.post
The UPU, based in Bern, Switzerland, became the first United Nations organization to be granted the right to operate   a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) by ICANN in 2004, in the first group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004. The UPU was the only organization to pass all criteria by ICANN as a truly representative organization to sponsor a top-level domain.


.post
In 2009, ICANN and the UPU signed an historic agreement giving the UPU managing authority over .post as a top-level domain. The agreement came about after long negotiations, public review through ICANN's public comment process, reviews within the UPU governing Councils and consideration by ICANN's Board of Directors.


.post
The sTLD was added to the IANA TLD registry August 8, 2012 when .post entered the root of the internet.


.post, Purpose
.post was designed to serve the needs of the global postal community in cyberspace. The idea behind .post was to identify legitimate postal services and avoid confusion for individuals, business and stakeholders. As of October 2014, out of 192 UPU member countries, 38 are full members of the Dot Post Group (DPG), which is appointed to oversee the development of this platform. A few of those already launched their .post web site. Most of them offer a web interface to traditional post office services, such as printed letters and parcels delivery. One of them also features Postal Registered electronic Mail (PReM) among its services.


.post, Authentication
To register a .post domain, the UPU asks entities to submit a  (registration required) Registrants must be approved as being members of the  before registering domains.


.post, Authentication
Prior to registering a .post domain, the UPU verifies the registrant's eligibility to register a domain name and issues a .post Community ID.


.post, Authentication
Each applicant is required to provide legal proof of ownership of the string, as well as falling into 1 of 11 Registrant Groups set out in paragraph 3.3 of the


.pr
.pr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Puerto Rico.


.pr
A .pr.us second-level domain has been reserved for Puerto Rico under the .us locality namespace, but it is unused. Agencies of the government of Puerto Rico use either .gov.pr or, more recently, subdomains of pr.gov, where the main government portal is located.


.pr
In March 2010, National Public Radio launched a URL shortener using the domain hack "n.pr".


.pro
The domain name pro is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name is derived from professional, indicating its intended use by certified professionals.


.pro, History
In October 2000 Jason Drummond came up with the concept for a new top level domain name (TLD) and established RegistryPro to jointly bid with Register.com for .pro. In May 2002  signed its contract with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization that administers global domain names, under which it will operate the registry for the new top level domain (TLD) .pro.


.pro, History
The domain was originally launched in June 2004 with registrations restricted to four professions: accountants, engineers, lawyers and medical professionals in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.


.pro, History
In March 2005, the registrar EnCirca introduced its controversial ProForwarding service which enabled unverified people and businesses to register pro domains. Registrants then had thirty days to provide verified credentials prior to their domain being activated. Total registrations reached 6,899 by January 2008.


.pro, History
Following consultation with ICANN, the domain was relaunched in September 2008 with a wider remit to include government certified professionals in all countries. Registrants are required to self-certify their professional status and agree to terms of use before registration, then subsequently provide detailed license information.


.pro, Registrations
The official domain website describes the eligibility criteria as follows:


.pro, Registrations
The domain registry allows registration of  third-level domains in the following domains:


.pro, Registrations
As of April 2011, the domains may be registered through 44 accredited domain registrars. In January 2011, the number of registered domains surpassed 100,000. As reported in April 2010, the majority of domains are registered in the United States (42%), followed by France (24%) and Russian Federation (5%).


.pro, Registrations
A regulatory change made the .pro domain name unrestricted to all registrants starting 16 November 2015.


.properties
.properties is a file extension for files mainly used in Java-related technologies to store the configurable parameters of an application. They can also be used for storing strings for Internationalization and localization; these are known as Property Resource Bundles.


.properties
Each parameter is stored as a pair of strings, one storing the name of the parameter (called the key), and the other storing the value.


.properties, Format
Each line in a .properties file normally stores a single property. Several formats are possible for each line, including key=value, key = value, key:value, and key value. Single-quotes or double-quotes are considered part of the string. Trailing space is significant and presumed to be trimmed as required by the consumer.


.properties, Format
Comment lines in .properties files are denoted by the number sign (#) or the exclamation mark (!) as the first non blank character, in which all remaining text on that line is ignored. The backwards slash is used to escape a character. An example of a properties file is provided below.


.properties, Format
In the example above, website would be a key, and its corresponding value would be https://en.wikipedia.org/. While the number sign (#) and the exclamation mark (!) marks text as comments, it has no effect when it is part of a property. Thus, the key message has the value Welcome to Wikipedia! and not Welcome to Wikipedia. All of the whitespace in front of Wikipedia! is excluded completely.


.properties, Format
Before Java 9, the encoding of a .properties file is ISO-8859-1, also known as Latin-1. All non-ASCII characters must be entered by using Unicode escape characters, e.g. \uHHHH where HHHH is a hexadecimal index of the character in the Unicode character set. This allows for using .properties files as resource bundles for localization. A non-Latin-1 text file can be converted to a correct .properties file by using the native2ascii tool that is shipped with the JDK or by using a tool, such as po2prop, that manages the transformation from a bilingual localization format into .properties escaping.


.properties, Format
An alternative to using unicode escape characters for non-Latin-1 character in ISO 8859-1 character encoded Java *.properties files is to use the JDK's XML Properties file format which by default is UTF-8 encoded, introduced starting with Java 1.5.


.properties, Format
Another alternative is to create custom control that provides custom encoding.


.properties, Format
In Java 9 and newer, the default encoding specifically for property resource bundles is UTF-8, and if an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence is encountered it falls back to ISO-8859-1.


.properties, Editing
Editing .properties files is done using any text editor such as those typically installed on various Operating Systems including Notepad on Windows or Emacs, Vim, etc. on Linux systems.


.properties, Editing
Third-party tools are also available with additional functionality specific to editing .properties files such as:


.properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions
Apache Flex uses .properties files as well, but here they are UTF-8 encoded.


.properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions
In Apache mod_jk's uriworkermap.properties format, an exclamation mark ("!") denotes a Negation operator when used as the first non blank character in a line.


.properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions
Perl CPAN contains Config::Properties to interface to a .properties file.


.properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions
SAP uses .properties files for localization within their framework SAPUI5 and its open-source variant OpenUI5


.ps
.ps is the Internet country code top-level domain ccTLD officially assigned to the State of Palestine. It is administered by the Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority.


.ps
The Internationalized country code top-level domain for the State of Palestine is .فلسطين, which is represented as .xn--ygbi2ammx in Punycode.


.ps
On 6 February 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for the State of Palestine changed to reflect the PS used for the ccTLD.


.ps, Second level domains
Registrations can be made at the second-level as well as at several third-level domain names:


.ps, Domain hacks
It has also been used in domain hacks, for example meetu.ps for meetups on the website Meetup, and by the University of Maryland as ter.ps.


.pt
.pt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Portugal and is managed by Associação DNS.PT. It has the following second-level domains:


.pt
As from the 1 May 2012 Registration directly at second-level is available, without restrictions. On the first week there was a 28984 new domains register under the .pt


.pt
Since July 1, 2005, some characters with diacritics have been supported in domain names (IDN). Currently permitted characters: à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü. These are the only accentuated characters used in Portuguese words.


.pt
Apart from .gov.pt, Portuguese subdomains were slow to catch on, because many people had already registered under .pt when the new ones became available. Many companies, colleges and people still prefer to use a .pt because these are harder to get (the chance of getting a spam link is very low) and simpler to remember. There are also inconsistencies: for example, the website of the Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) is not www.mne.gov.pt, but www.min-nestrangeiros.pt. However, the .com.pt subdomain is being heavily promoted by the registry, and now has numerous registrations and active Web sites. Others such as .nome.pt for individuals are still uncommon.


.pt
In the early years, FCCN tried to keep control of the .pt domain using stringent rules, which were adjusted a number of times. The precedent set by domains which were already registered but which would not be able to be registered under updated rules led to lawyers requesting the registry of any domain based on the principle of equal treatment. When the situation was out of control, FCCN tried to promote subdomains like com.pt. Nevertheless, since the registration directly under .pt was still available, users tended to prefer these.


.pt
It is estimated that the .pt suffix comprises a little less than 10% of all the Portuguese-language Internet. It is the third most popular Portuguese-language suffix, after .br and .com, and ahead of .net, .org and .info, all above 10 million pages.


.pw
.pw is the country code top-level domain for the Republic of Palau.


.pw, History
The country code top-level domain .pw was delegated to the Pacific island nation of Palau in 1997. It has since been redelegated a number of times. Directi, a group of technology businesses, obtained exclusive rights over .pw from EnCirca in 2004. From March 25, 2013, domains under the .pw TLD are available to the general public. Since then, it is sometimes marketed as a domain for professionals (professional web).


.pw, History
A few months after opening the registry to the general public, .pw became the target of spammers. Symantec released two reports in April and May 2013 claiming that domains under .pw TLD were a significant source of spam e-mail. Directi responded that it had zero tolerance for spam and would be deleting domains accused of violating its anti-abuse policy.


.pw, History
In July 2013 the registry announced that they had passed the 250,000 registration milestone within the first three months, after having 50,000 registered domains in the first three weeks.


