1004 Estate
1004 Housing Estate is an 11-hectare housing estate in Victoria Island, Lagos. Originally named Federal Housing Estate, Lagos and designed by Isaac Fola-Alade, it was constructed in the 1970s as the biggest of its type at the time. The estate has 4 clusters of residential multistory condominiums; 6 high rise buildings and 4 low rise  buildings comprising over 1000 apartments. Built as a luxurious residence for families of senators and members of the House of Representatives, the estate opened in 1979. After the federal capital was moved to Abuja, it was subsequently occupied by senior federal civil servants. The estate has also been the abode of expatriates. In 2007, the estate was involved in a bidding process by the government to hand over maintenance to private property developers. The deal worth 7 billion Naira was Nigeria’s single largest property transaction that year.


1004 Estate, Controversy that rock the Estate
The 1004 estate has been rocked by countless controversies  since the transfer ownership from the Federal Government occurred . The 1004 now the abode of expatriates and other private individuals have had to deal with various issues some bordering on embezzlement, fraud ,theft and insecurity .Recently a man leapt to his death for fear of EFCC  an agency in charge of corrupt practises.


1004 Estate, Controversy that rock the Estate
The  residents of the estate in an  outcry claim that security agencies in charge of the estate are aiding criminals who tamper with their electricity and property. The cry of help directed to the government . The Lagos State Assembly Committee for housing paid a surprise visit to investigate the crisis rocking the estate.


10046 Creighton
10046 Creighton, provisional designation 1986 JC, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 May 1986, by astronomers with the International Near-Earth Asteroid Survey (INAS) at Palomar Observatory, California, in the United States. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.57 hours. It was named after American architect James M. Creighton.


10046 Creighton, Orbit and classification
Creighton is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,307 days; semi-major axis of 2.34 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the discovering observatory in July 1954, nearly 32 years prior to its official discovery observation.


10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics
Creighton has been characterized as a common X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey. It is also characterized as a dark C-type asteroid in the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel) taxonomy.


10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In April 2011, a rotational light-curve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Skiff. The light-curve gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.566±0.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.68 in magnitude (U=3). Two other light-curves – obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, in February 2014, and by astronomer Maurice Clark at Texas Tech's Preston Gott Observatory in June 2011 – are in agreement with a period of 6.5668±0.0036 and 6.5698±0.0002 hours, and an amplitude of 0.46 and 0.65, respectively (U=2/3-).


10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Creighton measures between 9.80 and 11.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.071.


10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0417 and a diameter of 12.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.6.


10046 Creighton, Naming
This minor planet was named after pioneering American architect James M. Creighton (1856–1946), who designed the Old Main building at Arizona State University, and designed and constructed the original road to the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 December 2009 (M.P.C. 67759).


1005
Year 1005 (MV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1005 Arago
Arago (minor planet designation: 1005 Arago), provisional designation 1923 OT, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1923, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after French mathematician François Arago.


1005 Arago, Classification and orbit
Arago orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in 1935, twelve years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arago measures between 48.57 and 68.404 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0498 and 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0582 and a diameter of 57.69 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.


1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve
In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Arago was obtained from photometric observations that was later submitted to the CALL website. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.7819 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=n.a.). In April 2016, another lightcurve was obtained by the group of Spanish amateur astronomers OBAS. It gave a concurring period of 8.784 hours with an amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=3).


1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Spectral type
Arago is characterized by WISE as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid. It is also a carbonaceous C-type asteroid as generically assumed by CALL.


1005 Arago, Naming
This minor planet was named after French mathematician François Arago (1786–1853) director of the Paris Observatory. He is also honored by an inner ring of Neptune, the crater Arago on the Moon and the crater Arago on Mars. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).


10050 Cielo Drive
10050 Cielo Drive was the street address of a former luxury home in Benedict Canyon, in the west-central part of the Beverly Crest neighborhood of Los Angeles, bordering Beverly Hills, where three members of the Manson Family committed the Tate murders in 1969.


10050 Cielo Drive
The property had a main residence and a guest house. The main house had been occupied by various famous Hollywood and music industry figures. In 1994, both houses were demolished and a new house was constructed on the site, and the street address was changed to 10066 Cielo Drive.


10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture
The original house was designed by Robert Byrd in 1942 and completed in 1944 for French actress Michèle Morgan. It was very similar, but not exactly identical, to the house which sat on its own plateau directly below 10050, 10048 Cielo Drive, which was often called the Twin House. They were originally built on land called The Bedrock Properties and were built at the same time.


10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture
The French country-style structure was located on 3 acres (1.2 ha), and included a private drive on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, an area west of Hollywood in the Santa Monica Mountains that overlooks Beverly Hills and Bel Air. The hillside structure faced east and featured stone fireplaces, beamed ceilings, paned windows, a loft above the living room, a swimming pool and a guest house, and was surrounded by thick pine and flowering cherry trees.


10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture
According to official documents with the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, the architect of record for this home was Arthur W. Hawes (1873-1951). The builder was J.F. Wadkins Corp.


10050 Cielo Drive, History
Michèle Morgan, French actress for RKO Radio Pictures, arranged for architect Robert Byrd to design a home and J.F. Wadkins to build the luxury home resembling an early 19th-century European style farmhouse. The house was completed in 1944, with an address of 10050 Cielo Drive. It was on a 3.3-acre level lot above Benedict Canyon in Beverly Hills. The home included a 3,200 square foot main residence and 2,000 square foot guest cottage. According to the Los Angeles Times, Morgan paid $32,000 (equivalent to $0.47 million by 2020). By the end of World War II, Morgan had returned to France. The house was later sold to Dr. Hartley Dewey and his wife Louise who rented it to Lillian Gish in 1946, while she was filming Duel in the Sun.


10050 Cielo Drive, History
Rudolph Altobelli (1929–2011), a music and film industry talent manager, bought the house for $86,000 in the early 1960s (equivalent to $0.74 million in 2020) and often rented it out. Residents included Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon (it was their honeymoon nest in 1965), Henry Fonda, George Chakiris, Mark Lindsay, Samantha Eggar, and Olivia Hussey. Charles Manson visited the house in late 1968, when it was occupied (from May 1966 to January 1969) by couple Terry Melcher (the son of actress Doris Day) and Candice Bergen with roommate/talent-manager Roger Hart. The couple split in early 1969, with Melcher relocating to Malibu.


10050 Cielo Drive, History
In February 1969, Roman Polanski and his wife Sharon Tate began renting the home from Altobelli. On August 8–9, 1969, the home became the scene of the murders of Tate, Wojciech Frykowski, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent committed by Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel. William Garretson, Altobelli's caretaker and an acquaintance of Parent, lived in the guest house behind the main house and originally said he was unaware of the murders until the next morning, when he was taken into custody by police officers who had arrived at the scene. He was later cleared of all charges.


10050 Cielo Drive, History
Altobelli moved into the house just three weeks after the murders and resided there until 1988. During an interview on ABC's show 20/20, he said that while living there, he felt "safe, secure, loved and beauty." The house was then sold to John Prell, a real estate investor. The purchase price was $1.6 million in 1989 (equivalent to $3.3 million in 2020). In 1992, Prell sold the property to Alvin Weintraub, another real estate investor.


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
The final resident of the original house was the musician Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. Reznor rented the house from 1992 and set up a recording studio there. This studio, dubbed "Pig" (sometimes called "Le Pig") in a reference to murderer Susan Atkins' writing "Pig" in Tate's blood on the front door of the house, was the site of recording sessions for most of the Nine Inch Nails album The Downward Spiral (1994). The band also recorded the EP Broken and filmed the video for "Gave Up" at 10050 Cielo Drive. Marilyn Manson recorded sections of the album Portrait of an American Family at the in-house studio in 1992.


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
Reznor moved out in December 1993, later explaining "there was too much history in that house for me to handle."


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
Reznor made a statement about working in the Tate house during a 1997 interview with Rolling Stone:


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
While I was working on Downward Spiral, I was living in the house where Sharon Tate was killed. Then one day I met her sister. It was a random thing, just a brief encounter. And she said: "Are you exploiting my sister's death by living in her house?" For the first time the whole thing kind of slapped me in the face. I said, "No, it's just sort of my own interest in American folklore. I'm in this place where a weird part of history occurred." I guess it never really struck me before, but it did then.


