10 Essential Public Health Services, Purposes
The 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities. In recognition of public health’s commitment to provide a fair and just opportunity for everyone to achieve optimal health and well-being, the framework now contains an equity statement, centers equity in the graphic, and incorporates equity throughout each Essential Service.


10 Essential Public Health Services, Purposes
The EPHS are organized according to the "three fundamental purposes of public health" (i.e., the three core functions of public health) — assessment, policy development, and assurance:


10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services
The revised framework includes an updated graphic, which includes an equity statement.


10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services
Equity Statement: To protect and promote the health of all people in all communities


10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services
The 10 Essential Public Health Services provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities. To achieve equity, the Essential Public Health Services actively promote policies, systems, and overall community conditions that enable optimal health for all and seek to remove systemic and structural barriers that have resulted in health inequities. Such barriers include poverty, racism, gender discrimination, ableism, and other forms of oppression. Everyone should have a fair and just opportunity to achieve optimal health and well-being.


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released an assessment of the U.S. public health system titled, The Future of Public Health. The report described the network of county, state, and national public health agencies as being in "disarray" and prompted a national discussion about the state of public health in the country. Questioning the ability of existing public health systems to provide essential services, the report sought to establish a comprehensive framework delineating the "three fundamental purposes of public health." These purposes included "assessment, policy development, and assurance."


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
Though health policy academicians identified with and understood the IOM framework, policy makers found its highly conceptual language difficult to apply. Therefore, as part of President Clinton’s 1994 healthcare reform efforts, a federal working-group was tasked with reviewing and supplementing the framework. Under the auspices of both the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Public Health Practice Program Office and the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the group sought to:


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
These efforts culminated in the publication of The Essential Services of Public Health in late 1994. The report was well received. Public health agencies and professional organizations began to align guidelines and employ self-assessment tools in support of the 10 Essential Services. The CDC launched a number of research projects aimed at developing strategies for measuring how well public health agencies provided the services. Many of these studies were the first of their kind and ushered in an era of health agency monitoring and assessment. Between 1994 and 2020, the 10 EPHS was widely adopted and used as the basis for other frameworks, as demonstrated below.


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
From spring 2019 to fall 2020 , the Public Health National Center for Innovations (PHNCI) partnered with the de Beaumont Foundation to review and revise the 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS). The Futures Initiative: the 10 Essential Public Health Services brought the national framework in line with current and future public health practice. This effort, led by a task force of public health experts, engaged the public health community in activities to collect information and build consensus for an updated 10 EPHS framework that reflects current and emerging public health practice needs.


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
In addition to the task force, a crowd-sourced feedback process was essential to the revision. The broader public health field was engaged at multiple stages of the revision process, including initial feedback and for vetting the draft framework, and in a variety of settings, including live crowdsourcing events, in-person and virtual townhalls, think tank discussions, and open questionnaires. Over 1,350 individuals from health departments (local, state, and territorial), academia/research, non-profits or community-based organizations, federal agencies, and students contributed to the revision process. The first question participants were asked was to determine the public’s view on the EPHS framework to determine if the field believed a revision was necessary. Eighty-five percent of respondents indicated that the framework should be kept but revised to some degree.


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
Changes were made throughout the EPHS to modernize language and update the Essential Services based on current practice. Major changes to the EPHS include adding equity as a central element and a new EPHS #10. EPHS #10 now focuses on the importance of organizational infrastructure. Previous components of EPHS #10 were added to EPHS #9.


10 Essential Public Health Services, History
The EPHS is and has always been a framework written by the field, for the field. To encourage adoption and implementation of the revised EPHS, a free digital toolkit was created with downloadable graphics, presentations, and more. As of January 2021, the toolkit has received over 21,000 visits. In order to ensure the guide for the public health field reflects existing needs, the de Beaumont Foundation plans to reconvene a task force in five years to determine if revisions are necessary and will continue to support updates as needed.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
The EPHS has been an essential guide for the public health field and beyond for 25 years. In 2002, the CDC and several national public health associations launched the National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP). With the goal of developing a consensus-based set of performance standards for state and local public health delivery systems, the NPHPSP adopted the Essential Public Health Services as "the fundamental framework" underpinning its assessment strategy. The NPHPSP consists of three instruments — The State Public Health System Assessment, The Local Public Health System Assessment, and The Local Public Health Governance Assessment — and covers the gamut of public health action as described by the Essential Public Health Services.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
In 2005, NACCHO released the Operational Definition of a Functional Local Health Department to define the role of the local governmental public health department in providing each of the EPHS. Understanding that there are factors at the local level that make each local health department unique, the Operational Definition defines what everyone, no matter where they live, can reasonably expect from the local health department.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
In the 2003 report The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century, the Institute of Medicine recommended the exploration of national accreditation for health departments and encouraged that accreditation build on existing frameworks such as the NPHPSP and the Operational Definition of a Functional Local Health Department. The Exploring Accreditation Project (EAP) recommended a model for the voluntary national accreditation program including 12 domains for accreditation standards, based largely on the EPHS.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
The EAP Steering Committee made a deliberate decision to use existing efforts (including NPHPSP and the Operational Definition, both of which are based on the EPHS) as the cornerstone for developing the Standards & Measures because they had already been vetted and because doing so would ensure the availability of existing tools to help health departments prepare. The resulting Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) Standards & Measures were ultimately organized into 12 Domains, the first 10 addressing the 10 EPHS, with two domains added to address management/administration and governance.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
Organization of the PHAB Standards & Measures around the EPHS also mirrored several states’ accreditation efforts based on the EPHS and reflected local health departments’ adoption of the EPHS as a framework around which to base their work. PHAB accreditation provided a way for health departments to benchmark their provision of the EPHS, allowing them to understand the extent to which they are providing the EPHS and holding them publicly accountable for their performance.


10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives
The World Health Organization uses their own Essential Package of Health Services and additional sub-specialties have tailored the EPHS as well. As the revised framework is adopted, other initiatives may update their contents as well.


10 Eventful Years
10 Eventful Years is the title of the 1947 Encyclopædia Britannica compilation, spanning ten years, 1937 through 1946. The books were commissioned and edited by Walter Yust, the editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica and were partly based on the Encyclopedia's annual Year Book.


10 Eventful Years
It was published by E.B. Inc (based in Chicago, London & Toronto) and the University of Chicago in 1947, and consists of four volumes spanning the whole 10 years and covering topics into the usual A-Z format. The book is a combination of text and black-and-white photographs, with a colour image at the beginning of each book.


10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo
On February 10, 2007, Kosovo Albanians protested against the Ahtisaari Plan. The crowd in Pristina protested against a UN plan on the future status of Kosovo. Many ethnic Albanians were unhappy that the plan fell short of granting full independence for Kosovo. The proposals, unveiled on February 2 by chief UN envoy Martti Ahtisaari, recommended a form of self-rule - which in itself was strongly opposed by Serbia.


10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo
Arben Xheladini and Mon Balaj were killed on February 10, 2007, during a demonstration after the Romanian Police serving in the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, UNMIK, fired rubber bullets. Others were seriously injured. The international rights watchdog Amnesty International urged the UN Special Representative in Kosovo to persuade the UN mission in Kosovo, UNMIK, to apologize for the “failure to protect the lives of Mon Balaj and Arben Xheladini ... and provide the complainants with full reparation for the damage suffered”.


10 Firwood Fold
10 Firwood Fold is a 16th-century house in Bolton, Greater Manchester (grid reference ). It is a Grade I listed building and the birthplace of Samuel Crompton in 1753.


10 Firwood Fold
The Crompton family lived in the house until 1758, making a living from farming and weaving, before moving to rented quarters at nearby Hall i' th' Wood.


10 Foot Ganja Plant
10 Foot Ganja Plant (also stylized as 10 Ft. Ganja Plant) is a roots/dub Reggae group primarily based in upstate New York. It is a spinoff of the group John Brown's Body and is led by Craig Welsch. The group lineup currently shares no members with JBB, and often employs the assistance of many special guest artists.


10 Foot Ganja Plant
10 Ft. Ganja Plant often places no personnel credits on any of their albums. Most of their music has a traditional reggae sound, but their musical styles vary.


10 Foot Ganja Plant
During their tenure, the band has had 5 albums on Billboard's Reggae Albums chart.


10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.


10 Gigabit Ethernet
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard encompasses a number of different physical layer (PHY) standards. A networking device, such as a switch or a network interface controller may have different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules, such as those based on SFP+. Like previous versions of Ethernet, 10GbE can use either copper or fiber cabling. Maximum distance over copper cable is 100 meters but because of its bandwidth requirements, higher-grade cables are required.


