'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Plot
Now more charitable, Homer apologizes for his mistakes, donates his old clothes to the homeless shelter, and builds a public skating rink in his backyard. Ned Flanders becomes jealous of Homer's position as the new nicest person in town, and sets out to buy gifts for everyone. Meanwhile, Lisa tells Homer about her Buddhist beliefs that people would be happier without material goods. For his next good deed, on Christmas Eve night, Homer sneaks into the citizens' houses and steals their presents. In the morning, an angry mob confront Homer and Flanders. Flanders calms them by reciting a Bible verse, while Homer gives everyone back their presents.


'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Production
The episode was written by Michael Price, who has cited "Homer's summation of what Christmas means" as his favorite contribution to the show. He has said that the speech "pretty much stayed that way through all drafts of the episode."


'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception
On November 2, 2004, the episode was released in the United States on a DVD collection titled The Simpsons Christmas 2, along with the season twelve episodes "Homer vs. Dignity" and "Skinner's Sense of Snow" and the season fourteen episode "Dude, Where's My Ranch? ".


'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception
While reviewing the DVD, Brian James of PopMatters wrote that "'Tis the Fifteenth Season" is "hardly a masterpiece, but it does feature a talking astrolabe and the phrase 'double-bacon genius-burger,' two elements that deserve a spot in Simpson Valhalla. It's a shame that such entries don't come as fast and furious as they did a decade ago, but that The Simpsons does offer a few belly laughs now and then, rather than being a complete embarrassment this late in the game is a bigger accomplishment than anyone gives it credit for. It's still just a cartoon, and still a pretty good one."


'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception
Kyle Ryan of The A.V. Club praised the episode for "strik[ing] a nice balance between sharp satire and real heart."


'Tis the SeaSon
'Tis the SeaSon is the second Christmas album by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett, and is his twenty-ninth studio album overall. Released on October 28, 2016, it is the follow-up to Buffett's Christmas Island, released twenty years prior. After the recording of the album was mentioned in interviews and on social media throughout summer 2016, the name, album cover, and release date were officially announced on September 26, 2016.


'Tis the SeaSon, Commercial performance
The album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 50, and at the Top Country Albums at No. 6, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 56,500 copies in the United States as of December 2016.


'Tis the Season for Los Straitjackets!
'Tis the Season for Los Straitjackets! is the sixth studio album by American instrumental rock band Los Straitjackets, released on October 8, 2002 by Yep Roc Records. The album is a cover of traditional Christmas songs, and includes two original songs – "Christmas in Las Vegas" and "Christmas Weekend".


'Tis the Season to Be Fearless
'Tis the Season to Be Fearless is the first holiday-themed compilation album series created by Fearless Records featuring eight Christmas-themed songs. It was released on November 22, 2010. It was made available for pre-order on iTunes on November 8, 2010.


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster
"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" is a poem by Lewis Carroll that appears in Chapter 10 of his 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is recited by Alice to the Mock Turtle and the Gryphon.


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Analysis
"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" is a parody of "The Sluggard", a moralistic poem by Isaac Watts which was well known in Carroll's day. "The Sluggard" depicts the unsavory lifestyle of a slothful individual as a negative example. Carroll's lobster's corresponding vice is that he is weak and cannot back up his boasts, and is consequently easy prey. This fits the pattern of the predatory parody poems in the two Alice books.


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version
[After the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle have sung and danced to the Lobster Quadrille, Alice mentions the poems she has attempted to recite, and the Gryphon tells Alice to stand and recite "'Tis the voice of the sluggard", which she reluctantly does] "but her head was so full of the Lobster Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying ..."


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version
'Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare,"You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair." As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his noseTrims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version
[The Gryphon and the Mock Turtle interrupt with a brief exchange about what this unfamiliar version of the poem means, and then insist that Alice continue:]


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version
I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,How the owl and the oyster were sharing a pie—


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version
[ Alice's recitation is cut short by the Mock Turtle, who finds the poem "the most confusing thing I ever heard".]


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version
In 1886, Carroll wrote an altered (a panther replaces the oyster) and expanded version of the poem for the first theatrical adaptation of Alice. A manuscript signed and dated 31 October 1886 reads:


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version
'Tis the voice of the Lobster, I heard him declare"You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair." As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his noseTrims his belt & his buttons, & turns out his toes. When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark:But, when the tide rises and Sharks are around,His voice has a timid & tremulous sound.


'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version
I passed by his garden, & marked with one eyeHow the Owl & the Panther were sharing a pie:The Panther took pie-crust, & gravy, & meat,While the Owl got the dish as his share of the treat. When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon,Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:While the Panther received knife & fork with a growl,And concluded the banquet by eating the Owl.


'Tops' with Me
'Tops' with Me is the debut album by British singer Helen Shapiro. It was released in 1962 and was her most successful album, reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart. She was accompanied by Martin Slavin and his Orchestra.


'Tops' with Me
The album comprised cover versions of songs which had already been hit singles for other artists – "top pops" or simply "tops" in the slang of the day.


'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret
'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, formerly known as Self-portrait as a young man (both with variant titles) is a tronie portrait of a young man that was traditionally regarded as one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence, where the most recent restoration by Daniele Rossi revealed a signature previously hidden under old varnish.


'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret
The Rembrandt Research Project and other modern scholars now doubt that it is by Rembrandt at all, although it might be an unfinished Rembrandt portrait taken over by another artist. Even more unlikely is that it is a Rembrandt self-portrait, simply on the low level of resemblance of the face to the many certain examples. It used to be dated to about 1634, on the grounds of the age of the subject, if a self-portrait, and the lack of the moustache that Rembrandt usually has for most of the 1630s. Seen in terms of Rembrandt's style alone, about 1639-40 seems more likely.


'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret
As in many of Rembrandt's actual self-portraits, the subject wears fanciful dress that suggests the 16th rather than the 17th century. The gorget was contemporary wear for a soldier, included in a number of Rembrandt's tronie self-portraits.


'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, Provenance
The painting belonged to the art-loving Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine ("Jan Willem", r. 1690-1716), who was married to Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medici family. Johann Wilhelm had his own collection of artists' self-portraits, like his father in law. He gave the painting to the Gerini family,  Florentine grandees and art patrons. It was exhibited in Florence as a Rembrandt self-portrait in 1724, and so described in the published illustrated catalogue of the Gerini collection in 1759.


'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, Provenance
In the Palazzo Gerini an allegory of the arts in fresco by Giuseppe Zocchi (1711–67) shows the personification of "Painting" looking at the catalogue, held by two putti, open to the page illustrating this painting. The highly unusual rendition in fresco of a reproductive print shows the prestige the painting had. In 1818 it entered the Uffizi's famous collection of artists' self-portraits.


'Twas Ever Thus
'Twas Ever Thus is a 1915 American drama silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth, written by Elsie Janis, and starring Elsie Janis, Hobart Bosworth, Owen Moore, Myrtle Stedman, Harry Ham, and Helen Wolcott. It was released on September 23, 1915, by Paramount Pictures.


'Twas the Night
'Twas the Night is a 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie directed by Nick Castle and starring Josh Zuckerman, Brenda Grate, Bryan Cranston, and Jefferson Mappin. It was released in December for the Christmas holiday. Disney Channel has aired the film every year sometime in December.


'Twas the Night, Plot
A troubled and irresponsible man named Nick Wrigley (Bryan Cranston) is hacked by criminals who are looking for a bank account code to Nick's boss. The criminals Bill (Jeff Geddis) and Harry (Sandy Robson) manage to find his apartment and start berating him for the Internet scam he has pulled on them. They tell him they want their money by Christmas or else they will have their enforcer Eliot (Jung-Yul Kim) beat him up. Bill and Harry leave and Nick decides to run away. Nick is leaving the building when Eliot sees him leaving and chases him. Nick manages to escape when he runs to a North Pole stage where kids meet Santa Claus. He steals the costume for Santa Claus and walks to the bus stop in disguise and goes to his brother's house.


'Twas the Night, Plot
Meanwhile, the house's mischievous 14-year-old Danny Wrigley (Josh Zuckerman) welcomes his uncle because he has a better relationship with him than any other person in his family. Danny's father (Barclay Hope) however is less than thrilled to see his older brother, while his wife (Torri Higginson) welcomes Nick. Danny's parents, both doctors, are called into the hospital and reluctantly leave Nick to look after their three children.


'Twas the Night, Plot
After receiving a threatening e-mail from Bill and Harry that they are currently tracking him down to get the money out of him, Nick ends up having to unleash a virus to throw them off his trail. On Christmas Eve, Santa comes to the house with a device that can freeze time, in order to put the family's presents under the tree unnoticed. An object hits the device, time goes back to normal, and Nick hits him unconscious. They decide to deliver Santa's presents. While Nick is delivering the presents, unbeknown to Danny he is stealing from the houses. When Danny finds out that Nick is stealing he feels betrayed and goes back home in Santa's sleigh.


'Twas the Night, Plot
Meanwhile, Danny's younger siblings, Kaitlyn (Brenda Grate) and Peter (Rhys Williams) find an unconscious Santa (Jefferson Mappin) on the floor of their living room. He wakes up and convinces them that he is Santa. They find out that Danny and Nick have stolen the sleigh and presents and Santa says that Danny will be on the naughty list forever. When Danny comes back he apologizes to Santa, but the sleigh is broken.


'Twas the Night, Plot
Nick is sitting at a bus stop when he sees Bill, Harry, and Eliot. They ask him where the address to his brother's house is as they don't recognize him because he is wearing a Santa costume. Nick doesn't answer them and they drive off. Nick realizes a second later they are going to his brother's house, which means that his family is in trouble. Nick, who still has Santa's device, races back to the house and get there just in time. He saves his family from the men using the device to shrink Eliot. This causes Bill, Harry, and Eliot to drive away terrified. Nick returns the device to Santa and then gives Santa his beloved laptop to fix Santa's sleigh and save Christmas.


