10-K Thirst Quencher
A television commercial promoting 10-K in the New Orleans, Louisiana market appeared in 1987 featuring New Orleans Saints coach Jim Mora, LSU Tigers football coach Mike Archer, Tulane Green Wave football coach Mack Brown, and LSU men's basketball coach Dale Brown. Another ad appeared circa 1994, promoting a chance for viewers to look under the cap to win a trip to Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida and attend a taping of Nickelodeon GUTS (complete with a chance to climb the Aggro Crag). Runners-up received various other GUTS merchandise.


10-K Thirst Quencher
The drink seems to have disappeared from national markets around 2002 due to a drought in profits.


10-K Thirst Quencher
10K was formerly used by college and professional sports teams as their preferred sports drink vendor in the 1980s and 1990s such as Florida Eagles. It was used by the athletic department at Florida State University until at least 1995. The New York Fire Department formerly equipped its "Recuperation and Care," or "RAC," units with 10-K, to be served to firefighters at the scenes of major incidents.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate
10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP, MDP Monomer) is used for dental adhesive materials. The phosphate monomer was developed by Kuraray co., Ltd. with focus on the dental adhesion technology in 1981.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Synthesis
MDP is synthesized according to the following reaction. At first, 10-hydroxydecy methacrylate is synthesized by reaction with methacrylic acid and 1,10-decandiol. Next, phosphoryl chloride is added to 10-hydroxydecy methacrylate, then, the bonding of P-Cl is hydrolyzed.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Background
In the late 1970s, tooth adhesion phosphate monomer: 2-methacryloyloxethyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate (Phenyl-P) was developed for tooth substance saving restoration technique. 4-Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid anhydride (4-META) that adhere to not only tooth structures but also dental alloys, was developed almost at the same time. In order to create adhesive monomers having higher performance, investigation and optimization of adhesive monomer molecular structure was carried out. The results of the experiments have provided more suitable chemical structure of adhesive monomers, one is MDP.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions
The adhesive interaction of MDP with synthetic hydroxyapatite was observed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MDP readily adhered to hydroxyapatite and this bond appeared very stable, as confirmed by the lowdissolution rate of its calcium salt in water.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions
MDP, which effectively interacts chemically with hydroxyapatite and the calcium salt of which is hardly soluble, showed no signs of degradation in bond strength. Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin of a self-etch adhesive that contains MDP were measured up to 100,000 thermocycles. The μTBS of the MDP-based adhesive to dentin after 100,000 thermocycles was not significantly different from that of the control.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions
Experimental primers, which were prepared by three different purity grade MDP monomers, were tested. Impurities and the presence of MDP dimer affected not only hybridization, but also reduced the formation of MDP_Ca salts andnano-layering. MDP in a high purity grade is essential to achieve durable bonding.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Collagen Interactions
The binding interaction between collagen and MDP was studied by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. The STD results imply that MDP has a relatively stable interaction with the collagen, because of the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic MDP moieties and the hydrophobic collagen surface.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Dental Metal of MDP
Tensile bond strengths to titanium plates treated with 3 experimental primers consisting of MDP in 3 concentrations were tested. The data obtained strongly suggest that MDP is effective to improve the adhesive performance of resin to titanium.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP
Tensile bond strength to zirconia of ethanol solutions that contains MDP were measured. MDP showed high bond strengths to zirconia.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP
Tensile bond strengths of MDP containing resin composites to zirconia ceramic were statistically significantly higher when compared with the bond strength of the conventional Bis-GMA resin composite which contains no adhesive monomer.


10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP
The mechanisms of coordination between MDP and zirconium oxide were demonstrated by using 1H and 31Pmagic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two dimensional 1H → 31P heteronuclear correlation NMR. The spectra indicated three possible models as mechanisms of interaction of MDP with zirconia.


10-Minute Walk
The 10-Minute Walk, also known as the 10-Minute Walk to a Park, refers to a grassroots parks-advocacy movement to ensure that everyone in the United States lives within a ten-minute walk to a high-quality park or green space. The effort was adopted as a resolution at the 85th annual United States Conference of Mayors convention in 2017 as a goal for cities to increase parks and green space as a civic responsibility. The concept has been supported by several community-based nonprofit organizations including The Trust for Public Land, the National Recreation and Park Association, and the Urban Land Institute. A ten-minute walk is commonly considered to be half a mile, which is the distance the National Park Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses when they link park access and public health.


10-Minute Walk, Adoption and spread
More than 200 mayors of large and small cities across the United States have committed to the goal, including the mayors of the four largest cities in the U.S.: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston. Urban parks are increasingly seen by those in municipal government as a solution to many inner-city challenges. This initiative seeks to provide physical and mental health benefits, opportunities for physical activity, proximity to nature, neighborhood and community revitalization, and environmental benefits for citizens through the creation of urban parks. Health studies demonstrate that an increase in exercise, including walking alone, may foster longevity in older adults.


10-Minute Walk, Adoption and spread
The first city in the U.S. to achieve a 10-Minute Walk to a park for every resident was San Francisco.


10-Piece handicap
The 10-Piece (十枚落ち jūmai-ochi) handicap in shogi has all of White's pieces removed except for the king and their line of pawns. (Thus, their rook, bishop, golds, silvers, knights, and lances are all missing.)


10-Piece handicap
This handicap is very severe and, thus, not competitive. It is not deemed an official handicap of the Japan Shogi Association. Its purpose is primarily for teaching shogi novices how to play.


10-Piece handicap
In this handicap, a major pedagogical point is how to activate Black's bishop and then promote it. Finally, as with all large handicaps, Black should try to achieve a mating position in the fewest moves possible as well as preventing White from creating an Entering King situation in which it may be impossible to mate White.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
1...K-42. The most reasonable move for White is to protect their pawns on the 53, 43, and 33 squares.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
Once Black opens their bishop diagonal, the 33 square is in the direct line of fire of Black's bishop.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
If White made a first move of 1...K-62, after 2.P-76, White's king does not have to time to move to the 42 square in order to protect 33 and White would promote their bishop with 3.Bx33+.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
2.P-76. Part of the main pedagogical point of this handicap: activate the bishop by opening its diagonal with a pawn push on the seventh file.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
This move prepares an exit hatch for the bishop so that it might move outside of Black's camp and attack one of White's undefended pawns and simultaneously promote.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
Although it may be possible to activate the rook instead with a pawn push on the second file (with 2.P-26 aiming for 3.P-25 and 4.P-24), this is slower than activating the bishop since the bishop can immediately become mobile outside of Black's camp after 2.P-76. Note that even in even games, activating the bishop with P-76 is the most frequent first move by either Black or White.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
2...P-54. Although other moves may be possible, pushing the central file pawn has multiple purposes.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
The most apparent reason is to prevent Black's bishop from moving to the 55 square. If White allowed this by, for instance, moving the king further to the side with 2...K32, after Black moves their bishop 3.B-55, Black would be able to promote their bishop on the seventh file on their next move with 4.Bx73+. Although White cannot prevent Black's bishop from promoting with only a single king defending their line of pawns, it is preferable that Black's bishop promote on a file that is further away from White's king such as the ninth file.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
A second reason for the central pawn development is to give White's king the possibility of advancing up to the 53 square. In very large handicaps like this 10-Piece Handicap, White must use their king very actively typically advancing their king upward behind previously advanced pawns.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
3.B-66. Moving the bishop to the 66 square aims Black's bishop on the 93 square where it can promote. This is the second teaching point of this handicap.


10-Piece handicap, Opening
Although White has thwarted Black's attempts to promote their bishop on the 33 and 73 squares with 1...K-42 and 2...P-54, there is no way for White to prevent a promotion on the ninth file with the king so far way and there being no lance on 91 protecting the ninth file as is the case in even games. Even if White tries to prevent Black from capturing the ninth file pawn by pushing the pawn with 3...P-94, it is of little consequence since the promotion of the bishop is the important issue. After the bishop promotion, Black will be in a good position.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
3...P-64. This pawn push gives White the option of moving their king to the 63 square as well as continuing to push the sixth file pawn further to 65. Making this sixth file pawn push, of course, gives up White's ninth file pawn. However, in such an extreme handicap as this, White will play aggressively and ignore the small material loss.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
5.P-26. Seeing White's move, Black opts to activate their rook with a pawn push since White's second file pawn is now undefended. For Ishibashi (2012: 35), this rook activation is the third pedagogical point of this handicap.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
At this point, White can still move their king to defend the second file via 5...K-42 then 6...K-32. Even so, Black can still trade off their rook pawns with 6.P-25 7.P-24 Px24 8.Rx24. And, after a defending pawn drop 8...P*23 by White, Black's rook could capture White's central pawn with 9.Rx54 looking to promote the rook on the central file.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
5...P-55. White continues pushing their central pawn forward making way for the king to advance further toward Black's camp. Ultimately, White aims to attack on the central file as Black's king remains in its original start position on that file.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
6.P-25. Another forward match of the rook pawn to be followed by another push to the 24 square.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
Black aims to trade off this second file pawn so that the rook will have an unobstructed path to promote inside of White's camp. Since White has no pieces to defend on the second file, the rook promotion is inevitable.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
7.P-24. This pawn push is the beginning of the second file pawn exchange: Black's pawn attacks, White's pawn captures, and Black's rook recaptures.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
7...Px24. White will capture Black's pawn now as otherwise Black will capture White's pawn and additionally promote their pawn themselves with 8.Px23+. Giving Black a pawn for free and allowing their pawn on the board to promote is too beneficial for Black.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
8.Rx24. Rook recaptures. Now both players have a pawn in hand. The rook recapture also puts White's king on the 54 square in check.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
8...P-44. White pushes their fourth file pawn in order to resolve Black's check by the rook.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
9.R-22+. With its path cleared, Black's rook promotes. Promoting on rank 2 (as opposed to rank 1, for instance) also confines White's king to ranks 3 and below since the promoted rook is attacking along the entire rank 2.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
9...K-45. White's king moves forward again to the fourth file. The aim here is to attack on the central file and the king positioned on 45 allows the king to recapture a pawn on the 56 square.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example
11.+Bx83. Black captures White's eighth file pawn. But, more importantly, this move puts White in threatmate.