10 Gigabit Ethernet
The adoption of 10 Gigabit Ethernet has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet: in 2007, one million 10GbE ports were shipped, in 2009 two million ports were shipped, and in 2010 over three million ports were shipped, with an estimated nine million ports in 2011. As of 2012, although the price per gigabit of bandwidth for 10 Gigabit Ethernet was about one-third compared to Gigabit Ethernet, the price per port of 10 Gigabit Ethernet still hindered more widespread adoption.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards
Over the years the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published several standards relating to 10GbE.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules
To implement different 10GbE physical layer standards, many interfaces consist of a standard socket into which different physical (PHY) layer modules may be plugged. PHY modules are not specified in an official standards body but by multi-source agreements (MSAs) that can be negotiated more quickly. Relevant MSAs for 10GbE include XENPAK (and related X2 and XPAK), XFP and SFP+. When choosing a PHY module, a designer considers cost, reach, media type, power consumption, and size (form factor). A single point-to-point link can have different MSA pluggable formats on either end (e.g. XPAK and SFP+) as long as the 10GbE optical or copper port type (e.g. 10GBASE-SR) supported by the pluggable is identical.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules
XENPAK was the first MSA for 10GE and had the largest form factor. X2 and XPAK were later competing standards with smaller form factors. X2 and XPAK have not been as successful in the market as XENPAK. XFP came after X2 and XPAK and it is also smaller.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules
The newest module standard is the enhanced small form-factor pluggable transceiver, generally called SFP+. Based on the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP) and developed by the ANSI T11 fibre channel group, it is smaller still and lower power than XFP. SFP+ has become the most popular socket on 10GE systems. SFP+ modules do only optical to electrical conversion, no clock and data recovery, putting a higher burden on the host's channel equalization. SFP+ modules share a common physical form factor with legacy SFP modules, allowing higher port density than XFP and the re-use of existing designs for 24 or 48 ports in a 19-inch rack width blade.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules
Optical modules are connected to a host by either a XAUI, XFI or SerDes Framer Interface (SFI) interface. XENPAK, X2, and XPAK modules use XAUI to connect to their hosts. XAUI (XGXS) uses a four-lane data channel and is specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 47. XFP modules use a XFI interface and SFP+ modules use an SFI interface. XFI and SFI use a single lane data channel and the 64b/66b encoding specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules
SFP+ modules can further be grouped into two types of host interfaces: linear or limiting. Limiting modules are preferred except when for long-reach applications using 10GBASE-LRM modules.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber
There are two basic types of optical fiber used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode (MMF). In SMF light follows a single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD). SMF is used for long-distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300 m. SMF has a narrower core (8.3 μm) which requires a more precise termination and connection method. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5 μm). The advantage of MMF is that it can be driven by a low cost Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for short distances, and multi-mode connectors are cheaper and easier to terminate reliably in the field. The advantage of SMF is that it can work over longer distances.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber
In the 802.3 standard, reference is made to FDDI-grade MMF fiber. This has a 62.5 μm core and a minimum modal bandwidth of 160 MHz·km at 850 nm. It was originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BASE-FX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical MMF fiber types OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4. OM1 has a 62.5 μm core while the others have a 50 μm core. At 850 nm the minimum modal bandwidth of OM1 is 200 MHz·km, of OM2 500 MHz·km, of OM3 2000 MHz·km and of OM4 4700 MHz·km. FDDI-grade cable is now obsolete and new structured cabling installations use either OM3 or OM4 cabling. OM3 cable can carry 10 Gigabit Ethernet 300 meters using low cost 10GBASE-SR optics. OM4 can manage 400 meters.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber
To distinguish SMF from MMF cables, SMF cables are usually yellow, while MMF cables are orange (OM1 & OM2) or aqua (OM3 & OM4). However, in fiber optics there is no uniform color for any specific optical speed or technology with the exception being angular physical connector (APC), it being an agreed color of green.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber
There are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard SFP+ sockets. They are lower cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the required length and type of cable.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR
10GBASE-SR ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) is 64b/66b and is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbd.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR
The range depends on the type of multi-mode fiber used.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR
MMF has the advantage over SMF of having lower cost connectors; its wider core requires less mechanical precision.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR
The 10GBASE-SR transmitter is implemented with a VCSEL which is low cost and low power. OM3 and OM4 optical cabling is sometimes described as laser optimized because they have been designed to work with VCSELs. 10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest power and smallest form factor optical modules.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR
There is a lower cost, lower power variant sometimes referred to as 10GBASE-SRL (10GBASE-SR lite). This is inter-operable with 10GBASE-SR but only has a reach of 100 meters.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR
10GBASE-LR (long reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR
The 10GBASE-LR transmitter is implemented with a Fabry–Pérot or Distributed feedback laser (DFB). DFB lasers are more expensive than VCSELs but their high power and longer wavelength allow efficient coupling into the small core of single-mode fiber over greater distances.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR
10GBASE-LR maximum fiber length is 10 kilometers, although this will vary depending on the type of single-mode fiber used.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LRM
10GBASE-LRM, (long reach multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd. 10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) for receive equalization.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LRM
10GBASE-LRM allows distances up to 220 metres (720 ft) on FDDI-grade multi-mode fiber and the same 220m maximum reach on OM1, OM2 and OM3 fiber types. 10GBASE-LRM reach is not quite as far as the older 10GBASE-LX4 standard. Some 10GBASE-LRM transceivers also allow distances up to 300 metres (980 ft) on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652), however this is not part of the IEEE or MSA specification. To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter should be coupled through a mode conditioning patch cord. No mode conditioning patch cord is required for applications over OM3 or OM4.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER
10GBASE-ER (extended reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1550 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER
The 10GBASE-ER transmitter is implemented with an externally modulated laser (EML).


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER
10GBASE-ER has a reach of 40 kilometres (25 mi) over engineered links and 30 km over standard links.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ZR
Several manufacturers have introduced 80 km (50 mi) range under the name 10GBASE-ZR. This 80 km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have created their own specifications based upon the 80 km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET specifications.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LX4
10GBASE-LX4 is a port type for multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. It uses four separate laser sources operating at 3.125 Gbit/s and Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing with four unique wavelengths around 1310 nm. Its 8B10B PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 53.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LX4
10GBASE-LX4 has a range of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) over SMF. It can reach 300 metres (980 ft) over FDDI-grade, OM1, OM2 and OM3 multi-mode cabling. In this case, it needs to be coupled through a SMF offset-launch mode-conditioning patch cord.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-PR
10GBASE-PR originally specified in IEEE 802.3av is a 10 Gigabit Ethernet PHY for passive optical networks and uses 1577 nm lasers in the downstream direction and 1270 nm lasers in the upstream direction. Its PMD sublayer is specified in Clause 75. Downstream delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s in a point to multi-point configuration.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-PR
10GBASE-PR has three power budgets specified as 10GBASE-PR10, 10GBASE-PR20 and 10GBASE-PR30.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, Bi-directional single strand
Multiple vendors have introduced single strand, bi-directional 10 Gbit/s optics capable of a single-mode fiber connection functionally equivalent to 10GBASE-LR or -ER, but using a single strand of fiber optic cable. Analogous to 1000BASE-BX10, this is accomplished using a passive prism inside each optical transceiver and a matched pair of transceivers using two different wavelengths such as 1270 and 1330 nm. Modules are available in varying transmit powers and reach distances ranging from 10 to 80 km.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper
10 Gigabit Ethernet can also run over twin-axial cabling, twisted pair cabling, and backplanes.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4
10GBASE-CX4 was the first 10 Gigabit copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology with the same SFF-8470 connectors. It is specified to work up to a distance of 15 m (49 ft). Each lane carries 3.125 GBd of signaling bandwidth.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4
10GBASE-CX4 has been used for stacking switches. It offers the advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor and more bulky cables than the newer single-lane SFP+ standard, and a much shorter reach than fiber or 10GBASE-T. This cable is fairly rigid and considerably more costly than Category 5/6 UTP or fiber.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4
10GBASE-CX4 applications are now commonly achieved using SFP+ Direct Attach and as of 2011, shipments of 10GBASE-CX4 have been very low.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, SFP+ direct attach
Also known as direct attach (DA), direct attach copper (DAC), 10GSFP+Cu, 10GBASE-CR  or 10GBASE-CX1. Short direct attach cables use a passive twinaxial cabling assembly while longer ones, sometimes called active optical cable (AOC) use short wavelength optics. Both types connect directly into an SFP+ housing. SFP+ direct attach has a fixed-length cable, up to 15 m for copper cables, or up to 100 m in for AOC. Like 10GBASE-CX4, DA is low-power, low-cost and low-latency with the added advantages of using less bulky cables and of having the small SFP+ form factor. SFP+ direct attach today is tremendously popular, with more ports installed than 10GBASE-SR.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane
Backplane Ethernet, also known by the name of the task force that developed it, 802.3ap, is used in backplane applications such as blade servers and modular network equipment with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to operate over up to 1 metre (39 in) of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The standard defines two port types for 10 Gbit/s (10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR) and a single 1 Gbit/s port type (1000BASE-KX). It also defines an optional layer for forward error correction, a backplane autonegotiation protocol and link training for 10GBASE-KR where the receiver tunes a three-tap transmit equalizer. The autonegotiation protocol selects between 1000BASE-KX, 10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR or 40GBASE-KR4 operation.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane, 10GBASE-KX4
This operates over four backplane lanes and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48) as 10GBASE-CX4.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane, 10GBASE-KR
This operates over a single backplane lane and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49) as 10GBASE-LR/ER/SR. New backplane designs use 10GBASE-KR rather than 10GBASE-KX4.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T
10GBASE-T, or IEEE 802.3an-2006, is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10 Gbit/s connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to 100 metres (330 ft). Category 6A is required to reach the full distance and category 6 may reach up to 55 metres (180 ft) depending on the quality of installation. 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for 1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed is used. Due to additional line coding overhead, 10GBASE-T has a slightly higher latency (2 to 4 microseconds) in comparison to most other 10GBASE variants (1 microsecond or less). In comparison, 1000BASE-T latency is 1 to 12 microseconds (depending on packet size).


