009-1, Reception
Anime News Network's Theron Martin said the anime series "carries much of the style and flavor of Ishinomori's other iconic works like Kamen Rider and Kikaider" and noted "the series emphasizes Mylene's sex appeal by offering healthy and regular doses of fan service, although it leaves the most graphic parts to the imagination." He commented the character designs have "the same angular, caricatured look that all anime series based on Ishinomori's works have, with younger female “good guy” agents invariably being gorgeous sexpots and the bad guys (whether male or female) usually looking quite ugly."


009-1, Reception
Martin also praised the musical score, saying it's "the other star of the series", aside from Mylene. Writing for Mania Entertainment, Chris Beveridge said 009-1 has "a good sense of pacing and style to it, going over the top in some ways but also keeping itself rather grounded in others. This is a world that I would love to see revisited on a more regular basis and lament that we're already more than halfway past it with this release."


009-1, Reception
Bryan Morton from Mania Entertainment described it as "James Bond with women, Najica with no panties (no not in that sense), a cold-war Ghost in the Shell - sort of." Morton said "the stories themselves are fairly typical secret-agents tales - recover the scientist, prevent killings and so on - just with a slightly futuristic feel to them," but noted "all the stories hold together well and make sense." As the original manga is "so old", for him "it's amazing that the show still feels contemporary." The kind-heart from the protagonist that is far more you would expect from a spy, "makes it different enough from other secret agent stories to really grab the attention, while the individual stories are a good combination of action and emotion that keep you entertained" in Morton's opinion.


009-1, Reception
Derek Elley of Film Business Asia gave the film a 6 out of 10. It also received a 4.5/10 rating from iMDB.


00n3
00n3 is the description given to modelling 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railways in 4 mm scale with 12 mm (0.472 in) gauge track. 3 ft (914 mm) prototypes were common in Ireland and the Isle of Man, but the scale is not generally used outside the British Isles. 12 mm (0.472 in) gauge track is the same as that used in TT scale and HOm, so some components used for those scales can be used.


00n3
There is no ready-to-run support, so everything must be either built from scratch or made from kits from Worsley Works(C&LR, T&DLR, WCR & others), Branchlines (IoMR, CVR, T&DLR), Backwoods Miniatures* (CDJR, CVR, L&BER, C&LR), Dundas Models (T&DLR & WCR], Model Engine Works (CVR & CDJR), Ninelines (CDJR & SR) and Alphagraphix (CDJR, L&LSR, L&BER) amongst others. * The Backwoods kits are slowly being reintroduced by N-Drive Productions. Kits are available in etched brass and nickel-silver (locos, railcars and some rolling stock), plastic, resin, white metal and card (rolling stock). There are now some 3D printed items of stock available, for example from Model Engine Works, CWRailways & TeBee Models.


00n3
00n3 modellers have close relations with other 4 mm narrow gauge modellers, especially 009 modelling.


00n3, Exhibition layouts
00n3 layouts that are occasionally exhibited in Britain and Ireland (2019) include Annascaul (Tralee and Dingle Light Railway), Castlederg (Castlederg and Victoria Bridge Tramway), Letterkenny (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Castlefinn County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Crosby (Isle of Man Railway), Strabane (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Southwold (Southwold Railway) and Mannin Middle (Isle of Man Railway inspired layout).


00n3, Exhibition layouts
Burtonport (Letterkenny and Burtonport Extension Railway) is on permanent display in the Burtonport Railway Walk Museum situated in the St Columba's Community Centre in Burtonport, Co Donegal. Dingle (Tralee and Dingle Light Railway ) is permanently based at the Windmill Museum, Blennerville, Co. Kerry. Donegal (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee) is on permanent display at the County Donegal Railway Heritage Centre, Donegal. There is an 00n3 diorama of Boot station at the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway museum at Ravenglass, Cumbria and a diorama of Douglas engine shed (Isle of Man Railway) at the Port Erin Museum, Port Erin.


00n3, Books published
A few books have been published to help the 00n3 modeller. Modelling the Irish Narrow Gauge (Peco Publications ISBN 0 900586 15 X) is a compilation of articles in the Railway Modeller written by David Lloyd and include his Augher and Coolcalaghta layouts. The County Donegal Railway Companion (Midland Publishing ISBN 1 85780 205 5) looks in depth at modelling all aspects of the popular County Donegal. The Isle of Man Railway - A modellers inspiration (Peco Publications ISBN 978 0 900586 95 8) helps those who want to model the Isle of Man Railway, again in all its aspects. Modelling Irish Railways (Midland Publishing ISBN 1 85780 185 7) looks at modelling the Irish railway scene with a chapter of information on the Irish 3'. The books are currently out of print but will be available pre-owned from reputable second hand book shops specialising in railway transport.


00n3, Magazine Articles
A number of 00n3 layouts have been featured in the Railway Modeller magazine. Abhainn an Scail/Annascaul (T&DLR) March 2014; Burtonport (LSR) February 2017, March 2017 & April 2017; Castleton (IMR) September 1993 & December 1993; Dingle (T&DLR) December 2002, January 2003 & February 2003; Donegal (CDJR) September 2006 & October 2006; Ramsey (IMR) October 2006. November 2006 & December 2006; Schull (S&SR) January 2012, February 2012, December 2012; Southwold (1922) (SR) November 2013.


00n3, Magazine Articles
'Freelance' layouts inspired by the Isle of Man Railway that have featured include Bradda West February 1995; Mannin Middle April 2009 & Port Foxdale September 2002.


00n3, Magazine Articles
'Historic' 00n3 layouts in the model railway press include Aire Valley by Derek Naylor (Railway Modeller April 1961); Llanfair Valley Railway by Rev P. Heath (Railway Modeller 1962, month t.b.c. ); Uptha Valley Light Railway (Model Railway Constructor January 1963 t.b.c. ); Vale of Fawrcarnedd Railway by Alan Brackenborough (Model Railway News 1965, month t.b.c. ).


00n3, Related scales
Outside the British Isles the slightly smaller 1:87 H0 is used. For European 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) (metre gauge)  and African / Australian 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railways H0m is used. In America 3 ft (914 mm) gauge railroads are modelled on 10.5 mm (0.413 in) gauge trackas HOn3.


01 Communique
01 Communique is a Canadian cyber security and technology company based in Mississauga, Ontario. 01 Communique is focused on cybersecurity with IronCAP, a cryptographic system designed to protect users and enterprises by securing conventional computer systems and protecting against future quantum computing attacks.


01 Communique
IronCAP operates using time tested code-based cryptography, however product improvements allow faster and more secure encryption, decryption and key generation. By introducing sophisticated linear codes and error syndromes into encryption keys, the company claims that their technology confuses even quantum computers and prevents any information from being compromised.


01 Communique
According to 01, examples of vertical applications are email/file encryption, digital signatures, blockchain security, remote access/VPN, credit card security, cloud storage, artificial intelligence, IoT (5G), and website security.


01 Communique
Prior to this, the company developed integrated communications software and services. 01 Communique specializes in providing remote access to information stored on a Desktop PC over the Internet. Generally this is referred to as PC remote access software or PC remote control software. The Company's legacy business provides customers with a suite of secure remote access services and products. Prior to this, 01 Communique was active in the Remote Access Software market. Their legacy product line provided users with the ability to establish Remote Desktop Connections via the Internet.


01 Communique, Company history
01 Communique was founded in 1992. The company's first release was a fax program called 01 Fax. Its next release would be the COMMUNICATE! series, unified communications software combining fax, e-mail, voice mail, text recognition, and paging capabilities.


01 Communique, Company history
The company's focus switched to PC remote access and PC remote control software in the late 1990s. In 2000, the company filed for U.S. and Canadian patents related to the technologies they have invented and used in their commercial software. US Patent #6,928,479 and #6,938,076 were awarded in August 2005.


01 Communique, Company history
On March 8, 2000, 01 Communique began trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the trading symbol ONE. The company had been previously trading on the Canadian Dealing Network.


01 Communique, Company history
In 2010, 01 Communique opened offices in Arlington, Virginia, to promote its newest products and services in Web 2.0. platforms, including I'm InTouchMeeting that allows businesses and users to communicate and collaborate in realTime, with bi-directional capabilities. In 2015, I'm InTouchMeeting was awarded the "2015 INTERNET TELEPHONY Product of the Year Award".


01 Communique, Lawsuit against Citrix
In February 2006, 01 Communique launched a patent infringement lawsuit against Citrix Systems alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,928,479. The lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division. The jury rejected 01 Communique's infringement claims, and in 2018 the Federal Circuit denied the company's appeal.


01 Gallery
01 Gallery (or Zero One Gallery) is a contemporary art gallery located in downtown Los Angeles, California, U.S., founded by art dealer and curator John Pochna. The gallery is known for its contributions to the lowbrow art movement, as it frequently exhibits pieces with heavy graffiti and street art influences. In April 2007, Pochna partnered with Brandon Coburn, and Jim Ulrich.


01 Gallery
In August 1980, Mark Cameron Boyd AKA Wayzata Camerone, an artist and musician with Los Angeles punk-funk band The Brainiacs, co-founded the Zero Zero Club with Pochna; the club's name was taken from the Mickey Spillane pulp novel "My Gun Is Quick." The Zero Zero Club was originally an after-hours bar on Caheunga Blvd. in Hollywood that exhibited local artists' and musicians' artworks curated by either Boyd and Pochna. Their partnership disbanded in 1981, with Boyd opening up a new Zero Zero Gallery in West Hollywood, while Pochna moved his 01 Gallery to Melrose. The gallery's current name derives from a conceptual understanding of the creative process. As Kyle Lina explains, "Zero is when there's nothing--one when there's something. The space between the zero and the one is the creative act".


