "Operater". The numerical translation for 1-800-OPERATER (1-800-673-7283) was, at the time, assigned for routing to the MCI network, which capitalized on the large number of spelling errors by connecting those calls to 1-800-COLLECT. After several months, AT&T realized they were inadvertently directing a portion of their business to MCI and terminated the 1-800-OPERATOR service, replacing it with 1-800-CALL-ATT.


1-800-COLLECT, History, Competition
The local telephone companies, who lost a significant amount of business to both numbers, started fighting back with ads showing how much simpler it was to just dial 0 (Ameritech's ad said "Why push 800 numbers when you can just push one?") or later pushing calling cards as an alternative to calling someone collect.


1-800-COLLECT, History, Later years
By the time of MCI's bankruptcy in 2002, its 1-800-COLLECT business had fallen precipitously due to the growing market penetration of mobile phones and the decreasing popularity of pay phones, which had generated a large portion of the collect calling business. After MCI was acquired by Verizon following the bankruptcy, the 1-800-COLLECT business was transferred to a small Verizon subsidiary, Telecom USA. Though the service's robust advertising budget was terminated, it continued to receive a trickle of business. In 2014 one caller, who "still associated the 1-800-COLLECT number with reasonable collect call rates... so strong were the company's early ads", reported being charged $42.55 for a six-minute telephone call. On November 1, 2016 Viiz Communications, a Canadian company, announced they had acquired 1-800-COLLECT for an undisclosed amount.


1-800-COLLECT, Marketing
1-800-COLLECT advertising did not mention its connection to MCI in order to avoid confusion from persons who might otherwise believe they had to be MCI customers to use the service, as well as to attract AT&T "loyalists" disinclined to patronize an MCI service.


1-800-COLLECT, Marketing
In 1994, 1-800-COLLECT became one of the first six brands to use banner ads as part of a marketing campaign, purchasing a flight of ads on hotwired.com.


1-800-COLLECT, Marketing
Beginning in 1994, MCI sponsored airshow pilot Sean D. Tucker under the 1-800-COLLECT brand. Tucker's biplane regularly appeared at military and civilian airshows throughout North America for several years, later transitioning to the 10-10-220 brand under MCI until the program ended in 2000.


1-800-COLLECT, Marketing
The service's heavy spend on television advertising made 1-800-COLLECT ads, which featured celebrities including Phil Hartman, Wayne Knight, and Arsenio Hall, a ubiquitous feature of the 1990s TV landscape in the United States. In 2000, 1-800-COLLECT was being promoted with more than $160 million in annual advertising support by MCI.


1-800-FREE-411
1-800-FREE-411 is an American service offering advertising-supported directory assistance, operated by Marchex.


1-800-FREE-411, Service
Callers dial 1-800 (888 or 866)-FREE411 [ 373-3411] from any phone in the United States to use the toll-free service. Sponsors cover part of the service cost by playing advertising messages during the call. Callers always hear an ad at the beginning of the call, and then another after they have made their request. Callers then identify the city and state for the desired information, and can then search either by name or by business type. Free directory assistance is also available from an application for the iPhone and Android mobile phones, and from their website. The service, provided entirely by computer and with no human operators, uses a voice-recognition database to recognize names or places spoken by the user.


1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview
The original parent corporation, Jingle Networks, was formed in 2005, and received its initial funding from First Round Capital of $400,000. By the spring of 2008 it had, according to TechCrunch, "captured a six percent market share of directory assistance calls." At that time, Jingle Networks received 20 million calls per month. Since that peak, the company has reported fewer calls, around 15 million per month, as consumers shift to smart-phones to get directory information.


1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview
On October 23, 2006, Jingle Networks announced that it raised $30 million in fourth round financing from Goldman Sachs and Hearst Corporation. This came after a $26 million round in April 2006, and a $5 million round in December 2005. Also on that date, Jingle Network's CEO volunteered on TechCrunch that his company was losing on average 5 cents for every call they processed. On June 25, 2008, TechCrunch repeated Jingle's press releases that they had reached per-call profitability.


1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview
Jingle Networks aims at attracting customers away from an existing fee-based market. The Wall Street Journal described it as "inspired by the business model of Google". From 2005 through the early 2010, Jingle Networks guessed they saved consumers $1 billion based on an inflated rate of $2 a call for directory assistance.


1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview
In April 2011, Marchex bought Jingle Networks for $62.5M in combination of cash and stock. Marchex says Jingle Networks will generate more than $26 million in 2011 revenue, up more than 40 percent over 2010. Marchex said it expects call-driven revenue to make up 75 percent of the company's 2011 revenue.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc.
1-800-Flowers.com, Inc. is a floral and foods gift retailer and distribution company in the United States. The company's focus, except for Mother's Day and Valentine's Day, is on gift baskets. They also use the name 1-800-Baskets.com. Their use of "coyly self-descriptive telephone numbers" is part of McCann's business model.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
The concept of using the word "flowers" within a phoneword was originated by William Alexander in the early 1980s. The phone number, 1-800-356-9377, had been randomly assigned to a trucking brokerage in Wisconsin owned by Curtis Jahn and was used for that company until 1981. In an agreement with Jahn that would later be sharply contested, Granville Semmes and David Snow formed a Louisiana corporation that began to use that number to sell flowers in Louisiana, starting in 1982. The use of the number would trigger a series of lawsuits.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
Their business struggled and that company was dissolved, with its assets going to investors James Poage and John Davis of Texas. The new corporation struggled financially as well. Its assets were acquired in 1986 by Jim McCann, an owner of several flower shops in the New York City area since 1976, under whom the business saw success and growth.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
The 1800flowers.com domain name was registered on September 1, 1995. In 1994 the company bought Conroy's Flowers.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
In September 2007 it announced a partnership with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia to produce a line of floral products inspired by Martha Stewart.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
According to the Consumerist in 2008, customers have reported unknowingly being subscribed to LiveWell after receiving rebate checks from 1-800-Flowers.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
It had 4000 employees as of 2008, with a market cap of US$119 million.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
In 2009, revenue was US$714 million. Operating income was US$72.2 million, net income was US$98.4 million, assets were valued at US$286 million, and equity was at 134 million.


1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years
In March 2017 Fannie May and Harry London were sold to Ferrero SpA for $115 million.


1-800-GET-THIN
1-800-GET-THIN was an American marketing company with headquarters at Beverly Hills, California. It sold weight-loss products and was a vanity 800 number as well as a trademarked brand name used to market "insurance services, namely, insurance eligibility review and verification in the health industry."


1-800-GET-THIN, History
1-800-GET-THIN was incorporated by Robert Silverman in February 2010. According to Silverman, the goal of 1-800-GET-THIN was, "'assisting individuals [to] overcome their battle with obesity, which has reached world-wide epidemic status.'" Robert Silverman resigned as company president on 28 February 2012 "to pursue other career opportunities."


1-800-GET-THIN, Lap-Band
On February 2, 2012 Allergan, the manufacturer of Lap-Band, announced it would no longer sell the device to companies affiliated with 1-800-GET-THIN.


1-800-GET-THIN, Lap-Band
On 7 February 2012, two clinics affiliated with 1-800-GET-THIN halted Lap-Band surgeries.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
U.S. House members called for a congressional investigation in 2012 into 1-800-GET-THIN. The California Department of Insurance is investigating surgery centers that are contracted with 1-800-GET-THIN for alleged insurance fraud. Published reports and lawsuits speculate that one of the principal surgeons at this enterprise owned and controlled all of the surgery centers, as well as the 1-800-GET-THIN marketing firm. The documents also speculate that ownership of the centers and the marketing firm, 1-800-GET-THIN, are in part controlled by Kambiz Beniamia Omidi.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
In October 2012, the FDA confirmed that members of the 1-800-GET-THIN ad campaign are the subjects of a criminal investigation, involving several federal and state law enforcement agencies, according to a court filing. The investigation is focused on numerous, "Potential violations of federal law, including conspiracy, healthcare fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax violations, identity theft and money laundering," Samanta Kelley, a special agent for the Food and Drug Administration's criminal division, said in an affidavit filed at the federal courthouse in Los Angeles. She also stated the FBI conducted an investigation of blackmail against 1-800-Get-Thin.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
A former 1-800-GET-THIN client testified in a deposition for a lawsuit that he knew about six or seven deaths that occurred prior to October 6, 2010, when he says he quit. Two of the reported deaths occurred after that date, including one still under investigation by the Los Angeles coroner." The death still under investigation was that of Paula Rojeski, who died on September 8, 2010, after she underwent a Lap-Band operation at the Valley Surgical Center in West Hills.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
No doctors were found of any wrongdoings. Rojeski's lawsuit was dismissed in 2017.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
In 2011, a class action lawsuit was filed by relatives of two patients who died after Lap-Band surgeries at clinics affiliated with the 1-800-GET-THIN campaign. The complaint alleged false advertising and sought damages from the owners and several companies allegedly controlled by them. In April 2013, a settlement was reached to pay approximately $1.3 million to fund compensation for members of the plaintiff class as well as to fund a billboard campaign warning of the risks of the surgeries. Other lawsuits remain unresolved. To this day, no doctor associated with the 1-800-GET-THIN campaign was found guilty of any of the five patient deaths. In addition, there were no medical board accusations alleging wrongdoing on the part of physicians.