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T
10GBASE-T uses the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connectors already widely used with Ethernet. Transmission characteristics are now specified to 500 MHz. To reach this frequency Category 6A or better balanced twisted pair cables specified in ISO/IEC 11801 amendment 2 or ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are needed to carry 10GBASE-T up to distances of 100 m. Category 6 cables can carry 10GBASE-T for shorter distances when qualified according to the guidelines in ISO TR 24750 or TIA-155-A.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T
The 802.3an standard specifies the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T to use Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128 sent on the line at 800 Msymbols/sec. Prior to precoding, forward error correction (FEC) coding is performed using a [2048,1723]2 low-density parity-check code on 1723 bits, with the parity check matrix construction based on a generalized Reed–Solomon [32,2,31] code over GF(26). Another 1536 bits are uncoded. Within each 1723+1536 block, there are 1+50+8+1 signaling and error detection bits and 3200 data bits (and occupy 320 ns on the line). In contrast, PAM-5 is the modulation technique used in 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T
The line encoding used by 10GBASE-T is the basis for the newer and slower 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standard, implementing a 2.5 or 5.0 Gbit/s connection over existing category 5e or 6 cabling. Cables that will not function reliably with 10GBASE-T may successfully operate with 2.5GBASE-T or 5GBASE-T if supported by both ends.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T1
10GBASE-T1 is for automotive applications and operates over a single balanced pair of conductors up to 15 m long, and is standardized in 802.3ch-2020.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)
At the time that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was developed, interest in 10GbE as a wide area network (WAN) transport led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE. The WAN PHY was designed to interoperate with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET equipment using a light-weight SDH/SONET frame running at 9.953 Gbit/s. The WAN PHY operates at a slightly slower data-rate than the local area network (LAN) PHY. The WAN PHY can drive maximum link distances up to 80 km depending on the fiber standard employed.


10 Gigabit Ethernet, WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)
The WAN PHY uses the same 10GBASE-S, 10GBASE-L and 10GBASE-E optical PMDs as the LAN PHYs and is designated as 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW or 10GBASE-EW. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 clause 49 and its PMD sublayers in clause 52. It also uses a WAN interface sublayer (WIS) defined in clause 50 which adds extra encapsulation to format the frame data to be compatible with SONET STS-192c.


10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance (10GEA) was an independent (not directly related to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), although working in collaboration with it) organization which aimed to further 10 Gigabit Ethernet development and market acceptance. Founded in February 2000 by a consortium of companies, the organization provided IEEE with technology demonstrations (including, for instance, a May 7, 2002 demonstration in Las Vegas, in which a 200 plus kilometres 10Gb Ethernet network was deployed, using 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-SR and 10GBASE-LW ports, as well as presenting communication over the IEEE 802.3ae XAUI interface) and specifications. Its efforts bore fruit with the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board's approval in June 2002 of the IEEE 802.3 standard (formulated by the IEEE P802.3ae 10Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force).


10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
The 10GEA was founded by 3Com, Cisco Systems, Extreme Networks, Intel Corporation, Nortel Networks, Sun Microsystems, and World Wide Packets. Other companies at various times supporting the consortium included: Agilent Technologies Inc., Blaze Network Products, Cable Design Technologies, Corning Inc., Enterasys Networks, Force10 Networks Inc., Foundry Networks Inc., Hitachi Cable Ltd, Infineon Technologies, Ixia, JDS Uniphase, Marvell Technology Group Ltd., Mindspeed, Molex Inc., OFS (part of Lucent), Optillion, PMC-Sierra, Primarion, Quake Technologies (acquired by Applied Micro Circuits Corporation), Spirent Communications, and Velio Communications (later acquired by LSI Corporation).


10 Gracie Square
10 Gracie Square, sometimes styled Ten Gracie Square is a 1930-31 pre-war white glove co-op building constructed in Art Deco style. It's located on East 84th Street on Manhattan's Upper East Side between East End Avenue and the FDR Drive. It is one of only 42 "good buildings" in Manhattan as designed by Tom Wolfe, and is known for its sixteen-room triplexes.


10 Gracie Square
Prior to the construction of the FDR Drive, which eliminated its river access, the building once had a residents' only yacht mooring on the East River. Prior residents include: Brooke Astor, Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Gloria Vanderbilt.


10 HD
10 HD is an Australian free-to-air television channel that was originally launched on 16 December 2007 on channel 1. The channel was available to high definition digital television viewers through Network 10 owned-and-operated stations. The multichannel broadcast live sport, entertainment, films, documentaries, science fiction and news. The channel ceased broadcasting on 25 March 2009, and the following day was replaced by One (now known as 10 Bold).


10 HD
Following the government's decision to remove the SD Primary Channel limitations, the channel returned as a HD simulcast on 2 March 2016 on channel 13, then to channels 1 and 15 following the addition of 10 Shake from 27 September 2020. To make room for this, 10 Bold's HD feed closed down and 10 Bold was reduced to two standard definition (SD) feeds.


10 HD, History, Origins
From 2002, this was interspersed with a loop of high definition demonstration material during business hours, for viewing in the showrooms of television retailers, at the conclusion of an equivalent service by Network Ten.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era
Ten HD was officially announced on 14 September 2007, to replace Network Ten's existing high definition service, a simulcast of its standard definition and analogue services, through the use of an amendment to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 in 2006. The Broadcasting Legislation Amendment (Digital Television) Act 2006 permitted television networks to launch digital multichannels, provided that they are broadcast exclusively in high definition.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era
Although originally expected to be the first free-to-air commercial television channel introduced to metropolitan areas since 1988, the surprise launch of Seven Media Group's HD offering, 7HD, on 15 October 2007, two months before transmissions were scheduled to begin, meant that Ten HD was launched as the second high-definition multichannel in Australia. PBL Media announced the creation of a similar multichannel, 9HD, on 27 September, which was launched on 17 March 2008.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era
Ten's parent company, and shareholder in metropolitan ratings system OzTAM, Ten Network Holdings Limited, began discussions with the ratings system operator to have digital multichannels, such as 10HD and ABC TV Plus, included in television ratings for the first time on 17 September 2007. As well as this, on the same day, it was announced that the national weekend editions of 10 News First would be timeshifted from 10 onto Ten HD, an hour delayed at 6 pm, to directly compete with Seven News and Nine News. This would have seen 10 News First formally broadcast at 6 pm for the first time since 1992, however, the timeslot was later amended to 5.30 pm.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era
In preparation for the launch of 10 HD, Ten's digital terrestrial channel line-up was updated on 19 November 2007, with changes consisting of LCN1 redirecting Network 10's current high-definition simulcast. Following this, on 21 November 2007, Ten Network Holdings Limited announced that it would launch the channel on 16 December 2007 at 5.00 pm, with the first program, Totally Wild.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night
Ten HD officially commenced transmission on 16 December 2007 from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. Prior to the official launch, at 5.00 pm the first program, Totally Wild, was broadcast. Following this, for the first time since 1992, 10 News First and Sports Tonight were broadcast in direct competition with Seven News and Nine News, timeshifted by thirty minutes to 5.30 pm and 6.00 pm respectively.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night
The first official program on launch night began at 8.30 pm, the 2001 movie Black Hawk Down. This was followed by Bon Jovi's Lost Highway Tour at 11.30 pm and Video Hits Presents: The Music of Supernatural at 12.25 am. Video Hits Up-Late marked the end of the first night of transmission for 10HD at 12.50 am.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night
In the lead-up to the opening night, the channel promised up to eleven hours of time-shifted programming from Ten in addition to fifty hours of exclusive programming, which included live sport, entertainment, films, documentaries, science fiction and news. This consisted of six movies per week, in addition to National Geographic documentaries in the afternoon, from 3pm to 5pm, music-oriented programming following the Sunday Night Movie, along with a primetime breakaway schedule on Thursdays and from 10.30 pm to 11.30 pm Monday to Wednesday.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night
In addition to high definition broadcasting on channel 1, a high definition simulcast of 10HD was provided on channel 12 alongside a standard definition simulcast on channel 11 as Ten SD2.


10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Full simulcast and launch of 10 Bold
From 2009, commercial networks in Australia were allowed to broadcast a standard definition subchannel. Rather than introduce a new digital service, Ten decided to relaunch Ten HD as a sports-only channel, to be named One HD (now 10 Bold), and use its standard definition simulcast on channel 11 to broadcast a standard definition simulcast called One SD. Before One HD's official launch, most breakaway programming shown on Ten HD ceased from 1 January 2009, and only showed a high-definition broadcast of the existing Ten digital service, along with a few sports-based breakaway programs. Ten HD officially shut down on 25 March 2009, with One HD (now 10 Bold) launching the following day.


10 HD, History, 2016 revival
After the Nine Network restarted broadcasting 9HD in November 2015, 10 confirmed that it was working on rebroadcasting Ten HD. However, they did not put a time frame on it, stating that they are "working through some technical and rights issues". On 11 February 2016, some smart TVs began receiving notification messages advising of 10HD through a "ghost broadcast" that soon disappeared.


10 HD, History, 2016 revival
Ten later recommenced simulcasting in high definition on 2 March 2016 on channel 13 from 3pm, in time for the 2016 season of the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship. As a result, One was reduced to a standard definition broadcast on both channel 1 and channel 12. Ten uses MPEG-4 technology to broadcast Ten HD.


10 HD, History, 2016 revival
Upon the regional media shakeup on 1 July 2016 where WIN Television replaced Southern Cross Austereo as Ten's primary regional affiliate network, WIN's high definition simulcast on channel 80, WIN HD, became Ten HD's regional counterpart.


10 HD, History, 2016 revival
NRN in Northern New South Wales carried 10HD from 21 September 2016 under Southern Cross' ownership. The station would sell off to WIN by 31 May 2017, keeping the 10 branding until playout and transmission were transferred to WIN's MediaHub facility the following September.