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example, ☖12...K-55
12...K*55. White resolves Black's check (12.+B-72) by having the king flee from the bishop's attacking diagonal. (Another possibility is to interpose a pawn. See §12... P*54 below).


10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example, ☖12...P*54
12...P*54. Another way White could resolve Black's check (12.+B-72) is the drop an interposing pawn to the 54 square between the king and the bishop (instead of running with 12...K-55).


10-Pin Bowling (video game)
10-Pin Bowling is a bowling video game developed by Morning Star Multimedia and published by Majesco Sales Inc. for the Game Boy Color. 10-Pin Bowling is one of few Game Boy Color games to support rumble, which is achieved by utilizing a rumble pak built directly into the cartridge.


10-Pin Bowling (video game), Critical reception
Craig Harris, writing for IGN, described the game as "entirely basic and stripped down" and opined that it was "as basic as you can get on the Game Boy."


10-Solagii Istiqloliyat
10-Solagii Istiqloliyat (Tajik: 10-солагии Истиқлолият) is a jamoat in Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Tursunzoda in Districts of Republican Subordination. The jamoat has a total population of 29,492 (2015).


10-Yard Fight
10-Yard Fight is an American football sports video game that was developed and published in Japan by Irem for arcades in 1983. It was published overseas by Taito in the Americas, by Electrocoin in Europe, and by ADP Automaten GmbH in West Germany.


10-Yard Fight, Gameplay
10-Yard Fight is viewed in a top-down perspective and is vertical scrolling. The player does not select plays for either offense or defense. On offense, the player simply receives the ball upon the snap and either attempts to run with the quarterback, toss the ball to a running back, or throw the ball to the one long distance receiver – basically the option offense. On defense, the player chooses one of two players to control, and the computer manipulates the others. The ball can also be punted or a field goal can be attempted.


10-Yard Fight, Gameplay
The game has five levels of increasing difficulty: high school, college, professional, playoff, and Super Bowl. If the player wins both halves of an "accelerated real time" 30-minute half at an easier level, the player advances to the next level of difficulty, like a career mode.


10-Yard Fight, Gameplay
A player scores 20,000 points for any kickoff that's returned for a touchdown.


10-Yard Fight, Ports
The arcade game was later ported to the Famicom by Irem first in Japan, and later published in North America and Europe by Nintendo in 1985 for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The arcade game was also ported to the MSX home computer also by Irem, but exclusively in Japan.


10-Yard Fight, Ports
While graphically similar, there are some fundamental differences between the arcade and NES versions of the game. The arcade version only seeks to simulate the offense, with the team attempting to score a touchdown, which ultimately leads the player to the next level. The NES version was developed to allow both defense and offense, as well as a simultaneous 2-player mode.


10-Yard Fight, Ports
10-Yard Fight was, along with Kung Fu, one of only two NES launch titles not originally developed by Nintendo. Both games were developed initially for arcades by Irem. Although Nintendo developed the NES port of Kung Fu, Irem handled the system's port of 10-Yard Fight.


10-Yard Fight, Ports
On May 2, 2018 a  was released by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives series.


10-Yard Fight, Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed 10-Yard Fight on their January 1, 1984 issue as the top-grossing new table arcade cabinet of the month. It later topped Japan's table arcade game chart in March 1984.


10-Yard Fight, Reception
The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called it the "patriarch of football games". Adam Duerson of Sports Illustrated stated that while no one remembered it or could say what makes it great, it is worth recognition for the fact that it brought football games out of the Atari era, setting a simple precedent for future football games. Adam Swiderski of UGO Networks called it "downright advanced" compared to earlier football titles. He added that while it looked neat and had a quality soundtrack, it didn't play like "real football". N-Sider called it more like a racing game than a football game, due to the objective being racing for a first down to increase players' time. Author Bj Klein, however, called it less realistic than Tecmo Bowl. The Journal News called it an "immortal classic".


10-Yard Fight, Legacy
A remake of the game has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico.


10-cube
In geometry, a 10-cube is a ten-dimensional hypercube. It has 1024 vertices, 5120 edges, 11520 square faces, 15360 cubic cells, 13440 tesseract 4-faces, 8064 5-cube 5-faces, 3360 6-cube 6-faces, 960 7-cube 7-faces, 180 8-cube 8-faces, and 20 9-cube 9-faces.


10-cube
It can be named by its Schläfli symbol {4,38}, being composed of 3 9-cubes around each 8-face. It is sometimes called a dekeract, a portmanteau of tesseract (the 4-cube) and deka- for ten (dimensions) in Greek, It can also be called an icosaxennon or icosa-10-tope as a 10 dimensional polytope, constructed from 20 regular facets.


10-cube
It is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called hypercubes. The dual of a dekeract can be called a 10-orthoplex or decacross, and is a part of the infinite family of cross-polytopes.


10-cube, Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a dekeract centered at the origin and edge length 2 are


10-cube, Cartesian coordinates
while the interior of the same consists of all points (x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9) with −1 < xi < 1.


10-cube, Derived polytopes
Applying an alternation operation, deleting alternating vertices of the dekeract, creates another uniform polytope, called a 10-demicube, (part of an infinite family called demihypercubes), which has 20 demienneractic and 512 enneazettonic facets.


10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-deacetylbaccatin III, whereas its two products are CoA and baccatin III.


10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis.


10-demicube
In geometry, a 10-demicube or demidekeract is a uniform 10-polytope, constructed from the 10-cube with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes.


10-demicube
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM10 for a ten-dimensional half measure polytope.


10-demicube
Coxeter named this polytope as 171 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches,  and Schläfli symbol {33,3,3,3,3,3,33}{\displaystyle \left\{3{\begin{array}{l}3,3,3,3,3,3,3\\3\end{array}}\right\}} or {3,37,1}.


10-demicube, Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a demidekeract centered at the origin are alternate halves of the dekeract:


10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase
10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (10-epi-gamma-eudesmol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:


10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase
The recombinant enzyme from ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) forms beta-eudesmol, 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol, alpha-eudesmol and aristolene.


10-foot user interface
In computing,  10-foot user interface ("10-foot UI"), also known as a 3-meter user interface (especially for international marketing), is a graphical user interface designed for televisions. Compared to desktop computer and smartphone user interfaces, it uses text and other interface elements which are much larger in order to accommodate a typical television viewing distance of 10 feet (3 meters). Additionally, the limitations of a television's remote control necessitate extra user experience considerations to minimize user effort.


10-foot user interface
In the past, these types of human interaction design (HID) interfaces are driven by remote controllers primarily using infrared (IR) codes signals, which are increasingly replaced by other two-way radio-frequency protocol standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee RF4CE and Wi-Fi while maintaining the use of IR for certain wake-up situations. The voice interfaces are also now purposed to provide a near-field experience in addition to the far-field experience of the likes of smart speakers. One of the requirements of voice-input 10-foot user interface usually require a device like smart speaker, over-the-top (OTT) TV box or smart television with Internet connectivity supported by an advanced software operating system.


10-foot user interface, Design
The term "10-foot" or "3-meter" is used to differentiate this user interface style from those used on desktop computers, which typically assume the user's eyes are only about two feet (24 inches, 60 cm) from the display. This difference in distance from the display has a huge impact on the interface design, requiring the use of extra large fonts on a television and allowing relatively few items to be shown on a television at once.


10-foot user interface, Design
A 10-foot UI is almost always designed to be operated by a simple hand-held remote control. Rather than the mouse or touchscreen which are commonly used with other types of user interfaces, the remote's directional pad is the primary means of navigation. This means that a 10-foot UI needs to arrange items on screen in a way that clearly shows which item would be next in each of the four directions of the directional pad – usually a grid layout. Also, without a mouse cursor, the currently-selected item must be highlighted in some way.


10-foot user interface, Design
Ten-foot interfaces may resemble other post-WIMP systems graphically, but do not assume the use of a touch screen.


10-foot user interface, Design
The goal of 10-foot user interface design is normally to make the user's interaction as simple and efficient as possible, trying to achieve a more laid-back and relaxed user experience with as few button presses as possible while still having an intuitive layout, in terms of accomplishing user goals—what is often called user-centered design. Good user interface design facilitates finishing the task at hand without drawing unnecessary attention to itself. Graphic design may be utilized to support its usability; however, the design process must balance technical functionality and visual elements (e.g., mental model) to create a system that is not only operational but also usable and adaptable to changing user needs.


