.mobi
The domain was approved by ICANN on 11 July 2005, and is managed by the mTLD global registry. It was originally financially backed and sponsored by Google, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Ericsson, Vodafone, T-Mobile, Telefónica Móviles, Telecom Italia Mobile, Orascom Telecom, GSM Association, Hutchison Whampoa, Syniverse Technologies, and Visa, with an executive from each company serving on mTLD's board of directors. In February 2010, Afilias acquired mTLD Top-Level Domain Ltd. (known publicly as "dotMobi"). In March 2017, .mobi became an unsponsored generic top-level domain, using the same terms offered to new gTLDs.


.mobi, Operation
DotMobi domain names have been available for registration by the public since 26 September 2006.


.mobi, Operation
dotMobi engaged with the W3C Mobile Web Initiative (MWI) to help formulate the MWI Best Practices for mobile content. The practices outlined a number of ways to achieve good user experiences on mobile Web-enabled devices, and recognized several methods of implementing these practices.


.mobi, Operation
mTLD has released a free testing tool called Ready.mobi (later mobiForge) to analyze the mobile readiness of websites. It does a free page analysis and gives a .mobi Ready score from 1 to 5. This report tests the mobile-readiness of the site using dotMobi's recommended best practices.


.mobi, Operation
dotMobi does not itself mandate any particular technology, but does recommends that .mobi sites produce user experiences consistent with their guidelines and specifically optimized for mobile phones.


.mobi, Operation, mobiForge
"mobiForge" is a mobile development and design resource site run dotMobi. mobiForge functions both as a platform to announce product updates to the developer community and discussion forums for each of dotMobi's products and services. mobiForge was launched in November 2006 as dev.mobi. It was announced at the Mobile 2.0 Conference in San Francisco, along with the launch of ready.mobi. dev.mobi underwent a major redesign in September 2008 and was rebranded as mobiForge and moved to mobiForge.com


.mobi, Reception
Websites may be optimized for the special capabilities and restrictions of mobile devices, such as smaller screens, device form/size, device input/output options, existence of embedded sensors (acceleration, location, touch, etc. ), as well as human factors such as expectations of immediacy of results, context awareness under a shortened attention span (compared to non-mobile device use of the Internet). Although other top-level domains can technically employ the same optimizations for mobile phones, in practice, only a fraction of them do, thus necessitating content adaptation solutions. These retrofit the content to target devices independent from the original process of creating the site.


.mobi, Reception
Originally dotMobi tried promote creating two separate device-dependent World Wide Webs, one desktop-based and the other mobile-based,  thus risks producing redundant content, according Tim Berners-Lee .


.mobi, Reception
Providing content tailored to particular devices can be done by other means than a specific TLD, such as using hostnames within an existing domain, HTTP content negotiation, cascading style sheets, or other forms of adaptation. The popularization of responsive web design has caused the domain name to be relocated for use on mobile services and mobile apps websites.


.moe
The domain name moe is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name comes from the Japanese slang word moe, indicating its intended purpose in the marketing of products or services deemed moe.


.moe, History
Interlink began developing the moe top-level domain (TLD) in 2012. On November 13, 2013, ICANN and Interlink entered into a registry agreement under which Interlink operates the moe TLD. Interlink sponsored a contest held between April 11 and May 6, 2014, to design the domain's logo. The general registration period began on July 22, 2014.


.mp
.mp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Northern Mariana Islands. There are a few sites related to the Northern Mariana Islands in this domain (such as governmental sites under .gov.mp and a few sites in .org.mp and .co.mp). The get.mp site allows users to register and manage .mp domains. The .mp name comes from ISO 3166 which specifies MP as the two letter designation for the Northern Mariana Islands.


.mp, Official registry site
Domain name registry services for .mp domains are operated by Saipan DataCom, a local ISP. Domains with four or more characters may be purchased for $20. Premium domains under four characters range in price, with two-character domains running $5,000 for a three-year registration. There are some sites related to the Northern Mariana Islands under third-level domains .gov.mp and .co.mp.


.mp, Whois services
The MP Domain does not have public whois services available. Saipan DataCom will provide whois data in cases of potential trademark infringement. Although ICANN documents specify whois.nic.mp as of July 2018 this host does not resolve.


.mp, Chi.mp
Saipan DataCom formerly operated chi.mp, a content hub and identity management platform providing .mp domains and websites. Old free .mp registrations provided earlier by chi.mp were terminated without a notice and the chi.mp web site has been defunct since at least May 2013. As of August 2021 get.mp is offering chi.mp for sale for $20,000.00. It also appears that Mailchimp is using the domain.


.mq
.mq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Martinique. Registrations are closed for second-level domain names.


.mq
The .mq top-level domain was managed by SYSTEL until SYSTEL was bought by Mediaserv. The registration services have not yet been reopened and the country code's current technical contact is not known.


.mr
.mr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mauritania. A local contact is required to register a domain name under .mr. Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but a .gov.mr second level domain exists in which governmental sites can be found at the third level.


.ms
.ms is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory.


.mt
.mt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malta.


.mt, Second-level domains
Since 1st December 2017, it is also possible to register .mt domains at the second level, such as myname.mt.


.mu
.mu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mauritius. It is administered by the Mauritius Network Information Centre and registrations are processed via accredited registrars. Some registrars market it as the .music and .museum TLD.


.mu, Usage
A number of musical groups have started to use this domain, with .mu being used to indicate music. Some examples are the rock band Athlete, the country band Lonestar, the British progressive rock bands Muse and Pendragon, the New Age musical project Amethystium and the 80s influenced hardcore metal band Blessed By A Broken Heart. In addition, the UK-based record label Planet Mu also uses the .mu domain, with the .mu forming the second half of the label's name. The world's largest direct seller of musical instruments, (Musician's Friend), also uses a .mu URL (frnd.mu) as a link shortener for several of their social media channels, including Twitter. The French webpage for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Radio-Canada) uses the .mu domain for its Music network's web-only personalised music streams.


.mu, Recent events
In 2009, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Internet Direct and the Government of Mauritius. In 2012, the agreement was not renewed by the Ministry of IT. In July 2013, Internet Direct Limited stated that they would no longer provide services to the Government of Mauritius unless the arrears for domain name registrations and renewals are settled. The National Computer Board of Mauritius refused to pay, claiming that it should be free because they are the Government.


.mu, Recent events
The Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA Mauritius) published a consultation paper in September 2011 and April 2012, with a view to forcing a re-delegation. At the public consultation meeting held on 12 April 2012, the international consultant informed ICTA that their proposal was clumsy and the Government does not have a case for re-delegation, because their proposed model is inappropriate and no proposal will be possible without working together with the current sponsoring organization "Internet Direct Ltd".


.mu, Recent events
In October 2014, the portal of the government of Mauritius was no longer accessible outside the Orange network. Orange is a subsidiary of Mauritius Telecom, the state-owned telecom operator. Various IT experts including staff of AfriNIC, Google and the local Linux Group found that the DNS servers set up by Orange contained incorrect entries, thereby hiding from the Mauritius public the true situation when in fact the services were already disconnected. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology of Mauritius was not aware of the issue. All the websites hosted on the  domain name were no longer accessible.


.mu, Recent events
It turned out that the Government, despite numerous extensions given to settle the renewal fees, still did not pay for the services and requested the Supreme Court to order Internet Direct Ltd to provide the service for free in perpetuity. Both the Ministry of IT and Internet Direct Ltd have declined to provide any comments about the matter, since the case was still being disputed in court.


.mu, Recent events
In January 2015, the Government formally withdrew their case against Internet Direct Ltd and are in discussion for an amicable settlement for the amount owed by the Government. There has been several meetings since between the various advisers.


.museum
museum is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet used exclusively by museums, museum associations, and individual members of the museum profession, as these groups are defined by the International Council of Museums (ICOM).


.museum
In joint action with the J. Paul Getty Trust, ICOM established the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma), headed by Cary Karp, for the purpose of submitting an application to ICANN for the creation of the new generic top-level domain (gTLD), and to operate a registry. The .museum domain was entered into the DNS root on 20 October 2001, and was the first sponsored top-level domain to be instituted through ICANN's action.


.museum
The purpose of this domain is to reserve a segment of the DNS name space reserved for the use of museums; a name space whose conventions are defined by the museum community. The .museum TLD grants users a quick and intuitive way to verify the authenticity of a museum site. Conversely, since it is a type of formal third-party certification, museums using this name space obtain a way to assure visitors of the site's validity.


.museum
One of the initial idea with the .museum tld was to create a network of official museum websites, and operate a central indexing tool to make all of their hosted content searchable, discoverable.


.museum
In addition to the eligibility requirements specified in the .museum charter, naming conventions apply to the labeling of subdomains. Extensive support is also being introduced for internationalized domain names, as described at about.museum.


.music
.music is a community-based top-level domain name (TLD) operated for the benefit of the global music community. It was one of the most highly contested new gTLDs, with eight applicants in contention.


.music
On April 17, 2019, the .MUSIC registry, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs, the International Federation of Musicians, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies,  the Recording Industry Association of America, the National Music Publishers' Association, the The Recording Academy, the Independent Music Companies Association, the Worldwide Independent Network, the American Association of Independent Music, the NSAI, the National Association of Music Merchants (NAMM), and the Independent Music Publishers International Forum (IMPF) announced that the global music community based application, that was supported by a global music coalition with members representing over 95% of global music consumed, was approved by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The .MUSIC registry agreement was signed on May 4, 2021.