1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies
From 2011-12, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that 1-800-GET-THIN's advertisements, LapBandVIP's advertisements, and O-Band's advertisements were all simultaneously misleading and failed to provide proper information about the potential risks involved in using the product. In 2014 federal prosecutors seized more than $100 million in assets asserted to be related to the business, and in February 2018 Julian Omidi and Mirali Zarrabi were arrested after a federal grand jury indicted them on multiple counts relating to the business' allegedly fraudulent conduct.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?
RBDS Rubbish Boys Disposal Service Inc. (doing business as 1-800-GOT-JUNK?) is a Canadian franchised residential and commercial junk removal company operating in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The company's business model consists of taking junk or trash haulage, and giving it a "clean" image through branding and marketing.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?, History
The company started in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1989 by Brian Scudamore. He had the idea while he was in a McDonalds drive thru and saw a beat up old truck offering junk removal services in front of him, and he thought to himself, "I can do better than that". It was incorporated as The Rubbish Boys Disposal Service, then in 1998 with its current name. The first permanent franchise opened in 1997 in Victoria, British Columbia, and a second in Toronto in 1998. In 2000, the first franchise opened outside Canada, in Portland, Oregon.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?, Operations
1-800-GOT-JUNK? performs bi-annual audits of their environmental practices. The company claims to keep 63.5% of collected items out of the landfill by recycling and by donating to community and charity organizations. Franchisees have access to a report to track their landfill diversion.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?, Operations
1-800-GOT-JUNK? evaluates its level of customer service using the Net Promoter Score system. 1-800-GOT-JUNK? released a consumer-based mobile booking site in 2012 and a mobile app in 2013 for franchisees and their employees to manage operations.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?, In the media
Entrepreneur magazine named the company 425th of 500 franchises in 2013. Achievers, a company that offers social recognition and employee engagement solutions to its clients, rated the subject of this article Canada's "most engaged workplace" in 2013 and recognised it in 2012.


1-800-GOT-JUNK?, In the media
The company is a sponsor of and participates in episodes of the A&E series 'Hoarders'.


1-800-MUSIC-NOW
1-800 MUSIC NOW was a short-lived venture by MCI Communications to open a music store operated through automated telephone prompts. It also introduced the first ever serious attempt at an e-commerce music store. The service was run out of MCI's Consumer Markets Headquarters offices in Arlington, Virginia (Pentagon City).


1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History
The telephone service allowed United States users who dialed the toll-free number 1-800-687-4266 to enter the name of a performing artist by touch-tone, then select one of that artist's albums (available on CD or cassette) from the catalog and hear clips from that album before buying by credit card. Users could sample and buy music and could shop by artist name, album name, genre, song title, Top 10 lists, etc. Once users made selections on the automated service, they were transferred to a call center where an operator established an account (for first-time buyers), collected payment and shipping information, assisted in ordering, and completed the order. Subsequent ordering could be accomplished through the automated system without human assistance.


1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History
The online service was located at http://www.1800musicnow.mci.com. It was the first to offer free music sampling for most of its catalog—initially in RealAudio 1.0 and eventually in RealAudio 2.0. The online store shut down in early 1997.


1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History
The service began in 1995 (the same year Amazon.com opened, and three years before it started selling music) but was taken down by the end of 1996. The promotion totaled about $40 million (at the time, advertisements for the service were quite regularly played on MTV and advertised heavily as part of The Simpsons Homerpalooza episode); meanwhile, its top-selling CD sold only 400 copies. Ultimately, over 1 million pieces of music were sold within the year. One survey noted that many of those who called the number did not sign up to make purchases, some citing shipping fees, but most saying it was because they didn't have credit cards.


1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History
1-800 MUSIC NOW was originally called 1-800 MY MUSIC. It was created by Steven Saslow and his partners at Diamond Creative Partners.


1-800-NEW-FUNK
1-800-NEW-FUNK is a compilation album by Prince's NPG Records, meant to showcase artists signed to the record label. It was released on July 20, 1994. The title of the album was also a toll-free phone number in North America for customers to purchase Prince-related merchandise. Some tracks are from albums that actually saw release either through Prince's previous label, Paisley Park Records or through NPG Records, while others appear only on this compilation.


1-800-NEW-FUNK
There were two German releases to this CD; the first release was issued with the reference NPG 6051-2 and is missing artwork from the Steeles album in the liner notes. The second release, reference 0060512NPG, includes an image of the Steeles album cover artwork.


1-800-NEW-FUNK, Reviews
Entertainment Weekly said that as a showcase of Prince's label, Paisley Park Records, the album "amounts to unintentional evidence of why the company failed." They rated the album "C+". The Independent, describing the record as a "stop-gap compilation of Princely offshoots", cited Nona Gaye's contributions as being "of primary interest", saying she "displays a slinky sensitivity without the overt sensuality of her father or her producer".


1-888-88-DREAM
1-888-88-DREAM is the first extended play by American record label Dreamville. It was first released on June 12, 2019 by Dreamville Records and Interscope Records. It contains the dual singles "Down Bad" featuring J. Cole, JID, Bas, EarthGang, and Young Nudy and "Got Me" featuring Ari Lennox, Omen, Ty Dolla Sign, and Dreezy, from the label's compilation album, Revenge of the Dreamers III  released in July 2019.


1-888-88-DREAM, Background
Under the "umbrella" 1-888-88-DREAM, both singles were released on Wednesday, June 12, 2019. Dreamville representatives used the hotline phone number to talk to fans and also play some exclusive tracks from the label's compilation album, Revenge of the Dreamers III. The EP’s title is referencing the “1-888-88-DREAM” phone number that Cole used to announce the original Revenge of the Dreamers in 2014.


1-900 (film)
1-900 or 06 is a 1994 Dutch erotic romantic drama film directed by Theo Van Gogh. The screenplay was based on a stage play by Johan van Doesburg. The film depicts a relationship based on telephone sex which gets out of hand. The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.


1-Amino-3-phenylindole
1-Amino-3-phenylindole is a chemical compound. A derivative of this substance is the antidepressant binedaline.


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the Cα atom of the amino acid. It is a white solid. Many cyclopropane-substituted amino acids are known, but this one occurs naturally. Like glycine, but unlike most α-amino acids, ACC is not chiral.


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry
ACC is the precursor to  the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase ( EC ) from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase (EC ).


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry
ACC also exhibits ethylene-independent signaling that plays a critical role in pollination and seed production by activating proteins similar to those involved in nervous system responses in humans and animals. More specifically, ACC signaling promotes secretion of the pollen tube chemoattractant LURE1.2 in ovular sporophytic tissue thus enhancing pollen tube attraction. Additionally, ACC activates Ca2+-containing ion currents via glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels in root protoplasts.


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry
ACC can be used by soil microorganisms (both bacteria and fungi) as a source of nitrogen and carbon. As such, using ACC to incubate soils has been proven to induce the gene abundance encoding ACC-deaminases, which may have positive consequences on plant growth and stress tolerance.


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry
ACC is also an exogenous partial agonist of the mammalian NMDA receptor.


1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry
In 2019, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued notice of an application for an experimental use permit to be issued for use of ACC as a pesticide.


1-Aminoethanol
1-Aminoethanol is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(NH2)OH. It is classified as an alkanolamine. Specifically, it is a structural isomer of 2-aminoethanol (ethanolamine). These two compounds differ in the position of the amino group. Since the central carbon atom in 1-aminoethanol has four different substituents, the compound has two stereoisomers. Unlike 2-aminoethanol, which is of considerable importance in commerce, 1-aminoethanol is not encountered as a pure material and is mainly of theoretical interest.


1-Aminoethanol
1-Aminoethanol exists in a solution of acetaldehyde and aqueous ammonia.


1-Aminoethanol
1-Aminoethanol is suggested as intermediate in Strecker reaction of alanine synthesis.


1-Aminoethanol
1-Aminoethanol was first prepared in 1833 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner; its empirical formula was first determined by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835. The structure of 1-aminoethanol remained unproven until 1877, when the German-Italian chemist Robert Schiff showed that the structure was CH3CH(OH)NH2.


1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane
1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane (AMMI), is a drug developed by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University, which acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and binds to the serotonin transporter with similar affinity to DFMDA.


1-Aminopentane
1-Aminopentane is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)4NH2. It is used as a solvent, as a raw material in the manufacture of a variety of other compounds, including dyes, emulsifiers, and pharmaceutical products, and as a flavoring agent.


1-Aminopentane
Pentylamine exhibits reactions typical of other simple alkyl amines, i.e. protonation, alkylation, acylation, condensation with carbonyls. Like other simple aliphatic amines, pentylamine is a weak base: the pKa of [CH3(CH2)4NH3]+ is 10.21.


1-Aminopropan-2-ol
1-Aminopropan-2-ol is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2NH2. It is an amino alcohol. The term isopropanolamine may also refer more generally to the additional homologs diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA).


1-Aminopropan-2-ol
1-Aminopropan-2-ol is chiral. It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide.


1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Biosynthesis
(R)-1-Aminopropan-2-ol is one of the components incorporated in the biosynthesis of cobalamin. The O-phosphate ester is produced from threonine by the enzyme Threonine-phosphate decarboxylase.


1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Applications
The isopropanolamines are used as buffers. They are good solubilizers of oil and fat, so they are used to neutralize fatty acids and sulfonic acid-based surfactants. Racemic 1-aminopropan-2-ol is typically used in metalworking fluid, waterborne coatings, personal care products, and in the production of titanium dioxide and polyurethanes. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.


1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Applications
(R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol is metabolised to aminoacetone by the enzyme (R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase.


1-Androstenediol
1-Androstenediol, or 5α-androst-1-ene-3β,17β-diol, also known as 4,5α-dihydro-δ1-4-androstenediol, is a prohormone of 1-testosterone (Δ1-DHT).