10-foot user interface, Design
One of the additional feature in 10-foot user interface design is also to repurpose the on screen display (OSD) for providing a clear menu-driven interaction for users. This complements the navigation available in most handheld remote controllers. The rise of the use of voice-based input (as found in some remote controllers and smart speakers) also provides a direct control interface enhancing the user experience.


10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase
In enzymology, a 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and dihydrochelirubine.


10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.


10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, a 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction


10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C, whereas its two products are CoA and taxuyunnanin C.


10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called acetyl coenzyme A: 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase.


10-in-1 food parcel
The 10-in-1 food parcel, commonly known as the 10-in-1 ration, was a field ration prepared for soldiers of the United States Army, intended to provide one meal for 10 men.


10-in-1 food parcel, Development
Although the possibility of packing the B ration in units of ten was suggested early in the Second World War, progress on such an arrangement did not begin until 1943 when the Mountain ration, Jungle ration, and 5-in-1 rations were discontinued. The success of the British "Composite 14-in-1 ration" during the North African campaign in 1942 and the movement to classify field rations into four categories added incentive for development of the 10-in-1 ration. A guide to its rapid development was furnished in the following 1943 definition:


10-in-1 food parcel, Development
"A small-group field ration [shall be] composed of components of the standard field ration type B (modified to reduce bulk and weight) packed in basic packages of five complete rations each. . . . The inner and outer packages are to be proof against water, vapor, moisture, and chemical agents. They are to be of such shape and dimensions as to be suitable for either animal-pack or man-carry, and sufficiently sturdy as to material and construction to withstand normal handling and transportation in motor vehicles, on pack animals or by individual portage."


10-in-1 food parcel, Development
Specification requirements were quickly published, and the ration was standardized as the replacement for other group rations such as the 5-in-1 ration. Although superseding the 5-in-1, the 10-in-1 was essentially two 5-in-1s packed in one unit. Within such a combination, a greater variety of contents was possible; the number of "menus" was increased to five, compared to the three-menu arrangement of the 5-in-1. In ensuing war years, several revisions were made to the original specification, but their intended purpose of providing one day's food for ten men, remained unaltered. Within the daily plan, complete group meals were specified for breakfast and supper while a partial dinner unit was provided for the luncheon meal.


10-in-1 food parcel, Development
A typical menu included such canned items as butter-substitute spread, soluble coffee, pudding, meat units, jam, evaporated milk, and vegetables as well as biscuits, cereal, beverages, candy, salt, and sugar. Accessory items were can opener, toilet paper, soap, towels, and water-purification (Halazone) tablets. The partial dinner unit was enclosed in a cellophane bag-in-carton for easy distribution to the individual soldier for his noontime meal. Within the unit were biscuits, a confection, beverage powder, sugar, gum, and a can opener. These items were provided on the theory that an individual "snack" was sufficient for midday meals, when there would be neither time nor opportunity to prepare the ration for group feeding.


10-in-1 food parcel, Revision
The similarity of the partial unit to the K ration was a chief reason for the proposed revision of the 10-in-1 in 1945. The revised 10-in-1 was intended for use during and after the 1945 planned attack on Japan during World War II. It was planned to eliminate the unit ration concept, and to assemble the entire ration on the basis of three group meals rather than two group meals and one individual luncheon package.


10-in-1 food parcel, Revision
Although it was recognized that the overall weight of the ration would be increased thereby, it was felt that the added weight would be offset by the increased acceptability and nutritional value which a greater variety of components would provide. The end of the war prevented realization of such a plan in the 10-in-1, leaving a surplus of food. Through the form of CARE Packages, the humanitarian group CARE provided a means to transfer the ration surplus to those starving in Europe.


10-in-1 food parcel, Revision
Over 300 million rations, costing about 85 cents each, were procured under the 10-in-1 title from mid-1943 to the end of World War II. No other group ration was procured during that period. Hence, in actuality as well as nomenclature, "Ration, 10-in-1" was the final small-group ration of World War II.


10-inch gun M1895
The 10-inch Gun M1895 (254 mm) and its variants the M1888 and M1900 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. For most of their history they were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on disappearing carriages, with early installations on barbette mountings. All of the weapons not in the Philippines (except four guns in Canada) were scrapped during World War II. Two of the surviving weapons were relocated from the Philippines to Fort Casey in Washington state in the 1960s.


10-inch gun M1895, History
In 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott Period fortifications. The Watervliet Arsenal designed the gun and built the barrels.


10-inch gun M1895, History
A few of the first guns were mounted on low-angle M1893 barbette carriages. Subsequently, most of the guns were mounted on M1894, M1896, or M1901 disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire. Detailed descriptions of the M1888 weapon and Buffington–Crozier disappearing carriage are in the US Army's , along with a description and illustration of a "modified Gordon" disappearing carriage, an experimental type. Detailed parts lists for the M1888M1 weapon and supporting equipment are in the .


10-inch gun M1895, History
After the Spanish–American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and to protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and in some cases fewer guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s. The defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay and Subic Bay were built under this program.


10-inch gun M1895, History, Experimental gun
A 10-inch "depressing gun" M1896 on an M1894 disappearing carriage was mounted in an experimental battery at Fort Monroe, Virginia in the northeast bastion. The battery was operated from 1900 to 1908, and the concrete portions remain in place.


10-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting
After the American entry into World War I, the Army recognized the need for large-caliber railway guns for use on the Western Front. Among the weapons available for this were 129 10-inch guns, to be removed from fixed defenses or taken from spares. Thirty-six Schneider-type sliding-mount railway carriages for 10-inch guns were contracted to be manufactured by the Marion Steam Shovel company and delivered to France for finishing by March 1919. Of these, eight sets were shipped prior to the Armistice, then were returned to the US where 22 of the 36 originally contracted mountings were completed.


10-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting
A detailed description of the railway mounting is given in Railway Artillery, Vol. I by Lt. Col. H. W. Miller, USA. The range of the railway weapon was 24,700 yards (22,600 m) at 36° elevation. Guns not mounted were returned to coastal defenses after the war; in the late 1920s the 10-inch railway gun was declared obsolete and the mountings scrapped.


10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II
In April–May 1941 eight M1888 guns were sent to Canada under Lend-Lease for use in coast defenses there. These included three guns from Battery Harker, Fort Mott on disappearing carriages, three guns from Battery Quarles, Fort Worden on barbette carriages, and two guns from Battery Revere, Fort Flagler on barbette carriages. Two of the Fort Mott disappearing guns were deployed at Fort Cape Spear, St. John's, Newfoundland and remain there. The remaining disappearing gun from Fort Mott and one barbette gun from Fort Flagler were deployed at Fort Prével on the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec. Two of the barbette guns from Fort Worden were deployed to Fort McNutt on McNutts Island, Nova Scotia and remain there, although only part of one still exists. The remaining two barbette guns from Forts Flagler and Worden were deployed at Wiseman's Cove, Botwood, Newfoundland and no longer exist.


10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II
Along with other coast artillery weapons, some of the 10-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese, and the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack.


10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II
In 1940–44, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and essentially all 10-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped 1943–44.


10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples
1. Two 10-inch Guns M1895MI (#25 & #22 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1901 (#14 & #16 Watertown), Battery Grubbs, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines. The guns lie behind their mountings, since they were fired while disconnected from the carriages to deny use of them to the Japanese forces.


10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples
2. One 10-inch Gun M1895MI (#20 Watervliet) (spare gun), Battery Grubbs, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines


10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples
3. Two 10-inch Guns M1895MI (#26 & #28 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1901 (#13 & #15 Watertown), Battery Worth, Fort Casey, Coupeville, WA (guns moved in the 1960s from Battery Warwick, Fort Wint, Grande Island, Subic Bay, Philippines)


10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples
4. Two 10-inch Guns M1888 (#41 & #3 Watervliet), Fort Cape Spear, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (guns moved in World War II from Battery Harker, Fort Mott, New Jersey)


10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples
5. One 10-inch Gun M1888 (#12 Watervliet) on Barbette Carriage M1893 (#11 Watertown) (with partial remains of other gun (#37) and carriage (#1)), Fort McNutt, McNutts Island, Nova Scotia, Canada (guns moved in World War II from Battery Quarles, Fort Worden, WA)


10-inch/31-caliber gun
The 10"/31 caliber gun Mark 1 Mod 1 (spoken "ten-inch-thirty-one--caliber") and the 10"/35 caliber gun Mark 1 Mod 2 were both used for the primary batteries of the United States Navy's   Amphitrite-class monitor Miantonomoh. The 10"/30 caliber gun Mark 2 was used as main armament on the remaining Amphitrite-class monitors, the monitor Monterey, and the armored cruiser Maine.


10-inch/31-caliber gun
The Navy's Policy Board called for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406 mm). This 10-inch (254 mm) gun had been in development since 1885. The Navy desired a light weight heavy weapon with a 10-inch bore to arm their coastal monitors and the armored cruiser Maine, which would later be classified a "Second Class Battleship." The 10-inch/31 caliber gun would be the first heavy breech loader (BL) gun in the "New Navy" and be the ancestor to all large caliber BL guns built in the United States.


