084th Special Task Battalion, History
It was established in 1965 as an "Army Intelligence Company". It has met the requirements for the title of "Excellent Unit" three times and "Leading Unit" seventeen times. The battalion took part in the invasion of Iraq by coalition forces in 2003, where it was under the operational control of the Polish contingent. At present, the unit's fighters are guarding the Camp Marmal of the Bundeswehr in the Afghan province of Kunduz. More than 1,000 personnel of the unit have served in international peacekeeping operations in Iraq, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Chad, Sudan and South Sudan. On 10 May 2016, the unit was awarded with the Order of Military Merit by the Head of the Office of the President P. Tsagaan and Defence Minister Tserendashiin Tsolmon.


084th Special Task Battalion, Training
Many members of the unit have been trained by the United States Army (specifically the 1st Special Forces Group). It has also taken part in joint exercises with the Indian Punjab Regiment. In August 2018, it took part in the National Parachuting Championship in Nalaikh, where it took the second place prize. Previously in 2016, it took the first place prize at the traditional "Mongolian Military Progress" on Chinggis Square.


084th Special Task Battalion, Public activities
During the 2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade, the commander of the unit Colonel Batdelger Hasherdene led the combined Mongolian contingent on Red Square. Members of the unit also took part in a Victory Day Parade the following year in Buryatia.


0898 Beautiful South
0898 Beautiful South, also referred to as 0898, is the third studio album by English band The Beautiful South. After the success of their previous work over 1989–1991, the band hired prolific record producer Jon Kelly and recorded the album at AIR Studios in London. The album contains a more "muscular" yet sometimes more sombre sound than their previous albums, although still entirely retains lyricist Paul Heaton's witty and bitter lyrical style. The album "deals in fragile melodies and harmonies, soulful but low-key instrumentation, and lyrics full of subtle social commentary and humour." The album title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time.


0898 Beautiful South
The album was released in March 1992 by the band's record label Go! Discs. Four singles were released from the album, two of them prior to its release; "Old Red Eyes Is Back", "We Are Each Other", "Bell Bottomed Tear" and "36D". It reached number 4 on the UK Album Chart, unlike their previous two albums which reached number 2; the record company blamed this on the cover which showed ladies' faces on the back of terrapins' shells.


0898 Beautiful South
While the first two singles – "Old Red Eyes Is Back" and "We Are Each Other" – charted in the UK at No. 22 and No. 30 respectively, third single "Bell Bottomed Tear" was the only Top 20 hit from the album, reaching No. 16. "36D" was a relative disappointment after this success, only managing No. 46 in the singles charts. "We Are Each Other" was also a success on American alternative rock radio and peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1992. It was the band's biggest hit in the United States.


0898 Beautiful South
The album was a critical success, with reviewers praising its production, lyrics and distinct tone, although some critics recognise the album as being under-rated. The album appeared on numerous lists of the best albums of 1992; Vox ranked it 18th, NME ranked it 44th and Robert Christgau placed it 53rd. The album was certified "Gold" by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 200,000 copies.


0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording
After forming in 1989, The Beautiful South's debut album Welcome to the Beautiful South, released October the same year, was a major chart success, reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and featuring two top 10 hits, "Song For Whoever" and "You Keep It All In". Featuring Paul Heaton's witty lyrics and vocals from him, Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan, it was a critical success too, being widely hailed for "reinserting cynicism, doubt, and biting sarcasm into pop music."


0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording
The album was a transformation for lead singer and lyricist Paul Heaton after his previous band The Housemartins; according to Robert Christgau, he turned "his talents to the interpersonal. The surprise was that he didn't then cop out." The third single from the album, "I'll Sail This Ship Alone", reached number 31.


0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording
Working in a short space of time, the band quickly released their second album Choke a year later in October 1990. Although it reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart, it was not as much a critical success as its predecessor, despite drawing favourable reviews.


0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording
Two singles from the album, "My Book" and "Let Love Speak Up Itself", charted outside the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, but the album also provided the band's only number 1 hit, a Hemingway/Corrigan duet called "A Little Time", and its music video, featuring the aftermath of a domestic fight, won the 1991 BRIT Award for Best Video.


0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording
As with before, the band were quick to begin work on their third album. After working with Mike Hedges on their first two albums, the band hired Jon Kelly to produce the new album, a British producer famous for working with Pele, Prefab Sprout, Deacon Blue, Heather Nova, The Levellers, Fish, Lynsey De Paul, Nolwenn Leroy, The Damned, Kate Bush, The band decamped to Air Studios, London, to record the new album, the official recording studios of Associated Independent Recording. This credit has caused confusion, as the studio closed in 1989 before officially reopening as "AIR Lyndhurst" in a redeveloped hall in December 1992 after a year's long work. It is unknown which of the two locations the band recorded in.


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes
According to Roch Pairisen of Allmusic, "there are no big poses or walls of crunchy guitars on [the album]. Instead, the group – which includes three lead vocalists -deals in fragile melodies and harmonies, soulful but low-key instrumentation, and lyrics full of subtle social commentary and humour."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes
He noted that "at times, the group even couches itself in the guise of a smooth lounge act, rebelling against current trends by having something to say while not making a racket about it," and noted that producer Jon Kelly has "contributed an incisive and full-bodied production" to the album, "a great improvement over the rather thin sound" of Choke. According to Craig Tomashoff and David Hiltbrand of Picks and Pans, the album contains "sweet pop music with insidious lyrics. It starts with the best pop melodies you can hum—sort of like Elton John Does Detroit.


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes
Harmonious piano arrangements blend with songwriter Paul Heaton's soulful vocals and occasional backing horns to create 12 songs that work like aural lithium." They noted the contrast between the happy music and dark lyrics, saying "one hit and you're happy for hours. Until you actually listen to what Heaton and his two co-lead vocalists, Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan, are saying. The tunes suggest light, happy odes to love. The words are dark, sardonic musings on human nature."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes
According to Trouser Press, the album "features even more uplifting melodies and more balanced lyrics: 'Old Red Eyes Is Back', 'We Are Each Other' and the Corrigan-sung 'Bell-Bottomed Tear' benefit immeasurably by demonstrating a bit more compassion for their subjects. Heaton hits particular peaks in his dialogue songs. (He writes alternating-verse male/female numbers better than just about anyone.)" Marie Lamie, writing in The Rough Guide to Rock, said "there are some very sombre moments here, both musically and lyrically, making something of a new direction." A reviewer for Record Rewind Play said "the whole album is full of hints of the sinister, but compassion finds a way in."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
Ted Kessler of Select said the first two songs "Old Red Eyes Is Back" and "We are Each Other" "set the tone" for the album. "Pianos, strings and percussion are right down in the mix, the lead instruments are the gorgeous voices of Heaton, Hemingway and Briana Corrigan. There isn't a wailing guitar in sight". "Old Red Eyes Is Back", described as the band's "best song ever" by Sputnikmusic's Nick Butler, is the tale of an "old drunken waster looking back on his life, battling to overcome his alcohol dependency  [sic].


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
Every time he falls off the wagon and succumbs to drink again....well, old red eyes is back." The song ends sadly, "Old Red he died, and every single landlord in the district cried/An empty bottle of whiskey lying by his side..." "We Are Each Other" is "typical of the band from this period. Although a guitar is the first sound you hear on the song, it's restrained, and quickly gives way to the melody, harmony, and biting vocals that drive the song."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
It is more guitar-led than most of their output, and deals with "a couple so close that their relationship can no longer function properly." Butler commented that "the structure of the song is brilliant (this sort of attention to detail is just one of the many things that elevate The Beautiful South far beyond the vast majority of pop bands) – observe how the chorus is split into 2 halves, effectively making 2 brilliant hooks for the price of one." Robert Christgau considers the song to contain Heaton's "meanest" line, "Closer than a sister to her baby brother/Closer than a cat to the child that she'll smother."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
"Despite being one of England's most successful bands, it wasn't until 0898, their third album, that the Beautiful South found an audience in the US. This success (though by no means huge) might be explained by the fact that the band adopted a slightly more muscular sound on the album. Where in the past they had used deceptively sweet, even sentimental, musical backing, here there are slashing guitars and gruesomely bubbling bass lines to toughen the sound. Fans can rest easy, though, the band's unbelievable cruel and bitter lyrics remain in full force."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
"36D" is a scathing attack on the British glamour industry, described by Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic as "a distant relative of 'Little Baby Nothing' by the Manic Street Preachers, though far more upbeat than that song," "features Heaton addressing a woman who's got by on looks and sex alone, telling her to 'Close your legs, open your mind' (and that's just the opening line!). The chorus packs a sonic punch you wouldn't expect from the band, as Heaton and Hemmingway ask '36D, so what? Is that all that you got?'."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
"Something that You Said" refers to the serial murders of a lover's family ("So if you walk into your house and she's cutting up your mother/ She's only trying to tell you that she loves you like no other"). Kessler said that "Hemingway and Corrigan provide us with an action replay of 'A Little Time'" on the song, but "this is Paul Heaton's show, and he doesn't let anyone steal it." The song's opening line, "The perfect love song it has no words it only has death threats/and you can tell a classic ballad by how threatening it gets," compliments the "peaceful" music.