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
She lost her sister from a senseless, ignorant situation that I don't want to support. When she was talking to me, I realized for the first time, "What if it was my sister?" I thought, "Fuck Charlie Manson. I don't want to be looked at as a guy who supports serial-killer bullshit." I went home and cried that night. It made me see there's another side to things, you know? It's one thing to go around with your dick swinging in the wind, acting like it doesn't matter. But when you understand the repercussions that are felt ... that's what sobered me up: realizing that what balances out the appeal of the lawlessness and the lack of morality and that whole thing is the other end of it, the victims who don't deserve that.


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson
Reznor took the front door of the house with him when he moved out, installing it at Nothing Studios, his new recording studio/record label headquarters in New Orleans. Nothing Studios was later sold and the façade of the building changed. The front door Reznor removed from 10050 Cielo Drive is currently preserved in the possession of Christopher Moore, a New Orleans artist who acquired it from the owner of the building.


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Destruction
After renting out the house, Alvin Weintraub had it demolished in 1994, and construction on a new home began later that same year. In 1996, the newly constructed home was completed, that he named Villa Bella, and obtained a new address for the property, 10066 Cielo Drive. The home does not resemble the residence in which the Tate murders occurred. It is an 18,000-square-foot Mediterranean-style mansion. When he listed Villa Bella for sale in 1998, Weintraub assured Los Angeles magazine that this was certainly not the Manson murder house. "We went to great pains to get rid of everything ... There’s no house, no dirt, no blade of grass remotely connected to Sharon Tate."


10050 Cielo Drive, History, Destruction
The owner of the property as of December 2013 was Hollywood producer Jeff Franklin. In 2010, he had made this comment to Architectural Digest: "What I fell in love with here was the setting, the view, the privacy and the amount of flat land" but complained that the design of the house was badly conceived. The property was on the market in August 2019, showing an estimated price of $9.7 million.


1006
Year 1006 (MVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1006 Lagrangea
Lagrangea (minor planet designation: 1006 Lagrangea), provisional designation 1923 OU, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1923, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Italian mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange.


1006 Lagrangea, Orbit and classification
Lagrangea is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.0–4.3 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, 4 days after its official discovery observation.


1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics
Lagrangea has been characterized as a dark D-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, while the LCDB  assumes a generic, carbonaceous C-type.


1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Lagrangea was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32.79 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude. As the lightcurve has received a low quality rating, the obtained period must be considered tentative (U=1).


1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lagrangea measures between 29.56 and 35.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.067.


1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0612 and a diameter of 29.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.


1006 Lagrangea, Naming
This minor planet was named after Italian mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), who made significant contributions to astronomy, in particular celestial mechanics. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). The Lagrangian point are named after him. He is also honored by the lunar crater Lagrange.


1007
Year 1007 (MVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1007 Pawlowia
Pawlowia (minor planet designation: 1007 Pawlowia), provisional designation 1923 OX, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1923, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian physiologist and Nobelist Ivan Pavlov.


1007 Pawlowia, Orbit and classification
Pawlowia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,627 days; semi-major axis of 2.71 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.


1007 Pawlowia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first imaged on a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz on 30 October 1925, or 25 days after its official discovery observation (discovery record not listed).


1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Pawlowia is a K-type asteroid, which are common among members of the Eos family and known for their intermediate albedo.


1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In September 2003, a tentative rotational lightcurve of Pawlowia was obtained from photometric observations by American Maurice Clark at the Bucknell and Rosemary Hill Observatory in Pennsylvania and Florida, respectively. Analysis of the essentially flat lightcurve gave a poorly rated rotation period of 8.23 hours with a brightness amplitude of at least 0.02 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.


1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pawlowia measures between 18.264 and 24.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.080 and 0.145.


1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 32.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.


1007 Pawlowia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Russian biologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 (see list of laureates). Pavlov is best known for his research on classical conditioning (Pavlov's dog).


1007 Pawlowia, Naming
The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). The lunar crater Pavlov was also named in his honor.


1008
Year 1008 (MVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1008 La Paz
La Paz (minor planet designation: 1008 La Paz), provisional designation 1923 PD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 October 1923, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory and named after the city La Paz in Bolivia.


1008 La Paz, Orbit and classification
La Paz is a background asteroid as it does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,985 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 10 days after its official discovery observation.


1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves
In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of La Paz was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.998 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3). In March 2007, a concurring period of 9.002 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3-) was obtained by astronomers Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station in Italy (A12).


1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, La Paz measures between 38.64 and 50.50 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.099.


1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0684 and a diameter of 38.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1008 La Paz, Naming
This minor planet was named after La Paz, the capital city of Bolivia in South America. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).


1009
Year 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the pavan full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1009 Sirene
Sirene (minor planet designation: 1009 Sirene), provisional designation 1923 PE, is an eccentric asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 31 October 1923. The asteroid was named after the Siren from Greek mythology.


1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification
Sirene is a Mars-crossing asteroid with a notably large semi-major axis is 2.62 AU, due to its high eccentricity of 0.46. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.4–3.8 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,552 days). Its orbit has an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic.


1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins 9 days after its official discovery observation at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. On 8 June 1949, Sirene passed 0.049 AU (7,300,000 km; 4,600,000 mi) from Mars.


1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification, Aethra group and mass of Mars
Sirene had been of great interest in 1930s. After its discovery, it was observed at Algiers, Bergedorf, Heidelberg, Milan, Vienna and Wiliams Bay in the United States, where it became too faint to be accurately observed. It was regarded as an excellent example of a member of the then called "Aethra group" – 132 Aethra was the first discovered Mars-crossing asteroid – highly appropriate to measure the exact mass of Mars on its next opposition near perihelion in 1937. However, after its last observation at Wiliams Bay in 1924, Sirene had only been observed once at Turku Observatory in 1940, and remained unobserved until the 1980s.


1009 Sirene, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Sirene has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.


1009 Sirene, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
Sirene has not been observed by any large-scale, space-based surveys such as IRAS, NEOWISE and Akari. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Sirene measures 5 kilometers in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 13.9 and an assumed stony albedo of 0.20. For an assumed albedo of 0.10 and 0.05, its calculated diameter would increase to 7.1 and 10 kilometers, respectively.


1009 Sirene, Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Siren, who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).


100BaseVG
100BaseVG is a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet standard specified to run over four pairs of category 3 cable (cable also known as voice grade, hence the "VG"). It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both Ethernet and Token Ring frame types.


100BaseVG
100BaseVG was originally proposed by Hewlett-Packard, ratified by the IEEE in 1995 and was practically extinct by 1998. In 2001 IEEE recorded the status of its 100BaseVG standard as being a "Withdrawn Standard" (defined as "A standard which is no longer maintained and which may contain significant obsolete or erroneous information.")


100BaseVG, Standardization
100BaseVG started in the IEEE 802.3 committee as Fast Ethernet. One faction wanted to keep CSMA/CD in order to keep it pure Ethernet, even though the collision domain problem limited the distances to one tenth that of 10BASE-T. Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture from the hub (they called it "Demand Priority Protocol") in order to maintain the 10BASE-T distances, and also to make it a deterministic protocol. The first faction argued that, since IEEE 802.3 was the Ethernet committee, it was not the place to develop a different protocol. Thus, the IEEE 802.12 committee was formed and standardized 100BaseVG.


100BaseVG, Physical layer
The physical layer requires four twisted pairs of "voice-grade" cabling for a link, so category 3 cables or better can be used. While control signaling uses two pairs for each direction simultaneously, all four pairs are switched to a single direction during data transmission, as required and defined during control signaling. This makes 100BaseVG an inherently half-duplex medium like e.g. 10BASE5 (yet faster) but without the CSMA/CD drawbacks.


100BaseVG, Physical layer
100BaseVG also supports full-duplex operation over optical fiber or over two pairs of shielded twisted pair.


100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Multiplexing
Instead of following the Fast Ethernet standard for twisted pair cabling by using only 2 pairs of wires, 100VG-AnyLAN used all four pairs in either Category 3 or Category 5 twisted pair cable. The design goals were to avoid the radio frequency radiation emitted at the higher frequencies required by Fast Ethernet and to leverage existing wiring installations of Category 3 cabling that most organizations had recently installed to support 10 megabit twisted-pair Ethernet. This had the additional advantage of being less susceptible to external sources of RF interference such as other network cables, fluorescent lights, and high power lines. They multiplexed the signal across all 8 wires thereby lowering the frequency and making it more robust. This presented a problem with early installations that borrowed one unused twisted pair for telephone traffic but those installations were uncommon.