10 HD, Programming
Ten HD broadcast programming consisting of news, live sporting events, entertainment, films, documentaries and science fiction. In addition to this, themed programming line-ups were broadcast on specified days, including Sci-Fi Saturday. The channel provided fifty hours of exclusive content per week including up to eleven hours of time-shifted programming from Ten, as well as additional programming from popular Ten franchises such as Australian Idol, The Biggest Loser, and So You Think You Can Dance.


10 HD, Programming
Overseas programming on Ten HD included; Psych, Battlestar Galactica, Cane, Conviction, Eureka, Friday Night Lights, Journeyman, One Tree Hill, Over There, Smallville, The 4400, The Bold and the Beautiful, The Shield and Veronica Mars. In the late evenings a mixture exclusive series, movies and encore screenings of series were broadcast. Late-night series broadcast included The X-Files, Charmed, JAG, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, NYPD Blue and Sex and the City. In addition to this, high-definition documentaries from the National Geographic Channel and Granada Television screened on weekdays from 3 pm to 5 pm.


10 HD, Programming, News
To compete directly with Seven News and Nine News, Ten HD broadcast local editions of Ten News, timeshifted by half an hour, on weekdays at 5.30 pm, allowing the second half of the bulletin to compete with the offerings from the other commercial networks. On weekends, the national bulletin was delayed by half an hour at 5.30 pm and Sports Tonight followed at 6.00 pm.


10 HD, Programming, News
Ten HD simulcast the Early News and Morning News, 6 am and 11 am respectively. It did not simulcast Late News but instead showed exclusive programming from 10.30 pm, with a drama series and then a late movie, followed by repeats of Video Hits Up-Late specials.


10 HD, Programming, Sport
10 Sport broadcast live or near live exclusive and simulcast sporting events on 10HD. These included NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Formula One, MotoGP, the NFL, the Indian Premier League, the World Golf Championships, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the Mission Hills World Cup and the New Zealand PGA Championship.


10 HD, Programming, Sport
In addition to this, the Australian Football League was simulcast on the channel, with all of Ten's games filmed in high definition.


10 HD, Programming, Sport
Formula One Grand Prix and MotoGP races were televised on 10HD, usually on tape delay.


10 HD, Programming, Sport
Most of 10HD's sports content was kept after it was relaunched as 10 Bold.


10 HD, Availability, Original channel
In its former inception, Ten HD was available exclusively in 1080i high definition from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations, TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth. The breakaway programming was never available outside of the metropolitan areas, although Southern Cross Ten had planned to rebroadcast the service from mid-2009: it instead launched the One service. Foxtel added the channel to its line up for cable customers in June 2008, when the subscription television provider launched its Foxtel HD+ service.


10 HD, Availability, Revival channel
Upon its revival on 2 March 2016, Ten HD returned to 1080i50 high definition, but was broadcast in MPEG-4 format as opposed to the standard MPEG-2 format. Ten HD covers all Ten-owned metropolitan stations as well as the Gold Coast (covered by its Brisbane station). It is also available to regional viewers via WIN Television on channel 80 for Southern NSW, regional Victoria, regional Queensland, Tasmania, regional SA, regional WA and channel 50 for Northern NSW and the Gold Coast.


10 HD, Availability, Revival channel
On 16 September 2020 in Metropolitan areas, 10 HD moved from Channel 13 to Channel 15 due to the impending launch of Network 10's third digital channel 10 Shake.


10 Haters
10 Haters is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Flash Bang Grenada. It was released on Hellfyre Club on August 23, 2011.


10 Haters, Background
The albums includes guest appearances from Open Mike Eagle and Del the Funky Homosapien, as well as productions from the likes of Dibiase, Nosaj Thing, Mexicans with Guns, Shlohmo, and Blocade.


10 Haters, Critical reception
Brett Uddenberg of URB gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, describing it as "a showcase of two of the west coast's wittier spitters stepping into a vocal booth and polishing their collective smirk into some bizarre gems." Jeff Weiss of Los Angeles Times called it "a smart, subversive swag-rap record."


10 Haters, Critical reception
It was included on Pitchfork's year-end "Overlooked Mixtapes" list, as well as Alarm's "50 Unheralded Albums from 2011" list.


10 Holloway Circus
10 Holloway Circus (also referred to as the Holloway Circus Tower or Beetham Tower) is a 400-foot (122 m) tall mixed-use skyscraper in Birmingham city centre, England. It was originally named after the developers, Beetham Organisation, and was designed by Ian Simpson and built by Laing O'Rourke. The entire development covers an area of 7,000 square feet (650 m2). It is the tallest occupied building in Birmingham and the 42nd tallest building in the United Kingdom.


10 Holloway Circus, Features
It has 39 floors, and is the second tallest structure in the city after the 499 ft (152 m) British Telecom Tower.


10 Holloway Circus, Features
The front façade of the building is floor-to-ceiling glass decorated in "tiger stripes" which are used to enhance the vertical impact. As the apartments were being furbished, an aqua coloured camouflage was also added to these windows with some of the tiger stripes being removed. Coloured lights can be seen underneath the overhang at night.


10 Holloway Circus, Features
The lower 19-floors are a Radisson Blu hotel, which opened to guests on 16 January 2006 whilst the upper floors were still being furnished. The upper 20 floors contain 158 apartments.


10 Holloway Circus, Features
There are eight circular concrete columns as well as the core on each floor. The post-tensioned flat plates of the upper floors are concrete and measure 9 in (225 mm) in thickness.


10 Holloway Circus, Features
10 Holloway Circus received 12 points in the 2006 Emporis Skyscraper Awards placing it in eighth position in the top ten.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
The plans for the development were first revealed in 1998 as part of a competition in which designs for a tower acting as a gateway to the city centre were to be submitted to the council and also for a building that could aid the regeneration plans in and around the area. The site chosen was the AEU Building, designed by The John Madin Design Group and completed in 1957, at Holloway Circus.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
Two serious proposals were put forward, one by CALA Homes, which consisted of two cylindrical glass towers, and the other by the Beetham Corporation, which was a single 44-storey tower with two spires on the roof producing a total height of 630 feet (192 m). The Beetham Corporation won, however it was forced to scale down the towers height, due to height limits enforced after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, by the Civil Aviation Authority. The spires were also removed and replaced by two cones placed on the rear of the tower on top of the stairwells. The overhang at the front was added. The proposed office space was also removed and the planning application was withdrawn.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
The new design was submitted, however, was withdrawn by the Beetham Corporation after talks over the purchase of the adjacent multi-storey car park with National Car Parks broke down without a deal. This was a surprise to the developers as they had expected to be able to purchase the land and had even included their plans for the site in the previous planning application. Amendments to the planning application were made and it was resubmitted in October 2000.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
The final design was approved by the Planning Department at Birmingham City Council with conditions on 3 April 2003 after the Beetham Corporation paid £1.8 million under Section 106 to gain planning approval.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
A model of the tower was tested in a wind tunnel with models of surrounding buildings also being included. The ground of the model was also accurate to that of the Birmingham landscape. The model passed with few problems and construction of the tower began.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
Construction began in March 2003 with the erection of hoardings around the site allowing clearance work to commence and the construction of a tower crane. The concrete core then began to rise and reached a considerable height before the construction of the concrete floor panels began. The transportation of materials to the higher levels were done using a lift attached to the middle of the curved frontage. That area was intended to be used as a staircase in the case of an emergency. The building topped out in April 2005.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
The construction of the building encountered several problems. Not far into the construction of the lift shaft, a piece of scaffolding became dislodged and fell to the ground causing traffic delays around Holloway Circus which subsequently resulted in widespread disruption in the city centre. On 24 November 2005, 5 pieces of cladding from the higher levels on the sides became detached from the building and fell to the ground. No injuries were caused, however fear of more panels falling off caused nearby roads to be closed for an entire weekend, until the site could be declared safe by inspectors.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
Clips were later installed to secure the panels, and as of mid-2006, work was underway to permanently secure the panels in place using new clips. The securing of the panels was completed in late-August 2006. The Beetham Corporation could now face legal action due to the structure causing road closures and subsequent congestion. Excluding the problems with the panel clips, construction of the floors took ten months. Concrete was the primary material in the construction of the structure.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
The Beetham Organisation again faced legal action over claims by people who signed contracts to buy flats before the tower was completed that the flats they received did not match those described in the sales literature.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
As a result of technical problems within the underground car park, resident's cars were trapped for three days. Cars are placed on a platform and are taken into a space by a computer when the owner's card is swiped, however, glitches meant that people who had purchased spaces within the park either could not get access to their cars or were unable to enter the car park in their vehicles.


10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction
10 Holloway Circus faced yet more problems when, on 8 July 2007, a glass panel shattered and sent pieces raining 60 feet (18 m) onto the ground. The 6 ft (1.8 m) by 3 ft (0.91 m) panel on the eighth floor of Beetham Tower is believed to have shattered due to a build up of chemical compounds inside the glass. Splinters fell onto the car park roof and Smallbrook Queensway at about 6.30 am. It was the third safety incident at the tower in three years.