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
Vocal duties on "Bell Bottomed Tear" are handled mainly by Briana Corrigan, though Heaton does appear at points. It has been noted that "the strengths of her voice is exploited very well here – sugary, with a slight hiccup, but always fragile and vaguely damaged." One reviewer said "her character here is never made explicitly clear – she's adressing [sic] a man who has got her pregnant, though whether she and the man are still together isn't made clear. Either way, he's ruined her life. Quietly devastating."


0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs
"Here it is Again" is a "brooding" song, whilst "You Play Glockenspiel, I'll Play Drums" is "odd". Closing song "When I'm 84" encapsulates the album's "dizzily wayward feel" and is a song of "innante funkiness," "blessed with a groovy electronic piano and a bassline worth suing for. It contains Heaton's hedonistic and bold plans for retirement. ' Exercise your muscles? ', he spits. ' I'd rather jack.'"


0898 Beautiful South, Release
0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD, LP and cassette by the band's label Go! Discs in most regions, whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States. The album cover, which depicts ladies' faces on the back of terrapins' shells, each representing a different mood on the album, was painted by artist David Cutter, as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes, each of which is based on a song from the album, with one illustration for each song.


0898 Beautiful South, Release
The illustrations for the album's four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles. The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South, but it is usually shortened to just 0898, which is how it appears on the back cover of the album. The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as "0898" (by) "Beautiful South" – two separate phrases, although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately. The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time.


0898 Beautiful South, Release
Four singles were released from the album, two of them prior to its release. "Old Red Eyes Is Back" was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming their worst charting lead single so far. It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts. "We are Each Other" was released a month later, still prior to the release of the album, and was a lesser success in the UK, only reaching number 30.


0898 Beautiful South, Release
However, it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States, where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts. "Bell Bottomed Tear" was released as the third single in June 1992, reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting single from the album. "36D" was released as the final single in September 1992, reaching number 46 in the UK. In an interview at the time of the album's release, Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released, saying "three should be enough, I think, for anybody to release off an album."


0898 Beautiful South, Release
The album was not a success in the United States, although it gave the band a larger following there than before. Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that "although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart," the album "was experiencing a sales burst" in the United States. They said it was due to the band's "well-attended" concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show. In France, a limited edition contained two bonus tracks, "His Time Ran Out" and "Danielle Steele (The Enemy Within)". A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the band's VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin.


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
On 11 April 1992, 0898 Beautiful South entered in the UK Albums Chart at number 4, which was considered something of a disappointment after the band's previous albums both reached number 2. It stayed on the chart for 17 weeks, and was later certified "Gold" by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 200,000 copies. The album peaked at number 47 on the Canadian Albums Chart, becoming their last album to chart there, whilst on 20 April 1992, it entered the German Album Charts at number 40, becoming their first album to chart there.


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
The album was released to positive reviews. Ted Kessler of Select gave the album a perfect five out of five score, saying "under a veneer of polished pop production The Beautiful South are contrary, twisted mavericks, and 0898 is the bright, acceptable face of the foul beast AOR – and their best work to date". Robert Christgau rated the album "A–", saying "even more obscure stateside since he got lusher conventions, songsmith Paul Heaton does his endangered species proud.


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
The tunes stick, and the lyrics transcend their sarcastic shtick—predictably idiosyncratic though 'You do English/I'll do sums/You break fingers/I'll break thumbs' may be, it brings you up short anyway. Peter Gabriel/Kate Bush hand Jon Kelly adds musical authenticity, and third vocalist Briana Corrigan sings lines like 'This is the woman you laid' with just the right edge of icy remorse. Introduce them to a decent drum programmer and they could be a threat."


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
Q gave the album a "Good" rating of three stars out of five, saying "The Beautiful South offers us boozers and losers, reshaping the world and overthrowing the government from the comfort of a bar stool." Audio were favourable, saying "The Beautiful South effortlessly renders their sophisticated pop melodies and signature lyricism with silken production...wickedly clever."


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
People magazine, in its Picks and Pans section, were favourable, saying "minor melodramas aren't exactly the variety of glib pleasantries you'd expect such easygoing music to be delivering, but the ability to use the standard pop format to sneak in something new is the sign of a truly exceptional band. It's well worth taking a trip to the Beautiful South."


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception
The album appeared in numerous lists of the best albums of 1992. Vox included the album at number 18 on their list of the "Vox Albums of 1992", NME ranked it at number 44 in its list of the top 50 "Albums of the Year", Robert Christgau placed the album at number 53 on the 1992 edition of his annual "Dean's List" of the best albums of the year, curated for the annual Pazz & Jop critics' roll. A reviewer for The Pansentinent League included the album in his list of "My Ten Favourite Albums of the 1990s", saying it is "full of clever, funny, bittersweet lines and packed with memorable pop songs from start to finish."


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
The album has enjoyed a similarly favourable legacy, and some consider it to be an under-rated record. In a retrospective review, Roch Parisien of Allmusic rated the album three stars out of five, praising the band's unusual sound and Kelly's production. Colin Larkin rated the album three stars out of five in his book Encyclopedia of Popular Music. In 1998, Christgau said the album was "stronger than reviews caviled". In 2003, Maria Lamie said that the album "has the privilege of still being liked by its creators".


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Keith Harris gave the album three and a half stars out of five. In 2014, a reviewer for Record Review Play said that "the whole album is full of hints of the sinister, as on 'Something That You Said', but compassion finds a way in (Old Red Eyes Is Back, 'I'm Your Number One Fan') to provide just enough of a break from the darkness, and while there's humour, it comes in both dark and lighter shades, as on 'When I'm 84'.


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
Perhaps old age has pushed it to the back of the collection, or perhaps the unprecedented success of compilation album Carry on up the Charts, which sold record numbers in record time and seemed to find a home in music collections up and down the land, big or small, just led to Beautiful South fatigue. Regardless, 0898 is long overdue a revisit or two."


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
Corrigan chose to leave the band after the release of the album to pursue a solo career. Although her decision was partly prompted by a desire to record and promote her own material (which was not getting exposure within The Beautiful South), she had also had ethical disagreements over some of Heaton's lyrics, most notably "Mini-correct", "Worthless Lie", which he had composed for the following album Miaow (1994), but also for the 0898 Beautiful South single "36D", which criticised the British glamour industry via scathing comments about glamour models, and she thought he should have targeted the media instead. In 1997, Hemingway admitted "we all agree that we should have targeted the media as sexist instead of blaming the girls for taking off their tops".


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
The band followed 0898 Beautiful South with Miaow (1994) which was their least successful album so far, reaching only number 6 in the UK Albums Chart and receiving mixed reviews. However, the band's fortunes were revived with the release of their first greatest hits album Carry on up the Charts later that year, which became the band's first number one album in the UK and went on to become the second biggest selling album of 1994, and by the summer of 1995 it was certified as 5x platinum in the UK.


0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy
Such was the album's popularity, it was claimed that one in seven British households owned a copy. The compilation featured the four singles from 0898 Beautiful South, bringing them wider exposure than they had in 1992. "Old Red Eyes Is Back" also featured on their second hits compilation, Solid Bronze – Great Hits (2001), whilst the same song appeared alongside "36D" on Soup (2007), a compilation of hits by both The Beautiful South and Heaton and Hemingway's previous band The Housemartins.


0898 Beautiful South, Track listing
All tracks are written by Paul Heaton and David Rotheray.


0898 Beautiful South, Track listing, French Limited Edition
The first French edition distributed by Barclay contained two bonus tracks:


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
As was their usual modus operandi, The Beautiful South included unreleased material on the B-sides of the singles taken from their albums.


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
from the "Old Red Eyes Is Back" 12" single and CDEP


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
from the "We Are Each Other" 12" single and CDEP


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
(Tracks 2 & 3 recorded live at St. Georges Hall, Blackburn, 25 April 1992)


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
(An Australian CDEP of "Bell Bottomed Tear" contained the album version and all four non-LP tracks noted above)


0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides
(Tracks 2, 3, & 4 recorded live at St. Georges Hall, Blackburn, 25 April 1992)


09 (film)
09 (Sorani Kurdish: ٠٩, romanized: Sifir No) is a 2021 Kurdish crime thriller film directed and produced by Bakhtyar Fatah in his feature directorial debut. It stars Shwan Attoof, Mahir Hassan, Sirwan Jamal, Chrika Abarash, Besaran Jasim and Zhalla Rasul. Promoted as "the first Kurdish crime mystery film", the film is about a detective facing an organ trafficking band who has blackmailed a doctor for the organs.


09 (film)
09 had its premiere on March 3, 2021 in Talari Hunar, Slemani. It was theatrically released on March 4, 2021.


09 (film), Premise
A detective abandoned his daughter for a governmental mission. He risks his life in order to fix their relationship. Their search leads them to face an organ trafficking band who has blackmailed a doctor for harvesting the organs.


09 (film), Release
The release of the film was delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic in Kurdistan. The film premiered on March 4, 2021 in Talari Hunar, Slemani. The Ministry of Interior of Kurdistan released an announcement of closing the film theaters due to COVID-19 pandemic. Soran Naqishbandy, the distributor of the film, said that the film got permission to release on March 4, 2021 in Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, and Garmiyan and will be released on March 10, 2021 in Erbil and Duhok.


09-15-2000, Brussels
09 -15-2000, Brussels is a live album by the German avant-garde/experimental band Einstürzende Neubauten and was released in 2002.


09-15-2000, Brussels, Notes
Ein Seltener Vogel had never been played before this show, and "would probably never be played again", according to Blixa Bargeld during its performance. The song would later turn up on the band's 2004 album Perpetuum Mobile.


