's-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Miscellaneous
The Lutheran Church, 's-Hertogenbosch is no longer used as a church.


's-Hertogenbosch, Sport
The city has one professional football club, FC Den Bosch It is the 1967 successor of the professional branches of BVV (Bossche Voetbal Vereniging) and Wilhelmina. Both of them still exist as amateur football clubs. As a successor of BVV FC Den Bosch can claim the national championship of 1948. This championship led to the construction of stadium De Vliert, which at one time had a capacity of 30,000. Due to the less successful years that followed, the capacity is now only 8,500 visitors. FC Den Bosch was the first club of Dutch international player Ruud van Nistelrooy.


's-Hertogenbosch, Sport
's-Hertogenbosch is more successful in field hockey. It is home to top club HC Den Bosch. The women's team in particular kind of dominates the Dutch field hockey competition. The professional basketball club New Heroes Den Bosch is also very successful. The city's rugby club is called  and dates from 1974. It is located at a very scenic location at the foot of the city walls. Because of the limited space, the club plays on artificial turf and part of the accommodation is subterranean. The Dukes has the most junior members. It became the national rugby champion in 2008.


's-Hertogenbosch, Sport
As regards events the city is host to the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, a combined ATP Tour and WTA Tour grass court tennis event played two weeks before the Wimbledon Championships. The World Archery Championships and World Para Archery Championship were held here in June 2019. During these combined World Championships two separate venues were used: the Parade and the rugby fields of The Dukes. All finals took place in the arena at the Parade. The Parade is a historic square surrounded by high trees, situated at the foot of the nearly seven-hundred-year-old Saint John's Cathedral in the attractive center of 's-Hertogenbosch.


's-Hertogenbosch, Transport
The Zuid-Willemsvaart runs from the Meuse just north of the city towards Maastricht via Helmond and Weert. In 's-Hertogenbosch it runs through the city proper, south east from where a bastion has been cut off from the citadel. Because of this route it was impossible to widen it further than for ships of CEMT class II. Therefore, the Máxima Canal of 8 km was dug just east of the city, creating a shortcut from the canal to the Meuse suitable for ships of CEMT class IV. On the remaining part of the Zuid-Willemsvaart west of the city is the industrial harbor of 's-Hertogenbosch. A marina is located in the center.


's-Hertogenbosch, Transport
's-Hertogenbosch is situated on the busy A2 motorway, the most important north–south connection of the Netherlands. This connection was established with the opening of the Dieze Bridge in 1942. From 1961 the Utrecht-'s-Hertogenbosch section was 2 times 2 lanes. In 1970 the A2 was rerouted to the east of the city. In 1989 it finally became a controlled-access highway. In 1996 the section between 's-Hertogenbosch and Eindhoven became a controlled-access highway. The situation in Maastricht was only solved in 2016, when the Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel was opened. On the east–west axis 's-Hertogenbosch is on the A59 motorway. The A65 motorway between 's-Hertogenbosch and Tilburg is a regional highway, but is not completely access-controlled.


's-Hertogenbosch, Transport
's-Hertogenbosch railway station is on the Utrecht–Boxtel part of the railway stretch between Amsterdam and the Dutch industrial/tech center near Eindhoven. As a consequence north–south trains depart every ten minutes. On the Tilburg–Nijmegen railway trains run on a more modest schedule. 's-Hertogenbosch railway station is also a major station for Arriva buslines that serve the city and most of its suburbs. Other stations within the limits of the municipality are 's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station and Rosmalen railway station. Vught railway station is actually closer to the city center than that in Rosmalen.


's-Hertogenbosch, Transport
's-Hertogenbosch has attempted to adapt to the growing popularity of the bicycle in Dutch cities. A reasonable amount of bike paths has so far been constructed in the town. In 2011, the city was chosen as Fietsstad 2011—the top bike city of the Netherlands for 2011. The details of the report were less jubilant and showed that it was really a prize meant to stimulate 's-Hertogenbosch to take further action; Hugo van der Steenhoven of the Fietsersbond: "In the past years Den Bosch has spent much energy, ambition, creativity and money to give cycling an enormous boost. This is a big achievement for a city where bicycle use is lower than in the rest of the Netherlands" (cyclist union).


's-Hertogenbosch, Education
's-Hertogenbosch has multiple vocational universities called 'Hogeschool' in Dutch. The HAS Hogeschool of about 3,500 students is focused on agricultural and food technology. Avans Hogeschool is located in 's-Hertogenbosch and two nearby cities. The AKV St. Joost is an art academy that is now part of Avans and dates back to 1812. Fontys Hogeschool also offers some education in the city. The Jheronimus Academy of Data Science (JADS), located at the Mariënburg Campus in the center of 's-Hertogenbosch, and provides a number of data science programs at graduate (MSc) and post-graduate level (PhD). It is a department of the Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University.


's-Hertogenbosch, Education
In secondary education the City Gymnasium is a gymnasium (school) that originated from the Latin school of the city. It is comparable to a grammar school and can trace its origin back 1274. The same type of education and all other types of secondary education are offered by a number of large institutes.


's-Hertogenbosch, Religion
Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in 's-Hertogenbosch, with somewhat more than 40% op the population counting themselves as belonging to it. Even so, attention at mass is significantly lower than 40%. Therefore, the only big church in the city center still in use by the Catholic church is St. John's Cathedral. Smaller churches in use by the Roman Catholic church are: St. Anne's Church in Hintham, St. Anne's in Deuteren, St. Lambert's in Rosmalen etc.


's-Hertogenbosch, Religion
The Protestant religion has seen its share of believers in the city fall from 20% to about 4%. It is based in the Great Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is a new church in town. It is based on St. Catherine's Church.


's-Hertogenbosch, Religion
The Arrahma Mosque has been built by the Moroccan community. The Turkish community has the Orhan Gazi Mosque.


's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station
's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station serves the city of 's-Hertogenbosch in the North Brabant province of the Netherlands.


's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station, History
The station was opened in 1987 and is located on the Brabantselijn (Nijmegen - Tilburg). The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.


's-Hertogenbosch railway station
's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌsɛrtoːɣənˈbɔs]) is a railway station located in 's-Hertogenbosch in North Brabant, Netherlands. The station and all services operating from it are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen, the national Dutch train operating company.


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, History
's-Hertogenbosch station opened on 1 November 1868 as the northern terminus of the southern part of the Utrecht–Boxtel railway (Staatslijn H), with service south to Boxtel. Only in 1870 were the two parts of Line H joined together, allowing for direct service to Utrecht Centraal. As the town was a fortress at the time, the station was designed with attack in mind; its wood truss construction allowed it to be dismantled or damaged with minimal waste. 's-Hertogenbosch station was further expanded upon the opening of the Tilburg–Nijmegen railway, making it an important railway junction.


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, History
In 1896, the original station was replaced with a large brick structure designed by Eduard Cuypers. The station was relocated a few hundred metres south of the original, along with the realignment of the tracks to the west. The second 's-Hertogenbosch station was characterised by its neo-Renaissance style, with a second floor for railway employees. During World War II, at 16 September 1944, the station caught fire and burnt down; it was never rebuilt to its former glory.


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, History
A more modern, post-war building designed by Sybold van Ravesteyn was erected in 1951. The remaining parts of the second building were incorporated, while the third station's canopy remains to this day. 's-Hertogenbosch was again rebuilt in 1998, with an extension of the roof to the other island platform. Much of the renovation consisted of an aerial walkway, the Stationspasserelle, connecting the roadways on either side of the tracks, and the removal of a special ramp to the platforms. Criticism of the fourth station was levied due to wind sensitivity; Nederlandse Spoorwegen retaliated by declaring: "You are indeed at the train station to go, not to hang out."


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, Train services
The station is an important interchange station, with trains coming from several different directions. 's-Hertogenbosch was the only Dutch station which provided in Auto-Train services. Services ran into Avignon, Bologna and Livorno. Auto-Trains were operated by Euro-Express-Traincharter.


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, Bus services
The station is served by city bus services (stadsbussen) as well as several regional bus services (streekbussen)


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, Bus services, Stadsbussen
There are 13 city bus lines, which are all operated by Arriva. Hereby a rough schedule of the buses routes:


's-Hertogenbosch railway station, Gallery
The platform roof, restored from the 2nd station building era


't
In the Dutch language, the word 't (Dutch pronunciation: [ ət]) is a contraction of the article "het", meaning "the". ' t can be found as a tussenvoegsel, a word that is positioned between a person's first and last name. Careful writers should use an apostrophe (U+2019 ’ ) in front of the t – and not confuse it with a left quotation mark (U+2018 ‘ ).


't Asbroek
't Asbroek is a nature domain and forest in the municipality of Schoten, Belgium, covering an area of 12 ha. The domain is owned by the municipality of Schoten and managed by nature conservation organisation Natuurpunt since 1998. It is officially recognised by the Flemish government as a nature reserve.


't Asbroek, History
Historically, 't Asbroek formed part of the adjacent Amerlo castle domain. The lower part of the domain was mostly wetland (broek in older Dutch) filled with ash (asch in older Dutch) trees, hence giving the forest its name. During the Second World War the domain was struck twice by V-bombs directed at the port of Antwerp. After 1945 a large portion of the domain was planted with dense rows of Aspen trees for future logging. After the handover to Natuurpunt, commercial logging was halted. However, because of trunk rot a large number of Aspen trees had to be cut down in 2019 in order to protect adjacent residential housing. In the long term, Natuurpunt hopes to restore the area back to its original state with only indigenous vegetation.


't Asbroek, Ecology
Along with Vordenstein park and the Peerdsbos forest, 't Asbroek forms part of a chain of forested domains at the northeastern border of the city of Antwerp, which houses a Roe deer population. The domain can be classified as a carr with iron-rich seeps that can cause the puddles and streams to color orange or red. The craters created by the V-bombs have become puddles which are inhabited by the palmate newt salamander. The forest also houses a diverse bird population, including the eurasian nuthatch, tawny owl and various woodpecker species.


't Behouden Huys
't Behouden Huys or Het Behouden Huis is a museum in West-Terschelling, Netherlands.