100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Deterministic
When Ethernet became Fast Ethernet, it continued to use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) mechanism to manage traffic on the network cable. 100VG took advantage of the token passing concept that made ARCNET and Token Ring popular in order to provide consistent performance no matter how large the network became. It removed the token passing responsibility from the wiring and network nodes and placed it internal to the 100VG-AnyLAN hubs. These hubs contained the rotating token that never left the hub itself.


100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Deterministic
When a node wanted to transmit data, it would raise a bit on its hub port connection that indicating to the hub that it was ready. As the token passed by a ready hub port, it would then open up traffic to that node. Because the token stayed within the hub, it did not have to traverse long cables going to every node as in ARCNET and Token Ring, therefore, becoming faster than those other deterministic networking standards and being less susceptible to cabling problems, network card failures, and line interference. Real-life load testing showed 100VG-AnyLAN reaching 95% of its theoretical network speed instead of about 45% as in Fast Ethernet when using hubs. Fast Ethernet switches were not commonplace at first because of high cost and limited availability so, initially, 100VG had a significant performance advantage.


100K Pathogen Genome Project
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks.


100K Pathogen Genome Project
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project is a public-private collaborative project to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms. will provide a roadmap for developing tests to identify pathogens and trace their origins more quickly.


100K Pathogen Genome Project
Partners announced in the launch of the project were UC Davis, Agilent Technologies, and the US Food and Drug Administration, with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Department of Agriculture noted as collaborators. As the project has proceeded, the partnership has evolved to include or replace these founding partners. The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was selected by the IBM/Mars Food Safety Consortium for metagenomic sequences.


100K Pathogen Genome Project
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project is conducting high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the genomes of targeted microorganisms, with whole genome sequencing to be carried out on a small number of microorganisms for use as a reference genome. Most bacterial strains will be sequenced and assembled as draft genomes; however, the project has also produced closed genomes for a variety of enteric pathogens in the 100K bioproject. Data from this project is also available for download at the 100K Pathogen Genome Project  website.


100K Pathogen Genome Project
This strategy enables worldwide collaboration to identify sets of genetic biomarkers associated with important pathogen traits. This five-year microbial pathogen project will result in a free, public database containing the sequence information for each pathogen's genome. The completed gene sequences will be stored in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)'s National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)'s public database. Using the database, scientists will be able to develop new methods of controlling disease-causing bacteria in the food chain.


100K Wellness Project
The 100K Wellness Project was a 10-month Framingham-style longitudinal study, organized by Leroy Hood. The pilot phase took place between March and December 2014.


100K Wellness Project
Participants submitted integrated data from whole-genome sequencing, gut microbiome, clinical laboratory tests and quantified self measures to provide actionable results for health coaching.


100K Wellness Project
It showed actionable opportunities in all participants, and participants followed actionable guidelines about 70 percent of the time.


100Most
100Most (Chinese: 100毛) was a satirical weekly magazine published in Hong Kong by Most Kwai Chung, which also runs online platform TVMost. The magazine featured graphics, jokes and reports. Disrespectful and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication described its characteristics as "short", "hilarious" and "Hong Kong style". The slogan of 100Most is "看得完，剛剛好" (English: "Just Right").


100Most
Its 275th and final weekly issue was published on 12 July 2018, after which the magazine was only published in digital format.


100Most, History
The magazine was founded by Roy Tsui, Bu and Chan Keung (林日曦, 陳強, 姚家豪), mainstays of Blackpaper. Its first issue appeared on 7 March 2013. The name 100Most is translated from its Chinese name 100毛. 毛 means hair or 10 cents in Mandarin Chinese literally. 100 represents the 100 focuses listed out in each issue.


100Most, History
100Most was one of the most famous magazines in Hong Kong, according to Roy Tsui, each issue reaching 80-90% sales in 2016. The target reader of this magazine is mainly post-eighties. The magazine was published every Thursday, with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis.


100Most, Style
The philosophy of 100Most was "Short, Hilarious and "Hong Kong style". The founders believed that the life of Hong Kongers is hectic and tense. They wanted to write something to make them laugh and to arouse discussion.


100Most, Style
It targeted young adults below 40 as its readers. The publishing team of the magazine consisted of people born in the 80s and 90s. Each issue of 100Most was largely written in Cantonese, including colloquial expressions. A major characteristic of each focus in 100Most was that it was kept short yet concise, with each focus in roughly 200 words. This moderate length suited the appetites of the young generation, favouring brief quality articles or news as opposed to lengthy passages.


100Most, Style
The topics of 100Most were related to daily life and diversified, ranging from social issues to political issues. The writers put great emphasis on freedom of speech. The founder, Roy Tsui, spurned any self-censorship. Therefore, the magazine content was usually subjective, mainly consisting of personal opinions without much evidence-based research. Moreover, the magazine itself took a strong political stance, which could be reflected by its use of words and colours .


100Most, Style
For example, in its 89th issue (published on 11 November 2014), black and yellow, symbols of the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement, were used as the background colours in some of the pages. Another characteristic of 100Most was its use of graphics. Excel charts were commonly used to illustrate social issues. According to Chan Keung, the use of Excel charts helped deliver ideas in a clear and understandable way.


100Most, Controversy
100Most was often placed at the centre of the copyright infringement disputes.


100Most, Controversy
The first dispute could be dated back to late 2013, in which 100Most was accused of plagiarism after publishing an excerpt of a review of Bounty Lady without giving credit to the author, Lunyeah, a local blogger in Hong Kong and reducing him as "食飽飯無s屙嘅網民" (a netizen who makes troubles out of nothing). This led to a heated debate on social media.


100Most, Controversy
Lunyeah made a statement on Facebook, saying that he was disappointed by 100Most and it is a common knowledge that citation is necessary when using others' ideas and thoughts. He was also angry about being denounced while his work was stolen. In December 2015, 100Most stated on its social media platform TV Most that Roy Tsui had apologised to Lunyeah at various occasions and Lunyeah accepted it.


100Most, Controversy
In early 2015, 100Most was once again involved in copyright infringement after using images of Doraemon in the special edition that paid tribute to the late Doraemon voice actor Lam Pou-chuen who died on 2 January 2015. The public questioned whether 100Most infringed copyright.


100Most, Controversy
On 9 January Animation International Ltd. (AIL), copyright owner of Doraemon, said to Apple Daily, stating that their staff were working on the infringement  while Roy Tsui claimed that he was not familiar with the issue. One day later Tsui said he would not respond on this issue anymore because he has received a legal statement from AIL.


100P/Hartley
100P/Hartley, also known as Hartley 1, is a periodic, Jupiter family comet in the Solar System.


100P/Hartley
On 29 April 2164 the comet will pass 0.487 AU (72,900,000 km; 45,300,000 mi) from Earth.


100Stone
100Stone, also known as the 100 Stone project, is a public installation art project in Alaska. It depicts "personal struggles with mental health, told in sculptural form". Sarah Davies leads the project which also includes Ed Mighell (clay artist), Brian Hutton (community activist), Catherine Shenk (landscape designer; horticulturist), and Lee Holmes (engineer).


100Stone, History
The project began in summer 2013 and the installation occurred November 2015. By the time of the dedication, 9 December 2015, there were 68 sculptures of humans placed along the coast of Anchorage, Alaska at Point Woronzof Overlook on Northern Lights Boulevard. The figures are created using plaster-covered burlap casts of individuals, plus cement and straw, as well as mannequin parts, such as arms.


100Stone, History
Many of the sculptures were damaged by the tides, weather and vandals. The sculptures will be removed from Point Woronzof in April, 2016.


100cc
100cc is a compilation album by the English rock band 10cc.


100cc
It was released in 1975 by UK Records, the band's original label, to capitalize on the then 10cc's recent departure to Mercury Records and band's success in the immediate aftermath of the release of their third album, The Original Soundtrack, and the "I'm Not in Love" single.


100cc
The UK edition of the compilation contains a selection of singles on the first side, while the second side contains all of the non-album b-sides from the first two albums' singles.


100cc
Around the same time "Waterfall" b/w "4% of Something" was released as a single by UK Records.