0:12 Revolution in Just Listening
0:12 Revolution in Just Listening is the third studio album to be released by American metalcore band Coalesce, which was released on November 16, 1999 through Relapse Records. The album was recorded and released posthumously, as the group broke up prior after touring troubles and made the album as they were obliged to do so by contract. Hydra Head Records issued the vinyl edition of the album, and in 2008 Relapse released a remastered version of the album under the title 012:2. The album was included in Decibel Magazines "Hall of Fame" in 2008.


0:12 Revolution in Just Listening, Writing and recording
Prior to the album's creation, the band was in the middle of a two-legged tour across the United States. The first leg in the East Coast, the second in the West Coast. One of the destinations for the West Coast leg of the tour was in Idaho, and by the time the group reached that state, the van broke down. This ultimately resulted in their disbandment.


0:12 Revolution in Just Listening, Writing and recording
Because the group already received an advancement check from Relapse, they decided to record one last album to let the label issue. Guitarist Jes Steineger wrote all his parts in the span of three days on an acoustic guitar. The album was produced within a weekend, and Relapse originally sold it as an EP due to its short length.


0DFx
0DFx (also known as Zero Defects or Zero Defex) is an American hardcore punk band.


0DFx, History
The band was formed in Akron, Ohio, in late 1981 by Tom Seiler of local punk group The Bursting Brains, Mick Hurray of the neo-surf group The Nelsons, and Jim Friend of V-Nervz.


0DFx, History
The band went through a few bass players before placing an ad in the Cleveland free paper Scene. Brad Warner, who had been in a new wave group called Mmaxx, answered the ad and after an afternoon audition he was accepted into the band. Warner remained a member of the group until its dissolution.


0DFx, History
In December 2005, Jim Lanza hatched the idea of reviving a handful of old Cleveland-area punk bands for a one time show entitled Cleveland's Screaming. Warner decided to take the opportunity to create a documentary about the punk rock scene in Akron and Cleveland in the 1980s also entitled Cleveland's Screaming. The documentary was released in 2007.


0DFx, History
Since they reformed, the band has begun writing and recording new music. In early 2013, the band signed to the record label Revolution Harmony. Zero Defex still plays shows as often as the band members are able.


0DFx, Guest appearances
0DFx appeared on the Ohio-based punk rock compilation, The New Hope and on the nationally released International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation, which has remained in print since 1984.


0music
0music is the second album produced with Melomics technology. While the first one (Iamus' album) is a compilation of contemporary pieces fully composed by Iamus, 0music compiles pieces of popular genres, composed and interpreted without any human intervention by Melomics109, a computer cluster hosted at the University of Malaga. The pieces in this album, and all the production of Melomics109, is distributed under CC0 licensing, and it is available in audible and editable (MIDI) formats.


0music
The album was launched during a one-day symposium held in Malaga on July 21, 2014.


0s
The 0s began on January 1, 1 AD and ended on December 31, 9 AD, covering the first nine years of the Common Era. It is one of the two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans (along with 0s BC) that contain 9 years, and thus are not true decades (a span of 10 years). Estimates for the world population by 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million.


0s
In Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Tiberius, Ahenobarbus, Vinicius and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the Bellum Batonianum against an alliance of native peoples of in two regions of Illyricum, Dalmatia and Pannonia, led by Bato the Daesitiate.


0s
In AD 8, the Breuci of the Sava valley surrendered, but it took a winter blockade and another season of fighting before the surrender in Dalmatia in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where Daeso, King of Dongbuyeo invaded Goguryeo with a 50,000-man army in 6 AD. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, Wang Mang established the Xin dynasty.


0s
Literary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid; the Ars Amatoria, an instructional elegy series in three books, Metamorphoses, a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework, and Ibis, a curse poem written during his years in exile across the Black Sea for an offense against Augustus. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume History of the World.


0s
A census was concluded in China in 2 AD: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. Dionysius Exiguus assigned Jesus's birth date in 1 AD, in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).


0s BC
This article concerns the period between 9 BC and 1 BC, the last nine years of the before Christ era. It is one of the two "0-to-9" decade-like timespans (along with 0s AD) that contain 9 years, and thus are not true decades (a span of 10 years).


0s BC
This is a list of events occurring in the 0s BC ordered by year.


0verflow
0verflow (オーバーフロー) (stylized 0verflow)  is a Japanese video game division of Stack Ltd. (有限会社スタック) specializing in the production of mature interactive fiction. The Overflow label is known for its game franchise School Days. Stack's headquarters are located in the Sugishō Building (杉商ビル) in Kanda, Chiyoda, Tokyo. On February 10, 2012, Overflow confirmed that Shiny Days, a remake of Summer Days, will be the last title produced by the brand. The team also reassured customers that it was not going bankrupt and would continue to support their line of video games even after the release of Shiny Days.


0verflow
Overflow's PureMail video game was adapted into a two-episode OAV in 2001.


0verflow
Overflow's Imouto de Ikou! video game was adapted into a two-episode OVA in 2003.


0verflow
Overflow's School Days video game was adapted into a 12-episode anime series in 2007. Both School Days and Cross Days have also received manga adaptations.


0verflow
Stack's Welcome to Pia Carrot!! video game series was adapted into a three-episode hentai OVA from 1997 to 1998. Its sequel, Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 was adapted into a three-episode hentai OVA from 1998 to 1999, and a six-episode OVA titled Welcome to the Pia Carrot!! 2 DX from 1999 to 2000. The video game also received an anime film titled Welcome to Pia Carrot!! -Sayaka no Koi-monogatari- in 2002.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure)
0x is an open-source, decentralized exchange infrastructure that enables the exchange of tokenized assets on multiple blockchains. Developers can use 0x to incorporate exchange functionality into their applications, and market makers can use 0x to create markets for cryptocurrencies and tokens. ZRX, an Ethereum ERC-20 token, is the native governance and staking token of 0x. Individuals who own ZRX can vote on protocol changes and stake their tokens to earn liquidity rewards in Ether (ETH). The project's creator and core developer is 0x Labs.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History
Will Warren and Amir Bandeali began the development of the project in 2016. The project conducted an initial coin offering (ICO) on August 15, 2017 where it sold half of the total supply (500M) of its ZRX token in just over 24 hours, raising a total of $24M.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History
In April 2018, Davis Sacks, former COO of PayPal, joined 0x's advisory board.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History
On October 11, 2018, ZRX was the first Ethereum ERC-20 token to begin trading on US-based cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History
On February 17, 2021, Bitwise, creator and manager of the world's largest crypto index fund, included the ZRX token among its portfolio of cryptoassets for their DeFi Crypto Index Fund.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), Criticism / Controversy
In August 2017, two days prior to the ICO token sale, researchers from Cornell Tech’s Initiative for Cryptocurrencies and Contracts (IC3) alleged in a blog post that the 0x protocol had fundamental flaws in its design, questioned the rationale of using the ZRX token to pay for Relayer fees when the already existing ETH token could be used instead, and criticized the lack of clarity in how the 0x token’s governance process would work. Additionally, they criticized EtherDelta, a decentralized exchange that does not use the 0x protocol to facilitate its token exchanges.


0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), Criticism / Controversy
In response to the allegations, Will Warren maintained that the protocol had already been successfully used by 6,000 individuals who purchased ZRX tokens through the token sale that had started. He further explained that the protocol was built as a highly modular, upgradable system that would be improved upon over time, and the governance function would be plugged in once the team was sure that the implementation provided the right incentives and that the code was secure.


0x10c
0x10c (pronounced "ten to the c") was a sandbox science fiction video game previously under development by Mojang AB. It was announced on April 3, 2012, by Markus Persson, the game's lead designer. The game was eventually indefinitely postponed because Persson found several creative blocks, citing the main problem as "it not being very fun to play." Persson then stated he will instead most likely continue to work on smaller projects for the rest of his life. The game was later completely cancelled.


0x10c
The announced features included a fully working virtual computer, random encounters, an advanced economy system, and also single and multiplayer modes in a consistent universe, or "Multiverse". The game takes place in the year AD 281,474,976,712,644 after people start waking up from "deep sleep" caused by a bug in deep sleep cells that were released in 1988. 0x is a prefix used in C, among other programming languages, to indicate a hexadecimal number:  10C in hexadecimal is equivalent to 1612 in decimal, which equals 281,474,976,710,656, the number of years passed in the story since 1988.


0x10c, Gameplay
The list of features included engineering, space battles, seamless space-to-planet transitions, mining and trading, laser guns, and an open universe with both single-player and multiplayer variants.


0x10c, Gameplay
0x10c featured a working emulated 16-bit processor inside the game called the DCPU-16 that could be accessed through any of the monitors located in the game. The DCPU-16 could also load external programs and data using the required standards which would have allowed the community to make their own DCPU-16 emulators.


0x10c, Development
In December 2011, Markus Persson announced that he was going to be stepping down as the lead developer of Minecraft, and that he would be working on another project. Mojang CEO Carl Manneh said in an interview with Edge Online that Mojang was committed to supporting a new project that Persson was developing along with another game created by other developers in their company.


0x10c, Development
After winning a special award from BAFTA in March 2012, Persson revealed that there were three different projects he was developing, but he had yet to come to a decision in terms of which one he was committed to working on. A few days later in an interview with PC Gamer magazine, Persson announced that he was working on a space-themed game that was inspired by the television show Firefly and the video game Elite.