.py
.py is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Paraguay.


.qa
.qa is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Qatar.


.qa, History
As of September 2011, members of the general public can register Qatar Internet domain names (.qa) that are available through accredited registrars. Prior to the making the .QA domain available to the public, QDR held a “sunrise” period for the domains which enabled trademark holders and government entities to register for the Qatar-specific domain names.


.qa, History
As of 2014, thirteen registrars have been accredited by Qatar Domains Registry to offer the domain names. These registrars are Qtel, W3infotech, IP Mirror, Ascio, MarkMonitor, Marcaria (registrar), EPAG Domainservices, Safenames, Thexyz, CPS-Datensysteme, DomainMonster, and InternetX.


.qa, History
Qatar Domains Registry, regulated by the Communications Regulatory Authority, manages Qatar's country code top-level domains (ccTLD), which includes domains which are offered through accredited registrars and other closed domains related to Qatari institutions which means you must register your domain name directly from the Qatar Domains Registry. Qatar is among the first countries in the world to be able to offer domain names in Arabic, قطر. domain represents Qatar's Arabic language online identity.


.qa, History
Qatar domains available through approved registrars are: .qa, .com.qa, .net.qa, .name.qa and Arabic قطر. the latter of which is represented as .xn--wgbl6a in Punycode.


.qa, History
The domains that are registered directly from the Qatar Domains Registry are : .gov.qa, .mil.qa, .org.qa, .edu.qa and .sch.qa.


.quebec
The .quebec domain is a new GeoTLD and Community Priority Application that was proposed to ICANN's New gTLD Program by PointQuébec, a non-profit organisation. The organisation aims to improve the businesses, culture, tourism, and online identity of Quebec and the Québécois through the .quebec TLD. According to the PointQuébec organisation, .quebec will allow all Quebecers to register their domain names under .quebec.


.quebec
PointQuébec's application for the GeoTLD was approved, and was delegated to the Root Zone on 16 April 2014. The application was supported by the National Assembly of Quebec and other cultural, technical, and economic institutions in the province. The application received support from all political parties in the legislature. It received "substantial financial support from the Government of Quebec", and is a not-for profit organisation. Including a $185,000 loan. The organisation will verify legitimate registrations via statements of intent through a post-verification registration system. Quebec officially launched on November 18, 2014.


.quebec
Michel Philibert, a spokesman for PointQuebec, stated “We have our own culture, and we have our own way of doing things, and we want to also affirm our presence on the web”


.quebec
Along with TLDs such as .africa, .cat, .paris, .quebec and other new TLDs fall into the new category of GeoTLDs. The issue of new top level domains in general and .quebec in particular has been discussed at various ICANN-Meetings since 2005.


.quebec, Signing of contract
On 19 December 2013, PointQuébec received a registry agreement signed by ICANN for .quebec after passing all the required processes needed to become a registry operator for the string.


.quebec, Delegation and availability
.quebec was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on 16 April 2014, completing the successful application for the string.


.radio
.radio is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the internet. The TLD was officially delegated to the European Broadcasting Union on 7 October 2016. Domain registration was made available on 28 August 2017.


.radio, Usage
Usage of the .radio domain is reserved for those in the radio industry, including radio broadcast stations, amateur radio enthusiasts, and companies selling radio goods and services. In its first year of availability, approximately 2,500 .radio domains were registered, each application having been checked to prevent cybersquatting.


.re
.re is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Réunion (a French island  located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar). Along with .fr, .tf, and .ovh, it is administered by AFNIC.


.re
In recent years, the .re TLD has been increasingly used for real estate–related domains (RE = Real Estate), including place names (neighborhoods, cities, countries, etc. ), real estate companies, developers/projects, property-related websites, and individual realtors and estate agents around the world. The .re domain has also been applied to insurance and reinsurance companies (e.g. swiss.re), and words ending in .re (for example, adventu.re or nearfutu.re), similar to contractions used with other TLDs (for example, websites such as bit.ly and delicio.us), as well as use by those involved with reverse engineering, commonly shortened to the acronym "RE". Domains with the .re TLD can be registered with some of the largest online registrars such as Name.com, as well as most European domain registrars.


.re
Since 6 December 2011, the rules for registering French domains have changed. The owner of a domain does not need to be based in France anymore. All European individuals, companies and organizations can register French domains. This change affects not only fr-domains, but also .re domains.


.re, Two-character domains
.re allows two-character domains with at least one number. So, m7.re or 42.re are acceptable, while fi.re is not.


.re, Second-level domains
In addition to direct second level registrations, registrations have been  made at the third level beneath these names:


.re, Second-level domains
Starting December 6, 2011, domain names at the official subdomains can no longer be registered. The owner of such domain names can renew their existing domains.


.realtor
.realtor is an active generic top-level domain (gTLD) intended for real estate brokers who are members of the National Association of Realtors or the Canadian Real Estate Association. The registry for .realtor is run by Real Estate Domains (RED). The sole registrar of .realtor domains is Real Estate Domains LLC.


.rio
The domain name rio is a top-level domain (TLD) for Rio de Janeiro in the Domain Name System of the Internet. On 27 February 2014, ICANN and Empresa Municipal de Informática SA – IPLANRIO entered into a Registry Agreement under which Empresa Municipal de Informática SA – IPLANRIO operates the rio TLD.


.ro
.ro is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Romania. It is administered by the National Institute for R&D in Informatics. As of December 2007, about 250,000 domains were registered under the .ro domain. In June 2008 there were around 6.8 million Google results for the .ro domain. In June 2012, there were 732,867 .ro domain names, while in September 2017, there were 928,357.


.root
root is the name of a database record of the root zone in the Domain Name System of the Internet that was occasionally used as a diagnostic marker. Its presence demonstrated the root zone was not truncated upon loading by a root nameserver.


.root
According to technical observers the single .root entry was replaced in 2006 with just vrsn-end-of-zone-marker-dummy-record, to be reintroduced later in 2006 in its original form. The entry was deleted again during the preparations for the deployment of DNSSEC at the root zone in 2010.


.root
The existence of the record was observed with the domain information groper (dig) utility by querying for a TXT Record for the domain name:


.root
This entry returned the word "plenus", which is Latin for full or complete.


.rs
.rs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Serbia. The domain name registry that operates it is the Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS). The letters rs stand for Republika Srbija/Република Србија (Republic of Serbia).


.rs
It is intended to be used with few restrictions, and it is widely used in Serbia. Because of English words ending with the letters "rs", this domain is also used in the construction of domain hacks,and websites related to the Rust programming language, in which source code files typically end in .rs.


.rs, History
The former Serbia and Montenegro used the .yu domain when still called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In June 2006 Serbia and Montenegro split into two separate countries. On 8 July 2006 the Serbian Ministry of Science and a group of 34 interested organizations founded the National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS). On 26 September 2006, the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency decided to allocate RS as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Serbia. IANA assigned .rs as the ccTLD for this country.


.rs, History
The delegation of name servers by IANA started in September 2007. Registration of the .rs domain names commenced on 10 March 2008.


.rs, History
In 2007 ICANN also resolved that RNIDS, the operators of the new .rs domain registry, should temporarily operate the former .yu domain until its eventual abolition on or before 30 September 2009. This allowed a two-year transition period for existing .yu names to transferred either to .rs for Serbia or to .me for Montenegro. The .yu domain finally expired on 30 March 2010.


.rs, History
By 2018, it became convention for sites related to the Rust programming language to use .rs domain names, mimicking the file extension used for Rust source files.


.rs, History
In August 2018, a Brazilian company began marketing .rs domain names towards entities based in Rio Grande do Sul, which shares the RS two-letter code within Brazil, as well as the BR-RS ISO 3166 code.


.rs, History
On December 10, 2018, .RS TLD started offering full Serbian Latin letters domain registration (together with other letters used by official minorities groups in Serbia) from December 10th, 2018. - totalling 67 letters which can be used for a domain name.


.rs, Domain structure
The top level domain is intended for all interested users. The following second-level domains except in.rs are reserved for legal entities only.


.ru
.ru is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Russian Federation introduced on April 7, 1994. The Russian alphabet internationalized country code is .рф.


.ru
Control of .ru is assigned to the Coordination Center for TLD RU (CC for TLD RU), the current official registry. On 1 January 2005, the former registry, the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN), stopped new registrations directly under .ru, but still carried out registry operations for domain names under the second-level domains .com.ru, .net.ru, .org.ru and .pp.ru.


.ru
The company RELCOM also proposes third-level registrations beneath various second-level domains such as .msk.ru (Moscow), while Macomnet Telcom proposes third-level registrations beneath .int.ru simultaneously.


.ru, Background
The creation of .ru in April 1994 was preceded by a historical agreement in 1993 known as "The order of RU top-level domain administration". According to the agreement, administrative and technical support responsibilities for the .ru domain were to be handed over to RIPN. In 2002, the administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU.