1-Androstenedione
1-Androstenedione, or 5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione, also known as 4,5α-dihydro-δ1-4-androstenedione, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid. It is a 5α-reduced isomer of the endogenous steroid 4-androstenedione and acts as an androgen prohormone of 1-testosterone (4,5α-dihydro-δ1-testosterone), a derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).


1-Androstenedione
1-Androstenedione is on the World Anti- Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances, and is therefore banned from use in most major sports.


1-Androsterone
1-Androsterone (also known as 1-andro, 1-dehydroepiandrosterone, 1-DHEA, δ1-epiandrosterone, or 5α-androst-1-en-3β-ol-17-one) is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). It is an androgen prohormone of 1-testosterone (dihydroboldenone), 1-androstenedione, and other 1-dehydrogenated androstanes. The drug has been sold on the Internet as a designer steroid and "dietary supplement". It is a positional isomer of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; 5-dehydroepiandrosterone).


1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway. The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the energy producing step of glycolysis.


1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, Effects on glycolysis
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate can be derived from the glycolytic pathway via the bonding of Arsenate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The net production of ATP is zero as a result of the formation of the intermediate, 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, as opposed to the conventional pathway, which produces a net result of two ATP molecules.


1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, Effects on glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde−3−phosphate+AsO43−+NAD+→GAPDHNADH+H++1−Arseno−3−phosphoglycerate{\displaystyle {\ce {Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + AsO4^3- + NAD+ ->[GAPDH] NADH +H+ + 1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate}}}


1-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)
1-Bekat is a station of the Tashkent Metro on Chilonzor Line. It was put into operation on December 26, 2020, as part of the third section of the Chilanzar line, between Olmazar and 5-Bekat. The station is located between Olmazar and 2-Bekat.


1-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)
The planned name for the station was Choshtepa, however, the station was opened as 1-Bekat, which simply means Station-1.


1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine is a stimulant of the piperidine class which acts as a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is closely related to vanoxerine and GBR-12,935, which in contrast are piperazines.


1-Bromo-3-chloropropane
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane is an organohalogen compound with the formula Br(CH2)3Cl. It is a colorless liquid, produced by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl chloride. It is used as an alkylating agent to install the –(CH2)3Cl and –(CH2)3– groups. For example, it is a precursor to 4-chlorobutyronitrile.


1-Bromoadamantane
1-Bromoadamantane is a derivative of adamantane with a bromine atom in the 1-position.


1-Bromoadamantane
This article about an organic halide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1-Bromobutane
1-Bromobutane is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3Br. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples appear yellowish. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. It is a primarily used as a source of the butyl group in organic synthesis. It is one of several isomers of butyl bromide.


1-Bromobutane, Synthesis
Most 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to the anti-Markovnikov addition, i.e. give the 1-bromo derivatives.


1-Bromobutane, Synthesis
1-Bromobutane can also be prepared from butanol by treatment with hydrobromic acid:


1-Bromobutane, Reactions
As a primary haloalkane, it is prone to SN2 type reactions. It is commonly used as an alkylating agent. When combined with magnesium metal in dry ether, it gives the corresponding Grignard reagent. Such reagents are used to attach butyl groups to various substrates.


1-Bromobutane, Reactions
The lithium for this reaction contains 1-3% sodium. When bromobutane is the precursor, the product is a homogeneous solution, consisting of a mixed cluster containing both LiBr and LiBu.


1-Bromododecane
1-Bromododecane is the organobromine compound with the formula Br(CH2)11CH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used as a long chain alkylating agent to improve the lipophilicity and hydrophobicity of organic molecules for biological applications.


1-Bromododecane, Production
Most 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivative.


1-Bromododecane, Production
1-Bromododecane can also be prepared by treating dodecanol with hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid.


1-Bromohexane
1-Bromohexane is organobromine compound with formula Br(CH2)5CH3. It is a colorless liquid.


1-Bromohexane, Synthesis and reactions
Most 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivative.


1-Bromohexane, Synthesis and reactions
1-Bromohexane undergoes reactions expected of simple alkyl bromides. It can form Grignard reagents. It reacts with potassium fluoride to give the corresponding fluorocarbons.


1-Bromonaphthalene
It is one of two isomeric bromonaphthalenes, the other being 2-bromonaphthalene. Under normal conditions, the substance is a colorless liquid.


1-Bromonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions
The compound exhibits many reactions typical of aryl bromides. Bromide can be displaced by cyanide to give the nitrile. It forms a Grignard reagent and organolithium compound. 1-Lithionaphthalene can be further lithiated to give 1,8-dilithionaphthalene, a precursor to peri-naphthalene compounds.


1-Bromonaphthalene, Applications
Because of its high refractive index, (1.656-1.659nD)  1-bromonaphthalene is used as an embedding agent in microscopy and for determining the refraction of crystals.


1-Bromonaphthalene, Applications
The compound is also used as a precursor to various substituted derivatives of naphthalene.


1-Bromopropane
1-Bromopropane (n-propylbromide or nPB) is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2Br. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent. It has a characteristic hydrocarbon odor. Its industrial applications increased dramatically in the 21st century.


1-Bromopropane, Preparation
Industrial routes to 1-bromopropane involve free-radical additions to the corresponding alkenes. In this way, the anti-Markovnikov product is obtained.


1-Bromopropane, Preparation
A laboratory synthesis involves treating propanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids:


1-Bromopropane, Preparation
Alternate synthetic routes include treating propanol with phosphorus tribromide. or via a Hunsdiecker reaction with butyric acid.


1-Bromopropane, Applications
Like many other liquid halocarbons, 1-bromopropane finds use as a liquid or gaseous  solvent. It is a solvent for adhesives  in aerosol glues that glue foam cushions together. It is a solvent in asphalt production, in the aviation industry for maintenance, and in synthetic fiber production. It is a solvent for degreasing plastics, optics and on metal surfaces, to remove soldering residues from electronic circuit boards. It is an aggressive solvent with a Kauri-butanol value of 129 which is similar to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane


1-Bromopropane, Applications
Its increasing use in the 21st century resulted from the need for a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) as a dry cleaning solvent, however its use in dry cleaning has been steadily declining and by 2020, its use for dry cleaning is nearly obsolete.


1-Bromopropane, Regulation
In the EU, 1-bromopropane has been classified as reproductive toxicant per Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, which makes it a "substance of very high concern".


1-Bromopropane, Regulation
Since 2007, it has been approved for use under the U.S. EPA's Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) as a suitable replacement for ozone depleting chemicals. The U.S. EPA announced that, based on a work plan developed under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, in 2013 it will begin a full risk assessment of 1-Bromopropane.


1-Bromopropane, Regulation
The North Carolina Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Division issued a Hazard Alert in 6/2014, as it "is not regulated to protect workers, consumers or the environment".


1-Bromopropane, Safety
In 2003, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) set the time-weighted average threshold limit value for an 8-hour exposure at 10 parts per million (ppm). In 2014, the ACGIH adopted a lower threshold limit value of 0.1 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average. The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration set the permissible exposure limit at 5 ppm in 2010. Though symptoms of overexposure can begin within 2 days of exposure, typically long-term exposure is more harmful.


1-Bromopropane, Safety
In 2008, the U.S. CDC recommended that use of 1-bromopropane as a replacement for perchloroethylene may require adjustment and modification of equipment, improved ventilation, and use of personal protective equipment.


1-Bromopropane, Safety
In 2013, a peer-review panel convened by the U.S. National Toxicology Program unanimously recommended that 1-bromopropane, be classified as reasonably anticipated human carcinogens.


1-Bromopropane, Safety
Extended occupational exposure to 1-bromopropane in higher concentrations than recommended has resulted in significant injury to workers in the United States. Its use as a solvent in aerosol glues used to glue foam cushions has been especially controversial. Reported symptoms of overexposure affect the nervous system and include confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, paresthesias, and difficulty walking, unusual fatigue and headaches, development of arthralgias, visual disturbances (difficulty focusing), and muscle twitching. Symptoms may persist over one year. Other symptoms include irritation of mucous membranes, eyes, upper respiratory tract, and skin, as well as transient loss of consciousness.


1-Bromopropane, Safety
Loss of feeling in the feet, an example of paresthesia, is colloquially called "dead foot" by workers who suffer from it. Of nationwide "more than 140 cushion workers nationwide, mostly from plants in Utah, Mississippi and North Carolina,[...] that had been exposed to dangerous levels of the chemical, many of them sickened and [are] unable to walk". One worker's long-term exposure resulting in neurological damage was covered in the NY Times. Air sampling for the level of 1-bromopropane and monitoring workers' urine for metabolites are both effective at measuring workers' exposure.


1-Bromopropane, Safety
Occupational exposure to 1-bromopropane typically occurs through breathing or skin contact; it is easily absorbed into the blood via the skin. Replacing 1-bromopropane with water or acetone-based adhesives is the preferred NIOSH option for controlling occupational exposure, but other options include engineering controls like isolation and ventilation, administrative controls, and PPE that includes respiratory and skin protection. 1-Bromopropane can penetrate most gloves, but not those made of polyvinyl alcohol or laminates.


1-Bromopropane, Safety, Animal studies
Animal studies of 1-bromopropane have showed that it is a carcinogen in those models. Rodents exposed to 1-bromopropane developed lung, colon, and skin cancer at higher rates.


1-Bromopropane, Environmental impact, Stratospheric ozone layer damage
Although 1-bromopropane is naturally produced, it is one of the very short-lived substances ozone depleting chemicals. Due to the short atmospheric life, the Ozone depletion potential is dependent on the latitude at where it is released. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency, the ODP is 0.013-0.018 in the US latitudes, and between 0.071-0.100 in tropical latitudes.