10-inch/31-caliber gun, Mark 1
The 10-inch Mark 1 was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 31 caliber, Mod 0 and Mod 1, and also 35 caliber, Mod 2. These were both mounted in pairs on Mianonomoh and numbered 1–4 by the Navy. Both of the Mod 0 and Mod 1 guns had a tube, jacket, with the Mod 1 having a thicker jacket, and 15 hoops with a locking ring. The hoops started 5.91 in (150 mm) from the breech and extended to the muzzle. The Mod 2, was a 35 caliber gun of similar constructions but had only 14 hoops with a locking ring. These were all constructed of gun steel.


10-inch/31-caliber gun, Mark 2
The Mark 2 was an even simpler construction with only 11 hoops, a different breech mechanism and reverting to a shorter, 30 caliber length, barrel. Eighteen were built, Nos. 5–26. These would be the guns used on the remaining Amphitrite-class monitors, Monterey, and Maine.


10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3
The 10"/40 caliber gun Mark 3 (spoken "ten-inch-forty--caliber") was used for the main batteries of the United States Navy's last generation of armored cruisers, the  Tennessee-class. The Mark 3s were the last, and most powerful, 10-inch (254 mm) guns built for the US Navy.


10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3
The Navy's Policy Board call for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406 mm), to use the new smokeless powder that had recently been adopted by the Navy. Because of this new propellant, projectiles could accelerate all the way along the gun barrel, which allowed for barrels of 40, or more, calibers long. This led to the development of the 10-inch/40 caliber gun.


10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3
The Mark 3 was specifically designed for the Tennessee-class armored cruisers, numbered in order after the Mark 1 and Mark 2s, Nos. 27–47, with No. 27 being delivered in February 1906. Nos. 27–31, 36, and 45 were all Mod 0s, with Nos. 37–44, 46, and 47 being Mod 1s. The initial Mod 2s were Nos. 32–35, with other later converted to Mod 2. These were all constructed of gun steel.


10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3
The 10-inch Mark 3 Mod 0 was built in a length of 40 calibers, had a tube, jacket and four hoops with a locking ring, and a screw box liner, all of which were manufactured out of nickel-steel. The Mark 3 Mod 1s only differed from the Mod 0 in the shape of the front of their chambers and the Mod 2 had a conical nickel-steel liner that was the same length as the tube, with the chamber volume being slightly reduced.


10-meter band
The 10-meter band is a portion of the shortwave radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a primary basis. The band consists of frequencies stretching from 28.000 to 29.700 MHz.


10-meter band, History
The 10-meter band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. Its frequency allocation was then 28-30 MHz.


10-meter band, History
A 300 kHz segment, from 29.700 MHz to 30.000 MHz, was removed from the amateur radio allocation by the 1947 International Radio Conference of Atlantic City.


10-meter band, History
In the late 1970s, the impending ban by the FCC of the sale of older 23-channel CB equipment that did not meet more stringent restrictions on newer, 40-channel units, meant that a surplus of 23-channel CB gear was on the market. This was a windfall for amateur radio enthusiasts, allowing access to fairly inexpensive radios which could easily be modified for use in the 10-meter band.


10-meter band, History
American Novice- and Technician-class licensees were granted CW and SSB segments on the 10-meter band as of 00:01 UTC March 21, 1987.


10-meter band, History
With the elimination of Morse code testing requirements for U.S. amateurs in February 2007, Technician-class licensees who have not passed a code test may operate with up to 200 watts PEP using CW and SSB modes in a portion of the 10-meter band.


10-meter band, Operating
Being a very wide band in HF terms, many different transmission modes can be found on 10 meters. Morse code and other narrowband modes are found toward the bottom portion of the band, SSB from 28.300 MHz up, and wideband modes (AM and FM) are found near the upper part of the bottom portion of the band. Digital modes, such as PSK-31, are also allowed in the upper portion of the band, with 28.120 being a popular PSK-31 frequency.


10-meter band, Propagation characteristics
Due to its unique spot in the spectrum, 10 meters can occasionally be challenging to work. At peak times of the solar cycle when many sunspots appear on the Sun's surface, 10 meters can be alive with extremely long-distance signals, refracting from the F2 layer in the ionosphere. Generally speaking, the most effective and efficient propagation of 10-meter radio waves takes place during local daylight hours. During periods of increased sunspot activity, band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night.


10-meter band, Propagation characteristics
Long-distance opportunities via F2 seem to follow the sun across the globe. In North America, for instance, F2 might bring Europe and western Asia in the morning, the Americas during midday, and the Pacific and East Asia in late afternoon and early evening.


10-meter band, Propagation characteristics
Even in times of solar minimum, when F2 is rarely available, 10 meters still has some long distance possibilities. Sporadic E propagation can bring in signals from a hundred to many thousands of miles away. Sporadic E on 10 meters is mainly a seasonal event, with late spring and early summer being prime time for the mode. A shorter, less-intense period occurs during mid-winter, often between Christmas and the new year. Other, off-peak openings may be seen almost anytime. Even during solar minimum, F2 openings often occur on transequatorial paths, for example between Europe and Southern Africa or between Pacific North America and the Eastern Pacific islands.


10-meter band, Propagation characteristics
In tropical latitudes 10 meters is open throughout the sunspot cycle, although propagation is often confined to other areas lying along the equator. For example, a good path from West Africa to the Caribbean exists on 10 meters even at solar minimum.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands
Although 10 meters has a worldwide amateur radio allocation, in some countries the use of portions of 10 meters is allocated by the government by license class, by signal mode or signal bandwidth. Beyond these regulations there is also a general voluntary band plan adhered to by amateurs throughout the world.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Worldwide frequency allocations
Worldwide 10-meter frequency allocations are specified by the ITU. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range from 28.000 to 29.700 MHz.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Canadian 10-meter band plan
Canada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands
Named for the segment of 10 meters granted for use to American Novice Class Amateur Radio license holders. The Novice sub-bands consist of two frequency ranges; one for CW and Data operation, and the other for SSB phone operation.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands, Novice CW
28.000-28.300 MHz is a very active part of 10 meters for CW operation.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands, Novice/Technician phone
28.300-28.500 MHz is probably the most active part of the 10-meter band. Operation in this segment is almost exclusively SSB worldwide.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Beacons
Because the propagation on 10 meters can vary drastically throughout the day, propagation beacons are very important to gauge the current conditions of the band. With some differences in each ITU Regions and also from country to country, the beacon sub-bands fall between 28.100 and 28.300 MHz. ITU Region 1 is generally 28.190-28.225 MHz and ITU Region 2 is generally 28.200-28.300 MHz.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, AM sub-band
From 29.000 to 29.200 MHz. Formerly-common practice was to use the band in 10 kHz steps: e.g. 29.010, 29.020, 29.030,... etc . This has not been the case since the 1970s, which saw an influx of surplus 23-channel CB equipment modified for use on the 10-meter amateur band. The surplus equipment would land in 10 kHz steps on the 5 kHz step such as: 29.015, 29.025, 29.035, etc. Users of the surplus equipment also inherited those radios' odd channel spacing, which on CB skipped channels that were not used there, because they were set aside for remote control operations.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band
From 29.300 to 29.510 MHz the satellite sub band allows amateur radio operators to communicate with orbiting OSCARs.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band, Satellite operation
Many amateur radio satellites have either an uplink or a downlink in the 29 MHz range. Information about particular satellites and operational modes is available from AMSAT.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band, Satellite operation
As of the current writing, only AO-7's 10m downlink is active.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM sub-band
From 29.510 MHz to 29.700, The FM sub-band is usually channelized into repeater and simplex frequencies. The channels are commonly grouped into repeater inputs, simplex, and repeater output frequencies.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM sub-band, Repeater operation
Common practice for 10-meter repeaters is to use a 100 kHz negative offset for repeater operation. Due to the very few available repeater channels, "odd-splits" (offsets differing from 100 kHz) and non-standard frequencies are not uncommon. Since 10 meters can frequently open up to propagate globally, most 10-meter repeaters use a CTCSS sub-audible access tone. 16 kHz-wide signals with 5 kHz deviation is normal in this band. 8 kHz-wide signals with 2.5 kHz deviation can also be found.


10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM simplex channels
29.300 MHz is a common frequency to find JA hams on. British hams commonly use the 29.400 to 29.500 MHz band for FM as well with 29.400, 29.450, and 29.500 MHz being common. USA hams can be found on FM anywhere above 29.000 MHz, commonly on the above frequencies talking to overseas hams. 29.200 to 29.300 MHz is set aside in some area band plans for FM simplex use.


10-meter band, Organizations and enthusiasts
Due to its unique nature, 10 meters has a large following of hobbyists who spend most of their time on this frequency band. The major group of enthusiasts is Ten-Ten which has been organized since the 1960s.


10-mile run
The 10-mile run is a long-distance road running event over a distance of ten miles (16.1 kilometres). Also referred to as a 10-miler or 10 miles run, it is a relatively common distance in countries that use the mile as a unit of reference. It is roughly an intermediate distance between the 10K run and the half marathon (21.1 km). The level of endurance required to run the distance means it attracts more seasoned runners than shorter events do and usually requires a period of preparation for first-time attempts.


10-mile run
Given its measurement in imperial units, the event does not have official recognition from the International Association of Athletics Federations for championship competition. For this reason, it is a distance mostly used in non-international, low-level road races. Races that attract international-standard athletes are mostly based in the United States, United Kingdom and the Low Countries. Among the longest running 10-mile competitions are the Ten Mile Road Race in Thunder Bay (first held 1910) and the Harold Webster Memorial 10 mile (first held in 1920), both set in the Canadian province of Ontario.