.music, Applicants, .MUSIC
A community priority application was applied for by .MUSIC under the legal name of DotMusic. .MUSIC was headed by Constantine Roussos, who launched the .MUSIC Initiative in 2005 to gather support from the global music community for a petition to ICANN for the rights of .MUSIC. Associated organizations included the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), the American Association of Independent Music (A2IM), and the National Association of Music Manufacturers (NAMM). The initiative's objectives included:


.music, Applicants, .MUSIC
The team planned to operate the .music TLD using a multi-stakeholder approach. A portion of the revenue generated from registrations was marked for donation to selected non-profit music organizations. These registrations would be restricted to .MUSIC-accredited Community Member Organizations (MCMOs). CentralNic was selected as the back-end registry services provider.


.music, Applicants, Far Further
Far Further was founded by music professionals with the objective of uniting the global music industry by providing it with a secure domain space to promote music, protect intellectual property rights and help advance music education. They submitted a community priority application using .music LLC, a subsidiary of Far Further LLC.


.music, Applicants, Far Further
The company chose Neustar to provide back-end registry services. The domain was to be restricted to registrants qualified via association with a number of supporting organizations.


.music, Applicants, TLDH and LHL
On March 23, 2012, Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. and LHL TLD Investment Partners signed a partnership agreement to apply for the .music TLD. Minds + Machines was to provide the back-end registry services.


.music, Applicants, Amazon
Amazon's application was issued a GAC Early Warning from representative of Australia and GAC Chair Heather Dryden. It stated that the applicant was "seeking exclusive access to a common generic string [..] that relates to a broad market sector," which Dryden noted could have unintended consequences and a negative impact on competition.


.music, Applicants, Radix
Radix received a GAC Early Warning from the U.S. Government. The issue did not relate to their technical capabilities or the content of their applications, but rather the inclusion of an email address associated with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation in a recommendation filed with Radix's application.


.music, Objections
A Legal Rights Objection, as defined by the ICANN approved mediator WIPO, is a third party "formal objection to an application on several grounds [..] When such an objection is filed, an independent panel (comprised of one or three experts) will determine whether the applicant’s potential use of the applied-for gTLD would be likely to infringe [..] the objector’s existing trademark, or IGO name or acronym."


.music, Objections, Official objection
An official objection was filed by DotMusic Limited against .music applicants since DotMusic Limited had registered trademarks for ".music" and "dotmusic" in nearly thirty countries.


.music, Objections, Community objections
The American Association of Independent Music (AAIM) and DotMusic filed community objections against Google, dot Music Limited, Dotmusic Inc., Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd., and Donuts on the basis that they applied as open registries without enhanced safeguards or sufficient eligibility restrictions to protect music-related intellectual property and prevent music piracy. The AAIM also filed a community objection against Amazon because of its application's exclusive-access registry policies and discriminatory registration eligibility criteria that restricted registrations solely to Amazon and its affiliates. For the same reason, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies and DotMusic filed a community objection against Far Further.


.music, Objections, Community objections
The objections against Amazon and Far Further were based on the ICANN Registry Agreement which required that new gTLD registries be subject to the requirements of Specification 11, which mandates that a TLD Registry must provide non-discriminatory access to registry services to all ICANN accredited registrars that enter into and are in compliance with the registry-registrar agreement for the TLD. In February 2014 ICANN passed resolutions for the new gTLD program which mandated specific enhanced safeguards and prohibited applicants from operating a new gTLD as an exclusive-access registry for a TLD based on a generic term.


.mv
.mv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Maldives. It is administered by Dhiraagu Pvt Ltd, a telecommunications company.


.mv
Mainly due to the unavailability of an online registration service, a whois lookup and large maintenance cost, Maldivian ccTLD is used predominantly by government agencies and large businesses. Smaller companies and organizations prefer generic TLDs such as .com and .net.


.mw
.mw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malawi. In 2002 the IANA recommended that administration of the ccTLD be transferred to the Malawi Sustainable Development Network Programme from Computer Solutions LTD.


.mw
Prices for .mw domains are US$100 for the first two years, followed by $50 per year.


.mw, Second-level domains
In addition to registrations directly at the second level, it is also possible to register third-level names beneath these names. For the most part, the descriptions of the types of organizations each domain is for are advisory, and are not enforced.


.mx
.mx is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mexico, which in 2009 was re-opened to new registrations by NIC México. In 2009, the .mx ccTLD was rolled out in three steps:


.mx
After the three phases, .mx registrations was opened to the public.


.mx, Second-level domains
Up to August 2009 domain registrations besides .MX, consist of third-level names beneath second-level names which parallel some of the top-level domains:


.mx, Second-level domains
Currently second level domains can be registered directly under .mx.


.mx, Second-level domains
On 30 April 2009, second level domain registrations were 0.06% of the total. A month later the value was up to 4.9% On 30 April 2010, second level registrations were 21.4% of the total.


.my
.my is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malaysia. MYNIC is the agency responsible for the domain, and is under the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (KKMM) and regulated by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).


.my
MYNIC administers the name space for the .my top level domain (TLD). This involves the registration of domain names as well as the maintenance and operation of a domain name registry (a central database for .my domain names).


.my, Responsibilities
In addition, MYNIC holds the responsibility of developing top level domain policies, and carries out research projects such as:


.mz
.mz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mozambique. Registrations are at the third level beneath the second-level names co.mz, net.mz, org.mz, ac.mz,  gov.mz and edu.mz.


.na
.na is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Namibia corresponding to the two letter code from the ISO-3166 standard.


.na
The registry accredits both Namibian and foreign registrars. Registrars access the Registry and register domains using either a web-based GUI or the industry standard EPP protocol.


.na
The domain was established on 8 May 1991. The ccTLD manager is NA-NiC (Namibian Network Information Centre). The Namibian Parliament passed a Communications Act in 2009 containing various provisions regarding the ccTLD; however, as of the end of 2017, they had not yet entered into force.


.na
Registrations are available at both the second level or at the third level beneath various names that include some apparently redundant choices (e.g., both .co.na and .com.na for commercial entities).


.na, Domain registration costs
Domain registration prices to the end-user are now set by registrars in competition with each other. Wholesale prices (the cost to the registrars) depend on the level at which a registration is made (i.e. whether at second-level or a third-level registration) and also whether the registrant is domestic or foreign. The second-level is considered 'premium', so the cheapest domains would be a registration by a local organisation at third-level (such as the NamNumbers telephone directory at TELECOM.COM.NA) whilst the highest prices are paid by non-Namibian entities registering at the second-level (such as BRITISHCOUNCIL.NA).


.na, Domain registration costs
NA-NiC is a member of the Council of Country Code Administrators and uses their Dispute Resolution.


.na, Secure DNS
.na is an early adopter of the Domain Name System Security Extensions, with the .na root zone having been signed with DNSSEC since 1 September 2009.


.nai
.nai is a proposed generic top-level domain (gTLD) for Native, Aboriginal & Indigenous communities of the Americas. This proposal is the successor to the 1999 .naa proposal to ICANN for "a gTLD jurisdictionally scoped to North America and the territories, trusts and treaty dependencies of the United States and Canada, and with a policy model of registry delegation to, and registry operation by, the Indigenous Nations and Peoples of North America."


.nai
Initially, a work product of the "T", the proposal was presented to the "Digital Council Fires: A Native American Telecommunications Conference". The conference was held on May 13-16, 1999 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and was organized by the  (NITI), a private non-profit organization that employs advanced technology to serve American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Native Hawaiians in the areas of education, economic development, language, and cultural preservation, tribal policy issues, and self-determination. See the , originally published on the NATIVE_NEWS listserv.


.nai
A related effort, also a work product of the Tribal Law mailing list, was an ICANN VI-B(3)(b)(7) Constituency Application for an Indigenous Intellectual Property Constituency.


.nai
The geographic scope of the .nai proposal is larger than the explicit scope of the original .naa proposal, and it includes the Americas, Aotearoa, and Indigenous Australians, though the extension was implicit in the original.


.nai
The contractual form of the .nai proposal will be "community-based" rather than "sponsored", reflecting changes in ICANN's conception of gTLDs.


.nai
The string "nai" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to North American Indian languages. Similarly, the string "sai" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to South American Indian languages, as is the string "aus" for Australian languages.


.nai
Related linguistic and cultural top-level domains and pending applications include the following ones: .cat for the Catalan (català) language and culture, .eus for the Basque (euskara) language and culture, .gal for the Galician (galego) language and culture, .bzh for the Brezhoneg (Breton) language and culture, .scot for the Scots languages and culture,   for the Cymraeg (Welsh) language and culture, and potentially others.


.nai
Note: The change forced upon the Welsh application from ".cym" to a to be determined alternate string is due to the reservation of iso3166-2 (alpha-three) values to the iso3166-1 (alpha-two) allocatees by ICANN at the GAC's recommendation and intransigence of the .ky operator.


.name
The domain name is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for use by individuals for representation of their personal name, nicknames, screen names, pseudonyms, or other types of identification labels.


