1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990–2019)
The club slipped to the Regionalliga Nord (III) in 2004–05 and then to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord (IV) in 2005–06, but returned to third division play after capturing the Oberliga title. In 2008–09, Union became one of the founding clubs of the new 3. Liga, and its inaugural champion, securing first place and promotion to the 2. Bundesliga on 10 May.


1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990–2019)
A controversy erupted in 2011 when it became publicly known that club president Dirk Zingler had been a member of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment for three years during his military service. Dirk Zingler had only two years before cancelled a sponsorship deal with the company  International Sport Promotion (ISP) because the head of the board at the company had been a Stasi officer. The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was the paramilitary wing of the Stasi.


1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990–2019)
Dirk Zingler has explained that he had sought to spend his military service in Berlin and that he was unaware beforehand that the regiment belonged to the Stasi. However, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was an elite formation. It was not possible to apply for the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment. The Stasi selected who it thought fit to serve with the regiment. The regiment only accepted recruits that were "loyal to the line".


1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990–2019)
They remained in the 2nd-tier until the 2018–19 season, when they secured their first ever promotion into the Bundesliga after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the play-offs. The fans invaded the pitch, but no one was harmed.


1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019–present)
Union Berlin became the first Bundesliga club from the former East Berlin and the fifth from the former East Germany, after Dynamo Dresden, Hansa Rostock, VfB Leipzig and Energie Cottbus. The team is the sixth to win promotion from the 2. Bundesliga by beating the 16th-placed Bundesliga team in the playoff – since it began in the 1981–82 season, the others being Bayer Uerdingen, 1. FC Saarbrücken, Stuttgarter Kickers, 1. FC Nürnberg and Fortuna Düsseldorf.


1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019–present)
Ahead of Union Berlin's debut season in the Bundesliga, the club signed Neven Subotić, Anthony Ujah and Christian Gentner, as well as re-signing Marvin Friedrich, who had scored a decisive goal against Stuttgart in the play-offs in the previous season to secure promotion for the club. The first ever Bundesliga goal was scored by Sebastian Andersson in a 1–1 draw against Augsburg. On 31 August 2019, the club claimed its first ever Bundesliga victory by beating Borussia Dortmund 3–1 in a home game. The team finished the season in 11th place, with Sebastian Andersson scoring 12 goals.


1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019–present)
On 22 May 2021, in Union Berlin's second Bundesliga season, the club qualified for the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League after finishing seventh, following a 2–1 home win against RB Leipzig, with Max Kruse confirming Union Berlin's first European campaign in twenty years, with a 92nd minute winner.


1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium
In 1920 SC Union Oberschöneweide (forerunner of today's 1. FC Union Berlin) had to find a new home ground as its former pitch had been built over by developers with residential buildings. The club moved a little further away from the city to the north-western part of the borough of Köpenick. The new stadium was officially opened in August 1920 with a match between Oberschöneweide and the then German champions 1. FC Nürnberg (1–2). The inaugural match in at the Alte Försterei had already been played on 17 March, when Union challenged Viktoria 89 Berlin.


1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium
When Union won promotion to the DDR-Oberliga (the top flight in East Germany) in 1966, the stadium soon needed to be expanded. The ground was first expanded in 1970 when the Gegengerade terrace was raised, whilst further extensions to the terracing at both ends in the late 1970s and early 1980s increased the capacity furthermore to 22,500. However, the somewhat spartan facilities at Alte Försterei had quickly begun to show their age and went into a serious decline.


1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium
After German reunification, when Union were assigned by the German Football Association to play in the third league, the outdated stadium proved only one of a number of factors that hampered the club's push for promotion to higher leagues.


1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium
In the middle of 2008, the club decided to finally modernise the stadium, the Stadion An der Alten Försterei (Old Forester's House). Money was still tight, and so the fans simply built the ground themselves. More than 2,000 Union supporters invested 140,000 working hours to create what is now regarded as the largest football-specific stadium in Berlin. During the redevelopment, Union played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Inside the stadium an array of outside beer kiosks and open air grills serving bratwurst and pork steaks at the back of the stand provide the culinary staples. The official opening on 12 July 2013, was celebrated with a friendly against Scottish Champions Celtic. It holds 22,012 people with 3,617 seats. The rest is terracing.


1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium, World Cup living room
In 2014, the club came up with the idea of inviting their fans to take their own sofas to the ground for the whole of the World Cup, in order to enjoy the televised matches in the company of fellow supporters. More than 800 sofas were placed on the pitch in rows in front of a big screen. The event was later recognized with the Fan Experience Award at The Stadium Business Summit 2015 in Barcelona.


1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FC Union Berlin, Players, All time top scorer
The number 22 won't be worn on the back of a Union shirt for the foreseeable future — until someone manages to break the all-time Union scoring record of Karim Benyamina who scored 87 goals in 213 appearances for the club. "This is a great gesture by president Dirk Zingler. That is the reward for six successful years," he said in 2016. Over 14,000 fans turned out to give Benyamina his career send-off alongside another legend, Torsten Mattuschka, who is often seen as the face of that particular era for Union.


1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Reserve team
The club's reserve team, 1. FC Union Berlin II, most recently played in the tier four Regionalliga Nordost, having won promotion to the league in 2012. Previous to this it spent two seasons in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. At the end of the 2014–15 season the club withdrew the team from competition.


1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Women
Union Berlin's women's team was formed in September 1969, becoming the first women's team in Berlin and one of the first in East Germany. The women's team initially competed against Union Berlin's youth teams due to a lack of opponents, playing their first game on 17 January 1970, losing 7–1. In 1971, the team were amalgamated into KWO Berlin's women's team, before KWO merged with Union Berlin in June 1990 following German reunification. The team currently compete in the Regionalliga Nordost.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture
1. FC Union Berlin is recognized as one of Europe's "cult" clubs, based on many unique fan and club initiatives over the last two decades.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture
The nicknames of the club are Eiserne (the Iron Ones) or Eisern Union (Iron Union). These nicknames evolved from the earlier sobriquet Schlosserjungs (metalworker boys), a reference to the blue kit the Union played in, as it was reminiscent of the overalls worn by local workers.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture
In May 2004, the supporters raised enough money to secure the club's license for fourth-division football through a campaign called 'Bleed for Union'. This catchphrase was not meant metaphorically. One element of the campaign was that fans donated blood to Berlin hospitals and then gave the money they received from the blood bank to their club.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture
After 2010, Union Berlin became increasingly attractive for new Berliners, even internationals, who were drawn to the atmosphere at the club.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
During the East German era, 1. FC Union Berlin was known for a rivalry with BFC Dynamo, which was reputedly affiliated with East Germany's Secret Service (Stasi). Union was initially patronized by the state-controlled national trade union FDGB and sponsored by state-owned combines. The club played some identificatory role in the unofficial opposition against the authorities of the communist system. Between 1979 and 1988, BFC Dynamo won ten consecutive East German league titles, with popular allegations of sporting misconduct helping to fuel the rivalry, and clashes between both sets of fans occurred.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
BFC Dynamo was seen as the supreme representative of the security agencies, with advantages in the recruitment of players and financial support as well as the political clout of Erich Mielke. Supporters of Union cultivated the image of their club as the eternal underdog that was firmly rooted in the working class. Union became the most popular club in East Berlin.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
It is said that fans of 1. FC Union Berlin often chanted "The wall must go! ", with a reference to the Berlin Wall, when the opponents formed a wall during free kicks in 1980s. However, some sources suggest that this is partly a myth and exaggerated. Supporters of Union saw themselves as stubborn and non-conformist. But this image should not be confused with actual resistance. For some supporters of Union, the dissident reputation is a legend that was created after Die Wende.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
Honorary president of Union  Günter Mielis has said: "Union was not a club of resistance fighters, but we had to fight against a lot of political and economic resistance over and over again. We got strength from our fans". Politics was not in the foreground. Most supporters of Union were just normal football supporters. There were no political groups at Union. A supporter of Union from the East German era has said: "With the best of intentions, Union fans did not contribute to the overthrow of the GDR. No way, we were interested in football. There is the cliché about the club for the enemies of the state, but that wasn't us". Supporters of Union from the East German era have testified that the club was the most important thing. And the identification with Union had primarily to do with Köpenick.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
Despite 1. FC Union Berlin and Hertha BSC making up the two biggest clubs in Berlin, a rivalry between the two has been much less pronounced. Sympathies between supporters of the two clubs developed in divided Berlin. The first personal contacts between supporters of the two clubs occurred in the 1970s. Supporters of Hertha visited the Stadion An der Alten Försterei and supporters of Union accompanied the supporters of Hertha when Hertha played in the Eastern Bloc countries, such as the quarter finals in the 1978–79 UEFA Cup against Dukla Prague.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
Chants and slogans such as "Ha-Ho-He, there are only two teams on the Spree - Union and Hertha BSC" (German: Ha-Ho-He, es gibt nur zwei Mannschaften an der Spree - Union und Hertha BSC) and "Hertha and Union - one nation" (German: Hertha und Union – eine Nation) became popular among the two sets of supporters. The two sets of supporters came together for the first time after the opening of the Berlin wall during the first edition of the indoor tournament "Internationales Berliner Hallenfußballturnier" in the Werner-Seelenbinder-Halle on 18–20 January 1990. Supporters of Union and Hertha now also sang xenophobic and nationalist chants.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
On 27 January 1990, 79 days after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Hertha hosted Union Berlin at the Olympiastadion in a friendly in front of 52,000 spectators. Fans of both club's paid for admission in East and West Germany's respective currencies and sang songs of German reunification as Hertha won 2–1. Over twenty years later, on 17 September 2010, the duo faced each other for a second time, in their first competitive meeting, at the Stadion An der Alten Försterei, drawing 1–1 in the 2. Bundesliga.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
On 2 November 2019, Union Berlin faced Hertha at the Stadion An der Alten Försterei, in the first clash between the clubs in the top flight of German football. An 87th minute Sebastian Polter penalty secured a 1–0 win for Union, in a game temporarily suspended by referee Deniz Aytekin, following fireworks fired by Hertha fans landing amongst Union Berlin fans, as well as on the playing surface. 1,100 police officers were on duty for the game, with Hertha fans burning Union Berlin shirts, flags and scarves during the game.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
The supporters of Hertha had also been joined by 20-25 supporters of BFC Dynamo in the guest block. Following full time, Union Berlin goalkeeper Rafał Gikiewicz won praise from fans and media alike after ushering Union Berlin ultras from the field of play, following a minor pitch invasion devised to attack Hertha supporters.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
Union Berlin also holds rivalries with Hansa Rostock, Dynamo Dresden, and Magdeburg dating back to when the teams used to compete in the DDR-Oberliga.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries
More recently, the club has developed a rivalry with RB Leipzig, following the takeover of license and teams from fifth division side SSV Markranstädt financed by Red Bull GmbH and the ascension by Leipzig to the Bundesliga system. In 2011, Union Berlin ran adverts against the investment of the club whilst also cancelling a pre-season friendly with the club. On 21 September 2014, Union Berlin fans staged a silent protest for the first 15 minutes of a 2. Bundesliga home game against RB Leipzig, labelling RB Leipzig a "marketing product pushed by financial interests" with "brainwashed consumers in the stands". Union Berlin won the game 2–1. On 18 August 2019, during Union Berlin's first ever Bundesliga game, at home against RB Leipzig, the club's oldest ultras group, the Wuhlesyndikat, successfully called for a 15-minute silent protest at the start of the club's 2019–20 opener.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Songs
The official Union Berlin song is "Eisern Union" by German punk singer Nina Hagen. The composition was recorded in 1998. Four versions were issued on a CD single by G.I.B Music and Distribution GmbH.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Songs
The famous supporters' chant 'Eisern Union' (Iron Union) bounces back and forth between the terraces named Waldseite and the Gegengerade, and is followed by mutual acknowledging applause.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Christmas tradition
Union Berlin is also well known for its Christmas traditions celebrated in their home stadium. In 2003 the yearly Union Weihnachtssingen started as an unofficial gathering to which just 89 fans showed up. In 2013, 27,500 people attended, including players and supporters of other teams from around Germany and Europe. Fans drink Glühwein (mulled wine), wave candles around, light flares and sing a combination of Christmas carols and football chants.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Mascot
Ritter Keule (Literally: Cudgel the Knight) is the mascot of Union Berlin. He was first introduced in 2000.