100ft Robot Golf
100 ft Robot Golf is a mecha golf video game, developed and published by No Goblin. It was released in October 2016 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR, and in March 2017 for Windows.


100ft Robot Golf, Gameplay
Players choose from a number of mechas to play through golf courses with. Each mecha has different abilities and gameplay mechanics for hitting the ball. As opposed to traditional golf, all golfers play at the same time, with the goal of getting their ball into the hole first. Players can demolish buildings to impede opponents, physically block opposing shots with their mecha, and physically attack the other competitors.


100ft Robot Golf, Gameplay
Pierce Washington from the Saints Row series, equipped with Zin Power Armor, is a featured character.


100ft Robot Golf, Development and release
No Goblin is an independent studio known for Roundabout, released in 2014. 100ft Robot Golf features in-game commentary by the McElroy brothers: Justin, Griffin and Travis.


100ft Robot Golf, Reception
The game has received mixed reviews, holding an aggregated score of 56 on Metacritic.


100plus
100plus (often pronounced as "hundred plus") is a brand of isotonic sports drink manufactured by Fraser and Neave Limited, a global food and beverage conglomerate headquartered in Singapore. It was created and launched in 1983 in both Malaysia and Singapore with the name commemorates 100 years of Fraser and Neave in Asia.


100plus, Production
100plus is popular in both Malaysia and Singapore. It has been consistently voted the number one isotonic drink brand in Malaysia in various surveys since its introduction in 1983. One of its main competitors in Singapore is H-TWO-O, which is manufactured by Yeo Hiap Seng.


100plus, Production
Four flavours are available– original, Tangy Tangerine, Lemon Lime, Berries and Active. In 2011, a non-carbonated version called 100plus Edge was introduced before another one in 2017 called 100plus Active.


100plus, Production
100plus is sold in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Myanmar, Canada, Papua New Guinea, Maldives, India, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and South Africa. In Canada, 100plus is sold at T&T Supermarkets in British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario. The authorised distributor for Canada is Palm Resources Inc. It is sometimes available in other parts of the world, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, typically in Asian-speciality stores.


100plus, Marketing
100plus is the only drink endorsed by the National Sports Council of Malaysia. Its brand ambassador is Lee Chong Wei, a Malaysian Olympic silver medallist in badminton. Other athletes sponsored by 100plus include Malaysian sprinter Khairul Hafiz Jantan and Singaporean marathoner Mok Ying Ren.


100plus, Marketing
Fraser and Neave Holdings Bhd (F&N) signed a strategic beverage distribution agreement with AirAsia in 2010 in its bid to grow the 100PLUS brand further by offering the drink for onboard sale.


100plus, Marketing
Since 2013, 100plus has been the sponsor of Myanmar Football Federation and Myanmar National League. The sponsorship is extended to 2020 to support major football events in the country, the various football teams within the national setup, football tournaments for youth development and the local professional competitions.


100plus, Marketing
From 2016, 100plus is the title sponsor of Malaysia's second-tier football competition, the Malaysia Premier League as well become synonymously known as the sponsor for various Malaysian sports. 100plus also sponsors the 2017 Southeast Asian Games and 2017 ASEAN Para Games, which were held in Kuala Lumpur. In 2018, 100plus become one of the official partners sponsor of 2018 AFF Championship, the Southeast Asian regional football championship tournament.


100plus, Ingredients
100plus contains carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, flavourings, sodium benzoate and calcium phosphate. It contains ingredients like sodium, minerals and electrolytes which is similar to that in the human body to help maintain the body's pH level. It's not known in what proportion or quantity these ingredients are represented.


100plus, Ingredients
In 2018, 100PLUS was "reformulated to contain 6g or less sugar per 100ml, and now carry the Healthier Choice Logo (HCL) from the Health Ministry."


100s (decade)
The 100s decade ran from January 1, 100, to December 31, 109.


100s BC (decade)
This article concerns the period 109 BC – 100 BC.


100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot
The 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot was a British Army, raised in 1858. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) to form the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) in 1881.


100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History
The regiment, which was named after Prince Albert Edward, the future King Edward VII, was raised in Canada, to create extra military resources following the Indian Rebellion, in June 1858. It embarked for England later that year and was posted to Gibraltar in 1863 but moved to Malta later in the year. It returned to Canada in 1866 and took part in the ceremony for the inauguration of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1867, before returning to England in 1868.


100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History
In 1875 it was declared the successor to the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), which had served in Canada, and allowed to use the battle honour "Niagara". It embarked for Bengal in India in 1877.


100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History
As part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 100th was linked with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry), and assigned to district no. 67 at Crinkill Barracks in Birr, County Offaly. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) to form the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians).


100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery
100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery was part of the Territorial Army and had sub-units throughout the South of England. It had three gun batteries all equipped with the L118 Light Gun. The regiment's original role was British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) emergency reinforcement, emphasised by its transfer into 49 Infantry Brigade under part of 2 Division.


100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery
Under 'Options for Change', the regiment became a general support unit fitted out with the FH-70 155mm towed howitzer and assigned to 3 Division; in 1999, it was reassigned as a CS (Close Support) Regiment, losing its ability to deploy as a whole unit. Under Army 2020, it was placed in suspended animation.


100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History
The regiment was formed as 100th (Eastern) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery at Grove Park in London in 1967. Its sub-units were RHQ, HQ (Home Counties) Battery at Grove Park, Lewisham, (formed from Regimental HQ of 265th (8th London) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, together with HQ Royal Artillery of 44th (Home Counties) Division/District), 200 (Sussex Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Brighton, 201 (Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Luton, 202 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Bury St Edmunds and REME LAD which expanded into a workshop during the FH70 period.


100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History
In 1970 it became 100th Regiment Royal Artillery and in 1976 it became 100 (Yeomanry) Field Regiment Royal Artillery. In 1993 200 Battery left the regiment and 307 (South Nottinghamshire Hussars) Battery at Bulwell joined the unit. It was renamed 100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery in 1993 and in 1999, HQ and 202 Batteries left the regiment; 202 was replaced by 266 (Gloucestershire Volunteer Artillery) Battery at Bristol.


100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History
Under Army 2020, this unit was placed in suspended animation and one of its batteries was transferred to another regiment.


100th Aero Squadron
The 100th Aero Squadron was an Air Service, United States Army squadron during World War I. Ordered to serve on the Western Front, it boarded the SS Tuscania on 23 January 1918. The ship was torpedoed on 5 February and most of the survivors were rescued.


100th Aero Squadron
Re -formed in England the squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron; its mission to perform long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines. It was assigned to the 2d Day Bombardment Group, United States Second Army.


100th Aero Squadron
Just before its first scheduled combat mission, the war ended. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.


100th Aero Squadron
The squadron was never reactivated and there is no current United States Air Force or Air National Guard successor unit.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Origins
The 100th Aero Squadron was organized on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. Initially, the squadron was given instruction in basic drill and the fundamentals of soldiering. After two months of indoctrination training, orders for overseas duty were issued and the squadron was ordered to Mineola Field, Long Island, New York on 14 October. At Mineola Field, instruction was given to the men in the maintenance of Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" aircraft and the Liberty V-12 engine which powered them. Finally, on 20 January 1918, orders were issued for the squadron to proceed to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey for service overseas.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
The squadron boarded the SS Tuscania on 23 January, bound for the port of Liverpool, England. Initially sailing for Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Tuscania waited there to form up in a convoy prior to the Atlantic crossing. The crossing was uneventful until the late afternoon of 5 February. At 17:54 the ship was shaken to its keel by a large explosion, the significance of which everyone was aware. There was a quick alarm and some scurrying on the decks, however, there was no panic or disorder. The squadron historian writes:


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
"... I had just finished supper and come onto 'B' Deck, at a point directly above the engine room when all of a sudden something struck the ship with a loud explosion. The boat seemed to be hurled entirely out of the water and trembled from one end to the other. The force of the explosion sent a column of water into the air that reached the top rigging. Several of us were directly in the path of this, receiving a thorough drenching. It was no time at all before the vessel listed sharply to starboard.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
This rendered the lowering of the lifeboats extremely difficult. All men immediately went to their assigned lifeboats, and, despite a natural state of excitement, perfect order prevailed. I was on the port side of 'A' Deck and five other members of the Squadron, who with a number of men from the 158th Squadron were supposed to have been lowered in one of the first boats. There ensued some difficulty, however, in launching the boat so we could do nothing but look overboard at the unfortunate ones fighting for their lives in the icy water. The cries were enough to make one stand aghast.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
About 19:45 a torpedo boat came alongside and threw ropes to us. The sea was now becoming rougher, causing the rescue ship to roll considerably and making the work of getting the men to safety on her decks very hazardous and difficult. One big wave caused the two vessels to rub sides, and the poor unfortunates on the ropes were crushed to death between the sides. Other men dropped into the water and were drowned. Some of the boys of our Squadron who perished lost their lives in this manner.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
In the glare of one of the huge searchlights, I saw one lad struggling in the water, without a life preserver, attempting to catch a line which a British sailor was throwing to him. He finally succeeded in catching hold of the rope, but his hands were evidently frozen and he slipped limply back into the water. After several more unsuccessful attempts, he was fortunate enough to effect a half-hitch around his numbed body and he was hoisted to the deck of the destroyer as it pulled away.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
After this, the destroyer left there followed some very anxious moments for us, and, while we waited and shivered it appeared that our doom was sealed. It was at this time that someone began singing the 'Star Spangled Banner'. It met with a resounding response, and soon the whole ship echoed the national anthem.


100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking
At 20:30, the destroyer HMS Pigeon steamed alongside of the port bow, and we were soon removed safely on her decks. During the progress of the rescue, two torpedoes were fired by the submarine, one grazing the stern of the British Destroyer, and the second missing only a few yards to the bow of the Tuscania. The detachment of which I was a member was landed at Buncranne, Ireland, about 02:00 on 6 February, cold, desolate, but with an unbroken spirit and increasing hatred for the Kaiser..."


100th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England
After the sinking, the 100th Aero Squadron was re-formed at Winchester, England. At Winchester, the men of the squadron were taken into the quarters of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers, who furnished the men with clothing, food, and merriment. At Winchester, the squadron was assigned to the Royal Flying Corps, who divided the men into three detachments. Flight "A" was sent to RFC London Colney; Flight "B" to RFC Stamford, and Flight "C" to RFC Feltwell. At those stations, the men were instructed in the intricacies of French SPADs, Sopwith Camels, Sopwith Pups and Avros. On 5 May, the squadron was re-assembled at RFC Feltwell, fully trained on the mechanics of the airplanes.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France
At Feltwell, the squadron trained for an additional three months, with the men itching with impatience to get to France. After three months of final training, orders were finally received to report to the Air Service Replacement Concentration Center, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks. Arriving at St. Maixent on 16 August, the 100th was first designated as Pursuit squadron. However, it was then changed a Day Bombardment squadron, and was ordered to Delouze Aerodrome, where it was assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army. However, there were no planes assigned to the squadron and no pilots to fly them. The 100th was assigned to camp duties and remained at Delouze when the rest of the group moved out to Amanty Airdrome, on 7 September. It was then assigned as the Headquarters squadron at Delouze, being in charge of the camp facilities and providing guards for the airfield.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France
The 100th Aero Squadron remained at Delouze until 30 October when a veteran officer-pilot, Captain Belmont P. Beverly, took command of the unit. A number of pilots and observers were assigned and it prepared to become a fighting unit. The squadron was ordered to Ourches Aerodrome, and was assigned to the newly formed 2d Day Bombardment Group of Second Army, joining the 163d Aero Squadron. Support units assigned to Ourches were the 73d Park Squadron, along with the 9th and 16th Photo Sections. Also the squadron began to receive Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft and prepared to enter combat.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France
The Armistice with Germany on 11 November, however, was concluded before the squadron was assigned to any combat missions.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
After the end of hostilities, the history of the 100th Aero Squadron is scant. It remained at Ourches until 15 April 1919 when the Second Army was demobilized. Orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
Personnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp in France for the return crossing of the Atlantic back to the United States.


100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization
The 100th Aero Squadron was shipped home on 31 May 1919 on the SS St. Louis. It was then demobilized at Mitchel Field, New York in June, where the men returned to civilian life.


100th Air Refueling Wing
The 100th Air Refueling Wing (100 ARW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Third Air Force, United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa. It is stationed at RAF Mildenhall, England. It is also the host wing at RAF Mildenhall.


100th Air Refueling Wing
The 100 ARW is the only permanent U.S. air refueling wing in the European theater.


100th Air Refueling Wing
During World War II, its predecessor unit, the 100th Bombardment Group (Heavy), was an Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress unit in England, stationed at RAF Thorpe Abbotts. Flying over 300 combat missions, the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations (Regensburg, 17 August 1943; Berlin, 4/6/8 March 1944). The group suffered tremendous losses in combat, with 177 Aircraft MIA, flying its last mission on 20 April 1945.


100th Air Refueling Wing
One of the wing's honors is that it is the only modern USAF operational wing allowed to display on its assigned aircraft the tail code (Square-D) of its World War II predecessor.


100th Air Refueling Wing, Units
USAFE's only KC-135 air refueling wing, it is responsible for U.S. aerial refueling operations conducted throughout the European theater. The unit supports some 16,000 personnel, including Third Air Force, four geographically separated units, and 15 associated units.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
On 1 June 1942, the Army Air Forces activated the 100th Bombardment Group (Heavy) (100th BG) as an unmanned paper unit assigned to III Bomber Command. The group remained unmanned until 27 October 1942, when a small number of men transferred from the 29th Bombardment Group to Gowen Field, Idaho, to serve as the group's initial cadre. Within four days, on 1 November, the small cadre forming the 100 BG moved the unit to Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, where it received its first four aircrews and four B-17Fs from the Boeing factory in Seattle. Following receipt of crews and aircraft, the 100th BG relocated to Wendover Field, Utah, on 30 November where it added additional personnel, aircraft, crews, and began operational training (bombing, gunnery, and navigation).