1-Butanethiol
1-Butanethiol, also known as butyl mercaptan, is a volatile, clear to yellowish liquid with a fetid (extremely foul-smelling) odor, commonly described as "skunk" odor. In fact, 1-butanethiol is structurally similar to several major constituents of a skunk's defensive spray but is not actually present in the spray. The scent of 1-butanethiol is so strong that the human nose can easily detect it in the air at concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion. The threshold level for 1-butanethiol is reported as 1.4 ppb


1-Butanethiol, Chemistry
1-Butanethiol is chemically classified among the thiols, which are organic compounds with molecular formulas and structural formulas similar to alcohols, except that sulfur-containing sulfhydryl group (-SH) replaces the oxygen-containing hydroxyl group (-OH) in the molecule. 1-Butanethiol's basic molecular formula is C4H9SH, and its structural formula is similar to that of the alcohol n-butanol. 1-Butanethiol is prepared by the free radical catalyzed addition of hydrogen sulfide to 1-butene. Commercially, this is performed using ultraviolet light. 1-Butanethiol is a thiol of low molecular weight, and it is highly flammable.


1-Butanethiol, Uses
1-Butanethiol is used as an industrial solvent, and as an intermediate for cotton defoliants. It is sometimes placed in the "stink bombs" and "stink perfumes" for pranksters.


1-Butanethiol, Safety
1-Butanethiol is a very noxious and caustic chemical compound, and at sufficiently high concentrations, it produces serious health effects in both humans and animals, especially as a result of prolonged exposure. Higher concentrations can lead to unconsciousness and coma after prolonged exposure. Contact with the skin and mucous membranes causes burns, and contact with the eyes can lead to blurred vision or complete blindness.


1-Butanethiol, Safety
Inhalation may cause weakness, confusion, cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath. The substance irritates the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract. It may cause effects on the thyroid and the nervous system and could cause lowering of consciousness.


1-Butanol
Butan-1-ol, also known as n-butanol is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C4H9OH and a linear structure. Isomers of butan-1-ol are isobutanol, butan-2-ol and tert-butanol. The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.


1-Butanol
1-Butanol occurs naturally as a minor product of the ethanol fermentation of sugars and other saccharides and is present in many foods and drinks. It is also a permitted artificial flavorant in the United States, used in butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream and ices, candy, baked goods, and cordials. It is also used in a wide range of consumer products.


1-Butanol
The largest use of 1-butanol is as an industrial intermediate, particularly for the manufacture of butyl acetate (itself an artificial flavorant and industrial solvent). It is a petrochemical derived from propylene. Estimated production figures for 1997 are: United States 784,000 tonnes; Western Europe 575,000 tonnes; Japan 225,000 tonnes.


1-Butanol, Production
Since the 1950s, most 1-butanol is produced by the hydroformylation of propene (oxo process) to preferentially form the butyraldehyde n-butanal. Typical catalysts are based on cobalt and rhodium. Butyraldehyde is then hydrogenated to produce butanol.


1-Butanol, Production
A second method for producing butanol involves the Reppe reaction of propylene with CO and water:


1-Butanol, Production
In former times, butanol was prepared from crotonaldehyde, which can be obtained from acetaldehyde.


1-Butanol, Production
Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria. Prior to the 1950s, Clostridium acetobutylicum was used in industrial fermentation to produce butanol. Research in the past few decades showed results of other microorganisms that can produce butanol through fermentation.


1-Butanol, Industrial use
Constituting 85% of its use, 1-butanol is mainly used in the production of varnishes. It is a popular solvent, e.g. for nitrocellulose. A variety of butyl esters are used as solvents, e.g. butoxyethanol. Many plasticizers are based on butyl esters, e.g., dibutyl phthalate. The monomer butyl acrylate is used to produce polymers. It is the precursor to n-butylamines.


1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel
1-Butanol has been proposed as a substitute for diesel fuel and gasoline. It is produced in small quantities in nearly all fermentations (see fusel oil). Clostridium produces much higher yields of butanol. Research is underway to increase the biobutanol yield from biomass.


1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel
Butanol is considered as a potential biofuel (butanol fuel). Butanol at 85percent strength can be used in cars designed for gasoline without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it provides more energy for a given volume than ethanol, due to butanol's lower oxygen content, and almost as much as gasoline. Therefore, a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol. Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions.


1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel
The production of, or in some cases, the use of, the following substances may result in exposure to 1-butanol: artificial leather, butyl esters, rubber cement, dyes, fruit essences, lacquers, motion picture, and photographic films, raincoats, perfumes, pyroxylin plastics, rayon, safety glass, shellac varnish, and waterproofed cloth.


1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature
Butan-1-ol occurs naturally as a result of carbohydrate fermentation in a number of alcoholic beverages, including beer, grape brandies, wine, and whisky. It has been detected in the volatiles of hops, jack fruit, heat-treated milks, musk melon, cheese, southern pea seed, and cooked rice. 1-Butanol is also formed during deep frying of corn oil, cottonseed oil, trilinolein, and triolein.


1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature
Butan-1-ol is one of the "fusel alcohols" (from the German for "bad liquor"), which include alcohols that have more than two carbon atoms and have significant solubility in water. It is a natural component of many alcoholic beverages, albeit in low and variable concentrations. It (along with similar fusel alcohols) is reputed to be responsible for severe hangovers, although experiments in animal models show no evidence for this.


1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature
1-Butanol is used as an ingredient in processed and artificial flavorings, and for the extraction of lipid-free protein from egg yolk, natural flavouring materials and vegetable oils, the manufacture of hop extract for beermaking, and as a solvent in removing pigments from moist curd leaf protein concentrate.


1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity
The acute toxicity of 1-butanol is relatively low, with oral LD50 values of 790–4,360 mg/kg (rat; comparable values for ethanol are 7,000–15,000 mg/kg). It is metabolized completely in vertebrates in a manner similar to ethanol: alcohol dehydrogenase converts 1-butanol to butyraldehyde; this is then converted to butyric acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Butyric acid can be fully metabolized to carbon dioxide and water by the β-oxidation pathway. In the rat, only 0.03% of an oral dose of 2,000 mg/kg was excreted in the urine. At sub-lethal doses, 1-butanol acts as a depressant of the central nervous system, similar to ethanol: one study in rats indicated that the intoxicating potency of 1-butanol is about 6 times higher than that of ethanol, possibly because of its slower transformation by alcohol dehydrogenase.


1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity, Other hazards
Liquid 1-butanol, as is common with most organic solvents, is extremely irritating to the eyes; repeated contact with the skin can also cause irritation. This is believed to be a generic effect of "defatting". No skin sensitization has been observed. Irritation of the respiratory pathways occurs only at very high concentrations (>2,400 ppm).


1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity, Other hazards
With a flash point of 35 °C, 1-butanol presents a moderate fire hazard: it is slightly more flammable than kerosene or diesel fuel but less flammable than many other common organic solvents. The depressant effect on the central nervous system (similar to ethanol intoxication) is a potential hazard when working with 1-butanol in enclosed spaces, although the odour threshold (0.2–30 ppm) is far below the concentration which would have any neurological effect.


1-Butene
1-Butene (or 1-Butylene) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH=CH2. It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to give a colorless liquid. It is classified as a linear alpha-olefin. It is one of the isomers of butene (butylene). It is a precursor to diverse products.


1-Butene, Reactions
Polymerization of 1-butene give polybutene, which is used to make piping for domestic plumbing. Its main application is as a comonomer in the production of certain kinds of polyethylene, such as linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). It has also been used as a precursor to polypropylene resins, butylene oxide, and butanone.


1-Butene, Manufacturing
1-Butene is produced by separation from crude C4 refinery streams and by ethylene dimerization. The former affords a mixture of 1-and 2-butenes, while the latter affords only the terminal alkene. It is distilled to give a very high purity product. An estimated 12 billion kilograms were produced in 2011.


1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, also known as BMIM-PF6, is a viscous, colourless, hydrophobic and non-water-soluble ionic liquid with a melting point of -8 °C. Together with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIM-BF4, it is one of the most widely studied ionic liquids. It is known to very slowly decompose in the presence of water.


1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, Preparation
BMIM-PF6 is commercially available. It may be obtained in two steps: BMIM-Cl is synthesized by alkylating 1-methylimidazole with 1-chlorobutane. A metathesis reaction with potassium hexafluorophosphate gives the desired compound; the tetrafluoroborate may be prepared by analogously using potassium tetrafluoroborate.


1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate is a magnetic ionic liquid. It can be obtained from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride. It has quite low water solubility.


1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate
Due to the presence of the high spin FeCl4 anion, the liquid is paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 × 10−6 emu g−1 is reported. A simple small neodymium magnet suffices to attract the liquid in a test tube.


1-Butyne
1-Butyne is an organic compound with the chemical formula HC2CH2CH3. It is a colorless combustable gas. 1-Butyne participates in reactions typical for terminal alkynes, such as alkyne metathesis, hydrogenation, condensation with formaldehyde. Based on its heat of combustion, it is slightly less stable than its isomer 2-butyne.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a refrigerant where it is also  known as R-142b and by trade names including Freon-142b.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Physiochemical properties
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a non-flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10°C. Its critical temperature is near 137°C.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Applications
HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depletion ability. As of year 2020, HCFC's are replaced by non ozone depleting HFCs within many applications.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Applications
In the United States, the EPA stated that HCFCs could be used in "processes that result in the transformation or destruction of the HCFCs", such as using HCFC-142b as a feedstock to make PVDF. HCFCs could also be used in equipment that was manufactured before January 1, 2010. The point of these new regulations was to phase-out HCFCs in much the same way that CFCs were phased out. HCFC-142b production in non article 5 countries like the United States was banned on January 1, 2020 under the Montreal Protocol.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Production history
According to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Production history
For the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that were reported by industries. The exception to this is HCFC-142b which had a higher concentration than the emission rates suggest it should.