1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Movies and games
Union fürs Leben (Union for life) is a 2014 documentary film that showcases the supporters passion for 1. FC Union Berlin.


1. FC Union Berlin, Organization
1. FC Union Berlin is led mostly by fans. Dirk Zingler has served as the club's president since 2004. The club had 11,000 registered members in 2013.


1. FC Union Berlin, Organization, Sponsorships
1. FC Union Berlin is sponsored by around 300 private and corporate partners.


1. FC Union Berlin, Organizational history
The organizational history of 1. FC Union Berlin includes several different clubs and names.


1. FC Union Solingen
1. FC Union Solingen was a German association football club from Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia.


1. FC Union Solingen, History
The club was founded in 1990 in the aftermath of the bankruptcy of SG Union Solingen by former members of that club. 1. FC Union Solingen also failed and was dissolved in 2012 with OFC Solingen and BSC Union Solingen emerging as successors.


1. FC Union Solingen, History
Both sides lay claim to the tradition of the earliest club named Union Solingen, founded in 1897 out of the merger of a number of clubs from the district of Ohligs in Solingen. Over time these would include Ohligs FC 06, VfR Ohligs, Walder Ballspielverein, and BV Adler Ohligs. Of these clubs, only VfR Ohligs would distinguish itself with any time spent in first division football when they played the 1940–41 season in the Gauliga Niederrhein before being relegated after a last place result.


1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach
1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach is a German association football club based in Kelsterbach, Hesse.


1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History
The club was founded 1907, and after briefly suspending play during World War I, re-established itself in 1918. The club played as an amateur local side during the inter-war period. After World War II Viktoria merged with TSG Kelsterbach to become KSG Kelsterbach and in May 1947 again took on the name 1. FC Viktoria.


1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History
The club was able to advance as high as the fourth division in the Landesliga Hessen-Süd from 1968 to 1974, with a single season spent in the Landesliga Hessen-Mitte (IV) in 1971–72, but were relegated the following season.


1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History
Viktoria has enjoyed some success in the local amateur ranks capturing sixth and seventh division titles in 1993, 1995, and 2004. A vice-championship in the Bezirksoberliga Wiesbaden (VI) in 2006 led to promotion to the Landesliga Hessen-Mitte (V), now the Verbandsliga (VI). Kelsterbach finished runners-up in the league in 2014–15, thereby qualifying for the promotion round to the Hessenliga were the club was however unsuccessful. In the following season Kelsterbach won the league and was promoted to the Hessenliga.


1. FC Vöcklabruck
1. FC Vöcklabruck was an Austrian association football club from Vöcklabruck. They last played in the Austrian Football First League.


1. FC Vöcklabruck, History
After the retreat of the Sponsor Resch Eisen, Gase und Transporte notified the club insolvence on. The club was in July 2009 new founded as Vöcklabrucker SC.


1. FCA Darmstadt
1. FCA Darmstadt is a German association football club in Darmstadt, Hesse.


1. FCA Darmstadt
Darmstadt's first-team competes in Germany's 7th-tier, the Gruppenliga, whilst the second team plays in the 11th-tier Kreisliga C.


1. FCA Darmstadt
The club's greatest success was earning promotion to, and competing in, Germany's fifth-tier, the Hessenliga, from 1967 to 1981 and 2010 to 2013.


1. FCA Darmstadt
FCA are well-known in the Hesse region for fielding overseas players. Whilst it provides a platform for players to showcase their skills, the organisation has been subject to controversy for falsely advertising themselves as a professional club in order to attract players to pay to join their academy.


1. FCA Darmstadt, History
The club was formed as Fußballclub Arheilgen on 10 September 1954. the club experienced a steady rise, culminating in 1967 in the promotion to the tier three Oberliga Hessen.


1. FCA Darmstadt, History
In the Oberliga, FCA became a strong side, finishing in the top six in its first five seasons there, with a third place in 1969 and 1970 as its best results. After this, the club slipped into the lower half of the table before coming third once more in 1978. In 1981 however, the side was relegated and would not return to the Oberliga again for almost 30 years.


1. FCA Darmstadt, History
The club now played in the tier four Landesliga Hessen-Süd, where a second place in 1986 was its best result, but it was followed by relegation in 1987. The club returned to the Landesliga for one more season in 1988–89 but then made a more permanent exit from the league.


1. FCA Darmstadt, History
The club now spend a lengthy amount of time in the lower amateur leagues of southern Hesse before a title in the tier seven Gruppenliga Darmstadt in 2009 returned it to the level below the Oberliga, now renamed Verbandsliga. In the following season the club, now renamed 1. FCA Darmstadt, won promotion to Hesses highest league once more courtesy to a second place in the Verbandsliga Hessen-Süd, behind local rival and champions Rot-Weiß Darmstadt, and played for three seasons in the Hessenliga before being relegated in 2013. A last-place finish in the Verbandsliga in 2015–16 relegated the club to the Gruppenliga. The club has since remained a mainstay in the league alongside 130 other clubs in the Gruppenliga and has yet to achieve promotion back to the 6th-division.


1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen
1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen (formerly TuS Niederkirchen) is a German women's football club based in Niederkirchen, Rhineland-Palatinate. The team plays in the German 2. Bundesliga.


1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen, History, TuS Niederkirchen
TuS Niederkirchen was founded in 1900. Since 1969 the club had a women's football department, which was a member of the women's Bundesliga at its inception. After winning the championship in 1992–93 the club was relegated to the Regionalliga in 2000. Several seasons of promotions and relegations followed. In the last season at TuS Niederkirchen the club finished 9th in the 2. Bundesliga. When the club's management decided not to apply for a license for the next season, but did not inform the players about that decision, the entire women's section left the club to found their own. On 25 April 2008 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen was established, and began playing in the Regionalliga Südwest in 2008–09.


1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen, History, 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen
After two years in the Regionalliga, the team returned to the 2nd Bundesliga as champions in 2010 and secured its place in the league on the antepenultimate match day. In April 2011 a co-operation - initially lasting two years - was announced with 1. FC Kaiserslautern from 1 July 2011, which was extended by two years in July 2013. In 2015, the team was relegated from the 2nd Bundesliga, but managed direct re-promotion in 2016. Two years later, 1. FFC was relegated again before being promoted after the 2019–20 season.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
1. Frauenfußballclub Turbine Potsdam 71 e. V., commonly known as 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (or Turbine Potsdam outside of Germany), is a German women's football club located in Potsdam, Brandenburg. They are one of the most successful women's football teams in Germany, having won six Frauen-Bundesliga championships and two UEFA Women's Champions League titles. They play in the Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion in the Babelsberg district of Potsdam, and their biggest rivals are Eintracht Frankfurt (previously 1. FFC Frankfurt).