10-mile run
The Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS) records world records for the distance, with the approved times for men and women being Haile Gebrselassie's time of 44:23.0 minutes, set on 4 September 2005 at the Tilburg Ten Miles, and Teyba Erkesso's 51:43.4, set on 1 April 2007 at the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run. The ARRS only recognises performances at the given distance, rather than intermediate times. Several women have run the 10 miles in faster times as part of a half marathon, including Mary Keitany (50:05)


10-mile run, All-time top 25, Men, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 44:48:


10-mile run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 51:40:


10-mile run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes
Several athletes posted times that would qualify for the above list if they were performed in sanctioned events for the 10-mile distance:


10-orthoplex
In geometry, a 10-orthoplex or 10-cross polytope, is a regular 10-polytope with 20 vertices, 180 edges, 960 triangle faces, 3360 octahedron cells, 8064 5-cells 4-faces, 13440 5-faces, 15360 6-faces, 11520 7-faces, 5120 8-faces, and 1024 9-faces.


10-orthoplex
It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol {38,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checker-boarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol {37,31,1} or Coxeter symbol 711.


10-orthoplex
It is one of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or orthoplexes. The dual polytope is the 10-hypercube or 10-cube.


10-orthoplex, Construction
There are two Coxeter groups associated with the 10-orthoplex, one regular, dual of the 10-cube with the C10 or [4,38] symmetry group, and a lower symmetry with two copies of 9-simplex facets, alternating, with the D10 or [37,1,1] symmetry group.


10-orthoplex, Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a 10-orthoplex, centred at the origin are


10-orthoplex, Cartesian coordinates
Every vertex pair is connected by an edge, except opposites.


10-pounder Parrott rifle
The 10-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and often used in field artillery units during the American Civil War. Like other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) projectile to a distance of 1,850 yd (1,692 m) at an elevation of 5°. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was capable of firing shell, shrapnel shell (case shot), canister shot, or solid shot.


10-pounder Parrott rifle
Midway through the war, the Federal government discontinued the 2.9 in (74 mm) version in favor of a 3.0 in (76 mm) version. Despite the reinforcing band, the guns occasionally burst without warning, inflicting injury on the gun crews. The Confederate States of America manufactured a number of successful copies of the gun.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
Cannons needed to be strong enough to withstand the explosion that reduced the gunpowder charge to propellant gas. Bronze smoothbore cannons needed a larger gunpowder charge because there was windage – or space – between the shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the explosion to leak out, but it also reduced the stress on the gun barrel. With rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
This meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could hurl a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was subjected to greater stress. Bronze cannons rarely burst because the metal was flexible. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also more rigid. This made cast iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
In 1836, when Robert Parker Parrott was an ordnance officer in the US Army, he resigned to take a job with the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. A few years before the American Civil War, gun manufacturers wrestled with problem of rifling cannons. Bronze was too soft of a metal for rifling, while cast iron was hard enough but too brittle. Parrott attempted to solve this dilemma by inventing a cast iron rifled cannon that had a wrought iron reinforcing band wrapped around the breech.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
The problem with banded guns was that gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit. Parrott solved the problem by slowly rotating the gun barrel during the cooling process. The gun was first developed in 1859–1860. Parrott later remarked, "I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time".


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
Despite the reinforcing band, the gun would burst unpredictably at the muzzle or near the trunnions. The Parrott field guns were simple for the gun crews to operate and the guns were usable even if part of the muzzle was blown off. Another great advantage of the 10-pounder Parrott was its low average cost of $180 per gun barrel. Compared to this, the bronze 12-pounder Napoleon cost $550 and the 3-inch Ordnance rifle cost $350 per gun. On 23 May 1861, the US government accepted the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background
The West Point Foundry helped the Federal war effort to such a degree that a joke made the rounds that the US national emblem should be changed from an eagle to a parrot. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle (with banded breech) was also employed in field artillery units, but the 10-pounder Parrott was far more commonly used.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture
The West Point Foundry manufactured between 228 and 255 2.9-inch 10-pounder Parrott rifles, Model 1861 through the end of 1862. Because the Ordnance Department thoroughly trusted Robert Parrott, he acted as both gun founder and the inspecting ordnance officer, a unique arrangement. The gun barrels weighed between 884 lb (401 kg) and 917 lb (416 kg). The rifling consisted of three equally-wide lands and grooves. At first the guns were equipped with a front sight at the muzzle and a pendulum hausse rear sight.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture
This was soon replaced by a front sight on top of the right rimbase (at the trunnion) and a brass tangent sight mounted on the right side of the wrought iron band. On 24 September 1863, the Ordnance Board recommended that production of the 2.9-inch Parrott be halted and that existing guns be re-bored to 3-inch caliber. This decision may have been influenced by gun jams caused by accidentally loading the 2.9-inch Parrott with 3-inch ammunition. Between November 1864 and June 1865, 119 2.9-inch Parrott rifles were converted to 3-inch caliber, though none have survived. The West Point Foundry halted production of 2.9-inch Parrotts on 13 April 1863 and the new 3-inch versions did not appear until 12 February 1864. Altogether, 279 3-inch Parrott rifles, Model 1863 were manufactured until 4 September 1865.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture
In 1860, the West Point Foundry sold a Parrott rifle to the state of Virginia. The artillery piece was put through trials by none other than Thomas J. Jackson, a little-known Virginia Military Institute professor who later became the famous general. Impressed by its range and accuracy, Jackson gave it a glowing report, leading Virginia to order 12 more. These guns were probably of 2.9-inch caliber, but this is not certain. In any case, one of these Parrott rifles performed admirably at the Battle of Big Bethel on 10 June 1861.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture
With the outbreak of war, the Tredegar Iron Works began manufacturing a copy of the 2.9-inch Parrott rifle for the Confederacy. Tredegar produced 80 2.9-inch Parrott rifles from 18 November 1861 to 20 February 1865. Other Confederate gun founders manufactured the Parrott rifles including A. B. Reading & Brother of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Street, Hungerford & Jackson of Memphis, Tennessee, and Bujac and Bennett of New Orleans. Five guns survived, but no manufacturer can be positively identified from their markings.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
The 10-pounder Parrott rifle had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 2.9 in (74 mm) and fired a projectile weighing 9.5 lb (4.3 kg). Its gun barrel was 74 in (188 cm) long and weighed about 890 lb (403.7 kg). The gunpowder charge weighed 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,230 ft/s (375 m/s) to a distance of 1,850 yd (1,692 m) at 5° elevation. The 10-pounder Parrott was manufactured with a right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle). The twist rate was one turn in 16 ft (4.9 m).


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
A smoothbore cannon's projectile typically retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1,500 yd (1,372 m) and its round shot could be seen in the air. Meanwhile, a rifled projectile generally retained two-thirds of its initial velocity at 1,500 yds. and remained invisible in flight. However, a rifled projectile could become visible if the shell began to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight. The caliber was the same as that of a smoothbore 3-pounder gun, which fired a round shot with a diameter of 2.9 inches. Rifled projectiles were heavier than smoothbore shot because they were elongated.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the standard carriage for the M1841 6-pounder field gun. Because its projectile weighed more than a 6-pound round shot, the rifle's greater recoil could damage the trail or the cheek pieces of the carriage. The 6-pounder carriage weighed 900 lb (408 kg). The 10-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was generally not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing shell without the fuse would accomplish the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
Parrott ammunition was designed to be used. The Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss ammunition, but gunners were forbidden to use Schenkl ammunition. One weakness of Parrott ammunition was the sabot's position at the projectile's base. This meant that the final impulse on the shell as it left the gun was on its base, potentially causing the shell to wobble.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
For two reasons, canister shot fired from rifled guns was less effective than canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or a M1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 2.9-inch or 3-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62 in (117 mm) bore and could hurl fewer canister balls. Second, the barrel's rifling caused the canister to be blasted in an irregular pattern. Union General Henry Jackson Hunt believed that the range of canister fired from rifled guns was only half the 400 yd (366 m) effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications
Federal batteries were organized with six guns of identical type early in the conflict. Each 6-gun battery required 14 6-horse teams and seven spare horses. The teams towed the six artillery pieces and limbers, six caissons, one battery wagon, and one traveling forge. Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle carried 50 rounds in each ammunition chest. A memo from November 1863 specified that rifled guns should have 25 shells, 20 shrapnel (case shot), and five canister rounds in each ammunition chest. In March 1865, a memo recommended that each chest carry 30 shell, 15 shrapnel, and five canister rounds for rifled guns of the horse artillery.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, History
Captain Richard Waterman of Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery believed that the 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more accurate than the 3-inch Ordnance rifle at 900–1,500 yd (823–1,372 m) range. Union General Quincy Adams Gillmore liked the Parrott rifles, noting that untrained artillery crews could easily learn how to operate them. Confederate officer Edward Porter Alexander wanted to get rid of his 10-pounder Parrott rifles and replace them with M1841 24-pounder howitzers. One artillery officer reported that the Parrott percussion shells performed very well with only two shells failing to explode out of about 30. The tendency of the Parrott rifles to burst without warning made them unpopular with their gun crews. Union Private Augustus Buell of 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery B wrote, "If anything could justify desertion by a cannoneer, it would be assignment to a Parrott battery".