0x10c, Development
The first details of this game were released in an April Fool's parody website called "Mars Effect", a play on Mass Effect and alluding to the lawsuit by Bethesda Softworks over trademark infringement. A few days later Persson announced that he had chosen a real name for the game and that he had made some progress on its development. Although it is not immediately obvious how to pronounce the game's name and a large variety of suggestions were proposed, Persson has said that he pronounces it as "ten to the see," but that "people can pronounce it however they want".


0x10c, Development
On October 13, 2012, the first video gameplay of 0x10c was released by Persson on the game's website. On October 26, 2012, the first multiplayer test was uploaded to the website from Twitch.TV. In an April 2013 interview with Polygon, Persson stated that 0x10c development was hit by creative road block and would be put on hold. Persson also said that the game is "ways off" and that he would be expanding the team, bringing on one other developer to "make sure the game gets made." On August 13, 2013, Persson confirmed in a live stream that 0x10c was indefinitely shelved, adding that the game could potentially be made in the future, if another Mojang employee were interested in continuing its development.


0x10c, Development, Art
"The style is pixel art meets modern 3D. It's influenced by bright, vivid sci-fi, and real-world functional spaceship design to go with 0x10c's realistic tone," said Jonatan Pöljö, artist of the game's team.


0x10c, Development, Soundtrack
On September 15, 2014, Daniel Rosenfeld (C418), who also composed the music for Mojang's previous game, Minecraft, released the soundtrack for 0x10c on his Bandcamp page which consists of 2 soundtracks, "0x10c" and "0".


0x10c, Development, Pricing
0x10c was expected to be the first Mojang game with a monthly fee for online play in multiplayer mode (but no recurring fee for single player mode). Persson said that this was because of the cost to "emulate all computers and physics even when players aren't logged in." It is unknown if there was to be a private multiplayer mode. It was revealed that the pricing would be similar to Minecraft, with alpha costing less than beta, and beta costing less than the full release.


0x80
0x80 is a hacker interviewed by Brian Krebs of The Washington Post about his lucrative business in running "botnets", or networks of remotely controlled personal computers without the owner's consent. The article in the 2006 February Washington Post detailed 0x80's earnings of around $6,800 a month infecting controlled personal computers with adware and spyware in exchange for a per-computer commission.


0x80, Leaked data
0x80 agreed to be interviewed for the Post article under the condition that he'd not be identified by name or home town.


0x80, Leaked data
After a link to the article on Slashdot, a reader used the IPTC information encoded into the image to learn that Roland, Oklahoma had been entered as the picture's location. The Washington Post removed all of the images from their site and commented "As you know we take our obligations with sources very seriously and I don't want to comment about any speculation about sources" in response to an interview question asking "Are you aware that the Post failed to scrub the metadata from the images used in this article, leaving information about your town?" (question text edited by The Washington Post to remove a specific referenced town name).


0x88
The 0x88 chess board representation is a square-centric method of representing the chess board used by some chess programs. The number 0x88 is a hexadecimal integer (13610, 2108, 100010002). The rank and file positions are each represented by a nibble (hexadecimal digit), and the bit gaps simplify a number of computations to bitwise operations.


0x88, Layout
In the 0x88 board representation, the layout is spread out to cover an 8-by-16 board, equal to the size of two adjacent chessboards. Each square of the 8-by-16 matrix is assigned a number as can be seen in the board layout table. In this scheme each nibble represents a rank or a file, so that the 8-bit integer 0x42 represents the square at (4,2) in zero-based numbering, i.e. c5 in standard algebraic notation.


0x88, Layout
Adding 16 to a number for a square results in the number for the square one row above, and subtracting 16 results in the number for the square one row below. To move from one column to another the number is increased or decreased by one. In hexadecimal notation, legal chess positions (A1-H8) are always below 0x88. This layout simplifies many computations that chess programs need to perform by allowing bitwise operations instead of comparisons.


0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion
Each square of the chessboard is identified by a unique coordinate pair — a letter between (a and h) for the file, and a number between 1 and 8 for the rank. This method of referring to squares is a part of algebraic notation. To convert a coordinate pair to a 0x88 value, files are treated as integers, with a corresponding to 0 and h corresponding to 7.


0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion
Thus, a1 corresponds to 000000002{\displaystyle 00000000_{2}}, with all 8 of the bits set to 0{\displaystyle 0}, b2 corresponds to 000100012{\displaystyle 00010001_{2}}, and h8 corresponds to 011101112{\displaystyle 01110111_{2}}.


0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion
To convert an 0x88 value to a rank-file coordinate pair:


0x88, Applications, Off-the-board detection
Off-the-board detection is a feature of chess programs which determines whether a piece is on or off the legal chess board. In 0x88, the highest bit of each nibble represents whether a piece is on the board or not. Specifically, out of the 8 bits to represent a square, the fourth and the eighth must both be 0 for a piece to be located within the board. This allows off-the-board detection by bitwise and operations. If $square AND 0x88 (or, in binary, 0b10001000) is non-zero, then the square is not on the board. This bitwise operation requires fewer computer resources than integer comparisons. This makes calculations such as illegal move detection faster.


0x88, Applications, Square relations
The difference of valid 0x88 coordinates A and B is unique with respect to distance and direction, which is not true for classical packed three-bit rank and file coordinates. That makes lookups for Manhattan distance, possible piece attacks, and legal piece moves more resource-friendly. While classical square coordinates in the 0–63 range require 4K-sized tables (64×64), the 0x88 difference takes 1/16 that or 256-sized tables—or even 16 less.


0x88, Applications, Square relations
An offset of 119 (0x77 as the maximum valid square index) is added, to make ±119 a 0–238 range (a size of 240 for alignment reasons).


0x88, Adoption
Though the 0x88 representation was initially popular, it has been mostly replaced by the system of bitboards.


0–9 Series
0–9 Series is a 1989 series of ten compilation albums released by ABC for Kids. It won the ARIA Award for Best Children's Album in 1990 and was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Cover Art in the same year.


0–9 Series
The ten albums are aimed at children of each age from 0 to 9. The album titled 0 for 0 year olds through to 9 for 9 year olds. Over 270 songs were recorded for the album series with 214 appearing on the final products.


0–9 Series
Featured artists are Adam Bowen, Aku Kadoga, Andrew Bell, Andrew Can, Angela Webber, Anne Kirkpatrick, Armando Hurley, Barry Crocker, Barry Leef, Chantelle Ormandy, Chris Bailey, Chris Lloyd, Christopher Patlon, Col Joye, Danielle Spencer, Darryl Aberhart, Dave Sandbach, Dave Sandford, Debbie Byrne, Don Spencer, Doug Parkinson, Ernie Dingo, Floyd Vincent, Gillian Eastoe, Gillian Jones, Grace Knight, Graeme Connors, Greedy Smith, Gus O'Brien, James Gillard, Jamie Rigg, Jenny Morris, Jim Conway, Joan Sydney, Joanne Jackson, John Paul Young, John Spence, Jonathan Biggins, Kerrie Biddell, Ketaki Kishor Dongre, Kiri Uu, Lana Warner, Laurie Balmer, Leonora Jackson, Linda Kenny, Linda Marr, Linda Nagle, Lizzie Clear, Lori Vallins, Lucky Starr, Malcolm McCullum, Marc Hunter, Marcus Holden, Margret RoadKnight, Maria Fotiadis, Mark Williams, Maroochy Barambah, Mary Schneider, Melanie Saloman, Mesana Salata, Mic Conway, Mic Conway's Whoopee Band, Mick Layton, Mike Kennings, Moya Simpson, Nicholas Wareham, Normie Rowe, Peter Chambers, Peter Combe, Peter Kenny, Rami Var, Rhonda Burchmore, Rick Price, Robyn Archer, Robyne Dunn, Ross Higgins, Ruth Cracknell, Sabahattin Akdagcik, Sally Dodds, Sharon O'Neill, Shauna Jensen, Stuart Grant, Su Cruickshank, Sweet Atmosphere, Tamina Haider, Tania Bowra, Terry Hannagan, Terry Kaff, Terry Murray, The Moy Sisters, Tommy Emmanuel, Trinidad Calypso Band, Trish Goddard, Wendy Grose, Wendy Matthews and Zachiary Haider. A documentary on the production of the albums was released alongside it.


0–9 Series, Albums, Zzzero – Nine Sampler
This was the promo album for the series containing songs from each album


1
1 (one, also called unit, and unity) is a number and a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It represents a single entity, the unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of unit length is a line segment of length 1. In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative, 1 is the first and smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by 2, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following 0.


1
The fundamental mathematical property of 1 is to be a multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 returns that number. Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this. In advanced mathematics, a multiplicative identity is often denoted 1, even if it is not a number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number; although universal today, this was a matter of some controversy until the mid-20th century.


1, Etymology
The word one can be used as a noun, an adjective, and a pronoun.


1, Etymology
It comes from the English word an, which comes from the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz. The Proto-Germanic root *ainaz comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no-.


1, Etymology
Compare the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz to Old Frisian an, Gothic ains, Danish en, Dutch een, German eins and Old Norse einn.


1, Etymology
Compare the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no- (which means "one, single") to Greek oinos (which means "ace" on dice), Latin unus (one), Old Persian aivam, Old Church Slavonic -inu and ino-, Lithuanian vienas, Old Irish oin and Breton un (one).


1, As a number
One, sometimes referred to as unity, is the first non-zero natural number. It is thus the integer after zero.