01 Gallery
Over time, 01 Gallery developed a long standing relationship with the Los Angeles punk community, as it has debuted bands such as The Screamers. As the gallery's clientele diversified, Pochna's aims for the gallery evolved. Pochna states, "[We're] not a punk rock gallery, not a graffiti art gallery, not a rebel gallery. Not any of those stupid names they used to call us."


01 Gallery
01 Gallery has been frequented by Los Angeles residents such as Raymond Pettibon, David Lee Roth, Tomata du Plenty and John Belushi. This diverse clientele has led 01 Gallery to be thought of as analogous to Andy Warhol's Factory. "Its eccentric mix of artists and patrons made it [Los Angeles'] answer to the Factory, though the creations were more 'lowbrow' than pop."


01 Gallery
The gallery opened with works by Robert Williams, Tomata du Plenty and Saber. It has also exhibited Anthony Ausgang, Raymond Pettibon, Gomez Bueno, Walter Robinson, Richard Hambleton, Futura 2000 and Fred Tomaselli.


01 Gallery, Trivia
Soon after the gallery's naissance, Pochna allowed the gallery's Melrose address to be used as a business address for an escort service in order to fund the gallery.


01 Gallery, Trivia
An exhibition at Zero One Gallery is documented in The Devil and Daniel Johnston. Pochna is interviewed in the film.


01 Gallery, Trivia
The gallery's Melrose space was rumored to be haunted by the ghosts of Joan Crawford, Rock Hudson, and Rita Hayworth.


01 January
01 January is a 2009 Maldivian psychological thriller short film written and directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu. Co-produced by Shafeeu and Ahmed Wafau under Eupe Productions in association with Kids Productions, the film stars Shafeeu, Mohamed Farooq, Mohamed Rifshan and Yoosuf Zuhuree in pivotal roles.


01 January, Premise
Two promising surfers (Mohamed Farooq and Mohamed Rifshan) visits an island and stays at a guest room for three days, rented by a short-tempered and peculiar man (Yoosuf Shafeeu). He sets strange rules to be followed by tenants; return home before 11pm, never leave the door open and by no circumstances ever follow him to anywhere. The next day they made a plan to steal a large sum of money in a locked room of the house which Rifshan saw in a dream and interprets it as real since the facts coincides with what their friend who lives in the island says.


01.10
01.10 is the fifth and last studio album by the Canadian rapper - K.Maro, a French language album released as a follow-up to his English language album Perfect Stranger. 01.10 denotes to January 2010.


01.10
The album was released on April 26, 2010. and there was a launching concert at Montreal's Olympia theatre with proceeds going to the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, a major children's hospital.


01.10
There are 2 singles already released from that album, "Elektric" and "Music". K.Maro collaborated with K.Pone.Inc artist Shy'm in "L'un pour l'autre"


010 (The Mad Capsule Markets album)
010 is the ninth studio album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in Japan in 2001 and in the United Kingdom in 2003. The album was much more experimental than the band's previous two albums. It includes a cover of the song "Wardance" by Killing Joke.


010 (The Mad Capsule Markets album), Track listing
All tracks are written by Kyono & Takeshi Ueda, except where noted.


010 (Ulysses album)
010 is the debut studio album by the rock band Ulysses. The album was recorded using one microphone and released in monaural audio (instead of the standard stereo sound that most modern albums take advantage of). This is because the songs on the album were originally intended to be demos, but the band were so satisfied with the performances that only a few overdubs were added for the album release.


010 Editor
010 Editor is a commercial hex editor and text editor for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Typically 010 Editor is used to edit text files, binary files, hard drives, processes, tagged data (e.g. XML, HTML), source code (e.g. C++, PHP, JavaScript), shell scripts (e.g. Bash, batch files), log files, etc. A large variety of binary data formats can be edited through the use of Binary Templates.


010 Editor
The software uses a tabbed document interface for displaying text and binary files. Full search and replace with regular expressions is supported along with comparisons, histograms, checksum/hash algorithms, and column mode editing. Different character encodings including ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8 are supported including conversions between encodings. The software is scriptable using a language similar to ANSI C.


010 Editor
Originally created in 2003 by Graeme Sweet, 010 Editor was designed to fix problems in large multibeam bathymetry datasets used in ocean visualization. The software was designed around the idea of Binary Templates. A text editor was added in 2008.


010 Editor
010 Editor is available as Trialware and can be run for free for 30 days. After 30 days a license must be purchased to continue using the software.


010 Editor, Binary Templates
A Binary Template is a text file containing a series of structs similar to ANSI C. The main difference between ANSI C is that structs in Binary Templates may contain control statements such as if, for or while. When 010 Editor executes a Binary Template on a binary data file, each variable defined in the Binary Template is mapped to a set of bytes in the binary file and added to a hierarchical tree structure. The tree structure can then be used to view and edit data in the binary file in an easier fashion than using the raw hex bytes. Binary Templates typically have a '.bt' extension.


010 Editor, Binary Templates
010 Editor has an online repository of Binary Templates containing over 80 formats. When a binary file is opened in 010 Editor and a Binary Template exists for the file, the software can automatically download and install the Template. Templates can also be added to the repository or updated directly from the software.


010 Editor, Technology
Data files in 010 Editor are stored as a series of blocks, where each block can either point to a block of data somewhere on disk or in memory. When a large section of data from a binary file is copied to another binary file, a new block pointer is inserted into the file but the actual data is not copied. This scheme allows partial loading of files from disk and is also used to provide unlimited undo and redo. Currently when large text blocks are opened or copied the data is scanned for linefeeds, meaning there may be a delay before editing can resume. 010 Editor uses the Qt library to provide multi-platform support.


010 Trojans
The 010 Trojans (formerly known as Rotterdam Trojans are an American football team based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Founded in 1984, the Trojans are the second oldest surviving team in the Netherlands, behind the Amsterdam Crusaders. Upon foundation, the Trojans immediately joined the national American Football body at the time, the NAFF (Nederlandse American Football Federatie).


010 Trojans
After beginning in the second tier (NAFF Division One), the Trojans managed an undefeated championship season (12-0) in 1988 and gained promotion to the Premier Division. However, this step proved too much for the Trojans who were immediately relegated.


010 Trojans
After a divisional reorganisation the Trojans moved back to the highest division, where they remain to this day. National Tulip Bowl titles were won in 1996 and 1997. Outside the NAFF, the Rotterdam Trojans also competed in the Eurobowl competitions in 1995 (losing in the first round to Birmingham Bulls) and reached the Eurobowl B final in 1996, losing 7-0 in the final to St. Gallen Seaside Vipers.


010 Trojans
In 1998 the Trojans joined the breakaway AFLN (American Football League Nederland) and won two AFLN "National" championships. In addition, participation in the Dutch-Belgian Benelux League saw Rotterdam pick up two Benelux Bowl titles in 1999 and 2000 to add to their first (non-official) win in 1995.


010 Trojans
In 2001 the NAFF and AFLN put aside their differences to merge into the current organisational structure: the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland).


010 Trojans
A large re-building operation over the last 6 years has seen Rotterdam have intermittent success, reaching the Tulip Bowl final in 2002 and the semi-finals several times. The Trojans have been very successful in recruitment recently and look to be on their way to becoming a challenger once more for the national championship of the Netherlands.


010 Trojans
In 2006 the Rotterdam Trojans returned to wearing their original team colours of green and white after several years of red and yellow. They played their home games at the renovated "City of Troje".


010 Trojans
In 2012, the Rotterdam Trojans filed for bankruptcy, due to financial mismanagement and fraud by the then acting board. A new club was founded and called the 010 Trojans. 010 being the areacode for the city of Rotterdam.


010 Trojans
The team, led by head coach Michel "Moose" Storm, won the Div. 3 title in their first season, and lost the semifinal a year later. When Storm stepped down after a 5-5 season in 2015, offensive coordinator Wouter van den Boogaard was promoted to head coach. Playing in the highest division in the Netherlands, the Trojans upset the Alpen Eagles 14-17 in the playoffs in van den Boogaards first year and advanced to TulipBowl XXXII, in which they lost to the Amsterdam Crusaders


010 Trojans
The following year saw the departure of head coach Wouter van den Boogaard and his staff and the hiring of new head coach Pascal Matla. The team duplicated their effort of the previous year, reaching the TulipBowl once again, only to lose once more to the Amsterdam Crusaders.


010 Trojans
Head coach Pascal Matla left for health reasons, and the team had a down year that following year, not winning a game and relegating to the first division


0101 (album)
The album 0101 was Shikao Suga's first single, and first indies single, released by Bounce Records (bounce-0015) on November 15, 1995. It was the only album released under his real name (菅 止戈男). The song "Ai ni tsuite" would be included as part of the 4th single made under Office Augusta 2 years later.


01011001
01011001 is the seventh studio album by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's long-running Ayreon project. "01011001" is the binary representation of the ASCII value of the letter Y.


01011001
Seventeen singers in total, including Lucassen himself, contributed to the album, more than any other Ayreon album. Apart from Lucassen, only Anneke van Giersbergen (ex-The Gathering) and Floor Jansen (After Forever, Nightwish) had sung on previous Ayreon albums, on Into the Electric Castle and Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer respectively.


01011001
It also stars, among others, Bob Catley from Magnum, Hansi Kürsch from Blind Guardian, Jørn Lande, and Steve Lee from Gotthard in his final guest appearance before his death in 2010. The album was a commercial and critical success.


01011001, Reception
AllMusic reviewer Cosmo Lee praised the album, saying that it has "pristine production [and] byzantine songs that feel like full albums." He went on to say that "Music this over the top almost defies criticism. Reviewing it is like reviewing the world's tallest building. It doesn't care; it just goes on and on." Exclaim's Laura Wiebe Taylor felt that the album had some great songs, such as "Liquid Eternity" and "E=mc2," but that some of the other songs were weaker, including "Newborn Race" and "Web of Lies." She concluded her review by saying that "ultimately, 01011001 is a hard rock extravaganza."