't Behouden Huys
The museum is named after the shelter used by Willem Barentsz on his third Arctic expedition, when they became trapped in ice off northern Russia.


't Behouden Huys
The museum consists of several 17th-century buildings which were once the houses of wealthy whaling commanders. The buildings were constructed in 1688. The museum was established in 1938, and acquired these buildings in 1950. During World War II the collection had to be hidden.


't Brouwerskolkje
't Brouwerskolkje is a defunct restaurant located in Overveen, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in the period 2006–2008 and two Michelin stars in the period 2009–2012. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 18.0 out of 20 points.


't Brouwerskolkje
Restaurant 't Brouwerskolkje was a member of Les Patrons Cuisiniers.


't Brouwerskolkje
The restaurant closed 14 April 2012. Its successor opened in August as  "&samhoud places" in Amsterdam which has since been renamed "&moshik" after the chef.


't Fornuis
't Fornuis is a restaurant located in the Reynderstraat in Antwerp, Belgium. It is a quality restaurant that has been awarded one Michelin star from 1986 to present. Gault Millau gave them 17 out of 20 points.


't Fornuis
The head chef believes in working with fresh products. That means that there is no traditional menu, but a blackboard with that day's specials. These specials depend on the daily deliveries and the season.


't Fornuis
Owner and head chef of 't Fornuis is Johan Segers.


't Ganzenest
't Ganzenest is a defunct restaurant in Rijswijk, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1994 and retained that rating until 2002.


't Ganzenest
The owner and head chef of 't Ganzenest was Harry Visbeen.


't Ganzenest
The restaurant was formerly located in The Hague, at the addresses Groenewegje 75-a and Groenewegje 115. It moved to Rijswijk in 1999.


't Ganzenest
The restaurant closed in 2007, due to financial troubles and the threat of bankruptcy caused by a recession.


't Goy
't Goy () is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Houten, and lies about 5 km southeast of Houten.


't Goy
In 2001, the village of 't Goy had 170 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.04 km2, and contained 70 residences. ' t Goy is also home to the Netherlands' largest honey-glazed ham factory.


't Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626)
The 't Gulden Zeepaert, usually referred to as the Gulden Zeepaert (The Golden Seahorse) was a ship belonging to the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It sailed along the south coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin in the south west of Western Australia to the Nuyts Archipelago in South Australia early in 1627.


't Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage
The Gulden Zeepaert (Golden Seahorse) sailed from the Netherlands on 22 May 1626, under the command of Francois Thijssen (sometimes recorded as Thijszoon or Thyssen). Also on board was Pieter Nuyts, extraordinary member of the Dutch East India Company's Council of India, their executive body in the East Indies.


't Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage
It appears that in January 1627 the vessel encountered the Southland in the vicinity of Cape Leeuwin. Instead of turning north to make for Batavia (now Jakarta), as required by Dutch ships of this period, following what is known as the Brouwer Route, it continued along the south coast of Australia for a distance of 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi). They reached St. Francis and St. Pieter Islands in what is now known as the Nuyts Archipelago, off Ceduna in South Australia.


't Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage
What transpired during this part of the voyage is not known in detail as no log survives. The principal evidence consists of contemporary maps, a brief reference to the voyage in the  at Batavia for 1627, and in instructions to Gerrit Thomaszoon Pool in 1636 and Abel Tasman in 1644.


't Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage
The Gulden Zeepaert reached Batavia on 10 April 1627. Records indicate that 30 men died during the voyage. The region they encountered became known as Nuyts Land. Nuyts had also been on board the Leeuwin which sighted and named Cape Leeuwin in 1622. According to the Landings List compiled by the Australia on the Map Division of the Australasian Hydrographic Society, the Gulden Zeepaert was the 13th recorded European contact with Australia.


't Haantje, Drenthe
't Haantje (the Little Rooster) is a small village in the northeastern Netherlands. It is situated northwest of Emmen and is part of the municipality of Coevorden. It lies along the Oranjekanaal, between Noord-Sleen and Klijndijk.


't Haantje, Drenthe
't Haantje was founded in the latter half of the 19th century, when peat labourers spontaneously settled there. On 1 December 1965, the village barely escaped a disaster. A French company working for the N.A.M. was drilling for gas, and started to lose control of the enormous gas pressure. During the afternoon, this resulted in a huge gas eruption. The ground around the hole caved in - swallowing all of the drilling equipment. The gas eruption was eventually stopped by a cement injection from a new drilling hole. A small lake lake surrounded by a forest forms a permanent reminder of this event.


't Haantje, North Brabant
't Haantje (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈɦaːɲcə]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Steenbergen, about 2 km west of Kruisland.


't Haantje, Overijssel
't Haantje (Dutch Low Saxon: 't (H)aantien) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Hardenberg, about 5 km north of the town of Hardenberg.


't Harde
't Harde is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is situated about 6 km southeast of Elburg, on the edge of the Veluwe forest. It has a train station with connections to Zwolle and Amersfoort. The village's population is approximately 6,685 people.


't Harde, History
't Harde is a relatively young village. The village is called 't Harde because it was built on a patch of solid ground in the middle of a swamp. In Dutch, hard has the same meaning as "hard" in English; as in: hard surface. After a military base was established near the village, the village expanded. ' t Harde even got a swimming pool in 1953, which was very modern for that time. The pool was also used as a water supply to extinguish any fires that occurred in the vicinity of the village.


't Harde, History
Between 1961 and 1992, the village had a depository for U.S. tactical nuclear weapons.


't Harde, Two municipalities
't Harde was originally split between the two municipalities of Doornspijk and Oldebroek. In 1974, when Doornspijk was annexed by Elburg, the whole village of 't Harde also became part of Elburg.


't Harde, Fire
On 18 June 1970, there was a big fire in the forest near 't Harde. The fire approached the village and three buildings were burned. The fire's path changed when it reached the village.


't Harde, Sports
't Harde has a soccer club called SV 't Harde. There is also a swimming team: De Hokseberg.


't Harde railway station
't Harde railway station is located in 't Harde, Netherlands. The station was opened on 20 August 1863 and is located on the Amersfoort–Zwolle section of the Utrecht–Kampen railway (Centraalspoorweg). The services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Previously, the station was called Elburg-Epe (1863-1888), Elburg-Oldebroek(1888-1914) and Legerplaats Oldebroek (1914-1963).


't Hart
't Hart is a Dutch surname. Dutch het hart means "the heart", but in the past also "the deer" as well as "the village green". People with this name include:


't Hof van Commerce
't Hof van Commerce is a Belgian hip hop crew from Izegem in the province West Flanders in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Their name means 'commercial court' in their local dialect. Almost all their raps/lyrics are in West Flemish, the Dutch dialect of the province of West Flanders, with the exception of some lines sung in Limburgish by DJ 4T4 or a mix between those two dialects.


't Hof van Commerce
Band members are Filip Cauwelier (a.k.a. Levrancier, a.k.a. Flip Kowlier), Serge Buyse (a.k.a. Dommestik, a.k.a. BZA, pronounce: buzze) and Kristof Michiels (DJ 4T4). Ex-members include Johnny de Pony (a.k.a. Georges De Keesmaecker) and Floerke den Aap (a.k.a. Wilhelm De Tura).


't Hof van Commerce, History
It started with the crossover band The Prophets of Finance which stopped around 1993–1994. In 1997, 't Hof van Commerce was founded, and in 1998, they release their first album En in Izzegem, referring to the little city Izegem where the band was founded. About 8000 albums were sold. That was quite a high number for a debut because the entire CD was sung in West Flemish, only understood by about one million people. The next year, they already had a second CD with the title Herman. That album was sold 5000 times.


't Hof van Commerce, History
In 2000 Flip Kowlier started a successful solo career as a singer-songwriter, while staying a member of  't Hof van Commerce. Two years later, in 2002, they got their third album, titled Rocky 7. That album was their biggest success this far, with 10 000 sells. So in 2003, 't Hof (how they call themselves) was asked a lot in festivals in Belgium and the Netherlands.


't Hof van Commerce, History
In 2005, 't Hof released another album with the title Ezoa en niet anders (This way and not differently). For the first time under their own record label Plasticine. For that record, a lot of guest rappers were invited such as TLP and Gabriel Rios.


't Hof van Commerce, History
In 2011, Flip Kowlier temporarily stopped his (still successful) solo career, to continue with 't Hof van Commerce after a long silence. This resulted in a new album in 2012 with the title Stuntman.


't Hof van Commerce, History
't Hof van Commerce has been on hiatus between October 2013 and January 2018.


't Hooft operator
In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper "On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement", is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential A is replaced by its electromagnetic dual Amag, where the exterior derivative of A is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of Amag. In d spacetime dimensions, Amag is a (d-3)-form and so the 't Hooft operator is the integral of Amag over a (d-3)-dimensional surface.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
While the Wilson loop is an order operator, the 't Hooft operator is an example of a disorder operator because it creates a singularity or a discontinuity in the fundamental fields such as the electromagnetic potential A. For example, in an SU(N) Yang Mills gauge theory a 't Hooft operator creates a Dirac magnetic monopole with respect to the center of SU(N).