'Twas the Night, Plot
The next morning, Nick wakes up and sees Santa has given him the guitar that he has wanted since childhood, but never got for Christmas because he was on the naughty list. He agrees to sell the guitar to pay off his debts but entertains the family by playing it first.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)
'Twas the Night Before Christmas is a 1974 animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and based on the famous 1823 poem that opens with this line. The special first originally aired on CBS on December 8, 1974 where it aired annually until 1994, when The Family Channel (now Freeform) took over its syndication rights. AMC took over syndication rights for the special in 2018.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)
Although the opening credits mention "told and sung by Joel Grey", it is really narrated by George Gobel, as there is more emphasis on the point of view of Father Mouse, with Moore's poem read by Grey as a secondary plot.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot
The program is set in the fictional town of Junctionville, New York around the turn of the 20th century. Santa Claus is offended by an anonymous letter printed in the town's newspaper (and signed "all of us") claiming that he doesn't exist. In response, Santa returns the entire town's letters to them unopened. Upon reading the anonymous letter printed in the newspaper, Father Mouse — a mouse assistant to the human clockmaker Joshua Trundle — immediately suspects that his brainy son Albert is its author. Albert confirms his suspicions, repeating the letter verbatim to him.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot
Father Mouse and the Trundle Family devise a plan to appease Santa by building a singing clock tower for him, built with a special recording to play a song to coax him not to bypass Junctionville on Christmas Eve. Unfortunately, Albert enters the clock to explore it without permission, and inadvertently causes it to malfunction in front of the whole town, seriously damaging Trundle's professional reputation. Furthermore, the Mayor, publicly embarrassed at the clock tower's failure, refuses to give Joshua access to it for repairs.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot
Confessing his mistake, Albert volunteers to repair it himself and Father Mouse tells Joshua of the situation before waiting at his bed with worry on Christmas Eve. Although Albert does not complete his task until about one minute after the midnight deadline, the clock does play its song within earshot of Santa which convinces him to turn around and come to town after all.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), In popular culture
"Even a Miracle Needs a Hand" later appeared on South Park in the Season 4 episode "A Very Crappy Christmas". Similar to its use in the original special, the song is sung by Kyle to Stan and Kenny during a seemingly hopeless situation. At one point, Joshua Trundle's face is even superimposed over Kyle's face.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Production
Like many of Rankin/Bass' other animated TV specials, this special was animated in Japan by the animation studio Topcraft, which was rolled into Studio Ghibli in 1985.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Home media releases
The special was originally first issued on VHS by ABC Video Enterprises and Golden Book Video in 1987. After Lorimar was purchased by Time Warner, Warner Home Video/Warner Bros. Family Entertainment (owners of the post-1974 Rankin/Bass library), re-released the special on VHS in 1990, and on DVD in 2004, paired with the 1976 special Frosty's Winter Wonderland. A Blu-ray was released on October 5, 2011. It is also available on iTunes for purchase.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special)
'Twas the Night Before Christmas is a Christmas television special loosely inspired by the 1823 poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" by Clement Clarke Moore. It first aired December 7, 1977 on ABC. Directed by Tim Kiley, it stars Paul Lynde, Anne Meara, Martha Raye, and Alice Ghostley.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Plot
The story is set on Christmas Eve in a New England town in the late 1890s. The Cosgrove family's home is in an uproar over the holidays. The patriarch, Clark Cosgrove (Paul Lynde) is frazzled by the gift demands of his loud children. His wife Nellie (Anne Meara) runs into endless friction with Clark's formidable mother (Alice Ghostley), who lives with them. Nellie's inebriated father (Foster Brooks) and cat-loving mother (Martha Raye) arrive for the holiday, and tensions arise between the mothers-in-law.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Plot
A German uncle (Howard Morris) is also arriving, but complications ensue when a traveling salesman (George Gobel) is mistaken for the uncle. Adding to the tumult is a visit from a caroling neighbor (Anson Williams). During the night, Clark's mother-in-law's cat escapes from the house and winds up on the roof. Clark goes to retrieve the cat and creates a ruckus, waking the house. When the children ask if the noise came from Santa Claus, Clark initially wants to dispel the myth of Santa Claus. Instead, he appeases them by reciting A Visit from St. Nicholas.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production
'Twas the Night Before Christmas was part of a series of American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television specials starring Paul Lynde to fulfill a contract with him after previous efforts to establish a star vehicle for him, The Paul Lynde Show and The New Temperatures Rising Show, had flopped in the ratings. Whereas previous offerings, most notably the 1976 production of The Paul Lynde Halloween Special, relied on a sketch comedy revue format, 'Twas the Night Before Christmas retained a narrative format where Lynde and his castmates remained in character for the entire show. Lynde's casting as a relatively straight, dramatic lead fulfilled a longstanding wish of his for more serious roles.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production
Lynde was responsible for casting Martha Raye as his mother-in-law, telling an interviewer: "It's my chance to repay her for all the times she used me in her NBC Comedy Hour back in the 1950s."


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production
George Gobel's casting in this production was an apparent coincidence and not related to his appearance three years earlier in a holiday special of the same name.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production
For the climactic recitation of A Visit from St. Nicholas, Lynde was not allowed to rely on cue cards because director Tim Kiley felt they would distract the child actors in the cast. Lynde would later recall: "I had to do the poem five different times for five different camera angles. If America thinks I did this with cue cards, I'll kill myself."


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Broadcast
'Twas the Night Before Christmas was broadcast by ABC on December 7, 1977. Reviews were not favorable, with The New York Times dismissing its plot as "anemic" and adding its "conceptual hugger-mugger was fatal." Variety complained that "an inept script and a subpar performance by Paul Lynde worked against the best efforts of a charming cast in this ABC yuletide special." The broadcast ranked 30th for that week's Nielsen ratings. However, it later received an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board.


'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Broadcast
'Twas the Night Before Christmas was never rebroadcast by ABC or any other U.S. television network. To date, it has not been made commercially available on DVD and, except for a one-time screening at a New York City retro film and television festival in 2001, it has not been seen since its only telecast.


'Tākou' Himiona Tūpākihi Kāmira
'Tākou' Himiona Tūpākihi Kāmira (1876/77 – 28 August 1953 as noted on his headstone at Matihetihe marae). Tākou as he was commonly known was a Māori tohunga, historian and genealogist. Of Māori descent, his principal Hapū were Te Taomauī and Te Hokokeha, and his Iwi were Te Rarawa, Te Aupōuri, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Whātua and Ngāpuhi. He was born in Reena, Northland, New Zealand.


'Uli'uli
ʻUlīʻulī are Hawaiian feathered gourd rattles that are occasionally used as instruments in the traditional Hawaiian dance, hula. This instrument is used in both ʻauana and kahiko hula dances. They are vibrantly colored feather gourd rattles used in kahiko performances to maintain timing and to enhance other sounds like chanting or the pounding of an ipu.


'Uli'uli, Materials
ʻUlīʻulī are made from Calabash gourds filled with sand, aliʻi poe seeds, or pebbles. The handle is made of strips of rattan. The top  of the instrument is made of kapa. Assorted feathers are gathered to be applied to the top as a cap.


'Uli'uli, Construction
The ʻulīʻulī are made of various materials and take time to assemble properly. To make the base where the rattling sound is made, a calabash gourd is hollowed out and dried until hardened. Once the gourd is dried, it is filled with aliʻi poe (Canna) seeds. The base filled with the aliʻi poe seeds, is then attached to a stick wrapped with rattan for the handle by making holes at the top of the gourd and looping the strips of rattan through the holes. Kapa material is used for the cap and attached to the top end of the handle.


'Uli'uli, Construction
Assorted feathers, commonly red and yellow feathers or hackle feathers, are attached to make the cap covering the top of the instrument. Some ʻulīʻulī are made with kapa material attached to the center of the feather cap. Patterns stamped on the kapa material using ʻohe kapala, flat carved bamboo sticks. Several plants like achiote, olena, ʻukiʻuki, noni, kukui, and akala can be ground up and mixed with water to make natural ink dyes for stamping designs onto the kapa.


'Uli'uli, Traditional uses
ʻUlīʻulī are used in traditional Hawaiian hula dances. Hula dancers make rattling sounds with the ʻulīʻulī by shaking or tapping the base against the body. Hula kahiko are performed to honor the gods and entertain the royal court while preserving orally transmitted narratives and genealogies. ʻUlīʻulī are used in kahiko performances to maintain timing and to enhance sounds created simultaneously through chanting and other instruments like the ipu and puʻili. Hula ʻauana, a more modern style of hula, are performed for a larger, global audience and have broadened meanings to incorporate narratives about love and Hawaiian identity.


'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Ipu
Ipu is a percussion instrument made from gourds that is often used to provide a beat for hula dancing.


'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Puʻili
Puʻili are wooden rhythm sticks used in pairs by dancers. Puʻili are made from bamboo and are about 20 inches in length. Slits are cut in the bamboo lengthwise with strands removed so that the bamboo rattles when moved.


'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, ʻIliʻili
ʻIliʻili are water-worn lava stones used by dancers in a staccato rhythm during a dance. Depending on the hula performed, dancers hold two stones in each hand, similar to how chopsticks are held, and make clicking noises by striking the stones together.


'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Drums: pahu and kilu
The pahu, or hula drum, is considered to be a sacred instrument and is the primary instrument used by the kumu hula also known as the instructors. The pahu guides the dancers, dictating the pace of the dance with the rhythm of the drum. Dancers place the drum on the ground or strap it to their thigh and play it during the hula. Another drum used is the small, light-weight kilu, also known as a puniu, which is made out of a half coconut and covered with animal skin. The drum usually accompanies the pahu.