01011001, Reception
Chad Bower, in his review for About.com, said that 01011001 "has something for everyone," and that the album is "a musical tour de force that takes the listener on a musical journey with an interesting storyline and very well-written songs." Record Collector's Tim Jones noted the differing styles of the album's songs, saying that "The Truth is in Here" is similar to the music of Blackmore's Night, that "River of Time" is reminiscent of Jethro Tull, and that "Beneath the Waves" reminded him of Pink Floyd.


01011001, Track listing
All lyrics are written by Arjen Anthony Lucassen; all music is composed by Lucassen except Anneke van Giersbergen who wrote her own vocal melodies in tracks 1 (disc 1) and 2 (disc 2), and Jonas Renkse who wrote his own vocal melodies in tracks 1 (disc 1), 2, 4 and 7 (disc 2).


0110
The 0110 concerts, held on October 1, 2006 in Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi and Ghent, were organised by dEUS frontman Tom Barman, Arno Hintjens and Frederik Sioen to promote tolerance in Belgian society, and "against Vlaams Belang, extremism and gratuitous violence".


0110
According to the organisation, more than 100,000 people attended the concerts (around 50,000 in Antwerp, 25,000 in Ghent and Brussels, and 5,000 in Charleroi). Over 140 Belgian artists and groups, often in unprecedented combinations (like Daan and Plastic Bertrand, Gorki and Isabelle A, and so on), volunteered for the event. Tom Barman stated that this would not be a one-time initiative.


0110
The concerts were sponsored by the Belgian National Lottery. Summer rock festivals like Sfinks, Pukkelpop, Folk Dranouter, Lokerse Feesten, Gentse Feesten and Suikerrock urged their public to support the event.


0110, 0110 controversy
The event preceded the 2006 municipal elections in Belgium by just one week, thus sending a political message as well.


0110, 0110 controversy
The right wing opposition party Vlaams Belang wrote an open letter to famous Flemish artists, such as Clouseau, Helmut Lotti, Will Tura, Johan Verminnen and Laura Lynn, who were announced to participate, asking not to do so. The party requested the boycott because the event "only targets Vlaams Belang". One Vlaams Belang council member has called upon the readers of his web log to start a "mail bombardment" to the concerned artists. Critics speak of an intimidation campaign by the party.


0110, 0110 controversy
According to the Vlaams Belang however, the intimidation came from the organizers of the 0110 concerts and the complete Flemish media against Vlaams Belang, because the Flemish media were partizan of the concerts. According to the party, the media in Flanders is completely in the hands of the left-wing establishment. On the contrary, no Flemish artist would ever even think to participate in a festival organised by the Vlaams Belang, because this would be responded by the establishment by an ever-lasting boycott against the artist. On a party congress on 1 October, Filip Dewinter was quoted saying that "if it really were concerts against intolerance, the Vlaams Belang would have to be guest of honour", referring to the cordon sanitaire against the party.


0110, 0110 controversy
Vlaams Belang sees this as a direct attack by the establishment, because the event is sponsored by the Belgian National Lottery. The National Lottery however decided upon the sponsoring contract before the political content was clear.


0110, 0110 controversy
The Antwerp mayor Patrick Janssens (Different Socialist Party) disapproved of the concerts. The Vlaams Belang party also refers to the fact that the official website of the event specifically states that "Flanders deserves better than extreme right" and that Tom Barman, the main organizer, had already announced in 2005 that he was planning a concert "against Vlaams Belang" in October 2006.


0110, The concerts, Brussels
Presentation: Annabelle Van Nieuwenhuyse and Sam Touzani Location: Paleizenplein/place des Palais (in Dutch/French)


0110, Book
In 2008 Belgian author Bart Van Lierde wrote the crime novel 0110: the premiss is a terrorist act during the 0110 concerts in Antwerp. The main question is which political party ordered the attack: Vlaams Belang, as this party is convinced that the concerts are held to influence the outcome of the municipal elections; or the other parties, as the outcome indeed may be influenced if Vlaams Belang will be found guilty.


0110111 – Quantum Physics & A Horseshoe
0110111 – Quantum Physics & A Horseshoe is the second live album and first live video album by Berlin-based indie punk band Bonaparte. It was released by Staatsakt label in 2011, and contains live songs recorded while touring for their second album, My Horse Likes You. The album was released on DVD, double vinyl and digital download.


0114
0114 is the national dialling code for Sheffield in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost all of the City of Sheffield and some adjacent areas. When STD codes were first introduced, Sheffield was assigned the mnemonic 0SH2 (which corresponded to 0742 on a rotary dial), later changing to the corresponding numbers upon the introduction of All-Figure Dialling in the area.


0114
Instead of the expected 01742 code, Sheffield's area code changed to the current 0114 code on 16 April 1995, along with 4 other cities in England (Leeds; 0113, Nottingham; 0115, Leicester; 0116 and Bristol; 0117), as part of PhONEday. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of seven digits. The code is used at several telephone exchanges as part of a linked numbering scheme. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Sheffield from abroad.


0114, History
Before 1965, Sheffield had 5-digit telephone numbers, with the first digit indicating the exchange area of the telephone line. Sheffield's 6-digit numbers were implemented by prefixing the original 5-digit numbers with a duplicate of the first digit (seen below), other than the 2xxxx numbers which were prefixed by 7 (as seen by the last example). This grouped telephone numbers centrally in the 1 to 9 range with a larger "buffer" at the extremes.


0114, History
Switching to 6-digit numbers produced 90,000 available numbers for each exchange group, providing another 450,000 available numbers after combining both phases, producing a potential 500,000 numbers in Sheffield.


0114, History, Between regions
Until the 1980s, Stocksbridge, Oughtibridge, and some other areas had 4-digit numbers. Within Stocksbridge and Oughtibridge people dialed only 4-digit numbers, while from Sheffield people dialed prefix 88 for Stocksbridge and prefix 86 for Oughtibridge. From Oughtibridge, people dialed 88xxxx for Stocksbridge and 9xxxxxx for Sheffield. This led to some confusion, leading people to often dial wrong numbers. During the 1980s these local areas were unified into 6-digit Sheffield numbers so that from anywhere in the Sheffield code area, 88xxxx dialed a Stocksbridge number, even from within Stocksbridge. Once the 8-prefix was merged into the full local number this released 8xxxxx numbers.


0114, History, Transition to 7-digit system
Transitioning to 7-digit numbers in 1995 involved prefixing each 6-digit number with a 2. Immediately after the 1995 change, the corresponding 22x-xxxx numbers became available for allocation, followed by the 20x-xxxx and 21x-xxxx ranges, since the corresponding 0742 0xxxxx and 1xxxxx could not be issued as local numbers can not start with a 1 or a 0, these being the prefix for the operator and area code dialling respectively. The 0114 code allows for a potential maximum of 7,990,000 local numbers to be issued, assuming the use of the entire valid range from (0114) 200-0000 to (0114) 998-9999 country-wide.


0114, Coverage
The 0114 dialing code includes the whole of Sheffield except for Midhopestones area which uses the Barnsley 01226 dialling code and the Fox House area which uses dialing code 01433. The codes extends beyond the City of Sheffield to include the Killamarsh area of North East Derbyshire and the Aston, Aughton, and Ulley areas of Rotherham.


0114, Number allocation
Under the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:


0114, Number allocation
Sheffield (0114) - 2xx - xxxx numbers have now been exhausted, so new numbers issued now begin with 3 or 4, rather than the old ones being reused. There have reportedly been many problems involving people incorrectly dialing 01142 3xx - xxxx for 0114 3xx - xxxx numbers and therefore being connected to the wrong person or business.


0114, Number allocation
The area code is not subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom does not restrict the size of number blocks that are allocated.


0114, Trivia
In 2013, Matthew Helders, drummer of Sheffield band Arctic Monkeys, added the 0114 dialling code to the cover of his drum kit, as an ode to the band's hometown.


01207
The 01207 national dialling code for Consett in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost the entire former district of Derwentside. When STD codes were first introduced, Consett was assigned 0207. The current 01207 code became active as part of PhONEday on 16 April 1995. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Consett from abroad.


01207, History
When STD codes were initially assigned, Consett was given the mnemonic code CO7 (corresponding to 207 on the rotary dial). With the transition to all-figure dialling which ended the practice of representing STD codes with letters in 1966, and including the trunk prefix, this became 0207.


01207, History, Changes in the 1960s and 1970s
Following the introduction of STD in 1958, most 4 digit and 3 digit exchanges were prefixed as follows; some exchanges were consolidated into others.


01207, History, Changes in the 1980s
In the 1980s a new wave of prefixes were introduced in the area code:


01207, History, Changes in the 1980s
In the 1980s, BT planned to rename all exchanges "Derwentside," but with many numbers crossing over into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead on Burnopfield, Rowlands Gill, and Ebchester exchanges, the idea was scrapped.


01207, History, Number explosion
There has never been a number explosion in the 01207 area code, and most areas still use their original 1970s/1980s prefix except for Consett and Stanley which have introduced new numbers.


01207, History, Short codes
Short codes, a system of abbreviated dialling scrapped in the 1990s was as follows:


013
013 is a music venue in Tilburg, the Netherlands. The venue opened in 1998 and replaced the Noorderligt, the Bat Cave and the MuziekKantenWinkel. 013 is the largest popular music venue in the southern Netherlands.


013
There are two concert halls of which the "Main Stage" (formerly Jupiler Zaal and Dommelsch Zaal) is the largest, with a capacity of 3,000 attendees. The smaller stage has a capacity of 700 attendees.