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
Before the reunification of Germany, Turbine Potsdam were one of the predominant teams in East German women's football. They currently play in the Frauen-Bundesliga and are the only team from the former East to have won the unified league. The team also won the UEFA Women's Champions League competition in the 2004–05 season, beating the Swedish team of Djurgården/Älvsjö 5–1 overall in the final, and again in the 2009–10 season against Olympique Lyonnais on penalties.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam
In 2020, Turbine Potsdam entered into a three-year cooperation agreement with the men's football club Hertha BSC in the neighboring Berlin.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years
BSG Turbine Potsdam was founded in 1955. The club was an "enterprise sports community" (Betriebssportgemeinschaft) (BSG), supported by the local energy supplier. The men's football team played with mediocre success on lower levels.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years
On New Year's Eve 1970, Bernd Schröder, an employee of the energy supplier, discovered a strange piece of paper on the company's blackboard. It says that a women's football team will be established on 3 March 1971. The identity of the person responsible for this paper was never established.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years
The women's team was founded on 3 March 1971, and Bernd Schröder became the first coach. The first match was played on 25 May 1971, at Empor Tangermünde and ended with a 3–0 win for Turbine. The first district championship was played a year later and was won by Turbine.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years
Schröder was always looking for new players. He concentrated on former track and field athletes who were dropped by their clubs. Schröder became a senior employee in his company, so he could offer jobs and flats for the new players.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979–1990: Championships and cheated letters
In 1979, the first unofficial women's football championship of the GDR was held – unofficial as women's football was far from being recognized by the Olympic Games. Turbine was the favourite but missed the final tournament. They also missed the final tournament in 1980. The final tournament in 1981 was held in Potsdam and Schröder was under pressure. He held a training camp by the Baltic Sea. However, the team struggled during the qualification. The team was unbeaten in the final tournament and won their first championship. Each player received 50 East German mark and Schröder was awarded the title "Activist of socialist work".


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979–1990: Championships and cheated letters
Turbine also won the championships of 1982 and 1983. Their success was recognized in the rest of Europe and Turbine was invited for tournaments in the Netherlands and Italy. However, Turbine didn't receive any of these invitations. The GDR forbade the team to travel into capitalist countries. The club wasn't even allowed to travel to tournaments in other communist countries in case some teams from western Europe participated. Schröder once asked a Hungarian club to alter the list of teams. They replaced teams from Austria and Yugoslavia by teams from Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979–1990: Championships and cheated letters
The team went to Hungary and was accompanied by a member of the SED party. He realized that there was something wrong. Turbine played in the tournament and Schröder was banned internationally for a year. After the ban, Turbine was invited to a tournament in Poland. This time, Schröder himself altered the list of the teams. Once again the team was accompanied by an SED member who wanted to force the Polish club to send the Western European teams home. As a compromise, Turbine played a friendly match against the home team. The club was now banned from traveling outside the GDR until further notice.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979–1990: Championships and cheated letters
In 1989, Turbine won their sixth and final GDR championship. Many players retired, and after the fall of the Berlin wall, the company who supported the club ran into financial difficulties. On 1 January 1990, the BSG Turbine Potsdam became the SSV Turbine Potsdam. A few days later, Turbine played their first match against a team from Western Germany at an indoor tournament. While many male football players from the GDR were transferred to clubs from West Germany, most of the female players remained in the East. In 1991, Turbine finished the season as third and missed the qualification for the Bundesliga.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990–1997: Crisis and promotion
Turbine became champions of the Oberliga Nordost (second division) but failed in the promotion playoffs. Schröder stepped down from being the head coach after 21 years and became the manager. The club was suffering from financial problems and sometimes the officials were not sure if they could afford the travel to away matches. Many players also lost their jobs. Peter Raupach became the new coach, but he was not successful. Frank Lange took over for the 1993/94 season. He led his team to the championship. After a 3–2 win over Wattenscheid 09, Turbine won promotion to the Bundesliga.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990–1997: Crisis and promotion
The first Bundesliga match ended in disaster after Turbine lost 0–11 at home to FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen. The team lost more and more matches and were knocked out in the cup. At the end of 1994, Turbine had to play at VfB Rheine. Schröder told Rheine's manager Alfred Werner that Lange would be fired if Turbine lost the match. Turbine lost the match but nothing happened at the press conference. Schröder wanted to discuss the situation in private with Lange, but the two were surrounded by journalists and players. Schröder couldn't escape and told Lange that he was fired.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990–1997: Crisis and promotion
Former player Sabine Seidel coached the team for the rest of the season. and Turbine got three Russian players in the winter break. The team struggled to avoid relegation and finished sixth in the northern group. Lothar Müller became the new coach. He was from Western Berlin and now Turbine became an option for players from Western Berlin. Strengthened by players from Tennis Borussia Berlin, the defense was much better but the team again finished in sixth.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990–1997: Crisis and promotion
The 1996/97 season was the last season where the Bundesliga was played in two groups. To qualify for the single-tier Bundesliga it was necessary to finish the season among the first four teams. Turbine finished fifth after a rollercoaster season but managed to qualify after a playoff. The team reached the cup semi-final for the first time but lost 2–3 against Eintracht Rheine. The club presented Eckart Düwiger as their new coach for the new season. Düwiger was Turbine's first full-time coach.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
Turbine acquired the German international Ariane Hingst from Hertha Zehlendorf. Her integration into the team was not easy as Hingst kept a certain distance to her teammates. She did not want to go into the "east" of Germany. The situation changed when the club's main sponsor went bankrupt and the club couldn't pay Düwiger's salary. He resigned and Bernd Schröder became the head coach again. Striker Conny Pohlers returned from TuS Niederkirchen during the season and Turbine finished the 1997/98 season in sixth place.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
On 12 March 1999, the women's section of the SSV Turbine Potsdam decided to establish a separate club. The 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam was founded on 1 April 1999. The team finished the season in fourth place. The season saw a legendary 4–4 draw at 1. FFC Frankfurt. Frankfurt led 4–0 at half time before Potsdam came back to draw the game. This was the beginning of the rivalry between the two clubs. Turbine reached the cup semi-final for the second time. However, the FCR Duisburg won 2–0.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
The last season in the 20th century was finished in fourth place again. For the first time, Turbine had a positive record and was unbeaten at home. Ariane Hingst became the team captain and remained in this position until her departure in 2007. Schröder took a certain risk with this decision as he wanted Hingst to take more responsibility. This decision would pay off in the following years. In the same year, the first-ever German Juniors Championship was held. Turbine's girls' team won this title with a 7–1 win over Bayern Munich. Viola Odebrecht became a regular starter in the first team next season.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
In 2001, Turbine finished in second place. For the third time, the team reached the cup semi-final but failed in the penalty shootout against FFC Flaesheim-Hillen. The team remained in second place in the 2001/02 season. They acquired goalkeeper Nadine Angerer before the season. Conny Pohlers became Turbine's first league top scorer with 27 goals. However, even their fourth cup semi-final was not successful. This time, the team lost 2–3 against the Hamburger SV. They acquired striker Petra Wimbersky from Munich, young international Navina Omilade from Brauweiler and the highly talented Anja Mittag from Aue.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
The season started with a shock first cup round exit to second division side Hamburger SV. The Bundesliga season was much better. On the last day of the season, titleholder Frankfurt went to Potsdam's Karl Liebknecht Stadion for the final showdown. Frankfurt was two points clear at the top so Potsdam had to win the match to clinch the title. This Endspiel went into the record books of German women's football, with an attendance of 7,900, the league's record. The match was also shown live on TV. In the 89th minute, Petra Wimbersky scored a goal and the crowds began to celebrate. However, she was offside according to the lineswomen and Frankfurt became champions.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
Four Turbine players traveled along with the German national team to the 2003 World Cup in the USA. Nadine Angerer, Ariane Hingst, Viola Odebrecht and Conny Pohlers went on to become world champions. In the third round of the German cup, Potsdam faced the Hamburger SV again. Hamburg led 1–0 until the dying minutes of the game until Viola Odebrecht equalized with a desperate shot. Jennifer Zietz scored the game-winner in overtime. Turbine reached the final for the first time where they faced their archrivals 1. FFC Frankfurt. Turbine dominated the match, won 3–0 and clinched their first German cup. During the winter break, Turbine won the Indoor Championship. This was their first post-reunification trophy.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
In the league, Turbine went from victory to victory. After a 3–1 win over Duisburg, Turbine had a one-point lead over Frankfurt before the last match. Turbine went to Frankfurt for the deciding match. A crowd of 4,800 saw Turbine's 7–2 win. Potsdam finally won their first post-reunification championship. The title qualified the team for the UEFA Women's Cup.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997–2005: The long way to the top
Turbine was unbeaten in Europe and reached the final where they faced Djurgårdens IF/Älvsjö from Sweden. The first match in Stockholm saw a 2–0 win for Turbine. In the second leg, early goals by Conny Pohlers and Petra Wimbersky secured a 3–1 win and Turbine's biggest triumph to date. The match in Potsdam was attended by 8,700, the largest crowd ever at a Turbine home match. Turbine could also defend the German cup and Indoor Championship, both with wins over Frankfurt. However, the 2004/05 Bundesliga season wasn't a success and Turbine finished in third place.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005–2008 : Rebuilding
Frankfurt led the Bundesliga for a long time during the 2005/06 season. Then they lost 2–1 at Freiburg and Potsdam came from behind to take the lead. Turbine then won 6–2 at Frankfurt (with four goals scored by Conny Pohlers) and a comfortable 2–0 win over Duisburg. After a 3–1 at Hamburg, Turbine clinched their second post-reunification championship. Conny Pohlers scored 36 goals and was the league's top scorer for the second time. In the cup final, Potsdam won 2–0 against Frankfurt thanks to two late goals by Isabel Kerschowski and Petra Wimbersky. However, Frankfurt won the UEFA Women's cup by two wins over Potsdam.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005–2008 : Rebuilding
After the season closed, Wimbersky left the club to Frankfurt. Young Finnish international Essi Sainio was the only prominent new player in Turbine's line-up. After a poor start into the season and an early cup exit to Duisburg, Turbine was far from defending their title. In March 2007, Ariane Hingst announced her departure to Djurgårdens. This was followed by the announcements of Conny Pohlers and Navina Omilade that they were leaving the club after the season. Coach Bernd Schröder had to face significant criticism by the fans. However, Schröder put his departing players on the reserve bench and put some young players such as 18-year-old defender Babett Peter or the 16-year-old striker Bianca Schmidt into the starting line-up. This decision would pay off: Turbine was unbeaten in their last 13 matches and clinched the third place.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005–2008 : Rebuilding
At the beginning of 2008, Turbine signed the Norway international Leni Larsen Kaurin, the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany. At the end of the 2008/09 season, Turbine won a bit surprised the hard and close contest to the championship against Bayern Munich and Duisburg.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2008–today : Rise to European top
Turbine won the German Bundesliga in three consecutive years from 2009 to 2011, won the Champions League in 2010 and reached the 2011 final. In this time they also finished runners-up in the German cup 2009 and 2011. They are again participating in the 2011–12 UEFA Women's Champions League knock-out stage.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Colours and badge
The club colours are blue and white. The team plays their home games in an all-blue kit while they use an all-white kit on away matches. Sometimes the players wear a combination of the home and away kit. The third kit is all-red.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Colours and badge
The outer side of the badge is a dark blue circle with the club name written on the top and the bottom. There are three stars each on the left and the right side. The stars don't have a certain meaning. The left part of the inner side shows an eagle. It is taken from the badge of state of Brandenburg. The upper right part shows football. The lower right side shows the letters "TP" which stand for "Turbine Potsdam".