10 Hours of Messina
The 10 Hours of Messina (Italian: 10 ore di Messina or 10 ore notturna messinese) was a sports car race, organized by the Automobile Club d'Italia, held for the first time on 24 August 1952 in the street circuit of Messina, Italy. From 1959 it was replaced by Messina Grand Prix.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman
10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman is an October 2014 video created for Hollaback! by Rob Bliss Creative featuring 24-year-old actress Shoshana Roberts. The video shows Roberts walking through various neighborhoods of New York City, wearing jeans and a black crewneck T-shirt, with a hidden camera recording her from the front. The two-minute video includes selected footage from ten hours, showcasing what has been described as "catcalls" and street harassment of Roberts by men, reporting there were 108 such instances. The behaviors included people saying "hello" or "good morning", comments on Roberts' appearance, attempts to initiate conversation, angry remarks, and men following her for several minutes. As of September 2021, the video has received over 50 million views on YouTube.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Production and goals
Roberts said she got involved with the video by responding to a Craigslist post by Rob Bliss a few months prior, and that although Rob Bliss told her that this was potentially a viral video, she was skeptical but was open to giving it a try. Rob Bliss himself shot the video by walking a few feet in front of Roberts with a GoPro camera in his backpack.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Production and goals
Bliss and Emily May (executive director and co-founder of Hollaback!, for whom the video was made) clarified in comments to The Washington Post that Roberts' dress choice (jeans and a T-shirt) was made so as to debunk the misconception that women only get harassed if they wear revealing clothing. Roberts also said that she experienced similar harassment every day on the streets of New York City as was shown in the video.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
The video was hailed for providing visual proof of what many considered an important problem relating to the treatment of women in city streets.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
Several commentators disputed the implicit characterization of many incidents in the video, such as people casually greeting Roberts, as harassment. Others responded that, even though the words themselves may not seem like harassment, the social context, including that they were directed only at Roberts rather than at male passersby, made them harassment.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
Another criticism was that the video was racially biased because it depicted black men harassing Roberts, who is Jewish, even though the video creator said that she was catcalled by people of all races. Hollaback! responded to the criticism by noting that this video was only the first in a series of many videos that would document different forms of street harassment, and said it regretted any racial bias in the video. An analysis of the video documented that most of the scenes shown in the video were taken in neighborhoods with predominantly black and Hispanic populations, raising the question of whether the video was shot mostly in these locations, or whether harassment was more prevalent in these locations than in others.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
Some critics combined both angles of criticism, claiming that the comments that Roberts considered street harassment were so perceived by her (and by her audience) because of race and class differences between her and the men making the comments. Others disputed the characterization of the video as racist.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
Roberts, the woman featured in the video, reported receiving death threats within days of the video being released, and said that she no longer felt safe. Roberts later filed a lawsuit against the video's producers. However, the lawsuit was dismissed before going to trial.


10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception
In 2015, Roberts was named as one of The Forward 50.


10 Hronia Mazi
10 H.M. (Short for 10 Hronia Mazi, Greek: 10 Χρόνια Μαζί; English: 10 Years Together) is an album released by Greek singer Despina Vandi starting on December 6, 2007. It is her 12th album from the beginning of her career, and her 10th  album with Phoebus. It is also her first studio album of new material since her 2004 release of Stin Avli Tou Paradisou. The album is dedicated to the 10-year collaboration with Phoebus and features a track of the same name. The album is a triple CD, with the first CD containing pop/rock songs, the second CD containing Modern Laika songs and third CD containing new remixes of older songs. The album is completely written and produced by Phoebus and released by Heaven Music. The main sponsor is WIND Hellas.


10 Hronia Mazi
On June 24, 2008, the album was repackaged with the title 10 Hronia Mazi: It's Destiny as one disc. The repackaged version includes the song "Destiny" by Schiller featuring Despina Vandi that was composed by Phoebus. The one-disc repackage version features all the songs from the original first and second discs, excluding all the remixes (with the exception of "Ta Lefta" (Remix)) and disc three.


10 Hronia Mazi, Singles and music videos
The following singles were officially released to radio stations and made into Music Videos. Additional songs such as, "Girismos", "Se Hreiazomai", "Sindromo Sterisis" and "Kathe Mera", despite not having been released as singles, managed to gain radio airplay.


10 Hronia Mazi, Charts
The album went platinum, selling 30,000 copies, in its first week and made its debut at number 4 on the Greek Albums Chart beaten by Mihalis Hatzigiannis, Peggy Zina and Notis Sfakianakis. The album placed ninth on the IFPI annual albums chart for 2007. The album re-entered the chart for one week at number 39 on 22nd week of 2008 before leaving the chart once again. The album returned on charts after the repackaging at number 10 and then spent two weeks at  number 15. Almost 4 years after its release, on the 20th week of 2011, the album re-entered at number 3 and on the 21st week it falls at 4.


10 Hudson Yards
10 Hudson Yards, also known as the South Tower, is an office building that was completed in 2016 in Manhattan's West Side. Located near Hell's Kitchen, Chelsea and the Penn Station area, the building is a part of the Hudson Yards urban renewal project, a plan to redevelop the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's West Side Yard. Coach, Inc. is the anchor tenant. During planning, the tower was known as Tower C.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction
Hudson Yards, conceived through a large master plan by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, is expected to consist of 16 skyscrapers containing more than 12.7 million square feet (1,180,000 m2) of new office, residential, and retail space. Among its components will be 6 million square feet (560,000 m2) of commercial office space, a 750,000-square-foot (70,000 m2) retail center with two levels of restaurants, cafes, markets and bars, a hotel, a cultural space, about 5,000 residences, a 750-seat school, and 14 acres (5.7 ha) of public open space. 10 Hudson Yards, the first building on the site, is expected to help draw visitors to the area.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction
Groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards occurred on December 4, 2012, with a provisional completion date of 2016. Foundation work continued through the first half of 2013 and the superstructure work began on the tower in August 2013. During excavation work, 70,000 cubic yards (54,000 m3) of soil was removed and 11,000 cubic yards (8,400 m3) of concrete was poured. The contract to construct the tower was awarded to a subsidiary of Tutor Perini in March 2013. The tower is the first tower in the Hudson Yards complex to have been completed, because it is the only Hudson Yards tower not on the artificial platform over the West Side Yards.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction
As of March 2014, 10 Hudson Yards had risen more than 100 feet (30 m). As of February 2015, 10 Hudson Yards was 27 stories tall. As of April 2015, thirty-two of the tower's 52 floors had been completed. As of November 2015, 10 Hudson Yards had topped out. The tower was opened on May 31, 2016, with the first 300 Coach, Inc. employees moving into the building.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction
The southern facade of 10 Hudson Yards cantilevers over the 30th Street spur of the High Line, and one of the building's entrances is to be located on the High Line. The architectural firm who designed 10 Hudson Yards was Kohn Pedersen Fox. In January 2019, the developers unveiled a 30 feet (9.1 m) long sculpture by American artist Jonathan Borofsky for the west lobby.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy
The first tenants were signed in April 2013. The building is anchored by Tapestry, Inc.'s global headquarters, which covers 737,774 square feet (68,541 m2) on floors 9 to 24 within the tower. The company purchased their space in a complex transaction with Related that involved purchasing space in the new building for over $750 million while simultaneously selling their nearby headquarters at 516 West 34th Street so that Related could erect portions of 50 Hudson Yards and the Hudson Park and Boulevard on the site.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy
Coach's space includes a 15-story atrium, double height conference rooms overlooking the High Line, a private cafeteria, and a large terrace with views of the Hudson River. Coach was the first tenant to move into the new building on May 31, 2016. In September 2017, Coach subleased 148,000 square feet (13,700 m2) of space to The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy
In total, the building was designed to accommodate over 7,000 employees. Additional occupants include L'Oreal USA, Boston Consulting Group, SAP, and Intersection occupying 402,000 square feet (37,300 m2), 193,295 square feet (17,957.7 m2) and 115,000 square feet (10,700 m2), and 67,000 square feet (6,200 m2) respectively. VaynerMedia occupies the building's 25th floor.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy
There will also be retail space at street level adjacent to the retail building immediately to the north of 10 Hudson Yards. That building will be designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects. Fairway, a locally based grocer, was expected to build a store in the lower floors of the building, occupying 45,875 square feet (4,262 m2). Additionally, Spanish chef José Andrés will operate a 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) food hall named Mercado Little Spain which will contain a wine bar, a cocktail bar, and 15 kiosks serving different kinds of tapas. An outpost of fast casual salad restaurant Sweetgreen opened in August 2018 in the base of the tower.


10 Hudson Yards, History, Ownership
10 Hudson Yards was initially owned by the master developers of the Hudson Yards project, Related Companies and Oxford Properties, in partnership with the Kuwait Investment Authority. Various sections of the tower were sold to tenants as office condos, with Coach purchasing their space for $750 million prior to construction. In August 2016, Coach sold their stake in the tower to Allianz for $420 million. The deal gave Allianz 44% ownership and valued the building at $2.15 billion. In May 2018, the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio purchased roughly 20% of the tower for $432 million at a similar valuation.


10 Hudson Yards, Gallery
June 2014; close-up of 10 Hudson Yards columns on eastern facade


10 Hudson Yards, Gallery
The completed 10 Hudson Yards (on the right) with 30 Hudson Yards still under construction (on the left) as of May 2017


10 Hygiea
Hygiea (minor-planet designation: 10 Hygiea) is a major asteroid and possible dwarf planet located in the main asteroid belt. With a diameter of 434 kilometres (270 mi) and a mass estimated to be 3% of the total mass of the belt, it is the fourth-largest asteroid in the Solar System by both volume and mass. In some spectral classifications it is the largest of the dark C-type asteroids with a carbonaceous surface, whereas in others it is second after 1 Ceres.