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Environmental effects
The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol).


1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Environmental effects
HFC-142b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas. It has an estimated lifetime of about 17 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 2300 to 5000. This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.


1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, C2HClF4, is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used as a component in refrigerants offered as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons. HCFC-124 is also used in gaseous fire suppression systems as a replacement for bromochlorocarbons.


1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1233zd) is the unsaturated chlorofluorocarbon with the formula HClC=C(H)CF3. This colorless gas is of interest as a more environmentally friendly (lower GWP; global warming potential) refrigerant in air conditioners. The compound exists as E- and Z-isomers. It is prepared by fluorination and dehydrohalogenation reactions starting with 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane.


1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. It emits yellow-green light, used in 30-minute high-intensity Cyalume sticks.


1-Chlorobutane
1-Chlorobutane is an alkyl halide with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3Cl. It is a colorless, flammable liquid.


1-Chlorobutane, Preparation and reactions
It can be prepared from 1-butanol by treatment with hydrogen chloride.


1-Chloronaphthalene
1-Chloronaphthalene is an aromatic compound. It is a colorless, oily liquid which may be used to determine the refractive index of crystals by immersion. The compound is an isomer to 2-chloronaphthalene.


1-Chloronaphthalene, Synthesis
1-Chloronaphthalene is obtained directly by chlorination of naphthalene, with the formation of more highly substituted derivatives such as dichloro- and trichloronaphthalenes in addition to the two monochlorinated isomeric compounds: 1-chloronaphthalene and 2-chloronaphthalene.


1-Chloronaphthalene, Applications
This toxic, nonpolar organochlorine compound is sometimes used as a powerful biocide, and is also known as Basileum. It occasionally serves as insecticide and fungicide in the timber floors of shipping containers, where it fulfills the same role as chlordane.


1-Chloronaphthalene, Applications
1-Chloronaphthalene was also used as a common solvent for oils, fats and DDT until the 1970s. It is also used to determine the refractive index of crystals.


1-Chloropentane
1-Chloropentane is an alkyl halide with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4Cl. It is a colorless, flammable liquid. It can be prepared from 1-pentanol by treatment with hydrogen chloride.


1-Click
1-Click, also called one-click or one-click buying, is the technique of allowing customers to make purchases with the payment information needed to complete the purchase having been entered by the user previously. More particularly, it allows an online shopper using an Internet marketplace to purchase an item without having to use shopping cart software. Instead of manually inputting billing and shipping information for a purchase, a user can use one-click buying to use a predefined address and credit card number to purchase one or more items. Since the expiration of Amazon's patent, there has been an advent of checkout experience platforms, such as PeachPay, Fast, and Bolt, which are democratizing similar one-click checkout flows.


1-Click, Patent
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) issued   for this technique to Amazon.com in September 1999. Amazon.com also owns the "1-Click" trademark.


1-Click, Patent
On May 12, 2006, the USPTO ordered a reexamination of the "One-Click" patent, based on a request filed by Peter Calveley. Calveley cited as prior art an earlier e-commerce patent and the Digicash electronic cash system.


1-Click, Patent
On October 9, 2007, the USPTO issued an office action in the reexamination which confirmed the patentability of claims 6 to 10 of the patent. The patent examiner, however, rejected claims 1 to 5 and 11 to 26. In November 2007, Amazon responded by amending the broadest claims (1 and 11) to restrict them to a shopping cart model of commerce. They have also submitted several hundred references for the examiner to consider. In March 2010, the reexamined and amended patent was allowed.


1-Click, Patent
In Europe,   on 1-Click ordering was filed with the European Patent Office (EPO) but was rejected by the EPO in 2007 due to obviousness; the decision was upheld in 2011.


1-Click, Patent
A related gift-ordering patent was granted in 2003, but revoked in 2007 following an opposition.


1-Click, Patent
In Canada, the Federal Court of Canada held that the One click patent could not be rejected as a pure business method since it had a physical effect. The Court remanded the application to the Canadian patent office for a reexamination.


1-Click, Licensing, Apple Inc.
Amazon.com in 2000 licensed 1-Click ordering to Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) for use on its online store. Apple subsequently added 1-Click ordering to the iTunes Store and iPhoto. Apple paid $1 million to license the patent.


1-Click, Licensing, Barnes & Noble
Amazon filed a patent infringement lawsuit in October 1999 in response to Barnes & Noble's offering a 1-Click ordering option called "Express Lane". After reviewing the evidence, a judge issued a preliminary injunction ordering Barnes & Noble to stop offering Express Lane until the case was settled. Barnes & Noble had developed a way to design around the patent by requiring shoppers to make a second click to confirm their purchase. The lawsuit was settled in 2002. The terms of the settlement, including whether or not Barnes & Noble took a license to the patent or paid any money to Amazon, were not disclosed.


1-Click, Licensing, Barnes & Noble
In response to the lawsuit, the Free Software Foundation urged a boycott of Amazon.com. The boycott was lifted by GNU in September 2002.


1-Cyclohexylpiperazine
1-Cyclohexylpiperazine is a derivative of piperazine, and a precursor for PB-28.


1-Cyclohexylpiperazine
This article about a heterocyclic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1-Decanol
1-Decanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with ten carbon atoms and the molecular formula C10H21OH. It is a colorless to light yellow viscous liquid that is insoluble in water and has an aromatic odor. The interfacial tension against water at 20 °C is 8.97 mN/m.


1-Decanol, Production
Decanol can be prepared by the hydrogenation of decanoic acid, which occurs in modest quantities in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%). It may also be produced synthetically via the Ziegler process.


1-Decanol, Uses
Decanol is used in the manufacture of plasticizers, lubricants, surfactants and solvents. Its ability to permeate the skin has led to it being investigated as a penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery.


1-Decanol, Safety
Like other medium chain fatty alcohols, 1-decanol is able to permeate the skin which can lead to irritation.


1-Decyne
1-Decyne is an alkyne hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H18.


1-Deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase
1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase (EC , 1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenic acid dehydrogenase, ptlF (gene), penF (gene name)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1-Deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase
This enzyme from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis participates in pentalenolactone biosynthesis.


1-Deoxynojirimycin
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ or 1-DNJ), also called duvoglustat or moranolin, is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, most commonly found in mulberry leaves. Although it can be obtained in small quantities by brewing an herbal tea from mulberry leaves, interest in commercial production has led to research on developing mulberry tea higher in DNJ, and on alternate routes of production, such as via Bacillus species.


1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis
1-Deoxynojirimycin is a polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid produced from D-Glucose in various plants, such as Commelina communis, and in the Streptomyces and Bacillus bacteria. High quantities of this azasugar are produced in Bacillus subtilis, a process initiated by a TYB gene cluster composed of gabT1 (aminotransferase), yktc1 (phosphatase), and gutB1 (oxidoreductase).


1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis
In Bacillus subtilis, D-glucose first undergoes glycolysis, opening the 6 member ring and producing fructose-6-phosphate. GabT1 catalyzes transamination at the C2 position, followed by a dephosphorylation by the Yktc1 enzyme, resulting in 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM), an essential precursor. Regio-selective oxidation by GutB1 occurs at the exposed C6 hydroxyl of ADM, pushing a C2-N-C6 cyclization of the resulting 6-oxo intermediate, creating Manojirimycin (MJ). Epimerization of MJ at the C2 position yields the nojirimycin isomer. Nojirimycin is then dehydrated (loss of -OH at C1 position), along with reduction of the imine moiety. This results in the product 1-DNJ.


1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis, Pathway variations
In the Streptomyces subrutilus species, a secondary pathway branching from the manojirimycin precursor results in 1-deoxymanojirimycin via dehydration and reduction of the isomer. However, Bacillus subtilis does not produce 1-deoxymanojirimycin despite the presence of the manojirimycin precursor.


1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis, Pathway variations
Azasugar biosynthesis in Commelina communis involves C1-C5 cyclisation of the original D-glucose precursor without the subsequent inversion.


1-Deoxypentalenic acid 11beta-hydroxylase
1-deoxypentalenic acid 11beta-hydroxylase (EC , PTLH (gene), SAV2991 (gene), PNTH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxypentalenic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1-Deoxysphingolipids
The 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-deoxySLs) are an atypical and recently discovered class of sphingolipids (SLs). They are formed during the nove synthesis pathway and their essential C1-OH deficit causes the malfunctions of the following transformations to achieve complex sphingolipids. In general, sphingolipids are formed during a reaction that is catalyzed by the SPT enzyme (serine-palmitoyltransferase) where the condensation of serine and palmitoyl-CoA takes place. The origin of this rare sphingolipid, though, is due to a defect of the SPT which can also use (as substrats) alanine or glycine. This change is what forms the 1-deoxySL.


1-Deoxysphingolipids
1-deoxysphingolipids cannot be degraded over the canonical catabolic pathways leading to high 1-deoxySL levels that are involved in several neurological and metabolic disorders.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine
It is an amino alcohol and a bioactive sphingoid. Its distinctive trait is that the terminal hydroxy group has been replaced by hydrogen. It has the role of antineoplastic agent, which means it can inhibit or prevent the neoplasms' proliferation. It is also the conjugate base of 1-deoxysphinganine (1+).