'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Drums: pahu and kilu
In the past, pahu drums were usually made of breadfruit trees, the use of coconut wood is becoming more prevalent. The drums range from one to four feet in height. In pre-contact Hawaii the covering of the pahu drum was made with shark skin, but now the shark skin has been substituted with cow hide.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?
"'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?" is a song written by the comedian Alexei Sayle, originally released as a single in the UK in 1982. The single eventually achieved UK Top Twenty success in 1984, following a reissue.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?
The song and its title have subsequently been adapted and reused in a number of different cultural contexts.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Song structure
The song is predominantly a rap comprising a mix of banal, absurd and generally unconnected sentences (including the song's title), each sentence being delivered twice in succession. Occasionally, a succeeding line provides the punch line to the preceding one. These rap passages are occasionally interrupted by short comic monologues or the consecutive repetition of the song's title for an extended period.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Song structure
The UK single features four versions of the song spread across the 7- and 12-inch formats, and designated "Part I" through "Part IV". All versions feature the same pop/funk musical backdrop, but lyrically the versions are distinct from each other.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
All versions of the song feature Cockney phrasing and slang, often heavily stylised for comic effect. Hence, in the song's title, "'ullo" is "hullo" with a dropped-H, "John" is a colloquial placeholder name (comparable to "mate"), and "motor" is shortened slang for "motor car".


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
Several London placenames are mentioned in the song, including Peckham, Bermondsey and Stanmore. Originally released in 1982, the song references several then topical themes, such as the ongoing construction of the Thames Barrier.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
Recurrent among these themes is the Ford Motor Company's announced decision to replace the long-running Ford Cortina brand with the new Ford Sierra by September 1982. The song asserts the "poetry" of the Cortina, and the superior sound of the name "Cortina" to "Sierra", with varying degrees of vigour, during "Part II" to "Part IV" of the song.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
This lyrical theme was reflected in the marketing of the single: the single's front cover features Sayle leaning against a Ford Cortina Mark V, the rear cover features a reproduction of a Ford press release for the 1973 Cortina 2000E model, and the 1983 reissue included a picture disc format featuring Sayle reclining on the bonnet of a Cortina Mark III.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
"Part IV" of the song, included on the UK 12-inch, differs significantly from the other three versions lyrically, featuring a sustained onslaught of high-speed profanity and faux-coprolalia, which was adapted from the "Mr. Sweary" routine then current in Sayle's live stand-up act. "Part IV" also contains profane variations and parodies of some of the lyrics and monologues featured in the other versions of the song.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes
Largely as a consequence of "Part IV", the reissued 12-inch sleeve was labelled with a warning sticker that read: "This record contains explicit language – Abusive, lewd and funny – Expletives not deleted".


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Chart success
The single was not a hit upon original release, but it received a reissue from Island Records in late 1983, by which time Sayle had appeared in Gorky Park and several TV shows, including the first series of the BBC sitcom The Young Ones, and the ITV sitcom Whoops Apocalypse.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Chart success
The re-issued single eventually reached number 15 in the UK Singles Chart on 24 March 1984.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
The song and its title have been adapted and reused numerous times in a variety of contexts.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
Around the time of the single's initial release (1982) BBC2 Arena had made a programme detailing the cultural influence of the Ford Cortina and its recently announced demise; "The Private Life of the Ford Cortina" in which Sayle (the presenter) talks through the influence of the car on the post war working classes and also features villain John McVicar (who appears on the cover artwork alongside Sayle) discussing Britain's most stolen car of the period.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
In 1985, Toshiba ran a TV advertising campaign that featured the song with altered lyrics – "'Ello Tosh! Gotta Toshiba?" – performed by Ian Dury.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
Upon an obscenity trial over their song "Bata Motel", the anarchist punk band Crass presented the b-side to this song as an example that there were much more obscene records out there than "Bata Motel". While it was being played, much of the court responded with uproarious laughter. This outraged the magistrates, who threatened anyone who laughed with a charge for contempt of court. This resulted in members of the band reportedly biting their lips so hard that they bled, so as to prevent themselves from laughing.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
The #18 UK single "Has it Come To This?" (2001) from the ground-breaking UK Hip-Hop/Rap album Original Pirate Material appears to reference the song in the lyric "Bravery in the face of defeatAll line up and grab yer seat - Cos Tony's got a new motor - SR Nova driving like a joyrider - Speeding to the corner -Yer mother warned it'll be a sound system banger"


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
In 2005, the song was revived for a new Toshiba campaign featuring vocalist Suggs, Toshiba's advertising agency claiming that "the 'ello Tosh tagline has gone down in advertising history, demonstrated by the fact people still remember it today".


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
Sayle himself has commented on the longevity of the song's title, in his column for The Independent: "There is seldom a magazine or newspaper article even loosely connected with cars or the transport industry in general that doesn't use some variation of that title. Only last week there was a piece in the London Evening Standard about powerful in-car stereos entitled, 'Ullo Jon, Gotta New Woofer?' In fact sometimes the articles don't even have anything to do with cars."


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence
Looking back on the single itself almost twenty years after its release, Sayle has also stated: "It is a really good song! Original, tuneful and the only Top 20 record to mention tropical fish and Peckham."


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions
Upon release of the single, Sayle performed the song live on the TV series O.T.T., broadcast 27 February 1982, using a musical backing track that differed from the released single.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions
Sayle also performed the song on the live comedy album, Cak!, released later in 1982. This album also contained "Say Hello Mr. Sweary", an example of the routine that provided the lyrical concept for "Part IV" of "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor? ".


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions
Sayle performed the song, with different lyrics ("out here it's really breezy coz I'm riding free and easy/I got a brand new Morrison, a brand new 10-speed Morrison") on a TV commercial in New Zealand for Morrison bicycles.


'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Single releases
All tracks written by Alexei Sayle except "Pop Up Toasters" by Sayle/Harry Bogdanovs. All tracks produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley except "Pop Up Toasters" produced by Martin Lewis.


'Un
'Un, in several dialects, is a form of the phrase "one". It is used most prominently in Northern English English, West Country English and Southern American English.


'Un
"Young'un" is typically used to refer to a child, or young adult.


'Un
The phrase is referenced in the name of the Sheffield Star Green 'Un (slang for "green one"), a Saturday sports newspaper in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid
Coordinates: Uruq Bani Ma'arid is a protected area in southern Saudi Arabia, located on the western edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sandy desert in the world. The protected area is divided into three sections; a core nature reserve; a zone where controlled grazing is permitted; and a hunting zone.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid
'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is in an area in which the Arabian oryx used to live before it became extinct in the wild. The reserve has been chosen for the reintroduction of oryx that have been bred in a captive breeding programme. It has also been selected as being suitable for the re-establishment of herds of Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) and ostrich (Struthio camelus), all of which have historically inhabited the area.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Geography
The site of this protected area extends from  a latitude of 19°30'N and longitude of 45°30'E, to a latitude of 19° 10'N and longitude of 45° 15'E, with a total area of 12,658 km2 (4,887 sq mi). As well as the dissected limestone plateau underlying the linear dunes, the reserve includes part of the Tuwaiq Escarpment, wadis and gravel plains. The ergs of red sand lie parallel to each other and may be as much as 150 m (492 ft) high. They are separated by corridors with sandy or gravelly bases. The climate is hot and arid. Rainfall is very infrequent and averages about 30 mm (1.2 in) per year. Downpours on the escarpment cause the wadis to flow and water drains into the substrate where it is retained.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna
'Uruq Bani Ma'arid has been designated an Important Plant Area because of the richness of its plant life as compared to other parts of the Empty Quarter, and the presence of many plant species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. The limestone escarpment has little vegetation but the wadis crease the sides of the escarpment and support a variety of shrubby growth including Acacias, grasses and perennial legumes. Some scanty vegetation grows on the dunes, particularly Calligonum crinitum ssp. arabicum together with sedges and perennial grasses. In the corridors between the dunes grow dwarf Haloxylon persicum, Moringa peregrina and Commiphora myrrha. Few annual plants grow here, but after rain has fallen there is growth of new shoots on the perennial plants. 106 species of plant have been recorded in the reserve.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna
Between 1995 and 2013, some 149 Arabian oryx had been released into the reserve, and it was estimated in 2013 that about 500 individuals were present. The reserve is unfenced, so this is currently the only population in the wild. Arabian sand gazelle and mountain gazelle have also been successfully reintroduced since 1995.


'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna
Other animals that may be seen in the reserve include the Rüppell's fox, sand cat, red fox, Cape hare, desert hedgehog, Cheesman's gerbil, lesser Egyptian jerboa, desert monitor, other lizards and snakes, and feral dogs. 104 species of bird have been recorded in the reserve but there are only about 16 resident species. Houbara bustard are sometimes seen here, possibly on migration, but the lappet-faced vulture and short-toed snake eagle breed here.


'Urwah, Saudi Arabia
` Urwah is a village in Al Madinah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.


'Uwayja
Uwayja, also known as Marsa al ‘Uwayja is a village in the Sirte District in Libya.


'Uyayna
Al-'Uyayna or al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: العيينة) is a village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km (19 mi) northwest of the Saudi capital Riyadh. Al-Uyaynah was the birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Today, Uyaynah is a small village and forms together with its neighbor al-Jubayla the Subgovernorate of Al-Uyaynah and Al-Jubayla, with a combined population of 4,000. The subgovernorate is part of the Governorate of Dir'iyyah, which in turn is part of Riyadh Province.


'Uyayna, Location
Al-Uyaynah is located inside the narrow, dry river-bed of Wadi Hanifa, which continues southwards through Dir'iyyah and Riyadh. The area where Uyaynah is located was the homeland of Musaylima, who claimed to be a prophet following Muhammad's death in 632, and led his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, against the Muslim conquest of the area. The Battle of Yamama between Musaylima and the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid occurred nearby, and a graveyard for the fallen Muslim warriors from that battle is located adjacent to the village.


'Uyayna, The origin of its name
The name Uyaynah, which is the diminutive word for "ain", meaning "water spring", was not used for the settlements in the area in that period. Instead, early Muslim geographic sources, such as Yaqut, mention the towns of 'Aqraba, Budha, and al-Haddar, the latter said to be Musaylima's home village. Geographic sources do, however, mention, a spring in the area by the name of "al-Uyaynh", from which the name "al-Uyaynah" probably derives.