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
If a condensate is present which transforms in a representation of SU(N) which is invariant under the action of the center, such as the adjoint representation, then the magnetic monopole will be confined by a vortex lying along a Dirac string from the monopole to either an antimonopole or to infinity. This vortex is similar to a Nielsen-Olesen vortex, but it carries a charge under the center of SU(N), and so N such vortices may annihilate.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
In his 1978 paper, 't Hooft demonstrated that Wilson loops and 't Hooft operators commute up to a phase which is an n-th root of unity. The choice of root of unity is related to the linking number of the Wilson loop and the vortex. ' t Hooft claimed that this apparently non-local commutation relation implies that any phase of a Yang-Mills gauge theory must either contain massless particles, responsible for the interactions between the 't Hooft operator and the Wilson loop, or else at least one of the two operators must be confined by an object one dimension higher.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
He identified the phase in which the 't Hooft operator is confined as the Higgs phase, in which the confinement of magnetic monopoles by vortices was a well-known consequence of the Meissner effect, already observed in type II superconductors. He identified the phase in which the Wilson loop is confined as the confining phase, as a Wilson loop is the action of an electric charge. Finally he left open the possibility of mixed phases, in which both are confined. Although such mixed phases had not been seen in quantum field theory at the time, they are now known to occur for example in the Argyres-Douglas conformal field theory. Therefore, he argued that gauge theories are necessarily in one of these four possible phases.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
't Hooft found a simple formula for the scalings of the Wilson and 't Hooft operators in the various phases. When a given operator is confined, a finite tension surface is created whose boundary is the operator. The action of the configuration, in the limit in which the configuration is large, therefore scales with the volume of this surface. In the confining phase the Wilson loops are confined by a 2-dimensional surface, and so the action of a Wilson loop scales as the area of this surface.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
In the Higgs phase the (d-3)-dimensional 't Hooft operator is confined, and so the action scales as the area of the (d-2)-dimensional confining surface. For example, in the confining phase in 4 space-time dimensions the action of the 't Hooft operator scales as the distance squared. In the mixed phase both operators are confined, and so both obey this scaling.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
On the other hand, he claimed that if a given operator is Higgsed, then the corresponding gluons are massive and so the action falls off exponentially away from the operator. Therefore, the action will be proportional to volume of the surface on which the operator is evaluated itself. For example, in the Higgs phase the gauge field is Higgsed and so the Wilson loop action is proportional to the length of the loop, which scales linearly with distance.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
In the confining phase the 't Hooft operator is Higgsed, and so the corresponding action fails as the area of the corresponding (d-3)-dimensional surface, for example linearly in 4 spacetime dimensions. In particular 't Hooft concluded that in 4 dimensions if both the actions of the Wilson and 't Hooft loops scale linearly then both are Higgsed and so there must be massless particles in the spectrum.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
Today 't Hooft's classication of phases is the bases of the classification of QCD phase diagram, with the Higgs phase manifested at the cold temperatures and low densities usually found on Earth, massless particles and deconfinment existing at high temperature experiments at RHIC and soon the LHC and perhaps mixed phases existing in the cores of neutron stars.


't Hooft operator, Disorder operator
In 2009, a study by J. Gomis et al., concluded the 't Hooft operator exactly reproduces the results of the dual Wilson loop, proving the predictions.


't Hooft symbol
The 't Hooft η symbol is a symbol which allows one to express the generators of the SU(2) Lie algebra in terms of the generators of Lorentz algebra. The symbol is a blend between the Kronecker delta and the Levi-Civita symbol. It was introduced by Gerard 't Hooft. It is used in the construction of the BPST instanton.


't Hooft symbol
The same holds for η¯{\displaystyle {\bar {\eta }}} except for


't Hooft symbol
Obviously ηaμνη¯bμν=0{\displaystyle \eta _{a\mu \nu }{\bar {\eta }}_{b\mu \nu }=0} due to differentduality properties.


't Hooft symbol
Many properties of these are tabulated in the appendix of 't Hooft's paper and also in the article by Belitsky et al.


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole
In theoretical physics, the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole is a topological soliton similar to the Dirac monopole but without any singularities. It arises in the case of a Yang–Mills theory with a gauge group G, coupled to a Higgs field which spontaneously breaks it down to a smaller group H via the Higgs mechanism. It was first found independently by Gerard 't Hooft and Alexander Polyakov.


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole
Unlike the Dirac monopole, the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole is a smooth solution with a finite total energy. The solution is localized around r=0{\displaystyle r=0}. Very far from the origin, the gauge group G is broken to H, and the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole reduces to the Dirac monopole.


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole
However, at the origin itself, the G gauge symmetry is unbroken and the solution is non-singular also near the origin. The Higgs field


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole
where the adjoint indices are identified with the three-dimensional spatial indices. The gauge field at infinity is such that the Higgs field's dependence on the angular directions is pure gauge. The precise configuration for the Higgs field and the gauge field near the origin is such that it satisfies the full Yang–Mills–Higgs equations of motion.


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details
Suppose the vacuum is the vacuum manifold Σ. Then, for finite energies, as we move along each direction towards spatial infinity, the state along the path approaches a point on the vacuum manifold Σ. Otherwise, we would not have a finite energy. In topologically trivial 3 + 1 dimensions, this means spatial infinity is homotopically equivalent to the topological sphere S2. So, the superselection sectors are classified by the second homotopy group of Σ, π2(Σ).


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details
In the special case of a Yang–Mills–Higgs theory, the vacuum manifold is isomorphic to the quotient space G/H and the relevant homotopy group is π2(G/H). Note that this doesn't actually require the existence of a scalar Higgs field. Most symmetry breaking mechanisms (e.g. technicolor) would also give rise to a 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole.


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details
It's easy to generalize to the case of d + 1 dimensions. We have πd−1(Σ).


't Hooft–Polyakov monopole, Monopole problem
The "monopole problem" refers to the cosmological implications of grand unification theories (GUT). Since monopoles are generically produced in GUT during the cooling of the universe, and since they are expected to be quite massive, their existence threatens to overclose it. This is considered a "problem" within the standard Big Bang theory. Cosmic inflation remedies the situation by diluting any primordial abundance of magnetic monopoles.


't Is OK
"'t Is OK" ("It's OK") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978, performed in Dutch by the trio Harmony. The song was composed by Eddy Ouwens, who previously had written the Netherlands' winning entry at the 1975 contest, Teach-In's "Ding-A-Dong". "'t Is OK" charted at #29 in the Dutch singles chart in the same year.


't Is OK
The song is an up-tempo number about the power of a happy song itself. The band explains that all one needs to brighten one's day is to sing a song "happy and in harmony". The group also recorded an English-language version of the song, with a minimal change to its original Dutch title; "It's OK".


't Is OK
The song was performed eleventh on the night, following Belgium's Jean Vallée with "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie" and preceding Turkey's Nilüfer & Nazar with "Sevince". At the close of voting, it had received 37 points, placing 13th in a field of 20.


't Is OK
It was succeeded as Dutch representative at the 1979 contest by Xandra with "Colorado".


't Is genoeg
"'t Is genoeg" ("It's Enough"), also spelled in full "Het is genoeg" (both normally pronounced [ət ɪs xəˈnux]), was the Netherlands' entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1965.


't Is genoeg
Performed in Dutch by Conny Vandenbos, the song is sung from the perspective of a woman whose lover has been unfaithful in the past, but has attempted to make up for this infidelity with displays of love. The singer has had enough of all these games, all this playing with fire. The final outlook for the couple's relationship is not certain, however: after describing the moments of happiness her lover does give her, Vandenbos ends the song by singing "it's enough".


't Is genoeg
The song was performed first on the night, preceding the United Kingdom's "I Belong" sung by Kathy Kirby. By the close of voting, it had received five points, placing it 11th in a field of 18.


't Is genoeg
It was succeeded as the entry from the Netherlands at the 1966 contest by the song "Fernando en Filippo" performed by Milly Scott.


't Kabel
Kabel is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies just southeast of Nieuw-Vennep and about 6 km southwest of Hoofddorp.


't Kapoentje
't Kapoentje (literally: "The Little Rascal") was a youth supplement published by the Flemish newspaper Het Volk from April 3, 1947 until 1989. It was notable for its comics and, together with Ons Volkske, the most important comic book magazine in Flanders.


't Kapoentje, History
't Kapoentje was created when the newspapers De Gids and De Standaard contested one another over copyright issues. The titles of the magazines Ons Volk Ontwaakt and Ons Volkske which were published by the newspaper De Nieuwe Standaard (n.v. De Gids) were claimed back by De Standaard in 1947. As a result, Ons Volk Ontwaakt was discontinued and changed to a new name, Overal, while the series which appeared in Ons Volkske were republished in  't Kapoentje. From October 11, 1951 on 't Kapoentje became a free supplement of Het Volk.


't Kapoentje, History
't Kapoentje published many comics by Marc Sleen, Willy Vandersteen, Bob De Moor, Eugeen Hermans (aka "Pink"), Rik Clément, Buth, Jef Nys, Karel Boumans, Marcel Steurbaut and the Dutch series Dokie Durf by Piet van Elk. In later years Hurey, Karel Boumans, Marcel Steurbaut, Arle (pseudonym of Berck and Leo Loedts), Frank Sels, Gilbert Declercq, Jeff Broeckx, Albert van Beek, Henk Kabos, Henk Sprenger, Piet Wijn, Ton Beek, Gerrit Stapel, Dick Vlottes, Raymond Bär van Hemmersweil, Jan van Reek, Peter de Smet also had their comics published.


't Kapoentje, History
During its heyday Sleen's Piet Fluwijn en Bolleke and Vandersteen's De Vrolijke Bengels were the most popular comics. In 1947 Vandersteen left to join De Standaard. Bob De Moor continued De Vrolijke Bengels until 1950, when Sleen took over the series and renamed it De Lustige Kapoentjes, who quickly became the magazine's mascots.


't Kapoentje, History
Sleen, Rik Clément and Michel Casteels were the magazine's editors for many years. In 1965 Sleen quit and joined De Standaard. Like many comic book magazines the sales of  't Kapoentje went downhill during the 1970s and by 1989 the magazine was disestablished.


't Klooster
't Klooster is a neighbourhood in the municipality of Aalten, near Bredevoort (Achterhoek region) in the eastern Netherlands with a population of around 500 inhabitants.


't Klooster, History
Klooster is a Dutch word for "monastery". In the fifteenth century, what is now 't Klooster was home to a monastery named "Nazareth" or "Schaer" devoted to the Devotio Moderna. In addition, on November 5th 2005, a bronze statue was revealed, designed by artist Jan te Kulve, which shows an inhabitant of the former monastery wearing the outfit of his order.


't Klooster, History
This Gelderland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


't Koetshuis
't Koetshuis is a defunct restaurant located in Rhenen, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one or two Michelin stars in the period 1957–1970.


't Koetshuis
The restaurant was established in 1945 in the stable of the former hotel "Berg en Bos". The hotel had fallen victim to the Second World War. The Frisch family, of Swiss origin, just started all again and started a rotisserie. This restaurant went very well, until it burned down in 1964. Henri Frisch wanted to start over again, but he died a month after the fire. His children went on with the rebuilding and the restaurant reopened in 1965.