.ru, Development of .ru
The ccTLD is developing rapidly under self-regulation. In 1993, an informal union was formed, known as the RU Top-Level Domain Coordination Group (RU TLD CG). The union includes the leading Russian ISPs as well as scientific and educational networks entrusted by RIPN with RU domain administration.


.ru, Development of .ru
In 1998, RIPN and RU TLD CG established a domain registration association. Subsequently, in 2000, a new system of domain name registration for .ru was introduced. It was a distributed system of second-level domain name registrations in .ru, through accredited registrars. The accredited registrars provide domain name registration and support services on a "first come, first served" basis to end-users.


.ru, Development of .ru
RIPN became one of four co-founders of CC for TLD RU, but continued to support centralized technical aspects of the operation of .ru. All organizational and administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU. To preserve historical continuity, one of CC for TLD RU's committees was established on the basis of RU TLD CG.


.ru, Development of .ru
CC for TLD RU maintains domain name registration rules for .ru, the registrar accreditation procedure, and promotes perspective projects that involve the growth of .ru, whereas RIPN secures .ru technical base functions and supports DNS for the .ru DNS zone.


.ru, Development of .ru
The current distributed registration system was first tested in 2001 and subsequently implemented in 2005.


.ru, Second-level domains
Although direct registration of second-level domains is widespread, there are a number of second-level domains designated for third-level domain name registrations depending on organizational type and geographic location. The full list is published on the CC for TLD RU website.


.ru, Second-level domains, Second-level domains for federal subjects of Russia
Note that some federal subjects have multiple second-level domains, and others (not listed below) have none.


.ru, Second-level domains, Other geographic second-level domains
These were created before rules were established for geographic second-level domain names in .ru, and have had to be grandfathered in.


.ru, Second-level domains, Other geographic second-level domains
In addition, the .test.ru second-level domain is reserved for use in examples in documentation.


.rw
.rw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Rwanda.


.rw, 2nd Level Domains
In addition to registering a Rwanda domain name directly under .rw, RICTA, through accredited and registered registrars, offers as well the following second level domains:


.sa
.sa is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Saudi Arabia. Domains of this type can be registered through SaudiNIC, a department of the Communications and Information Technology Commission. The Arabic alphabet ccTLD of Saudi Arabia is السعودية.


.sa, History
The .sa top-level domain was managed by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology from 1995 to 2006. It was then transferred to Saudi Network Information Center (SaudiNIC).


.sa, Second-level domains
The second-level domains that are officially open to third-level registrations are:


.sa, Internationalized country code TLD
Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to apply for the new internationalized domain name (IDN) country code top-level domains authorized by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 2009. In January 2010, ICANN announced that the Saudi IDN ccTLD (xn--mgberp4a5d4ar, السعودية) one of the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.


.saarland
.saarland (dotSAARLAND) is an ICANN-approved generic top level domain (TLD). It falls into the category of Geographic TLDs (“GeoTLDs”). The new top level domain is meant for all people and businesses in the German Federal State of Saarland and those otherwise associated with Saarland. However, any natural person and any entity is eligible to register domain names in the .SAARLAND TLD.


.saarland
The dotSaarland GmbH (nic.saarland) successfully applied for the right to operate the .SAARLAND extension and to allocate domains for this name space. The application was evaluated and accepted by the responsible Internet authority  (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). The technical registry operator is KSregistry.


.saarland, .SAARLAND Launch Phases
Registrations for .saarland started on July 17, 2014 in phases known as Sunrise, Founders Program, Landrush (until October 22, 2014) and General Availability (as of October 30, 2014).


.saarland, The Non-profit dotSaarland Association
The non-profit dotSaarland Association (dotSaarland e.V.) - founded in 2009 - has its offices in St. Ingbert, Saarland. The Federal State of Saarland, represented by the Ministry of Economy, is a founding member of the Association. Membership in dotSaarland e.V. is open to individuals, as well as to representatives from politics and businesses. The Association supports the TLD registry with consulting, and ensures that the TLD is operated in keeping with the needs of local people and the Internet community in general.


.sb
.sb is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Solomon Islands. It is administered through the Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA).


.sb, 2nd Level domains
As of February 12, 2016 registering domains directly at the second level is allowed. Second-level domains are manually reviewed and must be approved by the NIC before they're added to the zone.


.sc
.sc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Seychelles. The TLD was marketed to businesses in Scotland and the U.S. state of South Carolina, however, the domains are subject to Seychelles registry rules. While SCregistrars, a company who marketed .sc domains to a target audience of Scottish sites, has since closed down the .sc extension remains available through the Afilias Global platform via various well-known registrars internationally for direct registration at second-level.


.sc, Domain hacks
The domain has also been used for domain hacks, such as by the website SoundCloud (due to its initials "SC"). For example, "exit.sc" was a domain set up by SoundCloud for tracking traffic leaving its website.


.sch
If Wiktionary has a definition already, change this tag to {{TWCleanup2}} or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with {{Wi}}. If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet, consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template {{Copy to Wiktionary}}.


.sch
This template will no longer automatically categorize articles as candidates to move to Wiktionary.


.sch
In the domain name system (DNS), .sch is a second-level domain used by several countries, including Iran (.ir), Saudi Arabia (.sa), and the United Kingdom (.uk), as a subdomain to represent primary and secondary schools. In the United Kingdom, these are linked with area names, such that schools have a domain name of the form www.<schoolname>.<areaname>.sch.uk. It is up to the individual countries whether to use this classification system, and whether a given organization qualifies as a school.


.sch (file extension)
The .sch file extension is used to indicate a circuit schematic file by various electronic design automation programs, all using different file formats. These types of files are used by:


.scot
.scot  is a GeoTLD for Scotland and Scottish culture, including the Gaelic and Scots languages.


.scot
In 2008 dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT and dotBZH formed ECLID. Later it was decided to allow almost any top-level domain for introduction some time in 2013, and a list of applications for these was published in June 2012; the domain .scot was included.


.scot
On 27 January 2014, dotScot Registry, a not-for-profit organization established in 2009, announced that it had agreed terms to operate the .scot domain name, with plans to get it up and running later in summer of 2014.


.scot
On 15 July 2014, .scot was officially launched. The first .scot domain name to go live was calico.scot, registered by hosting company Calico Internet Ltd.


.scot
On 17 February 2015, the Scottish Government migrated its website from scotland.gov.uk to gov.scot. Likewise, the Scottish Parliament moved from scottish.parliament.uk to parliament.scot in May 2016, to coincide with the 2016 elections.


.scot
The 2017 Global Amendment to the base New GeoTLD Registry Agreement is effective as of 31 July 2017.


.scot
On 3 May 2018 the dotScot Registry lifted registration restrictions on locality domains (based on towns, etc.) and other premium names.


.sd
.sd is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sudan.


.sd, Second top domain
A new top domain string using Arabic letters was reserved for Sudan in November, 2012; the top domain is سودان.


.se
.se, formerly branded as .SE, is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sweden. The top domain is operated by  The Internet Foundation in Sweden (Internetstiftelsen i Sverige) but domains must be registered through one of the approved registrars. The Internet Foundation in Sweden is managed on the basis of its charter of foundation and its statutes. The Foundation is managed by a Board of Directors, whose decisions are executed by the executive management.


.se, Pre 2003 system
Prior to April 2003, the rules governing domains under the .se top domain were highly restrictive. Only companies, associations and authorities registered nationwide were allowed to register a domain, and it had to be very similar to the registered name. Individual products were not eligible for separate second-level domain names, even if they were registered trademarks. (Trademarks could register under tm.se but that was not considered satisfactory. Several companies formed daughter companies named after products to circumvent this rule and protect the trademark.)


.se, Pre 2003 system
Individuals could register one (and only one) domain with the suffix .pp.se (pp is an abbreviation for "private person"), and companies and organizations registered in just a single county were eligible for domains with a <county letter>.se suffix. Non -profit organisation names are registered on county level in Sweden. Sports clubs do not need to register their name, but that was needed in order to register a "county.se" name, which made it complicated. Many who could not register directly under .se instead registered under .com or .nu. These rules were introduced in 1996. Before that there were unofficial rules that were even more restrictive, where private people and sports clubs could not register a domain.


.se, Pre 2003 system
Only a few of these second level domains are still (2021) used as in active web addresses.


.se, Pre 2003 system
Since å,ä,ö were not available for technical reasons, organisations could register the name with a and o instead if available, sometimes causing trouble. The Habo and Håbo municipalities had a legal battle about the name habo.se which Håbo won since they registered first. After many years, in 2011, they agreed to make  link to both municipalities websites. From 2003 Sweden allowed registering å,ä,ö in web addresses.


.se, Post 2003 system
With the new rules, any entity or person may register any number of domains, subject to few restrictions. Individuals may register whatever .se domain, as long as it is available, not in . At the same time, the rules for domain name allocation were changed to the principle of first-come, first-served, and simpler rules for  were created.


.se, Post 2003 system
As of October 2003, .SE started accepting registrations of internationalized domain names, containing the letters å, ä, ö, ü and é. On 6 September 2007, a total of 250 characters became available, supporting names in all of the legally recognized minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Meänkieli (Tornedalsfinska), Sami, Romani and Yiddish.