013
The name of the venue is based on the area code of Tilburg.


013
In August 2011, the director of 013, Guus van Hove, died of heat exposure in the Californian Joshua Tree National Park, together with his girlfriend. Van Hove had told friends he planned to visit the site of U2's The Joshua Tree album cover, which they falsely assumed to be near the location where they died.


013
013 hosts the bigger acts at the annual music festivals Roadburn (stoner rock festival), Incubate Festival and Neurotic Deathfest. Also it was a home for Ayreon's live shows in 2017 and 2019, which gathered more than 9000 people from more than 50 countries.


0137
0137 was a live-broadcast German talk show. It was broadcast between 1991 and 1994 on pay-TV channel Premiere, now known as Sky Deutschland.


0137
The structure of the show consisted of three short interviews of 15 minutes daily from 7:30 pm. The third guest was selected by the audience using phone voting. Hosts of the program includedSabine Brandi, Maggie Deckenbrock, Sandra Maischberger (1992), Roger Willemsen and Hubert Winkels.


0137
An offshoot, 0137 Night Talk, was hosted by Bettina Rust.


013NEWS
013NEWS is a South African provincial online newspaper, published by Mfiso Media in Mpumalanga. It was founded on 1 August 2016 to focus on Mpumalanga news, politics, government, local lifestyle and business. The site is developed by the Southern Sons Group.


013NEWS
The paper was named 2020's best Mpumalanga newspaper by MEA Markets during their African Excellence Awards


014 Construction Unit
The 014 Construction Unit (Mongolian: Зэвсэгт хүчний барилгын 017-р анги) is an engineering unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia.


014 Construction Unit, History
It was established in 1944. The unit fought during World War Two and took part in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. It was also part of the Fourth Cavalry Committee serving on the western border of Mongolia in 1947. It successfully participated in joint field exercises orchestrated by the Mongolian People's Army (examples including Kherlen-73 and Govi-77) as well as joint Mongolian-Soviet exercises in 1973 and 1977. It fulfilled the Army Leader Class status for units for seven consecutive years from 1973 to 1980. In 2017, the unit was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Merit.


014 Construction Unit, Activities
It takes part in peace-building construction in Ulaanbaatar and serves as a war-time construction unit. It has taken part in projects such as the building of factories, power plants, a student office, and a 72-room apartment for officers. As part of the work on upgrading the local infrastructure to more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in the area, the unit was called in for repairs to the local roads.


014 Construction Unit, Activities
Like, many military units, it maintains a military band that serves as a public relations tool.


0141 632 6326
0141 632 6326 is the fourth album from Scottish rock band Gun. The number used in the title is now a telephone number for a driving school in Scotland but at the time GUN used it, was a number you could call to hear band members give out news on the band and leave messages for them. The album was quite successful, reaching 32 in the UK. Crazy You and My Sweet Jane were also moderate chart hits.


01489
01489 is the national dialling code for Hamble Valley in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0489, with the mnemonic HV 9 where HV are taken from the letters H and V in Hamble Valley – an unofficially recognised geographic area surrounding the River Hamble in Hampshire.


01489
The dialling code is rarely ever referred to as Hamble Valley (and its name appears to be generally unfamiliar to the residents of the area that it serves), but is instead referred to as Botley, or less frequently (except by residents of the immediate area) as Bishop's Waltham or Locks Heath. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.


01489, Coverage
The dialling code contains five telephone exchanges which collectively serve a largely suburban and rural area in the south of Hampshire, straddling the local authorities of Eastleigh, Fareham, and Winchester, but it does not include their town centres.


01489, Coverage
Settlements served by the dialling code include: Bishop's Waltham, Botley, Corhampton, Curdridge, Droxford, Durley, Hedge End, Locks Heath, Lower Upham, Meonstoke, Segensworth, Soberton, Swanwick, Upham, Waltham Chase, Warsash, Whiteley.


01489, History
Hamble Valley was included in the Fareham charge group along with the 0329 STD code which served Fareham town centre, Stubbington, Titchfield, and Wickham. The Fareham charge group was unusual because it was a dependent charge group of two Group switching centres (GSC). Hamble Valley telephone exchanges with an 0489 STD code were parented onto the Southampton GSC, and Fareham telephone exchanges with an 0329 STD code were parented onto the Portsmouth GSC.


01489, History
The routing digits for 0489 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Southampton (0703) followed by 92. The routing digits for 0329 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Portsmouth (0705) followed by 92.


01489, History
Hamble Valley telephone exchanges were not arranged in a linked numbering scheme, so 0489 was suffixed with a digit identifying the particular exchange. The same suffix digit was also used in local dialling codes from Southampton.


01489, History
Hamble valley telephone exchanges gradually became part of a linked numbering scheme during the 1980s with the STD code 0489, and the original 3, 4, and 5 figure numbers became 6 figure, when Strowger telephone exchanges were replaced with digital telephone exchanges.


01489, History
Calls from the Fareham charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:


01489, History
Telephone exchanges in 0421 and 0701 were gradually transferred into 0703 and 0705 respectively, and added to their linked numbering schemes.


01489, Former local dialling codes
924 was the local dialling code for Fareham (0329) from Southampton, which resulted in 04894 becoming unusable as an STD code.


01489, Former local dialling codes
Calls to Hamble Valley exchanges were routed via Southampton except to Bishop's Waltham which had a direct connection to Winchester. The unpublished dialling code 93923 would also have worked for Bishop's Waltham with the call routed via Southampton. 93 was the local dialling code for Southampton from Winchester.


01489, Former local dialling codes
Calls to Hamble Valley exchanges were routed via Southampton. 93 was the local dialling code for Southampton from Ryde. By 1979 the local dialling codes had been withdrawn and the full STD codes for the exchanges were required.


01489, Former local dialling codes
Full STD codes were required in 1971 which implied that no direct connections existed between Petersfield and the Hamble Valley exchanges.


01527
01527 is the national dialling code for Redditch in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0527. The mnemonic for 0527 corresponds with LA 7 where LA could have been taken from the letters L and A in Lapworth, a small village in Warwickshire close to Redditch but not served by the 0527 dialling code. The original dialling code for Redditch was 0739, with the mnemonic RE 9 where RE are taken from the letters R and E in Redditch.


01527
In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.


01527
Redditch is one of a small number of dialling codes which still retains 5 figure telephone numbers. 01527 60000 to 69999 are located on Redditch (Old Town) telephone exchange. They are the successors to 07392 60000 to 69999, and prior to STD the original 4 figure numbers on the manual telephone exchange which served Redditch until the early 1960s.


01527, Coverage
The dialling code contains eight telephone exchanges which serve the towns of Redditch and Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, several villages in Worcestershire on the outskirts of these two towns, and the village of Studley in Warwickshire.


01527, Coverage
Settlements served by the dialling code include: Astwood Bank, Bromsgrove, Catshill, Dodford, Hanbury, Lickey End, Redditch, Studley, Wychbold


01527, History
Redditch was a dependent charge group of Birmingham during the period when its STD code was 0739 as it did not have its own Group switching centre (GSC). The routing digits for 0739 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Birmingham Newhall exchange followed by 194. Redditch telephone exchanges were not arranged in a linked numbering scheme, so 0739 was suffixed with a digit identifying the particular exchange.


01527, History
The STD codes were changed some time in the early 1970s - possibly on the date that the Headless Cross GSC came into operation, replacing Birmingham Newhall. The new STD codes were unchanged in 1984.


01527, History
Calls from the Redditch charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:


01527, Former local dialling codes
Local dialling codes were not provided for telephone exchanges with 3 figure numbers. Calls to these exchanges were via the operator then later the full STD codes was used.


01527, Former local dialling codes
A direct link was provided between Dudley and Bromsgrove. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Redditch. The unpublished dialling code 94383 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1961 with the call routed via Redditch. 943 would also have worked for Bromsgrove 5 figure numbers in 1985 with the call routed via Redditch as the Bromsgrove exchange was now incorporated into the linked numbering scheme.


01527, Former local dialling codes
A direct link was provided between Kidderminster and Bromsgrove. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Redditch. The unpublished dialling codes 85283 and 94383 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1966 and 1967 respectively with the call routed via Redditch.


01527, Former local dialling codes
Calls to Redditch exchanges were routed via Kidderminster. 9 was the local dialling code for Kidderminster from Bewdley. By 1984 the local dialling codes for satellite exchanges had been withdrawn from the code book and the full STD codes listed instead. The local dialling codes may still have worked. 994383 and 9943 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1967 and 1984 respectively with the call routed via Redditch.


01527, Former local dialling codes
An undated dialling code card for Ashton-under-Hill from the late 1960s also includes local dialling codes for Headless Cross and Ipsley telephone exchanges.


01527, Former local dialling codes
Calls to Redditch were routed via Stratford-upon-Avon and Evesham. 9 was the local dialling code for Stratford-upon-Avon from Pebworth; 95 was the local dialling code for Evesham from Stratford-upon-Avon; and 96 was the local dialling code for Redditch from Evesham. The full STD codes are published for other exchanges but 'chained' local dialling codes may have worked – such as 9959686 for Wychbold.


015B
015B (Korean: 공일오비) is a South Korean music duo that debuted in 1990 and went on to become one of the country's most popular acts of the early 1990s. The group, which consists of brothers Jeong Seok-won and Jang Ho-il, is known for its "guest singer system," and has never had a permanent lead vocalist. The group has experimented with many music genres including pop ballads, electronica, and hip hop.


01633
The 01633 telephone area code covers the city of Newport and surrounding areas in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0633, which was originally dialled as "0NE3" where the "NE" were formed from the first two letters of NEwport on the telephone dial. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is dropped when dialling from abroad.


01633, Coverage
The 14 exchanges listed in the table below form the 01633 code area as of 2012:


01633, History
The Group switching centre (GSC) for the Newport charge group was the Savoy exchange. This exchange alongside the Chartist, Maindee and Maesglas exchanges formed the Newport linked numbering scheme whereby local numbers could be dialled directly and with the STD code 0633. The surrounding dependent exchanges could be accessed via local codes and longer STD codes based on 0633.