't Koetshuis
Owners of the restaurant were Henri Frisch (1957–1964) and his daughter Marianne Frisch (1964–1970). Marianne Frisch sold the restaurant in 1988. Henri Frisch was also head chef. In 1967, J. van Heusden was head chef.


't Koetshuis
't Koetshuis was in 1967 one of the founding members of Alliance Gastronomique Néerlandaise, an association of quality restaurants in the Netherlands and Belgium.


't Koetshuis, Star history
- 1957–1964: two stars- 1965–1966: one star- 1967–1970: two stars


't Lam, Woudsend
't Lam (English: The Lamb) is a smock mill in Woudsend, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in the late 17th century and is in working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument.


't Lam, Woudsend, History
't Lam was built before 1698. It was bought in that year by Dirck Tjebbes and was described as a bone mill. An advertisement in the Leeuwarder Courant of 12 July 1775 asked for tenders to repair the corn mill at Woudsend. In January 1837, the mill was bought by M A Tromp. He modernised the mill, and it was offered for sale under the name 't Lam in 1839 for ƒ4,200.25. The mill was then a corn,  malt, mustard, pearl barley, and rye mill. The mill was again advertised for sale in 1840 for ƒ2,600.


't Lam, Woudsend, History
After being offered for sale in 1848 for ƒ2,525, the mill was bought from Wietse Hettema in 1849 by Carl Johan Albert Siegert for ƒ4,500. The mill passed to his son Carl J W Siegert and was advertised for sale for ƒ2,526 following his death in 1870. It was not sold, and was run by Carl Ernest Hugo Siegert until his death in 1915, passing to his son Foeke Siegert. A pair of sails broke in that year. New sails were fitted, as was a replacement windshaft. The windshaft had previously been used in Windlust, Sneek, Friesland, which had burnt down in 1914. The work was carried out by millwright Jan Piers Oly of Sneek.


't Lam, Woudsend, History
In 1935, ownership of 't Lam was transferred to Carl Ernest Hugo Siegert. The mill worked through World War II, but the stage was in a poor condition. It was restored in 1948. The mill remained in the Siegert family until 1959, when it was sold to Bauke Lyklema. He sold it to the Gemeente Wymbritseradiel in 1960 for ƒ4,500. Further restorations were carried out in 1970-71, 1981 and 1992-93. The latter was carried out by millwright Hiemstra of Tzummarum, Friesland at a cost of ƒ288,300. In 1999, the gemeente bought the adjoining miller's house for ƒ235,000. It was converted into an information centre and shop. Internal works were carried out in 2012, including the installation of a new pair of millstones. The mill is now owned by the Gemeente Sûdwest Fryslân. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, № 39846.


't Lam, Woudsend, Description
't Lam is what the Dutch describe as a "Stellingmolen". It is a smock mill on a brick base. The stage is 5.10 metres (16 ft 9 in) above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of 20.00 metres (65 ft 7 in). The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft, which was cast by NSBM, Feyenoord, South Holland in 1852. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 53 teeth.


't Lam, Woudsend, Description
This drives the wallower (26 teeth) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 91 cogs. The great spur wheel drives three pairs of 1.50 metres (4 ft 11 in) diameter millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 26, 28 and 30 staves respectively. Two of the three pairs of millstones are Cullen stones.


't Lam, Woudsend, Public access
't Lam is open to the public on Saturday between 10:00 and 17:00, or by appointment.


't Misverstant
Restaurant 't Misverstant is a restaurant in Den Bosch, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1984 and retained that rating until 1995.


't Misverstant
The star was gained under the leadership of head chef Alexander Koene He voluntarily gave up the Michelin star due to the immense pressure related to it, effectively closing down the restaurant by turning it into a bistro


't Nonnetje
't Nonnetje is a restaurant  in Harderwijk, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the periods 2004–2007 and 2009–2014. In 2015 the restaurant was awarded its second Michelin star. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.


't Nonnetje
The head chef of 't Nonnetje is Michel van der Kroft,  who joined the restaurant in 2006 after he left De Kersentuin. He took over from Omar Dahak who had earned the Michelin star in 2004. With the change of head chef the restaurant lost its star, but regained it in 2008.


't Nonnetje
't Nonnetje has been a member of Alliance Gastronomique Néerlandaise since 2009.


't Nopeind
't Nopeind is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Amsterdam, and lies about 7 km northeast of the city centre, just north of Zunderdorp.


't Nopeind
't Nopeind is a part of the deelgemeente (sub-municipality) Amsterdam-Noord. The hamlet has about 35 inhabitants.


't Pallieterke
't Pallieterke is a satirical Flemish weekly magazine. It is part of the Flemish movement and advocates Flemish independence. It is largely conservative in its editing.


't Pallieterke, History and profile
't Pallieterke was founded in 1945 by Bruno De Winter, an Antwerp journalist. The magazine has its headquarters in Antwerp and is published on a weekly basis.


't Pallieterke, History and profile
In 1955 De Winter was succeeded by Jan Nuyts as editor-in-chief, whose tenure lasted till 2000. The current editor-in-chief is Leo Custers. Its cartoonists have included Jef Nys and Brasser. Other contributors are or were Gerolf Annemans, Paul Beliën and Koenraad Elst.


't Schulten Hues
't Schulten Hues is a restaurant  in Zutphen, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2005-present.


't Schulten Hues
Gast and his wife  Jacqueline van Liere opened the restaurant in September 2002. Originally, the restaurant was located on the Houtmarkt, but moved to a bigger location at 's-Gravenhof in 2007.


't Schulten Hues, Book
In 2010, 't Schulten Hues presented a book named "Portfolio XL" in a rather exceptional size: 0.5 meter x 0.7 meter.


't Veerhuis
Restaurant 't Veerhuis is a defunct restaurant in Wolphaartsdijk, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1975 and retained that rating until 1988. It was again awarded one Michelin star 2008 and 2009.


't Veerhuis
In the first star period, owner and head chef was Fred van Mierlo.


't Veerhuis
In the second star period, the restaurant was run by Marianne and Co. Simmers. They decided to move the restaurant to Goes. That went wrong and the restaurant, renamed "Simmers & Co", closed down after a year in business.


't Veerhuis
Former head chefs were Edwin Dingemanse (2009-2010) and Michel Louws (2005-2009).


't Veerhuis
In 2011, the former building of 't Veerhuis became once more a Michelin starred restaurant. Restaurant Katseveer had to move due to a major renovation of its own building. From April to August it operated out of Wolphaartsdijk, then it moved back to Wilhelminadorp.


't Veld
't Veld is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about 8 km north of Heerhugowaard.


't Veld
In 2001, the town of 't Veld had 1577 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.34 km2, and contained 563 residences. The statistical area "'t Veld", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 2120.


't Vlasbloemeken
't Vlasbloemeken is a restaurant located in Koewacht, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that is awarded a Michelin star for the period 2012-present.


't Vlasbloemeken
In 2014, GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 15 out of 20 points.


't Vliegend Hert
't Vliegend Hert also called  't Vliegend Hart (meaning 'the Flying Deer') was an 18th-century East Indiaman or "mirror return ship" (Dutch: spiegelretourschip)  of the Dutch East India Company. ' t Vliegend Hert was built in 1729 in Middelburg for the Chamber of Zeeland. Her maiden voyage was in December 1730, departing from Fort Rammekens (Netherlands) to Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia), commanded by captain Abraham van der Hart.


't Vliegend Hert
On 3 February 1735  't Vliegend Hert left from Rammekens for Batavia, commanded by captain Cornelis van der Horst. She was accompanied by the smaller ship Anna Catherina, under command of Jacob de Prinse and carried a cargo of wood, building materials, iron, gunpowder and wine, as well as several chests with gold and silver coins. Shortly after departure both ships ran aground in de Scheldt estuary on the sandbanks around Duerloo Channel and were lost with all cargo and crew.


't Vliegend Hert
In the following days, barrels with jenever, beer and oil washed ashore on the beaches of Blankenberge and Nieuwpoort. In 1736, the British diver Captain William Evans salvaged some items, including 700 wine bottles and an iron cannon. Because of the difficult conditions there were no further salvage attempts and gradually the wreck was forgotten. It was not until 1981 that the wreck site would be rediscovered. Many artifacts, including wine bottles, bullets and an intact coffer with 2000 gold ducats and 5000 silver reales were retrieved.


't Vliegend Hert
In 1991 a second chest filled with gold ducats and Spanish reales was discovered, as well as several cases of silver ducatons. As these ducatons (riders) were not listed on the official cargo document it is likely they were smuggled on board by members of the crew to be sold for higher prices in the East Indies.


't Waar
't Waar (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ʋaːr]) is a village in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Oldambt, just north of the village of Nieuw-Scheemda.


't Wapen van Hoorn (1619)
't Wapen van Hoorn was a 17th-century Dutch East India Company fluyt with a tonnage of between 400 and 600, built in the Dutch Republic in 1619. During its second voyage it grounded on the west coast of Australia, making it about the tenth ship to make landfall on Australian soil, and following Tryall just a few weeks earlier only the second ship to be shipwrecked in Australian waters, albeit temporarily.


't Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages
't Wapen van Hoorn departed Texel for Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies, on 27 December 1619, under the command of Roelof Pietersz. It arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 5 July 1620, and reached Batavia on 8 December 1620. It then returned to Texel, leaving Batavia on 7 January 1621, and arriving on 17 July 1621.


't Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages
She departed on her second voyage to Batavia on 26 December 1621. In June 1622 "at night in a hard wind", the ship ran aground near Shark Bay in what is now Western Australia. It was eventually refloated, and arrived in Batavia on 22 July 1622. It departed Batavia under Captain Pieter Gerritsz. Bierenbroodspot on 25 December 1625. It stayed at the Cape of Good Hope from 21 January to 9 February 1626, reaching Texel on 9 July.


't Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages
Her final departure to Batavia was on 19 February 1627, under the command of David Pieterszoon de Vries. It stayed at the Cape of Good Hope from 16 July to 7 August. In September it made landfall at Shark Bay, noting corrections to Dirk Hartog's chart of the location. It arrived at Batavia on 13 October. It appears to have remained mostly in the Indies from then on, but is named as one of the ships that participated in the Battle of Abrolhos on 12 September 1631 off Pernambuco (present-day Brazil).