'Uyayna, History
In the 15th century, the Al Mu'ammar clan of the tribe of Banu Tamim purchased al-Uyaynah from its previous owners, the clan of Al Yazid, who are said to be a remnant of the Banu Hanifa. Later on the town prospered considerably and attracted many settlers from the vicinity, and by the 18th century had become the leading town of the region of Nejd (central Arabia). The Islamic scholar and religious reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, was born in 'Uyaynah during this period.


'Uyayna, History
After extensive travels, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyaynah in 1740, and began his call to "purify" local Islamic practice from what he considered to be illegitimate innovations akin to idolatry. In particular, he preached against the veneration of Muslim saints, such as Zayd ibn al-Khattab, the brother of the second Muslim Caliph Omar, whose tomb was located in Uyaynah and was venerated by locals. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab convinced the emir of Uyaynah, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar, to implement his ideas, and the grave of Zayd was levelled. The graveyard which contains Zayd's remains is unmarked and neglected today.


'Uyayna, History
The Banu Khalid tribe, who ruled al-Hasa in eastern Arabia, held considerable influence over al-Uyaynah, and compelled Ibn Mu'ammar to expel Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab from the town in 1744. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab found refuge among the clan of Al Saud in nearby Dir'iyyah, further south. The Saudis set about conquering the surrounding towns and villages in the name of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's reforms, and during the course of those wars, al-Uyaynah was largely destroyed, especially after an epidemic of the plague had ravaged the town.


'Uyayna, History
Uyaynah lay deserted thereafter and was only revived in the 20th century, but remains a very small town. King Abdulaziz Military College, which is in charge of training the officer corps of the Saudi Army, is located in Uyaynah.


'Uzlah
'Uzlah (Arabic: عزلة, plural 'Uzaal ; Arabic: عزل) is one of the regional administrative divisions that are native to Yemen. ' Uzlah was a sub-division of Mikhlaf. However, the Mikhleef system isn't used anymore by the government so it is now an administrative sub-division of a district and it comprises the number of villages or markets.


'W' Hour
'W' Hour  was the codename for the date and time that began Operation Tempest in German-occupied Warsaw, and hence the Warsaw Uprising. The exact time was 5:00 PM, 1 August 1944.


'W' Hour, Origin
On 31 July 1944 during a briefing of Home Army's general staff (Komenda Głowna Armii Krajowej) at Panska Street No. 67, General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, commander of the Home Army, received a report from General Antoni Chruściel (codename "Monter"), commander of the Warsaw district, regarding a supposed successful Soviet breach of German defenses just outside of the Praga suburb. The information was actually false, but on its basis,at 5:45 PM, Bór-Komorowski gave Chruściel an oral order to begin Operation Tempest on 1 August 1944 at 5:00 PM. The order was given upon Chruściel's request. Jan Stanisław Jankowski, the Government Delegate for Poland, was present, having previously consulted regarding the order with Tadeusz Pełczyński (codename "Grzegorz"), deputy commander, and Leopold Okulicki (codename "Kobra"), chief of staff. Janina Karasiówna was also present.


'W' Hour, Origin
A few notable individuals were absent during the meeting. Kazimierz Iranek-Osmecki (codename "Heller"), chief of intelligence of the Home Army, Józef Szostak (codename "Filip"), chief of the Operations Unit, and Kazimierz Pluta-Czachowski (codename "Kuczaba"), chief of communications. They all arrived at 6:00 PM when only Komorowski was left to inform the rest of the general staff of the decision. At this time, Komorowski was informed of a German counterattack on Soviet positions outside of Praga, but did not cancel the order.


'W' Hour, Origin
After returning to his headquarters at Filtrowa Street No. 68, Chruściel gave the following order:


'W' Hour, Origin
“Alarm to District Commanders in person. On 31.7 at 7:00 PM. I command you ON 1.08 at 5:00 PM. Address m. p. District: Jasna 22 ap. 20 opened from hour “W”. Delivery of the order must be immediately acknowledged.”


'W' Hour, Origin
Home Army’s previous plans for the uprising called for it to begin in the early morning. On 29 July 1944, on Chruściel's request, it was decided that it would start at 5:00 PM. The exact day however was to be chosen a day before fighting were to begin. The choice of the hour was dictated by heavy street traffic (commuters returning from work). The presence of traffic was to be used to make it easier for soldiers to blend in and safely get to their meeting points, as well as to transport guns and ammunition. Additionally at 5:00 PM there would be just enough sunlight left so as make gaining control of designated objects feasible.


'W' Hour, 1 August
The order was issued by Chruściel at around 7:00 PM – just an hour before military curfew. As a result, it was delivered between 7:00 and 9:00 AM the next morning to district commanders. Group commanders received it between 9:00 and 13:30 PM. In the afternoon the total number of messengers delivering the order reached 6000.


'W' Hour, 1 August
The order to start the uprising surprised most commanders. There wasn't enough time to retrieve weapons from secret stashes and gather all the soldiers at the meeting points as they were scattered across the entire city. At 'W' Hour – 5:00 PM – total mobilization reached 60%.


'W' Hour, 1 August
Not all units managed to keep the mobilization a secret until 5:00 PM. First shots were fired at a German patrol at 13:35 PM on Krasinski Street in Żoliborz by members of Zdzisław Sierpinski's team, who were transporting weapons for a unit of the "Reaper" Group. The Germans quickly brought a tank and a few armored vehicles with machine guns. While sweeping the area, at 5:30 PM on Suzina Street, the German patrol surprised a Polish unit from IV Battalion "Jarosław Dąbrowski" and SOB who were extracting weapons from a stash. SOB commander Włłodzimierz Kaczanowski was killed in that fight. These skirmishes resulted in German control of key intersections of Żoliborz and alerted nearby German units stationed in the Warsaw Citadel and Bielany Airport.


'W' Hour, 1 August
The fights broke before 5:00 PM in at least 8 different instances across the city.


'W' Hour, 1 August
The Warsaw District Staff of the Home Army, including Antoni Chrusciel, was stationed in an apartment at Jasna Street No. 20 up until 5:00 PM when it moved to captured Hotel Victoria (No 26). The HQ along with Tadeusz Komorwski cn. Bor was stationed in the Kemler furniture factory building at 72 Dzielna Street.


'W' Hour, 1 August
Incoming reports on the situation in the city convinced general Reiner Stahel – military commander of Warsaw – to declare an alarm for the Warsaw Garrison at 4:30 PM. The Germans however were unable to stop the uprising from happening.


'W' Hour, Present use
A term the “W” hour is commonly used in everyday situations to describe unavoidable, important events.


'Way Out (TV series)
'Way Out  is a 1961 American horror, fantasy, and science fiction television anthology series hosted by writer Roald Dahl. The macabre black-and-white 25-minute shows were introduced by Dahl, his face projected in a disconcerting hall of mirrors effect, dryly delivering a brief introductory monologue, expounding on such unusual subjects as undertakers or frogs or murdering a romantic rival with ground tiger's whiskers.


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
The taped series began as CBS replacement for a Jackie Gleason talk show that network executives were about to cancel. Producer David Susskind contacted Dahl to help mount a show quickly. The series was paired by the network with the similar The Twilight Zone for Friday evening broadcasts, running from March through July 1961 at 9:30 pm Eastern time. The show's primary sponsor was Liggett & Myers (L&M cigarettes). Writers included Larry Cohen and Sumner Locke Elliott.


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
The only adaptation from one of Dahl's own short stories was the premiere episode, "William and Mary", a tale of a wife's posthumous revenge on her husband's disembodied brain kept alive in a bowl. In "Dissolve to Black", an actress (Kathleen Widdoes) cast as a murder victim at a television studio goes through a rehearsal, but the drama merges with reality as she finds herself trapped on the show's near-deserted set. Other dramas offered startling imagery: a snake slithering up a carpeted staircase inside a suburban home, a headless woman strapped to an electric chair with a light bulb in place of her head ("Side Show"), and half of a man's face erased ("Soft Focus").


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
Actors on the series included Martin Balsam, Michael Conrad, Mildred Dunnock, Kathleen Widdoes, Murray Hamilton, Martin Huston, Henry Jones, Mark Lenard, Kevin McCarthy, John McGiver, Barry Morse, Richard Thomas, Doris Roberts, and Fritz Weaver.


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
Critical notices at the time were extremely good, especially for Dahl's wry commentaries, suffused with gallows humor. While the series garnered high ratings in urban areas, it fared poorly in the rest of the United States and was cancelled after 14 episodes.


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
The show was one of the last weekly dramatic television series produced in Manhattan. Only five episodes have ever turned up on [bootleg] videocassettes and DVDs; as of October 2016, however, 10 episodes were posted on YouTube. The entire run is available for viewing at the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles. The episodes are owned by Susskind's estate.


'Way Out (TV series), Origin
Dahl later hosted an anthology series called Tales of the Unexpected on British television beginning in 1979.


'X' Intertwining
'X' Intertwining was a public artwork by American artist Roy Staab, located in Riverside Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 'X' Intertwining is an installation made of approximately five hundred phragmites gathered from the Milwaukee River. It was constructed in August 2009 and was designed to hang directly over a fire pit. Its dimensions were variable because of its irregular shape and slow deterioration but averaged forty by twenty-four feet shortly after construction.


'X' Intertwining, Description
'X' Intertwining consisted of phragmites woven into long ropes. Those ropes (of which there were six initially) were then hung from tree branches above the fire pit and allowed to deteriorate over a three-month period. At present, the artwork has completely deteriorated and is no longer visible in its original form.


'Zik
'Zik was a French television channel, owned by AB Groupe.


'Zik, The start
The channel was originally launched only on AB Sat, in 2000 running from 17:00 to midnight on the German music channel Onyx (owned by AB Sat) which replaced channel 11 on the AB Sat collection, France Courses (now Équidia). The channel was the offshoot of Nostalgie la télé and Musique classique in the musical channels of AB Sat. The programming was different to any previously seen in France. The channel was shown via the Hot Bird satellite and aimed to partner with some of France's biggest clubs. However, success never arrived.