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Stadium
The club plays their home games at Karl Liebknecht Stadion in Potsdam-Babelsberg. They share this ground with the men's Regionalliga side SV Babelsberg 03. The stadium has a capacity of 9,254 places. The main stand has 1,482 mostly covered seats


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Supporters
The club has two fan clubs. The Turbine-Adler (Turbine Eagles) was founded on 4 December 2004. The other fan club Turbine-Fans BaWü is a regional organization by fans from the state of Baden-Württemberg.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Players, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Record in UEFA competitions
All results (away, home and aggregate) list Turbine Potsdam's goal tally first.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football
This is an article showing the matches of 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam's appearances in UEFA international competitions.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football, 2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
Turbine Potsdam were European champions in their international debut, overcoming the main group stage and defeating Energiya Voronezh, Trondheims-Ørn SK and Djurgården/Älvsjö with 8 wins and one draw. Conny Pohlers was the competition's top scorer with 14 goals.


1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football, 2005–06 UEFA Women's Cup
Like the previous year, Turbine reached the final, notably overcoming a first-leg home defeat in the semifinals against Djurgården/Älvsjö, but lost it against 1. FFC Frankfurt. Conny Pohlers was again the competition's top scorer. The 12-1 victory over SV Neulengbach remains Turbine's largest win in UEFA competitions.


1. FFV Erfurt
1. FFV Erfurt is a semi-professional women's soccer team from Erfurt, Germany. Founded in June 1997, 1. FFV Erfurt plays in the Fußball-Regionalliga (women) (Regional League) Northeast. The team colors are red and blue.


1. FFV Erfurt, History
The team was originally formed in 1990 as part of the Sports Club Green-White Erfurt (SV Grün-Weiß Erfurt.) As Green-White, they had marginal success, winning the Thüringer Cup during the 1993/94 season and playing in the first round of the 1993 DFB Pokal. However, in June 1997, the women’s team separated from the main club and became independent, renaming themselves as 1. FFV Erfurt.


1. FFV Erfurt, History
Over the next six years, 1. FFV Erfurt was unsuccessful in winning any titles and seemed to be facing constant relegation to a lower league. Finally, in 2005, the team overthrew previous champions FF USV Jena in the Thüringian Indoor Cup. This marked the beginning of a new era for the club. After a very successful season in 2005/06, 1. FFV Erfurt was promoted to the Regional League Northeast (Fußball-Regionalliga (women).) After having played in a lower league (Landesliga Thüringen) since 1998, the influx of younger, more skilled players led to this promotion.


1. FFV Erfurt, History
During their 2006-2007 season, 1. FFV Erfurt won both the Thüringian Indoor Cup and the Thüringen Regional Championship. Erfurt drew SC Sand in the first round of the 2006 Frauen DFB Pokal where they nearly made the second round for the first time in team history. After playing both regulation and overtime, the game came to a penalty shoot-out. 1. FFV Erfurt lost a heart breaker in the second round of PK's, with the final score being 0-0 (8-7) in favor of SC Sand.


1. FFV Erfurt, History
Erfurt didn't let this loss break their spirits. Since 2006, 1. FFV Erfurt has won the Thüringen Regional Championship three more times, during the 2007-08, 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons. Additionally, they made the 1st round of the DFB Pokal in 2007, 2009 and 2010.


1. FK Drnovice
1. FK Drnovice was a Czech football club based in the Moravian village of Drnovice near Vyškov, founded in 1932. The club played in the top flight of Czech football, the Czech First League, between 1993 and 2002, and again in the 2004/05 season. Because of financial trouble, the club ceased to exist in 2006. Drnovice now hosts a small club FKD currently playing regional division.


1. FK Drnovice, History
Until the mid-1980s, the club of this small village with a population just under 2,200 was almost unknown outside the region. In 1977 it played in the 1.B třída, being the 8th tier in Czechoslovak football pyramid.


1. FK Drnovice, History
Everything changed when Jan Gottvald, a Drnovice-born former player took charge of the club in 1982. In those days Gottvald worked as a washing machine repairer and car seller only to become boss of Mototechna, a spare part company some time later.


1. FK Drnovice, History
The club reached Divize, the fourth tier, in 1986 and the 2. ČNL, the third division in 1987. 1990 saw the team promoted to Second division . After the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993, both Slovakia and the Czech Republic established their own leagues and Drnovice gained promotion to the First Division. Finally Gottvald has made his dream of First Division football in his native village come true.


1. FK Drnovice, History
In their first season, a doping scandal shocked not only Drnovice but the entire Czech football. In the so-called "caramel affair" Drnovice players Rostislav Prokop and Milan Poštulka were suspended for two years, the club itself was fined with a ridiculous small amount of 50.000 Czech crowns. As was revealed some time later, manager Jindřich Dejmal had given the players caramels that contained a forbidden substance. Dejmal was sacked by Gottvald immediately, appointing Karel Brückner as new manager.


1. FK Drnovice, History
In 1994 Gottvald sold the club to chemical company Chemapol for not having enough funds to keep the club running by himself alone. Nevertheless, he managed to keep his influence in the club. Moreover, he became the second most important official in Czech football when he was elected vice-chairman of the Czech FA. He held this position until the year 2000.


1. FK Drnovice, History
To promote their gas stations called Petra, the Chemapol Holding changed the club's name to FC Petra Drnovice. Chemapol not only financed the club, but also the construction of Drnovice's home ground. It met the international standards and even hosted a match between the Czech Republic and Switzerland on 18 August 1999 won by the Czech side 3:0.


1. FK Drnovice, History
In the 1990s, Petra Drnovice finished mid-table in all seasons. In 1996 and 1998 they reached the Czech Cup Final but lost to Sparta Prague and FK Jablonec respectively. In those years, Gottvald lost more and more of his influence and finally left the club after a controversy with the Chemapol CEO in 1998. Only one year later Chemapol surprisingly went bankrupt and sold Drnovice for 15 Million Czech Crowns to Persport that belonged to former tennis player Tomáš Petera. Some month later, Petera ceded the club to Jan Gottvald who became chairman of Drnovice again after five years.


1. FK Drnovice, History
The 1999/2000 season saw the club reaching its best result in history when it finished third in the Czech First League. This success saw them qualify for the UEFA Cup the following season. In the preliminary round they beat FK Budućnost Banovići. In the first round they faced TSV 1860 Munich. After a goalless draw at home, Drnovice lost 1–0 in the Olympic Stadium in Munich.


1. FK Drnovice, History
Financial problems highlighted those years. Gottvald had great difficulties to keep the club running. From August 2000 on, the FK Drnovice filed for bankruptcy. In a dubious transaction in March 2001 Gottvald sold the club to a widely unknown company called Corimex. In October he left the club once again. He was accused of financial fraud and other white-collar crimes and imprisoned in February 2002. The club's financial problems became so immense that it was forced to sell nine players to Marila Příbram only some weeks before the end of the season.


1. FK Drnovice, History
Manager Karel Jarůšek resigned as an answer to this move. Finishing only one place short of bottom, Drnovice were to be relegated to Second Division. However, the Czech Football Association denied them the licence. In Summer 2003 Drnovice had to restart from the MSFL, the third level. In February 2003 Drnovice-based company Garimondi purchased by auction what was left of the club and ceded it to Jan Gottvald, who once again took charge of the club after being set free on a 20 Million Czech crowns bail. Gottvald strengthened the squad, Drnovice won the MSFL without any problems.


1. FK Drnovice, History
They finished as runner-up in the 2003/2004 season in Second Division and were promoted to the Czech First League. In the summer of 2004, Swiss-based company Sunstone acquired the club, that finished in 8th place. After failing to find other partners who would help funding football in Drnovice, Sunstone sold all shares to Jan Gottvald and his son Robert for approximately 10 Million Czech crowns, a sum which never was confirmed. Gottvald was unable to find sponsors and did not apply for a Gambrinus-Liga licence for the 2005/2006 season. In 2006, the club was playing in Second Czech Division and was still facing great financial troubles. In January the crisis reached its peak, as players had not received their salaries since July 2005. The team eventually left the league at the end of that season.


1. FK Drnovice, History
In 2007, some supporters of the club decided to revive the team and registered themselves as players and inviting veterans and also youngsters from the folded club and re-entered official competitions as FKD, but from the lowest level on the Czech league system. They got promoted right on the first season to the next level, averaging five goals per game and attendances as big as 600 (when the average is 50 in this league), being only defeated one time.


1. FK Drnovice, History
In the 2008–2009 season, the team got its second promotion in a row to the first division of the county Vyškov (8th level in the Czech League system) and its B team also guaranteed promotion to the level below. The team achieved its third promotion in a row by winning the Vyškov county championship (Okresní přebor) in the 2009–10 season. In the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons, FKD played in the I.B division (I.B třída) of the South Moravian Region (Jihomoravský kraj), the seventh tier in the Czech league system, before being relegated back to the eighth tier in 2012.