1, As a number
Any number multiplied by one remains that number, as one is the identity for multiplication. As a result, 1 is its own factorial, its own square and square root, its own cube and cube root, and so on. One is also the result of the empty product, as any number multiplied by one is itself. It is also the only natural number that is neither composite nor prime with respect to division, but is instead considered a unit (meaning of ring theory).


1, As a digit
The glyph used today in the Western world to represent the number 1, a vertical line, often with a serif at the top and sometimes a short horizontal line at the bottom, traces its roots back to the Brahmic script of ancient India, where it was a simple vertical line. It was transmitted to Europe via the Maghreb and Andalusia during the Middle Ages, through scholarly works written in Arabic.


1, As a digit
In some countries, the serif at the top is sometimes extended into a long upstroke, sometimes as long as the vertical line, which can lead to confusion with the glyph used for seven in other countries. In styles in which the digit 1 is written with a long upstroke, the digit 7 is often written with a horizontal stroke through the vertical line, to disambiguate them. Styles that do not use the long upstroke on digit 1 usually do not use the horizontal stroke through the vertical of the digit 7 either.


1, As a digit
While the shape of the character for the digit 1 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures, the glyph usually is of x-height, as, for example, in .


1, As a digit
Many older typewriters do not have a separate symbol for 1, and use the lowercase letter l instead. It is possible to find cases when the uppercase J is used, while it may be for decorative purposes.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
Formalizations of the natural numbers have their own representations of 1. In the Peano axioms, 1 is the successor of 0. In Principia Mathematica, it is defined as the set of all singletons (sets with one element), and in the Von Neumann cardinal assignment of natural numbers, it is defined as the set {0}.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
In a multiplicative group or monoid, the identity element is sometimes denoted 1, but e (from the German Einheit, "unity") is also traditional. However, 1 is especially common for the multiplicative identity of a ring, i.e., when an addition and 0 are also present. When such a ring has characteristic n not equal to 0, the element called 1 has the property that n1 = 1n = 0 (where this 0 is the additive identity of the ring). Important examples are finite fields.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
By definition, 1 is the magnitude, absolute value, or norm of a unit complex number, unit vector, and a unit matrix (more usually called an identity matrix). Note that the term unit matrix is sometimes used to mean something quite different.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
By definition, 1 is the probability of an event that is absolutely or almost certain to occur.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
In category theory, 1 is sometimes used to denote the terminal object of a category.


1, Mathematics, Definitions
In number theory, 1 is the value of Legendre's constant, which was introduced in 1808 by Adrien-Marie Legendre in expressing the asymptotic behavior of the prime-counting function. Legendre's constant was originally conjectured to be approximately 1.08366, but was proven to equal exactly 1 in 1899.


1, Mathematics, Properties
Tallying is often referred to as "base 1", since only one mark – the tally itself – is needed. This is more formally referred to as a unary numeral system. Unlike base 2 or base 10, this is not a positional notation.


1, Mathematics, Properties
Since the base 1 exponential function (1x) always equals 1, its inverse does not exist (which would be called the logarithm base 1 if it did exist).


1, Mathematics, Properties
There are two ways to write the real number 1 as a recurring decimal: as 1.000..., and as 0.999.... 1 is the first figurate number of every kind, such as triangular number, pentagonal number and centered hexagonal number, to name just a few.


1, Mathematics, Properties
In many mathematical and engineering problems, numeric values are typically normalized to fall within the unit interval from 0 to 1, where 1 usually represents the maximum possible value in the range of parameters. Likewise, vectors are often normalized into unit vectors (i.e., vectors of magnitude one), because these often have more desirable properties. Functions, too, are often normalized by the condition that they have integral one, maximum value one, or square integral one, depending on the application.


1, Mathematics, Properties
Because of the multiplicative identity, if f(x) is a multiplicative function, then f(1) must be equal to 1.


1, Mathematics, Properties
It is also the first and second number in the Fibonacci sequence (0 being the zeroth) and is the first number in many other mathematical sequences.


1, Mathematics, Properties
The definition of a field requires that 1 must not be equal to 0. Thus, there are no fields of characteristic 1. Nevertheless, abstract algebra can consider the field with one element, which is not a singleton and is not a set at all.


1, Mathematics, Properties
1 is the most common leading digit in many sets of data, a consequence of Benford's law.


1, Mathematics, Properties
1 is the only known Tamagawa number for a simply connected algebraic group over a number field.


1, Mathematics, Properties
The generating function that has all coefficients 1 is given by


1, Mathematics, Properties
This power series converges and has finite value if and only if |x|<1{\displaystyle |x|<1}.


1, Mathematics, Primality
1 is by convention neither a prime number nor a composite number, but a unit (meaning of ring theory) like −1 and, in the Gaussian integers, i and −i.


1, Mathematics, Primality
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic guarantees unique factorization over the integers only up to units. For example, 4 = 22, but if units are included, is also equal to, say, (−1)6 × 123 × 22, among infinitely many similar "factorizations".


1, Mathematics, Primality
1 appears to meet the naïve definition of a prime number, being evenly divisible only by 1 and itself (also 1). As such, some mathematicians considered it a prime number as late as the middle of the 20th century, but mathematical consensus has generally and since then universally been to exclude it for a variety of reasons (such as complicating the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and other theorems related to prime numbers).


1, Mathematics, Primality
1 is the only positive integer divisible by exactly one positive integer, whereas prime numbers are divisible by exactly two positive integers, composite numbers are divisible by more than two positive integers, and zero is divisible by all positive integers.


1, In philosophy
In the philosophy of Plotinus (and that of other neoplatonists), The One is the ultimate reality and source of all existence. Philo of Alexandria (20 BC – AD 50) regarded the number one as God's number, and the basis for all numbers ("De Allegoriis Legum," ii.12 [i.66]).


1, In philosophy
The Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa affirmed that one is not a number, but the source of number. He also believed the number two is the embodiment of the origin of otherness. His number theory was recovered by Boethius in his Latin translation of Nicomachus's treatise Introduction to Arithmetic.


1 (2009 film)
1 is the first feature film of Hungarian director/production designer Pater Sparrow. It was inspired by One Human Minute by Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem, a work of pseudepigrapha.


1 (2009 film), Plot
A bookshop renowned for its rare works is mysteriously filled with copies of a book entitled 1, which doesn't appear to have a publisher or author. The strange almanac is filled with tables and statistics that describe everything that happens in the world in the course of one minute. A police investigation begins and the bookshop staff, along with a mysterious visitor from Vatican City who arrived just as the book did, are placed in solitary confinement by the Bureau for Paranormal Research (RDI - Reality Defense Institute). As the investigation progresses, the situation becomes more complex and the book increasingly well known, raising numerous controversies. Slowly, the lead investigator, Phil Pitch, begins to lose his grip on reality.


1 (2013 film)
1 (also known as 1: Life On The Limit) is a 2013 documentary film directed by Paul Crowder and narrated by Michael Fassbender. The film traces the history of Formula One auto racing from its early years, in which some seasons had multiple fatalities, to the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna, the sport's most recent death at the time of production. Extensive and often rare archival footage is used throughout.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
The film opens with the 1996 Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne, where Martin Brundle survived a spectacular crash at turn 3. After receiving clearance from race doctor Sid Watkins, Brundle hopped into a spare car to finish the race. The film then takes a brief look at the early days of Formula One racing in the 1950s, which was essentially a resumption of prewar Grand Prix racing. In 1958, the year world champion Juan Manuel Fangio retired, the FIA announced the Formula One World Constructors' Championship for the makers of the winning car. This led to a wave of British privateer teams, nicknamed "Garagistas" by Enzo Ferrari, dominating the Championship. Most notable was Team Lotus, led by Colin Chapman.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
In 1966, the FIA doubled the engine size from 1.5 to 3 liters, which saw the cars race markedly faster on tracks and facilities unchanged since before World War II. This resulted in several fatal accidents. The death of Chapman's star driver Jim Clark at the Hockenheimring in a Formula Two race in 1968 was a turning point: several drivers, including Clark's Lotus replacement, Jochen Rindt, and the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA), began questioning the sport's safety. Rindt himself was killed during practice at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix; he was posthumously awarded the driver's championship that year.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
Jackie Stewart, three-time champion and Chairman of the GPDA, used his position to push for improved safety and track facilities, including safety barriers and mandatory seat belts. This caused some opposition with other drivers, most notably Jacky Ickx, Stewart's opponent on the track at the time. Stewart's influence led to boycotts of some races, including the 1971 Belgian Grand Prix. Despite his efforts, drivers continued to be killed, including Stewart's own teammate, François Cevert, at the 1973 United States Grand Prix.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
Meanwhile, new drivers and teams made their way into Formula One. Hesketh Racing, led by the extravagant Lord Hesketh, entered Formula One in 1973 with their Formula Two driver James Hunt. Despite their rather blasé appearance, they performed surprisingly well including winning the 1975 Dutch Grand Prix ahead of Ferrari's Niki Lauda. When Hesketh was forced to close at the end of 1975, Hunt went to McLaren, which placed both him and Lauda as favorites to win the 1976 Championship.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
In 1978, Bernie Ecclestone, head of the Formula One Constructors Association, hired Professor Sid Watkins as the official Formula One 'race doctor.' Initially distrusted by track officials, Watkins' influence on the sport increased after the death of Ronnie Peterson at the 1978 Italian Grand Prix; at that race, the Italian officials prevented him from treating Peterson at the scene.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
Following Peterson's accident, Formula One remained relatively fatality free until the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna in separate accidents.