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
On New Year's Day of 1943, members of the fledgling group again transferred operations to two separate bases, with the aircraft and aircrews moving to Sioux City AAB, Iowa, while the ground echelon went to Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska. In both instances, members of the 100th BG assisted in air and ground training for other groups bound for overseas. In mid-April, the aircrew element joined its ground echelon at Kearney and received new B-17s. After additional training, the group's aircrews departed Kearney on 25 May 1943, flying the North Atlantic route to England and into the war in Europe.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
Prior to the departure of aircraft and aircrews from Kearney, the 100 BG's ground echelon departed for the East Coast on 2 May 1943. On 27 May 1943, the ground personnel set sail aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth bound for Podington, England from New York. At Podington the ground crews rendezvoused with the air echelon, and together moved to Thorpe Abbotts, Norfolk, where they remained throughout World War II, operating as a strategic bombardment organization.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
On 25 June 1943, the 100 BG flew its first Eighth Air Force combat mission in a bombing of the Bremen U-boat yards – the beginning of the "Bloody Hundredth"'s legacy. The group inherited the "Bloody Hundredth" nickname from other bomb groups due to the number of losses it took. The group experienced several instances where it lost a dozen or more aircraft on a single mission, and for the next six months, the group focused its bombing attacks against German airfields, industries, and naval facilities in France and Germany. One such raid on 10 October 1943, that the 100th BG made on Münster, ended up with the only surviving 100th BG B-17, the Royal Flush (B-17F 42-6087) commanded for this mission by Robert Rosenthal, returning safely to Thorpe Abbots.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
In August 1943, the group received its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) after attacking the German aircraft factory at Regensburg on 17 August 1943, resulting in serious disruption to German fighter production. From January–May 1944, the 100th BG regularly bombed airfields, industries, marshaling yards, and missile sites in Western Europe. The group participated in the Allied campaign against German aircraft factories, Operation Argument, during "Big Week" in the last week of February 1944. In March 1944, aircrews completed a succession of attacks on Berlin and received its second DUC of the war.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
While bombing during the Oil Campaign of World War II as the summer of 1944 approached, the group also conducted interdictory missions such as the June bombing of bridges and gun positions to support the Invasion of Normandy. The next month aircrews bombed enemy positions at Saint-Lô, followed by similar campaigns at Brest in August and September.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
In October 1944, the 100th BG attacked enemy and ground defenses in the allied drive on the Siegfried Line, then bombed marshaling yards, German occupied villages, and communication targets in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945. For its extraordinary efforts in attacking heavily defended German installations in Germany and dropping supplies to the French Forces of the Interior from June through December 1944, the 100 BG received the French Croix de guerre with Palm.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II
The 100 BG flew its last combat mission of World War II on 20 April 1945. The following month the unit's aircrews dropped food to the people in the west of the Netherlands, and in June transported French Allied former prisoners of war from Austria to France. In December 1945, the group returned to the U.S., where it inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, on 21 December 1945.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War
On 29 May 1947, Headquarters Army Air Forces reactivated the 100 BG at Miami Army Air Field. From the time of its activation, the group trained and operated as a reserve B-29 Superfortress unit being attached to the 49th Bombardment Wing (Later Air Division). It is not clear whether or not the unit was fully manned or equipped. It was inactivated on 27 June 1949 due to budget reductions.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing
The 100th Bombardment Wing, Medium was established on 23 March 1953 as part of Strategic Air Command, but the wing was not activated until 1 January 1956. The delay was due to construction at the unit's programmed base, Portsmouth Air Force Base, New Hampshire. Construction was completed in late 1955 and, when activated, the 100th BW was assigned to the Eighth Air Force 817th Air Division.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing
The 100th Bomb Wing was assigned the new B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers in 1954, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union. The 100th Bomb Wing operated from Pease AFB for ten years. In official parlance, the establishment "...performed global strategic bombardment training and air refueling missions." One of the most significant overseas temporary duty assignments took place during the first four months of 1958, when the 100th participated in the last full wing B-47 deployment. During this time, the B-47s from New Hampshire operated from RAF Brize Norton, in the United Kingdom. Subsequently, overseas deployments involved the simultaneous participation of several bomb wings engaging in global strategic bombardment training and global air refueling with the Stratojet.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing
In the early 1960s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. In October 1965, the Air Force initiated Project Fast Fly to oversee the inactivation of the last five B-47 wings and supporting tanker squadrons. The 100th ARS retired its last tanker on 21 December 1965, when aircraft 53-0282 flew to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The following day, the 100th ARS inactivated. The 100th BW retained its ground alert commitment at Pease until 31 December 1965 and inactivated on 25 June 1966.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
Headquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled (MAJCOM) wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled (AFCON) units, most of which were inactive at the time, which could carry a lineage and history. On 11 February 1966, the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing assumed the mission, equipment and personnel of the 4080th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. The 349th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (SRS) took over the Lockheed U-2 aircraft of the 4028th SRS and the 350th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron took over the Ryan BQM-34 Firebee reconnaissance drones of the 4025th SRS. The 4080th was a SAC MAJCOM wing, and its lineage terminated when it was discontinued and could not be continued by reactivation at a later date. The 100th SRW was now at Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
After its reactivation, the 100th SRW performed strategic reconnaissance with the Lockheed U-2 and drone aircraft. On 11 July 1970, the force was moved from Bien Hoa to U-Tapao RTAFB (OL-RU) and then turned to (OL-UA in Nov. 1970) Thailand. Then after the move, in November 1972 they re-activated the 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron. In January 1973, the U-2s of the 99th SRS flew more than 500 combat hours. That was the first time any U-2 unit flew 500 hours in a single month. That was topped in December 1974 when they logged more than 600 hours. The 99th SRS deployed to forward operating locations as needed, earning the P.T. Cullen Award as the reconnaissance unit that contributed most to the photo and signal intelligence efforts of SAC in 1972. The U-2s were one of the last units to be pulled out of Thailand in March 1976,


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
With the end of United States combat operations in Southeast Asia in mid-1973, the Air Force formally transferred nuclear air sampling operations to the 100th SRW, and the 349th SRS converted its U-2s to the U-2R configuration for atmospheric sampling missions, replacing the WB-57s which it inherited from the 4028th SRS. The air sampling mission would be moved to Osan AB, South Korea, although the deployment of U-2Rs to Osan could not take place until overflight and basing arrangements were concluded with the governments of Japan and the Republic of Korea and hangar facilities made ready at Osan.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
Not until the Communist Chinese had actually exploded their sixteenth nuclear device on 17 June 1974, could Headquarters USAF announce that all negotiations were concluded. At the same time, it directed Headquarters SAC to deploy the 349th SRS "OLYMPIC RACE" assets to Osan and begin collecting from that location on 18 June 1974. The sampling mission continued at Osan, and the U-2s in South Korea became the 100th SRW OL-A.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
In addition to the Drone and Air Sampling missions, the 100th SRW performed worldwide surveillance missions like the monitoring of the ceasefire between the Israelis and the Egyptians following the 1973 Yom Kippur War. This operation was operated from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus and was named operation OLIVE HARVEST – Operating Location OL-OH.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing
A detachment also operated from McCoy AFB, Florida until that installation's closure in 1975, followed by a move to nearby Patrick AFB, Florida, designated Operating Location LF. These U-2s engaged in OLYMPIC FIRE missions over Cuba, which were coordinated with the Joint Air Reconnaissance Control Center at NAS Key West, Florida.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing
In 1976 due to budget reductions, SAC consolidated its Strategic Reconnaissance assets. The 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron and its U-2s were returned from U-Tapao and assigned to the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (9 SRW) on 1 July 1976. This brought all the Strategic Reconnaissance assets of SAC under one wing at Beale AFB, California. The 9th SRW already controlled the 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, which operated the SR-71 Blackbird.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing
The U-2Rs of the 349th SRS and the AQM-34 Firebee/DC-130 Hercules drone operations of the 350th SRS were discontinued, with the squadrons becoming KC-135 tanker squadrons of the 100th Air Refuelling Wing in support of the 9th SRS SR-71 Blackbird. The U-2Rs in South Korea became the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing Detachment 2. The AQM-34s, associated DC-130 Hercules launch aircraft and CH-3 Jolly Green Giant recovery helicopters were reassigned to the Tactical Air Command's 22d Tactical Drone Squadron and remained at Davis-Monthan AFB.


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing
With the redesignation, the 100th and its 349th and 350th Air Refueling Squadrons were moved administratively to Beale, taking over the assets of the 17th Bombardment Wing which was inactivated. The 349th and 350th assumed the KC-135s of the 903d and 922d Air Refueling Squadrons. With the re-designation, the 100th ARW assumed responsibility for providing worldwide air refueling support for the 9th SRW's SR-71s and U-2s on 30 September 1976


100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing
The 100th ARW was inactivated on 15 March 1983 when its two KC-135 squadrons were reassigned to the host 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale, which became a composite wing under the one-base, one-wing concept.


100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990
After an inactive status for over seven years, SAC again reactivated the 100th, but this time as the 100th Air Division at Whiteman AFB, Missouri, on 1 July 1990, an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command. It assumed host unit responsibilities at Whiteman. In addition, the division controlled the 509th Bombardment Wing, which was not operational while waiting for production B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to arrive and appropriate facilities for the B-2s to be constructed. It also controlled the 351st Missile Wing, an LGM-30F Minuteman II ICBM wing at Whiteman.


100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990
Air Force reorganization in 1991 put the 351st MW under the reactivated Twentieth Air Force on 29 March 1991, and the 509th Bomb Wing took over host duties at Whiteman. As a result, SAC inactivated the 100th AD again on 1 August 1991.


100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990
Six months after its inactivation as an Air Division, and over 46 years after departing England at the end of World War II, the Air Force activated the 100 ARW, stationed at RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom, on 1 February 1992. It was assigned to Strategic Air Command, Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division. It was then reassigned to Third Air Force on 1 February 1992. From the time of its reactivation, the 100 ARW has served as the United States Air Forces Europe's lone air refueling wing. It also serves as the host unit at RAF Mildenhall where it deployed aircraft and managed the European Tanker Task Force.


100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park
100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park (Turkish: 100. Yıl (Gümüşkum) Tabiat Parkı) is a coastal nature park in Mersin, Turkey.


100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park
The park at  is in Davultepe town, which merged to  Mersin urban fabric. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea coast covering an area of 22.98 hectares (56.8 acres). It is on the Mersin-Silifke highway  D.400 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Mersin. In 1977, the grove at the Mediterranean Sea side was declared a recreation area. On November 7, 2011, the area was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest. However the ministry decided to end its status as a nature park and there is a heated discussion on its future status


100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park
It has a 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long sandy beach. "Gümüşkum" means literally "Silver sand". The nature park offers outdoor recreational activities for visitors on a daily basis such as hiking, swimming and picnicing. Camping and renting of cottages or bungalows are also available.