1. FK Příbram
1. FK Příbram is a Czech football club from Příbram. The club currently plays in the Czech National Football League (2nd tier). It is the legal successor to Dukla Prague, a club which won 11 national league titles between 1953 and 1982.


1. FK Příbram, History
The team originated from two clubs, the 1966–67 European Cup semi-finalist Dukla Prague, which tradition it carries, and FC Příbram, merged in 1996. Příbram had previously spent two seasons in the second division, having been promoted from the third-tier Bohemian Football League at the end of the 1993–94 season. Dukla Prague, on the other hand, had spent the previous two seasons in the Bohemian Football League after being relegated from the inaugural season of the Czech First League in 1993–94.


1. FK Příbram, History
The club competed in the 1996–97 Czech 2. Liga, playing home matches at Stadion Juliska in Prague. The club won the league that season and won promotion to the Czech First League. In 1997 the club moved to Příbram, playing its matches at Na Litavce stadium. The club played in the top division, changing its name to FK Marila Příbram in 2000. The club spent ten consecutive seasons in the top flight until being relegated in the 2006–07 season.


1. FK Příbram, History
The club played in the 2007–08 Czech 2. Liga, reaching third place at the time of the mid-season break under manager František Barát. At the end of the season, the club celebrated promotion back to the Czech First League after just one season away. The club changed its name to 1.FK Příbram in 2008. Příbram played in European competition in the 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup, reaching the third round of the tournament. After finishing fourth in the 2000–01 Czech First League, Příbram again played in Europe, overcoming French side Sedan in the 2001–02 UEFA Cup before losing to Greek side PAOK in the second round of the competition.


1. FK Příbram, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FK Příbram, Players, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FK Příbram, Players, Notable former players
Had senior international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for 1. FK Příbram.


1. FK Příbram, Reserves
As of 2019/20, Příbram's reserve team 1. FK Příbram B plays in the Bohemian Football League (3rd tier of Czech football system).


1. FK Svidník
1.FK Svidník is a Slovak football team, based in the town of Svidník. The club was founded in 1925.


1. FK Svidník, History
In August 2015, club announced merger within one year with ŠK Futura Humenné.


1. FSV Mainz 05
1. Fußball- und Sportverein Mainz 05 e. V., usually shortened to 1. FSV Mainz 05, Mainz 05 [ˌmaɪnts nʊlˈfʏnf] or simply Mainz, is a German sports club, founded in 1905 and based in Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate. 1. FSV Mainz 05 have played in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system, for ten consecutive years, starting with the 2009–10 season. The club's main local rivals are Eintracht Frankfurt and 1. FC Kaiserslautern. In addition to the football division, 1. FSV Mainz 05 have handball and table tennis departments.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Early years
A failed attempt to start a football club in the city in 1903 was followed up two years later by the successful creation of 1. Mainzer Fussballclub Hassia 1905. After a number of years of play in the Süddeutschen Fußballverband (South German Football League), the club merged with FC Hermannia 07 – the former football side of Mainzer TV 1817 – to form 1. Mainzer Fussballverein Hassia 05, which dropped "Hassia" from its name in August 1912. Another merger after World War I, in 1919, with Sportverein 1908 Mainz, resulted in the formation of 1. Mainzer Fußball- und Sportverein 05. Die Nullfünfer ("05") was a solid club that earned several regional league championships in the period between the wars and qualified for the opening round of the national championships in 1921, after winning the Kreisliga Hessen.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Play during the Nazi era
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the club earned decent results in the Bezirksliga Main-Hessen – Gruppe Hessen, including first-place finishes in 1932 and 1933. This merited the team a place in the Gauliga Südwest, one of 16 new first-division leagues formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. The club only managed a single season at that level before being relegated, due to the high intensity play that they were unable to keep up with. Karl Scherm scored in 23 out of 44 matches with Mainz during his last season. In 1938, Mainz was forced into a merger with Reichsbahn SV Mainz and played as Reichsbahn SV Mainz 05 until the end of World War II.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga
After World War II, the club again joined the upper ranks of league play in Germany's Oberliga Südwest, but were never better than a mid-table side. It played in the top flight until the founding of the new professional league, the Bundesliga, in 1963 and would go on to play as a second division side for most of the next four decades. They withdrew for a time – from the late 1970s into the late 1980s – to the Amateur Oberliga Südwest (III), as the result of a series of financial problems. Mainz earned honours as the German amateur champions in 1982.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga
The club returned to professional play with promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for a single season in 1988–89 with Bodo Hertlein as president, before finally returning for an extended run in 1990–91. Initially, they were perennial relegation candidates, struggling hard each season to avoid being sent down. However, under unorthodox trainer Wolfgang Frank, Mainz became one of the first clubs in German soccer to adopt a flat four zone defence, as opposed to the then-popular man-to-man defence using a libero.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga
Mainz failed in three attempts to make it to the top flight in 1996–97, 2001–02, and 2002–03, with close fourth-place finishes just out of the promotion zone. The last failed attempt stung as they were denied promotion in the 93rd minute of the last match of the season. One year earlier, Mainz became the best non-promoted team of all-time in the 2. Bundesliga with 64 points accumulated. However, the club's persistence paid dividends after promotion to the Bundesliga in 2003–04 under head coach Jürgen Klopp. The club played three seasons in the top flight but were relegated at the end of the 2006–07 season. Mainz then secured promotion back to the top flight just two years later, after the 2008–09 season.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga
Mainz also earned a spot in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup in their debut Bundesliga season as Germany's nominee in the Fair Play draw which acknowledges positive play, respect for one's opponent, respect for the referee, the behaviour of the crowd and of team officials, as well as cautions and dismissals. Due to the Bruchweg stadium's limited capacity, the home matches in UEFA Cup were played in Frankfurt's Commerzbank-Arena. After defeating Armenian club Mika and Icelandic club Keflavík in the qualifying rounds, Mainz lost to eventual champions Sevilla 2–0 on aggregate in the first round.


1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga
In the 2010–11 season, Mainz equalled the Bundesliga starting record by winning their first seven matches that season. They ended the season with their best finish to date in fifth place, good enough to secure them their second entry to the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated in the third qualifying round by Romanian club Gaz Metan Mediaș.


1. FSV Mainz 05, Stadium
The club currently plays its home matches at Mewa Arena, a new stadium opened in 2011 with a capacity of 34,034. The first event held at the new arena was the LIGA total! Cup 2011, which took place from 19 July through to 20 July 2011, with the other participants being Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund and Hamburger SV.


1. FSV Mainz 05, Stadium
Die Nullfünfer previously played at the Bruchwegstadion, built in 1928, and modified several times over the years to hold a crowd of over 20,300 spectators. Averaging crowds of about 15,000 while in the 2. Bundesliga, the team's hard won recent success had them regularly filling their venue. The average home league attendance during the 2015–16 season was 30,324 spectators.


1. FSV Mainz 05, Club culture
Mainz is known for being one of the three foremost carnival cities in Germany, the others being Düsseldorf and Cologne. After every Mainzer goal scored at a home match, the "Narrhallamarsch", a famous German carnival tune, is played.


1. FSV Mainz 05, Reserve team
The club's reserve team, 1. FSV Mainz 05 II, has also, with the rise of the senior side to Bundesliga level, risen through the ranks. The team first reached Oberliga level in 1999, followed by promotion to the Regionalliga in 2003. After playing there for two seasons, the team dropped to the Oberliga once more. In 2008, it won promotion to the Regionalliga West again and when this league was reduced in size in 2012, it entered the new Regionalliga Südwest. A third-place finish in this league in 2014 allowed the team to enter the promotion round to the 3. Liga, where it was successful against the Regionalliga Nordost champions and played at this level in 2014–15.


1. FSV Mainz 05, Players, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II
1. FSV Mainz 05 II is a German association football club from the town of Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II
It is the reserve team of 1. FSV Mainz 05. The team's greatest achievement came in 2014 when it won promotion to the 3. Liga for the first time, the highest league a reserve team can play in Germany. During the professional days of the senior side it played as 1. FSV Mainz 05 Amateure but when the senior side itself played at amateur level, from 1976 to 1988 and once more in 1989–90, the team played as 1. FSV Mainz 05 II. Since 2005 it has permanently adopted the name 1. FSV Mainz 05 II.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
The history of the reserve side of Mainz 05 is strongly intertwined with the fortunes of the senior side, having risen to higher league levels when the first team started to enjoy 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga success. The senior side was a long term member of the Oberliga Südwest from 1945, then a tier one league, to 1963 when the Bundesliga was introduced. Mainz did not qualify for the Bundesliga but played in the tier two Regionalliga Südwest instead. When the 2. Bundesliga was formed the club joined this league in 1974. Mainz played at this level for two seasons before disappearing into amateur football for 12 years. From 1990 the club reestablished itself in professional football and has been playing there since.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
The reserve side, in the early years after the Second World War, played mostly in local amateur football. It rose to the tier three Amateurliga Südwest for a season in 1957–58 but came last and was promptly relegated again. It dropped through the 2. Amateurliga Rheinhessen as well but made a return to this league in 1973, being relegated again in 1977. It returned to what had now become the Bezirksliga Rheinhessen in 1981 for three seasons. After this the team did not make another appearance in the higher amateur leagues again until the late 1990s, having been disbanded for a time in between.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
In 1996 the club, freshly promoted to the Bezirksliga Rheinhessen (VII), won a league title and promotion, followed by a championship in the Landesliga Südwest-Ost (VI) in 1997. It entered the Verbandsliga Südwest (V) for two seasons before another title in 1999 took the team up to the Oberliga.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
The club spent the next four seasons in the Oberliga Südwest as a top of the table side, culminating in a second-place finish in 2002 and a league championship the year after. The later took the side to the side to the tier three Regionalliga Süd where it experienced two difficult seasons before being relegated again in 2005. In this era the club also saw five consecutive South West Cup wins from 2001 to 2005, a competition the team has been barred from like all reserve sides in Germany, following a rule change in 2008. Each of those cup wins entitled the club to enter the German Cup where it was knocked out in the first round at each occasion.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
Another three good seasons in the Oberliga Südwest followed in which Mainz 05 II finished third, second and, eventually in 2008, league champions again. This time promotion took the club up to the Regionalliga West, a newly introduced league that was formed alongside the introduction of the 3. Liga that year. The first season there saw the club come fifth, the following three seasons after that it finished much lower.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
Another change in the league system in 2012 saw the introduction of the Regionalliga Südwest, in which Mainz 05 II was now placed. In this league te club came eleventh in its first season there.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History
The 2013–14 Regionalliga season saw the best performance of the club at this level, finishing third. Because runners-up SC Freiburg II declined the opportunity to take part in the promotion round, choosing not to apply for a 3. Liga license, Mainz received its spot instead. There the team won promotion to the 3. Liga after overcoming Regionalliga Nordost champions TSG Neustrelitz 5–1 on aggregate in the promotion round.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, Stadium
1. FSV Mainz 05 II plays its home games in the Bruchwegstadion which hosts 20,300 spectators and used to be the home ground of the first team until it moved to the Coface Arena in 2011.