01633, History, Dependent exchanges
Smaller exchanges around the GSC were parented onto it. From them the digit 9 was dialled to access the GSC. The codes from the GSC to the dependent exchanges are listed in the table below:


01633, History, Dependent exchanges
To dial from one dependent exchange to another one first dialled 9 to access the GSC then dialled the local code to the destination exchange. Thus a caller from Machen to Magor would dial 947 before the subscriber's number and a caller from Risca to Cwmbran would dial 93. A caller to a Newport number in the linked numbering scheme would simply dial 9.


01633, Changes
Over time the local codes were abolished and the dependent exchanges became part of the linked numbering scheme. This meant the 3, 4 and 5-digit numbers became 6-digit numbers by means of a prefix that was unique in the 0633 code area.


01633, Changes
The remaining 5-digit numbers in the Newport area (50000–59999 and 62000–69999) were prefixed with 2 in 1990. Since then all numbers have been 6-digit and the previous prefixes have been reused by other communications providers.


01708
01708 is the national dialling code for Romford in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost all of the London Borough of Havering and some adjacent areas. When STD codes were first introduced, Romford was assigned 0708 and 0402 was used for the rest of the current code area. After a sequence of changes in the early 1990s, culminating with PhONEday, the current 01708 code became active on 16 April 1995. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of six digits. The code is used at eight telephone exchanges as part a linked numbering scheme. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Romford from abroad.


01708, History
When STD codes were initially assigned, Romford was given the mnemonic code RO8 (corresponding to 708 on the rotary dial), with Hornchurch and the rest of the area using the HO2 (402) code. With the transition to all-figure dialling which ended the practice of representing STD codes with letters in 1966, and including the trunk prefix, these became 0708 and 0402. The 0402 code covered seven exchanges in a linked numbering scheme, with an additional digit for each exchange, as below.


01708, History
Internally, the 0402 code was translated to routing digits by registers to the same string of digits as 0708 plus an additional 8, which corresponded to the 8 in the local code from Romford Group Switching Centre to the local exchange. This technique was used to keep the dialled string down to the 10 digit limit that was imposed (though Stapleford only had 3 digit local numbers and South Ockendon 4 digits and so these could be dialled as 0708 8x xxx as well as the official 0402x xxx / xxxx.)


01708, History
The two codes operated as a single group for charging purposes in which all calls were priced at local rate. Additionally (and as is usual) calls to and from the adjacent charge groups were charged as local.


01708, History
The area was adjacent to the London telephone area and formed part of the London Telecommunications Region set up in the 1930s. The Upminster exchange was the last in the London region to convert from manual service in 1970 and the first to use the TXK system. The Stapleford exchange was the last in the region to use the UAX 13 Strowger automatic exchange system. After being decommissioned in 1992 the exchange, including the original building, became a working exhibit at Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings.


01708, History
In common with exchanges in areas adjacent to the London 01 area, local dialling codes were assigned. For example, Romford 5 digit numbers (which began with 2, 4, or 6) could be reached from 01 numbers by dialling 70 (instead of 0708), Romford 6 digit numbers (which began with 75 and were served by Romford South exchange) could be reached by dialling 3 instead of 0708 and Hornchurch numbers (5 digit) could be reached by dialling 49 instead of 04024.


01708, History
During the 1980s and early 1990s exchanges in the 0402 area gradually transitioned to 0708 and subscriber numbers were standardised at six digits. The 1979/80 code book shows South Ockendon as the first exchange to change code and subscriber numbers. By 1983 the South Ockendon change was shown to be complete and Purfleet numbers were in the process of being amended.


01708, History
After this was completed the code for the whole area changed on PhONEday in 1995 to 01708. The 0402 code was reused for mobile telephone numbers until it was abandoned again during the Big Number Change in 2000.


01708, Coverage
The code serves almost the whole of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London with exchanges at Romford, Hornchurch, Ingrebourne (in Harold Wood), Rainham and Upminster. There are three exchanges outside the borough in Essex at Purfleet, South Ockendon and Stapleford.


01708, Number allocation
Under the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:


01708, Number allocation
The area code is subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom restricts the size of number blocks that are allocated. The area code is expected to run out of subscriber numbers in 2028.


0181 (album)
0181 is a compilation album by Four Tet, released by Text Records in January 2013. Comprising non-album tracks that were recorded between 1997 and 2001, Kieran Hebden announced the release of the album on the morning of its release via his Twitter and Facebook pages.


0181 (album)
0181's name is a pre-2000 area code for London, where Hebden grew up.


0191
0191 is the UK telephone dialling code used by Newcastle, Durham, Sunderland and other nearby areas in the north east of England.


0191, Areas covered
Numbering in the 0191 area is officially divided into three distinct areas, each with their own batches of local subscriber numbers:


0191, Areas covered
In practice, some of the distinction between these areas has been lost due to differing levels of demand in each area and the need to find sufficient blocks of numbers for the many competing telephone companies that now exist. In particular, the original distinction between north Tyneside (2xx xxxx) and south Tyneside (4xx xxxx) has been obscured as the former range reached full capacity and recent allocations north of the Tyne have made use of spare capacity in the 4xx xxxx range.


0191, Areas covered
Further anomalies include Durham prefixes such as (0191) 350 being used by Cable & Wireless in Newcastle city centre and (0191) 275 being used by BT in South Shields, an area traditionally (0191) 4XX. New connections with Talk Talk have the prefix 447 or 340 no matter where in the 0191 area they reside and all new Sky telephone lines have the prefix 659, 660, 670 or 711 within the 0191 area, regardless of location.


0191, Areas covered
Local dialling omitting the area code and using only the seven digit subscriber number is possible throughout the area, regardless of location or service provider.


0191, Areas covered, 2010 Numbering Consultation
The release of local numbers starting 7, 8 and 9 followed consultation by Ofcom, in which the regulator stated its plans to issue remaining unused numbers in the 0191 area code in a way that preserves three distinct geographical groupings. Ofcom's initial proposal included allocating the 7xx xxxx range to Tyneside and the 8xx xxxx range to Sunderland. These assignments were reversed following consultation feedback from individuals and BT.


0191, History of the code
The original 091 area code was introduced in 1982 and phased in over a period of approximately five years. It was the newest two-figure STD code since the STD system was introduced into the UK, prior to London being split into two STD codes (071 and 081). It was later changed to 0191 as a part of PhONEday.


0191, History of the code
Although it had no letter mnemonic officially ascribed to the 9 (due to the code being introduced years after All Figure Dialling, which saw existing letter mnemonics being converted to their corresponding numbers), it was believed that the number was chosen because it could stand for the 'Y' in Tyneside or the 'W' in Wear, despite the code also being used in Durham, which previously used 0DU5 (0385).


0191, History of the code
The first area to be converted was Newcastle upon Tyne (0632) and the change over took about 20 months starting in 1982. Newcastle City Centre five-digit numbers in 0632 all began with 2, so 18 months before the scheme started, their numbers were prefixed with 3; that would allow the number 2 to be utilised for the North Tyne numbering part of the scheme. The first exchanges to convert to 7-digit dialling were Blaydon, Birtley, and Washington. Their local 6-digit numbers already began with 4 and were situated south of the River Tyne; to alleviate misdialling and confusion they were the first localities to convert. The main problem was that Blaydon numbers already began with 44 so misdialling in that exchange was inevitable.


0191, History of the code
To prevent misdialling between (0632) 44XXXX and (091) 444 XXXX, a plan was devised to change all South Tyne numbers beginning with the digit 4 to 7 digits by inserting 1 between the first two digits, making them (091) 41X XXXX instead. No similar problems occurred in North Tyneside as number 2 was no longer in use, 5 was not in use in Sunderland, and 3 was never used in Durham. Local numbers were changed as follows: from Birtley 40 to 410, Blaydon 44 to 414 and Washington 46 to 416. At the same time, Ryton, the only exchange in the Newcastle area with 4-figure numbers, was prefixed with 413. Ryton was still utilising the old 089,422 code for Newcastle Ring until its conversion to 091. Ryton was never upgraded to 0632 prior to seven-digit dialling.


0191, History of the code
All other numbers were prefixed with 2 north of the River Tyne and 4 south of it. Sunderland followed with the prefix 5 after the Tyneside scheme was completed, and Durham, again shortly after, with 3. Unlike Tyneside, whose changeover occurred in stages, the entire Durham and the entire Sunderland changeover occurred simultaneously overnight.


0191, History of the code
Five-digit numbers in Sunderland were prefixed with 51 or 56; e.g., Sunderland (0783) 72000 became (091) 567 2000, and (0783) 43077 became (091) 514 3077.


0191, History of the code
Five-digit numbers in Durham were prefixed with 38; e.g., Durham (0385) 64411 became (091) 386 4411.


01932
01932 is the national dialling code for Weybridge in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0932. The mnemonic for 0932 corresponds with WE 2 where WE are taken from the letters W and E in Weybridge.


01932
In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.


01932, Coverage
The dialling code contains seven telephone exchanges which serve a mostly urban and suburban area in the north west of Surrey on the outskirts of Greater London, centred on the town of Weybridge.


01932, Coverage
A telephone exchange previously existed in Longcross but its numbers were absorbed into the Chertsey exchange in the early 1970s.


01932, Coverage
Settlements served by the dialling code include: Addlestone, Byfleet, Chertsey, Cobham, Longcross, New Haw, Ottershaw, Shepperton, Stoke d'Abernon, Sunbury-on-Thames, Upper Halliford, Walton-on-Thames, Weybridge, Wisley.