'Zik, 2003 relaunch
In 2003, AB Sat relaunched the channel in order to show itself as a black music channel. The channel was included in the CanalSat programming. Its audience share was 0.1%.


'Zik, Return or "bankruptcy"
In 2005, the marketplace intensified with the arrival of MTV Base, Trace TV, M6 Music Black, and the froup arrived to stop its black music output and become more phone-in oriented. (S.M.S, on-screen chat).


'Zik, 2006 Relaunch
In June 2006, 'Zik became "The 100% rap channel" and launched its internet site: www.zik.fr


'Zik, 2006 Relaunch
It is available through subscription on all cable operator and digital television networks.


'Zik, Decision of 'Zik 31 December 2007
'Zik, the hiphop and rap channel owned by the AB Groupe, ceased broadcast on 31 December 2007. The channel was on air from 7:00 to 22:30 and was shared with the channel XXL. It was replaced by the channel A TV Promo (which aims to sell Bis Télévisions) for an indefinite period.


'murica
Wikipedia does not currently have an article on "'Murica", but our sister project Wiktionary does:


'n Beetje
"'n Beetje" (Dutch pronunciation: [əm ˈbeːcə]; "A little bit") spelled in full as "Een beetje", was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1959. Performed in Dutch by Teddy Scholten, the song was the second victory for the Netherlands in the first four years of the contest's history.


'n Beetje
The song is more up-tempo than the previous winners had been, as well as being somewhat less serious. It is sung from the perspective of a young woman being asked by her lover if she is "true" and "faithful", to which she answers "A little bit". This unusual admission is then justified by the comment that "everyone is in love at least once", hence nobody can be said to be entirely faithful to anyone. Befitting the lyrics, the music has a lilt to it which had been missing from the previous winners. Scholten also recorded the song in German (as "Sei ehrlich"), French ("Un p'tit peu"), Italian ("Un poco") and Swedish ("Om våren"). She sang an English version for British television as "The Moment".


'n Beetje
The song was performed fifth on the night, following Monaco's Jacques Pills with "Mon ami Pierrot" and preceding Germany's Alice and Ellen Kessler with "Heute Abend wollen wir tanzen geh'n". By the close of voting, it had received 21 points, placing it first in a field of 11.


'n Beetje
The song was succeeded as contest winner in 1960 by Jacqueline Boyer singing "Tom Pillibi" for France. It was succeeded as Dutch representative that year by Rudi Carrell with "Wat een geluk".


'n Beetje, References and external links
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'n Saak van Geloof
'n Saak van Geloof (lit. ' A matter of faith') is a South African Afrikaans-language drama film directed by Diony Kempen and released on 9 September 2011.


'net IMPACT
'net IMPACT is a 30-minute monthly sports program. It is a collaboration of the eight Comcast Sportsnet stations.


'night, Mother
'night, Mother is a play by American playwright Marsha Norman. The play won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play.


'night, Mother
The play is about a daughter, Jessie, and her mother, Thelma. It begins with Jessie calmly telling her Mama that by morning she will be dead, as she plans to commit suicide that very evening. The subsequent dialogue between Jessie and Mama slowly reveals her reasons for her decision, her life with Mama, and how thoroughly she has planned her own death, culminating in a disturbing, yet unavoidable, climax.


'night, Mother, Synopsis
The play takes place over the course of a single evening in the living room/kitchen of an isolated house shared by Jessie and her elderly mother Thelma. This evening, Jessie has carefully organized the house and made other detailed preparations for the future while explaining the changes to Thelma, who does not immediately notice anything unusual. Finally Jessie asks where her late father's pistol is stored; Thelma tells her. Only after Jessie retrieves the pistol does Thelma question Jessie's strange behavior. Jessie explains that she intends to commit suicide at the end of the evening.


'night, Mother, Synopsis
Thelma, horrified, at first assumes Jessie is unhappy with their life together. Jessie calmly assures her that she is simply tired of living and has been for some time. Thelma speculates that Jessie's unhappy marriage, her divorce, her criminal son, the loss of her father, her epilepsy, or the pity and distaste other people feel toward her illness, are at the root of her depression; Jessie likewise dismisses these reasons, stating that her motives are purely her own and have nothing to do with other people, including Thelma.


'night, Mother, Synopsis
Gradually the two reveal long-hidden truths to one another: Thelma admits that Jessie's seizures began in early childhood, but went untreated for decades with Jessie herself unaware of her symptoms, while Jessie confesses the true causes of her failed marriage. Throughout it all, Thelma occasionally bursts into hysterics in which she attempts to reason with Jessie. Jessie deflects her mother's reasoning by continuing to calmly explain the mundane responsibilities Thelma must assume once Jessie is dead, including what to do in the immediate aftermath of Jessie's suicide. Thelma rejects all of it, believing that Jessie will give up her plans if Thelma refuses to cooperate, but Jessie says she will kill herself regardless.


'night, Mother, Synopsis
By the end of the evening, Thelma concludes that she has never really known her daughter and realizes that their long conversation has altered the nature of their relationship, but Jessie, stating that it is now time for her to go, says "'night, Mother," before locking herself in her room. As Thelma begs and beats the door, the gunshot rings out, shocking Thelma to silence. After a moment to collect herself, she begins to carry out the instructions Jessie left for her.


'night, Mother, Characters
Jessie Cates: A divorced woman who lives with her widowed mother. She is an epileptic who has experienced seizures most of her life. Nothing in life has worked out for this woman, including raising a son who turned out to be a disappointing loser. She has suffered with severe chronic depression that has never been treated. In the play, her long-standing despair has been temporarily relieved by a decision that has her uncharacteristically peaceful and talkative. The usual grayness and unsteady physical energy of this woman have given way to a new purpose that is expressed in productivity and detached humor.


'night, Mother, Characters
Thelma "Mama" Cates: A widow, she is starting to feel her age and has easily allowed her depressed daughter to come and take care of all the details of her life. She sees life as she wants it to be, rather than how it is. She speaks quickly and enjoys talking. She is a simple country woman who never wanted much and could find a way to be happy with whatever she had, even if it meant lying to herself and others. She has no need for intimacy in relationships, but is energized by social situations.


'night, Mother, Production history
Norman wrote the play in 1981, it was developed at the Circle Repertory Company, and it premiered at the American Repertory Theater with Robert Brustein in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This production transferred to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre with the same cast and was directed by Tom Moore. It opened on March 31, 1983, and closed on February 26, 1984, after 380 performances. It received 4 Tony Award nominations: Best Play, Best Actress in a Play (both Bates and Pitoniak) and Best Director (Tom Moore). The Broadway cast transferred to Off-Broadway at the Westside Theatre in 1984 for 54 performances.


'night, Mother, Production history
A US. National Tour was launched after the Broadway production closed. Phyllis Somerville, who was Kathy Bates' understudy on Broadway, played Jessie for the tour. Mercedes McCambridge was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for her performance as Mama in the Washington D.C. production.


'night, Mother, Production history
The first London production opened in 1985 at the Hampstead Theatre, directed by Michael Attenborough. Pitoniak and Bates again starred in a 1986 production at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.


'night, Mother, Production history
The first Chicago production opened in 1986 at the Wisdom Bridge Theatre, starring Sarajane Avidon and Elizabeth Moore.


'night, Mother, Production history
A Broadway revival opened at the Royale Theatre on November 14, 2004, and closed on January 9, 2005, after 65 performances and 26 previews, starring Brenda Blethyn and Edie Falco, and directed by Michael Mayer.


'night, Mother, Production history
A Philadelphia area production opened on September 14, 2017 at the Centre Theater in Norristown, Pennsylvania, starring Allison Deratzian and Susan Blair, and directed by David Deratzian.


'night, Mother, Film adaptation
Sissy Spacek attended the Broadway production and liked the play so much she began work on a film version. Anne Bancroft was cast as Mama. Marsha Norman adapted her own play for the film's screenplay. Tom Moore, who directed the play on Broadway, also directed the film. The film added more characters, whereas the play featured only two performers. The film received mixed reviews and was not nominated for any Academy Awards, although Bancroft was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. Spacek was nominated for the Academy Award that year for Crimes of the Heart, another film adaptation of a play, released the same year.


'night, Mother, Response
Ben Brantley, in his The New York Times review of the 2004 revival, wrote: "...these two first-rate actresses are never quite at home in their roles.... Ms. Norman's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama ... is looking more artificial than it did two decades ago. Reviewing the 2004 revival, Elyse Sommers wrote in curtainup.com that Blethyn's performance "is superb" and that "Falco embodies a woman who has given up on life as anything remotely resembling fun and optimism." She expressed reservations about the "play's psychological authenticity."


'night, Mother, Awards
Marsha Norman also won the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize for her work.


'night, Mother (film)
'night, Mother is a 1986 American drama film starring Sissy Spacek and Anne Bancroft. It was directed by Tom Moore and written by Marsha Norman, based on Norman's Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name. The film was entered into the 37th Berlin International Film Festival. Tom Moore had also directed the play on Broadway.


'night, Mother (film), Plot
Jessie is a middle-aged woman living with her widowed mother, Thelma. One night, Jessie calmly tells her mother that she plans to commit suicide that very evening. Jessie makes this revelation all while nonchalantly organizing household items and preparing to do her mother's nails.


'night, Mother (film), Plot
The resulting intense conversation between Jessie and Thelma reveals Jessie's reasons for her decision and how thoroughly she has planned her own death, culminating in a disturbing yet unavoidable climax.


'night, Mother (film), Release
The film was given its first-ever U.S. DVD release, by Universal Studios on August 3, 2004, and is also available online though Amazon, Apple's iTunes Store and Vudu. The film received mixed reviews, and Bancroft was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. Spacek was nominated for the Academy Award that year for Crimes of the Heart, another film adaptation of a play, released the same year.


'otai
ʻotai is a drink which originated in western Polynesia and is usually made as a refreshing accompaniment to large meals.