1. FSV Mainz 05 II, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. HFK Olomouc
1. HFK Olomouc  is a football club in the Czech Republic, based in Olomouc. The club is currently playing in the Czech Fourth Division. The club previously played in the Czech 2. Liga from 2005–06 until relegation in the 2008–09 season. In 2012–13, HFK Olomouc finished third in the Second Division but were relegated due to financial difficulties.


1. HFK Olomouc
Following a promotion to the 2. Liga for the 2000–01 season, the club changed its name from FK Holice 1932 to 1. HFK Olomouc.


1. HFK Olomouc
1. HFK Olomouc advanced to the last 16 stage of the Czech Cup during the 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06 and 2010–11 seasons, but never made it into the quarter finals, losing on each occasion.


1. HFK Olomouc, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. Main Jet Base Command
1. Main Jet Base Command is affiliated to Combat Air Force and Air Missile Defense Command. It is located in Eskişehir. The 401st Test Fleet Command, is also located at this base where locally produced and developed weapons and ammunition are tested.


1. Münchner FC 1896
1. Münchner FC 1896 was a German association football club in Munich, Bavaria whose origins were in the formation on 5 September 1896 of the club Terra Pila (Latin: earth + ball) by a group of students playing football on the city's Theresienwiese, which is today the official ground of the Munich Oktoberfest. Both 1. FC and FC Nordstern München laid claim to being the earliest football club in the city and were made up primarily of students. Alongside FC Bavaria 1899 München, these clubs are notable as founding members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig in 1900.


1. Münchner FC 1896
1. FC was split in two in 1898 when a number of members whose enthusiasm was for climbing left to form the Bergaffen or Mountain Monkeys. The footballers of Terra Pila carried on, with some leaving to become part of the football department of TV München 1860 while others formed 1. Münchner Fußball-Club von 1896 in 1899. This team provided the opposition in the first ever match played by FC Bayern Munich in March 1900, who won the game 5:2.


1. Münchner FC 1896
1. FC continued to play in local and regional football competition until 1910 when for some reason not explained in the club chronicle they abandoned the game. However, the association remained active until 1960 as a bowling club.


1. Münchner FC 1896
A later, unrelated club was formed in 1933 out of the merger of Deutscher SV München and FC Teutonia München to play as 1. FC München in the Gauliga Bayern. The union was short-lived and ended in 1936.


1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga
The 1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga, is the football division of the state of Lower Austria. It’s the fourth highest league in Austrian Football for clubs of the Lower Austrian Football Association.


1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga
Prior to the introduction of a league for all of Austria in 1949, the Niederösterreichische Landesliga was the highest division for Lower Austrian football clubs. The winners during this period called themselves Meister von Niederösterreich (Lower Austrian Champions).


1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga, Mode
In the 1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga, a total of 16 football clubs from Lower Austria participate.


1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga, Mode
The champion rises directly into the third-highest division, the Regional League East. In addition to the champion of the 1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga, the champions of the Burgenland national league and Wiener Stadtliga, also move up. Under the 1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga are the 2. Landesliga Ost and 2. Landesliga West.


1. Oberösterreichischer Rugby Sport Club
1. Oberösterreichischer Rugby Sport Club (also known as RC McDonald's Oberösterreich for sponsorship reasons) is an Austrian rugby club in Linz.


1. Oberösterreichischer Rugby Sport Club, History
The club was founded in 2000 by a Czech, Jaromir Jungmann, who had played rugby in Prague before moving to Linz. Their first match was on 17 June 2000 in Vienna.


1. Oberösterreichischer Rugby Sport Club, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality.


1. Rugby Bundesliga
The 1. Rugby Bundesliga is the top level of domestic club rugby union competition in Austria.


1. Rugby Bundesliga, History
The competition was first contested in 1992, with RC Wien as the first champions.


1. Rugby Bundesliga, History
For the 1993/1994 season, the four strongest Austrian teams competed with two Slovenian teams in the Alpenliga (Alps League), which replaced the Bundesliga. This arrangement was repeated in the 1994/1995 season, with three Austrian teams playing against two Slovenian teams and RK Sisak from Croatia.


1. Rugby Bundesliga, History
The 1995/1996 season was the first time 1. and 2. Bundesligen were played, but reverted to a single league for all clubs in 1996/1997 because of the progress made by the newer clubs. The difference in playing standards were however too large, and the following two seasons saw three of the Viennese clubs - RC Wien, Vienna Celtic, and RC Lycee - take on three Czech clubs in the Austro-Moravian League. This meant that the remaining clubs battled it out for the Bundesliga.


1. Rugby Bundesliga, Results
The scores in blue are links to accounts of finals on the site of the Austrian Rugby Federation (ÖRV) - in German


1. Rugby Bundesliga, Performance by club, Regions
The following table lists the Austrian rugby champions by region.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02
The 1. Rödelheimer FC is a German association football club from the Rödelheim district in the city of Frankfurt am Main, Hesse.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02, History
The 1. RFC was formed as a football club on 12 April 1902 by twelve football enthusiasts in a local pub, the Zum Taunus. The club went through several name changes to eventually revert to its original name after the Second World War.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02, History
For most of its history, the club did not rise above the local level and stood in the shadow of Frankfurt's bigger clubs, Eintracht and FSV. It played for one season in the tier-one Kreisliga Nordmain in 1921–22. In 1943, the club, then under the name of VfL Rödelheim, won promotion to the tier-one Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02, History
The club's biggest success to date came in 1948, when it managed to win the Landesliga Hessen, then the second tier of the league system in Southern Germany. The team was promoted to the Oberliga Süd, the highest level of play, where it lasted for only one season, finishing last, before being relegated again, back to the Landesliga. While the low point of the season came with a 0–10 defeat to Kickers Offenbach, another local rival, its last Oberliga game was a 4–1 triumph over 1. FC Nürnberg, in front of 8,000 spectators. All four goals were scored by Hubert Schieth. Another player of the Oberliga team that season was Alfred Pfaff, who would later, as an Eintracht Frankfurt player, be part of the German team that won the 1954 FIFA World Cup.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02, History
The club soon found itself back to the lower ranks of football, being relegated from what was now the Amateurliga Hessen in 1951. It did not reappear in any of the top-four divisions of German football after 1963.


1. Rödelheimer FC 02, History
In 2007–08, a second-place finish in the Bezirksliga Frankfurt (VII) meant, the club was promoted to what was now the Gruppenliga Frankfurt-West, formerly Bezirksoberliga Frankfurt-West. It held this league level for two seasons but was relegated again in 2010 into what had now become the Kreisoberliga (VIII), where it plays today.


1. SC Feucht
1. SC Feucht is a German association football club from Feucht, a market town close to the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.


1. SC Feucht
The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier-three Regionalliga Süd in 2003, where it played for two seasons before being relegated again in 2005.


1. SC Feucht, History
Fußball Club Feucht was established as the town's first football team in 1920 and renamed Sportclub Feucht in 1923. The club was dissolved in 1925 and 1. SC Feucht emerged as its successor in 1927.


1. SC Feucht, History
The team played in lower-level local competition until winning its way into the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in 1995. Two years later that advance was followed by promotion to the Bayernliga (IV) and then, in 2003, to the Regionalliga Süd (III). However, the club was unable to sustain itself financially at that level and, despite finishing clear of the relegation zone, voluntarily withdrew to the Bayernliga in 2005 after beginning bankruptcy proceedings in February that year. New sponsorship briefly secured the club's position, but it again faced insolvency in March 2007. The team competed in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte after being sent down following a 19th-place finish in 2006–07. In this league, the club struggled, too, finishing 14th and having to secure survival through a post-season decider against SC Eltersdorf, which Feucht won.


1. SC Feucht, History
In 2008–09, the club suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken (VII). Changes in the league system in 2012 meant that the club, after a championship in the Bezirksoberliga, qualified for the promotion round to the newly expanded Bayernliga. After a first round victory over SV Buckenhofen the club was knocked out in the second round by DJK Don Bosco Bamberg and failed to qualify for the Bayernliga but earned Landesliga promotion instead. At the end of the 2013–14, Feucht was moved to the Nordost division of the Landesliga. The following season the club won the league and earned promotion back to the Bayernliga.


1. SC Feucht, Stadium
1. SC Feucht plays its home fixtures in the Waldstadion, which has a capacity of 3,500. In the 2007–08 season, the club had the second-worst support in its league, an average of 154 spectators per match.


1. SC Vítkovice
1. SC Vítkovice (1. SC TEMPISH Vítkovice after its sponsor) is a floorball team based in Ostrava, Czechia. The team was founded in 1992.


1. SC Vítkovice
The men's team have played in the highest Czech floorball league, Superliga florbalu, since its foundation in 1993. With seven titles, it is the second most successful team of the league, after Tatran Střešovice.