01932, History
The Esher charge group contained two STD codes – 0932 with its Group switching centre (GSC) in Weybridge and 0372 with its GSC in Esher. Weybridge exchanges were not originally arranged in a linked numbering scheme, resulting in the necessity of local dialling codes to dial between exchanges. During the 1980s, the exchanges gradually became part of a linked numbering scheme with the STD code 0932 and the original 4 and 5 figure numbers became 6 figure.


01932, History
Calls from the Esher charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:


01932, History
Telephone exchanges in 0486 were gradually transferred into 0483, and added to the Guildford linked numbering scheme.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Local dialling codes for Weybridge exchanges were translated into routing digits by the directors in London telephone exchanges. The combined length of a local dialling code and number on the exchange was always 7 figures.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Direct connections were provided between Guildford and Byfleet, Cobham, Walton-on-Thames, and Weybridge exchanges. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Weybridge. The unpublished dialling codes 9733, 9736, and 9732 would also have worked for Byfleet, Cobham, and Walton-on-Thames respectively in 1963 with the call routed via Weybridge.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Cobham and Walton-on-Thames had been incorporated into the Weybridge linked numbering scheme by 1984. Their previous dialling codes would have been 926 and 922 respectively.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Walton-on-Thames was a very well interconnected telephone exchange with a tidy arrangement of local dialling codes: 9 was the code for its parent Weybridge; 8 was the code for a direct connection to Esher; 5x were the codes for direct connections to other non-director exchanges; 6x were the codes for direct connections to nearby London director exchanges.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Calls to HOUnslow and ISLeworth London director exchanges were routed via Weybridge exchange. Calls to LOWer Hook exchange were routed via Esher exchange.


01932, Former local dialling codes
Other London director exchanges were reached by dialling 7 and the first three letters of the exchange name followed by the 4 figure number. E.g. for a call to WHItehall 1212, dial "7 WHI 1212".


01:59PM
01:59PM is the first studio album by South Korean boy band, 2PM. The album was released in digital and physical format by November 10, 2009. This would be the only 2PM album in which Jay Park would sing, although his face was excluded from the cover following his departure from the band.


01:59PM, Teasers
On October 30, 2009, a clock appeared on 2PM's official website, counting down from 70:40. While netizens predicted that it would reach zero at 4:30PM on November 2, the clock instead froze when it reached 1:59; at that time, the teaser for "기다리다 지친다" ("Tired of Waiting"), was released, drawing much interest from netizens. Another countdown began for the full song, which was released with the album cover on November 3 at 12:00 AM, when the clock again stopped at 1:59. The next teaser for the second track "너에게 미쳤었다" ("I Was Crazy About You") appeared on November 5 with the same procedure, and the full song the next day. The 6 members then each released teaser clips on YouTube.


01:59PM, Chart performance
Upon release, both the album and title track, "Heartbeat", quickly rose to the number one position on multiple music sales charts.


01SJ Biennial
The 01SJ Biennial is a multi-disciplinary, multi-venue event of visual and performing arts, the moving image, public art, and interactive digital media held biannually in San Jose, California, curated by ZER01's artistic director Steve Dietz.


01SJ Biennial, History
The inaugural Biennial took place in 2006 in conjunction with the 13th International Symposium on Electronic Art (ISEA). It drew upwards of 20,000 attendees from around the globe and contributed $6 million to the local economy. The second 01SJ Biennial in 2008 drew 45,000 attendees, generated $9 million in revenue for the local economy, and established the Biennial as a significant new festival of contemporary art.


01SJ Biennial, History
The Biennial's primary venues are located in downtown San Jose but with each subsequent Biennial more satellite projects and parallel programs have been added in cities throughout Silicon Valley.


01SJ Biennial, History
The 2010 01SJ Biennial occurred September 16–19, 2010 and is themed "Build Your Own World", which posits that the future is not about what's next; it's about what we can build to ensure that what's next matters.


02 (Urban Zakapa album)
02 is a studio album released by South Korean group Urban Zakapa. The lead single is "I Hate You" (Hangul: "니가 싫어"). "River" and "All The Same" ("똑같은 사랑 똑같은 이별") were pre-released. The album was nominated on 10th Korean Music Awards as Best R&B and Soul Album  and licensed by Avex Taiwan as Taiwan exclusive version, same as 02.


02 Panic Room
"02 Panic Room" is a single by progressive rock band Riverside. It was released on June 15, 2007 as the first single from the album Rapid Eye Movement, which was released October 8, 2007.


02 Panic Room, Background
This release features four tracks, and was released on the large prog rock label InsideOut Music.


02 Panic Room, Background
The EP continues with the more raw and heavy feel, as first seen on Second Life Syndrome. The third track, Back to the River, borrows the "Syd's Theme" motif from Pink Floyd's, "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", featured at the 4:32-mark.


02 Panic Room, Background
It cost 5 zł (ca 1,2 eur). It was certified gold by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry.


02 Panic Room, Track listing
All lyrics are written by Mariusz Duda; all music is composed by Riverside (Mariusz Duda, Piotr Grudziński, Michał Łapaj, Piotr Kozieradzki).


020
020 is the national dialling code for London in the United Kingdom. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of eight digits and it has capacity for approaching 100 million telephone numbers. The code is used at 170 telephone exchanges in and around Greater London as part of the largest linked numbering scheme in the United Kingdom. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling London from abroad.


020
The 020 area code fully replaced older area codes for London on 22 April 2000, following multiple telephone number changes during the 1990s.


020
As is the case for other codes in the UK, the 020 area code may also be used for services without any physical presence in the area, such as private networks or virtual numbering. As one such user is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Telecommunications Network, provided by Global Crossing, 020 is also one of the dialling codes used for telephone services on the remote South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha.


020, History, London telephone area
Before the introduction of national dialling codes, the area now served by 020 had a large multiple telephone exchange system, called the London telephone area. The first exchange in this area, Central, was opened in the City of London on 1 March 1902. The Director telephone system was developed so that subscribers in London could call one another in a linked numbering scheme regardless of whether they were on a manual local exchange or an automatic one.


020, History, London telephone area
In 1927, Holborn, the first Director automatic exchange in London, was cut over to the new system at midnight on Saturday 12 November. Because it was mainly a business exchange, most subscribers did not use the new system until Monday 14 November. The successful changeover was delayed by subscribers' unfamiliarity with dialling. Bishopgate and Sloane exchanges followed in six weeks, after which came Western and Monument exchanges. Because the London area contained 80 exchanges, complete conversion took many years.


020, History, London telephone area
By 1934, the London telephone area comprised all 147 exchanges within 12.5 miles (20.1 km) of Oxford Circus. By 1950, the London Director system had 75 exchanges within a 5-mile (8.0 km) radius of Oxford Circus and a further 65 in the 5–10-mile (8–16 km) belt. In Greater London (in other words, within 20 miles (32 km) of Oxford Circus), there were 237 exchanges. In January 1956 a new director exchange – "SKYport" – was opened at London Heathrow Airport.


020, History, Exchange codes
From 1922, the first three digits of a seven-digit subscriber number – in other words, the local exchange codes – were represented with letters by way of a mnemonic. Each three-character code corresponded to an exchange within the London telephone area. The subscriber numbers were written, for example, as "ABBey 1234" and "WIMbledon 1234" or "ABB 1234" and "WIM 1234". By 1965, there were 350 local exchanges in London and the number of permutations that could be used for exchange names had been exhausted.


020, History, Exchange codes
With the change to all-figure dialling in 1966, the system of mnemonics was withdrawn and the three-digit local exchange codes of many subscribers were altered. The old codes continued to work in parallel with new codes until January 1970, when the "ANN: All-figure Numbers Now" advertising campaign prompted callers to use only the new codes. The transition to all-figure dialling allowed the codes to be grouped into eight sectors; all exchanges within 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the centre of London formed the Central sector and the other sectors radiated from it.


020, History, Exchange codes
The first three digits of a subscriber number continued to indicate the exchange to which the number belonged; for example, "222 1234" was in Westminster (Central Sector) and "946 1234" in Wimbledon (South West Sector). More than one local exchange code was usually overlaid for each area, so all Wimbledon numbers did not necessarily begin "946". Subscriber numbers changed to eight digits in 2000 when an additional 7 or 8 was added to each local exchange code (for example, "7222 1234" in Westminster and "8946 1234" in Wimbledon).


020, History, STD code
The STD code 01 was assigned to the London telephone area on 6 April 1959 as part of preparations for subscriber trunk dialling. For the next thirty years, "01" became synonymous with the capital. Until May 1990, the 01 code covered the same area as the current 020 code and had capacity for fewer than 10 million telephone numbers.


020, History, STD code
In May 1990, the 01 code was abandoned and the area divided between 071 – which covered exchanges in the Central sector – and 081, which covered all other sectors. Exceptionally, two exchanges in the East sector covering the London Docklands redevelopment area were assigned the 071 code. The anticipation that the code associated with central districts would be more prestigious than the other associated with the outer suburbs was used as a plot device in the Essex-based TV comedy series Birds of a Feather. At the time of the split, there were five local exchange codes assigned to Mercury Communications and numbers in these ranges could be assigned to either code. This area code split doubled the potential capacity. In 1995, on "PhONEday", the codes changed again, to 0171 and 0181.


020, History, STD code
The split into two area codes only lasted a decade. As part of the Big Number Change on 22 April 2000, the 0171 and 0181 codes were replaced with 020, following a period of dual-running that began on 1 June 1999 when the new 020 code was activated and ended on 14 October 2000 when the old 0171 and 0181 codes were finally ceased. The 22 April 2000 change also affected subscriber local numbers which gained an extra digit. "0171-xxx xxxx" numbers changed to "(020) 7xxx xxxx", while "0181-xxx xxxx" numbers became "(020) 8xxx xxxx". As a result of this history, there is now a widespread misconception that 0207 and 0208 are the dialling codes for parts of London. This was exacerbated when local numbers beginning 3 started to be issued.