10 Hygiea
Observations taken with the Very Large Telescope's SPHERE imager in 2017 and 2018, and announced in late 2019, revealed that Hygiea is nearly spherical and is close to a hydrostatic equilibrium shape. The authors of the study therefore consider it a possible dwarf planet. However, Hygiea is conjectured to have been disrupted by an impact, with the subsequent debris reaccumulating, rather than being massive enough to be plastic. The disruptive impact produced the largest known collisional family.


10 Hygiea, Observation
Despite its size, Hygiea appears very dim when observed from Earth. This is due to its dark surface and its position in the outer main belt. For this reason, six smaller asteroids were observed before Annibale de Gasparis discovered Hygiea on 12 April 1849. At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude that is four magnitudes dimmer than Vesta's, and observing it typically requires at least a 100-millimetre (4 in) telescope. However, while at a perihelic opposition, it can be observed just with 10x50 binoculars as Hygiea would have a magnitude of +9.1.


10 Hygiea, Discovery and name
On 12 April 1849, in Naples, Italy, astronomer Annibale de Gasparis (age 29) discovered Hygiea. It was the first of his nine asteroid discoveries. The director of the Naples observatory, Ernesto Capocci, named the asteroid. He chose to call it Igea Borbonica ("Bourbon Hygieia"), after the Greek goddess of health, daughter of Asclepius, and in honor of the ruling family of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies where Naples was located.


10 Hygiea, Discovery and name
In 1852, John Russell Hind wrote that "it is universally termed Hygiea, the unnecessary appendage 'Borbonica' being dropped." The English form is an irregular spelling of Greek Hygieia or Hygeia (Latin Hygea or Hygia).


10 Hygiea, Discovery and name, Symbol
The original astronomical symbol for Hygiea was a ζ-shaped serpent crowned with a star, . More common in later years was a rod of Asclepius,  (U+2695 ⚕) – a serpent twined around a staff, reflecting Hygieia's connection to medicine. These symbols are largely obsolete. Currently, a common astrological symbol is a wingless caduceus,  (U+2BDA ⯚), which in the United States has long been confused with the rod of Asclepius.


10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics
Based on spectral evidence, Hygiea's surface is thought to consist of primitive carbonaceous materials similar to those found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Aqueous alteration products have been detected on its surface, which could indicate the presence of water ice in the past which was heated sufficiently to melt. The primitive present surface composition would indicate that Hygiea had not been melted during the early period of Solar System formation, in contrast to other large planetesimals like 4 Vesta.. However, observations in 2019 suggest Hygiea had suffered a head-on collision which had disrupted it, with its re-accretion resulting in its present spherical shape. No deep basins are visible in the VLT images, indicating that any large craters must have flat floors, consistent with an icy C-type composition.


10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics
In images taken with the Very Large Telescope imager in 2017, a bright surface feature is visible, as well as at least two dark craters, which have been informally named Serpens and Calix after the Latin words for snake and cup, respectively. Serpens has a size of 180 km, Calix is about 90 km in diameter.


10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics
Hygiea is the largest of the class of dark C-type asteroids that are dominant in the outer asteroid belt, beyond the Kirkwood gap at 2.82 AU. Hygiea has an average diameter of 434 ± 14 km. While early studies (Ragazzoni et al., 2000) have found a noticeably oblate shape with a semimajor axis ratio of 1.11 (much more than for the other objects in the "big four"—2 Pallas, 4 Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres), recent results indicate that Hygiea is more spherical, with an axis ratio of 1.06, consistent with a MacLaurin ellipsoid. Aside from being the smallest of the "big four", Hygiea, like Ceres, has a relatively low density, which is more comparable to the icy satellites of Jupiter or Saturn than to the terrestrial planets or the stony asteroids.


10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics
Although it is the largest body in its region, due to its dark surface and farther-than-average distance from the Sun, Hygiea appears very dim when observed from Earth. In fact, it is the third dimmest of the first twenty-three asteroids discovered, with only 13 Egeria and 17 Thetis having lower mean opposition magnitudes. At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude of around +10.2, which is as much as four orders fainter than Vesta, and observation calls for at least a 4-inch (100 mm) telescope to resolve. However, at a perihelic opposition, Hygiea can reach +9.1 magnitude and may just be resolvable with 10x50 binoculars, unlike the next two largest asteroids in the asteroid belt, 704 Interamnia and 511 Davida, which are always beyond binocular visibility.


10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics
A total of 17 stellar occultations by Hygiea have been tracked by Earth-based astronomers, including two (in 2002 and 2014) that were seen by a large number of observers. The observations have been used to constrain Hygiea's size, shape and rotation axis. The Hubble Space Telescope has resolved the asteroid and ruled out the presence of any orbiting companions larger than about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) in diameter.


10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation
Orbiting at an average of 3.14 AU from the Sun, Hygiea is the most distant of the "big four" asteroids. It lies closer to the ecliptic as well, with an orbital inclination of 4°. Its orbit is less circular than those of Ceres or Vesta, with an eccentricity of around 0.12. Its perihelion is at a quite similar longitude to those of Vesta and Ceres, though its ascending and descending nodes are opposite to the corresponding ones for those objects.


10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation
Although its perihelion is extremely close to the mean distance of Ceres and Pallas, a collision between Hygiea and its larger companions is impossible because at that distance they are always on opposite sides of the ecliptic. In 2056, Hygiea will pass 0.025 AU from Ceres, and then in 2063, Hygiea will pass 0.020 AU from Pallas. At aphelion Hygiea reaches out to the extreme edge of the asteroid belt at the perihelia of the Hilda family, which is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter.


10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation
As one of the most massive asteroids, Hygiea is used by the Minor Planet Center to calculate perturbations.


10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation
Hygiea is in an unstable three-body mean motion resonance with Jupiter and Saturn. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 30,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations by the planets. It is the lowest numbered asteroid in such a resonance (the next lowest numbered being 70 Panopaea).


10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation
Hygiea has a rotation period of about 13.8256 hours, determined from observations with the VLT in 2017 and 2018. Its single-peaked light curve has an amplitude of 0.27 mag, which is largely attributed to albedo variations. As of September 2019, the direction of Hygiea's rotation is not known, due to a twofold ambiguity in lightcurve data that is exacerbated by its long rotation period—which makes single-night telescope observations span at best only a fraction of a full rotation—but it is believed to be retrograde. Lightcurve analysis indicates that Hygiea's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (30°, 115°) or (30°, 300°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 60° in both cases.


10 Hygiea, Hygiea family
Hygiea is the main member of the Hygiean asteroid family that constitutes about 1% of asteroids in the main belt. The family was formed when an object with a diameter of about 100 km collided with proto-Hygiea about 2 billion years ago. Because the impact craters on Hygiea today are too small to contain the volume of ejected material, it is thought that Hygiea was completely disrupted by the impact and that the majority of the debris recoalesced after the pieces that formed the rest of the family had escaped. Hygiea contains almost all the mass (over 98%) of the family.


10 Inversion Roller Coaster
10 Inversion Roller Coaster is a steel roller coaster at Chimelong Paradise amusement park in Guangzhou, Guangdong China. Completed in 2006, Tenth Ring is the second roller coaster in the world with 10 inversions, after Colossus in England's Thorpe Park, of which it is an exact replica and has the same length and height statistics.


10 Inversion Roller Coaster, Details
There are 7 cars per train. There are 2 riders across in 2 rows, making a total of 28 riders per train.


10 Items or Less (TV series)
10 Items or Less is an American comedy series created by Nancy Hower, Robert Hickey, and John Lehr. Partly scripted and partly improvised, the show starred Lehr as a less-than-successful businessman who returned home to run Greens & Grains, the family-owned supermarket, upon the death of his father.


10 Items or Less (TV series)
The series debuted on TBS on November 27, 2006. During its first season, it aired Monday nights at 11 p.m. ET/PT. The second and third seasons aired on Tuesday nights at 11 p.m. ET/PT. In November 2009, a blog posting stated the show had been cancelled and would not be picked up for the fourth season.


10 Items or Less (TV series), Summary
The series stars John Lehr as a failed New York City businessman who moves back to his hometown of Dayton, Ohio to take over the family supermarket following the death of his father. The show is set in the fictional supermarket known as Greens & Grains, located at 5th Street and Tiberius.


10 Items or Less (TV series), Production
A detailed script was written for each episode outlining the overall story arc. However, the script was not shown to the actors; instead they were provided with a loose outline of the plot, often finding out about it as they filmed. All dialogue in the show is improvised spontaneously by the actors on the set. A typical 22-minute episode was edited-down from roughly 30 hours of raw improvised dialogue and scenes. John Lehr has described their production style as "similar to Spinal Tap." At one point during the first season the actors demanded to see the script, but upon receiving it they decided as a group that they did not want to see the scripts again in the future.


10 Items or Less (TV series), Production
The series is filmed in a real grocery store called "Jon's" in Reseda, California (formerly Vons), often with actual customers used as extras.


10 Items or Less (film)
10 Items or Less is a 2006 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Brad Silberling and starring Morgan Freeman and Paz Vega. Shot in fifteen days, 10 Items or Less made its release as a digital download – the first such release via the Internet – while it was still in theaters.


10 Items or Less (film)
ClickStar, founded by Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary, made the film available digitally on December 15, 2006, fourteen days after its theatrical debut. This event was highlighted by the American Film Institute in their AFI Awards 2006 "Moments of Significance".


10 Items or Less (film), Premise
Through circumstance, two strangers, an actor (Freeman) preparing for an upcoming role and a cashier (Vega),  drive around Los Angeles together, having a number of conversations about life and exploring the differences and similarities between their worlds.