.name, History
The top-level domain was founded by Hakon Haugnes and Geir Rasmussen and initially delegated to Global Name Registry in 2001, and become fully operational in January 2002. Verisign was the outsourced operator for .name since the .name launch in 2002 and acquired Global Name Registry in 2008.


.name, History
In late September 2007, security researchers accused Global Name Registry of harboring hackers by charging fees per WHOIS lookup. The policy of selling detailed registration info about domains in name for US$2 each was criticized as hindering community efforts to locate and clean up malware-spreading hosts, zombies, and botnet control servers located in name. The registry offers unlimited lookups to approved users who sign a 10-page legal agreement.


.name, History
In November 2009, internationalized domain names (IDNs) became available for second- and third-level domain names. IDNs are domain names that are represented by user applications in the native character set of a language.


.name, Structure
When the TLD name was first launched, only third-level registrations and forwarded e-mail addresses were available. Second-level registrations became available in January 2004. The original intended structure of domain names was first.last.name, so that individuals could get a domain corresponding to their name.


.name, Structure
The purpose of this sharing of second-level names was to ensure that the highest number of people possible could get an email address that included their last name. This sharing did not impact any other people with the same last name, and research by Global Name Registry showed that a majority of the world's population does not have an overlapping firstname–lastname combination.


.name, Usage
Subdomains of name may be registered at the second-level (john.name) and the third-level (john.doe.name). It is also possible to register an e-mail address of the form john@doe.name. Such a registration may require another address as destination. The second-level domain of third-level subdomains is shared, and may not be registered by individuals.


.name, Usage
The WHOIS service for name is available at . Domain name registrations are available from accredited ICANN registrars.


.nato
The domain .nato was a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The domain was added in the late 1980s by the Network Information Center for the use of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, based on the rationale that none of the then-existing top-level domains adequately reflected its status as an international organization. Soon after this addition, however, Paul Mockapetris, the designer of the DNS, suggested to NATO representatives that nato.int would be a better choice. The TLD .int was created for the use of international organizations, and NATO switched to using nato.int. Without use, the TLD nato was deleted in July 1996.


.nc
.nc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for New Caledonia.


.nc
Only companies registered in New Caledonia are permitted to register .nc domain names.


.nc
Many generic terms are prohibited from registration (those linked with crimes); there are also many reserved for particular circumstances. These include "administration", "bible", "blog", "cabinets", "colonisation", "flag", "justice", "mail", "nation", "offense", "outrage", "presses", "registries",  "temple", "union", "vote" and hundreds more.


.nc
The following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:


.ne
.ne is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Niger.


.ne
Unrelated to the .ne top-level domain, "ne" is sometimes used as a second-level domain within other country-code domains, in which registrants may register second-level domains of the form .ne.xx, where xx is the ccTLD. Two examples are Japan (.ne.jp) and South Korea (.ne.kr). Some other ccTLDs use "net" instead.


.ne
.NE domain names can be registered via certain accredited registrars.


.ne
Minecraft has also used this domain for their shortener with the redsto.ne URL.


.net
The domain name net is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from the word network, indicating it was originally intended for organizations involved in networking technologies, such as Internet service providers and other infrastructure companies. However, there are no official restrictions and the domain is now a general-purpose namespace. It is still popular with network operators and the advertising sector, and it is often treated as an alternative to com.


.net, History
net is one of the original top-level domains (the other six being com, org, edu, gov, mil, and arpa) despite not being mentioned in RFC 920, having been created in January 1985.


.net, History
Verisign, the operator of net after acquiring Network Solutions, held an operations contract that expired on 30 June 2005. ICANN, the organization responsible for domain management, sought proposals from organizations to operate the domain upon expiration of the contract. Verisign regained the contract bid and secured its control over the net registry for another six years. On 30 June 2011, the contract with Verisign was automatically renewed for another six years. This is because of a resolution approved by the ICANN board, which states that renewal will be automatic as long as Verisign meets certain ICANN requirements. As of September 2021, Verisign continues to manage .net.


.net, Registration
Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and internationalized domain names are also accepted.


.net, Registration
The first created .net domain name is nordu.net. It was created on 1 January 1985 according to the public records, and NORDUnet has used this domain name since 1985.


.net, Registration
Net extension is the most preferred gTLD just after com. Total registered domain names with net extension are 13.4 million according to the Domain Name Industry Report published in March 2020, which publishes every quarter.


.net, Registration
As of 2015, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain, after .com, .tk, .cn and .de.


.nf
.nf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norfolk Island. While there is no rule requiring a local presence to register domains in this TLD, the pricing is significantly higher than most other domains, which has discouraged its use. Although registrations at the second level are the most expensive, they are still more common than third-level registrations, and most names in use are for sites relating to Norfolk Island.


.nf, Second-level domains
These second-level domains are available for third-level registrations, with no restriction on who can register them. .com.nf and .net.nf parallel the .com and .net TLDs, while some of the others appear to be based on proposed new TLDs from the late 1990s which were never implemented (other than the eventual use of .info).


.nf, .co.nf
A .co.nf second-level domain exists which is commonly misinterpreted as the real commercial second-level domain for the island. The domain is run by a web-hosting provider called biz.nf.


.nf, .co.nf
As of 2 September 2019, .co.nf was unavailable and a notice was posted on the control panel of the website hosting stating that the registry has suspended the domain.


.nfo
.nfo (also written .NFO or NFO, a contraction of "info", or "information") is a commonly used filename extension for text files that accompany various digital scene releases with information about them.


.nfo
NFO files are used to deliver release information about the media, such as the digital media title, authorship, year, or license information. This information is delivered for publishing through digital media to make it searchable on the web as well as within local catalogues and libraries.


.nfo, Content
NFO files usually contain release information about the media. The information may include authorship and license information. If the NFO file is for software, product installation notes can also be found. NFO files are also often found in demoscene productions, where the respective groups include them for credits, contact details, and the software requirements.


.nfo, Content
Unlike README files, NFO files often contain elaborate ANSI art.


.nfo, History
NFO files were first introduced by "Fabulous Furlough" of the elite PC warez organization called The Humble Guys, or THG. The THG group would first upload their package to their world headquarters, "Candyland BBS" or later "The P.I.T.S. BBS", to establish distribution immediately. Such organizations are also known as warez groups or crack groups. The first use came in 1990 on the THG release of the PC game Bubble Bobble. This file was used in lieu of the more common README.TXT or README.1ST file names. The perpetuation of this file extension legacy was carried on by warez groups which followed after THG and is still in use to this day. Hence its strong presence on Usenet newsgroups that carry binaries and on P2P file trading networks.


.nfo, History
The Humble Guys later became a demogroup, thus bringing the .nfo file tradition into the demoscene. More than forty thousand demoscene productions have an NFO file next to the program file.


.nfo, History
Before Windows 95 was introduced, NFO files also sometimes used ANSI-escape sequences to generate animated ASCII art (ANSI art). These animations, however, required ANSI.SYS to be loaded by the DOS shell. If the user's computer wasn't already configured to load the ANSI.SYS driver, viewing ANSI art required reconfiguring and rebooting. Because of this, ANSI art was much less common, and getting ANSI art to display correctly on a Windows 95 PC often proved more difficult, leading to a decline of such art in NFO files.


.nfo, History
The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code page 437 character set was originally designed by IBM for the earliest DOS PCs so many years ago. Therefore, it was not destined to become standardized throughout the non-English world. Recently to aid internationalization, instead of using the old code page 437 extended ASCII characters, modern ASCII art uses the current de facto web standard ISO-8859-1/ISO-8859-15 or Unicode UTF-8 characters.


.nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez
The files have been explained as essentially being the press releases of the warez scene. They are commonly associated with warez groups who include them to declare credit of said release. NFO files were ubiquitous, and sometimes required, during the era of the BBS. The file was a stamp of authenticity, explicitly explaining what group released the software and described what modifications (or cracks) were applied if any. Once a software was "packaged" with an NFO and then released, it was then officially owned by that group and no other group could ethically re-release that particular package.


.nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez
A typical warez NFO file was elaborate and highly decorated, and usually included a large ASCII art logo along with software release and extended warez group information. The most important information is which group, which cracker and which member actually tested and packaged. The designers of these NFO files, who worked closely or within the warez groups, frequently incorporated extended ASCII characters from the character set code page 437 in the file.


.nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez
As of 2019, NFO files can still be found in many ZIP archives. In modern-day warez NFO files, a large ASCII art logo is frequently shown at the top, followed by textual information below.


.nfo, Software
The home theater software Kodi uses NFO files for its library. Plex Media Server uses NFO files for match movie library. Filebot app fetch artwork and create NFO files for TV shows or movies. NFO files are also used by media managers ViMediaManager, tinyMediaManager, Ember Media Manager, CouchPotato - a usenet and torrents client, MediaElch, TV show organiser Media Companion, digital media library manager Media Center Master. An NFO plug-in is also available for Opus, an open access repositories software.


.nfo, Software
NFO files are plain text files. The simplest method to view is using a text editor and selecting a monospace font and set "US Latin" or "extended ASCII". On Windows 95 using Microsoft Notepad the Terminal font set to 11pt usually produced a good rendering of ascii art on common CRTs of the time and could be set as the default viewer NFO files. However, web browsers use an incompatible alternative encoding scheme resulting in incorrect rendering of NFO files.