.se, Post 2003 system
Domain names with å,ä,ö have not been used so much for several years, partly since browsers on user side must have special support. Still (as of 2013), organisations having å,ä,ö in their name (like Skåne) mainly use domains without these letters (e.g. ), and use redirection from their proper name (e.g. ). Many organisations do not support their proper name with å,ä or ö (e.g. does not work as of 2013).


.se, Post 2003 system
There are some second-level TLDs still in use under .se, for example .domstol.se reserved for Swedish courts. These might not be recognized by the NIC as second-level TLDs, though in practice they are.


.se, Post 2003 system
.se is the first TLD to offer DNSSEC services. It does so using OpenDNSSEC.


.se, Post 2003 system
The entire .se domain was unavailable for 58 minutes on 12 October 2009, when an error during routine maintenance by .SE corrupted all names in the domain name registry.


.se, Known hacks
Many Swedish domains were reserved for English words that end with "se". As of today, there are practically no such domain names left available on the domain prime market as the result of domain name speculation. Most of them can be bought on the domain secondary market. Only a few domains were developed.


.sexy
.sexy is a generic top-level domain owned by Uniregistry. Delegated on 14 November 2013, .sexy was the subject of controversy due to opposition from the government of Saudi Arabia and privacy concerns regarding registering domains.


.sexy, History
.sexy, along with .tattoo, was one of the first two gTLDs launched by Uniregistry on 14 November 2013. Its sunrise period, during which pre-existing trademark holders may register URLs prior to general availability to prevent domain squatting, lasted from 11 December 2013 to 9 February 2014, and it entered general availability on 25 February 2014. .sexy was one of the first hundred gTLDs to be delegated. Prior to its release, .sexy was one of many announced gTLDs, variously reported as 31 and over 160, that the Communication and Information Technology Commission of the government of Saudi Arabia objected to; other TLDs found objectionable included .gay, .casino, .sucks, .wine, and .bible.


.sexy, History
On the first day of .sexy's general availability, around 2,000 domain names were registered, which commentators described as a "disappointing" low showing. The domain had a comparable number of first-day registrations as unpopular domains from Uniregistry's competitor Donuts such as .gallery and .estate. .sexy's launch was hampered by a lack of support from and availability at major domain name registrars such as GoDaddy, based in privacy concerns around Uniregistry's demands that registrants inform Uniregistry of their real names and identities to purchase domains. A number of pre-orders of .sexy domains were also stymied by domain name collision, the phenomenon where a private (intranet) domain name system queries a public one, and by names that had been pre-ordered being reserved by Uniregistry.


.sexy, History
In 2015, a survey by ICANN concluded networks in Iran were systematically blocking .sexy domains. In 2017, Uniregistry CEO Frank Schilling increased the price of .sexy and a number of other domains due to low uptake. Schilling stated that the costs of running a TLD demanded that low-use TLDs, such as .sexy, be sold at higher price points in order to turn a profit.


.sexy, Usage
According to Schilling, .sexy domains are intended "for fun, for fashion, for recreation, as a novelty, [and] for risqué content". .sexy has also been associated with cybersquatting, with cybersquatters purchasing .sexy domains for major companies who rejected having their trademarks associated with adult industries; such misuse was predicted prior to the domain's release, with commentators describing them as potentially costing companies "serious money". Explicit content is prohibited on the home pages of websites with .sexy domains, although sites are permitted to have a landing page with a warning button that needs to be clicked through to access such content.


.sexy, Usage
As of 2021, there are 6,109 registered .sexy domains, making up 0.02% of all domains. NameCheap holds the plurality of the .sexy market share with 20.7%, although 35.9% of .sexy domains are registered by registries outside the top ten. The domain's lack of popularity was described by domain expert Kevin Murphy as a failure of Schilling's own practices:


.sexy, Usage
You can put pretty much any profession or product name in front of a .guru and it is meaningful as a brand or a rather grandiose self-appointed title. Not so with .sexy. Ironically, this appears to be [Schilling's] "Toilet Paper Test" in action. Schilling argues that the test of how generic, and by extension popular, a gTLD is should be whether toiletpaper. [ tld] works. I think toiletpaper.guru works, but toiletpaper.sexy does not.


.sg
.sg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Singapore. It is administered by the Singapore Network Information Centre. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.


.sg
In 2011, two new internationalized country code top-level domains were registered for Singapore, intended for domain names in the local languages. These domains are .新加坡 (encoded as .xn—yfro4i67o) and .சிங்கப்பூர் (encoded as .xn—clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd).


.sg, .sg domain statistics
As of August 2021, there were 192,788 registered .sg domains.


.sh
.sh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Registrations of internationalized domain names are also accepted.


.sh
On 22 February 2010 the ISO 3166-1 code for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha changed to reflect the SH used for the ccTLD.


.sh, Top level domains
A majority of sites under the .sh domain have nothing to do with Saint Helena, Ascension or Tristan da Cunha.


.sh, Top level domains
Members of DeviantArt are able to go to their "stash," a service where digital media can be uploaded, stored and published. The DeviantArt "stash" uses the .sh top level domain sta.sh.


.sh, Top level domains
Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla use the smo.sh domain name to link to addresses on their website, smosh.com from their YouTube channel, Smosh.


.sh, Top level domains
Skillshare uses the domain hack skl.sh to redirect to their website.


.sh, Top level domains
Since the .sh filename extension is also used by Unix shell scripts, this domain has been used for websites about command-line interface programs such as Homebrew.


.sh, Top level domains
SH is the official abbreviation for the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein and the .sh domain is used for sites like nah.sh, a public transportation site as well as the Verbraucherzentrale (verbraucherzentrale.sh), the SPD party (spd.sh) and for some subpages by the official Schleswig-Holstein government (e.g. wahlen.sh).


.sh, Top level domains
The rhythm game osu! uses the .ppy.sh domain, such as  or .


.sh, Top level domains
The main fork of the popular movie torrent freeware program Popcorn Time is hosted at a .sh domain.


.shabaka
The Arabic top-level domain .شبكة (meaning ".web", and transcribed into English as ".shabaka") is an internationalized domain name top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Arabic language websites. Websites using the domain can be accessed using its U-label (.شبكة) or A-label equivalent (.xn--ngbc5azd).


.shabaka
The domain was approved for use by ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) in March 2013. Its sunrise period ran from 31 October to 29 December 2013, and landrush period from 2 January to 31 January 2014. General availability for the domain commenced on 4 February 2014.


.shop
.shop is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) launched in September 2016. Nine companies including Google, Amazon and Famous Four Media filed applications for .shop in the 2012 ICANN new gTLD application round. GMO Registry became the registry operator after prevailing in an ICANN public auction in January 2016.


.shop, History
The idea of a .shop generic top-level domain was around since at least 1999, when an attempt to register it with IAHC was made. Its proposed usage is similar to current endeavors: to provide a dedicated space for ecommerce on the Internet. In 2000, Commercial Connect, LLC requested to operate a .shop registry from ICANN .


.shop, History
Commercial Connect's application from 2000 was well-received, but other domains were prioritized. Japan's GMO Registry also expressed interest in the top level domain name space in late 2009, though Commercial Connect was the most vested candidate that had taken prior steps towards attaining delegation. In 2011, Commercial Connect was reported to have the support of ecommerce companies, with its completed application awaiting final approval as of June 2010. To further this support, Richard E. Last of the National Retail Federation and shop.org joined the board in late 2011.


.shop, History
When the next application process was opened in early 2012, Commercial Connect founder Jeffrey Smith described his .shop as a "hybrid between general public and specific use" designed to make a "more secure, stable, and intuitive" Internet. He sees the domain as a way to easily indicate sites that use online sales, with the application supported by a community defined by entities that use credit card transactions to sell products.


.shop, History
In May 2012, nine applicants including Google, Amazon and Famous Four Media applied to ICANN to operate the .shop registry. Commercial Connect was the only applicant who also applied for the .shop string in ICANN's year 2000 new-TLD round. Applications were also received for the extensions .shopping, .store, .buy, and names with similar meanings in non-Latin languages, and ICANN indicated that they would not create extensions that will confuse users. This so-called "string similarity" is an unresolved issue in the new gTLD process, and is to complement dispute resolution.


.shop, History
In January 2016, GMO Registry of Japan prevailed with a winning bid of US$41.5 million.


.si
.si is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Slovenia. It is administered by the ARNES, the Academic and Research Network of Slovenia. In 2010, the registry hosted 80,000 domain names. In 2012, that number increased to 100,000.


.si, Domain hacks
Domain hacks for the .si TLD are quite popular, since si is second person singular of the verb 'to be' in Slovene. As such, many domains have been created that are using such domain hacks, one of the most popular being zadovoljna.si ('You are pleased', feminine form).


.si, Domain hacks
Sí also translates from Spanish as yes, so the TLD has been used by some Spanish-language websites. A notable example of this is the Mexican political party MORENA, whose website is found at morena.si.


.si, Risk
According to research by McAfee performed in 2010, the Slovenian TLD is the tenth most secure.