10-pounder Parrott rifle, History
In the First Battle of Kernstown on 23 March 1862, the Union troops temporarily under the command of Nathan Kimball included 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Clark's) armed with six 10-pounder Parrott rifles. At the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac counted 57 10-pounder Parrott rifles while the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had at least 43 available. Union 10-pounder Parrott rifles were almost all massed in four or six gun batteries. Meanwhile, the Confederates distributed theirs by ones, twos, or threes in mixed batteries.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, History
The six-gun Union batteries included Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery (Pettit's), Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery (Tompkins's), Battery A, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery (Hexamer's), and Battery D, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery (Durell's). McCarthy's Richmond Virginia battery consisted of two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 6-pounder field guns.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, History
At the Second Battle of Corinth on 3–4 October 1862, Battery H, 1st Missouri Light Artillery was armed with a mix of 10-pounder Parrott rifles and 24-pounder howitzers. In 1862 alone, the US government ordered 270,699 Parrott projectiles. This included ammunition for Parrott rifles other than the 10-pounder. On 2 July 1863 during the Battle of Gettysburg, the six 10-pounder Parrott rifles of the 5th U.S. Artillery, Battery D commanded by Captain Charles E. Hazlett took position on Little Round Top.


10-pounder Parrott rifle, History
When General Gouverneur K. Warren pointed out that the guns would not be able to fire on their attackers, Hazlett replied, "The sound of my guns will be encouraging to our troops." In mid-war, the Army of the Potomac began replacing the 10-pounder Parrott with the 3-inch Ordnance rifle. By May 1864, only five of the 49 batteries in the Army of the Potomac were armed with 10-pounder Parrotts. The Parrott rifles were not used again after the end of the war.


10-second barrier
The 10-second barrier is the physical and psychological barrier of completing the 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement is traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world-class male sprinter. Its significance has become less important since the late 1990s, as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark. The current men’s world record holder is Usain Bolt, who ran a 9.58 at the 2009 IAAF World Championship competition.


10-second barrier, History
For sprints, World Athletics maintains that world records and other recognised performances require: a wind assistance of not more than two metres per second (7.2 kilometres per hour (4.5 mph)) in the direction of travel; fully automatic timing (FAT) to one hundredth of a second; and no use of performance-enhancing substances. Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may invalidate a sprinter's time.


10-second barrier, History, Hand timing
Prior to 1977, FAT was not required for IAAF official timings. Times were recorded manually to one tenth of a second; three official timers with stopwatches noted when the starting gun flashed and when the runner crossed the finish line, and their median recorded time was the official mark. Some races also had an unofficial FAT, or semi-automatic time, often in conjunction with photo finish equipment. The first person timed at under ten seconds was Bob Hayes, who ran 9.9 s in April 1963 at the Mt. SAC Relays, but with a tailwind of 11 mph (4.9 m/s).


10-second barrier, History, Hand timing
Hayes clocked another illegal 9.9 s (wind 5.3 m/s (12 mph)) in the semi-final of the 1964 Olympic 100 m, with the first sub-10 FAT of 9.91 s. In the final, Hayes' official tenths time of 10.0 s was calculated by rounding down the FAT of 10.06 s; the backup hand-timers recorded 9.8, 9.9, and 9.9, which would have given 9.9 s as the official time if the FAT had malfunctioned.


10-second barrier, History, Hand timing
At the 1968 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California, United States, three men ran legal hand-timed 9.9 seconds: Jim Hines first and Ronnie Ray Smith second in the first semi-final, and Charlie Greene first in the second semi-final. This was dubbed the "Night of Speed", and all three were recognised as world records by the IAAF. The IAAF lists their FATs as: Hines 10.03, Smith 10.14 and Greene 10.10; although Time magazine reported at the time that "an automatic Bulova Accutron Phototimer confirmed that all three had indeed broken [10.0s]".


10-second barrier, History, Hand timing
Hines also had a wind-assisted 9.8 s in the heats. Hines went on to win the 1968 Olympic 100m in 9.9 s, rounded down from his FAT of 9.95, making it the first non-wind-assisted electronic sub-10-second performance. By 1976, six other men had equalled the 9.9 s hand-timed record, though none of their performances had an FAT mark.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
After the 1977 rule change, Jim Hines' nine-year-old 9.95 was the only recognised sub-10-second race. That year the barrier was broken again, when Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance due to lower air resistance.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
Carl Lewis was the first sprinter to break ten seconds at low altitude under electronic timing, with 9.97 seconds on 14 May 1983 at the Modesto Relays. Calvin Smith recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, again at altitude in Colorado Springs, Colorado and became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, in August that year. In total, six sprinters legally broke the barrier during the 1980s. Another, Ben Johnson, had eclipsed both the 9.90 mark and 9.80 mark in 1987 and 1988; however, both of these records were disqualified after he tested positive for, and later admitted to, using steroids.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
The 100 m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds. In second place was Leroy Burrell who also broke the former world record, which had been his at 9.90 seconds. In third place, 0.01 seconds slower than the former world record, was Dennis Mitchell with a time of 9.91 seconds. In fourth place, breaking his own European record of 9.97 seconds, was Linford Christie with a time of 9.92 seconds.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
Maurice Greene was the first athlete to run under 9.80 seconds in 1999. Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008 and 9.60 in 2009. The 10-second barrier has been broken by athletes from five of the six continental athletic associations, the exception being of South America where Brazilian Robson da Silva holds the area record with ten seconds flat.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
The 2008 season saw a new high for sub-10 second performances: 14 runners achieved the feat a total of 53 times between them, the highest ever for either figure. Furthermore, ten men had achieved the result for the first time in that year – another record. The men's 100 metres final at the 2008 Summer Olympics saw a world record and six men clear ten seconds (equalling the number from the 1991 World Championships).


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
Only two months into the start of the outdoor track season, 2011 became a record-breaking year as fifteen men ran under ten seconds between April and June. As of 10 June 2013, 86 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time. The men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Summer Olympics saw a new Olympic record and seven out of eight finalists running under 10 seconds. However Tyson Gay, was later disqualified from this race. Prior to his disqualification, he had been in fourth place with a time of 9.80 seconds, the fastest fourth place in history.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
On 29 May 2016, former World Champion Kim Collins improved his personal record by running 9.93 +1.9 in Bottrop as a 40-year-old. He improved his own standing as the oldest man to break the 10-second barrier, the first over the age of 40. Omar McLeod, a sprint hurdles specialist, became the first hurdling athlete to break ten seconds in April 2016.


10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing
No woman has recorded an official sub-10 second time. The female 100-metre world record is 10.49 seconds, set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988.


10-second barrier, Hand timed marks
The following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9 seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been precise.


10-simplex
In geometry, a 10-simplex is a self-dual regular 10-polytope. It has 11 vertices, 55 edges, 165 triangle faces, 330 tetrahedral cells, 462 5-cell 4-faces, 462 5-simplex 5-faces, 330 6-simplex 6-faces, 165 7-simplex 7-faces, 55 8-simplex 8-faces, and 11 9-simplex 9-faces. Its dihedral angle is cos−1(1/10), or approximately 84.26°.


10-simplex
It can also be called a hendecaxennon, or hendeca-10-tope, as an 11-facetted polytope in 10-dimensions. The name hendecaxennon is derived from hendeca for 11 facets in Greek and -xenn (variation of ennea for nine), having 9-dimensional facets, and -on.


10-simplex, Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of an origin-centered regular 10-simplex having edge length 2 are:


10-simplex, Coordinates
More simply, the vertices of the 10-simplex can be positioned in 11-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1). This construction is based on facets of the 11-orthoplex.


10-simplex, Related polytopes
The 2-skeleton of the 10-simplex is topologically related to the 11-cell abstract regular polychoron which has the same 11 vertices, 55 edges, but only 1/3 the faces (55).


10.0 Earthquake
10.0 Earthquake is a 2014 American disaster film directed by David Gidali and starring Henry Ian Cusick and Jeffrey Jones.


10.0 Earthquake, Plot
As a series of minor earthquakes start tearing apart Los Angeles, scientist Emily of the USGS theorizes that it's all building to a super quake that will drop the entire city into a lava-filled chasm. Engineer Jack whose daughter has gone camping with her friends in the danger area and whose company is responsible for the quakes due to their deep fracking feels obligated to help, and races with Emily through the increasingly damaged city with the hopes of diverting the epicenter to Long Beach and potentially saving millions of lives in the city of Los Angeles.


10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack
Written by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave


10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack
Waltz Opus 64 No 2Performed by Sergei NovikovCourtesy of Prolific 1 Publishing


10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte
10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte (In English: 10,000 Years Later Between Venus and Mars), is a progressive rock album by Portuguese musician José Cid, released on 15 May 1978. It is a spacey rock opera trip into outer space, dominated by Mellotron, string synth, and other synthesizers, with supporting use of guitars, bass, and drums.


10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte, Description
The album is consistently featured in www.progarchives.com among the top five progressive rock albums of 1978, and considered "Essential: a masterpiece of progressive rock music". Based on the growing science fiction trend, the concept for the album was that, 10.000 years after mankind's self-destruction, a man and a woman travelling in space return to Earth to repopulate it. The tone of the lyrics is of contemplation over mankind's past mistakes and future hopes. Cid's musical style on the record is very similar to the French take on symphonic rock with many string synths, Mellotron and a very simple melodic style. Lyrics are sung in native Portuguese. Most of the songs, influenced by a sort of mix combining The Moody Blues and Pink Floyd psychedelia, were composed by Cid, some of them with the help of guitar player Mike Sergeant and drummer Ramon Galarza.