.nfo, Software
Also, many modern text editors often use proportional fonts whereas the ASCII art included in both old and new NFO files is heavily dependent on the file being viewed with a fixed-width font. For this reason dedicated NFO viewers are available which are text editors with appropriate fonts (Terminus) and encoding settings, automatic window size and clickable hyperlinks. Additionally, online NFO viewers are also available to browse public NFO databases.


.nfo, Microsoft Windows
On Microsoft Windows, the NFO filename extension is associated with a Microsoft software tool called System Information (msinfo32.exe). System Information provides a general overview of a computer's system specifications as well as detailed information on the system's hardware components and information about the Windows environment. NFO files that are meant for System Information contain all of the information that System Information displays saved in an XML format.


.ng
.ng is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nigeria.


.ng
On May 13, 2009, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) completed the process of re-delegation of the .ng domain name from temporary authorities to the current Nigerian ones. For many years, Randy Bush had been the Technical contact of the .ng domain name. With the IANA re-delegation, the technical contact is now the local Nigerian DNS administrator, while the administrative contact is the president of Nigeria Internet Registration Association.


.ng
To speed up the process of registering .ng domain names, NIRA has accredited a first batch of 29 Domain registrars, most of whom are Nigerian companies. Registrars are categorized into Platinum, Gold, Silver and Standard categories.


.ng, Second level domains
In addition, NIRA themselves reserve the right to register 'premium' top level domains under .ng (for example, google.ng).


.ng, Second level domains
Ibukun Odusote was the first contact person for the .ng domain name and she was made a life patron of the Nigeria Internet Registration Association in 2013 for her pioneering work.


.ng, Statistics
In January 2018 there were more than 60 registrars accredited by NIRA. The most popular domain zone is .com.ng, having almost 70% of all national domains registered. The .ng domain comes next (17%) although within the zone a domain name is shorter, domain registration here costs several times more than in .com.ng while .org.ng, which is usually used by non-profit organisations, ranks third (7%).


.ni
.ni is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nicaragua.


.ni, Second level domains
Registrations are at the third level beneath several second level names. There are also a handful of sites directly at the second level, including the registry site itself at nic.ni.


.ni, Second level domains
For political and/or marketing reasons, .ni is also occasionally registered and used by sites based in Northern Ireland, rather than the United Kingdom's official ccTLD, .uk (or Ireland's .ie). The .co.ni subdomain is available for this purpose with the clear understanding that .co.ni is a subdomain of the .ni domain, which is the top level domain name for Nicaragua and as such subject to the terms and conditions of the .ni registry in Nicaragua.


.nl
.nl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular ccTLDs with over six million registered .nl domains as of 29 September 2020.


.nl
When cwi.nl was registered by Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica on 1986-05-01, .nl became the first active ccTLD outside the United States.


.nl, Registry
Since 31 January 1996, .nl domains are registered by the Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN, in English: Foundation for Internet Domain Registration Netherlands), based in Arnhem. Most registrars are ISPs, IT service bureaus and media service bureaus, but several large enterprises with many brand names have also become a registrar, or participant as SIDN calls them, which is a quite uncommon phenomenon in the domain name industry. Registrars have to pay SIDN a fee for each domain since 1 April 1996, until then registration was free. SIDN does not deal directly with Registrants. In the early days, most of the registrants were universities and research departments of large companies, such as Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium.


.nl, Second-level domains
Official second-level domains do not exist. A number of companies have taken the opportunity to register domains like co.nl and com.nl, using them to sell third-level domains. These are not affiliated with SIDN.


.nl, Second-level domains
Individuals were allowed to register a second-level .nl domain since 2003. As a forerunner, individuals were allowed to register a third-level domain since 2000. Such 'personal domains' had the form of janjansen.123.nl. They never became popular, and registration has been suspended since 2006. Because there were only around 500 of such domains registered, in contrast to about 5 million second-level domains, SIDN announced the discontinuance of personal domains as of 2008 on 4 July 2007.


.no
.no is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norway. Norid, the domain name registry, is based in Trondheim, is owned by the state-owned Uninett and operates under supervision of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. As of May 10, 2013 there were 583,962 registered .no-domains. Organizations with a presence in Norway and registration at the Brønnøysund Register Centre are limited to 100 domains each. Individuals residing in Norway may register in the second-level domain priv.no and, as of June 17, 2014, directly under .no. Other second-level domains exist for organizations of certain types, such as municipalities and schools. The strict regulations have resulted in near-absence of cybersquatting and warehousing.


.no
Management of a ccTLD was awarded to Pål Spilling in 1983, but was taken over by Uninett four years later. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995. Norid is the result of several re-organizations within Uninett, in 2003 becoming a separate limited company. Norway has also been allocated two other ccTLDs, .sj for Svalbard and Jan Mayen and .bv for Bouvet Island; neither are open to registration. Originally only a single domain was permitted per organization, and this was manually checked by Norid to ensure compliance with trademark ownership.


.no
The regulations were liberalized in 2001, when the process was automated and a retrospective dispute resolution scheme was introduced. This resulted in a boom of registrations, with the accumulated registrations exceeding 100,000 in the course of the year. Domain names may consist of the twenty-six basic Latin letters, digits and the hyphen, and beginning in 2004 three Norwegian language letters and twenty Sami language letters have been permitted. All-numeric domains were introduced in 2007 and priv.no in 2011.


.no, History
The domain name registry responsibility for .no was in 1983 awarded to Pål Spilling at the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration's Research Institute. The actual registration work was carried out by Jens Thomassen. The first registered domains were tor.nta.no (the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration) and ifi.uio.no (the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo). Initially the workload of domain registration was light, but after a few years the workload had become unmanageable as a side project for an individual. Policy-makers also indicated a need for the domain registration to be managed by a non-commercial organization.


.no, History
The responsibility was therefore transferred to the publicly owned Uninett, a supplier of information and communications technology to Norwegian public universities, colleges and research institutions on 17 March 1987. The oldest archived zone file dates from 1989 and includes 19 domains. In 1991 and 1992, all state university colleges were connected to the Internet and issued domain names, causing a boom of registrations. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995.


.no, History
Uninett was at first administrated as a division of SINTEF, but was in 1993 transformed to a limited company owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. Norid was established as a division within Uninett in 1996, and issued the responsibility of managing the .no domain. On 21 August 1997, Norid was given the responsibility for the newly created .sj and .bv domains. Uninett FAS was established the following year as a subsidiary of Uninett to manage the technical network and service infrastructure, including operation of the network systems for the universities and colleges.


.no, History
Thus Norid also became part of the Uninett FAS portfolio. Two organizations were established in 1998: the Domain Resolution Body, to resolve domain disputes, and Norpol, a political advisory board. Domain name registrars were introduced in 1999 to handle aspects that could be provided by a third party. Uninett Norid was in 2003 registered as a limited company owned by Uninett, to secure the management of the domains within an independent organization.


.no, History
Until 2001, each organization could only register a single domain and had to document its right to the name, either directly connected to the company's name or a trademark; this information was verified by Norid. The rules were liberalized on 19 February 2001. A new cap was set at fifteen domains per organization and Norid no longer made an evaluation of the right to the name; if the domain was not registered it would be awarded. This resulted in a large increase in the number of domains, and the 100,000th domain was registered that same year.


.no, History
Originally only the basic Latin letters were permitted, but from 9 February 2004 an additional twenty-three characters from the Norwegian and Sami languages were permitted, along with the number of permitted domains per organization increasing to twenty. From 13 June 2007, all-numerical domains names were allowed. The 500,000th domain was registered in January 2011. The priv.no second-level domain was permitted from June 2011, which gave individuals the possibility to register. On 30 November 2011, organizations were permitted to register 100 domains.


.no, History
On 17 June 2014 Norid opened up for private citizen registrations of .no domains. On 9 December 2014 Norid enabled support for DNSSEC.


.no, Management
Management of .no lies with the Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for the unused .sj and .bv. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is again owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is two-fold, based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regulations under the Electronic Communications Act which is supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. The policy for use of .no is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .bv and .sj, for Bouvetøya and Svalbard and Jan Mayen, respectively; neither are open to registration.


.no, Management
Registration takes place through a third party, a domain name registrar. The relationship between Norid, the registrar and the holder is regulated through civil legal agreements. The registrar registers the domain on behalf of the holder, and the holder then holds the right to the domain name until it is terminated, unless a dispute resolution dictates otherwise. Norid charges registrars 60 Norwegian krone (NOK) per registration and change of holder, as well as NOK 60 in an annual fee per domain. Registrars must meet criteria regarding technical and administrative resources, must pay an annual fee of NOK 5,000 and a deposit of minimum NOK 10,000, depending on activity level. Registrars must also undertake a minimum activity of either administrating or registering forty domains per year.


.no, Management
Upon registering a domain, the user signs a declaration that they are not infringing on the rights of other parties and that the user will assume full responsibility for any consequences of use of the domain name. The registration process at Norid is fully automated and does not include any steps to ensure that the user has the rights to the name. Disputes regarding the right to a domain name are handled retrospectively, either through the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee or court proceedings.