.sic
The name sic is a proposed top-level domain for the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is as an abbreviation of Siculitas (Székely), a historic region in Transylvania, and was requested in 2009 by an initiative of the Szekler National Council for presenting Szeklerland on the Internet. The application was accepted by ICANN on May 13, 2009.


.site
.site is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the internet. The domain was officially delegated to DotSite Inc (part of Radix) on 12 March 2015. In 2000, years prior to its current ownership, the company Affilias LLC attempted to apply for ownership of the TLD, along with .info and .web.


.site, Usage
The .site domain reached the milestone of one million domain registrations in February 2019. Radix claims that approximately 70% of these registered domains were by small and medium businesses in fields such as ecommerce and information technology.


.site, Usage
The .site domain has had minor issues with being abused for spam and fraudulent purposes.


.site, Name Collision Issues
In October 2013 ICANN released their final assessment and mitigation plan for the Name Collision issue that was facing the New gTLD program. On 18 November 2013, ICANN announced the applied-for strings that were eligible for an alternative path towards delegation that would allow applicants to proceed without waiting for further mitigation research and plans to be published. 25 strings, including .site, were not eligible for the alternative path, and will have to wait for more plans to be published before continuing towards delegation.


.sj
.sj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The domain name registry is Norid, but .sj is not open for registration. The issuing of the domain was based on the ISO 3166 designation of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, which consists of two separately administrated integrated territories of Norway: the Arctic archipelago Svalbard and the nearly uninhabited volcanic island Jan Mayen. .sj was designated on 21 August 1997, at the same time as Bouvet Island was allocated .bv. Both were placed under the .no registry Norid, which is also the sponsor.


.sj
Norwegian policy states that .no is sufficient for those institutions connected to both Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and therefore the domain is not open to registration. It is Norwegian policy not to commercialize domain resources, so there are no plans to sell .sj. Should the domain later come into use, it will be under regulation of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority and follow the same policy as .no. There are two second-level domains reserved for the two areas: svalbard.no and jan-mayen.no, but other web addresses are also used.


.sj, History
Svalbard and Jan Mayen are two integrated territories of Norway with special status (unincorporated area). The Svalbard Treaty grants Norway full sovereignty of Svalbard, but the archipelago holds special status as among other things a free economic zone and is not part of the European Economic Area and the Schengen Area. Jan Mayen is a nearly unpopulated volcanic island in the Atlantic Ocean and is a fully integrated part of Norway.


.sj, History
During the establishment of the ISO 3166 codes, it was proposed that Svalbard have its own code, but the Norwegian authorities chose to also include Jan Mayen in the area, partly because Jan Mayen was administered by the Governor of Svalbard until 1994. Following the ISO codes, .sj was allocated on 21 August 1997, at the same time .bv was allocated.


.sj, History
In June 2015, Norwegian computer scientist Håkon Wium Lie and the Socialist Left Party proposed using the .sj domain, along with .bv, as online free havens. The proposal aims at protecting both the Norwegian authorities and foreign dissidents from surveillance.


.sj, Policy
Management of .sj lies with the Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for .no and the unused .bv. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is again owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is two-fold, based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regulations under the Telecommunication Act which is supervised by the Lillesand-based Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority.


.sj, Policy
The policy for use of .sj is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .bv and .no. Should .sj later come unto use, the same rules and procedures currently regarding .no would be used for .sj. The domain remains reserved for potential future use. Sale of the two unused ccTLDs has not been an item to consider for policymakers, as commercialization of the domain resources is in direct contradiction to Norwegian policy.


.sk
.sk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Slovakia. It is administered by SK-NIC a.s.


.sk
SK-NIC, a. s., is the administrator of the top-level domain .sk. It has been recognised since the mid-1990s by the manager of the DNS root zone, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, as the delegated manager of .SK (changing its name from EUNET Slovakia to EuroWeb Slovakia in 1999 and to SK-NIC in 2006).


.sk
In 2006, SK-NIC also entered into an agreement with the Slovak Government unique among country codes in Europe, voluntarily transferring some of the competences of domain administration to the State, and submitting to levels of service requirements and a policy-making committee comprising representatives of the internet community as well as the Government.


.sk
SK-NIC is the most successful country-code Top Level Domain registry in Europe in open engagement of its community as resellers, with over 5900 accredited registrars at its maximum in Slovakia (note: there are only three other ccTLDs registries in the European region with over 1000 registrars, and as an example there are only over 40 registrars in neighbouring Czech Republic or 300+ in Germany, largest registry domain-wide).


.sk
It has also perfect 100% DNS availability since it has been managed by SK-NIC, a.s. All staff and technology used by SK-NIC, a.s., is situated in Slovakia, where it operates with perfect 100% of DNS availability rate since it as a fully owned subsidiary of the global group CentralNic, listed on the London stock Exchange.


.sk
CentralNic acquired SK-Nic from a private Netherlands-based company in December 2017.


.sk
Before the split in 1993, the former Czechoslovakia used the domain .cs.


.sl
.sl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sierra Leone.


.sm
.sm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for San Marino.


.sn
.sn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Senegal.


.sn
The following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:


.so
.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.


.so
On 11 July, 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.


.so
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC), which introduced new limitations on purchasing .so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia. As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new .so domain names.


.so
On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.


.so, History, Overview
Due to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.


.so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.


.so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form example.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like example.com, example.org or example.net


.so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.


.so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles." However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures. Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use. Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners." However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured, so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.


.so, History, Relaunch
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.


.so, History, Relaunch
The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.


.so, History, Transfer
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC). On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry. Somaliland banned use of this TLD asa result of the 2018 transfer.


.so, Name spaces
The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space .so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space .com.so, .me.so, .net.so and .org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively. There also exists .edu.so for higher education institutions; .gov.so for government entities; .sch.so for schools; and .gm.so, .hs.so, .jl.so, .pl.so, and .sw.so for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.


.so, Registrars
SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local and international registrars.


.sr
.sr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Suriname. This top-level domain is operated by Telesur, the local telecom company.


.ss
.ss is the designated country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Sudan in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is derived from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for South Sudan, which is SS. According to CIO East Africa, the TLD was allocated on 10 August 2011 following the country's declaration of independence from Sudan. The TLD was registered on 31 August 2011, but not added to the DNS root zone and was thus not operational. It was approved at the ICANN Board meeting on 27 January 2019 and was added to the DNS root zone on 2 February 2019.


.ss
Before .ss was successfully registered, the country's Undersecretary for Telecommunications had initially been concerned about the ccTLD request's possible rejection due to SS also being an abbreviation for Schutzstaffel, the paramilitary force of Nazi Germany.


.ss
Before the independence of South Sudan, the applicable domain was .sd, Sudan's top-level Internet domain.


.ss
Registration of .ss domain names launched in three phases starting June 1, 2020, with general availability starting September 1, 2020.


.st
.st is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for São Tomé and Príncipe. The code is marketed worldwide as an abbreviation for various entities.


.st, Second-level domains
Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but some names have been reserved for use in specialized third-level registrations (though not all of these are actually in use at present):


.st, Other uses
The .st domain is being marketed as a general-use domain, with a number of meanings suggested including the abbreviation of "street", "state", short for "Star Trek" and more. The .st domain is also commonly used to create domain names that spell words ending in st, such as "[bur.st]". The Smalltalk programming language uses the .st extension, and several websites about it use the .st domain. The Washington Post uses .st as part of their URL shortening domain wapo.st, serving as a redirect to lead readers to various articles on their site, and other sites use similar URLs. PlayStation uses the shortlink play.st.


.st, Other uses, Styria
The state of Styria, in Austria, has ST as its unofficial but common abbreviation. Therefore, the .st extension is used by some small businesses located in Styria, despite Austria's own .at.


.st, Other uses, South Tyrol
Also some registrations in South Tyrol, an autonomous, chiefly German-speaking Italian province, use the .st extension to abbreviate the German name of Südtirol in opposition to Italy's .it.


.st, Other uses, Stockholm
There is limited usage of .st in Stockholm, Sweden, by smaller businesses and private people. Falck Emergency in Stockholm uses .st for all their employees in the ambulance service of the Swedish capital Stockholm. A new top level domain, .stockholm has been registered and has become operational during 2018.


.st, Other uses, Telstra
Australia's Telstra, the legacy telco, uses tel.st as a short cut to its main website. The short cut is occasionally used for marketing purposes.


.st, Other uses, Australia Post
Australia Post uses mypo.st as a shortcut to its site when sending SMS alerts.


.st, Other uses, Washington Post
The US american newspaper Washington Post uses wapo.st (along with wapo.com) as a shortcut redirect to their main URL washingtonpost.com


.store
.store is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet. It was the first domain extension to be launched specifically for ecommerce.


.store, History
In 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the internet with new TLD's being requested by multiple parties. Seven companies including Radix, Google, Amazon, Uniregistry, Donuts (Sand Dale, LLC), Dot Store Group LLC, and Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. filed applications for this TLD.


.store, History
The .store TLD was launched in June 2016. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia.