'otai
Today, the beverage is most associated with Tongan cuisine, although similar versions of 'otai were made and enjoyed in other archipelagoes, including Uvea, Samoa, Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and Niue. The original Samoan version as recorded by European colonists in the 1890s was made by mixing grated ambarella fruit (called vi in Samoan language and Tongan, wi in Hawaiian language) and young coconut meat with coconut milk and coconut water. The mixture was poured into large, empty coconut shells corked with coconut husk and allowed to chill in cold pools of water (or behind waterfalls) before serving.


'otai
The modern Tongan recipe most well-known today is usually a blend of water, shredded coconut meat, and any variety of grated tropical fruits, most commonly watermelon, mango and pineapple, with watermelon being the most used in the Tongan Islands. Sugar is usually added to taste. Tongan historians have noted this version is a very modern take on the traditional Polynesian ʻotai, especially since milk, refined sugar, watermelons, mangos, and pineapples are all introduced, foreign ingredients that were not native to Tonga.


'otai
The original Tongan recipe was said to be identical to the Samoan recipe, except the preferred native fruit was not ambarella (vi), but the Tongan mountain apple, called fekika. In Samoa, this distinction of "native" and "introduced" recipes is differentiated as "ʻotai" only refers to the drink prepared with vi fruit, while the ʻotai made with European-introduced fruits are respectively called vai meleni (watermelon drink), vai mago (mango drink), or vai fala (pineapple drink).


'ote'a
The ʻōteʻa (usually written as otea) is a traditional dance from Tahiti characterized by a rapid hip-shaking motion to percussion accompaniment. The dancers, standing in several rows, may be further choreographed to execute different figures (including tamau, varu, otamu, ami, and fa'arapu) while maintaining the hip-shaking. The hip motion itself may in some choreographies be synchronized amongst multiple dancers and may be further coordinated with the accompanying percussion arrangement.


'ote'a
The dance is with music only (drums) at a fast rhythm, and no singing. The drum can be one of the different types of the tōʻere, a lying log of wood with a longitudinal slit, which is struck by one or two sticks. Additional drum types accompanying the dance may include the ng drum covered with a shark skin and struck by the hands or with sticks) played at a slower rhythm, or the smaller faʻatētē drum.


'ote'a
The ʻōteʻa is one of the few dances which already existed in pre-European times as a male dance. (The hura (Tahitian vernacular for hula), a dance for women, on the other hand has disappeared, and likewise is gone the couple's dance ʻupaʻupa but which may have reemerged as the tāmūrē). Nowadays, however the ʻōteʻa can be danced by men (ʻōteʻa tāne), by women (ʻōteʻa vahine), or by both genders (ʻōteʻa ʻāmui = united ʻō. ).


'ote'a
Dancers of the ʻōteʻa make gestures reenacting daily occupations of life. For the men the gestural themes can be chosen from warfare or sailing, and then they may use spears or paddles. For women the gestural themes are typically closer to home or from nature: hand gestures suggesting combing their hair, or the flight of a butterfly. More elaborate themes have been adopted; for example one where the dancers end up in a map of Tahiti, highlighting important places. In a proper ʻōteʻa the story of the theme should pervade the whole dance.


'ote'a
The costumes are extremely elaborate, typically incorporating long plant fiber ("grass") skirts, belting with tassels that accentuate the hip-motion, may further include decorated headpieces, and may be color-coordinated across the dancers of the company.


'ote'a
The same more dress and the same shaking of the knees for the boys and those of the hips for the girls as in all Tahitian dances (see tāmūrē) is used here too.


'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation
Interpretations of the ʻōteʻa are frequently included as part of larger Polynesian dance recitals presented at luaus and visitor-oriented live shows in the Hawaiian Islands and other Pacific-rim resorts outside Tahiti.


'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation
Modern interpretations include costumes fashioned of contemporary man-made materials (polyester films such as mylar, or synthetic twines) substituting for plant-fiber or natural materials, and costume coloration such as fluorescent pinks and greens or mirror-reflective surfaces difficult to obtain or maintain from purely natural resources.


'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation
Modern drum accompaniments may include drums of European- or non-Pacific construction, improvised percussion instruments of modern materials (e.g. high-density polyethylene or metallic commercial food packaging), and the use of prerecorded drum reinforcement soundtracks.


's Gravenmoer
's Gravenmoer is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Dongen, about 3 km north of the town of Dongen. The village has a population of about 2190 inhabitants, including the farmlands to the north of the village.


's Gravenmoer
's Gravenmoer was a separate municipality until 1997, when it became a part of Dongen. In the 19th century, the municipality consisted of two neighbourhoods, called Dorp or Straat ("Village", or "Street") and ('s-Gravenmoersche) Vaart ("Canal"). The former part is now the village of 's Gravenmoer, formerly also called 's-Moer.


's Gravenmoer
's-Gravenmoersche Vaart should not be confused with the contemporary village Vaart, which lies along the same canal a short distance to the south. 's-Gravenmoersche Vaart is now seen as part of the village of 's-Gravenmoer, although it is situated 1 km to the east of the village center.


's Lands Hospitaal
's Lands Hospitaal is a hospital in Paramaribo, Suriname. The hospital started as a military hospital when it was established in 1760. In 1934, the hospital was transformed into a general hospital and renamed 's Lands Hospitaal. The hospital has specialized in neonatology and pediatrics. In 2015, an Intensive Care Unit was opened.


's Lands Zeemagazijn
's Lands Zeemagazijn ("National Sea Arsenal") is a 17th-century building in the Oosterdok near Kattenburgerplein in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which served as arsenal of the Admiralty of Amsterdam. Designed by Daniël Stalpaert and constructed in 1655/1656, it is an example of Dutch Baroque architecture. Since 1973, the building has housed the National Maritime Museum.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty
In 1650, the government of Amsterdam decided to build three islands on the eastern edge of the city. The wharf for the navy was to be placed on the westernmost island, Kattenburg. A few years later this became the building site of the arsenal. Construction started in 1655 after the Dutch lost the First Anglo-Dutch War and there was a dire need to professionalize the navy in order to protect the merchant fleet.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty
The foundation of the building consists of 2300 wooden piles from Oslo, and the building itself is constructed entirely out of brick. Two years after its completion, in 1658, Joost van den Vondel dedicated a poem to the Zeemagazijn.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the admiralty noticed that the building was slowly sinking into the ground, a common problem with building projects in Amsterdam. Some construction errors during the laying of the foundation plus the weight of the building and the peat soil of Amsterdam combined in a hazardous situation. To stop this from happening, buttresses were added to the base of the building and an avant-corps was constructed on four sides of the building.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty
In 1791, a great fire broke out and charred the entire building. Instead of demolishing it and constructing a new arsenal in its place, the decision was made to plaster the building to imitate sandstone, creating the distinctive white look it has today. After the French invasion in 1795, the Dutch Admiralty was disbanded and a national navy was formed; the function of the arsenal changed as well. It no longer stored cannons, ropes and gunpowder but clothing and food. After the French left, the building was given to the newly formed Dutch navy and stayed in the navy’s control until 1973.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Dutch Maritime Museum
In 1972, it was announced that the building would become the location of the Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum (English: Dutch Maritime Museum), as the navy didn't see any use for the building and the Maritime Museum needed a larger building to display their various objects. After moving the collection of the museum from the Cornelis Schuytstraat in the southern part of Amsterdam to the Zeemagazijn, the museum was officially opened by Princess Beatrix on April 13, 1973.


's Lands Zeemagazijn, Dutch Maritime Museum
A new renovation project was planned to take place from 2007-2011. On October 1, the Maritime Museum was reopened by Queen Beatrix. New additions to the building are the glass and steel roof, designed by Laurent Ney and based upon the lines of a compass on sea charts. In total it weighs 200,000 kilos (160,000 kilos steel and 40,000 kilos glass). Because the building is slanted (an effect from the sinking in the eighteenth century), every piece of glass had to be cut individually.


's Nachts
's Nachts ("At Night," 1999), translated in German as  Nachts, is a children's book written and illustrated by German author Wolf Erlbruch written for the Dutch Kinderboekenweek, an annual event promoting children's literature. It is a story about a boy, Fons, who, unable to sleep, drags his father on a walk through town and encounters the most fantastic animals and creatures. Some of the things Fons sees along the way were specifically geared toward the Dutch reader, Erlbruch explained.


's Nachts
For his mixed-media illustrations in Nachts, Erlbruch used cut-outs from stacks of papers from 1940s German wallpaper and other eclectic sources. Each page features a moon, and some of those were cut from plans from a French company  for a railroad in China; the mathematical formulas, explained Erlbruch, represent the adult, rational world—cutting up papers with such calculations on it he suspects is an act of rebellion. The Dutch daily newspaper Trouw wrote that in Nachts, Erlbruch "cuts, pastes, draws, paints, and writes a beautiful little piece of art."


's-Graveland
's-Graveland is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Wijdemeren, and lies about 4 km northwest of Hilversum. The former municipality of 's-Graveland merged with Loosdrecht and Nederhorst den Berg on 1 January 2002 to form the new municipality Wijdemeren.


's-Graveland
The statistical district "'s-Graveland", which covers the village and the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1180.


's-Graveland, Estates
Since the seventeenth century,'s-Graveland was a popular location for wealthy families from Amsterdam, who bought, built or inherited villas and estates there, like:


's-Graveland, Estates
The 's-Gravelandsevaart or 's-Gravelands canal ('vaart' is a passage for boats, 'varen' means to sail in Dutch), where most of the homes were built, used to be a major connection between Amsterdam and Hilversum. Transport per ship was often preferred over carriage, because the roads were not paved.


's-Graveland, Estates
In the year 1672 the French caused a lot of damage, destroying homes and killing inhabitants. In 1673 the French abandoned the area again, and many homes were rebuilt, new gardens were added in French fashion.


's-Gravenambacht
's-Gravenambacht is a former hamlet and former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. The area is now part of Rotterdam, and almost completely covered by the Eemhaven dockyards. The western part of the village of Heijplaat is also in this area.