.no, Management
Issues which could give the right to take over a domain name include infringements of the Trademarks Act and the Marketing Control Act. Trademark holders will also be awarded the domain if the registration was solely made to sell the domain to the trademark owner. The dispute bodies will also consider the risk of confusion, based on the domain name itself rather than the content of the site. For one domain, volvoimport.no, the issue of ownership was subject to a Supreme Court case.


.no, Management
The Supreme Court has ruled that the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority may seize domain registrations under specifications of the General Civil Penal Code, as domains are legally regarded as assets with financial value. As of 27 September 2012 there were 552,255 registered domains. .no-domains had a 90.6-percent renewal rate in 2009, which is significantly higher than more liberal domains, such as 71 percent of .com domains. Cybersquatting and warehousing has not been a problem with .no-domains because of the strict registration requirements. Norpol is an advisory body with thirteen members appointed to discuss and comment on the domain policy. It consists of members from several government authorities, the Internet industry and other stakeholders.


.no, Policy
Only organizations with a local presence in Norway and with registration in the Brønnøysund Register Centre are allowed to register domains under .no. Specifically, they must be registered in the Central Coordinating Register for Legal Entities—and thus have an organization number, have a postal address in Norway and must be able to actually document activity in Norway upon request from Norid. All qualified users may register up to 100 domains directly under .no and five additional domains under each second-level domain.


.no, Policy
The priv.no domain is available for registration by individuals. To register, an individual must be registered in the National Registry and have been issued a national identity number, must be resident in Norway and be at least 18 years old. Moving abroad will not result in the domain being deleted, but the person cannot register any more domains while living abroad. There is a limit of five registered domains per person.


.no, Policy
Domain names must consist of 2 to 63 characters. Permitted characters are the ISO basic Latin alphabet (a through z), digits (0 through 9), the hyphen (-), the three Norwegian language letters æ, ø and å, and twenty special Sami languages letters (á·à·ä·č·ç·đ·é·è·ê·ŋ·ń·ñ·ó·ò·ô·ö·š·ŧ·ü·ž). The domain name must start and end in a digit or a letter. A large number of domains cannot be registered, including all that are the basis for second-level domains, and a specified series of geographical names, including names of settlements and islands, which may become second-level domains in the future. Eight specific Internet terms may not be registered (ftp, localhost, whois, www, no, nic, internet and internett). Additional general-category potential future second-level domains have also been blocked, such as com.no and as.no.


.no, Second-level domains
There are three types of second-level domains: geography-oriented, category-oriented and those managed by other agencies than Norid. There are reserved geographic second-level domains for all counties (such as oslo.no for Oslo and nt.no for Nord-Trøndelag), all urban areas with at least 5,000 inhabitants (such as orkanger.no for Orkanger) and all municipalities (such as bergen.no for Bergen and both inderoy.no and inderøy.no for Inderøy). In addition, svalbard.no has been reserved for Svalbard and jan-mayen.no for Jan Mayen. Users are asked to not register with a geographic second-level domain unless they have a local presence in the area. The www name under a geographic second-level domain (such as www.lillehammer.no) may only be carried out by the local government of the area, such as the municipality, the county municipality and the Governor of Svalbard.


.no, Second-level domains
The category second-level domains require the user to meet specific characteristics; for instance, only upper secondary schools may register under vgs.no. Most of the second-level domains are managed by Norid, although five domains are managed by three other government agencies, the Government Administration Services for central parts of the government, the Norwegian Armed Forces for their own sites and the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities for municipalities and county municipalities.


.np
.np is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nepal. It is administered by .


.np, Second-level domains
The following is a list of the most common second-level domains.


.np, Registration
Registrations require a local presence in Nepal. Registrations are also expected to be for names based directly on a company or organization name, or product's name, service's name, and brand name.


.np, Registration
Domain registration is free of cost at the third level beneath various second-level domains. Registrants need to provide proof of Nepali citizenship for personal websites or a copy of company registration for organization websites. It could take a working day to get the domain reviewed.


.nr
.nr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nauru. Domains must be paid, and can be ordered from CenpacNet, Nauru's Internet service provider.


.nr
The setup of .nr was done in 2002 by Franck Martin using specific custom code.


.nr
The original configuration of the .nr TLD domain was performed by Shaun Moran of ComTech Communications (Australia) in 1998 as part of the first Internet connectivity on the Island. There was a lengthy process with IANA to get the .nr domain approved and assigned at the time.


.nr, Second-level Domains
In addition to the 2nd level direct domains which the registry offers, these are the official second-level domains under which third-level registrations are offered by the registry:


.nr, Usage Outside of Nauru
The .nr domain has low usage outside of Nauru. However, when it is used, it can be found on web domains utilising domain hacks, such as hdm.nr (Headminer), domai.nr (Domainr) or exo.nr (Exonar).


.nr, Usage Outside of Nauru
From 2002 to 2018, a domain service  offered free subdomain hosting under the unofficial subdomain "co.nr". As of May 1, 2018, issues with the .nr registry and Nauruan government caused the entire .co.nr domain to shut down and its subdomains to stop functioning.


.nu
.nu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of Niue. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the gTLDs .com, .net, and .org. Playing on the phonetic similarity between nu and new in English, and the fact that nu means "now" in several European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the Internet Foundation in Sweden amid opposition from the government of Niue.


.nu, Administration
The government of Niue was recognized as the holder of legal rights to administer the .nu domain until 2003, when it signed the rights away to the IUSN Foundation, a Massachusetts-based non-profit organization created for the purpose of funding free unlimited internet access and wifi in Niue through revenue from the domain name. The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to The Internet Foundation in Sweden (IIS) in September 2013. The IIS said that 66.7 percent of "active" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users. As of 2020, the IUSN Foundation states on its website that it still provides free internet access to Niue through a partnership with IIS, which funds IUSN's entire budget with a portion of the revenues from the .nu domain.


.nu, Administration
In November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the Stockholm District Court to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had "taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a "national asset of Niue" and had been taken over "unfairly", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS.


.nu, Administration
A later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of US$150,000,000 during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS. The IIS responded by saying that "It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way", and that it had "done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions".


.nu, Administration
The government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with ICANN to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits. Toke Talagi, the long-serving Premier of Niue who died earlier in 2020, called it a form of neo-colonialism.


.nu, Usage of .nu
The .nu domain is particularly popular in Sweden, Denmark, and the Benelux region, as nu is the word for "now" in Swedish, Danish and Dutch – an example of a domain hack. Although nu in Norwegian is an archaic word for "now", with nå being used instead, .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in Norway in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones. Partially owing to restrictive domain rules for the ccTLD assigned to Sweden, .se, .nu was used for creative marketing of websites such as www.tv.nu to show what is currently showing on TV, and in the Netherlands for websites like waarbenjij.nu, Dutch for whereareyou.now.


.nu, Usage of .nu
A former political party in Israel, Kulanu, used  shortened domain until its dissolution in 2020.


.nu, Internationalised domains
In March 2000, .NU Domain Ltd became the first TLD to offer registration of Internationalized domain names, supporting the full Unicode character set. Unlike other TLDs, no browser plugin or punycode capable browser was required on the client side for use of these names, as .NU Domain's web servers converted and redirected any web queries issued in a variety of international character encodings. However, in March 2010, .NU Domain announced at ICANN that they had recently disabled their general wildcard domain name resolution technology, and thus were implementing IDNs only by the now standard punycode implementation, and were reducing the accepted set of IDN characters for .NU Domain names to a subset of the ISO-8859-1 western European characters.


.nu, Domain revocation policy
.NU domain names are revoked without refund for displaying images of child pornography, being involved with phishing, spamming, email theft, search engine abuse, or any unlawful purpose.


.nu, Domain revocation policy
In February 2012, library.nu, a site listing links to scanned books, a substantial number of which are claimed to be pirated copyrighted material, went offline after a coalition of the world's largest book publishers obtained an injunction against the site. A few days later the site also had its domain name revoked by domain registrar Nunames. The domain revocation was recorded in screenshots taken at the time.


.nu, Litigation
A 2005 UDRP case regarding nudomain.com made the assertion under "Factual background" that "The Complainants [WorldNames, Inc. and NU Domain Ltd] own and operate the .NU ccTLD". The companies in question are operating the registry for .nu on behalf of the Internet Users Society, but it is incorrect to state that they "own" the TLD, as TLDs in general are delegated and managed rather than "owned". The case does, however, point out that these companies own a registered trademark to ".nudomain" in several countries.


.nu, McAfee SiteAdvisor
In March 2007, McAfee SiteAdvisor issued a report explaining the functionality of SiteAdvisor. As part of that report, .nu domain websites were stated to be among the highest-risk TLDs for browser exploits. However, in most other respects, .nu sites were ranked overall as a low to moderate risk. Shortly thereafter, .NU Domain issued a press release stating that SiteAdvisor had ranked .nu sites among the lowest for risk. In 2008 McAfee reported that .net and .com had become the riskiest TLDs.


.nyc
.nyc is a top level domain (TLD) for New York City. It was delegated to the root zone by ICANN on March 20, 2014.


.nyc, Background
New York-based company name.space, founded by Paul Garrin, began operating its own alternative root zone system in 1997 including a .nyc top level domain. name.space applied for inclusion of its .nyc, along with a number of other strings, as TLDs in the IANA root during the 2000 ICANN application round. Its application was refused. Another company, Names@Work, also put in an application in 2000 but withdrew for lack of funding.