10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte, Other similar work by José Cid
Cid explored symphonic rock with "Onde, Quando, Como, Porquê, Cantamos Pessoas Vivas" (1974), Vida – Sons do Quotidiano (1976) and 10,000 Anos Depois Entre Venus E Marte (1978).


10.000 Anos Depois Entre Vénus e Marte, Other similar work by José Cid
Another project from the album epoch and musicians, Cid's Vozes do Além, explored the "Life after Death / Reincarnation" theme. Featured in the record are a poem by Natália Correia ("Creio") and two from Sophia de Mello Breyner ("Quando" and "Um Dia"). Presently, work on this album has resumed, with the original lineup and the addition of younger musicians.


10.000 Nights of Thunder
"10.000 Nights of Thunder" is the second single by Danish pop band Alphabeat. It was released in the UK as "10,000 Nights" in anticipation of This Is Alphabeat, the international version of their debut album. It topped the chart in Alphabeat's native Denmark and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.


10.000 Nights of Thunder
The band played a live semi-acoustic version of the track in Jo Whiley's Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1, together with a cover version of Sam Sparro's "Black and Gold". An instrumental version of the track was used as background music by the BBC during their daily Beijing 2008 Olympics highlights show.


10.000 Nights of Thunder, Chart performance
"10.000 Nights of Thunder" peaked in Denmark at number one, where it stayed for one week. In the United Kingdom, the song entered at number 23 on downloads alone, then climbed to number 16 once the physical single was released. On 27 July 2008, the song moved up four places from number 40 to number 36 before dropping out of the top 40.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures
10,000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures (often stylized as 10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures) is the debut EP, as well as the very first project by Italian industrial rock band Dope Stars Inc.. It was released periodically throughout 2003. Being self-produced and distributed, the band created a street team to sell copies of the album in order to get the attention of labels for future projects. Copies of the EP sold out quickly and boosted the band's reputation into gaining a record deal with Trisol Music Group.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background
Upon forming the band, Victor Love began recording an EP for their new band. Grace, Brian and Darin joined just after to assist with the demo. It was recorded in Rome, Italy, inside a basement the band had used in practices. 10.000 Watts was written and recorded in early May 2003 and was finished within a few weeks. Initially, the band had wanted to spend more time on mixing and perfecting the album but felt that the version they had was surprisingly satisfying for them so they chose to release it immediately.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background
Commenting on the recording and release of the EP, Victor Love has stated that "we decided to release it as soon as possible without spending time on further arrangements and fixes on the production side. The result was a really dirty EP with a lot of passion and roughness. And I believe it has been the key of its success too, the reason why we received suddenly a very big feedback from media and people. It was really independent and genuine -- really rock'n'roll."


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background
The demo was first shipped to media reviewers and magazines in mid-2003. Soon after, the album went on sale on the band's online store and had a limited release of a CD that had been professionally pressed by the band. A street team, Theta Division Corp., was set up to sell the EP and spread the word to others. Using this method of distribution rather than a label allowed them to recoup every bit of money they spent producing it themselves.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background
Victor Love also said they didn't want a label for their first project because "any label will never care about you if they didn't hear your name somewhere else." Weeks after release, the band had sold out of all copies of the CD. Instead of reprinting more, the band re-recorded every track except the Billy Idol cover "Shock to the System" for their full debut album.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background
Following the release of 10,000 Watts, Dope Stars Inc. immediately signed a record deal with Trisol Music Group to produce two albums. From 2005–2006, the band released the albums, Neuromance and Gigahearts, both of which received positive reviews from critics.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Critical reception
Despite not being published by a label as well as being a debut project by a band, 10.000 Watts has received many reviews from critics. Overall, the reviews for the album were mixed. David Butler Manning wrote a review for Alunos that gave the album a 7/10. Butler felt that Dope Stars were heavily influenced by Deathstars and Marilyn Manson, going as far to say "you'd be hard pressed to tell one band from another." He felt that every track except "Generation Plastic" was catchy and well written.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Critical reception
Another review from Alternation gave the album a 75% rating citing that "the musicians couldn't make up their minds as to the amount of electronics they should include in their tracks." Still, the reviewer felt it was a good album with a punk style. He did feel that the low sound quality of the album was an issue but it was a good start for the band.


10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Track listing
All lyrics are written by Victor Love, except track five; all music is composed by Victor Love.


10.000 luchtballonnen
10.000 luchtballonnen is the fourteenth studio album by Belgian-Dutch girl group K3. It is the first album that was recorded by the new formation of K3, which was formed in the 2015 television show K3 zoekt K3. The album was released on 18 December 2015 by Studio 100. The album features twelve completely new songs, as well as twelve consisting K3-songs re-recorded by the new members.


10.000 luchtballonnen
The album became a big success, especially in Belgium where it debuted at number one on the Belgian Album Top 200 and was certified 8x Platinum by the Belgian Entertainment Association, but also in The Netherlands where it reached the second position on the Dutch Album Top 100 and was certified Platinum by the NVPI. The first single, also called "10.000 luchtballonnen", was released after the finale of the television show, and debuted at number one at the Ultratop 50.


10.000 luchtballonnen, Charts and certifications, Certifications
*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone


10.15×61mmR
The 10.15×61 mmR cartridge was designed by a joint Swedish-Norwegian rifle commission in the late 1870s and early 1880s, and approved for use in Sweden and Norway in 1881. It was primarily used by Norway in the Model 1884 Jarmann rifle, but also saw limited use in Sweden in the m/1867-84 rolling block rifle and carbine ("kammarskjutningsgevär m/1884" and "kammarskjutningskarbin m/1884", which were primarily used for gallery shooting, that is short range training). It is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge, and was initially loaded with black powder and a lead bullet wrapped in paper. Later cartridges were loaded with smokeless powder and had a lead bullet coated in steel (Full metal jacket, or FMJ).


10.15×61mmR
The earliest version had a load of 4.46 g of black powder, and a projectile weighing 21.85 g. This gave a muzzle velocity of 500 m/s. The later version, with a full metal jacket, was loaded to produce the same muzzle velocity.


10.15×61mmR
All in all, more than 3 million cartridges were manufactured for military use in Norway, as well as more than 2 million ordered from abroad. The majority of these were sold with the Jarmann rifles when the Norwegian Army introduced the Krag–Jørgensen.


10.15×61mmR
The following variations on the 10.15x61mmR cartridge have been identified:


10.15×61mmR, Gallery
Jarmann repeating rifle fm/1881 in 10.15x61mmR. This "two-band" model became the Norwegian M1884 Jarmann. Made by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori in Sweden.


10.15×61mmR, Gallery
A Carl Gustaf made "three-band" fm/1881, also in 10.15x61mmR. Apart from the number of bands around the forestock it is identical to the "two-band" model.


10.2 surround sound
10.2 is the surround sound format developed by THX creator Tomlinson Holman of TMH Labs and the University of Southern California (schools of Cinematic Arts and Engineering). Developed along with Chris Kyriakakis of the USC Viterbi School of Engineering, 10.2 refers to the format's slogan: "Twice as good as 5.1". However, there actually may be 14 discrete channels if the left and right point surround channels are included. He states that 5.1, a name which he himself came up with in 1987, was chosen as it was "the minimum number of channels necessary to give a sense of spaciousness".


10.2 surround sound
Holman and others state that higher sampling rates, which is a recent trend in digital recording, does not have a significant perceivable effect and that the next frontier in sound engineering is to increase the number of discrete channels to meet human spatial sound perception. As of 2015, several decoding, UHD, or virtual expansion processors have approached numbers as great or greater than 10.2.


10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations
.0.5 surround sound would add four more channels to the front listening area and only one surround channel. This is because human spatial perception of sound is much more precise in the front than in the back. In addition it adds depth to the sound field with two of the front channels being height channels, located above the listening area at 45 degrees relative to the listener. Lack of vertical information has long been considered one of the largest obstacles to realistic sound reproduction. Existing systems such as Dolby Pro Logic IIz simulate this with matrixed height channels, which are derived from ambient sounds from the left and right channels.


10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations
The ".2" in 10.2 refers to the fact that an additional Low Frequency Effects channel is added, not just a second subwoofer, to enhance the sense of envelopment. All bass from the left channels are directed to a left LFE channel while right channel bass is directed to the right LFE channel.


10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 10.2
10.2 may also augment the LS (left surround) and RS (right surround) channels by two point surround channels that can better manipulate sound—allowing the mixer to shift sounds in a distinct 360° circle around the movie watcher. This would actually make it 12.2


10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 12.2
The only addition with 12.2 from 10.2 are the "point surround" or "diffuse surround" channels. These would be placed at the same angles as the standard surround speakers at +/-120 degrees, but would be diffuse radiators using dipole speakers. They would emit sound to reflect off the walls before arriving at the listening area. The 14 discrete channels are:


10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 12.2
The .2 of the 10.2 refers to the addition of a second subwoofer. The system is bass managed such that all the speakers on the left side use the left sub and all the speakers on the right use the right sub. The Center and Back Surround speaker are split among the two subs. The two subs also serve as two discrete LFE (Low Frequency Effects) channels.