.store, Usage
This gTLD is used by an array of websites in the ecommerce sector with companies like Hanes, Emirates, Amazon, Apple, Nike and the luxury brand Jimmy Choo having purchased or launched sites that use the extension. The .store TLD is also used by performance artists such as Khalid, Foster The People, and Lorde as well as in the sports sector including NBA teams, F1, PSG, and Stipe Miocic for ecommerce and selling merchandise.


.su
.su is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was designated for the Soviet Union (USSR) on 19 September 1990. Even though the Soviet Union itself was dissolved a mere 15 months later, the .su top-level domain remains in use today with over 100,000 .su domains as of July 2020. It is administered by the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN, or RosNIIROS in Russian transcription).


.su, History
After 1989 a set of new internet domains was created in Europe, including .pl (Poland), .cs (Czechoslovakia), .yu (Yugoslavia) and .dd (East Germany). Among them, there was also a domain for the USSR – .su. Initially, before two-letter ccTLDs became standard, the Soviet Union was to receive a .ussr domain. The .su domain was proposed by the 19-year-old Finnish student Petri Ojala. On 26 December 1991 the country formally ceased to exist and its constituent republics gained independence, which should have caused the domain to begin a phase-out process, as happened with those of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.


.su, History
Until 1994 there was no assigned top-level domain name for Russia. For this reason the country continued to use the Soviet domain. In 1994 the .ru domain was created, which is supposed to eventually replace the .su domain (domains for the republics other than Russia were created at different times in the mid-nineties). The domain was supposed to be withdrawn by ICANN, but it was kept at the request of the Russian government and Internet users.


.su, History
In 2001, the managers of the domain stated that they would commence accepting new .su registrations, but it is unclear whether this action was compatible with ICANN policies. ICANN has expressed intentions to terminate the .su domain and IANA states that the domain is being phased out, but lobbyists stated in September 2007 that they had started negotiations with ICANN on retaining the domain. In the first quarter of 2008, .su registrations increased by 45%.


.su, Usage
The domain was intended to be used by Soviet institutions and companies operating in the USSR. Despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the superseding of the TLD by the new country TLDs of the republics that gained independence, it is still in use as of 2021. Most of the .su domains are registered in Russia and the United States. According to the RU-CENTER data from May 2010, there were over 93,500 registered domains with the .su TLD (there are over 2.8 million .ru domains).


.su, Usage
Among the institutions still using this domain is the Russian pro-Vladimir Putin youth movement Nashi, as well as by the pro-Russian armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine. Some organizations with roots in the former Soviet Union also still use this TLD. The pro-Russian separatist group Donetsk People's Republic have also registered their domain with the TLD. The .su domain also hosts white supremacist websites that have been deplatformed elsewhere, including The Daily Stormer.


.su, Usage
The domain has been reported to host many cybercrime activities due to the lax, outdated terms of use, and staying out of focus (2% usage comparing to the primary .ru zone). Rules for timely suspension of malicious domains have been in place since 2013.


.sucks (registry)
.sucks is an internet domain registrar company that controls the rights to sell .sucks domains.


.sucks (registry), .sucks domain names
.sucks domains are owned and controlled by the Vox Populi Registry. Vox Populi won the rights for .sucks gTLD in November 2014. Domains with .sucks names became available after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers approved the generic top-level domain name (gTLD) in 2014 and assigned it to Vox Populi Registry Inc. in March 2015.


.sucks (registry), .sucks domain names
The number of registrations and renewals of .sucks domains appears to be declining as of 2018.


.sucks (registry), Controversy
.sucks domains have generated controversy regarding potential cybersquatting, as individuals can purchase a trademarked domain with bad faith intent to sell the domain at an inflated price.


.sucks (registry), Controversy
Several celebrities and companies have purchased .sucks domains in order to protect their brands from potential exploitation, including Taylor Swift, Apple, Facebook, and Microsoft.


.sucks (registry), Controversy
As a result of the company's pricing model, .sucks has been criticized for high costs associated with trademarked .sucks domains.


.sucks (registry), Controversy
In 2015, ICANN sent a letter to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to investigate Vox Populi Registry for potentially illegal and predatory actions. The FTC concluded that Vox Populi did not break any rules, but pointed out that ICANN has previously ignored several concerns from the FTC on the topic of new domain names.


.sv
.sv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for El Salvador.


.sv
Microsoft's Internet Explorer 6 has a bug in its Swedish version where .sv is used instead of .se when typing ctrl+return for appending the suffix.


.swiss
.swiss is a top-level domain (TLD) for Switzerland. It was approved by ICANN as a TLD on 16 Oct 2014. This is meant to supplement the traditional .ch TLD.


.swiss
The Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) began registering .swiss domains as of 7 September 2015. Open registration to other legal entities begins from 11 January 2016.


.sx
.sx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Sint Maarten.


.sx
Sint Maarten became an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands on October 10, 2010. On December 15, 2010, the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency allocated SX as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Sint Maarten.


.sx
The sx top-level domain is run on the CIRA Fury Registry Platform. Registrars of sx domains must be accredited by the registry.


.sx
After an initial sunrise period to claim trademarked names, and registration periods for local priority, and landrush assignments the registry opened general availability registrations to the public on 15 November 2012. A local presence is not required of domain name registrants.


.sy
.sy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Syrian web-sites.


.sys
.sys is a filename extension used in MS-DOS applications and Microsoft Windows operating systems. They often contain device drivers or hardware configurations for the system.


.sys
Most DOS .sys files are real mode device drivers. Certain files using this extension are not, however: MSDOS.SYS and IO.SYS are core operating system files in MS-DOS and Windows 9x. The CONFIG.SYS text file contains various configuration options and specifies what device drivers will be loaded. COUNTRY.SYS is a binary database containing country and codepage related information for use with the CONFIG.SYS COUNTRY directive and the NLSFUNC driver, whereas KEYBOARD.SYS is a binary database containing keyboard layout related information including short P-code sequences to be executed by an interpreter inside the KEYB keyboard driver.


.sys, File location
In particular in Windows Vista and its successors, the .sys files are mainly found under the following paths:


.sz
.sz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Eswatini. The Eswatini ISP Association ("SISPA") is responsible for assigning .SZ domain names.


.tc
.tc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turks and Caicos Islands. Since T.C. also stands for Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey), the domain is used by some Turkish sites as well. The .tc TLD was registered in January 1997.


.tc, Second-Level Domains
In addition to the direct .tc domains offered by the registry, there is also a small range of second-level domains that a client can register under:


.td
.td is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Chad (French: Tchad) made available for use in 1997.


.td
It is administered by NIC.TD and Managed by Agence de Développement des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.


.td, Registrations
As of July 2017, there are 876 .td domains registered.


.td, Second-Level Domains
Registrations are made directly at the third-level beneath second-level domains:


.tech
.tech is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet. The name is truncated from technology.


.tech, History
In 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the internet with .tech being requested by multiple parties. Six companies including Google, Uniregistry, Donuts (Lone Moon, LLC), STRAAT Investments, and Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. filed applications for this TLD in one of the first ICANN New gTLD application public auctions.


.tech, History
The .tech TLD was launched in March 2015. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia.


.tech, History
In 2017, a .tech domain name won an SEO ranking contest. As of August 2019,  startup companies using the .tech domain had raised over $2 billion in venture capital. The gTLD partners with GitHub offering one year of free registration as part of its Student Developer Pack.


.tech, Usage
The .tech gTLD is used by an array of websites in the technology sector with companies like Cisco and Intel launching sites that use the extension. Other notable uses of the TLD include the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) and Viacom along with startups such as Aurora Innovation, Flit, and Innoviz.


.tel
The domain name .tel is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It was approved by ICANN as a sponsored top-level domain, and is operated by Telnic. Telnic announced in January 2011 that over 300,000 domains had been registered since the start of general availability on 24 March 2009. A substantial drop of mostly IDN .tels occurred at the beginning of 2014 - the current total registered .tels as of 21 July 2016 is 98,516.


.tel
The domain's purpose is to provide a single name space for Internet communications services. Subdomain registrations serve as a single point of contact for individuals and businesses, providing a global contact directory service by hosting all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System, without the need to build, host or manage a traditional web service. Additionally, as of July 2010, every .tel domain acts as an OpenID and an increasing number of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) clients can address a .tel domain name directly. The TLD implementation also supports the hCard micro-format.


.tel, Administration of domains
Telnic started publicly accepting applications for name registrations on 3 February 2009 after a closed Sunrise period for trademark holders. Information in .tel can be controlled by the owner through a website control panel that Telnic has created for registrars to provide to their customers, or through free clients for BlackBerry, Microsoft Outlook, iPhone, Android and some third party VoIP softphone clients. With the introduction of support for OAuth in July 2010, however, new third-party clients and services are available to tel registrants for publishing records to their domains securely, including the possibility of editing information offline via SMS gateways. The control panel is an open source application, and can be changed or completely replaced by registrars, as the application programming interfaces required to manage tel information in the DNS were released by Telnic in October 2008.