't Was één April
't Was één April  is a 1936 Dutch film directed by Douglas Sirk and Jacques van Tol. It is a lost film.


't Was één April, Plot
When Mister Vlasman gets promoted from baking bread to making macaroni, he and his wife want to enter high society. They could not be happier when a wealthy baron offers to introduce them into the high class. What they don't realise is that this was all an April Fools'  prank. Unfortunately for the pranksters, things get out of hand when a real baron visits the Vlasmans.


't Was één April, Background
The movie is a remake of the German film April, April! (1935), also directed by Douglas Sirk. In the German version the baron was a prince. Sirk never came to the Netherlands. All of his scenes were shot in Germany. Scenes in the Netherlands were directed by Jacques van Tol. No known copies of the film exist today.


't Woud
't Woud is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 12 km east of Amersfoort.


't Woud
't Woud was founded by farmers at the beginning of the 20th century. After they had made the soil ready for farming they expanded their operations for decades. Nowadays only a few large farming companies are left. The other inhabitants are merely people who love living on the countryside.


't Woud
The statistical area "'t Woud", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1790.


't Woudt
't Woudt is a small village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located about 5 km southwest of the city of Delft, in the municipality of Midden-Delfland.


't Woudt
't Woudt (then spelled "'t Woud") was a separate municipality between 1812 and 1817, when it was divided into Groeneveld, Hoog en Woud Harnasch, and a part that merged with Hof van Delft.


't Zand, Alphen-Chaam
't Zand' (Dutch pronunciation: [(ə)t sɑnt]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant, in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam.


't Zand, Altena
't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Altena, on the southeastern edge of the village of Sleeuwijk.


't Zand, Hattem
't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Hattem, about 6 km west of the city of Zwolle.


't Zand, Nijmegen
't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland, in the municipality of Nijmegen.


't Zand, Schagen
't Zand is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Den Helder.


't Zand, Schagen
In 2001, the town of 't Zand had 1,787 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.32 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi) and contained 692 residences. The wider statistical area "'t Zand" has a population of around 2,320.


't Zand, Schagen, Education
In 't Zand there are two primary schools; there are no secondary schools. Zandhope is a small village school with four classrooms catering for ages 4 to 12. St. Jozef (a Catholic school) has about 20 classrooms and caters for ages 4 to 14 years.


't Zand, Schagen, Transportation
't Zand is the site of one of the five operational vlotbruggen.


't Zandt
't Zandt (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈsɑnt]) is a village in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Eemsdelta.


't Zandt
't Zandt was a separate municipality until 1990, when it was merged with Loppersum. The municipality covered the villages 't Zandt, Zeerijp, Leermens, Eenum and Oosterwijwerd, and the hamlets Zijldijk, Kolhol, Korendijk and 't Zandstervoorwerk.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum
't Zwaantje (English: The Little Swan) is a smock mill in Nijemirdum, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1878. The mill has been restored to working order. It is listed as a Rijksmonument.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History
The mill was probably built in 1878, replacing an earlier mill that had been built c.1790 and had burnt down. Draining the Huitebuurster polder, it was formerly named De Huitebuurstermolen, only being renamed 't Zwaantje in 1987. In 1956, the mill was partly dismantled and a Lister diesel engine was installed to pump water. The mill was restored in 1986 by Messrs Waghenbrugghe of Sneek, Friesland. The restoration incorporated the sails, windshaft, brake wheel and Archimedes' screw from De Noordster (English: The North Star), Nieuwe Bildtdijk, which had been demolished in 1984.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History
It was thought that De Noordster only dated from 1936, and thus it was not listed as a Rijksmonument. This was an error, as the mill actually dated from 1818; 1936 being the date that the leading edges of the sails were fitted with Dekkerised leading edges. ' t Zwaantje was capable of draining or pumping water into the polder. The mill was restored in 1987.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History
't Zwaantje was sold to Stichting De Fryske Mole on 1 January 1996, the 47th mill acquired by that organisation. A further restoration took place in 2007. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, № 358041.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Description
't Zwaantje is what the Dutch describe as a Grondzeiler. It is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of 16.30 metres (53 ft 6 in). The sails are carried on a cast iron windshaft, which was cast by IJzergieterij H. J. Koning of Foxham, Groningen in 1910. It also carries the brake wheel which has 48 cogs.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Description
This drives the wallower (31 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft there are two crown wheels The upper crown wheel, which has 34 cogs, drives an Archimedes' screw. The lower crown wheel, which has 33 cogs is carried on the axle of an Archimedes' screw, which is used to drain the polder. The axle of the screw is 50 centimetres (1 ft 8 in) diameter and 1.25 metres (4 ft 1 in) long. The screw is 1.25 metres (4 ft 1 in) diameter. It is inclined at 30°. Each revolution of the screw lifts 506 litres (111 imp gal) of water.


't Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Public access
't Zwaantje is open to the public by appointment or whenever it is working.


't kofschip
The 't kofschip (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈkɔfsxɪp], the merchant-ship), 't fokschaap (the breeding sheep), also often referred to as kofschiptaxi or soft ketchup (among foreign language learners)  rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule should not be confused with the so-called T-rules (t-regels).


't kofschip, Rule
If the verb-root of a weak verb ends in one of the consonants of 't kofschip, being ⟨t⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and ⟨p⟩, the past tense ends in -te(n) and the past participle (voltooid deelwoord) in -t. If the verb-root ends in any other consonant or in a vowel, the past tense ends in -de(n) and the past participle in -d.


't kofschip, Rule
Because of the idiosyncrasies of Dutch spelling, some forms are spelled in unexpected ways. The past tense forms of proeven and blozen are written with f and s, as Dutch spelling rules permit the letters v and z only at the beginning of a syllable; however the pronunciation remains /v/ and /z/. Words may not end in a double consonant, so the past participles gerust, geland and gered do not get an additional -d. See Dutch orthography for more information.


't kofschip, Rule
Because of regular final-obstruent devoicing, the past participle ending is pronounced with a voiceless /t/ even though d is spelled. When the participle is inflected (in accordance with a following noun), the devoicing is undone, like in other words. Thus geland /ɣəˈlɑnt/, geleegd /ɣəˈleːxt/, geproefd /ɣəˈpruft/ inflect to gelande /ɣəˈlɑndə/, geleegde /ɣəˈleːɣdə/, geproefde /ɣəˈpruvdə/ respectively.


't kofschip, Further details
On a phonological level, the rule is a form of voicing assimilation: the consonant of the past-tense ending takes on the voicing of whatever sound precedes it. Thus, the endings beginning with voiceless -t- are used after voiceless consonants, while the endings beginning with voiced -d- are used after voiced consonants and vowels (which are always voiced). Similar rules appear in several other Germanic languages, such as Swedish and English. In English, the rule is not usually reflected in spelling, but is still regular in pronunciation: compare raced /ɹeɪst/ and razed /ɹeɪzd/.


't kofschip, Further details
Because the rule is intended only as an educational tool, it only covers the basic Dutch vocabulary which consists mostly of native Germanic verbs. It cannot be applied to verbs with "new" phonemes such as /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, nor to foreign words whose spelling was not completely adapted to Dutch spelling. It also cannot be used for initialisms. In this case, only the underlying voicing of the pronounced final consonant can be used to determine the ending. For example:


't kofschip, Further reading
This linguistic morphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


't zal wel gaan
TSG 't Zal wel gaan, is a non-profit student society founded in the 19th century to promote Flemish culture and liberalism in Flanders, based at Ghent University. Since its inception, the student fraternity was characterized by its progressive, Flemish, and libertarian nature. It supports the absolute separation of church and state. ' t Zal wel gaan remains a student society and a meeting place for intellectual debates.


't zal wel gaan, History
't zal wel gaan (aka 't Zal), was created in 1852, by students at the Athenaeum of Ghent. The most prominent among these students was Julius Vuylsteke. Soon afterwards, the association moved to Ghent University where it continued its activities with other Political and  Philosophical student societies.


't zal wel gaan, History
During the Nineteenth century, the student society became notorious for its Anti-clericalism and played an important role in the Flemish Movement's struggle for the use of Dutch in Belgian education. However, the onset of World War I soon caused an ideological crisis within the student fraternity. Orangist sentiment gave way to an anti-authoritarian philosophy of emancipation.


't zal wel gaan, History
Members of 't Zal wel gaan later joined the resistance during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. They also played a role during the controversy surrounding King Leopold III and the student revolts of May 1968.


't zal wel gaan, History
Today the society continues to participate in ethical and political debates. It celebrated its 150th birthday in 2002 as the oldest extant Flemish student society.


'the other' Jan van Kessel
Jan van Kessel or the other Jan van Kessel (c. 1620, Antwerp – in or after 1661, Amsterdam (?)) was a Flemish painter of still lifes of fruits, hunting pieces and flowers. After training in Antwerp he moved to the Dutch Republic where he is recorded as operating a studio in Amsterdam.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography
Very little information is available about the life of Jan van Kessel. He was born in Antwerp some time between 1615 and 1625. He trained with the history painter Simon de Vos. He was admitted as a master in the Antwerp Guild of St Luke in the Guild year 1644–1645, the same year as Jan van Kessel the Elder with whom he is often confused.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography
He is recorded in 1649 in Amsterdam, where he received in September 1649 two assistants: Jan Baptist Walvis and Gerrit Cornelisz.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography
His last recorded work dates from 1661 and he is believed to have died in or after 1661.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work
'the other' Jan van Kessel was a still life specialist who painted still lifes of fruits, hunting pieces and flowers. About 30 works have been attributed to Jan van Kessel. Attribution of work to 'the other' Jan van Kessel has been difficult due to confusion with other artists with a similar name all active around the same time.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work
In addition to the still life painter Jan van Kessel the Elder, there was another Antwerp painter referred to as Jan van Kessel the Younger (the son of Jan van Kessel the Elder) who is believed to have painted still lifes, while in Amsterdam there was a Jan van Kessel known as a landscape painter. His work has often been confused with that of his better known namesake and contemporary, Jan van Kessel the Elder as well as that of Jan van Kessel the Younger. ' the other' Jan van Kessel and Jan van Kessel the Elder have a distinctive manner of signing.