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine
This sphingoid base can be found, in general, in low levels, in animal cells. It was found for the first time in a marine organisme. Since then, it has been also known as spisulosine. It is known with other names, such as, UNII-ZX5D253CYY or ES-285.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine
The molecular weight of this compound is 285,5 g/mol and its molecular formula is C18H39NO, which means it has 18 carbons.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine
It is a bioactive sphingoid which derives from the sphinganine. It is formed by a sphingoid and an amino alcohol and it constitutes the conjugated base of 1-deoxymethylsphinganine (1+). Its role is accepting a hydron from a donor via its organic amino compound; it is a Bronsted base.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine
The molecular weight of this compound is 271,48 g/mol and its molecular formula is  C17H37NO, which means it has 17 carbons.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine
In relation to its appearance, it has a powder form. Other physical and chemical properties are not certainly known.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
Sphingolipid metabolism is based in compartmentalization. In this way, possible cycles of opposite anabolism and catabolism reactions are avoided.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
The ER is the compartment where the synthesis of ceramide is produced. Then, it will move to the Golgi apparatus. If the ceramide transporter protein is involved, it will go to the TGN to form sphingomyelin. If the vesicles are the ones in charge of transport, it will reach the cis zone to become glucosylceramide.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
Instead, deoxySL transport and localization in cells is not known for sure. It is true that several studies has proved some of his intracellular behaviours.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
What allows to understand the distribution in the cell of 1-deoxysphingolipids is the comparison between the behavior of fluorescent analogs of the SLs (C6-NBD-(dh)-Cer) and the 1-deoxySLs (C6-NBD-deoxy(dh)-Cer). The fact that C6-NBD-deoxy(dh)-Cer is not located in the same compartments as C6-NBD-(dh)-Cer indicates that the absence of C1-OH interferes in the protein and vesicular traffic.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
On the other side, it's been found that 1-deoxySLs gave a signal in the mitochondria and remained prominent by using alkyne-1-deoxySA, as well as the co-location in the RE and Golgi markers. The signal was absent in the lysosomes and in the plasma membrane.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization
A specific change in 1-deoxySLs causes variations in mitochondrial morphology, as well as variations of the same type in the RE when de concentrations are toxic.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis
1-DeoxySLs has a similar pattern to sphingolipids during de novo synthesis. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) but instead of condensing palmitoyl-CoA and L-serine, the amino acid substrate is replaced by L-alanina or L-glycine.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis
This atypical sphingolipids are formed as the result of a mutated SPT (SPTLC1/SPTLC2) with alternative activities. It has also produced by wild-type of SPT under unfavorable conditions where the synthesis of L-serine is diminished and / or the biosynthesis of alanine and glycine is too high.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis
The result of the reaction with L-alanine forms 1-deoxysphinganine (1-deoxySA; m18:0), while the use of glycerin forms 1-deoxymethylsphinganine (1-deoxymethylSA; m17:0). Both molecules are 1-deoxySLs.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation
Atypical sphingolipids' lack of C1-OH (hydroxyl group) of sphinganine its the cause they accumulate in the cytoplasm and cannot be degraded. These headless sphingolipids are not able to be phosphorylated and they can neither converted into complex lipids as sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramides, gangliosides, cerebrosides ...). Instead, they have toxic effects to the cell.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation
Despite previous opinions that 1-deoxySLs are dead-end metabolites, new researches prove the opposite. Its concentrations decrease over time because atypical sphingolipids convert into downstream products, which normally are polyunsaturated and polyhydroxylated. The main reason for this transformation is detoxification. The enzymes involved in this process produce the change within several days, making it a slow conversion. This take places in two stages:


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation
Either CYP4A or CYP4F are the enzymes involved in the downstream metabolism of 1-deoxySLs. It is not yet known which one takes place in the process but, it is more likely to be CYP4F as in mouse experiments this enzyme is responsible for 1-deoxySLs formation.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties
Nowadays there is not much information about the properties of 1-deoxysphingolipids. However, there have been some studies that demonstrate some important facts. This data is still not proven to be the same in each 1-deoxysphingolipids but, until then, we extrapolate with caution in order to keep investigating and gathering more information.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties
The biggest two structural properties that differ from the canonical sphingoid bases are the lack of C1-OH and the double bond position. The missing C1 hydroxyl group is a decisive characteristic that influences in the molecule's interactions, as its ability to form intra and intermolecular H-bond networks decreases. On the other hand, the lack of the double bond interferences in the main transition temperature.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties
These characteristics are thought to make a big impact on the membrane biophysical properties as well as the integrity. The hydrophobicity and the main transition temperature of these lipids play an important role on the structure and physico-chemical properties of biological membranes. These both differences disrupt the setting up with other lipids and as a result, the capacity to segregate into tightly packed gel domains is put in risk.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function
Up until now, sphingolipids functions have not been yet known. In any case, its danger contributes to the development of several neuropathies and diseases.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity
There are some diseases which causes are due to the formation of 1-deoxySLs and doxSA. For example, HSAN1 is caused because of the formation of this atypical and neurotoxic sphingolipid metabolites (doxSA and 1-deoxySLs). Moreover, it has been found that pacients with type 2 diabetes, autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) and hereditary sensory have elevated number of this kind of sphingolipids in their plasma. There are some investigations  that affirm that plasma concentrations in patients with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome were higher than the control group's concentrations. The increase of 1-deoxySLs in metabolic disorders is curiously related to a fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolic dysregulation, that also affects to L-serine metabolism.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity
We are capable to synthesize an alkyne analog of 1- deoxysphinganine (doxSA), which is the metabolic precursor of all deoxySLs. This is useful for us in order to trace the metabolism of deoxySLs. With this information, now we are able to know that the metabolism of this lipids is restricted to only some lipid species.


1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity
Considering the fact that we do not know much of the 1-deoxySL, there are some investigations that try to find a possible treatment for the diseases caused by this sphingolipid. In some of the experiments, there are hypothesis about a possible diabetic neuropathy treatment. This one consists in an oral L-serine supplementation since it has been demonstrated that this substance lowered 1-deoxySL concentrations in plasma.


1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole
1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, often informally referred to as azidoazide azide, is a heterocyclic inorganic compound with the formula C2N14. It is an extremely sensitive explosive.


1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Synthesis
1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole was produced by diazotizing triaminoguanidinium chloride with sodium nitrite in ultra-purified water. Another synthesis uses a metathesis reaction between isocyanogen tetrabromide in acetone and aqueous sodium azide. This first forms isocyanogen tetraazide, the "open" isomer of C2N14, which quickly cyclizes under standard conditions to form a tetrazole ring.


1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties
The C2N14 molecule is a monocyclic tetrazole with three azide groups with a molecular weight of 220.16 g.mol-1. It has a molecular equilibrium between a closed and an open form, isocyanogen tetraazide which has been known since 1961, the latter being quickly cyclized to the cyclic tetrazole form (C2N14) at room temperature.


1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties
It is one of a family of high energy nitrogen compounds in which the nitrogen atoms do not have strong triple bonds. This conformation is less stable, making the compounds liable to explosive decomposition releasing nitrogen gas.


1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties
This tetrazole explosive has a decomposition temperature of 124°C. It is very sensitive, with impact sensitivity lower than 0.25 Joules. Decomposition can be initiated by contact or using a laser beam. Despite some exaggerated claims, C2N14 is not the world's most sensitive compound; there are other contact explosives such as nitrogen triiodide which are much more sensitive.


1-Docosanol
1-Docosanol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, and nutritional supplement (as an individual entity and also as a constituent of policosanol).


1-Docosanol
More recently, docosanol has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in the OTC medication Abreva. In Europe, this cream is available as Erazaban.


1-Docosanol, Side effects
One of the most common side effects that has been reported from docosanol is headache. Headaches caused by the drug tend to be mild and can occur in any region of the head. In clinical trials, headache occurred in 10.4% of people treated with docosanol cream and 10.7% of people treated with placebo.


1-Docosanol, Side effects
Skin irritation may also occur at the site of application. Usually, skin irritation is mild to moderate and does not need any further treatment. It may also diminish after prolonged use of docosanol.


1-Docosanol, Side effects
The most serious side effects, although rare, are allergic reactions. Some of the patients experienced the symptoms of allergic reactions, including difficulty breathing, confusion, angioedema (facial swelling), fainting, dizziness, hives or chest pain. Allergic reactions are medical emergencies and individuals who experience them are advised to seek immediate medical care in order to prevent further complications.


1-Docosanol, Side effects
Other side effects may include: acne, burning, dryness, itching, rash, redness, acute diarrhea, soreness, swelling.


1-Docosanol, Contraindications
This topical has not been yet tested if it is safe to be used by pregnant women. It is not established whether the active ingredient in the medicine passes into the breast milk. Docosanol has not been specifically approved for treatment of children under 12 but is not expected to produce different side effects or problems than it does in adults. This topical is only intended for external, oral-facial use and not for genital herpes or shingles.


1-Docosanol, Contraindications
Cosmetic products are recommended to be avoided while using docosanol because no interaction studies have been done.


1-Docosanol, Mechanism of action
Docosanol is thought to act by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication. This mechanism has not been demonstrated empirically.


1-Docosanol, History
The drug was approved as a cream for oral herpes after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000. It was shown to shorten the healing by 17.5 hours on average (95% confidence interval: 2 to 22 hours) in a placebo-controlled trial. Another trial showed no effect when treating the infected backs of guinea pigs.


1-Docosanol, History
Two experiments with n-docosanol cream failed to show statistically significant differences by any parameter between n-docosanol cream and vehicle control–treated sites or between n-docosanol and untreated infection sites.