100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park
The trees in the park are Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) and eucalyptus. The endemic plant sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) is endangered. A section of the sandy beach in the nature park is used by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for ovulation. A treatment and rehabilitation center for the sea turtles is situated inside the nature park.


100th Anniversary (Gümüşkum) Nature Park
The status of the protected area as "nature park" was revoked on July 14, 2015. It was decided to decrease its status to "recreation area of grade A". Upon protests of the residents of Mezitli and Mersin to protect and conserve the sea turtles, the Ministry cancelled its decision within about one month, and the status of the protected area remained unchanged.


100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy
100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy is an outdoor memorial in Victoria, British Columbia. It was constructed to commemorate the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy and opened on the date of the navy's centenary. Its central feature is a bronze statue, sculpted by local artist Nathan Scott, entitled The Homecoming that depicts a Canadian sailor reuniting with his daughter upon his return from deployment. The monument also features memorials to individual Canadian vessels and sailors.


100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, History
The monument was erected on 4 May 2010 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Royal Canadian Navy via the Naval Service Act of 1910. It is intended as a marker of the nation's gratitude to the tens of thousands of sailors who have served with the force on more than 850 Canadian vessels since then. Local philanthropist and Honorary Navy Captain Cedric Steele was the driving force behind the project. His inspiration came from a statue in Halifax, Nova Scotia that commemorates the Navy's 75th anniversary. The site for the monument was donated by Greater Victoria Harbour Authority chairman Bill Wellburn.


100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, History
The patron of the monument was Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Steven Point who was supported by retired Vice-Admiral Nigel Brodeur and then-Commander of Maritime Forces Pacific Rear Admiral Tyrone Pile. It was funded through a CA$150,000 fundraising campaign which included the sale of pewter small-scale copies of the statue and commemorative paving stones which surround the completed monument. The monument's unveiling was attended by the coastal defence vessel Brandon and navy veterans.


100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, Description
The monument is located on Wharf Street in Victoria, British Columbia. It comprises the bronze Homecoming statue set that depicts a sailor reuniting with his daughter (and dog) after returning from deployment; a stone marker describing the history of the Canadian Navy and the date of the monument's unveiling; and a second stone marker depicting the insignia of Navy veteran's associations, the names of individual supporters and the English translation of the Navy motto "Parati vero parati" ("Ready aye ready"). The central statue The Homecoming was sculpted by Nathan Scott, a local artist with a studio and foundry in Victoria.


100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, Description
The rear of both stone markers (on the side closest to The Homecoming) depicts the fouled anchor insignia of the Royal Canadian Navy in bronze. The dark marble plinth of Homecoming has the name of the statue in gold lettering on one side and plaques mounted in memory of individual Canadian vessels on the other three, the plinth is surmounted by light-grey granite capping stones. The paved area surrounding the monument contains the commemorative stones engraved in memory of service men that were sold as part of its fundraising campaign. The stones continue to be sold and installed at the site to raise funds for the Esquimalt Military Family Resource Centre.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动), or the Centennial of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党成立一百周年), were held on 1 July 2021 in Beijing to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which has been the sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949. CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the guest of honor, delivered a speech and presented the Order of July the First order of honour to CCP members who have made significant contributions. Premier Li Keqiang served as the official host of the event.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
Similar celebrations were scheduled nationwide in Mainland China, the Macau Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, coinciding with the 24th anniversary of the handover from the United Kingdom on the same day.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Background
The CCP was founded in 1921 by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), who seized power in Russia after the 1917 October Revolution, and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Background
From 1927 to 1950, the CCP fought a civil war against the Kuomintang-led government but it temporarily ceased its hostilities to form a short-lived alliance with the Kuomintang to fight the war against Japan, and in 1949, it emerged victorious when Chairman Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. Since then, the CCP has been the sole ruling party in the country, renamed the People's Republic of China in 1949.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations
Leading up to the centenary celebrations, the Chinese government has been promoting Xi Jinping's outlook on history as the new orthodoxy. Internet screening and censorship were stepped up while museums across the country curated exhibitions related to history of the Communist Party. The Guardian reported that the Communist Party has been assiduously pushing the official narrative and the official history of the Communist Party across the entire country since the beginning of 2021.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations
Adulatory messages such as "Listen to the party, appreciate the party, follow the party" have adorned banners and billboards; foreign journalists have been given tours to spread the official narrative; Buddhist temples have held special anniversary events. The National Film Administration mandated local film authorities, film and cinema companies and production firms to screen and promote, starting 1 April, "outstanding films" – works "closely focused on the themes of loving the party, loving the nation and loving socialism," and "sing the praises of … and eulogise the Party, the motherland, its people and its heroes". CCTV produced a patriotic television series, called The Awakening Age, glorifying Chinese revolutionary history from 1915 to 1921; a collection of 100 rappers produced a 15-minute track praising the Party called "100%".


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations
In preparation for the Centennial efforts at suppressing and tailoring the Party’s history were stepped up. The Party uses manufactured historical memories to legitimize the Party’s place in society. The highlighting of the Party’s centenary followed the CCP’s general pattern of periodizing history. It is contrasted with the century of humiliation trope.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations
The first full rehearsal for the festivities took place on 13 June 2021. Security was strengthened leading up to the celebrations, with an increase in the number of officers of the People's Armed Police and officers of the state security police in Beijing. The first press conference hosted by the Press Center took place on 27 June 2021.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations, Hong Kong
Although the Civil Human Rights Front, traditional organisers of the annual march, announced that it was cancelling its plans, three other pro-democracy groups stepped in with an application to hold a demonstration, but the request was refused by police on the grounds of COVID-19 restrictions. Thousands of police were mobilised to prevent any possible protests, one day after the first anniversary of the implementation of the national security law in the territory. Victoria Park, the traditional starting point of the annual march, was declared off limits due to public order concerns, and all occupants were banished.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Light shows and television extravaganza
Throughout June 2021, light shows took place in celebration of the anniversary in multiple Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Light shows and television extravaganza
An extravaganzasa produced by China Central Television was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 28 June 2021. It starred over 90 celebrities. The gala evening concluded with a huge fireworks display and a rendition of "Without the Communist Party, There Would be No New China".


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony
A national ceremony and rally of 70,000 took place on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It was attended by CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, former General Secretary Hu Jintao, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, former Premier Wen Jiabao and members of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Hong Kong and Macau Chief Executives Carrie Lam and Ho Iat-seng were also in attendance. However, former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin and former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji were absent.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony
The events began with a flag raising ceremony by the PLA Honour Guard after it marched off from the sides of the Monument to the People's Heroes, with a gun salute of 56 gunners (representing the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China) being fired 100 times (representing the 100 years of the party) in the background. The Flag of China was raised to the national anthem of the People's Republic of China, March of the Volunteers. The Communist Youth League of China and the Young Pioneers of China also read a message of congratulations.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Military flypast
In March 2021, General Li Jun, assistant to the director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, had said at a news conference that the expected military parade will not occur. The traditional military parade was replaced by a flypast of Chinese aircraft. Seventy-one People's Liberation Army Air Force fighters flew over Tiananmen Square, with helicopters and fighter jets forming the numbers "100" and "71".


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping
Later, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an hour-long speech in which he specifically declared the realization of the first of the Two Centenaries' goals. While Xi warned during his speech that "any foreign force who attempted to bully China would find their heads broken and bashed bloody against the great wall of steel forged by the blood and flesh of 1.4 billion Chinese people", the official translation used the analogy "on a collision course with a great wall of steel".


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping
Xi praised the Communist Party, saying that there would be no new China without it, and it had "profoundly transformed the advancement of the Chinese nation ... [ being] ... the foundation and lifeblood of the party and the country, and the crux upon which the interests and wellbeing of all Chinese people depend."