1. SC Vítkovice
The women's team have also played the highest Czech floorball league, Extraliga žen ve florbale, since its foundation in 1994. The team won six titles, what makes it also the second most successful team of the league, after Tigers Jižní Město, along with FBC Liberec.


1. SC Znojmo FK
1. SC Znojmo FK is a football club from the South Moravian town of Znojmo, Czech Republic. After the 2018–19 season, the club was relegated into the Moravian–Silesian Football League (third level league).


1. SC Znojmo FK, History
Znojmo won promotion from the Czech Fourth Division in 2002, finishing first in Division D in the 2001–02 season. The club followed this with eight seasons in the Moravian–Silesian Football League, before winning another promotion in 2010 under manager Michal Sobota. The club secured promotion to the Czech 2. Liga two matches before the end of 2009–10 season. Znojmo replaced Sobota in the summer of 2010, partly due to him not having a coaching license for professional football. His replacement was Bohumil Smrček.


1. SC Znojmo FK, History
Two relatively unsuccessful seasons followed under Smrček, with the club finishing 14th and 13th respectively. This prompted the club to replace Smrček with new manager Leoš Kalvoda. Kalvoda went on to lead the club to a first-place finish in the 2012–13 Czech 2. Liga and Znojmo celebrated promotion from the Czech 2. Liga, winning the right to play in the top flight for the first time in their history. They finished bottom of the 2013–14 Czech First League, and played all of their matches in Brno (aside from one which was played in Jihlava) due to their own stadium not meeting league requirements.


1. SC Znojmo FK, Stadium
Znojmo's home stadium is Městský stadion (Znojmo). Due to the stadium not meeting required Czech First League standards, upon the club's promotion to the league in 2013, it was announced that Znojmo would play league matches at Brno's Městský fotbalový stadion Srbská until their own stadium was of a sufficient standard.


1. SC Znojmo FK, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. SK Prostějov
1. SK Prostějov is a Czech football club from the town of Prostějov, currently participating in the second-level Czech National Football League. The club is most notable for their participation in the Czechoslovak First League in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time they finished in the top three three times, and also took part in European competition on two occasions.


1. SK Prostějov, History
The club was formed in 1904 as Sportovní kroužek Prostějov, before being renamed SK Prostějov in 1907. Prostějov took part in the Czechoslovak First League for the first time in the 1934–35 season, going on to third-placed finishes in the 1935–36 and 1936–37 seasons. They reached the final of the national cup in 1940, losing 5–2 on aggregate to SK Olomouc. In the 1941–42 season, the club achieved its best domestic result, finishing second in the table behind Slavia Prague. In the 1945–46 season the club was relegated from the First League. The club then appeared among the second, third and fourth levels of football in Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic.


1. SK Prostějov, History
After the 2002–03 Czech 2. Liga, Prostějov were forcibly relegated, because their stadium did not meet the Football Association criteria. In the 2015–16 season, 1. SK Prostějov won the Moravian-Silesian Football League and were promoted to the second-tier Czech National Football League.


1. SK Prostějov, Players, Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. SK Prostějov, European competitions
Prostějov competed in the 1936 and 1937 editions of the Mitropa Cup, reaching the quarter finals in 1936.


1. Simmeringer SC
1. Simmeringer SC is an Austrian association football club based in Vienna. Established in 1901, it played in the Austrian Football Bundesliga.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
1. Simmeringer SC was founded in 1901 and played a role in the early Austrian leagues. Simmeringer finished 5th in the first-ever Austrian league in 1912. They achieved their greatest success in 1926, when they finished third in the top flight table.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
In 1920, the club constructed the Simmeringer Had, a stadium with a capacity of around 40,000 people which ended up hosting a number of Austrian international matches.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
1. Simmeringer SC also played in the top flight between 1951 and 1964. The club's biggest highlight during this period would be participation in the 1960 Mitropa Cup, an early international club competition, where they beat Ferencvárosi TC of Hungary 2:1 in the first leg in front of 60,000. However, they were defeated 5:1 at home to help consign Austria to last place in the Mitropa Cup table.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
Relegation meant they could no longer maintain the large Simmeringer Had stadium and by 1970 had relocated to a smaller ground. By 1983, the club was functionally out of money and found themselves quickly relegated from the Bundesliga to the fourth division over the span of five years.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
The club's best modern success occurred in 2001, when they reached the fourth round of the 1999–2000 Austrian Cup, defeating top flight SV Ried in the process.


1. Simmeringer SC, History
The club played in the eastern regional league in 2012, but suffered financial problems that led to a restructuring of the club's finances. As a result, they ended up relegated from the top Viennese league, the fourth division. As of 2020, they play in the 2. Landesliga, the fifth division of Austrian football.


1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig
The 1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, also known as 1. Spielklasse Herzogtum Braunschweig, Bezirksliga Braunschweig and Bezirksmeisterschaft Braunschweig at various points, was the highest association football league in the German Duchy of Brunswick and, later, the Free State of Brunswick from 1904 to 1920. The league also covered small parts of the neighbouring Prussian Province of Hanover. It was one of several first tier leagues in the German Empire and Weimar Republic.


1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History
The Duchy of Brunswick Football Association (German: Fußballbund für das Herzogtum Braunschweig) was founded in May 1904 as the first governing body for football in the territory of Brunswick. Previously, clubs from Brunswick had only been able to play friendly matches. Eintracht Braunschweig's chairman Johannes Runge had been the driving force behind the creation of the new association. League play started with the 1904–05 season. During its first season, the champions of the newly founded 1. Spielklasse Herzogtum Braunschweig qualified directly for the German football championship play-off.


1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History
In 1905, the Northern German Football Association was founded, and the Duchy of Brunswick Football Association became one of several district associations within the Northern German FA. However, the Brunswick football championship continued to be played as a first tier league, its champions now qualifying for the Northern German football championship, which in turn served as a qualifier for the German championship.


1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History
In 1913–14 the league was played as a second tier competition after the introduction of the short-lived Verbandsliga Norddeutschland, a new first tier league that covered all of Northern Germany. Eintracht Braunschweig was the only club from the Duchy of Brunswick that qualified for the new league. However, due to the outbreak of World War I only one season of the Verbandsliga was ever played.


1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History
In 1920, the new Südkreisliga was created as the new top division of football in the eastern part of today's Lower Saxony, covering Brunswick, the city state of Bremen, as well as the Province of Hanover. Just one season later, however, the Südkreisliga (later renamed Oberliga Südhannover/Braunschweig) was reformed again, this time covering a smaller area including Brunswick and the southern part of Hanover.


1. Suhler SV 06
1. Suhler SV is a German football club from Suhl, Thuringia. As of 2019, it plays in the Kreisoberliga, an eighth tier of the German football league system.


1. Suhler SV 06, History, VfB Germania Suhl
Clubs SC Germania Suhl and VfB Suhl, both founded in 1906, merged to make VfB Germania Suhl in 1924, renamed to the current on 17 January 1926. Before World War II, it played in the lower reaches of the Gauliga Mitte.


1. Suhler SV 06, History, BSG Motor Suhl
All private sports clubs were dissolved by the Soviet occupation in East Germany in 1945, and the club was re-established as the club of the automotive industry, BSG Motor Simson Suhl. The team was promoted into the top-flight DDR-Oberliga for the 1984–85 season, finishing last with one win, three draws and 22 defeats. As a result, it is last of 44 teams in the All-time DDR-Oberliga table.


1. Suhler SV 06, History, 1. Suhler SV 06
After German reunification in 1990, the team returned to its original name. It entered the DFB-Pokal in 1991–92, the first edition to include former East German clubs. In the regional qualification preliminary, it was given a walkover against FC Meißen in the first round, then won 1–0 at Chemnitzer SV 1951 Heckert in the second, losing 4–2 at SV Chemie Guben in the third. However, it entered the second round of the competition proper, winning 3–1 at TSG Backnang before losing 5–0 at home to Dynamo Dresden in the third.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC
1. Wiener Neustädter SC was an Austrian association football club. They qualified once for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, by reaching the Austrian Cup Final in 1965.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008)
1. Wiener Neustädter Sportclub is an Austrian association football club based in Wiener Neustadt.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008), History
FC Magna Wiener Neustadt obtained the right to play in the First League due to the collapse of SC Schwanenstadt caused by financial problems. SC Schwanenstadt's playing licence was taken over by Magna, who took their place in the First League. On 19 May, Austrian-Canadian business man Frank Stronach, the founder of Magna International, was elected president of the club.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008), History
The club played its first ever league game on 12 July 2008 against relegated side FC Wacker Innsbruck and lost 0–3. The remaining season was a lot more successful, culminating in the Austrian First League championship and promotion to the Austrian Bundesliga.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008), History
In late 2008 1. Wiener Neustädter SC decided to merge with FC Magna. In order to acknowledge the past of 1. SC, FC Magna was renamed SC Magna Wiener Neustadt, effective from 1 July 2009. In 2010 Magna decided to cooperate with SK Sturm Graz.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008), Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008), Current squad, Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1. X. 1905
1. X. 1905, also known as Piano Sonata 1.X.1905, is a two-movement (originally three-movement) piano sonata in E-flat minor composed by Leoš Janáček in 1905. It is also known as From the Street.


1. X. 1905, Background
Janáček intended the composition to be a tribute to a worker named František Pavlík (1885–1905), who on 1 October 1905 was bayoneted during demonstrations in support for a Czech university in Brno. In the work, Janáček expresses his disapproval of the violent death of the young carpenter. He started to compose it immediately after the incident occurred and finished its composition in January 1906. The première took place on 27 January 1906 in Brno (Friends of the Arts Club), with Ludmila Tučková at the piano.


1. X. 1905, Background
Janáček also wrote a third movement, a funeral march, which he cut out and burned shortly before the first public performance of the piece in 1906. He was not satisfied with the rest of the composition either and later tossed the manuscript of the two remaining movements into the river Vltava. He later commented with regret about his impulsive action: "And it floated along on the water that day, like white swans". The composition remained lost until 1924 (the year of Janáček’s seventieth birthday), when Tučková announced that she owned a copy. The second performance took place on 23 November 1924 in Prague, under the title 1. X. 1905. Janáček later accompanied the work with the following inscription:


1. X. 1905, Background
"The white marble of the steps of the Besední dům (WP:cs) in Brno. The ordinary labourer František Pavlík falls, stained with blood. He came merely to champion higher learning and has been slain by cruel murderers."