1 (2013 film), Synopsis
In the aftermath, the FIA President Max Mosley (who drove in the race Jim Clark was killed in, and was head of March Engineering in the 1970s), formed the Advisory Expert Group chaired by Sid Watkins to research and improve safety in motor racing. As a result of the changes implemented by this Group, Formula One did not experience a driver fatality until 2015, when driver Jules Bianchi succumbed to a head injury 9 months after a crash during the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix.


1 (2013 film), Production
Associate producer, Jonathan Bracey-Gibbon had the idea for creating a "safety documentary" about Formula One and developed the script with Michael Shevloff, though production did not begin until 2008. In addition to narration by Michael Fassbender, the documentary features on-screen interviews with Formula One champions Mario Andretti, Jenson Button, Lewis Hamilton, Damon Hill, Jacky Ickx, Niki Lauda, Nigel Mansell, Michael Schumacher, Jackie Stewart, and Sebastian Vettel. Other interviewees include Bernie Ecclestone, head of the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA), Max Mosley, legal adviser to FOCA, and Sid Watkins, head of the Formula One on-track medical team. The majority of the interviews were completed in 2010 and 2011.


1 (2013 film), Release
The documentary premiered on January 10, 2014 at the Empire, Leicester Square in London, United Kingdom. The sport suffered its first fatality in 2015 as a result of a 2014 accident when Jules Bianchi died on July 17, 2015.


1 (2013 film), Release, Home media
1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 28, 2014 in the United States and Canada  and on March 17 in the United Kingdom. The Australian Blu-ray release and some DVDs are bundled with Rush.


1 (2013 film), Critical reception
Mike McCahill of The Guardian gave the documentary 4 stars out of 5, stating, "This F1 history finds its narrative impetus in the trade-off between crowd pleasing speed and concern for driver survival". McCahill praised the timing and contextual presentation, and described the film as "surprisingly critical." Mark Kermode of The Guardian found "gripping" the mixture of archive footage and modern-day interviews. Daniel Johnson of The Telegraph considered the film a "compelling" depiction, noting that Formula One racing went beyond "sport" to "high-stakes theatre" in the fifteen years following 1967, a period in which 19 drivers died.


1 (2013 film), Critical reception
Charlotte O'Sullivan of the London Evening Standard described the movie as "pure bliss for Formula 1 fans." The film's star power was highlighted by Ian Freer of Empire. The Independent described the film as "well-researched", but noted its "morbid" and "depressing" elements. Bleacher Report featured columnist Matthew Walthert described the film as an inspiring tragedy told by the living about those who died while quickly driving high-powered and potentially lethal "mobile bombs." The Independent notes the film graphically documents the improvement of safety in the sport.


1 (2013 film), Critical reception
Fassbender's narration was described as both "sonorous" and "laconic". Ecclestone and Mosley were lauded by reviewers for their "genuine determination" and for their roles as "self-styled guardian angels".


1 (2013 film), Critical reception
Kermode noted the timing of the film, which opened in the shadow of Senna (2010) and Rush (2013). The film is praised for complementing them both. The Independent described the film as produced alongside Rush. Walthert claimed the film was a response to Senna, which "raised the bar for F1 filmmaking" as much as its predecessor. The archival footage is said to be familiar to viewers of those films, but it is said to be "moving" and "smartly marshalled". British GQ critic Rebecca Cox described the footage as "100 per cent real and utterly terrifying".


1 (B1A4 album)
1 is the Japanese debut studio album by the South Korean boy band B1A4. It was released on October 24, 2012 in three different editions.


1 (B1A4 album), Background
The album was announced by the group's Korean agency, WM Entertainment, with details of the album release and along with a release of the group's first DVD B1A4 History 2011-2012 in Japan. The album was released in three different editions: a CD+DVD, including the CD and a DVD including the music videos of "Beautiful Target" and "Oyasumi Good Night", as well its making-of videos, a CD+Goods, including the CD and a special member figure (one out of five different types) and a regular edition, including the CD itself and a special trading card (one out of five different types). All editions came with a special lottery ticket to a Premium Event of their first Japanese album.


1 (B1A4 album), Composition
The album is composed of ten songs: two singles, five new songs, and three Japanese versions of songs previously recorded in Korean. The tracks "O.K", "Only One" and "Waruikoto Bakari Manande" were originally recorded in Korean and released on the group's debut mini album Let's Fly.


1 (B1A4 album), Singles
The first single from the album is a Japanese version of "Beautiful Target". It was released on June 27, 2012 as the group's Japanese debut single. The original version of the song, recorded in Korean, was released on the group's second mini album It B1A4. It peaked number 4 on Oricon's Weekly chart with around 38,000 copies sold to date.


1 (B1A4 album), Singles
The second and final single from the album is a Japanese version of "Baby Good Night", retitled in Japanese to "Oyasumi Good Night". It was released on August 29, 2012  and peaked number 4 in Oricon's Weekly chart with around 39,000 copies sold to date. The original version of the song, recorded in Korean, was released on the special version of the group's first Korean album, Ignition.


1 (Beatles album)
1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles, originally released on 13 November 2000. The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970. Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band's break-up, it was their first compilation available on only one CD. 1 was a commercial success and topped charts worldwide. It has sold over 31 million copies.


1 (Beatles album)
In addition, since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking US album sales in January 1991, 1 is the fourth best-selling album in the US, the best-selling album of the 2000s decade in the US, as well as the best-selling album of the decade worldwide.


1 (Beatles album)
1 was remastered and reissued in September 2011. It was remixed and reissued again in several different deluxe editions in November 2015, the most comprehensive of which is a three-disc set entitled 1+, which includes video discs of Beatles promotional films.


1 (Beatles album)
As of June 2015, 1 was the sixth best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK, having sold over 3.1 million copies.


1 (Beatles album), Background
1 was compiled by producer George Martin and former band members Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The album contains the 27 Beatles songs that went to number one in the United Kingdom on the Record Retailer Top 50 chart or in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Despite Harrison's "For You Blue" charting at number 1 on Billboard, along with the A-side "The Long and Winding Road", Capitol Records treated "For You Blue" as strictly a B-side and did not promote it as an A-side.


1 (Beatles album), Background
"Day Tripper" was included on 1 since it charted at number 1 in the UK as a double A-side with "We Can Work It Out", while in the US, only "We Can Work It Out" was number 1. Two singles written by John Lennon and released in both the UK and US were omitted as they did not top either the Record Retailer chart or the Billboard Hot 100: "Please Please Me" and "Strawberry Fields Forever".


1 (Beatles album), Background
The former was the Beatles' first UK number one single in all British charts except Record Retailer, reaching the top spot in the music magazines New Musical Express, Melody Maker and Disc. "Strawberry Fields Forever" was part of a double A-side single with "Penny Lane", which reached the top spot in Melody Maker and peaked at number 2 in the other UK charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's "Release Me".


1 (Beatles album), Background
The album is a combination of both the US and UK versions of the 1982 compilation 20 Greatest Hits, with the addition of "Something" (which was left off 20 Greatest Hits because of time constraints). On 1, "Hey Jude" was included in its original full-length version (slightly over seven minutes), whereas the American version of 20 Greatest Hits contained a shortened version.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering
Before 1, all 27 songs were mainly available on two remastered CD releases: firstly on the respective Beatles studio albums released in 1987 (as well as Past Masters, Volume One and Past Masters, Volume Two, released in 1988). The second remastering was made available on the CD versions for 1962–1966 and 1967–1970, released in 1993.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering
The songs on 1 were remastered specifically for the release in 2000. According to the liner notes of the album, the original analogue masters were "digitally remastered at 24 bits resolution, processed using Sonic Solutions NoNoise technology and mastered to 16-bit using Prism SNS Noise Shaping". The remastering was overseen by Peter Mew of Abbey Road Studios and took place there. In 2011, 1 was remastered and reissued on CD.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering
In 2015 it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin; when Martin began to assist with fixing up the audio tracks for the 1+ video clips, he realised that his goal of making them "more immersive" should also apply to 1. For the remixing project, Martin commented: "The remasters went back to these final mix tapes and remastered them. They cleaned them up and then they EQ-ed them and released them. What we're doing is remixing. We're going not to the final mix, we're creating our own mixes." About his remixing approach, Martin said: "My approach was to be respectful of everything, I had sessions and sessions where I flipped between previously remastered stereos, the mono remasters, and the remixes we've done. I flip between everything and make sure I prefer what we've done."


1 (Beatles album), Background, Package
The package of 1 was intended to be simplistic and ambitious at the same time. Its cover was designed by Rick Ward, and consists of a pop art-style yellow number one on a red background. The emphasis on the 1 digit was used on many of the compilations of number-one hits by different artists that followed this album; for example, ELV1S by Elvis Presley and Number Ones by the Bee Gees. The album's back cover features the famous photos of the Beatles taken by Richard Avedon and copyrighted on 17 August 1967. The design exclusively uses variations of the Helvetica typeface.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Package
1 was released worldwide in CD and cassette. The vinyl format was released only in the United Kingdom. The CD includes a 32-page booklet with a coloured page with international picture covers (a total of 163 covers are displayed on the whole booklet) and details (recording date, location, release date, chart stats) for each of the singles.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Package
It also includes on its first two pages a collage with 27 1s in different colours (all of them following the same art as the cover) with the sentence "27 No. 1 singles = 1" (which was used as a catch phrase for the promo ads for the album), and a foreword by George Martin.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Package
The LP and cassette keep the main art of the CD version, but in a different form. The double vinyl record version was not released in the US, but the imported British edition was available. The vinyl version features a large full-colour fold-out poster showing 126 picture sleeves (37 fewer than on the CD), and reproductions of the four Richard Avedon photos. The Avedon portraits also appear on the inside of the gate-fold cover. The records have custom labels featuring the same graphics as the front cover and are packaged in custom inner sleeves.