1-Docosanol, History
Marketed by Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Abreva was the first over-the-counter antiviral drug approved for sale in the United States and Canada. In Europe, it is marketed by Healthcare Brands under the name Erazaban. In the UK it is known by the name Blistex Cold Sore Cream.


1-Docosanol, History
In March 2007 it was the subject of a US nationwide class-action suit against Avanir and GlaxoSmithKline as the claim that it cut recovery times in half was found to have been misleading in a California court, but the case was eventually settled and the "cuts healing time in half" claim had not been used in product advertising for some years.


1-Dodecene
1-Dodecene is an alkene with the formula C10H21CH=CH2, consisting of a chain of twelve carbon atoms ending with a double bond. While there are many isomers of dodecene depending on which carbon the double bond is placed, this isomer is of greater commercial importance. It is classified as an alpha-olefin. Alpha-olefins are distinguished by having a double bond at the primary or alpha (α) position. This location of a double bond enhances the reactivity of the compound and makes it useful for a number of applications, especially for the production of detergents.


1-Dodecene, Production and reactions
The common way of production use a modified Ziegler ethylene chain growth technology. There are two main parts to this technology; the ethylene chain growth and displacement. Ethylene chain growth occurs catalytically through stepwise addition to each of the three alkyl groups from the catalyst. The displacement occurs after the ethylene chain growth to produce alpha-olefins, which have the double bond on the first carbon.


1-Dotriacontanol
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1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride. It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range. It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds. Additionally, EDC can also be used to activate phosphate groups in order to form phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters. Common uses for this carbodiimide include peptide synthesis, protein crosslinking to nucleic acids, but also in the preparation of immunoconjugates. EDC is often used in combination with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) for the immobilisation of large biomolecules. Recent work has also used EDC to assess the structure state of uracil nucleobases in RNA.


1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, Preparation
EDC is commercially available. It may be prepared by coupling ethyl isocyanate to N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine to give a urea, followed by dehydration:


1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, Mechanism
EDC couples primary amines, and other nucleophiles, to carboxylic acids by creating an activated ester leaving group. First, the carbonyl of the acid attacks the carbodiimide of EDC, and there is a subsequent proton transfer. The primary amine then attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid which forms a tetrahedral intermediate before collapsing and discharging the urea byproduct. The desired amide is obtained.


1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or [EMIM]Cl is an ionic liquid that can be used in cellulose processing. The cation consists of a five-membered ring with two nitrogen and three carbon atoms, i.e. a derivative of imidazole, with ethyl and methyl groups substituted at the two nitrogen atoms. Its melting point is 77–79 °C.


1-Ethynylcyclohexanol
1-Ethynylcyclohexanol (ECX) is an alkynyl alcohol derivative which is both a synthetic precursor to, and an active metabolite of the tranquilizer ethinamate, and has similar sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. It has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in the UK in March 2012.


1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, Preparation
1-Ethynylcyclohexanol can be prepared from cyclohexanone by the reacting it with sodium acetylide in liquid ammonia, followed by an acidic work-up.


1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (commonly called Sanger's reagent, dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB or FDNB) is a chemical that reacts with the N-terminal amino acid of polypeptides. This can be helpful for sequencing proteins.


1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Preparation
In 1936, Gottlieb presented a synthesis in which 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene reacted with potassium fluoride (KF) in nitrobenzene:


1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses
In 1945, Frederick Sanger described its use for determining the N-terminal amino acid in polypeptide chains, in particular insulin. Sanger's initial results suggested that insulin was a smaller molecule than previously estimated (molecular weight 12,000), and that it consisted of four chains (two ending in glycine and two ending in phenylalanine), with the chains cross-linked by disulfide bonds. Sanger continued work on insulin, using dinitrofluorobenzene in combination with other techniques, eventually resulted in the complete sequence of insulin (consisting of only two chains, with a molecular weight of 6,000).


1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses
Following Sanger's initial report of the reagent, the dinitrofluorobenzene method was widely adopted for studying proteins, until it was superseded by other reagents for terminal analysis (e.g., dansyl chloride and later aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases) and other general methods for sequence determination (e.g., Edman degradation).


1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses
Dinitrofluorobenzene reacts with the amine group in amino acids to produce dinitrophenyl-amino acids. These DNP-amino acids are moderately stable under acid hydrolysis conditions that break peptide bonds. The DNP-amino acids can then be recovered, and the identity of those amino acids can be discovered through chromatography. More recently, Sanger's reagent has also been used for the rather difficult analysis of distinguishing between the reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione and cysteine in biological systems in conjunction with HPLC. This method is robust enough that it can be performed in such complex matrices as blood or cell lysate.


1-Fluoronaphthalene
1-Fluornaphthalene is an organofluorine chemical compound from the group of naphthalene derivatives and fluoroaromatics. Its chemical formula is C10H7F.


1-Fluoronaphthalene, Properties
1-Fluoronaphthalene is a colorless, combustible liquid, which is insoluble in water.


1-Fluoronaphthalene, Applications
1-Fluoronaphthalene was used for the tert-butyllithium-mediated synthesis of 6-substituted phenanthridines. It has also been used in the synthesis of LY248686, a potent inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake.


1-Fluoronaphthalene, Applications
1-Fluoronaphthalene is also used as a component of the Organic Check Material mounted in canisters on Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. It's used for calibrating the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite, being a synthetic organic compound not found in nature on Earth and not expected on Mars.


1-Heptadecanol
1-Heptadecanol  or heptadecyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol with the CAS number 1454-85-9.


1-Heptanol
1-Heptanol is an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH3(CH2)6OH. It is a clear colorless liquid that is very slightly soluble in water, but miscible with ether and ethanol.


1-Heptanol, Overview
There are three other isomers of heptanol that have a straight chain, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, and 4-heptanol, which differ by the location of the alcohol functional group.


1-Heptanol, Overview
Heptanol is commonly used in cardiac electrophysiology experiments to block gap junctions and increase axial resistance between myocytes. Increasing axial resistance will decrease conduction velocity and increase the heart's susceptibility to reentrant excitation and sustained arrhythmias.


1-Heptanol, Overview
1-Heptanol has a pleasant smell and is used in cosmetics for its fragrance.


1-Hexacosanol
1-Hexacosanol /ˌhɛksɪˈkɒsɪnɒl/ is a saturated primary fatty alcohol with a carbon chain length of 26 that is a white waxy solid at room temperature. It is freely soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water. It occurs naturally in the epicuticular wax and plant cuticle of many plant species.


1-Hexadecene
1-Hexadecene, also known as 1-cetene, is a linear alpha olefin due to the location of its double bond at the primary, or alpha, position (between the first two carbon atoms). 1-Hexadecene is a clear liquid at room temperature.


1-Hexadecene
1-Hexadecene is more reactive than the seven other hexadecene isomers, giving it a number of useful applications. For instance, 1-hexadecane is widely used as a surfactant in lubricating fluid, a drilling fluid in the boring and drilling industry, and in paper sizing.


1-Hexadecene
However, the high reactivity of 1-hexadecene means that exposure to air could cause oxidation of its surface layer, forming unwanted impurities. Therefore, it should be stored with the use of tank blanketing, and handled in a dry, inert atmosphere.


1-Hexanol
1-Hexanol (IUPAC name hexan-1-ol) is an organic alcohol with a six-carbon chain and a condensed structural formula of CH3(CH2)5OH. This colorless liquid is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol. Two additional straight chain isomers of 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol and 3-hexanol, exist, both of which differing by the location of the hydroxyl group. Many isomeric alcohols have the formula C6H13OH. It is used in the perfume industry.


1-Hexanol, Preparation
Hexanol is produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. An idealized synthesis is shown:


1-Hexanol, Preparation
The process generates a range of oligomers that are separated by distillation.


1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods
Another method of preparation entails hydroformylation of 1-pentene followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aldehydes. This method is practiced in industry to produce mixtures of isomeric C6-alcohols, which are precursors to plasticizers.


1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods
In principle, 1-hexene could be converted to 1-hexanol by hydroboration (diborane in tetrahydrofuran followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide):


1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods
This method is instructive and useful in laboratory synthesis but of no practical relevance because of the commercial availability of inexpensive 1-hexanol from ethylene.


1-Hexanol, Occurrence in nature
1-Hexanol is believed to be a component of the odour of freshly mown grass. Alarm pheromones emitted by the Koschevnikov gland of honey bees contain 1-hexanol.


1-Hexene
1-Hexene (hex-1-ene) is an organic compound with the formula C6H12. It is an alkene that is classified in industry as higher olefin and an alpha-olefin, the latter term meaning that the double bond is located at the alpha (primary) position, endowing the compound with higher reactivity and thus useful chemical properties. 1-Hexene is an industrially significant linear alpha olefin. 1-Hexene is a colourless liquid.


1-Hexene, Production
1-Hexene is commonly manufactured by two general routes: (i) full-range processes via the oligomerization of ethylene and (ii) on-purpose technology. A minor route to 1-hexene, used commercially on smaller scales, is the dehydration of hexanol. Prior to the 1970s, 1-hexene was also manufactured by the thermal cracking of waxes. Linear internal hexenes were manufactured by chlorination/dehydrochlorination of linear paraffins.


1-Hexene, Production
"Ethylene oligomerization" combines ethylene molecules to produce linear alpha-olefins of various chain lengths with an even number of carbon atoms. This approach result in a distribution or “full range” of alpha-olefins. The Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) employs this approach. Linde and SABIC have developed the α-SABLIN technology using the oligomerization of ethylene to produce 21 percent 1-hexene. CP Chemicals and Innovene also have full-range processes. Typically, 1-hexene content ranges from about twenty percent distribution in the Ethyl (Innovene) process, whereas only twelve percent of distribution in the CP Chemicals and Idemitsu processes.