's-Gravenambacht
The municipality existed between 1817 and 1832, when it merged with Pernis.


's-Gravendeel
's-Gravendeel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌs xraːvə(n)ˈdeːl] (listen)) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The former municipality covered an area of 20.69 km2 (7.99 mile2) of which 1.77 km2 (0.68 mile2) is water. Its population was 9,023 in January 2007.


's-Gravendeel
The municipality of 's-Gravendeel was merged with Binnenmaas on January 1, 2007. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard.


's-Gravendeel
's-Gravendeel is on the eastern side of Hoeksche Waard Island on the river Dordtsche Kil. It is connected to Dordrecht by means of the Kil Tunnel. The village was founded in 1593 when the new polder Nieuw-Bonaventura was drained.


's-Gravenhoek
's-Gravenhoek is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It consisted of a number of polders on the north side of the island of Noord-Beveland, east of Wissenkerke.


's-Gravenhoek
The municipality of 's-Gravenhoek was smaller than the former domain (heerlijkheid) of the same name, which included the two polders Oud-'s-Gravenhoek and Nieuw-'s-Gravenhoek, which flooded in 1745 and 1752. The remaining part of the municipality had a low population, as it contained no village or hamlet, and it merged with neighbouring Wissenkerke in 1816.


's-Gravenpolder
's-Gravenpolder is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 21 kilometres east of Middelburg.


's-Gravenpolder
In 2001, the town of 's-Gravenpolder had 4089 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.81 square kilometres, and contained 1461 residences. The statistical area "'s-Gravenpolder", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 4570.


's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen
's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen, Rotterdam is a Louis XIV-XV façade house ca. 1850 that is classified as a  Dutch National Heritage Site (number: 32911).


's-Gravenzande
's-Gravenzande is a town in the province of South Holland, in the Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of The Hague. Until 2004 it was a separate municipality and covered an area of 20.77 km2 (of which 3.38 km2 water).


's-Gravenzande
The town of 's-Gravenzande had 15,241 inhabitants in 2011. The built-up area of the town was 2.7 km2, and contained 5,879 residences. The statistical area "'s-Gravenzande", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 119,750. As of 1 January 2009, 's-Gravenzande is the largest town in Westland with 19.428 inhabitants.


's-Gravenzande
The former municipality of 's-Gravenzande also included the township of Heenweg.


's-Gravenzande, History
's-Gravenzande is the only place in the Westland with a history as a city. 's-Gravenzande was granted city rights in 1246 by Count William II of Holland who, just like his father Count Floris IV, regularly resided at his estate near the town. It is therefore the only "city" in Westland.


's-Gravenzande, History
Machteld van Brabant, daughter of Duke Henry I and wife of Floris IV, was responsible for building the town's church, and gave it a Madonna statue to which miraculous powers were attributed. 's-Gravenzande subsequently became a pilgrimage site.


's-Gravenzande, History
The neighborhood of Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York in the United States is said by some to have been named for 's-Gravenzande.


's-Gravesloot
's-Gravesloot is a former hamlet and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was located between Kamerik and Woerden.


's-Gravesloot
's-Gravesloot was a heerlijkheid (manor) owned by the province of Utrecht until 1751, when it was sold to a private owner. When the current municipal system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1812, it became part of Kamerik. When that municipality was split into three parts, 's-Gravesloot became a separate municipality again. In 1857, Kamerik-Mijzijde, Kamerik-Houtdijken, and 's-Gravesloot merged again, to form the new municipality of Kamerik. Kamerik and 's-Gravesloot are now part of Woerden.


's-Gravesloot
The municipality of 's-Gravesloot consisted of a polder with the same name, covered an area of 3.23 km2, and contained the hamlet of 's-Gravesloot. It had a population of about 110.


's-Heer Abtskerke
's-Heer Abtskerke is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 19 km east of Middelburg.


's-Heer Abtskerke
In 1816, the village of Sinoutskerke en Baarsdorp, covering the hamlets of Baarsdorp and Sinoutskerke, was merged with 's-Heer Abtskerke. 's-Heer Abtskerke remained a separate municipality until 1970.


's-Heer Abtskerke
In 2001, the village of 's-Heer Abtskerke had 238 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.10 km2, and contained 104 residences. The statistical area "'s-Heer Abtskerke", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 520.


's-Heer Arendskerke
's-Heer Arendskerke is a small village of approximately 1300 inhabitants in the municipality of Goes in the south-western Netherlands.


's-Heer Arendskerke
The settlement consists of two circles of houses around a Protestant church, on a single main road with an obsolete village hall. On the other side of the main road is a little industrial site called Eindewege (end of the road), containing tin huts and small garages. The remainder of the area is given over to fields for agriculture.


's-Heer Arendskerke
There is one primary school and one secondary school. There is also a GP and a nurse/physiotherapist.


's-Heer Arendskerke
The village also has a fire brigade unit with two trucks.


's-Heer Arendskerke
The Rijkswaterstaat maintains a winter depot here, with reserve stocks for dyke repairs.


's-Heer Arendskerke
There was once a railway station before the Second World War, but it was demolished in 1928.


's-Heer Hendrikskinderen
's-Heer Hendrikskinderen is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located in the municipality of Goes, about 2 km to the west of the city of Goes.


's-Heerenberg
's-Heerenberg is a city on the Dutch-German border, in the Province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It is located about 5 km north of the German Emmerich, and about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Doetinchem. It received city rights in 1379.


's-Heerenberg
's-Heerenberg is the location of one of the most important castles of the Netherlands: Huis Bergh. The Huis Bergh contains a panel of the Archangel Gabriel from the famous altar piece Maestà by Duccio. The castle is surrounded to the west by a forest, part of the larger nature reserve Bergherbos.


's-Heerenberg
Until 1821 's-Heerenberg was a separate municipality; it then became the administrative center of Bergh. Since 2005 it is part of the municipality of Montferland. The border canal 'Grenskanaal' constitutes the border to Germany. Industrial parks 't Goor and the Immenhorst are situated near this border.


's-Heerenberg
The annual Montferland Run road running competition is held in 's-Heerenberg every December. The race has been previously won by world-class runners like Haile Gebrselassie, Kenenisa Bekele and Lornah Kiplagat.


's-Heerenbroek
's-Heerenbroek is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Kampen, about 5 km west of Zwolle. It has a school, the Prinses Julianaschool, which was founded in 1909. There was formerly a milk factory which was well known in the municipality of Kampen.


's-Heerenhoek
's-Heerenhoek is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 12 km east of Middelburg.


's-Heerenhoek
In 2001, the town of 's-Heerenhoek had 1335 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.41 km2, and contained 603 residences. The statistical area "'s-Heerenhoek", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1970.


's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch: [ˌsɛrtoːɣə(m)ˈbɔs] (listen); French: Bois-le-Duc [bwɑ l(ə) dyk]; German: Herzogenbusch), colloquially known as Den Bosch (IPA: [dɛm ˈbɔs] (listen)), is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 155,899. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant.


's-Hertogenbosch, History
The city's official name is a contraction of the (archaic) Dutch des Hertogen bosch [dɛs ˈɦɛrtoːɣə(m) ˈbɔs] — "the forest of the duke". The duke in question was Henry I of Brabant, whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries. He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh. At age 26, he granted 's-Hertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185. This is, however, the traditional date given by later chroniclers; the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196.


's-Hertogenbosch, History
The original charter has been lost. His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland; from its first days, he conceived of the city as a fortress. It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland, but was soon rebuilt. Some remnants of the original city walls remain.


's-Hertogenbosch, History
In the late 14th century, a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area. Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat, through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted. 's-Hertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period, Hieronymus Bosch, The town suffered a catastrophic fire in 1463, which the then (approximately) 13-year-old Bosch probably witnessed; presumably, this fire provided inspiration for the fiery hell-scapes that would later make Bosch famous.


's-Hertogenbosch, History
Until 1520, the city flourished, becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands, after Utrecht. The city was also a center of music, and composers, such as Jheronimus Clibano, received their training at its churches. Others held positions there: Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady; and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at 's-Hertogenbosch.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Eighty Years' War
The wars of the Reformation changed the course of the city's history. It became an independent bishopric. During the Eighty Years' War, the city took the side of the Habsburg (Catholic) authorities and thwarted a Calvinist coup. It was besieged several times by Prince Maurice of Orange, stadtholder of most of the Dutch Republic, who wanted to bring 's-Hertogenbosch under the rule of the rebel United Provinces. The city was successfully defended by Claude de Berlaymont, also known as Haultpenne.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Thirty Years' War
In the years of Truce, before the renewed fighting after 1618, the fortifications were greatly expanded. The surrounding marshes made a siege of the conventional type impossible, and the fortress, deemed impregnable, was nicknamed the Marsh Dragon. The town was nevertheless finally conquered by Frederik Hendrik of Orange in 1629 in a typically Dutch stratagem: he diverted the rivers Dommel and Aa, created a polder by constructing a forty-kilometre dyke and then pumped out the water by mills. After a siege of three months, the city had to surrender—an enormous blow to Habsburg geo-political strategy during the Thirty Years' War. This surrender cut the town off from the rest of the duchy and the area was treated by the Republic as an occupation zone without political liberties (see also Generality Lands).