1 (Beatles album), Background, Package
The deluxe packaging of the vinyl album, with its four portraits and poster, is reminiscent to that of their titular 1968 album. The cassette included a 20-page insert, including the collage, the George Martin commentary and paged Avedon's portraits on its inlay and the whole description for the tracks as a total of 36 covers on its inlay reverse.


1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+
On 6 November 2015, Apple Records released a deluxe version of the original album, titled 1+. Most of the tracks on 1 have been remixed from the original multi-track masters by Giles Martin, except the first three tracks, which are the original mono mixes. In addition to the new mixes, there are surround sound 5.1 mixes presented as Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio in the Blu-ray version and Dolby Digital and DTS in the DVD version.


1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+
1+ also includes 50 promotional films/performances, plus commentary and introductions from Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. All the videos have been digitally restored and enhanced. They are available on DVD and Blu-ray.


1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+
Variations of 1/1+ include standard CD, CD/DVD, CD/Blu-ray, CD/2DVD, CD/2Blu-ray. The double-disc video editions also feature a 124-page hard-bound book with illustrations. The DVD/Blu-ray video editions are also available as a stand-alone package.


1 (Beatles album), Reception
1 received universal acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album five stars out of five. He stated that there is "no question that this is all great music", although to him "there's really no reason for anyone who owns all the records to get this too".


1 (Beatles album), Legacy
1 went on to inspire the release of a wave of compilation albums, in particular three other "number ones" albums: Elvis Presley's ELV1S (2002), Michael Jackson's Number Ones (2003) and the Bee Gees' Number Ones (2004). Other compilations inspired by 1 issued included Nirvana's Nirvana (2002), the Rolling Stones' Forty Licks (2002), Pink Floyd's Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd (2001), The Who's The Ultimate Collection (2002) and Dean Martin's Dino: The Essential Dean Martin (2004).


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
The reception of 1 surpassed all critical and commercial expectations. It reached number 1 in over 35 countries, achieving the record for the album debuting at the top of the most national charts ever. It became the highest-selling of 2000 and, some time later, of the entire decade. This achievement made the Beatles the first and only artist to have the best-selling albums of two different decades: they also released the best-selling album of the 1960s, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. No tracks from Sgt. Pepper appear on this album. With this album, the Beatles also achieved having an album hit the number 1 position in the US in four non-consecutive decades (1960s, 1970s, 1990s and 2000s).


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In the United Kingdom, 1 became the Beatles' 15th number 1 album with sales of 319,126 copies (achieving record sales for only one week in 2000). On 18 December 2000, Ananova.com reported that the album has "become 2000's biggest-selling album—in only five weeks." 1 was the first album to stay at the top spot for nine weeks in almost ten years (the last being the Eurythmics's Greatest Hits), the best-selling album of 2000, and the fourth best-selling album of the 2000s so far in the UK.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In its eleventh week, 1 sold a total of two million copies in the UK. It spent a total of 46 weeks inside the Top 75. In July 2013 it was certified 10× platinum by the BPI, for over 3 million copies sold in the UK.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
It is the 21st best-selling album in the UK, according to an assessment by the Official Charts Company and the British Phonographic Industry that counted album sales in the UK from 28 July 1956 to the present day, and the second best-selling Beatles album in that country (only beaten by Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which is the UK's third best-selling album). As of July 2016, the album has sold over 3,230,000 copies in the UK.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In the United States, the response was similar. 1 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 during the week of 2 December 2000 with sales totaling over 595,500 copies. In its second week, sales increased to 662,000 but it was knocked off the top spot by Backstreet Boys' Black & Blue which sold 1.59 million units, therefore, 1 fell off to number two on its week on chart.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
The following week it stayed at number two selling 607,000 units, by doing so, the album became the sixth to debut at the top of the Billboard 200 and post a SoundScan increase in its second week and the first to do so after opening with a sum of more than half a million copies. During the week of 23 December 2000, its fourth week on chart, 1 moved 671,000 copies and returned to the top of the Billboard 200. The next week, on 30 December 2000 it stayed at the top of the chart selling 823,500 copies.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
On 10 February 2001, after being the number one album for eight non-consecutive weeks, 1 fell off to number four on the Billboard 200 with 173,500 units sold, a 19.5% dip in sales, by the time this happened the album had sold almost six millions units. The album spent a total of eight weeks at number 1 and sold 1,258,667 copies during the week before Christmas of 2000.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
With this number, the Beatles achieved a new record: it was the seventh highest one-week sales in Soundscan history, the highest for an album not in its first week of sales, and the highest for an album comprising previously released music. The album spent 309 weeks inside the Billboard 200 and was the sixth best-selling album in the United States in 2000 with 5,100,000 copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan. On 30 August 2011 the band announced through their Facebook account that the album was available to pre-order from iTunes and that it was digitally remastered.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
On 24 September 2011, after the album made its digital debut in the iTunes Store it re-entered on the Billboard 200 at number four selling 60,000 units, it also topped the iTunes album charts in the US, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland, Spain, New Zealand and Greece according to a Capitol/EMI press release. Its digital launch on the iTunes Store was accompanied with a price of $9.99 and a Twitter camping with the hashtag #MyBeatles1 asking their fans: What is your favorite "1" track? Resulting in many celebrities and stars posting their favorites, too.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In 2015, after it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin, 1 re-entered on the Billboard 200 at number six selling 40,000 units. It was certified eleven times platinum by the RIAA on 8 March 2010 denoting shipments of eleven million units, and 1 is included on the list of the Top 100 Albums by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album is the best-selling album of the 21st century in the US and the fourth best-selling album in the Soundscan era (1991–present). As of October 2019, the album has had sold 13 million copies in the US. In the US, the album secured the Beatles a fourth decade in which they placed an album at number 1 on the Billboard chart.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In Canada, 1 debuted at number 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 54,668 copies in its first week. The album was certified Diamond (1,000,000 units) by the CRIA in February 2001, just four months after its release. As of 2009, 1 has sold 1,103,000 units in Canada, making it the fifth best-selling album ever in Canada of the Nielsen SoundScan era.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In Germany, 1 debuted at number 1 and managed to stay there nine non-consecutive weeks. Though this, it stayed only seventeen weeks in the top ten of the German Albums Chart, but fifty weeks in the total chart. By selling 1,650,000 copies and reaching 11× Gold, it's the third best-selling album of the decade 2000–2009 and the best-selling non-German language album.


1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance
In 2009, Apple Corps, the Beatles' company, stated that worldwide sales of 1 had exceeded 31 million copies. Worldwide in 2000 the album sold 13.8 million copies, with 2 million or more copies sold during 2 consecutive weeks, and was the fourth best-selling album behind Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP, Britney Spears' Oops!... I Did It Again, and Santana's Supernatural.


1 (Beatles album), Track listing
All songs written by Lennon–McCartney, except "Something" by George Harrison, and those others as noted on the second DVD. All tracks produced by George Martin except "The Long and Winding Road" re-produced for disc by Phil Spector. CD tracks 1–3 are in mono; all others on CD are in stereo.


1 (Beatles album), Certifications and sales
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.


1 (Demy album)
#1 is the first studio album by Greek singer Demy, released in Greece and Cyprus on 19 December 2012 by Panik Records. The album includes all five singles that were put out prior to its release, including the hit "Mia Zografia", "Mono Brosta" and "Poses Hiliades Kalokairia", as well as the promotional/radio single "Kratise Me" featuring OGE. The album also included three previously unheard songs, "Ta Matia Sou", "Ki An Prospatho" and "Meno", with the latter two ending up being released as singles later on. The album track list finishes with the English version of "Poses Hiliades Kalokaria", titled "Love Light". Nearly six months after its release, on June 15, 2013, the album was certified platinum selling 12,000 copies in Greece.


1 (Fischerspooner album)
#1 is the first full-length album by electroclash duo Fischerspooner released in 2001. It originally received a limited run on International DeeJay Gigolo Records, and contained "The 15th", a cover of a Wire song from their album 154. #1 has been re-pressed several times with a different track listing. The title "Fucker" was also censored on subsequent releases, either as "! @*$%#", "*#! @¥¿", or "*#!@Y? ".


1 (Fischerspooner album)
"Sweetness", "L.A. Song" and "Megacolon", all from the re-issue were originally released together on an EP titled #1 Supplement that was discontinued in time for the first re-issue. A limited edition pressing from 2003 also included a DVD with several remixes, a documentary, as well as four videos—"Sweetness", "The 15th" and two versions of "Emerge".


1 (Fischerspooner album)
"Emerge" was listed at #243 on Pitchfork Media's Best songs of the 2000s.


1 (Fischerspooner album), Test Marketed DualDisc version of the album
#1 was included among a group of 15 DualDisc releases that were test marketed in just two cities: Boston and Seattle. The DualDisc version of the album is rare. It has the standard album on one side, and bonus material on the second side. The DualDisc release was never reissued after the very limited test market run.