020, History, STD code
The reunification under a single code created capacity for approaching 100 million telephone numbers and, starting in 2005, subscriber numbers beginning with the digit "3" were issued alongside those beginning "7" and "8". In August 2019, Ofcom announced that subscriber numbers beginning with the digit "4" will also be introduced.


020, History, Charge group
The London telephone area operated as a single group for charging purposes in which all calls were priced at local rate. Additionally, as was usual, calls to and from the adjacent charge groups were charged as local.


020, Coverage
The code serves a roughly circular area with a radius of 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the centre of London. The Greater London boundary varies from 17 kilometres (11 mi) to 32 kilometres (20 mi) from the centre and consequently some outer districts are covered by adjacent codes and in some places the 020 code extends beyond the Greater London boundary. The code covers an area larger than the London post town where letters addressed to "LONDON" are delivered.


020, Coverage
The City of London and at least some part of all 32 London boroughs are within the 020 area code. There are six exchanges outside Greater London that use the 020 code. Communities outside Greater London that are within the code are Buckhurst Hill, Chigwell, Loughton and Sewardstone in Essex; Borehamwood, Bushey, Carpenders Park, Elstree and South Oxhey in Hertfordshire; and Ewell, Molesey, Thames Ditton and Whyteleafe in Surrey.


020, Coverage
There are eighteen exchanges within Greater London that do not use the 020 code. The six boroughs that have significant areas within other codes are Bexley, partly within the Dartford (01322) code; Bromley, partly within the Orpington (01689) and Westerham (01959) codes; Croydon, partly within the Orpington (01689) and Redhill (01737) codes; Enfield, partly within the Waltham Cross (01992) code; Havering, mostly within the Romford (01708) code; and Hillingdon, partly within the Uxbridge (01895), Slough (01753) and Watford (01923) codes.


020, Number allocation
With the introduction of the (020) area code, as part of the Big Number Change, subscriber numbers were changed from 7-digits (xxx xxxx) to 8-digits (xxxx xxxx). This allowed new ranges of numbers to be issued. Under the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:


020, Number allocation
In 2006 59% of numbers within the 020 code were allocated to BT. The area code is not subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom does not restrict the size of number blocks that are allocated.


020120
020120 is a live album from The Mad Capsule Markets. It was recorded live on January 20, 2002 at Zepp Tokyo. The music is basically material from the Osc-Dis and the 010 albums, but it did include a faster version of  Kami-Uta as an encore track and for the intro tape, the show opens with Crass' song Gotcha (who inspired the band in their earlier days). The UK version issued the live DVD alongside the CD with a slightly altered track listing from the Japanese version (there was no Kami Uta and Interview on the DVD) but it made the fanbase of The Mad Capsule Markets much stronger.


0202
0202 is the fourth studio album by Australian alternative rock group the Rubens, released on 12 February 2021 by Ivy League Records.


0202
The album was announced on 15 October 2020, alongside the release of the video for the album's third single, "Time of My Life". After releasing "Live in Life" in November 2019, the group were looking towards a release date of mid-2020 for the album, however, due to COVID-19 restrictions, progress and the postponed Live in Life Tour from March 2020, the album was delayed.


0202
The title 0202 refers to a "forward-thinking album for a backward year". In a press statement, the band said "We're so bloody proud of this album and the way we created it, and we can't believe how lucky we are to have made it this far."


0202
The album will be supported by an Australian tour commencing in April 2021.


0202, Critical reception
Josh Leeson from The Newcastle Herald said the group have "...taken significant steps towards pop and R'n'B... and the Rubens sound all the better for it"; concluding with "0202 might be named after the most horrible year in recent memory for most people, but the Rubens have delivered an upbeat slice of pop sweetness."


0202, Critical reception
Zoë Radas from Stack Magazine said the Rubens are "emerging with a classy collection of tunes that document a topsy-turvy year. Self-produced, the songs have a distinct pop sheen, though the cruisy vibe often belies a darker edge."


0202, Critical reception
Triple J said "The Rubens have come out of 2020—the backward year—with a body of work which sees the band continue to push and expand themselves creatively and sonically. Self-producing their own work for the very first time, The Rubens bring to life their infectious energy in a 12-track alt-pop, RnB, pop and hip hop infused record."


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of Al-Qa'ida or An Associated Force


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
This white paper sets forth a legal framework for considering the circumstances in which the U.S. government could use lethal force in a foreign country outside the area of active hostilities against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force of al-Qa'ida—that is, an al-Qa'ida leader actively engaged in planning operations to kill Americans.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
The paper does not attempt to determine the minimum requirements necessary to render such an operation lawful; nor does it assess what might be required to render a lethal operation against a U.S. citizen lawful in other circumstances, including an operation against enemy forces on a traditional battlefield or an operation against a U.S. citizen who is not a senior operational leader of such forces.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
Here the Department of Justice concludes only that where the following three conditions are met, a U.S. operation using lethal force in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force would be lawful: (1) an informed; high-level official of the U.S. government has determined that the targeted individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is infeasible, and the United States continues to monitor whether capture becomes feasible; and (3) the operation would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles. This conclusion is reached with recognition of the extraordinary seriousness of a lethal operation by the United States against a U.S. citizen, and also of the extraordinary seriousness of the threat posed by senior operational al-Qa'ida members and the loss of life that would result were their operations successful.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
The President has authority to respond to the imminent threat posed by al-Qa'ida and its associated forces, arising from his constitutional responsibility to protect the country, the inherent right of the United States to national self-defense under international law, Congress's authorization of the use of all necessary and appropriate military force against this enemy, and the existence of an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida under international law. Based on these authorities, the President may use force against al-Qa'ida and its associated forces.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
As detailed in this white paper, in defined circumstances, targeted killing of a U.S. citizen who has joined al-Qa'ida or its associated forces would be lawful under U.S. and international law. Targeting a member of an enemy force who poses an imminent threat of violent attack to the United States is not unlawful. It is a lawful act of national self-defense. Nor would it violate otherwise applicable federal laws barring unlawful killings in Title 18 or the assassination ban in Executive Order No 12333.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
Moreover, a lethal operation in a foreign nation would be consistent with international legal principles of sovereignty and neutrality if it were conducted, for example, with the consent of the host nation's government or after a determination that the host nation is unable or unwilling to suppress the threat posed by the individual targeted.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
Were the target of a lethal operation a U.S. citizen who may have rights under the Due Process Clause and the Fourth Amendment, that individual's citizenship would not immunize him from a lethal operation. Under the traditional due process balancing analysis of Mathews v. Eldridge, we recognize that there is no private interest more weighty than a person's interest in his life.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
But that interest must be balanced against the United States' interest in forestalling the threat of violence and death to other Americans that arises from an individual who is a senior operational leader of al-Q'aida or an associated force of al-Q'aida and who is engaged in plotting against the United States.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
The paper begins with a summary of the authority for the use of force in the situation described here, including the authority to target a U.S. citizen having the characteristics described above with lethal force outside the area of active hostilities. It continues with the constitutional questions, considering first whether a lethal operation against such a U.S. citizen would be consistent with the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, U.S. Const, amend. V. As part of the due process analysis, the paper explains the concepts of "imminence," feasibility of capture, and compliance with applicable law of war principles.


020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction
The paper then discusses whether such an operation would be consistent with the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on unreasonable seizures, U.S. Const, amend. IV; It concludes that where certain conditions are met, a lethal operation against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces—a terrorist organization engaged in constant plotting against the United States, as well as an enemy force with which the United States is in a congressionally authorized armed conflict—and who himself poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States, would not violate the Constitution. The paper also includes an analysis concluding that such an operation would not violate certain criminal provisions prohibiting the killing of U.S. nationals outside the United States; nor would it constitute either the commission of a war crime or an assassination prohibited by Executive Order 12333.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
The United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida and its associated forces, and Congress has authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those entities. See Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF"), Pub. L. No. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. 224, 224 (2001).


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
In addition to the authority arising from the AUMF, the President's use of force against al-Qa'ida and associated forces is lawful under other principles of U.S. and international law, including the President's constitutional responsibility to protect the nation and the inherent right to national self-defense recognized in international law (see, e.g., U.N. Charter art. 51). It was on these bases that the United States responded to the attacks of September 11, 2001, and "[t]hese domestic and international legal authorities continue to this day." Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, Address to the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: The Obama Administration and International Law (Mar. 25,2010) (" Koh ASIL Speech]").


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
Any operation of the sort discussed here would be conducted in a foreign country against a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces who poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States. The use of force under such circumstances would be justified as an act of national self-defense. Also, such a person would be within the core of individuals against whom Congress has authorized the use of necessary and appropriate force. The fact that such a person would also be a U.S. citizen would not alter this conclusion.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
The Supreme Court has held that the military may constitutionally use force against a U.S. citizen who is a part of enemy forces. See Hamdi, 542 U.S. 507, 518 (2004) (plurality opinion); id. at 587, 597 (Thomas, J., dissenting); Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U.S. at 37-38. Like the imposition of military detention, the use of lethal force against such enemy forces is an "important incident of war." Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 518 (plurality opinion) (quotation omitted).