1. X. 1905, Background
The first authorized printed edition of the work was published in 1924 by the Hudební matice in Prague.


1. X. 1905, Background
The Dutch composer Theo Verbey made an orchestral version of 1.X.1905, which premiered on 9 May 2008 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, with the Dutch Radio Filharmonisch Orkest conducted by Claus Peter Flor.


1. deild
1. deild is the second tier league of football in the Faroe Islands. It was founded in 1943. The league is organised by the Faroe Islands Football Association. It was originally the top level of Faroe Islands football but was replaced by the Faroe Islands Premier League in 2005.


1. deild
The league has 10 participating clubs. At the end of each season, two teams are relegated and two promoted from the 2. deild, pending the fact that the promoted team does not already have a team in 1. deild. In such cases, the team that finished third will be promoted instead. If a team is relegated to 1. deild and already have a side playing there, their reserve team will move one division down, thereby saving another team from relegation.


1. deild, History
Founded in 1943 as Meðaldeildin, it acts in a system of promotion and relegation with the top division since 1976, when the Faroe Islands football league system was reorganized. Back then, 1. deild was the name given to the top division, replacing the Meistaradeildin. The first club to be promoted was Fram Tórshavn after winning the division for the first time in their history. The first team relegated to the league was NSÍ Runavík.


1. deild, List of seasons, Performance by club
In bold the clubs currently playing in 1. deild. In italics the clubs that no longer exist or are no longer active in adult football.


1. deild karla (basketball)
1. deild karla (English: Men's 1. Division) or D1 is the second-tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ). The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 18 games, followed by a four-team playoff round. Both semifinals and finals series are best-of-three. The top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner are promoted to the Úrvalsdeild karla. The bottom club is relegated, and replaced by the four-team playoff round winner of the third-tier 2. deild karla.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, Creation
The 1. deild karla was founded in 1964. Up until 1978 it was known as 2. deild karla.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, ÍS and ÍKF's dominance
For the first years, from its foundation in 1964 until the 1970–71 season, the 1. deild was led by the ÍS (with 3 wins) and ÍKF (with 2 wins).


1. deild karla (basketball), History, Fram Reykjavík's leadership
Some years later, from the 1974–75 season, the Fram Reykjavík started their leadership on the 1. deild and their series of wins, that ended in the 1985–86 season when they won their fourth title.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, Danny Shouse
In 1979, Danny Shouse joined Ármann and took the league by storm. On December 1, 1979, Shouse scored 100 points against Skallagrímur, setting the Icelandic single game scoring record. In January 1980 he scored 76 points in an overtime loss against Grindavík and in February he broke the 70 point barrier again, scoring 72 points against Þór Akureyri. His scoring prowess helped Ármann win the league and achieve promotion to the Úrvalsdeild karla. Even though Shouse played in the nations tier 2 league during his first season, he was widely regarded as one of the best players in the country.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, The double fall of ÍR
After their golden years, in which they won 15 Úrvalsdeild karla titles in less than 25 years, the ÍR was relegated to the First Division. In the 1986–87 season they won for their first time the 1. deild and came back to the Úrvalsdeild karla. Afterwards, the ÍR was relegated again to the 1. deild. In the 1999–00 season they won their second 1. deild title and came back to the Úrvalsdeild karla.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, Modern era
In the 2006–07 season, Þór Akureyri won their fifth title. In the following season, the 2007–08 season, also the Breiðablik won their fifth title, becoming the most successful franchise together with the Þór Akureyri. In the 2011–12 season, the KFÍ won their fourth title.


1. deild karla (basketball), History, Modern era
On 13 March 2020, the rest of the 2019–20 season was postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak in Iceland.


1. deild karla (basketball), Teams
The league originated in 1964 and, currently, consists of 9 teams. Þór Akureyri have won the most championships with 6 titles.


1. deild karla (basketball), Teams
The current 1. deild teams for the 2020–21 season are:


1. deild karla (football)
1. deild karla, known as Lengjudeild karla (The Lengja League) for sponsorship reasons, is a football league in Iceland. It is the second highest professional level in the Icelandic football league system. The league was founded in 1955 and current champions are ÍA. The league was expanded to 12 teams for the 2007 season, after having only 10 teams for many years. Since 2008 the top three divisions have all had 12 teams.


1. deild karla (handball)
1. deild karla (English: Men's 1st Division), also known as Grill 66 deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is the second-tier men's handball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is managed by the Icelandic Handball Association. The current champions are Fjölnir.


1. deild kvenna (basketball)
1. deild kvenna (English: Women's first division) is the second tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland.


1. deild kvenna (basketball), History
The league was founded 1984 and until 2005 it was known as 2. deild kvenna (English: Women's second division).


1. deild kvenna (basketball), History
On 13 March 2020, the rest of the 2019–20 season was postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak in Iceland.


1. deild kvenna (basketball), Format
The team with the best record will be crowned 1. deild kvenna champion. The top two teams will then play a best of three playoff for a promotion to the Úrvalsdeild.


1. deild kvenna (basketball), Teams
The current 1. deild kvenna teams for the 2021–22 season are:


1. deild kvenna (football)
1. deild kvenna, known as Inkasso deild kvenna (English: The Inkasso League) for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier women's football league in Iceland. The league was founded in 1982 and current champions are Fylkir. It features 10 teams and the top two qualify for a spot in the Úrvalsdeild kvenna.


1. deild kvenna (handball)
1. deild kvenna (English: Women's 1st Division), also known as Grill 66 deild kvenna for sponsorship reasons, is the second-tier women's handball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is managed by the Icelandic Handball Association. The current champions are KA/Þór who won their first title in 2018.


1. deild kvinnur
The Faroe Islands Premier League kvinnur (also known as Betri Deildin kvinnur for sponsorship reasons) is the top level women's football league of the Faroe Islands. It was called 1. deild kvinnur until 2018, when the Faroese top tier in the women's football for the first time was named after a sponsor. The new name was Betri Deildin kvinnur and is a deal for five years, from 2018 until the end of the 2022 season.


1. deild kvinnur
It is organized by the Faroe Islands Football Association and it was first played in 1985. The winners qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League.


1. deild kvinnur, History
The league was played for the first time in 1985. In its early years and throughout the 1990s, it was dominated by the Tórshavn teams, with HB winning it seven times and B36 four; other teams to be crowned champions in the period were Skála, two times, and ÍF, once. KÍ also won their first title during the successful period of the Tórshavn duo.


1. deild kvinnur, History, The KÍ era
KÍ dominated the league from 2000, winning it seventeen times in a row, establishing a new world record for consecutive championships won.


1. deild kvinnur, History, The KÍ era
The dominance was so big that in an interview in 2005, after winning the league for the sixth consecutive season, KÍ midfielder Malena Josephsen stated: "We know when we go on the pitch that we will win the match, the only question is [by] how much we will win. We are not getting any better by playing in this league."


1. deild kvinnur, History, A new champion and sponsorship deal
After being runners-up four consecutive times, EB/Streymur/Skála ended KÍ's winning streak in 2017, becoming only the second club to represent the Faroe Islands in the UEFA Women's Champions League, and defended their title in 2018.


1. deild kvinnur, History, A new champion and sponsorship deal
For the 2018 season, the league gained its first sponsorship deal, when the FSF announced that Betri, a bank and insurance company headquartered in Tórshavn, would sponsor the men's and women's leagues, thus changing 1. deild kvinnur's name to Betri deildin kvinnur. The second best division was then given the name 1. deild kvinnur.


1. deild kvinnur, Format
In 2020 the league will be contested by six teams, playing each other four times for a total of 20 rounds. A second division exists, but there is no promotion and relegation between the two divisions.


1. deild kvinnur, Current teams
In 2020 the league will be contested by six teams, the same as in 2018, one team more from last season's five, as the women's team from the club NSÍ from Runavík entered the league.


1. deild kvinnur, Titles by club
Clubs in bold are currently playing in the league. Clubs in italics are competing in cooperation with another club or inactive in women's football.


1. divisjon (women)
The 1. divisjon (Norwegian: 1. divisjon) is the second highest division in women's football in Norway. It was founded in 1984. Between 1984 and 1995 it served as the first tier. 1. divisjon was replaced as a first tier by the Eliteserien which in turn was replaced by the Toppserien in 2000. It continued as a second tier from 1996 and onwards.


1. divisjon (women), First tier
Between 1977 and 1983 women's league football in Norway was organized on a county and regional basis. In 1984, three of these leagues, those representing  Østlandet, Vestlandet and Trøndelag, merged to form the first national league. However, during the earliest seasons teams continued to play in three regional groups, each with ten teams, and the national title was decided by a play-off between the three group winners. In 1986, a fourth group representing Nord-Norge was added, and the number of teams in the league increased to forty. The league system was subsequently reorganized for the 1987 season. At the end of the 1986 season, thirty of the teams were relegated and formed into a 2. divisjon. The remaining ten teams formed a single nationwide 1. divisjon. The new 1. divisjon remained the top tier of Norwegian women's football until 1995.


1. divisjon (women), Second tier
With the establishment of the Eliteserien in 1996 the 1. divisjon became a second tier division. At the same time the original 2. divisjon formed in 1987 became the third tier. The 1. divisjon now featured 58 teams in six regional groups. For the 2001 season the 1. divisjon was greatly reduced in size and it once again became single nationwide division. It initially featured nine teams, gradually adding a tenth before expanding to twelve for the 2009 season. All nineteen counties of Norway have been represented in the nationwide 1. divisjon since 2001; Østfold was the last county to be represented, when Sarpsborg 08 got promoted in 2010.