10 Items or Less (film), Production
Revelation Entertainment produced the film, and Morgan Freeman served as executive producer. The film was shot in fifteen days,  entirely in Carson and Brentwood.


10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Box office
The film was released in only fifteen theaters, taking in $35,929 in its first weekend. The total domestic box-office take was $83,291. The film was more successful internationally, grossing $1,315,931 at the international box office, with $486,895 grossed in Vega's home country of Spain.


10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Critical response
Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader, called the film "A friendly demonstration of how two actors with charisma and a relaxed writer-director (Brad Silberling) can make a nice movie for practically nothing." In contrast, Desson Thomson, of The Washington Post, believes that the film is "a natural but failed experiment about a pleasant encounter in the style of independent films". Robert Koehler of Variety wrote: "Interplay between a jaunty Freeman as an unemployed movie star and the magnetic Paz Vega as a no-nonsense grocery store checker gives pic humanity and lift."


10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Critical response
Critical reaction to the film was mixed, with general praise for the work of the two main actors. On Rotten Tomatoes the film had a 63% approval rating based on 60 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 54% based on reviews from 20 critics.


10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Accolades
The film was named one of the "Top Independent Films of 2006" by the National Board of Review.


10 Items or Less (film), Home media
The DVD was released in the U.S. on April 24, 2007. It includes commentary by Silberling, a featurette on 'the making of', 6 deleted scenes, and 3 promotional shorts.


10 Items or Less (film), Soundtrack
Although a soundtrack was not officially released, the following songs were included in the film:


10 Jahre – Best Of
10 Jahre – Best Of is the first compilation album by L'Âme Immortelle.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks
On 10 June 2013, a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck the central and northern parts of Iraq, killing at least 94 people and injuring 289 others.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
From a peak of 3,000 deaths per month in 2006–07, violence in Iraq decreased steadily for several years before beginning to rise again in 2012. In December 2012, Sunnis began to protest perceived mistreatment by the Shia-led government. The protests had been largely peaceful, but insurgents, emboldened by the war in neighboring Syria, stepped up attacks in the initial months of 2013. The number of attacks rose sharply after the Iraqi army raided a protest camp in Hawija on 23 April 2013. Overall, 712 people were killed in April according to UN figures, making it the nation's deadliest month in five years.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background
Post-Hawija targets have included both Sunni and Shia mosques, as well as security forces and tribal leaders. According to Mahmoud al-Sumaidaie, the deputy head of Iraq's Sunni Endowment, at least 29 Sunni mosques were attacked between mid-April and mid-May, resulting in the deaths of at least 65 worshippers. In contrast, only two Shiite places of worship were attacked during the same period, with a single person being killed. During the whole of 2012, a total of 10 Sunni mosques were attacked, signifying a recent increase in the sectarian nature of the insurgency.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Unlike recent waves of attacks across the country, the northern city of Mosul was the scene of some of the worst violence of the day. Five near-simultaneous car bombs exploded at different checkpoints, killing 29 people and injuring 114 others, most of them members of the security forces. Clashes in the western neighborhood of Tamuz left 4 police officers dead and 8 others wounded, while gunmen ambushed a convoy outside the city, killing another policemen and wounding two of his colleagues. After the evening attacks, Iraqi Police units announced a curfew was in effect for the whole Mosul area.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
In the town of Jidaidat al-Shatt, just outside Baqubah, a triple car bombing struck a crowded fruit and vegetable market, leaving 15 dead and 50 others wounded. Soon after the blasts, security forces closed the main highway linking Baghdad and Baqubah as a precautionary measure. Another car bombing killed 11 and injured 30 in Tuz Khormato, while a similar attack at a fish market in Taji killed 8 and injured 24. Twin suicide bombings in Madain and Dibis killed 3 police officers and a civilian, while injuring 24 other people.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
A group of more than 20 insurgents attacked an Iraqi Army base outside Kirkuk, sparking heavy clashes that killed 5 militants, including one suicide bomber. A car bombing within the city itself killed 3 civilians and wounded 12 others. An insurgents ambush near Alillai killed four Iraqi Army soldiers. In the capital Baghdad, two bombs exploded near coffee shops in Sadr City, killing 4 and injuring 12 others. Another blast in the Amin district injured 6 civilians.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks
Various smaller attacks took place across parts of the country as well. Bombings were reported from Iskandariya and Tal Afar, with one civilian dead and six others injured. North of Fallujah, gunmen killed a Sahwa member and injured two of his bodyguards, while clashes were reported from the city itself.


10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic
Usama al-Nujayfi, the Speaker of Iraq's Parliament and a member of the Iraqi National List, released a statement in which he condemned the wave of attacks and called on security forces to "take all the required measures to eliminate these attacks by which the terrorists seek to hit Iraq's unity and ignite sectarianism in the country."


10 Ka Dum
10 Ka Dum (English: Power of 10) is an Indian version of the international reality game show Power of 10, and aired on Sony Entertainment Television. The show was hosted by popular Bollywood actor Salman Khan. According to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings. A third season was announced in early 2018, which premiered on 4 June 2018, on the same network. The grand finale guest of the third season were Shahrukh Khan and Rani Mukherjee. The final episode also had a special entry of actor-comedian Sunil Grover in his characters of "Rinku Bhabhi" and "Amitabh Bachchan".


10 Ka Dum, Game rules, First round
In the first round, two contestants compete against each other in a best three-out-of-five format in which they are asked a 'Poll Question' and asked to provide a whole percentage number that most closely approximates the exact survey poll answer for the question. The contestant whose answers are closest to the poll results for 3 out of 5 national survey questions wins the 'First-Round'. The contestant who loses is then eliminated from the game.


10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round
The contestant who wins the first round plays the game to win up to Rs. 100,000,000/- by trying to correctly approximate the survey's results within a narrowing percentage range for up to four poll questions. In this round, the contestant was given similar questions and placed a range on a scale from 0% to 100% that included the correct answer. (For example, if the answer was 53%, then the contestant's range must have included 53%.) The size of the range decreased as the money values increased:


10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round
For the first three poll questions, the correct answer to the question was revealed once the contestant locked-in an answer by pulling down a lever. For the fourth question of Rs. 1,00,00,000, the correct answer was revealed only if the contestant's range missed the question. And if the question was answered correctly, the contestant was then given the chance to win Rs.100,000,000 by picking the exact percentage (rounded to the nearest 1%) out of that 10% range (11 choices in all). In addition, the contestant has the opportunity to consult with his or her designated supporter before deciding whether to lock in a response at the Rs.100,000,000 prize level.


10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round
As with the lower prize levels, the contestant may elect to take the walk-away prize for the Rs. 100,000,000 (ten crore rupees) prize level, i.e., Rs. 1,000,000 and terminate the game before locking in a response. However, if the contestant decides to lock in a response, the response cannot be changed, and the contestant no longer has the option of taking the walk-away prize of Rs. 10,000,000. If the contestant locks in a response, the survey result for the poll question is then revealed. If the survey's result is exactly the same as the contestant's response, the contestant is then awarded Rs. 100,000,000. But, if the survey's result is not exactly the same as the contestant's response, the contestant will be awarded Rs. 1,000,000.


10 Ka Dum, Season 1, Aamir Khan
Aamir Khan appeared on 4 July episode. The 1 Crore question he was asked was: What percentage of Indian men think they are more intelligent than women? He dialed in a range between 51% and 61%. The correct answer was in the range, thus he won 1 Crore. He quit the show and didn't gamble for 10 Crore, but dialed in a guess of 57%. The exact percentage to the question was indeed 57%, so he would've won the jackpot of 10 Crore had he played on.


10 Ka Dum, Ratings
The show was popular and was at number one thousand spot in ratings in India. It garnered an average TVR of 2.81 and a peak rating of 4.5, leaving behind Shahrukh Khan's Kya Aap Paanchvi Paas Se Tej hai? with an average rating of 1.37 TVR and a peak rating of 2.3 and Hrithik Roshan's Junoon — Kuch Kar Dikhane Ka on NDTV Imagine with an average TVR of 0.76 and a peak rating of 1.1


10 Kalpanakal
10 Kalpanakal (English: Ten Commandments) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film directed by Don Max. It is written by Shins K. Jose and Sangeeth Jain based on a story by Max. It stars Anoop Menon and Prashant Narayanan in lead roles, with Meera Jasmine, Shebin Benson, Kaniha, Joju George, and Thampi Antony in supporting roles. 10 Kalpanakal received positive reviews with critics praising the screenplay, the performances and direction.


10 Kalpanakal, Plot
The plot is similar to that of the 2005 German crime thriller film Antikörper and the climax of the movie is inspired from The Secret in Their Eyes.


10 Kalpanakal, Plot
It narrates the different stages of the life of Davis George, who leads a happy life with his wife and children, but a murder of a girl that occurs in their neighborhood changes his life. Shazia Akbar, a police officer, enters the scene after years.


10 Kalpanakal, Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Mithun Eshwer. S. Janaki sung her final song "Ammapoovinum" in the film before her retirement. The song was released in an event at Abu Dhabi on 4 October 2016.


10 Kislev
The 10 Kislev (Hebrew: י" כסלו) refers to the 10th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.


10 Kislev
In the Chabad Hasidic community, the 10th of Kislev is celebrated as the liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad, from Czarist imprisonment.