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping
With respect to Taiwan, he stressed the need to "crush any Taiwan independence", reiterating the adherence to the one China principle and the 1992 Consensus, and the goal of completing unification, although the People's Republic of China has never ruled over the island.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping
Xi said that in addition to social stability, China's sovereignty and security must be maintained in Hong Kong.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Finale
After Xi Jinping's speech, the ceremony ended with performances of The Internationale and the Ode to the Motherland.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Symbols, Commemorative coins
On 21 June 2021, the People's Bank of China issued a set of nine commemorative coins for the anniversary.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Symbols, Medal
Since June 2021, the "Glorious 50 Years in the Party" Commemorative Medal has been awarded, and the award will continue until 1 July. It consists of the party emblem, a five-pointed star, the flag, a monument, a sunflower, and other elements. The CCP award ceremony to present the 1 July Medal to outstanding CCP members took place on 29 June 2021.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Incidents, Hong Kong suicide attack
Amidst heavy police presence in Causeway Bay aimed at stopping demonstrations along the traditional march route in Hong Kong, a 50-year-old man stabbed a police officer in the back with a knife at 10 pm, and then turned the knife on himself. The police officer was rushed to hospital in a critical condition but survived, while the alleged assailant was declared dead upon arrival at the hospital. Hong Kong's newly-appointed Security Secretary, Chris Tang, declared it a "terrorist act" committed by a "lone wolf", but blamed "many people who have encouraged violence and incited hatred toward society and the country". The police have become highly unpopular for their brutal suppression of the anti-ELAB protests. After Hongkongers started laying flowers at the location where the suspect fell, police warned that the mourning amounted to supporting terrorism.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Incidents, Twitter incident
Anne-Marie Brady, a Sinologist at Canterbury University in New Zealand and prominent critic of the Communist Party, saw her Twitter account suspended as a result of her tweets that made fun of Xi Jinping and the lack of international validation of the centenary. A Times journalist said that the block was probably an algorithmic response to the number of complaints from Communist Party agents that would have been received by Twitter. Her account was subsequently restored, with neither explanation nor apology.


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, International reactions
As of 27 June 2021, according to the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, more than 1,300 messages, both congratulatory and criticizing, were received from about 150 head of states and 200 major political parties worldwide


100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Gallery
Z-8L carrying the flag of the Chinese Communist Party flying over Beijing on 1 July 2021.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic
The 100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic (or more commonly used Estonia 100) is an official government program for the celebration of the Republic of Estonia's 100th anniversary. The official anniversary was marked on 24 February 2018, while related celebrations and events took place from April 2017 to February 2020.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Historical background
On 12 February 1919, the Estonian Provisional Government decided to consider 24 February to be the date of the independence of Estonia from Russia, which occurred when World War I was nearing its end. However, Estonia's independence came to a de facto end during World War II when the country was illegally occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, before it was returned to Soviet rule in 1944 when it became the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. As a result, a government in exile was established.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Historical background
As political upheavals took place throughout the Soviet Union in the 1980s, during the events of the Baltic Way, Estonia declared sovereignty on its territory in 1988, which restored its de facto independence on 8 May 1990 and declared Soviet rule illegal. Following the aborted coup in Moscow, the country's full de facto independence was restored after the Soviet troops failed to seize the Tallinn TV Tower on 20 August 1991. The Soviet State Council recognized the Estonian independence on 6 September 1991. Since 2004, Estonia has been a member of NATO and the European Union.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events
The centenary celebrations of the Republic of Estonia took place over three years, beginning in April 2017 to mark a century since Estonia's administrative borders took their current form, peaking while events on various important dates took place throughout 2018 and 2019, and coming to a grand close on 2 February 2020 when the 100th anniversary of the Tartu Peace Treaty was honoured.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events, Centennial parade
A military parade on Freedom Square in Tallinn was held on the occasion of the 100th anniversary. 1,100 troops and more than 100 pieces of military equipment took part in the parade. The parade was led by Gen. Riho Terras, while President Kersti Kaljulaid was present to greet the different units.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events, Centennial parade
All service branches of the Estonian Defence Forces took part in the parade as well as soldiers from countries from NATO and other military partners of Estonia. The foreign countries that were represented were Finland, France, Georgia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and the United States.


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery
The Guard Battalion during the military parade on 24 February 2018


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery
The logo of the centenary of the Estonian Bar Association celebrated in 2019


100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery
A microscopic engraving made in honor of the centenary by the Institute of Physics, University of Tartu


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania
The 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania was a yearlong celebration in 2012 when Albanians celebrated the 100th anniversary of establishing independent Albania, the first Albanian state in modern history.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania
The opening day of celebration was on 17 January 2012 when the solemn ceremony was organized in parliament of Republic of Albania and attended by representatives from Kosovo, Macedonia (now North Macedonia), Montenegro, Preševo and Bujanovac, who were together in Albanian Parliament without any distinctions like they were together in parliament of Independent Albania 100 years earlier. Most events and activities are planned to begin in October–November, and due to budgetary reasons, many other projects did not receive government funding in 2012. Kosovo Security Force formed special unit of 65 soldiers to participate in the military parade in Tirana on 28 November 2012, which was be organized to celebrate the anniversary.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania
The government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the king Zog of Albania from France where he died in 1961. The remains were exhumed and the return ceremony was organized on 17 November, ahead of celebrations for Albania's 100th independence anniversary. The remains were placed in the reconstructed Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal Family. An exhibition of the artistic works of Agim Ramadani, a leader of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), was opened in the framework of the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania and visited by prime minister Berisha.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania
The program of celebration for 28 November includes military parade in Tirana, concerts of folk and popular music in Tirana and Vlorë, hoisting the flag by the president of the republic, laying wreaths of flowers at Ismail Qemali tomb, president's speech at a rally dedicated to the anniversary, ceremony of hoisting the flag and laying of the wreaths of flowers at the Martyrs' of the Nation Cemetery and inaugurating of the Monument of Independence.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot
The Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports announced on 22 December 2011 the International Competition for the accomplishment in sculpture of the monumental work dedicated to "100 anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of the Albanian State: 28 November 1912 – 28 November 2012". The project of two architects from Germany, Visar Obrija and Kai Roman Kiklas, won the award. The artwork will be built in Austria at a cost of 350,000 euros. It resembles a house which is opening from isolation toward freedom. On 29 June 2012 Prime Minister of Albania announced that the monument is finished and that it will be erected at the Rinia Park or near Children's Theater.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot
Twenty five artists from Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia participated on the competition "100 Years of the Albanian State", organized to create a logo of the anniversary. On its session held on 28 November 2011 the commission unanimously decided that winner is logo whose author is Zeni Ballazhi. The Prime Minister of Albania Sali Berisha proposed to replace words Albanian State in the original version of the motto with Independence claiming that Albanian state existed earlier in the history.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot
The same ministry organized an international competition for TV spot dedicated to the anniversary.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Notable participants
It is announced that Prime Minister of Turkey will participate in the celebrations of the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania. Hillary Clinton promised that she will come to Tirana on the 100th anniversary of the Independence of Albania. Also many other famous Albanian stars, actors, public personalities all over the world are expected in Tirana. Clinton arrived in Albania on 1 November 2012.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Notable participants
George Ivanov president of the Republic of Macedonia canceled his visit because of the incidents. The Greek foreign minister did not attend, having cancelled after the Albanian Prime Minister made statements regarding the irredentist concept of a Greater Albania.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Literature, scholarship and the arts
Within Albania books and works of art related to Albanian history and culture were presented to the public by publishing houses, private businesses, universities, and scholars on the occasion of the 100th anniversary, including:


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania
Embassies of Albania all around the world organized numerous activities to celebrate 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania such as exhibitions, concerts, prayers, diplomatic receptions, various ceremonies and round tables. In some cases events are organized not only by embassies of Albania but other institutions as well. The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics in Netherlands hosted two events on 9 and 10 November 2012: the screening of the film The Forgiveness of Blood and the public symposium "Albanian language and culture: 100 years of independence."


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania
In Macedonia and Kosovo celebrations were organized by the official authorities.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia
The Macedonian Government participated in the financing of the celebration of 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania.


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia
On 17 January 2012 in Skopje, Macedonia the construction of the Skanderbeg Square has started. On 8 May 2012 the municipality of Tetovo established the organisational council responsible for the celebration and prepared some activities under motto "100 years without Albania" (Albanian: 100 vite pa Shqipërinë).


100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia
The historians in Macedonia believe that Macedonia's government does not have any right, obligation nor reason to celebrate independence of the neighboring country, let alone to finance such celebrations.