10.2 surround sound, Installations
A 10.2 surround sound system was demonstrated at Audyssey in Los Angeles and at Bjorn's Audio Video in San Antonio, Texas.


10.2 surround sound, Installations
New York University claims to have two 10.2 surround sound systems set up in their new $6.5 million music technology complex at Steinhardt School. One in a recording studio and one in a screening room. Products are already being sold to accommodate 10.2 surround systems such as in-wall speaker jacks.


10.2 surround sound, Installations
Currently, there is only a standard for 5.1 surround setups. 6.1 and 7.1 have no real standard, and add channels to the rear instead of the front, which can only be conceived as a marketing tool as sonically the front needs more channels. Audyssey has stated that one fear of marketing 10.2 systems will be that ironically quality might be decreased instead of increased. This is because marketers will push to keep prices relatively the same and to do that with four additional speakers and two subwoofers will almost certainly cost quality.


10.2 surround sound, Media
There is currently only one film available which uses this format, a 30-minute short called Seven Swans. The other 10.2 mixes were created by Holman and others at the demonstrations.


10.2 surround sound, Media
There are some receivers that claim to be "10.2 channels" such as the Pioneer Elite SC-09TX  but just have multiple 6, 7, or 8 channel decoders.


10.21
10.21 is the only studio album released by American metalcore group Skycamefalling, released on November 11, 2000 through Ferret Music. The album's title (pronounced "ten twenty one") is named after the date vocalist Christopher Tzompanakis had to end a relationship with a woman, October 21. A vinyl edition of the album was planned to be released sometime in April 2001, however it never surfaced.


10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15
The 10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15 was a heavy field gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Guns captured or turned over to Italy as reparations after World War I were taken into Italian service as the Cannone da 105/32 and were bored out to 105 mm to fit Italian ammunition. It was one of the principal Italian long-range guns in World War II and saw service in North Africa and Russia. Those few guns that were captured from the Italians by the Germans after the Italian surrender in 1943 were designated as 10.5 cm Kanone 320(i). It doesn't seem to have seen service with any of the Austro-Hungarian successor states after World War I.


10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15
Because the gun was too heavy to be drawn by the usual field artillery team of six hoses, for transport it broke down into the two loads, with the barrel being carried on a separate carriage.


10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15
An example of one of the transport wagons is preserved at Brisbane Grammar School in Queensland, Australia, which had been taken from the Ottoman Army at the Capture of Jenin in 1918 and was donated to the school in 1921 by Brigadier General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson, a former pupil. The barrel is mounted on its Rohrwagen or transport carriage rather than the gun carriage it would have been fired from. It was restored in 1996 by the South Queensland Logistics Group.


10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15
Four guns were used by Poland during the Polish-Soviet war 1919-1920.


10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15
A rusting 10.4 cm Skoda was found in the Presanella mountains in the year 2000, where it supposed it was dueling an Italian 149/23 during the First World War. Found at 3171 meters altitude, the gun came completely out of the glacier in the very warm summer of 2003. Because it was located on a 45 degree slope, the risk of it sliding down was considered too great, so the gun was relocated by lifting it with a Superpuma helicopter.


10.4mm Swiss Centerfire
The 10.4mm Swiss centerfire revolver cartridge was used in the Ordnance Revolver models 1872/78 and 1878 of the Swiss Army. The case is of brass; the bullet is of hardened lead.


10.5 (miniseries)
10.5 is a 2004 disaster film directed by John Lafia which aired as a television miniseries in the United States on May 2, 2004 and May 3, 2004. The plot focuses on a series of catastrophic earthquakes along the United States west coast, culminating in one measuring 10.5 on the Richter scale.


10.5 (miniseries)
10.5 was widely ridiculed by both reviewers and geologists; nevertheless, it received respectable Nielsen ratings.


10.5 (miniseries)
The first part of the miniseries aired on May 2, 2004, and the second one aired on May 3. A sequel, 10.5: Apocalypse, was aired on May 21, 2006 and May 23, 2006.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1
The film begins in the Seattle, Washington area with increasingly severe earthquake activity. A quake of magnitude 7.9 is measured at the Earthquake centre, where Dr. Samantha Hill takes command, displacing Dr. Jordan Fisher. U.S. President Paul Hollister and FEMA Director Roy Nolan are informed about the situation.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1
A magnitude 8.4 earthquake opens a crack which engulfs an entire train east of Redding, California. As a result, Governor Carla Williams, who has just seen her daughter and ex-husband off on a camping trip, agrees to help the Governor of Washington. Amanda Williams and her father Clark Williams arrive at a town named Browning, where everything is covered in a thick red haze. They discover a car with a dead family inside, and are nearly trapped in quicksand.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1
Roy Nolan constructs a task force of the best geologists and seismologists, including Dr. Fisher and Dr. Hill. Dr. Hill mentions her Hidden Fault theory and is eventually given permission to prove it. She and Dr. Fisher visit a lake, where they see some animals that died from carbon monoxide poisoning and are almost poisoned themselves.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1
Back at the Task Force Center, Dr. Hill predicts that the next quake will be near San Francisco, California. It is deemed too risky to evacuate the entirety of San Francisco, which is eventually destroyed by a 9.2 magnitude earthquake. After that, Dr. Hill predicts the next quake will happen at the San Andreas fault, which would wipe out the West Coast in its present shape killing 50 million people on the way. Dr. Hill hypothesizes that they could "weld" the fault shut by letting it experience immense heat, which could only be created with nuclear bombs.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2
The President, after some deliberation, follows Nolan's advice to execute Dr. Hill's plan and allows the placement of the nuclear warheads. Additionally, he gives the order to evacuate the entire West Coast in case it fails and mobilizes all resources available for it.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2
Five of the six nuclear bombs have been successfully installed, but during the installation of the sixth, an earthquake occurs, and a warhead is lost. Nolan tries to set it manually, but is pinned by the warhead.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2
The Williams find a truck carrying survivors, and they are transported to Tent City, which has been set up for the refugees. In a wounded San Francisco, Carla Williams and her assistant Rachel are trapped under a wall. Carla survives, but Rachel is killed.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2
Deciding that nothing can be done about the lost sixth warhead, Dr. Hill decides to continue with the fault welding plan and detonate the first five. The sixth is activated by Nolan who manages to reach the control panel just in time, but is himself vaporized.


10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2
It seems to work, until Dr. Hill, concerned about southern California, observes a river flowing backwards, draining into the open fault. The last warhead was not deep enough when it exploded and Southern California is still in danger. Shortly after, a massive earthquake occurs. Eventually, the crack reaches Tent City and peaks at 10.5. When the earthquake stops, the survivors see that the southwestern coast of California has been cut away, forming a new island.


10.5 (miniseries), Reception
The film was nominated for a 2004 Emmy Award in the category of "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special" and a 2005 NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special". It was awarded the "Award of Distinction" from the Australian Cinematographers Society in the category of "Telefeatures, TV Drama & Mini Series".


10.5 (miniseries), Reception
In response to the airing of 10.5, the Southern California Earthquake Center added a section to their website about the science depicted in the film. Referring to it as "a miniseries with major errors", the site lists various events that occur during the film and explains why they are incorrect.


10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927
The 10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927 was a heavy field gun used by the Netherlands and Hungary during World War II. Dutch guns were known as the 10-veld. Hungary purchased a license and built them as the 31 M. Captured weapons were designated by the Wehrmacht as the schwere 10.5 cm Kanone 335(h). Four were bought by the Swedish Coastal Artillery as the 10.5 cm kanon m/27. They were later upgraded to m/34 standard as the m/27-34. They were transferred to the field artillery in 1942. The Dutch appear to have bought guns with both 40 and 42 caliber barrel lengths.


10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927
The gun was designed for motor traction with spoked steel wheels with rubber rims. The spades were removed and placed onto the trail legs for transport.


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09
The 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 (10.5 cm FH 98/09), a short barreled (1625 mm) 105mm howitzer, also referred to as the 10.5 cm leichte Feldhaubitze (light field howitzer) 98/09, was used by the German Empire, Kingdom of Romania as well as the Ottoman Empire in World War I and after. It had a maximum range of 6,300 metres (20,700 ft).


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, History
It was originally built by Rheinmetall as the 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98, an old-fashioned, fixed-recoil weapon delivered to the German army in 1898; between 1902 and 1904, it was redesigned, by Krupp, with a new recoil mechanism and a new carriage. However, it wasn't accepted for service until 1909, hence the ending designation 98/09. Existing weapons were rebuilt to the new standard. As usual, two seats were attached to the gun shield. There were 1,260 in service at the beginning of World War I.


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, History
The 10.5 cm leFH 16 was introduced in 1916 as a successor to 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, featuring a longer barrel and hence longer range.


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Ammunition
The 10.5 cm used three different types of ammunition and the aiming instruments were marked with three different meter scales and a dial sight for both direct and indirect fire. Originally, it used 7 charges of propellant, but this was increased during the war to 8 in an effort to extend its range.


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Gallery
Sayabec's exposed F.H. 98/09 has received a well deserved restoration in the recent years including a new concrete pedestal, a new paint job and a different set of wheels. ( Uncertain about the historical accuracy of that change.)


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Gallery
Gunners of the Royal Marine Artillery by a captured German 105 mm FH 98/09 field howitzer during the Battle of Arras, April 1917.