.nyc, Background
The first municipal support for the .nyc TLD was the Internet Empowerment Resolution passed by Queens Community Board 3, a local planning unit of the City of New York, on April 19, 2001. The Resolution called for the city's Commission on Public Information and Communication or a public interest organization to acquire and develop the TLD.


.nyc, Background
By the mid-2000s interest in gaining local TLDs had arisen in other cities, notably Paris and Berlin. Some of those proponents contacted Thomas Lowenhaupt, the former Community Board member who had introduced the Queens Resolution. In 2007, with the Bloomberg Administration having indicated that it did not intend to apply for the .nyc TLD, Lowenhaupt formed a non-profit 'Connecting .nyc' to acquire and develop the .nyc TLD for community use. On June 6, 2008 Council Member Gale Brewer led the introduction of Resolution 1495-2008 supporting "the local efforts to acquire the .nyc Top Level Domain and urging The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to approve the City’s application in order to meet the needs of city residents via the Internet."


.nyc, Background
At the ICANN meeting in Paris in July 2008 a green light was given for the development of a new TLD application round, including cities.


.nyc, Background
On October 17, 2008, Brewer held a public hearing in support of her bill. Witnesses included Lowenhaupt, Antony Van Couvering of Names@Work, and Paul Garrin. Van Couvering proposed that .nyc be run by his company as a purely commercial enterprise, with a portion of the revenue dedicated to benefiting the community. He testified that he was willing to work with Lowenhaupt on community interests. The bill itself would eventually be shelved at the end of 2009.


.nyc, Background
In her February 12, 2009 State of the City address City Council Speaker Christine Quinn proposed the .nyc TLD as a public-private partnership. names@work, now under the name DotNYC, opened a new dedicated website which reported on Quinn's speech. "The crowd, made up of elected politicians and dignitaries, literally chanted “Dot N – Y – C” at the end of her description of it." Further press reports were confidently quoted by DotNYC. These included details that they expected to pay the city a third of all revenue, $3 million per year initially, rising to $10 million a year. In June 2009, DotNYC released a testimonial video of former Mayor Ed Koch saying "DotNYC is the best real estate opportunity since the Dutch bought Manhattan".


.nyc, Background
Wheels had been put in motion and, on April 15, 2009, the New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (DoITT) issued a Request for Information (RFI). Connecting.nyc published its response, which called for many names (second level domains) to be reserved for community use. On October 5, 2009 a Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued by the City of New York seeking "services to obtain, manage, administer, maintain and market the geographic Top Domain name .nyc." Notably, conditions included that proposals include a system of ensuring nexus with the city, and also a preliminary list of reserved names including all city precincts, schools, districts, and neighborhoods.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
In March 2012, name.space reported it had filed for trademark protection on a number of its TLDs, including .nyc.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
In April 2012 the city announced that NeuStar, Inc., a Virginia-based firm, had been selected from the RFP submissions and on June 12, 2012 the City of New York submitted an application to ICANN for the .nyc TLD. Neustar paid the $185,000 application fee.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
In May 2012 Garrin wrote to local dignitaries protesting the Neustar contract, and asserting name.space's rights to the .nyc TLD.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
The application on behalf of the city passed initial evaluation at ICANN on May 24, 2013.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
ICANN delegated .nyc to the DNS root zone on March 20, 2014.


.nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc
In 2015 Connecting.nyc was granted special consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).


.nyc, Advisory board
On March 22, 2013 the .NYC Community Advisory Board was formed. Members include Thomas Lowenhaupt, former ICANN Chair Esther Dyson, and representatives of the local tech and academic community. It was later disbanded.


.nz
.nz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for New Zealand. It is administered by InternetNZ, with oversight and dispute resolution handled by the Domain Name Commission Limited (DNCL). Registrations are processed via authorised registrars. As of February 2021 there were 724,001 registered .nz domains.


.nz, History
As with many long-standing domain registries the registry was maintained informally for some time. The first formally recognised administrative organisation was the University of Waikato until the responsibility was delegated to InternetNZ when it was formed in 1995.


.nz, History
Prior to the current structure, the registry operator of .nz was Domainz. Historically, Domainz was a subsidiary of InternetNZ which also operated as a registrar and vendor of other add-on services such as DNS. This combination of a natural monopoly (the registry activities) and vertical integration (the registrar and other services) was seen by some as restricting competition so InternetNZ moved to separate the provision of registry services into a separate organisation with strong oversight. The final part of this transition process was the sale of Domainz to Melbourne IT in August 2003.


.nz, History
From 1 April 2008 the "Office of the Domain Name Commissioner" (several employees of InternetNZ, including the Domain Name Commissioner herself) became the "Domain Name Commission Limited", a subsidiary company of InternetNZ.


.nz, Second-level domains
There are a number of second-level domains that identify whether the user is a company, a non-commercial organisation, government body or other classification.


.nz, Second-level domains
In October 2013, InternetNZ decided to allow domain names to be registered at the second level in the .nz domain name space, aligning the .nz domain name space with a majority of other top level domains that already allow registrations directly at the second level. The second level domain names were launched with a sunrise period from 30 September 2014 to 30 March 2015 (to allow people with similar domains to register the shorter version). From 30 March 2015 .nz domain names were available to everyone.


.nz, Second-level domains
The early New Zealand second-level domains 'ac.nz', '.co.nz' and '.govt.nz' were based on those used in the UK. At the time it was considered desirable that the names were not in use as first-level domains, so '.edu.nz', '.com.nz' and '.gov.nz' were rejected. There are also sub-level domains unique to New Zealand, such as 'iwi.nz' for Māori iwi and the broader 'maori.nz' for other Māori organisations, and 'geek.nz' for 'geeks'.


.nz, Second-level domains
The following second-level domains are in use with their official descriptions. Since only some of the domains are moderated, it is possible to register outside the area intended.


.nz, Registry software and protocol
The shared registry system (SRS), initially developed in 2002, is both the name of the core .nz registry system and the name of one of two main protocols, SRS protocol, used to communicate with the registry system. Since 2010, the SRS has also supported the extensible provisioning protocol (EPP),  which is now a common standard used by registries.


.nz, Registry software and protocol
The SRS has been released as open source software, the last published version was made in 2010 and can be found on SourceForge.


.nz, Registry software and protocol
In September 2019, InternetNZ announced their intention to replace the SRS and that the new system will not include the SRS protocol.


.nz, Māori domain names
On 22 July 2010, the Domain Name Commission announced that .nz domain names with macron vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō and ū) would be available from the following week to allow Māori language words to be correctly represented in domain names.


.om
.om is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Oman.


.om, Registry
Currently,  is the registry of .om ccTLD. The Authority is solely responsible for the management of the top level Internet domain name “.om” and “.عمان” In doing so, the Authority may:


.om, Accredited Registrars
The accredited registrar is any person or entity authorized by the Authority under an agreement (Registrar Accreditation) to receive registration applications of Internet domains, make a decision,  register, transfer, stop, delete them and taking any steps necessary related to the domain names within the defined lines in the Registrar Accreditation Agreement.


.om, Accredited Registrars
The Authority will review the applications submitted to it from the firms and establishments wanting to receive accreditation from the Authority and make decisions.


.one (domain)
.one is a top-level domain. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 20, 2015. One Registry (a subsidiary of One.com A/S) and ARI Registry Services (a Neustar company) are the registries for the domain.


.one (domain)
With the  ICANN's New gTLD Program, One.com applied for management of the .one TLD One.com won at private auction with Radix Registry the rights to the ".one" string. The auction was the "single sealed bid second price" model, in which the winner offers the highest bid and pays the second highest bid.


.one (domain)
As of March 2018, .one was the 49th-most registered top-level-domain on the Internet, with 65,022 registrations. One.com was the second highest registrar for .one, out of its 107 accredited registrars.


.onion
.onion is a special-use top level domain name designating an anonymous onion service, which was formerly known as a "hidden service", reachable via the Tor network. Such addresses are not actual DNS names, and the .onion TLD is not in the Internet DNS root, but with the appropriate proxy software installed, Internet programs such as web browsers can access sites with .onion addresses by sending the request through the Tor network.


.onion
The purpose of using such a system is to make both the information provider and the person accessing the information more difficult to trace, whether by one another, by an intermediate network host, or by an outsider. Sites that offer dedicated .onion addresses may provide an additional layer of identity assurance via EV HTTPS Certificates. Provision of an onion site also helps mitigate SSL stripping attacks by malicious exit nodes on the Tor network upon users who would otherwise access traditional HTTPS clearnet sites over Tor.


.onion, Format
Addresses in the onion TLD are generally opaque, non-mnemonic, alpha-numerical strings which are automatically generated based on a public key when an onion service is configured. They are 16 characters long for V2 onion services and 56 characters long for V3 onion services. These strings can be made up of any letter of the alphabet, and decimal digits from 2 to 7, representing in base32 either an 80-bit hash ("version 2", or 16-character) or a 256-bit ed25519 public key along with a version number and a checksum of the key and version number ("version 3", "next gen", or 56-character).