'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work
There are clear stylistic differences between the work of 'the other' Jan van Kessel and Jan van Kessel the Elder. Art historian K. Ertz considers 'the other' Jan van Kessel as not inferior to Jan van Kessel the Elder, and even believes him to eclipse his more famous namesake in his masterpiece Swags of fruit and flowers surrounding a cartouche with a sulphur-crested cockatoo. This work is in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum where it is still attributed to Jan van Kessel the Elder.


'upa'upa
The ʻupaʻupa (often written as upa upa) is a traditional dance from Tahiti. It was mentioned by European explorers, who described it as very indecent. It is not quite clear how similar the gestures at that time were with the now immensely popular tāmūrē. In both dances the performers form groups of pairs of a boy and a girl, dancing more or less in sexually oriented movements.


'upa'upa, History
After having arrived on Tahiti in 1797, the LMS missionaries quickly intimidated the local rulers of the island and fixed themselves in a position of power. Although this enabled them to abolish such habits as infanticide, cannibalism and tribal wars, it also enabled them to introduce the idea of sin, which was unknown on Tahiti until then. The joy of dancing, so dear to the Polynesian heart, was one of the first to be axed. The famous Pōmare code of 1819 declared the ʻupaʻupa (and tattooing in the same line) to be bad and immoral habitudes, severely to be opposed. The Leewards  followed suit soon after. But dancing continued in secret.


'upa'upa, History
In the code of 1842 many restrictions were relaxed, but the ʻupaʻupa (the general term for dancing then) remained on the black list. In the same year the French proclaimed the protectorate. Being Catholic with some broader views on life than the Protestants, and considering that 'if you cannot beat them, join them', they proclaimed in the official bulletin of 1849 that the ʻupaʻupa was still forbidden, except on public feastdays, but then still without the indecent gestures. The act of 1853, repeated in 1876 was more restrictive. In the hope that the Tahitians would spend their time on more pious occupations than dancing and drinking, a system of licences was introduced. A license could only be obtained by a chef and only on Saturday evenings.


'upa'upa, History
Despite all these restrictions, dancing went on, less secret or more secret depending on the law at that moment. Nevertheless, many years of suppression had left a mark on it, and although the idea and the steps were still there, the ʻupaʻupa of the old did not really exist anymore.


'upa'upa, History
In the beginning of the 20th century Tahitian dances were only performed on such festivities as 14 July and saw an evolution into what they have become nowadays. Around 1900 the traditional costumes came back, and although they still looked more like mother Hubbard dresses or ponchos, at least they were made of traditional materials. Around 1920 strips of raffia were added, which soon would develop into the characteristic more or grass skirt (in reality made from hibiscus fibers) of Tahiti. The bare torso (for men only) became acceptable.


'upa'upa, History
Prizes started to be awarded to the best dancers on a festival. But it was not until 1956 that Madeleine Mouʻa organised a dance group, called the heiva, of which Teriʻi and Takau, daughters of the last queen of Tahiti became patrons. Finally then traditional dancing had the blessing from the establishment.


'upa'upa, History
The opening of Faʻaʻa international airport in 1961 and the real start of the tourist industry on Tahiti made all the dances which had come forth from the ʻupaʻupa a part of daily life once more.


( ) (album)
( ) is the third full-length album from Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós, first released in October 2002. It comprises eight untitled tracks, divided into two parts: the first four tracks are lighter and more optimistic, while the latter four are bleaker and more melancholic. The two-halves are divided by a 36-second silence, and the album opens and closes with a click of distortion. Lead singer Jón Þór Birgisson ("Jónsi") sang the album's lyrics entirely in "Hopelandic", a made-up language consisting of gibberish words. ( ) reached No. 51 on the Billboard 200 and received acclaim from music critics, although some reviewers found the album weaker than the band's previous album Ágætis byrjun.


( ) (album)
This is the first album to feature drummer Orri Páll Dýrason who joined the band in 1999, replacing their previous drummer Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson.


( ) (album), Production
The album's title consists of two opposing parentheses, representing either the album's two-halves, or the idea that the album has no title, leaving the listener free to determine it. Members of the band have referred to ( ) as Svigaplatan, which translates to "The Bracket Album". In the credits of the film Heima, it is referred to as The Untitled Album. The outside packaging of ( ) consists of a plastic protective sleeve with two parentheses cut out, revealing the image printed on the CD case underneath.


( ) (album), Production
There are four versions of this cover art, which consist of modified photographs of nature around the band's Mosfellsbær studio, sold in four parts of the world: Europe, the United States, Australia, and Japan. In Iceland, all four cover designs are sold. The back of the packaging shows an image of a sleepwalking boy, adapted from a photograph by John Yang. In 2011, Yang's daughter, Naomi Yang, of the band Galaxie 500, said that the band used the image without permission or payment to her father.


( ) (album), Production
There are no liner notes or production credits included, although packaged with the album is a booklet of twelve blank pages, on which listeners are invited to write or draw their own interpretations of the album's music. A limited edition version of ( ) released in Spain includes a 94-page book of contemporary art.


( ) (album), Production
( ) was co-produced and engineered by Ken Thomas, who also worked with the band on their previous album, Ágætis byrjun. This is the first album Sigur Rós recorded at their studio based in Álafoss, Mosfellsbær, a small rural town outside Reykjavík, Iceland. The band refers to the studio as "Sundlaugin", or "The Pool". ( ) includes the work of the string quartet Amiina. ( ) was given more production and recording time than Ágætis byrjun, although lead singer Jónsi considers the ( ) album "less polished" than its predecessor.


( ) (album), Production
He characterized the record as being "much more bare and alive and there are far fewer little slick things and much less sweet stuff." The strings of Ágætis byrjun were recorded in just two days, while two weeks were given for their recording on ( ). In addition, the former was performed by the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, while the latter was done by Amiina. Because of this, the string parts required less preparation prior to recording. The band "just let them 'jam' in the studio until everybody was happy", according to Jónsi.


( ) (album), Music and lyrics
( ) consists of eight tracks divided in half by thirty-six seconds of silence which, in concept, replicates the separation of two sides of a gramophone record. Ironically, on the actual vinyl version of the record, the thirty-six seconds of silence occurs in the middle of side 2 (the vinyl consists of 4 sides). The first half of the album is "light and optimistic" musically, with a heavier emphasis on the use of keyboards than guitar, and the sampling of Jónsi's voice. The second half is more melancholic, playing with the emotions of the listener, as described by Jónsi.


( ) (album), Music and lyrics
None of the tracks on ( ) have titles; band guitarist and keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson said of this choice, "we didn't want to put titles on the record just because there are supposed to be titles on the record." The songs are listed as "Untitled #1", "Untitled #2", etc., although each track has an unofficial name used by the band.


( ) (album), Music and lyrics
Jónsi sang the lyrics of ( ) entirely in "Vonlenska" ("Hopelandic"), a made-up "language" which consists of meaningless words and syllables. Jónsi uses Hopelandic in place of songs which do not yet have lyrics, although some tracks on Sigur Rós albums Von and Takk... are only sung in the language. Its names in English and Icelandic are derived from "Von" ("Hope" in English), the ninth track on the album Von, which is the first instance in which Hopelandic is used in the band's music.


( ) (album), Music and lyrics
The Hopelandic of ( ) consists of one eleven-syllable phrase, with various permutations and subsequent variations thereof sung over the course of the album. ( ) is made up of material that Sigur Rós had been playing live for over two years. For this reason, the band did not want to give the songs actual lyrics. Drummer Orri Páll Dýrason said of this, "[the songs] were fully formed and it would have been strange to suddenly insert lyrics into these finished products."


( ) (album), Release
Pitchfork placed ( ) 29th on its list of the fifty best albums of 2002, and 135th on its list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s (decade). The album also peaked at No. 51 on the Billboard 200. A music video for "Untitled #1" directed by Floria Sigismondi was released in April 2003. The video depicts a dystopian future in which schoolchildren wearing gas masks are playing amidst black snow and a red sky. In November 2003, Sigismondi's video was given the award for "Best Video" at the MTV Europe Music Awards in Edinburgh, UK.


( ) (album), Critical reception
( ) received critical acclaim, holding a Metacritic score of 82/100 based on twenty reviews, which makes it the twenty-sixth highest-scored album of 2002 according to Metacritic. Daniel Becker of Dusted Magazine wrote that the album is "gorgeous music..the songs are vast, unhurried, and vivid, and that only makes them more powerful." He considers ( ) a "logical extension of Ágætis Byrjun, relying on the same interplay of instruments to create a similarly picturesque and eerily calm atmosphere."


( ) (album), Critical reception
Chris Ott of Pitchfork wrote that "Sigur Rós' music has all the depth, resonance and humanity of a Brueghel landscape, and is best appreciated at loud volumes in open spaces, as a soundtrack for scenery, real or imagined." Sean Adams of Drowned in Sound said that "( ) is as pioneering, unnerving, inspiring, confusing, as lyrically anarchic as every thing that has moved the world, ever" and "why I love music, why this website has this name and why art exists. ( ) [ is] yours to discover." Gavin Mueller of Stylus Magazine found that Jónsi's voice "never [has] sounded more exposed, giving [the band] a strength that Ágætis Byrjun often obscured. The final track’s ultimate climax is nothing short of harrowing, as a crashing storm of frantic drum fills overwhelms Birgisson’s urgent guitar strumming and plaintive wail."


( ) (album), Critical reception
Andy Kellman of AllMusic said that with ( ), Sigur Rós made "only adjustments – no significant developments – in the group's sound" and that "The fact that the emotional extremes are few and far between makes the album difficult to wade through". Ott wrote that ( ) "doesn't shine with the same nascent glimmer as its predecessor. If the band weren't so headstrong, it wouldn't even be a consideration, but from the beginning they've claimed they would change music forever, and that this record in particular would be even better than [Ágætis byrjun]".