1 (Fischerspooner album), Reception
#1 received mostly favorable reviews from critics. The album holds a score of 70 out of 100 on the review aggregator website Metacritic.


1 (Fischerspooner album), Reception
The record was placed at number 34 in Q magazine's 2006 list, "The 50 Worst Albums Ever!"


1 (Julio Iglesias album)
1, or 1: Greatest Hits, is a double studio album by Julio Iglesias, released in 2011 on Sony Music Latin.


1 (Julio Iglesias album)
The album contains newly recorded versions of selected Julio Iglesias' hits. The overall arrangements of the new recordings are very similar to the originals.


1 (New York City Subway service)
The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored red, since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route.


1 (New York City Subway service)
The 1 operates at all times, making all stops between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan.


1 (New York City Subway service)
The modern 1 train has always run up to Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, but its route below 96th Street has varied through the years. Initially, there were two main service patterns south of 96th Street: a local service to South Ferry in Manhattan, and an express service to Brooklyn. The express service was discontinued in 1959. From 1989 to 2005, the 1 ran in a skip-stop service pattern during rush hours, with the 9 providing the complementary skip-stop service on the same route. The 1 and 9 trains were rerouted after the September 11 attacks in 2001; although they had mostly resumed their normal route by 2002, the 1 train skipped the Cortlandt Street station until 2018.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
When the New York City Subway began operation between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, which the modern 1 train uses. Trains ran from Lower Manhattan to the 242nd Street station near Van Cortlandt Park, using what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with express trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains terminated at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
On November 15, 1906, a petition with 20,000 signatures was sent to the Rapid Transit Commission to request the restoration of express service on the third track north of 96th Street. Residents of Inwood, Marble Hill, and Kingsbridge joined Washington Heights residents in requesting this service to speed their commutes. After receiving that petition, on November 16, the Rapid Transit Commission ordered the Interborough Rapid Transit Company to extend express service from 96th Street to 137th Street in three days. Limited express service was inaugurated on November 19, 1906, operating between 7:20 and 8:58 a.m. and 4:54 and 6:18 p.m. to and from 181st Street.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
On June 3, 1917, the first portion of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line south of Times Square–42nd Street (to 34th Street–Penn Station) opened. A separate shuttle service between Times Square and 34th Street was placed into service as well. On July 1, 1918, this shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shorter shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street. Finally, the new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
On January 16, 1928, the New York State Transit Commission announced that it had reached an agreement with the IRT to increase service on its lines by 8,000,000 car miles a year–the greatest increase since 1922. As part of the changes, on January 30, all 242nd Street trains started running to New Lots Avenue. This change eliminated the splitting of trains at Brooklyn Museum, with the first half going to New Lots Avenue and the second half to Flatbush Avenue. In addition, the span of rush hour service on both Broadway–Seventh Avenue locals and expresses was increased.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
On January 25, 1931, the start time for southbound split train operation was changed from 1 p.m. to 9 a.m. passing Franklin Avenue in order to increase the frequency of service to Flatbush Avenue and New Lots Avenue from every sixteen minutes to every eight minutes.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
As of 1934, all express 1 trains were running from 242nd Street to New Lots Avenue weekdays and Saturdays during the day, alternating between New Lots and Flatbush Avenues evenings and Sunday afternoons, and were split at Brooklyn Museum on Sunday morning with the first half going to New Lots Avenue and the second half to Flatbush Avenue. All local 1 trains ran from 137th Street (extended to Dyckman Street during rush hours) to South Ferry days and evenings, and 242nd Street to either New Lots or Flatbush Avenues during late nights (from midnight to 5:30 a.m.).


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
On September 5, 1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. Trains were cut from being 10-car trains to 7-car trains. On July 1, 1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue. By 1945, all local 1 trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street during peak periods.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
Beginning on May 10, 1946, all 1 trains in Brooklyn ran express during late nights, with service running every twelve minutes. Previously all 1 trains ran local from 12:30 to 5:30 am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20, 1946, all late night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue, while Sunday service still alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On June 12, 1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday local trains were discontinued, but were resumed on March 5, 1950, at which time Sunday service was also rerouted to New Lots Avenue. On March 15, 1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry local trains were once again discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service
An attempt was made to extend express service further north on January 14, 1955, when Broadway express trains, or every other 1 train, began running express between 137th and 96th Streets in the peak direction, between 7:32 and 8:33 a.m., and between 5:10 and 5:59 p.m.. Express trains terminated at 242nd Street. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28, 1956. Meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue and evening 137th Street to South Ferry local trains were discontinued.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, West Side improvement
Under a $100-million rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train. Trains then stopped using the switches north of 96th Street, except for General Orders, when temporary construction-related service diversions were in effect. On February 6, 1959, 1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry at all times. Trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service with new R21 and R22 subway cars on the route. During rush hours in the peak direction, alternate trains from 242nd Street only stopped at 168th Street while running express from Dyckman to 137th Streets in the direction of heavy traffic. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, West Side improvement
Evening rush local/express service was discontinued on February 2, 1959. Morning rush hour express service was revised on January 8, 1962, with express trains stopping at 191st Street and 181st Street, and skipping 215th Street and 207th Street. This express service was discontinued on May 24, 1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
In April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of skip-stop service. As soon as the plan was announced, some local officials were opposed to the change. Initially, skip-stop service would have been operated north of 116th Street, with the 1 service skipping 125th Street, 157th Street, 207th Street, and 225th Street, and a new numbered 9 service skipping 145th Street, 181st Street, Dyckman Street, 215th Street and 238th Street.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
As part of the study that resulted in the skip-stop plan, the NYCTA studied using the center track for express service. However, the agency settled on skip-stop service because the center track existed in two discontinuous segments, which would require complicated track-switching maneuvers to accommodate the express trains. Most passengers would not have to wait longer for a train: previously, one-third of 1 trains had terminated at 137th Street, but under the new service pattern, these trains would run the full route to 242nd Street instead. Previously, stations north of 137th Street were served by a train every 10 minutes.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
At stations served by only one of the skip-stop services, the maximum wait was to be 10 minutes, while at stations served by all trains, the maximum wait would be 5 minutes. Skip-stop trains would not speed through stations, instead passing through skipped stops at 15 mph (24 km/h), the maximum allowed per NYCTA rules.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
In July 1988, it was announced that the 1/9 skip-stop service would begin on August 29, 1988. Skip-stop service was expected to speed up travel times for almost half of riders north of 96th Street. In August 1988, the NYCTA postponed plans for 1/9 skip-stop service due to public opposition. NYCTA officials recognized that they did not do a good job informing the community, and indicated that they planned to continue to look into it.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
Plans to implement skip-stop service on the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6> trains), which were contingent on the success of 1/9 skip-stop, were indefinitely postponed. In September 1988, the MTA Board formally voted to defer implementation of 1/9 skip-stop service for these reasons. NYCTA planned to initiate outreach in January 1989 and implement the change at some point later that year. In October 1988, the NYCTA informed local communities that it planned to implement skip-stop the following spring. However, residents of Inwood and Washington Heights were particularly opposed to the change, since most stops in these neighborhoods would be skipped by one of the two routes, and since they had not been included in the planning process.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
In March 1989, the NYCTA stated that there was no set date for the implementation of the plan, with service possibly starting as late as the fall. To convince local communities, it set up meetings with residents and distributed leaflets advertising the change. In attempt to win their favor, they changed the name of the service from skip-stop to express service.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
A public hearing on the NYCTA's plan for skip-stop service was held on June 27, 1989. The goals of skip-stop service were to extend all trips to 242nd Street, to provide faster travel times for a majority of riders, and to improve service reliability through evenly loaded and spaced trains. During 1987 and 1988, analysis was conducted to determine various options for express service along the 1, including using the center express track. As part of the plan, express service was to operate weekdays between 6:30 a.m. and 7 p.m.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
Trips that ended at 137th Street were extended to 242nd Street, which eliminated the need for a significant reduction in service levels at local stops. The 125th Street station, which is located south of 137th Street, would have experienced a reduction in service. The location of all-stop stations and skip-stop stations was done to evenly distribute passengers between the 1 and the 9, and to accommodate reverse commuting patterns. Stops with ridership greater than 8,000 daily passengers were designated all-stop stations, while less patronized stops were served by either 1 or 9 trains.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
One change was made from the 1988 plan: due to community input 181st Street was added as an all-stop station. Express service was expected to save up to 2+1⁄2 minutes of travel time, while all-stop stations would see an additional 2+1⁄2-minute reduction in waiting time. This would save between six and nine minutes or a 19% travel time reduction. Running express service via the center track was dismissed since the track had not been designed for express service.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
The track south of 145th Street is not long enough to allow an express train to pass a local, resulting in merging delays at 103rd Street which would eliminate any time saved. In addition, the busiest stops on the route north of 96th Street would be bypassed without any time savings. Extending all-local service to 242nd Street or adding additional trains were dismissed since they would require additional subway cars, which were not available at the time.


1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation
On July 28, 1989, the MTA Board approved a revised 1/9 skip-stop plan unanimously, with the plan scheduled to take effect on August 21, 1989. Unlike the original plan, 1 trains would skip 145th Street, 191st Street, 207th Street and 225th Street, while 9 trains would skip 157th Street, Dyckman Street, 215th Street and 238th Street.