.onion, Format
As a result, all combinations of sixteen base32 characters could potentially be valid version 2 addresses (though as the output of a cryptographic hash, a randomly selected string of this form having a corresponding onion service should be extremely unlikely), while only combinations of 56 base32 characters that correctly encoded an ed25519 public key, a checksum, and a version number (i.e., 3) are valid version 3 addresses. It is possible to set up a partially human-readable .onion URL (e.g. starting with an organization name) by generating massive numbers of key pairs (a computational process that can be parallelized) until a sufficiently desirable URL is found.


.onion, Format
The "onion" name refers to onion routing, the technique used by Tor to achieve a degree of anonymity.


.onion, WWW to .onion gateways
Proxies into the Tor network like Tor2web allow access to onion services from non-Tor browsers and for search engines that are not Tor-aware. By using a gateway, users give up their own anonymity and trust the gateway to deliver the correct content. Both the gateway and the onion service can fingerprint the browser, and access user IP address data. Some proxies use caching techniques to provide better page-loading than the official Tor Browser.


.onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)
.exit was a pseudo-top-level domain used by Tor users to indicate on the fly to the Tor software the preferred exit node that should be used while connecting to a service such as a web server, without having to edit the configuration file for Tor (torrc).


.onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)
The syntax used with this domain was hostname + .exitnode + .exit, so that a user wanting to connect to http://www.torproject.org/ through node tor26 would have to enter the URL http://www.torproject.org.tor26.exit.


.onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)
Example uses for this would include accessing a site available only to addresses of a certain country or checking if a certain node is working.


.onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)
Users could also type exitnode.exit alone to access the IP address of exitnode.


.onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)
The .exit notation was deprecated as of version 0.2.9.8. It is disabled by default as of version 0.2.2.1-alpha due to potential application-level attacks, and with the release of 0.3-series Tor as "stable" may now be considered defunct.


.onion, Official designation
The domain was formerly a pseudo-top-level domain host suffix, similar in concept to such endings as .bitnet and .uucp used in earlier times.


.onion, Official designation
On 9 September 2015 ICANN, IANA and the IETF designated .onion as a 'special use domain', giving the domain an official status following a proposal from Jacob Appelbaum of the Tor Project and Facebook security engineer Alec Muffett.


.onion, HTTPS support
Prior to the adoption of CA/Browser Forum Ballot 144, an HTTPS certificate for a .onion name could only be acquired by treating .onion as an Internal Server Name. Per the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements, these certificates could be issued, but were required to expire before 1 November 2015.


.onion, HTTPS support
Despite these restrictions, DuckDuckGo launched an onion site with a self-signed certificate in July 2013; Facebook obtained the first SSL Onion certificate to be issued by a Certificate authority in October 2014, Blockchain.info in December 2014, and The Intercept in April 2015. The New York Times later joined in October 2017.


.onion, HTTPS support
Following the adoption of CA/Browser Forum Ballot 144 and the designation of the domain as 'special use' in September 2015, .onion meets the criteria for . Certificate authorities may issue SSL certificates for HTTPS .onion sites per the process documented in the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements, introduced in Ballot 144.


.onion, HTTPS support
As of August 2016, 13 onion domains are https signed across 7 different organisations via DigiCert.


.online
.online is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet.


.online, History
In 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the Internet with new TLD's being requested by multiple parties. Six companies including Radix, Tucows, Namecheap, I-Registry Ltd., WhatBox?, and Donuts (Bitter Frostbite, LLC) filed applications for this TLD.


.online, History
The .online TLD was launched in August 2015. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia. Initially, it was a joint venture between Radix, Tucows, and Namecheap after they won the rights to .online in a private auction in 2014. Radix bought out full rights from Namecheap and Tucows to become the exclusive owner of the TLD in 2015.


.online, History
The TLD was the first to register over 38,000 domains in the first 24 hours making it the largest new gTLD launch of its time. In November 2015, .online became the fastest new gTLD to exceed 100,000 registrations and, as of 2018, surpassed 1 million registrations from over 230 countries making it the 5th largest nTLD by zone size. Based on an internal analysis by Radix, 65% of developed .online domains are in use by SMBs while the company has generated over $13M in total revenue to date from the gTLD.


.online, History
In 2017, .ONLINE won the Best New gTLD Award at the Global Domain Summit in China.


.online, Usage
This gTLD is used by an array of websites. In 2017, Casino.online sold for $201,250 to become the largest new gTLD sale of its time.


.org
The domain name org is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used on the Internet. The name is truncated from organization. It was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was originally "intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else." It is commonly used by non-profit organizations, open-source projects, and communities, but is an open domain that can be used by anyone. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, to ten million in 2012, and held steady between ten and eleven million since then.


.org
In November 2019, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) was to be sold by the Internet Society to shell company Ethos Capital for US$1.135 billion. The PIR also announced it would abandon its non-profit status to become a B Corporation. However, this move was criticized by non-profits and various digital rights groups on concerns that Ethos Capital, a private equity firm, would raise fees or censor the domain. The sale was blocked by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in April 2020 on the basis that transfer of control of the domain to the private equity firm would create "unacceptable uncertainty" for non-profits that relied on the org domain.


.org, History
The domain ".org" was one of the original top-level domains and was established in January 1985. The other early top-level domains were com, us, edu, gov, mil and net. It was originally intended for non-profit organizations or organizations of a non-commercial character that did not meet the requirements for other gTLDs. The MITRE Corporation was the first group to register an org domain with mitre.org in July 1985. The TLD has been operated since January 1, 2003 by Public Interest Registry, who assumed the task from VeriSign Global Registry Services, a division of Verisign.


.org, Registrations
Registrations of subdomains are processed via accredited registrars worldwide. Anyone can register a second-level domain within org, without restrictions. In some instances subdomains are being used also by commercial sites, such as craigslist.org. According to the ICANN Dashboard (Domain Name) report, the composition of the TLD is diverse, including cultural institutions, associations, sports teams, religious, and civic organizations, open-source software projects, schools, environmental initiatives, social, and fraternal organizations, health organizations, legal services, as well as clubs, and community-volunteer groups. In some cases subdomains have been created for crisis management.


.org, Registrations
Although organizations anywhere in the world may register subdomains, many countries, such as Australia (au), Canada (ca), Japan (jp), Argentina (ar), Bolivia (bo), Uruguay (uy), Turkey (tr), Somalia (so), Sierra Leone (sl), Russia (ru), Bangladesh (bd), India (in) and the United Kingdom (uk), have established a second-level domain with a similar purpose under their ccTLD. Such second-level domains are usually named org or or.


.org, Registrations
In 2009, the org domain consisted of more than 8 million registered domain names, 8.8 million in 2010, and 9.6 million in 2011. The Public Interest Registry registered the ten millionth .ORG domain in June, 2012. When the 9.5 millionth second-level domain was registered in December 2011, org became the third largest gTLD.


.org, Registrations
As of November 2019, according to the Tranco ranking of the top 1M global domains, domains under org were about 6 % of the top 1000 and 7 % of the top 100 thousand and 1 million domains.


.org, Registrations, Internationalized domain names
The org domain registry allows the registration of selected internationalized domain names (IDNs) as second-level domains. For German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish IDNs this has been possible since 2005. Spanish IDN registrations have been possible since 2007.


.org, Domain name security
On June 2, 2009, The Public Interest Registry announced that the org domain is the first open generic top-level domain and the largest registry overall that has signed its DNS zone with Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). This allows the verification of the origin authenticity and integrity of DNS data by conforming DNS clients.


.org, Domain name security
As of June 23, 2010, DNSSEC was enabled for individual second-level domains, starting with 13 registrars.


.org, Cost of registration
Since 2003, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) charged its accredited registrars a capped price of US$9.05 per year for each domain name. The registrars may set their charges to end users without restrictions.


.org, Cost of registration
In April 2019, ICANN proposed an end to the price cap of org domains and effectively removed it in July in spite of having received 3,252 opposing comments and only six in favor. A few months later, the owner of the domain, the Public Interest Registry, proposed to sell the domain to investment firm Ethos Capital.


.ovh
.ovh is an active generic top-level domain (gTLD) delegated to the DNS root zone on June 20, 2014. The domain is sponsored by OVH, a major French telecommunications and hosting business. This top-level domain is run by the AFNIC and registrations are open to all via OVH, the sole registrar of .ovh domains.


.pa
.pa is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Panama, administered by NIC-Panama.


.pa
Since "PA" is also the postal code for the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the Brazilian state of Pará, it has had occasional use under that meaning, but this has not become widespread.


.paris
.paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris, France. It was introduced in June 2008 by ICANN, and the first 100 ".paris" web addresses were assigned in mid-2014.


.paris
At the time of launch, domain names corresponding to Parisian places (streets, squares, etc.) were reserved for the authorities concerned. Others, very generic, were blocked without the registry having yet made a decision on the allocation method.


.paris
From September to November 2014, the rightful owners of trademarks (protected, company names, names of French municipalities...) were given priority in registering .paris domain names. It was also possible to register, without having any particular rights, domain names before the general public opening at a higher rate, or even at auction if several candidates coveted the same domain name.


.paris
Since December 2, 2014, .paris is open to the general public. The available domain names are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.


.pe
.pe is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Peru.


.pe
It is managed by the company Red Científica Peruana (RCP).