( ) (album), Critical reception
In addition, he found the album's main Hopelandic phrase repetitive, and that ( ) lacked the innovation of its predecessor. Gavin Edwards of Rolling Stone called ( ) "impressive" but "remarkably similar" in sound; "it's just packaged more pretentiously." Ott said of the blank booklet included with ( ), "I fail to see how this tactic enriches the band's cinematic balladry", adding, "evidence that they just thought it would be cool to package the record this way is abundant".


( ) (album), Critical reception
Mueller called the title of ( ) "forehead-slappingly pretentious", and considered the album's nameless tracks "a jab at Yorke-worshippers who couldn’t pronounce the Icelandic titles of Sigur Ros’s previous work anyway." In his review for PopMatters, music critic Matt Cibula wrote, "I don't think there are any real meanings to these songs, other than the ones we bring to them, each on our own", adding:


( ) (album), Critical reception
My only clue – and here I'm cheating massively – is that I saw them in concert a month ago, and these songs were invariably accompanied by hazy images of children, of childhood ... but even if this stuff is about the end of childhood or innocence or any of those trotted-out tropes, I wouldn't know, and it probably tells you more about me than the opening section of this record.


( ) (album), Critical reception
A book on the album was released in the 33⅓ series on 28 August 2014. The series are short books inspired by or focused on albums and are generally written as longform essays. The book, written by composer Ethan Hayden, was cited by Pitchfork as one of the "33 Best 33⅓ Books."


( ) (album), Critical reception, Media usage
A snippet from "Untitled #8" can be heard during the trailer for the Nicole Kidman film The Invasion. "Untitled #7" is featured in the trailer for the 2008 video game Dead Space. "Untitled #4", as well as "Svefn-g-englar" and the title track from Ágætis byrjun and a video backdrop used during a Sigur Rós concert in Los Angeles, are featured in the film Vanilla Sky. This was the first case of the band licensing their music for a movie; Jónsi allowed for it in part "because he thought the idea of Tom Cruise acting over their music was 'funny'".


( ) (album), Critical reception, Media usage
"Untitled #4" was played in the American TV series Queer as Folk, as well as the season 3 finale of Canadian TV series Orphan Black. "Untitled #3", listed as its alternate title "Samskeyti", was used in the credits for the Gregg Araki-directed film Mysterious Skin (based on the novel by Scott Heim),in an episode from the second season of the British serial drama Skins and in the 2009 film The Boys Are Back (directed by Scott Hicks and starring Clive Owen) during the final shots. Various tracks off ( ) were used in the American crime drama CSI: Miami. Vaka was also heavily used in the soundtrack to the 2010 Norwegian film King of Devil's Island. The 2006 Academy Award-nominated Danish film After the Wedding also uses "Untitled #1" (Vaka) as background music during the funeral of a major character.


( ) (album), Track listing
All tracks are officially untitled, although each has an alternative name by which the band refers to it.


( ) (album), Certifications and sales
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.


( ) (film)
( ) is a 2003 silent film directed by Morgan Fisher.


( ) (film), Summary
The film consists entirely of insert shots extracted from feature films, considering the "status of the insert shot in an ingenious way", according to film expert Susan Oxtoby.


( ) (film), Summary
Fisher said of his film, "Inserts are above all instrumental. They have a job to do, and they do it; and they do little, if anything, else. Sometimes inserts are remarkably beautiful, but this beauty is usually hard to see because the only thing that registers is the news, the expository information, that the insert conveys... By chance, I learned that the root of 'parenthesis' is a Greek word that means the act of inserting. And so I was given the title of the film."


( ) (film), Synopsis
P. Adams Sitney, Professor of Visual Art at Princeton University, wrote a short essay for Artforum International "Medium Shots: the films of Morgan Fisher" in which he describes the film "()." "Fisher's most recent film, (), succeeds astonishingly where Frampton's parallel effort, Hapax Legomena: Remote Control (1972) failed; it uses aleatory methods to release the narrative unconscious of a set of randomly selected films. () is made up entirely of "inserts" from feature films organized according to Oulipian principles. Inserts were usually shot by assistants when star actors, large crews, or expensive sets were not needed.


( ) (film), Synopsis
These include details of weapons, wounds, letters, signs, tombstones, machinery, games of chance, timepieces, money, and even intimate caresses. Fisher culled the inserts from a number of films he collected for that purpose and edited them together under constraints he does not fully reveal; he places the inserts from a given film in the order in which they appeared in that film, but two inserts from the same film never follow each other directly in his assemblage. Alternating among them we catch glimpses of violence, intrigue, high-stakes gambling, and sexual adventure."


( ) (film), Screening
( ) was screened on October 18, 2003, during the New York Film Festival, and on September 13, 2004, at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the Wavelengths programming.


(((GRRRLS)))
(((GRRRLS))) is the first full-length album from indie rock ensemble Parenthetical Girls. Originally released on January 2004 in vinyl-only format on Slender Means Society the label re-released the album on CD in expanded and remastered form on 25 April 2006. The album features a total of seven songs, each given mixing treatment from Jherek Bischoff and Jamie Stewart, and split into two parts—sides "O" and "X" respectively on the original vinyl version, and as standard play/enhanced MP3s on the CD version. It features album art by American artist Kathryn Rathke.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
(+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is an organic compound with molecular formula C20H14O3. It is a metabolite and derivative of benzo[a]pyrene (found in tobacco smoke) as a result of oxidation to include hydroxyl and epoxide functionalities. (+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide binds to the N2 atom of a guanine nucleobase in DNA, distorting the double helix structure by intercalation of the pyrene moiety between base pairs through π-stacking. The carcinogenic properties of tobacco smoking are attributed in part to this compound binding and inactivating the tumor suppression ability of certain genes, leading to genetic mutations and potentially to cancer.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of four benzene rings fused together in a planar aromatic arrangement which approximates a rhombus in shape. Benzo[a]pyrene is a derivative in which a fifth benzene ring has been fused to the pyrene system, and is a component of tobacco smoke which is a procarcinogen partly responsible for the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of smoking. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is a metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene formed by the introduction of vicinal hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups to the fifth benzene ring. These oxidations are stereoselective, producing the pair of enantiomers with the hydroxyl groups on opposite sides of the pyrene plane and with the epoxide on the same side as its adjacent hydroxyl group. (+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is specifically the (7R,8S,8aR,9aS) stereoisomer.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure, Biosynthesis
The metabolism of the tobacco smoke procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene involves three distinct steps – the introduction of an epoxide group in the 7,8-position, its hydration to a vicinal diol and the introduction of an epoxide in the 9,10-position. In the first step, a cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalysed oxidation produces several products including (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide. The enzyme epoxide hydrolase, then hydrates the epoxide ring to yield the vicinal diol (−)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, which is then oxidised by cytochrome P450 oxidase again forming the mutagen and carcinogen (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure, Biosynthesis
This diol epoxide covalently binds to DNA by a ring-opening to alkylate the nucleobase forming a distorted structure, as shown at right, with intercalation of a pyrene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety between the base pairs favouring π-stacking; these distortions have been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance structure studies. Aflatoxin has a similar mechanism of action, though its binding is through the N7, rather than the N2, position of guanine. Multiple stereochemical outcomes are possible from these transformations. The anti stereoisomer (shown here) and its enantiomer are the ultimate carcinogens from benzo[a]pyrene, but the syn isomers are also produced.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry
(+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide has been shown to bind to an N2 atom of a guanine nucleobase in DNA, distorting the double helix structure by intercalation of the pyrene moiety between base pairs through π-stacking.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry
There are indications that (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide specifically targets the protective p53 gene; More than 50 percent of human tumors contain a mutation or deletion of the p53 gene. This gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. The anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides induce guanine to thymine transversions in related areas of p53, thereby inactivating its tumor suppression ability in certain cells, leading to genetic mutations and potentially to cancer.


(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry
Induction of CYP1A1 by benzo[a]pyrene occurs via binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the cytosol, leading the transformed receptor to translocate to the nucleus where it dimerises with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and then binds xenobiotic response elements in DNA located upstream of certain genes. This process increases transcription of genes including CYP1A1, resulting in increased CYP1A1 protein production. This process is similar to induction of CYP1A1 by certain polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Seemingly, CYP1A1 activity in the intestinal mucosa prevents major amounts of ingested benzo[a]pyrene to enter portal blood and systemic circulation. Intestinal, but not hepatic, expression of CYP1A1 depends on TOLL-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is a eucaryotic receptor for bacterial surface structures such as lipoteichoic acid. Moreover, benzo[a]pyrene has been found to activate a transposon, LINE1, in humans.


(+)-CPCA
(+)-CPCA (nocaine, 3α-carbomethoxy-4β-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methylpiperidine aka CTDP 31,446) is a stimulant drug similar in structure to pethidine (an opioid that possesses NDRI actions) and to RTI-31, but nocaine is lacking the two-carbon bridge of RTI-31's tropane skeleton. This compound was first developed as a substitute agent for cocaine.


(+)-CPCA
Since this time many substituted phenylpiperidine derivatives have been discovered, hybridizing the basic nocaine structure with that of other similar molecules such as methylphenidate, meperidine and modafinil to create a large family of derivatives with a range of activity profiles and potential applications. This is a significant field of research with much work ongoing, and dozens of novel compounds have been developed although none have yet come to market.


(+)-CPCA
The nocaine family includes a diverse assortment of piperidine based cocaine mimics. The parent compound nocaine was developed in an attempt to develop a substitute drug for cocaine for the treatment of addiction, and was found to substitute for cocaine in animal models while having significantly less abuse potential itself.


(+)-CPCA, Background
Although Kozikowski reported compound with chlorine in 1998, plain phenyl was reported earlier than this by Plati.