.tel, Administration of domains
When viewed over the Web, all tel domains point directly to a Telnic proxy webpage that is populated on the fly presenting the respective domain name owner's contact data stored within the DNS system. tel domains can also be accessed without opening a browser on many devices through open source applications or through direct DNS lookups.


.tel, Administration of domains
Since 13 March 2017 additionally other name servers could be set for tel domains, which allows administration of domain name system records. Now tel domains behave like ordinary domains and could be used for web hosting and email.


.tel, Technical overview
In contrast to other top-level domains, .tel information is stored directly within the Domain Name System (DNS), within the actual domain name record, as opposed to the DNS simply returning details (such as IP addresses) of the machines on which information can be found. For example, users who register a .tel domain using Telnic name servers cannot create a type A Resource Record with the IP address of their own host. A user who wants to host a web site or run an own web server has to set own or providers' name servers.


.tel, Technical overview
As Telnic has enabled the DNS records to be encrypted using 1024-bit RSA with PKCS#1.5 padding and stored in sub-folders which are hidden until paired with a public private key handshake with individuals, there is protection from spammers. As .tel also supports any type of contact information, concierge services like temporary email addresses, temporary telephone numbers and so on can all be utilized for additional protection of public information.


.tel, Reliability of data
The .tel TLD was released to trademark holders only until 3 February 2009, perhaps suggest that the resulting database of contact information can somehow be trusted as the official contact information of the rightful owner of those trademarks. However, after the short period of registrations restricted to trademark holders only (the Sunrise period), anyone willing to pay a premium price was allowed to buy any domain name (the Landrush period) regardless of who owned the trademark.


.tel, Reliability of data
Furthermore, during General Availability, anyone is able to register any name (assuming that it is available for registration) without paying a premium price.


.tel, Reliability of data
The information held under the .tel domain is no more accurate or trustworthy than any other user defined data held in the DNS system. It will be down to individual .tel owners to choose what they wish to store there.


.tel, Reliability of data
As with all other gTLDs, trademark owners can utilize the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) to claim trademarked domains back.


.tel, Differences from domain .mobi
Since some of the services that are expected to use tel domains can be achieved on mobile telephones, there may be overlap with the intended use of the mobi domain, which was also approved by ICANN in the same round.


.tel, Differences from domain .mobi
However, .tel is about publishing contact data: phone numbers, SIP addresses and so on directly in the DNS, not on html-based websites., whereas the focus of the .mobi domain is providing web sites and other content formatted specifically for the user interface available on mobile phones and other mobile devices.


.tel, Alternative usage proposal
Pulver.com (operated by Jeff Pulver) also submitted an application for the .tel TLD, but had a different intent. This proposal involved telephone number style numeric identifiers. Alternative viewpoints claimed that this either complemented or conflicted with telephone number mapping (ENUM). Purely numeric identifiers have now been approved for release by Telnic and will be released later in 2011, with the restriction that single-digit .tel domains be withheld in order to avoid confusion with ENUM.


.test
The name test is a top-level domain (TLD) that is intended for use in the testing of software. The name was reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 2606 (June 1999) and is not intended to ever be installed into the global Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Because neither test nor any of its subdomains can be registered, they can be used for testing purposes without fear of conflicts with current or future domain names. Another 10 test domains are: .测试, .परीक्षा, .испытание, .테스트, .טעסט, .測試, .آزمایشی, .பரிட்சை, .δοκιμή, .إختبار, .テスト.


.test, Reserved DNS names
In 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.


.test, Reserved DNS names
The reason for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios. "IANA.org states Domains which are described as registered to IANA or ICANN on policy grounds are not available for registration or transfer, with the exception of country-name.info domains. These domains are available for release by the ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee Secretariat.”


.tf
.tf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Along with .fr, .nc, .pm, .re, .wf and .yt it is administered by AFNIC. Before October 23, 2004, Adamsnames, based in Cambridge, administered this TLD.


.tf
The French Southern and Antarctic Lands are territories either recognised as French or claimed by France but suspended under the Antarctic Treaty System, and the domain name derives from the French, Terres australes et antarctiques françaises. Part of the French claim includes a section of the continent of Antarctica, creating an overlap between .tf and the general Antarctica domain .aq.


.tf, Usage
The .tf domain-name has popular usage for sites related to the game  Team Fortress 2. Many of these sites are commonly used for marketing of virtual goods originating from Team Fortress 2 and, by extension, the Steam Community Market. Examples of these sites are backpack.tf, scrap.tf, and marketplace.tf, which all facilitate trade relating to TF2 items and goods.


.tf, British domain holders after Brexit
After January 1, 2021, UK residents will not be able to register any new .tf domains. However, AFNIC has stated that all domains registered before December 31, 2020 by Britons will not be affected.


.tg
.tg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Togo. Although there are no restrictions on who can register domains in this TLD, it is not much used outside Togo.


.tg
As of 2008, no online registration and domain maintenance features were available on the registry site, although a basic web-based whois capability is provided.


.th
.th is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Thailand.


.th
It is administered by T.H.NIC Co., Ltd. (THNIC), the corporate entity of Thai Network Information Center Foundation.


.th, Registration
Registration of a .co.th domain name is a complicated procedure, for this reason most Thai websites prefer to use a .com name. In order to register a .co.th domain name the registrar in Thailand requires copies of company documents in the same name as the required domain name, so for example if an entity required acme.co.th the entity would need to have a registered company called Acme Co., Ltd.


.th, Registration
A company can only register a single .co.th domain with the company name or initial name of company, and/or one .co.th domain name per trademark.


.th, Registration
In 2018, the foundation advance to the registration for authentic using of persons (natural persons and juristic persons); therefore, the foundation reserves the right to consider and decide the number of domain names of each person on a case-by-case basis. The person who registered more than one domain name from all categories must comply with the following conditions:


.th, Second-level domains
THNIC admits .th registration only third-level domain under seven groups of predefined second-level domains:


.th, Second top domain
In 2010 a new top domain was registered and introduced for Thailand, intended for domain names in the local language. This top domain is .ไทย. As of 2011, thousands of sites with this domain are active.


.th, Second top domain
It appears that the Thai second-level .ไทย domains are assigned directly to sites with English .in.th domain names. Another groups of .th domains must use third-level .ไทย domains, as in the table above.


.tj
.tj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tajikistan. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.


.tj
The following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:


.tk
.tk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tokelau, a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific.


.tk, Overview
Tokelau allows any individual to register domain names. Users and small businesses may register any number of domain names free of charge (with some restrictions). In addition to the name itself, users can opt to forward their web traffic using HTML frames and their email traffic, with a maximum of 250 addresses per user log in, or use full DNS, either via their own or third-party servers, or by using Dot TK's servers. There are content restrictions for free domains, banning sites containing sexual content, drug use, hate speech, firearms, and spam or copyright infringement. Dot TK requires free domains to have a regular traffic of visitors, and if a domain's redirect target does not work (even temporarily) the domain is taken offline. If a domain violates any of these terms, it is replaced by a Sedo advertisement page, and no advance warning is given.


.tk, Overview
Dot TK also provides .tk websites with the option to join a network called TiKinet, a close-knit network that links sites to each other based on keywords called TiKilinks. The network is expected to increase traffic to the websites, many of which are personal sites and blogs operated by individuals who otherwise would have no way to advertise their sites.


.tk, Overview
To be able to get a "special" .tk domain name the user must buy it. This includes trademark domain names for most Fortune 500 companies and common dictionary terms. Paid domain names cost US$19.90 for the first two years. Potentially valuable names with fewer than 4 characters are similarly unavailable for free registration, and must generally be purchased at a premium price of over $1000.


.tk, Overview
Dot TK launched a new service called TweaK for Twitter users in April 2010, offering a URL shortening service that uses less space than many others, and for Facebook where the user can rename Facebook account pages with a .tk name.


.tk, Overview
In 2016, Nominet released a world map where each country was resized according to the popularity of its top-level domain. The .tk domain ranked first worldwide with 31,311,498 registered domain names (China (.cn) ranked 2nd with 16,810,737 registered domain names). The revenues from the .tk top-level domain business represent about 1/6 of the island's annual income.


.tk, Abuse
In 2006, McAfee conducted a survey in which they claim out of the 95 percent most trafficked web sites, .tk domains were twice as likely as the global average to be used for "unwanted behaviours", including scams such as phishing and spam. However, in 2008 McAfee reported that the threat of scams like phishing and spam was significantly reduced with .tk and that other top level domains such as .com and .net were much more used in such scams.


.tk, Abuse
A 2011 report by the Anti Phishing Working Group blamed Tokelau's bad reputation on the registry Dot TK. It acquired the right to operate the top level domain and is responsible for the current free registration system. .tk domains logged 2533 of 11768 (~21.5%) total phishing attacks in the second half of 2010 Internet-wide.


.tk, Abuse
A 2018 report by Michelle Base-Bursey stated that, "The third most prevalent TLD for phishing attacks is .tk, the country code for Tokelau, a territory north of New Zealand in the South Pacific."


.tl
.tl is the current country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Timor (Timor-Leste). It is administered through the Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA) and second-level registration is available through resellers worldwide with no local presence requirement.