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Louis XIV to Bonaparte
After the Peace of Westphalia, the fortifications were again expanded. In 1672, the Dutch rampjaar, the city held against the army of Louis XIV of France. In 1794 French revolutionary troops under the command of Charles Pichegru attacked the city. It was only weakly defended, and fell after a short siege. Pichegru then crossed the rivers and put an end to the Dutch Republic.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Louis XIV to Bonaparte
In the Batavian Republic, that was established in 1795, both Catholics and Brabanders at last gained equal rights. From 1806, the city became part of the Kingdom of Holland and from 1810, it was incorporated into the First French Empire. It was captured by the Prussians in 1814.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Kingdom of the Netherlands
The next year, 1815, when the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was established, it became the capital of North Brabant. Many newer and more modern fortresses were created in the vicinity of the city. A new canal was built, the 'Zuid-Willemsvaart', which gave the city an economic impulse. Trade, manufacturing and industry grew. Until 1878, it was forbidden to build outside the ramparts. That led to overcrowding and the highest infant mortality in the kingdom.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, Kingdom of the Netherlands
At the end of the 19th century, the very conservative city government prevented industrial investment to avoid an increase in the number of workers and the establishment of educational institutions: students were regarded as disorderly. As a result, the relative importance of the city diminished.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after
One of the few official Nazi concentration camp complexes in Western Europe outside Germany and Austria was named after 's-Hertogenbosch. It operated from January 1943, to September 1944 and was known to the Germans as Herzogenbusch (see List of subcamps of Herzogenbusch). About 30,000 inmates were interned in the complex during this time, of whom about 12,000 were Jews. In the Netherlands, this camp is known as 'Kamp Vught', because the concentration camp was actually located at a heath near Vught, a village a few kilometres south of 's-Hertogenbosch.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after
It was conquered by the Germans in World War II in 1940 and occupied by them for over four years. The allies struck back—the railway station was bombed by planes of the Royal Air Force on 16 September 1944. The city was liberated between 24 and 27 October 1944 during Operation Pheasant by British soldiers of Major-General Robert Knox Ross's 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division after Major Donald Bremner of the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, of 158th Infantry Brigade, had already routed the enemy on 23–24 October.


's-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after
After the war, 's-Hertogenbosch was modernized, like many other cities in the Netherlands. It was probably only geography that shielded the old town from rigorous reconstruction in those early years. Just in time, the pendulum swung over to protecting the history of the city. In 1956, the council wanted to demolish the Moriaan, the oldest brick building in the Netherlands, to give traffic better access to the market square. The permit was refused by the government and instead the building was restored, starting in 1963. Later, city councils became much more aware of the value of historic buildings and from about the turn of the millennium, the historic fortifications are also given much attention by the authorities.


's-Hertogenbosch, Geography, Population centres
The population centres in the municipality are: Bokhoven, Crevecoeur, Deuteren (former village), Dieskant, Empel, Engelen, Gewande, 's-Hertogenbosch, Hintham, Kruisstraat, Maliskamp, Meerwijk, Orthen (former village), Oud-Empel, and Rosmalen.


's-Hertogenbosch, Geography, Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


's-Hertogenbosch, Economy
The city of 's-Hertogenbosch has become a center of industry, education, administration and culture. It is currently the fourth city of North Brabant. It is home to many national and international businesses such as Heineken, Epic, Tyco International, SAP and many others. The Jeroen Bosch Hospital is the biggest employer in the area, with over 4,000 employees.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture
's-Hertogenbosch is home to a variety of events such as the theatre festival Boulevard, Jazz in Duketown, and hip hop in duketown, the start of the Tour de France (1996), Tour Feminin (1997), the International Vocal Competition, November Music (a contemporary music festival) and the UNICEF Open (formerly the Ordina Open) grass court tennis tournament (in the nearby town of Rosmalen). There are also over 350 restaurants, pubs and cafés to be found in the city.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture
's-Hertogenbosch is also home to the European Ceramic Work Centre. This is a juried international ceramic residency where they invite artists, designers and architects from around to the world to explore the medium of Ceramics. This program was initially started in 1991 and continues to this day.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture
The city has its own food speciality, the Bossche Bol—effectively a giant profiterole, somewhat larger than a tennis ball, which is filled with whipped cream and coated with chocolate.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture
The spoken language is Maaslands (the variant spoken in 's-Hertogenbosch is called Bosch which is placed among the Central North Brabantian dialects, although other classification systems also describe it as East Brabantian), which is very similar to colloquial Dutch.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture
De Toonzaal is a music venue for chamber music, improvised music, and experimental music. For popular music there is the venue W2 (or Willem II).


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Museums
The Noordbrabants Museum is a provincial museum with a nice overview of works that Vincent van Gogh made in Brabant. The Design Museum Den Bosch is a modern art museum. The Jheronimus Bosch Art Center, is dedicated to the work of Jheronimus Bosch. Other museums include the Swan Brothers' House and Museum Slager.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations
's-Hertogenbosch has a strong carnival tradition. In its current form the story and symbolism dates from 1881 to 1883. In these years some citizens created the legend of "Oeteldonk", whereby the city was renamed to Oeteldonk for the three day carnival. "Donk" is a reference to a dry place in the marsh. The frog is widely used as a symbol during the 's-Hertogenbosch Carnival. It's also a symbol of the Oeteldonk marsh. It was also a remark aimed at Bishop Godschalk from Den Dungen, where 'Van den Oetelaar' was a common family name. He had wanted to forbid the traditional festivities of Shrove Tuesday that often led to excesses.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations
Oeteldonk is a village and therefore every inhabitant is a farmer or a 'durske' (a girl or young woman), eliminating class differences. The village is headed by the Mayor "Peer vaan den Muggenheuvel tot den Bobberd". Each year the mayor of 's-Hertogenbosch hands over his authority to the Mayor of Oeteldonk. On Sunday at 11:11 AM the Mayor of Oeteldonk then receives Prince Carnaval "Prince Amadeiro XXVI" at Oeteldonk central station. From there a parade of all carnival clubs escorts the company to the town hall.


's-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations
The citizens of 's-Hertogenbosch wear traditional outfits throughout these days. A so-called boerenkiel is worn and every year patches are designed according to that years theme which can then be stitched onto the outfit. The boerenkiel is often combined with a traditional farmers bandana and a long scarf in the colors of Oeteldonk. The tradition of the Boerenkiel and / or Bandana is very different from the carnival traditions in the rest of the Netherlands. Other aspects like the parade, the temporary name and the temporary flag (for Oeteldonk red, white and yellow) are very similar.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions
's-Hertogenbosch was founded as a fortified city and that heritage can still be seen today. After World War II, plans were made to modernise the old city, by filling in the canals, removing or modifying some ramparts and redeveloping historic neighbourhoods. Before these plans could come to effect, however, the central government declared the city a protected townscape. Most historic elements have been preserved. In contrast to cities like Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch also survived the Second World War relatively unscathed. Much of its historic heritage remains intact, and today there are always renovations going on in the city to preserve the many old buildings, fortifications, churches and statues for later generations.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center
The city center has a cozy atmosphere because of the almost continuous ramparts that still surround it. It has been molded by the multiple rivers that convene on 's-Hertogenbosch, giving the center its strange street plan so different from the usual grid plan, where streets meet at right angles. The center is dominated by Saint John's Cathedral (Sint Jans kathedraal in Dutch), which dates from c. 1220 and is best known for its Brabantine Gothic design and the many sculptures of craftsmen that are sitting on almost every arc and rim along the outside of the cathedral. In 2010 an extensive restoration was completed, undoing the damage of many years of wear-and-tear and acid rain.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center
On the central square is the oldest remaining brick house of the Netherlands, 'de Moriaan', which was built at the beginning of the 13th century. In the 1960s, de Moriaan was renovated to its former glory based on a famous 16th-century Dutch painting called 'De Lakenmarkt van 's-Hertogenbosch' ('The fabric market of 's-Hertogenbosch'). The town hall is an originally 14th-century Gothic building. After the town was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1629, it got a new facade in the style of the Dutch Baroque architecture. It showcased the authority of the new masters, just like the new town hall in Maastricht would.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center
Hidden below the old city is a canal network called the Binnendieze, which once spanned 22 km (14 mi). It started out as a regular river, the Dommel, running through the city in medieval times. Due to lack of space in the city, people started building their houses and roads over the river. Later, the Binnendieze functioned as a sewer and fell into disrepair. In recent decades, the remaining sixth part of the old waterway system has been renovated, and it is possible to take several guided subterranean boat trips through it.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications
's-Hertogenbosch has an extensive and almost complete fifteenth-to-seventeenth-century city fortification. It was made to profit from the city's strong defensive position' laying on a sandy hill in the center of a large swamp fed by many rivers. This also caused that the main ramparts were preserved, because they were crucial in keeping out the water. In 2004 the city was awarded the title European Fortress City of the year. In the years that followed it restored many of the city defenses to much of their old glory.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications
Apart from small sections of medieval walls, the main structure of the fortification is a late-medieval (fifteenth-century) wall. The upper sections were removed when cannon became more powerful, and polygonal bastions were added, some after the conquest by the republic. Most of these have not been restored to their original height, but do maintain their brick walls. The citadel in the north west of the city does retain its original height. Around the city itself many other fortresses can still be seen.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications
In the north east of the old city, the hexagonal gunpowder magazine, called Kruithuis is located close to the citadel. It is one of only a handful that still exist in the Netherlands, and was built when the city was still part of the Spanish Netherlands. It is planned to become the museum of fortress 's-Hertogenbosch. One of the bastions of the fortress now houses the mini museum Bastionder. It has been dug out in a bastion of the south side. On the inside it shows a unique wrought iron cannon, and an older bastion that was walled in by the current one.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Nature
On the south side of the city, the city center and walls still border the Bossche Broek, an old polder that could never be made dry. In 1995 the dyke of the Dommel broke and an enormous amount of water entered the polder. It also flooded and blocked the main Dutch highway A2. In order to prevent this in the future, the area was rearranged to store excess water in case of emergencies. In 2006 the area had been furnished with higher dikes and locks that allowed a controlled flooding of the polder and some adjacent areas in case of emergency.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Nature
The Bossche Broek is now a 22-hectare (54-acre) nature reserve, that stretches all the way to Vught. It is connected to the Moerputten and Vlijmens Ven, with which it forms a Natura 2000 area. Rare species in the area are the scarce large blue and the European weather loach. The Moerputten sports the Moerputten Bridge, a 600 m long nineteenth century railway bridge and engineering feat. However, what is really unique about the area is its close proximity to the city center.


's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Miscellaneous
The city is also the location of the Bolwoningen complex, an array of fifty experimental spherical houses designed by Dries Kreijkamp.