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See, e.g., General Orders No. 100: Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field ¶ 15 (Apr. 24, 1863) ("[military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies") (emphasis omitted); International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 Aug. 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol II) § 4789 (1987) ("Those who belong to armed forces or armed groups may be attacked at any time.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
"); Yoram Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities Under the Law of International Armed Conflict  94 (2004) ("When a person takes up arms or merely dons a uniform as a member of the armed forces, he automatically exposes himself to enemy attack."). Accordingly, the Department does not believe that U.S. citizenship would immunize a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces from a use of force abroad authorized by the AUMF or in national self-defense.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
In addition, the United States retains its authority to use force against al-Qa'ida and associated forces outside the area of active hostilities when it targets a senior operational leader of the enemy forces who are actively engaged in planning operations to kill Americans. The United States is currently in a non-international armed conflict with al-Qa'ida and its associated forces.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 628-31 (2006) (holding that a conflict between a nation and a transnational non-state actor, occurring outside the nation's territory, is an armed conflict "not of an international character" (quoting Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions) because it is not a "clash between nations"). Any U.S. operation would be part of this non-international armed conflict, even if it were to take place away from the zone of active hostilities.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See John O. Brennan, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, Remarks at the Program on Law and Security, Harvard Law School: Strengthening Our Security by Adhering to Our Values and Laws (September. 16, 2011) ("The United States does not view our authority to use military force against al-Qa'ida as being restricted solely to 'hot' battlefields like Afghanistan."). For example, the AUMF itself does not set forth an express geographic limitation on the use of force it authorizes.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See Hamdan, 548 U.S. at 631 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (what makes a non-international armed conflict distinct from an international armed conflict is "the legal status of the entities opposing each other"). None of the three branches of the U.S. Government has identified a strict geographical limit on the permissible scope of the AUMF's authorization.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See, e.g., Letter for the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate from the President (June 15, 2010) (reporting that the armed forces, with the assistance of numerous international partners, continue to conduct operations "against al-Qa'ida terrorists," and that the United States has "deployed combat-equipped forces to a number of locations in the U.S. Central... Command area[] of operation in support of those [overseas counter-terrorist] operations"); Bensayah v. Obama, 610 F.3d 718, 720, 724-25, 727 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (concluding that an individual turned over to the United States in Bosnia could be detained if the government demonstrates he was part of al-Qa'ida); al-Adahi v. Obama, 613 F.3d 1102,1003,11U (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting authority under AUMF to detain individual apprehended by Pakistani authorities in Pakistan and then transferred to U.S. custody)


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
Claiming that for purposes of international law, an armed conflict generally exists only when there is "protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups," Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 70 (Int'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, App. Chamber Oct. 2,1995), some commenters have suggested that the conflict between the United States and al-Qa'ida cannot lawfully extend to nations outside Afghanistan in which the level of hostilities is less intense or prolonged than in Afghanistan itself.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See e.g., Mary Ellen O'Connell, Combatants and the Combat Zone, 43 U. Rich. L. Rev. 845,857-59 (2009). There is little judicial or other authoritative precedents that speaks directly to the question of the geographic scope of a non-international armed conflict in which one of the parties is a transnational, non-state actor and where the principal theater of operations is not within the territory of the nation that is a party to the conflict. Thus, in considering this potential issue, the Department looks to principles and statements from analogous contexts.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
The Department has not found any authority for the proposition that when one of the parties to an armed conflict plans and executes operations from a base in a new nation, an operation to engage the enemy in that location cannot be part of the original armed conflict, and thus subject to the laws of war governing that conflict unless the hostilities become sufficiently intense and protracted in the new location. That does not appear to be the rule of the historical practice, for instance, even in a traditional international conflict.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
See John R. Stevenson, Legal Adviser, Department of State, United States Military Action in Cambodia: Questions of International Law, Address before the Hammarskjold Forum of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York (May 28, 1970), in 3 The Vietnam War and International Law: The Widening Context 23,28-30 (Richard A. Falk, ed. 1972) (arguing that in an international armed conflict, if a neutral state has been unable for any reason to prevent violations of its neutrality by the troops of one belligerent Using its territory as a base of operations, the other belligerent has historically been justified in attacking those enemy forces in that state).


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
Particularly in a non-international armed conflict, where terrorist organizations may move their base of operations from one country to another, the determination of whether a particular operation would be part of an ongoing armed conflict would require consideration of the particular facts and circumstances in each case, including the fact that transnational non-state organizations such as al-Qa'ida may have no single site serving as their base of operations. See also, e.g., Geoffrey S. Corn & Eric Talbot Jensen, Untying the Gordian Knot: A Proposal for Determining Applicability of the Laws of War to the War on Terror, 81 Temp.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
L. Rev. 787, 799 (2008) ("If... the ultimate purpose of the drafters of the Geneva Conventions was to prevent 'law avoidance' by developing de facto law triggers—a purpose consistent with the humanitarian foundation of the treaties—then the myopic focus on the geographic nature of armed conflict in the context of transnational counterterrorism combat operations serves to frustrate that purpose. ").


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
If an operation of the kind discussed in this paper were to occur in a location where al-Qa'ida or an associated force has a significant and organized presence and from which al-Qa'ida or an associated force, including its senior operational leaders, plan attacks against U.S. persons and interests, the operation would be part of the non-international armed conflict between the United States and al-Qa'ida that the Supreme Court recognized in Hamdan.


020413 DOJ White Paper, I.
Moreover, such an operation would be consistent with international legal principles of sovereignty and neutrality if it were conducted, for example, with the consent of the host nation's government or after a determination that the host nation is unable or unwilling to suppress the threat posed by the individual targeted. In such circumstances, targeting a U.S. citizen of the kind described in this paper would be authorized under the AUMF and the inherent right to national self-defense. Given this authority, the question becomes whether and what further restrictions may limit its"exercise.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II.
The Department assumes that the rights afforded by the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, as well as the Fourth Amendment, attach to a U.S. citizen even while he is abroad. See Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 5-6 (1957) (plurality opinion); United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259,269-70 (1990); see also In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa, 552 F.3d 157, 170 n.7 (2d-Cir. 2008). The U.S. citizenship of a leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces, however, does not give that person constitutional immunity from attack. This paper next considers whether and in what circumstances a lethal operation would violate any possible constitutional protections of a U.S. citizen.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
The Due Process Clause would not prohibit a lethal operation of the sort contemplated here. In Hamdi, a plurality of the Supreme Court used the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing test to analyze the Fifth Amendment due process rights of a U.S. citizen who had been captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and detained in the United States, and who wished to challenge the government's assertion that he was part of enemy forces.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
The Court explained that the "process due in any given instance is determined by weighing 'the private interest that will be affected by the official action' against the Government's asserted interest, 'including the function involved' and the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process." Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 529 (plurality opinion) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,335 (1976)).


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
The due process balancing analysis applied to determine the Fifth Amendment rights of a U.S. citizen concerning law-of-war detention supplies the framework for assessing the process due a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of an enemy force planning violent attacks against Americans before he is subjected to lethal targeting.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
In the circumstances considered here, the interests on both sides would be weighty. See Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 529 (plurality opinion) ("It is beyond question that substantial interests lie on both sides of the scale in this case."). An individual's interest in avoiding erroneous deprivation of his life is "uniquely compelling." See Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 178 (1985) ("The private interest in the accuracy of a criminal proceeding that places an individual's life or liberty at risk is almost uniquely compelling."). No private interest is more substantial.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
At the same time, the government's interest in waging war, protecting its citizens, and removing the threat posed by members of enemy forces is also compelling. Cf. Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 531 (plurality opinion) ("On the other side of the scale are the weighty and sensitive governmental interests in ensuring that those who have fought with the enemy during a war do not return to battle against the United States.").


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
As the Hamdi plurality observed, in the "circumstances of war," "the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citizen's liberty in the absence of sufficient process ... is very real," id. at 530 (plurality opinion), and, of course, the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citizen's life is even more significant.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
But, "the realities of combat" render certain uses of force "necessary and appropriate," including force against U.S. citizens who have joined enemy forces in the armed conflict against the US and whose activities pose an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States - and "due process analysis need not blink at those realities." Id. at 531 (plurality opinion). These same realities must also be considered in assessing "the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process" to a member of enemy forces. Id. at 529, 531 (plurality opinion).


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
Given these interests and practical considerations, the United States would be able to use lethal force against a U.S. citizen, who is located outside the United States and is an operational leader continually planning attacks against U.S. persons and interests, in at least the following circumstances: (1) where an informed, high-level official of the.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
U.S. government has determined that the targeted individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) where a capture operation would be infeasible—and where those conducting the operation continue to monitor whether capture becomes feasible; and (3) where such an operation would be conducted consistent with applicable law of war principles.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
In these circumstances, the "realities" of the conflict and the weight of the government's interest in protecting its citizens from an imminent attack are such that the Constitution would not require the government to provide further process to such a U.S. citizen before using lethal force. Cf. Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 535 (plurality opinion) (noting that the Court "accord[s] the greatest respect and consideration to the judgments of military authorities in matters relating to the actual prosecution of war, and...


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
the scope of that discretion necessarily is wide"); id. at 534 (plurality opinion) ("The parties agree that initial captures on the battlefield need not receive the process we have discussed here; that process is due only when the determination is made to continue to hold those who have been seized.") (emphasis omitted).


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
Certain aspects of this legal framework require additional explication. First, the condition that an operational leader presents an "imminent" threat of violent attack against the United States does not require the United States to have clear evidence that a specific attack on U.S. persons and interests will take place in the immediate future.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
Given the nature of, for example, the terrorist attacks on September 11, in which civilian airliners were hijacked to strike the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, this definition of imminence, which would require the United States to refrain from action until preparations for an attack are concluded, would not allow the United States sufficient time to defend itself. The defensive options available to the United States may be reduced or eliminated if al-Qa'ida operatives disappear and cannot be found when the time of their attack approaches.


020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.
Consequently, concerning al-Qa'ida leaders who are continually planning attacks, the United States is likely to have only a limited window of opportunity within which to defend Americans in a manner that has both a high likelihood of success and sufficiently reduces the probabilities of civilian casualties. See Michael N. Schmitt, State-Sponsored Assassination in International and Domestic Law, 17. Yale J. Int'l L. 609, 648 (1992). Furthermore, a "terrorist 'war' does not consist of a massive attack across an international border, nor does it consist of one isolated incident that occurs and is then past.