1-Hexene, Production
An on purpose route to 1-hexene using ethylene trimerization was first brought on stream in Qatar in 2003 by Chevron-Phillips. A second plant was scheduled to start in 2011 in Saudi Arabia and a third planned for 2014 in the US. The Sasol process is also considered an on-purpose route to 1-hexene. Sasol commercially employs Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to make fuels from synthesis gas derived from coal.


1-Hexene, Production
The synthesis recovers 1-hexene from the aforementioned fuel streams, where the initial 1-hexene concentration cut may be 60% in a narrow distillation, with the remainder being vinylidenes, linear and branched internal olefins, linear and branched paraffins, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and aromatic compounds. The trimerization of ethylene by homogeneous catalysts has been demonstrated. An alternative on-purpose route has been reported by Lummus Technology.


1-Hexene, Applications
The primary use of 1-hexene is as a comonomer in production of polyethylene. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) use approximately 2–4% and 8–10% of comonomers, respectively.


1-Hexene, Applications
Another significant use of 1-hexene is the production of the linear aldehyde heptanal via hydroformylation (oxo synthesis). Heptanal can be converted to the short-chain fatty acid heptanoic acid or the alcohol heptanol.


1-Hexene, Applications
The chemical is used in the synthesis of flavors, perfumes, dyes and resins.


1-Hexene, Hazards
1-Hexene is considered dangerous because in liquid and vapor form it is highly flammable and may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.


1-Hexene, Hazards
The widespread use of 1-hexene may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.


1-Hexene (data page), Material Safety Data Sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as , and follow its directions.


1-Hexyne
1-Hexyne  (n-butylacetylene) is a hydrocarbon consisting of a straight six-carbon chain having a terminal alkyne. Its molecular formula is C6H10. It is a liquid at room temperature that is colorless or pale yellow in appearance.


1-Hexyne, Reactions
1-Hexyne also reacts with diethyl fumarate to produce n-hexylsuccinic acid.


1-Hexyne, Uses
1-Hexyne is used for the production of complex molecules in the agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. It is a component in cycloaddition reactions that produce substituted azides and isoindolinones.


1-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine
1-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is the organic compound with the formula C5H6Me4NOH (Me = CH3). A white solid, it is classified as a hydroxylamine. The compound has attracted interest as the reduced derivative of the popular radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl ("TEMPO"). It is a mild base.


1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses the racemization.


1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
HOAt has a melting point between 213 and 216 degrees Celsius. As a liquid, it is transparent and without any color.


1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase (EC , CrtD, hydroxyneurosporene desaturase, carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase, 1-hydroxy-carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrolycopene:acceptor oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
The enzymes from Rubrivivax gelatinosus and Rhodobacter sphaeroides acts primarily on acyclic carotenoids.


1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrol and a human metabolite of phenanthrene that can be detected in urine of persons exposed to PAHs.


1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
It can also be used as a marker for PAH pollution measured in marine fish bile.


1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
The model fungus Cunninghamella elegans produces, in the case of the biodegradation of phenanthrene, a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose).


1-Hydroxyphenanthrene, Relationship with smoking
Highly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.


1-Hydroxypyrene
1-Hydroxypyrene is a human metabolite. It can be found in urine of outdoor workers exposed to air pollution.


1-Hydroxypyrene, Biochemistry
Experiments in pig show that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is a metabolite of pyrene, when given orally.


1-Hydroxypyrene, Biochemistry
A Mycobacterium sp. strain isolated from mangrove sediments produced 1-hydroxypyrene during the degradation of pyrene.


1-Hydroxypyrene, Relationship with smoking
Highly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.


1-Ichi
1-Ichi (1-イチ-) is a 2003 Japanese direct-to-video crime action film directed by Masato Tanno.


1-Ichi, Plot
Dai is the best fighter in the school. Every time he fights, Shiroishi is there with a big smile on his face. Dai thinks that Shiroishi is making fun of him, but in fact, he appreciates seeing all the violence that comes from fighting. Everybody bullies, makes fun of, and mocks Shiroishi, even the youngest on his karate course. But Shiroishi refuses to lose his temper and fight the others. However, a new student starts to make himself known by beating up all the students. In a fight with the new student, Dai ends up on the ground, completely destroyed. It seems that the new student will also beat up Shiroishi, but it seems that he will be the only one who will be able to provide a challenge.


1-Indanone
1-Indanone is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CH2)2CO. It is one of two isomeric benzocyclopentanones, the other being 2-indanone. It is a colorless solid. 1-Indanone is a substrate for the enzyme indanol dehydrogenase.


1-Indanone, Preparation
It is prepared by oxidation of indane or indene. It can also be prepared by cyclization of phenylpropionic acid.


1-India Family Mart
1-India Family Mart is a chain of value retail stores in India operated by Nysaa Retail Pvt. Ltd. The chain has the total of 100 stores across 81 cities of East and North of India. 1-India Family Mart has established the first store in Uttar Pradesh and later has expanded operations across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and the North East.


1-India Family Mart, History
1-India Family Mart was established in 2012 and began operations in 2013. The retail chain was co-founded by Jay Prakash Shukla and Ravinder Singh. Nysaa Retail Pvt. Ltd. is the parent company of 1-India Family Mart. JP Shukla CEO and co founder of family mart is also known to be very fond of poetry and is a fan of TS Elliot's work


1-India Family Mart, Funding
In 2017, 1-India Family Mart has raised a funding of $6.5 million (42.5 crore) from domestic private equity fund Carpediem Capital. In May 2019, company got its second round funding as external debt of amount 20 crore by a consortium led by APAC Financial Service.


1-Iodomorphine
1-Iodomorphine is a semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic formed by halogenation of the 1 position on the morphine carbon skeleton. Halogenated morphine derivatives were first synthesised in Germany, Austria/Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom and the United States in the period 1890 to 1930. Use of this drug increased after 1945 for the below-mentioned research. It is a research chemical which is often prepared in the laboratory when it is needed.


1-Iodomorphine
Along with the similar 2-iodomorphine as well as iodinated analogs of dihydromorphine, dihydrocodeine, heroin, and the fluorinated, chlorinated, and brominated analogues of this series, this change may not impact the activity of the drug to a notable extent but 1- and 2-iodomorphine are used in pharmacological, neurological, metabolic, and endocrine research as it allows the tagging of morphine with iodine-131 or iodine-129. Such research was important in the discovery of opioid receptors in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and other tissues in humans, mammals, birds, and some reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and arthropods.


1-K pot
A 1-K pot (i.e. 1-kelvin pot) is a cryogenic device used to attain temperatures down to approximately 1 kelvin.


1-K pot
The 1-K pot is a small vessel in a cryogenic system that is filled with liquid helium. Usually it is a few cubic centimeters in size with a pickup-tube extending into the primary liquid helium bath of the dewar. When a vessel containing liquid helium is connected to a vacuum pump, the vapor pressure above the liquid surface drops, thereby allowing the more energetic helium molecules to evaporate out of the liquid. As the particles evaporate and are pumped away from the liquid, they carry heat energy with them, so the remaining fluid tends to cool. This technique is known as evaporative cooling.


1-K pot
At atmospheric pressure, 4He (the more abundant isotope of helium) liquefies at 4.2 K.  By employing evaporative cooling, temperatures down to 1 K can be easily produced. While this technique is fairly simple to operate, it is inefficient for large helium baths because about 50% of the liquid helium must evaporate to attain to the lowest temperatures. If only a small volume needs to be cooled to 1 K, the 1-K pot is used. Only the surface of the small 1-K pot is pumped, leaving the rest of the liquid helium bath at atmospheric pressure.


1-K pot
While this method is commonly used in simple cryogenic systems to cool objects down to 1 K, it is also fairly popular in more complicated cryogenic systems to bootstrap to lower temperatures. For example, in a 3He refrigerator, condensed 3He (a rare isotope of helium) is evaporatively cooled and can attain temperatures as low as 200 mK. But the 3He must be condensed to a liquid first, and a 1-K pot is typically used for this purpose.


1-K pot
Another example is a dilution refrigerator, where a mixture of 3He and 4He forms a phase boundary in a mixing chamber and can cool down to a few millikelvins. Dilution refrigerators typically use a 1-K pot to condense the 3He/4He mixture.


1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene
1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP-1), or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthren-1-one, is a synthetic steroid-like compound which was reported to be the first synthetic estrogen, or the first synthetic compound identified with estrogenic activity. It was first synthesized in 1933 by Cook et al. and was tested due to its similarity to the presumed chemical structure of estrone. Upon reassessment many decades later, the compound was found to bind only weakly to the estrogen receptors, and, unexpectedly, did not actually have functional activity as an estrogen or antiestrogen in vitro or in vivo. It did, however, show some androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro.


1-Lysophosphatidylcholine
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines are a class of phospholipids that are intermediates in the metabolism of lipids. Because they result from the hydrolysis of an acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine, they are also called 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (or 1-lysoPC, in short). The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines with specific fatty acids occurs through the synthesis of 1-lysoPC. The formation of various other lipids generates 1-lysoPC as a by-product.


1-Lysophosphatidylcholine
Other synonyms for this class of compounds are 2-acylglycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-lyso-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, β-lysophosphatidylcholine, 2-acylglycerophosphocholine, L-1-lysolecithin and 1-lecithin.