.tl
.tl complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard for the two-letter codes of the name of countries, and can be used as an abbreviation in either of the country's two official languages: Timor Lorosa'e in Tetum or Timor-Leste in Portuguese.


.tl
Registration is normally directly at second-level; one subdomain in use in the country itself is gov.tl, for government ministries. For example, the Government Portal is


.tl
The previous ccTLD for East Timor was .tp. This ccTLD was, according to IANA, assigned in 1997. According to the registry, all registrants in .tp have automatically been given the equivalent domains in .tl, and no further .tp registrations are accepted.


.tl
For a long time, the .tl Whois information at IANA showed no sponsoring organization or registry, and the domain did not appear to work even though the country involved was claiming to be transitioning to it. However, as of 30 September 2005, there is contact information in the IANA Whois and a registry site at nic.tl.


.tl
The majority of current .tl registrations are directly at second-level by various international entities, often with no direct connection with Timor Leste.


.tm
.tm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkmenistan. It is operated by Internet Computer Bureau.


.tm
Nic.tm offers domain name purchase, registration, management and renewal as well as Internationalized Domain Name registration for entities who wish to register their domain names using local Turkmen language characters.


.tm
It has been marketed as a domain for businesses with trademarks, due to the common use of "TM" in this context.


.tn
.tn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tunisia.


.tn, Second-level domains
Registrations can be made directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:


.to
.to is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of the island kingdom of Tonga.


.to
The government of Tonga sells domains in its ccTLD to any interested party. The .to ccTLD is administered by the Tonga Network Information Center (Tonic).


.to, Background
The .to top-level domain was widely commercialized in 1997 by the San Francisco company Tonic Corp. (www.tonic.to, founded by Eric Gullichsen and Eric Lyons) which would sell domains at $100 per unit. They operated with the approval of the Prince of Tonga. Network Solutions was already selling .to domains, but in a very chaotic fashion. Domain requests were processed by the Tongan consulate in San Francisco.


.to, Background
The top-level domain to itself had an A record and a HTTP server since at least 1998.


.to, Description
Because to is a common English preposition, it became popular to craft memorable URLs called domain hacks that take advantage of this; URL shortening/redirection services (e.g. go.to) are a popular use. Other domain hacks do not use the to as a preposition but rather as a syllable inside of a word, including Daniel J. Bernstein's website cr.yp.to, London web development company Potato p.ota.to, and uploading services such as uloz.to (which means "save it" in Czech and Slovak).


.to, Description
"T.O." (tee-oh) is also a common nickname for Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is used as a city domain as exemplified by popular Toronto sites Budtender.to (Cannabis Dispensary Reviews) and Jobs.to (Job Bank Toronto). This domain is also used for the city of Torino (Turin), Italy, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it).


.to, Description
As the .to domains are purchased, all normal DNS operations are possible and registered sites are not required to display ads on behalf of the registrar. Some domains are free, like .edu.to, but only to real Tongan educational institutions. At this moment businesses registered in Tonga can also get free domains. People who sell on .to domains can claim a commission.


.to, Description
.to is one of the few ccTLDs that (officially) do not maintain a (public) WHOIS database providing registrant information. It is possible to contact domain registrants via tonic.to by typing the domain in the domain search field under "New Domain Name".


.to, Description
The .to registry allows the creation of emoji domain names and the .to registrar, Register.TO, supports the search and registration of .to emoji domain names.


.tokyo
The domain name tokyo is a top-level domain (TLD) for Tokyo in the Domain Name System of the Internet. On November 13, 2013, ICANN and GMO Registry entered into a registry agreement under which GMO Registry operates the tokyo TLD.


.top
.top is a generic top-level domain, officially delegated in ICANN's New gTLD Program on August 4, 2014. The extension is managed and operated by the  .top registry, and can be registered by anyone since November 18, 2014.


.top
.top domains are often used for malware and phishing, and is included in the list of banned TLDs for some antimalware venders (i.e. Malwarebytes )


.tor
.tor is a pseudo-top-level domain host suffix implemented by the OnioNS project, which aims to add DNS infrastructure to the Tor network enabling the selection of meaningful and globally-unique domain name for hidden services, which users can then reference from the Tor Browser.


.tor
The project aims to address the major usability issue that has been with Tor hidden services since their introduction in 2002.


.tor
Beta release of the server, client and domain name reservation tool (so called hidden service) software parts and their supporting common library were announced in the Tor developers mailing list in August 2015.


.tor
According to the description on the projects gitsite "OnioNS is a distributed, privacy-enhanced, metadata-free, and highly usable DNS for Tor hidden services"


.tor
The system is powered by the Tor network, relies on a distributed database, and provides anonymity to both operators and users.


.tp
.tp was the listed Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Timor. The letters refer to Timor Português, or Portuguese Timor, a legacy from the nation's previous status as a Portuguese colony. The domain .tp was officially launched in December 1997 by connect.ie, an internet service provider based in Dublin, Ireland, in cooperation with the East Timorese authorities in absentia, while East Timor was under Indonesian authority.


.tp
.tp remained active for the period of transition, although it now no longer complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard for the two-letter codes for the name of countries as the code for East Timor changed from TP to TL after independence. Regardless, it retained a number of domains until it was finally deleted in February 2015. The last listed change and update for .tp was on April 22, 2008.


.tp, History
In 1997, connect.ie discussed the potential of setting up a "virtual East Timor". They communicated these ideas to the East Timorese leadership and their representatives. This set in motion the acquisition the .tp domain (then the only available nomenclature for East Timor). After discussions with Jon Postel, IANA, it was realized that a set of necessary registration conditions would require to be met, including the provision of a local contact persons details.


.tp, History
It was assumed by all parties in this discussion that there was a strong likelihood for a potential negative reaction to any person or indeed location listed for such purposes. After discussion with various East Timorese representatives, it was agreed that Xanana Gusmão, was at that time imprisoned in Jakarta, would be the appropriate contact person. The remaining issue and solution to providing local addressing and other contact details were provided by connect.ie. A telephone call was made to Dili to identify the address and telephone number of the Military Governor, the last local location of Xanana Gusmão. These details were provided to and accepted by IANA. The .tp domain registry was successfully acquired and activated mainly for the purpose of "declaring independence" at least in the virtual world.


.tp, History
The subsequent attack on the .tp domain registry gained extensive worldwide media coverage and public support. Within 6 days of this occurring, and much to everyone's surprise, President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie announced that a referendum would be held in East Timor to choose between special autonomy and independence. This activity finally concluded when East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002.


.tp, First "Internet" War
During the 1999 East Timorese crisis the cctld server services for the '.tp' domain were attacked by hackers believed to be at the behest and with support from a faction of the Indonesian military. Connect Ireland also received malicious telephone calls and other communications at this time.


.tp, Confusion
In August 1999, before the holding of the referendum, one of the independence leaders José Ramos-Horta, a former President of East Timor, was purported to have stated that arrangements had been made for hackers to attack Indonesian sites.


.tp, Confusion
In response to these press reports, connect.ie issued a statement in response to these purported reports condemning any use of hacking for any activity that would negatively impact on ordinary Indonesian citizens, stating that they (CI) were not at "war" with the Indonesian people and cited the support that they had received from many Indonesian people after the earlier attack on the .tp domain.


.tp, Transition to .tl
.tl is the ccTLD that now complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard. The Department of Information Technology in East Timor is working cooperatively with Connect Ireland to ensure a stable and secure transition to the .tl ccTLD. Existing registrants in the .tp ccTLD were initially granted the same domain in the .tl ccTLD at no cost for the first year of registration. Both the .tp and .tl "versions" continue to resolve and registrant information, whois data, and name server delegations were to be the same for both .tl and .tp, for legacy domains.


.tp, Transition to .tl
As of June 2005, no further registrations were accepted in the .tp domain.


.tp, Transition to .tl
Registration in .tl is available directly at second-level with no local presence requirement, through CoCCA and various resellers worldwide.


.tp, Transition to .tl
In 2008, search engines found approximately twice as many pages in the  .tp domain as in its successor,  .tl . By October 2009, this ratio dropped to 1:8, .tl being the more dominant. As of 2013, the same metric reached an insignificant 1:10000 in favour of .tl.


.tp, Dated IANA information
For a long time, according to the IANA site, .tl was listed as unassigned, with .tp still being listed for East Timor (Xanana Gusmão, a major political figure and former president, is the administrative contact). The Department of Information Technology in East Timor sent a letter to IANA requesting that this information be updated. As of September 30, 2005, the update had been made and .tl is listed as an active top-level domain.


.tr
.tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University)  and . .nc.tr and .ct.tr are used as second-level domains for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and as such has no country code assigned.


.tr, Statistics
As of March 2017, around 15.53% of all the .tr domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Microsoft-IIS is the most popular web server, serving 35.31% of the .tr domains, followed by Apache serving 35.14% of the total .tr domains.


.tr, Second-level domains
, the official registry's domain, is the only second-level domain under this TLD, other second-level domains are prohibited.