10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, History
The date is significant within the Chabad Hasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the "Mitteler Rebbe" in Yiddish) was accused of being a revolutionary in Czarist Russia. He was arrested on the fictitious charge of sending money to Eretz Yisrael to aid and abet enemies of the Czar.


10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, History
On this date in 1826 (5587) the Mitteler Rebbe was released from his imprisonment in the City of Vitebsk.


10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, Commemoration
This day is regarded as an important festival of the Chabad movement, and has thus been celebrated ever since by Chabad Hasidim with joyous farbrengens.


10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae (10 Lac) is a star in the constellation Lacerta. With an apparent magnitude of 4.9, it is located around 700 parsecs (2,300 ly) distant in the small Lacerta OB1 association. It is a hot blue main-sequence star of spectral type O9V, a massive star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. It is a suspected Beta Cephei variable star.


10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae was one of the first O-type stars (along with S Monocerotis) to be defined as an anchor point for the MKK spectral classification; since the early twentieth century it has served as such a point. Specifically, the star is representative of O9V stars, meaning relatively cool O-type stars on the main-sequence.


10 Lacertae
10 Lacertae has an 8th magnitude companion about one arc-minute away.


10 Lafayette Square
10 Lafayette Square, also known as the Tishman Building, is a high-rise office tower located in Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York. Completed in 1959, it is the thirteenth-tallest building in Buffalo, standing at 263 feet (80 m) and 20 stories tall. The building is located adjacent to the Rand Building and built in the International Style. The structural frames for the building are not steel, but concrete beams and columns. The building architects were Emery Roth & Sons of New York City.


10 Lafayette Square, Previous building
For 81 years (1876–1957), the six-story, cast iron, Buffalo German Insurance Company Building (a Second Empire-style office building built by Richard A. Waite) existed on current land site prior to the Tishman Building.


10 Lafayette Square, History
The Tishman building was home to the Fortune 500 company, National Fuel Gas (formerly Iroquois Gas) until 2003 when the company relocated to the Buffalo suburb of Williamsville.


10 Lafayette Square, History
In May 2011, the Amherst-based Hamister Group purchased the Tishman building. They spent $41 million renovating the building into a mixed use complex including the 123-room Hilton Garden Inn Buffalo Downtown, two floors of apartments, and three floors of office space.


10 Lafayette Square, History
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, as the Tishman Building.


10 Lancelot Place
10 Lancelot Place is a residential building in Knightsbridge, London.


10 Lancelot Place, Location
It is located at 10 Lancelot Place. It is part of Knightsbridge Estates.


10 Lancelot Place, History
The building was designed by Zeidler Partnership Architects. Built with red bricks and Portland stones, it was completed in 2008.


10 Lancelot Place, History
From the penthouse, there is a vista of the Royal Albert Hall, the Natural History Museum, Harrods, Hyde Park.


10 Lekë
10 Lekë (10 L) have a value of 10 Albanian lek.


10 Leonis Minoris
10 Leonis Minoris is a single, variable star in the northern constellation Leo Minor, located approximately 180 light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation SU Leonis Minoris; 10 Leonis Minoris is the Flamsteed designation. This body is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.54. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −12 km/s.


10 Leonis Minoris
This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8.5 III. It is reported as a RS CVn variable with magnitude varying by 0.02 mag. and showing a high level of chromospheric activity. The star has 2.54 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9.20 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 51.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,099 K.


10 MPH
10 MPH is a 2006 documentary film directed by Hunter Weeks and starring Josh Caldwell with his Segway HT, the two-wheeled electronic scooter. This film, which takes its name from the Segway's average speed, documents Caldwell's 100-day, coast to coast journey across the United States riding the "Human Transporter". The trip started in Seattle, Washington on August 8, 2004 and ended in Boston, Massachusetts on November 18, 2004. 10 MPH has had a favorable reaction at screenings and film festivals and has won several awards.


10 MPH, Plot
10 MPH follows the progress of Caldwell as he rides a Segway scooter across the United States from Seattle to Boston, stopping at many places along the way to interact with people. The film focuses on showing the dynamic nature of the US countryside as well as documenting the stories of people Caldwell and Weeks encounter along the way.


10 MPH, Plot
10 MPH shows Caldwell, Weeks, and other members of the crew but also provides footage of the people they meet, both helpful and rude. For example, Caldwell and the crew are stopped by an Illinois police officer who admonishes them for traveling at 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) on a road with a 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) speed limit. The filmmakers also document their struggles, from the technical challenges of maintaining the Segway's batteries to the production challenge of losing a producer part way through the filming process.


10 MPH, Development
Dissatisfied with their average corporate jobs, filmmakers Weeks and Caldwell formed a production company, Spinning Blue, in Denver, Colorado prior to beginning production of 10 MPH. They have discussed their lack of training and experience in the film industry, lack of investment capital to make the film, and lack of film industry contacts as challenges at the beginning of the process. Rather than pursuing traditional channels of film making, Weeks and Caldwell used the Web to raise funds and promote 10 MPH. They conceived the idea of making a film before knowing what it would be about. Shortly thereafter, a friend gave them the idea of making a film involving a Segway.


10 MPH, Development
In 2004, Weeks and Caldwell purchased a Segway and decided to film a documentary about traveling across the United States at 10 miles per hour (16 km/h). Caldwell actually rode the scooter while Weeks directed and managed the film footage. Weeks and other members of the production crew followed Caldwell in a car with the film equipment.


10 MPH, Development
They used a Sony PD-150 to capture 180 hours of footage. Post-production occurred back in Denver after the Segway journey with involvement from other members of the Denver film community.


10 MPH, Distribution
10 MPH is available in several ways including on DVD, which premiered on May 29, 2007 in the United States and is available through Netflix and other outlets, and by direct download from the film Web site and from iTunes. Additionally, Weeks and Caldwell spent months in 2007 traveling back over their path to show the finished documentary in theaters along the way.


10 MPH, Critical response
The documentary received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80 percent based on reviews from five critics, with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10.


10 MPH, Critical response
In Wired Magazine, Dylan Tweney wrote that 10 MPH “...is about more than just a couple of geeks with their high-tech toy: It's lighthearted and entertaining, with an overarching message about accomplishing your dreams and doing your ‘thing.’” Jeff Inglis of the Boston Phoenix compared it with other accounts of American road trips, writing; “What Caldwell and Weeks have made is a road movie, in the tradition, perhaps, of Charles Kuralt’s “On the Road” reports for CBS News, or maybe more like William Least Heat-Moon's backroads peregrinations in Blue Highways.”


10 MPH, Critical response
The documentary also received praise in the West Seattle Herald, where Bruce Bulloch called Caldwell and Weeks “savvy storytellers” and applauded 10 MPH for being a “witty counterpoint to the hyped-up rhythms of American life.” Bulloch further commented of 10 MPH, that despite its slow tempo “[it] has a seductive vitality about it – the last fit of reckless abandon of a disappearing youth.” Noting that while the popularity of documentaries has risen in recent years; “They're generally politically charged forays into the troubling issues of our times. ‘10 MPH’ heads off in another direction, taking us, regardless of age, on a sentimental journey to the cusp of adulthood when a sense of adventure was still an important virtue.”


10 MPH, Critical response
Of a more critical opinion, where The Christian Science Monitor, which commented, “The duo's hook for a movie is to document their gimmicky journey from Seattle to Boston on a Segway scooter. We never truly get inside the heads of these unlikely pioneers but scenic photography and lively side characters make for a diverting trip.” On a similar note, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post, reflected that “The narration can be a tad earnest. The aesthetic is decidedly DIY. Still, "10 mph," with its wit, beckoning shots of splendid landscapes, and impromptu interviews, might have you humming Woody Guthrie, This land is your land, this land is my land.”


10 MPH, Critical response
In a favorable review in the Boise Weekly, Travis Estvold wrote “Though piloting a Segway seems a bit gimmicky, it does what the filmmakers probably intended: It attracts plenty of attention. But it also does something that may not have been intentional: The voyage of the battery-powered machine takes a backseat to the personalities of the filmmakers and the characters they meet along the way.” In the review Estvold complemented the documentary makers for somehow capturing “every cross section of Americana as they ever-so-slowly wound their way from the home of the Space Needle to the city of Fenway Park.”


10 MPH, Critical response
In an article on upcoming releases in 2007, the Boston Globe mentioned 10 MPH, calling it an “..amusingly offbeat documentary.” In the Idaho Statesman, Chad Dryden remarked; “10 MPH succeeds on many levels. For one, it’s a terrific American travelogue, taking the viewer through small-town charm, purple mountain majesty and the big city’s vibrating pulse. More importantly, it’s an inspiring story about cutting through the stagnancy of 21st-century life to follow your dreams.”


10 MPH, Critical response
Calling the documentary “Charming and maddening”, Jordan Harper raised concerns with the main concepts of 10 MPH, writing in the Dallas Observer, “...for good and ill: The American dream has been determined, and that dream is to become famous not for talent or beauty, but simply for doing something peculiar; if you can't be the American Idol, be one of those jackasses from the auditions. The guys seem nice enough, and there are plenty of sweet slices of Americana, so you might find yourself torn. It's hard not to be drawn in by the film's good-natured vibe, but there's no getting around the urge to smack these guys and tell them to make their next movie about anything except themselves.”


10 MPH, Artwork and soundtrack
10 MPH features artwork by the director's sister, Gannon Weeks, who also appeared in the film and performed public relations, logistics, and other duties. The soundtrack features artists such as Brett Dennen, Roman Candle and Daphne Loves Derby.


10 Magazine (British magazine)
10 Magazine is a British luxury quarterly magazine published in London, UK.