.pe, Second-level domains
Starting from December 8, 2007 the registry accepts registrations directly at the second level.


.pe, Second-level domains
Prior to this change in policy registrations were limited to third level domains under these second level domains:


.pf
.pf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Polynesia. The name pf derived from the French name of Polynésie française.


.pf
A local contact has to be appointed to register a domain name under .pf. The only 2nd level domain available for public registrations at the third level is .com.pf, but most registrations are made directly at the second level.


.pg
.pg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Papua New Guinea.


.pg
Registrations are made beneath the second-level names .com.pg, .net.pg, .ac.pg, .gov.pg, .mil.pg, and .org.pg.


.pg
The dispute resolution policy is similar to that of Network Solutions prior to the institution of the UDRP in 2000; a trademark owner can object to a domain registration and this will result in the domain being placed on hold unless the registrant can also demonstrate trademark rights (and post bond to indemnify the registry), or else get a court ruling in their favor.


.pg
On 10 May 2013, the ISO 3166-1 code for Papua New Guinea changed to reflect the PG used for the ccTLD.


.ph
.ph is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Philippines.


.ph, Introduction
The official domain registry of the .ph domain is dotPH Domains Inc. dotPH holds and maintains the database of PH domain names, specifically .ph, .com.ph, .net.ph, and .org.ph. Its domain name registrars are not only individuals, businesses, and organizations in the Philippines, but also those in other parts of the world.


.ph, Introduction
The PH domain is currently administered by José Emmanuel "Joel" Disini, who is also dotPH's current CEO. Disini has been the domain administrator since Jon Postel assigned him the domain in 1990. The domain is sponsored by the PH Domain Foundation, a social outreach arm of dotPH which was also founded by Disini together with a group of IT professionals in August 1999.


.ph, Introduction
In 1994, the administration of the .gov.ph domain was sub-delegated to the Government of the Philippines. In like manner, .edu.ph was sub-delegated to the Philippine Network Foundation, Inc. (PHNET).


.ph, Introduction
Aside from being the registry, dotPH sells domains and web-related services such as web hosting, co-location, private registration and e-mail forwarding. dotPH also offers a free referral service which connects Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises with a network of over 300 accredited professional Filipino web designers. It formerly offered a free blogging service through .i.ph domains.


.ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry
In 1989, Joel Disini founded the Email Company (EMC), one of the earliest Internet service providers in the Philippines. At that time most networks (including EMC) were connected to the Internet via UUCP. Disini's network had a UUCP connection to UUNET. This network connection, along with Disini's credentials as a Computer Science and Electrical Engineering graduate of Caltech and five-year experience in Macintosh Networking & Communications software development in Cupertino, California, became Jon Postel's basis for delegating the .ph domain to him. The .ph country code top-level domain was officially delegated on September 14, 1990. Since then, .ph domains have been commercially available to the public.


.ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry
In 1994, the PHNET wide-area network, a project funded by DOST, completed its development and was able to connect the Philippines to the rest of the world by establishing TCP/IP connections to the U.S. using 64 kbit/s international leased lines.


.ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry
At this point, the PHNET Foundation wanted to take over the administration of the .ph domain registry. Protracted negotiations took place, and eventually the responsibility of administrating the .edu.ph and .gov.ph domains were transferred to the PHNET Foundation and the Department of Science and Technology, respectively.


.ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry
At that time domain fees ranged from Php 450 to Php 1,350. Domains registered during this period had no expiration and therefore had no renewal rates, thus the label lifetime domains. However, a fee was charged for modifications to these domains. Lifetime domains were non-transferable, and were only valid for the lifetime of the original Registrant.


.ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH
In August 1999 Disini and the technical people at EMC formed the PH Domain Foundation. It sought to promote the Internet and free unlimited email services in rural areas. It also took charge of the domain selling business and the management of the .ph domain registry.


.ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH
On October 1, 1999, the PH Domain Foundation launched a fully automated online system for domain registration. It also launched a flat .ph domain space, enabling people to register domains like "domainname.ph". Lifetime domain registration was halted, and all domains registered after October 1 subsequently carried expiration dates. These domain owners had to pay a fee to renew their domains.


.ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH
At around this period, the "for-profit" business and technical side of the PH Domain Foundation became identified as dotPH. Activities related to domains and the business were now attributed to dotPH, such as the resolution on the dispute between Yahoo! Philippines and another Philippine company, the launching of the automated online registration system, and even the administration of the .ph domain registry itself. To this day, dotPH is the official domain registry of the Philippines.


.ph, Other developments
In 2000, dotPH developed a system called the Shared Registry System (SRS) which enabled domain name registrars and ISP's to manage domains and accept registrations on their own website by connecting to the dotPH registry backend. This is done by downloading and installing on their server a module that does the actual communication with the registry backend using an XML-based protocol.


.ph, Other developments
dotPH also became one of the first Philippine websites to accept online credit card payments.


.ph, Other developments
Through the years, dotPH has expanded its offerings to more than just domain names. Becoming a Google Cloud Partner in 2016 allowed dotPH to offer cloud and collaboration solutions in addition to services such as web hosting, SSL certificates and website builders.


.ph, Other developments
dotPH currently uses the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP), the most widely used protocol for communicating between Domain Registries and Registrars, to process domain registrations and renewals.


.pharmacy
The generic top-level domain (gTLD) .pharmacy was launched by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) in 2014 "to provide consumers around the world a means for identifying safe, legal, and ethical online pharmacies and related resources". A review by the NABP of more than 10,800 websites selling prescription drugs "found that nearly 97% do not follow pharmacy laws and standards established to protect the public health".


.pharmacy
The impartiality of the domain has been questioned, because Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., and Pfizer are the main contributors to the NABP application. Previously, that application was challenged by Public Citizen, Knowledge Ecology International, and the Canadian International Pharmacy Association.


.pk
.pk is the designated Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Pakistan. PKNIC is the only organization endorsed by the Government of Pakistan to undertake the administration of 'pk' domain names. PKNIC is a non-profit making, non-statutory, member-based corporation established in June 1992.


.pk, Domain categories
All new domains that are registered under .pk must belong to one of the following second-level or third-level domains.


.pk, Urdu domain
In 2011 a new top domain was registered for Pakistan, intended for domain names in the local language. The domain, پاکستان., was approved by the ICANN Board on 7 January 2011 to represent Pakistan in the Arabic script. On 4 February 2011, IDN ccTLD پاکستان. was delegated to the National Telecommunication Corporation and the zone was added to the root servers in February 2017.


.pkg
.pkg (package) is a filename extension used for several file formats that contain packages of software and other files to be installed onto a certain device, operating system, or filesystem, such as the macOS, iOS, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4.


.pl
.pl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Poland, administered by NASK, the Polish research and development organization. It is one of the founding members of CENTR.


.pl, History
The .pl domain was created in 1990, following the mitigation of the COCOM embargo on technological collaboration with post-communist countries. The first subdomain in .pl was .pwr.pl, belonging to the Wrocław University of Technology.


.pl, History
In 2008 the number of registered .pl domain names exceeded one million, whereas at the end of 2013 the registry comprised more than 2.4 million domain names.


.pl, History
Each domain must be registered in the National Domain Name Registry.


.pl, Second-level domains, Regional domains
Many registrants prefer to create their own second-level domains, directly under .pl—as of 2012, over 1,500,000 such domains are registered.


.pm
.pm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Pierre and Miquelon. It is managed by AFNIC, with registration services opening on 6 December 2011.


.pm
As of June 2021, there are more than 7000 registered .pm domains.


.pm, British Domain Holders Post-Brexit
Since 1 January 2021, British citizens have not been able to register .pm domains. However, AFNIC is allowing all registrations pre-Brexit to continue, with renewal permitted.


.pn
.pn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Pitcairn Islands.


.pn, Use
An official .pn domain costs $100 per year from the registry. There are relatively few sites using these domains, but examples include Academic Hosting, ESPN, and Groupon, each of whom use the domain for URL shortening services.


.pn, Use
Subdomains under various two-letter .pn domains were offered as free redirections and as domain names by numerous providers. In August 2017, Free EU Hosting, one such provider, announced that due to reputation fears they will be discontinuing their popular eu.pn and me.pn subdomains and that they will eventually stop working, offering existing customers alternative subdomains.


.pn, Use
The .pn domain is also used as part of a Lionsgate marketing campaign promoting the Hunger Games film series, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem, with domains for the Capitol and the rebellion.


.pn, Management
ICANN originally delegated the management of the domain to islander Tom Christian. In 2000, the government of Pitcairn Island wrote a letter to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority stating that Christian did not "adequately serve the interests of the country and community of Pitcairn Island" and requesting reassignment of the delegation of the top-level domain to the office of the governor of Pitcairn Island. The dispute was resolved when ICANN ruled that the domain would be re-delegated to the Pitcairn Island Council.


.post
.post is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) available exclusively for the postal sector. .post is the first gTLD to be 100% secured by DNSSEC. post aims to integrate the physical, financial and electronic dimensions of postal services to enable and facilitate e-post, e-finance, e-commerce and e-government services. The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004.


.post
Having delegated authority for .post, the Universal Postal Union (UPU) develops, implements and monitors governance rules for it. It is also responsible for attributing domain names for postal-sector stakeholders who meet the eligibility criteria.