(+)-CPCA, Background
Although novel ways to produce these compound exist, background stems from arecoline chemistry. E.g. paroxetine (Paxil) and femoxetine also from this arena of CNS chemicals. These serotonin based antidepressants, in case of Paxil N-normethyl also some acetylcholinergic according to texts.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
Like cocaine, (–)-cis-CPCA and (+)-CPCA bind to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine uptake, stimulate motor activity in rodents and completely substitute for cocaine in discrimination tests. Pretreatment with (–)-cis-CPCA or (+)-CPCA enhances the cocaine discriminative stimulus in rats. However, there are a number of differences; the locomotor stimulant effects of the piperidine derivatives are much less than those induced by cocaine, and pretreating mice with (–)-cis-CPCA or (+)-CPCA does not increase cocaine induced convulsions, and actually reduced cocaine induced locomotor stimulation.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
The (–)-cis-CPCA isomer has similar reinforcing effects to cocaine as shown by fixed-ratio self-administration tests in rats, but (+)-CPCA has a flat dose-response curve, and similarly while (–)-cis-CPCA and cocaine had nearly identical break points in a "punished responding" (?) self-administration test, (+)-CPCA had a lower break point than either of the other drugs.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
The generally lower efficacy of (+)-CPCA in locomotor and methamphetamine discrimination tests could result from the differential selectivity of the two isomers for the DAT relative to the SERT. That is, if serotonin receptor activation is requisite for maximal efficacy, the difference SERT affinity between (–)-cis-CPCA and (+)-CPCA might play a contributory role in accounting for the differences in the observed pharmacology. Catecholamine selective drugs, like TMP (methylphenidate), are reported to possess decent abuse potential though, so it is not easy to gauge why (+)-CPCA does not entice a strong self-administration propensity.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
A possible explanation might be nocaine preferentially binds to the ↓ DAT, in which case it would be expected to behave somewhat differently from cocaine. Some sort of cholinergic effect might also be aversive. For example, muscarinic activity of benztropine analogs is known to limit their reinforcing potential. Ion-channel activity is another factor that can be used to explain certain differences in pharmacology.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
It is possible that sigma receptor activity might also account for some of the differences between cocaine and these piperidine mimics (R. Matsumoto, et al. 2001, (Ping and Teruo, 2003 rev). Sigma receptors are not specific to cocaine, other psychostimulants like methylphenidate, methamphetamine (E. Nguyen, et al. 2005), and phencyclidine are also linked to this neural target. An increased understanding of this receptor recently led to a novel AD being reported that is based around its pharmacology.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
In summary, (+)-CPCA has lower potency and efficacy than cocaine in increasing locomotor activity in rodents. (+)-CPCA only manages to produce partial methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects, although it is fully cocaine-like in cocaine-trained animals. (+)-CPCA  has lower reinforcing potential than cocaine as assessed by fixed and progressive ratio IV self-administration tests in rats, with its reinforcing effects confirmed by rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, (+)-CPCA dose dependently antagonizes cocaine-induced locomotion and potentiates the discriminative stimulus effects of a low dose of cocaine. (+)-CPCA, unlike cocaine, does not enhance cocaine-induced convulsions.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology
These results suggest that (+)-CPCA completely mimics certain behavioral actions of cocaine, whereas acting like a weak partial agonist in others, including its ability to attenuate cocaine-induced increase in locomotion and to serve as a positive reinforcing agent in rodents. Thus, (+)-CPCA may have potential utility in the treatment of cocaine addiction, and also offer valuable pharmacological information, furthering our understanding of cocaine's mechanism of action, because it exhibits fundamental differences from other related DARI molecules.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Routes of synthesis
To make any of the phenyltropanes requires either a source of cocaine, or extensive and repeated separation of enantiomers due to the lack of enantioselective routes to the essential intermediate methylecgonidine and the large differences in potency between different structural isomers of the final product.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Routes of synthesis
Laboratory synthesis has been devised  but is hampered by the fact that in addition to the wanted isomer of anhydroecgonidine, they are also saddled with the unwanted enantiomer.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
A series of novel N- and 3α-modified nocaine analogs were synthesized and tested for their SNDRI activity and behavioral properties in mice.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
The rational design of ligands with a predetermined potency at and selectivity for monoamine transporters is hindered by the lack of knowledge about the 3D structure of these targets. In cases where the 3D structure of the binding site in a target protein is not well defined, as is the case for the monoamine transporter proteins, one can perform ligand-based design to develop a pharmacophore. That is, by studying the conformational properties of a series of pharmacologically similar compounds, one can form hypotheses regarding the pharmacophore.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
Most of the potent tropane-based inhibitors, inc. coca, are believed to have at least 3 major interactions with the transporter binding site: one ionic or H-bonding interaction at the basic nitrogen, one dipole-dipole or H-bonding interaction of the ester group, and an interaction of the aryl group with a lipophilic binding pocket. This model was successfully used for the design of a novel piperidine-based DAT inhibitor, that is economically affordable to manufacture.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
Although the in vivo metabolism of (+)-CPCA is also likely to involve N-demethylation, metabolism to the corresponding free acid, to give a compound inactive at all monoamine transporters, will probably be the predominant pathway in vivo. It was reasoned that metabolism via esterase action can be avoided by replacing the ester group with a bioisosteric group that is more stable to metabolic degradation. In previous studies, it was found that oxadiazole, although cocaine-like in activity, exhibits a significantly longer duration of action due to slower rate of metabolism. In general, relative to the corresponding N-methyl compounds, the norpiperidines exhibited an increased activity at the SERT/NET and only modest changes at the DAT.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
An interesting difference between cocaine, ester 1a, alcohol 2a, and norester 1b is that the latter two compounds are substantially longer acting than cocaine in locomotor activity tests in mice.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications
Although prolonged action is anticipated from compounds like alcohol 2a and oxadiazole 3a which lack the 3α ester group and so are more difficult to metabolise, this is not expected for the  norester 1b, because the 3α ester group should be just as easily hydrolysed as the ester group of cocaine and 1a. Another result of N-demethylation is an initial depressant action of 1b followed by delayed locomotor stimulation, which might be due to interaction with GABA receptors or mGlu5.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3β-Substituted nocaine ligand design
In an earlier study, it was found that 3α-amido and bulky 3α-oxadiazoyl nocaine ligands, which possess greater stability relative to the ester functional group, and are therefore more attractive as potential therapies, are inactive. This result led to the hypothesis that the binding site of the DAT and NET in close proximity to the 3α-position of the piperidine ring is compact and cannot accommodate bulky, sterically occluded substituents, like the 3-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl groups. It was reasoned that introduction of a methylene spacer would confer improved monoamine transporter binding affinity upon the resultant molecules.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3β-Substituted nocaine ligand design
One of the possible reasons that the C2–C3 compounds are more active than the C1 compounds is that the polar group present in the more flexible 3α-appendage of the C2–C3 ligands is able to avoid unfavorable interactions with the binding site in close proximity to the piperidine ring. For the same reason the appendage in the C2–C3 series may more closely, but not precisely, mimic the binding mode of the more active SS based ligands, and possibly even transfer over to tropane based compounds.


(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3β-Substituted nocaine ligand design
To better understand the difference between the C1 and the C2–C3 series, the compounds were energy minimized and flexibly superimposed on WIN-35,428. The resulting overlay shows that only the C2–C3 ligands are able to adopt a conformation in which the polar group of the 3α-substituent occupies the position proximal to that of the 2β-polar group in WIN35428.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore
A generally recognized pharmacophore model for cocaine and phenyltropanes comprises two electrostatic interactions of the basic nitrogen and the ester group of the C-2 substituent, and one hydrophobic interaction of the C-3 aryl group. This model has been disputed because of the finding that in certain compounds neither the basic N nor the ester group was necessary for high binding affinity and inhibition of MAR. Instead, a hydrophobic pocket was proposed to exist in the vicinity of the C-2 carbon. Carroll et al., however, provided further evidence for an electrostatic interaction at the C-2β-position in a later study.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore
Other models proposed for the DAT binding site include a linear fashion binding pocket for the 3β-substituted phenyltropane analogs, and a prohibited conical region about 5.5–10 Å distant from the 3α-substituted piperidine ring. Noticeably, high potency at the DAT of dimeric piperidine-based esters and amides suggested that the flexible linker combining the two piperidine units was able to adjust its orientation and to avoid unfavorable interactions with the binding site. All these lines of evidence suggest that the DAT binding site is much more complicated than the proposed pharmacophore models.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore
In an attempt to uncover the details of the DAT binding site, a number of 3D-QSAR studies were performed. Several QSAR/CoMFA studies focused on phenyltropanes concluded that an increased negative electrostatic potential in the regions around the 3β-substituent of the tropane ring and the para-position of the phenyl ring favored high potency in inhibiting the MATs. Wright et al. studied the role of the 3β-substituent of tropanes in binding to the DAT and blocking DA re-uptake.


(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore
Their CoMFA model indicated that the 3β-substituent binding site is barrel-shaped and hydrophobic interactions make a dominant contribution to the binding, which is consistent with the studies of 3α-substituted tropane analogs reported by Newman et al. Newman and co-authors also studied N-substituted tropanes and concluded that the steric interaction of the N-substituent with the DAT is a principal factor for the binding affinity.


(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase
(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase (EC , P450camr) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-camphor,reduced putidaredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-endo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase
Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from the bacterium Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784.


(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase (EC , (+)-camphor 6-hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-camphor,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-exo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase
(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase isolated from Salvia officinalis.


(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase
(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase (EC , GcoA) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-beta-caryophyllene hydrolase (cyclizing, (+)-caryolan-1-ol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase
This enzyme also forms (+)-beta-caryophyllene from farnesyl diphosphate (EC 4.2.3.89).


(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase
(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-larreatricin:oxygen 3'-hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase
This enzyme is isolated from the plant Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) and can be produced recombinantly.


(+)-Menthofuran synthase
(+)-Menthofuran synthase (EC , menthofuran synthase, (+)-pulegone 9-hydroxylase, (+)-MFS, cytochrome P450 menthofuran synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-pulegone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (9-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction


(+)-Naloxone
(+)-Naloxone (dextro-naloxone) is a drug which is the "unnatural" enantiomer of the opioid antagonist drug (−)-naloxone. Unlike "normal" naloxone, (+)-naloxone has no significant affinity for opioid receptors, but instead has been discovered to act as a selective antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4. This receptor is involved in immune system responses, and activation of TLR4 induces glial activation and release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and Interleukin-1.