1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Modern Day
In 2000 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Armoured Engineer Squadron under 21st Engineer Regiment. By 2003 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Field Squadron. The squadron then deployed with 21 Engineer Regiment on Operation Telic two times; Operation Telic V (November 2004—April 2005) and Operation Telic XI (December 2006—June 2008). By 2008 following the Delivering Security in Changing World reforms of 2003, the 21st Engineer Regiment moved to Ripon Lines in Catterick in 2008 along with the brigade they were supporting, the 4th Mechanised Brigade. Just before move as a result of the Army 2020 reforms, the squadron had the following structure;


1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Modern Day
In 2010 the initial Army 2020 reforms were announced, and the 21st Engineer Regiment was moved under control of the 12th Force Support Engineer Group [Being name to Force Support from Air Support in 2014], itself under the 8th Engineer Brigade. This group was initially assigned to support the army through engineering support and providing engineering to the Adaptable Force (1st (United Kingdom) Division). The regiment saw two more deployments in Afghanistan; Operation Herrick XII (April—October 2010) and Operation Herrick XVII (October 2012—April 2013). Following the Army 2020 refines, the squadron is still part of 21 Engineer Regiment, now supporting the 1st Strike Brigade. The squadron and regiment are currently based at Claro Barracks.


1 GAME: Football without violence
The 1 GAME: Football without violence campaign was founded in June 2010, by Nigerian TV Presenter Philip Obaji. The initiative seeks to promote peaceful co-existence among supporters involved in football followership. It draws support from past and present footballers, football administrators, and celebrities, mostly from Nigeria.


1 GAME: Football without violence
It campaigns to put an end to violence and fanaticism in football, using its website to call on football enthusiasts to rise up in support of its call for an end to fanaticism and vices in the game.


1 GAME: Football without violence
As of May 2011, more than one hundred thousand people have signed up to be part of the campaign, a campaign that was widely lauded by Livescore.press, including Jamaica's Reggae Musician Shaggy, Hip-hop duo P-Square, former England striker John Fashanu; former Nigeria National football team players Christian Chukwu, Mutiu Adepoju, Henry Nwosu, Efe Sodje and Jonathan Akpoborie; Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) President Aminu Maigari and some members of NFF Executive Committee.


1 Geminorum
1 Geminorum (1 Gem) is a star in the constellation Gemini. Its apparent magnitude is 4.15.


1 Geminorum
In the 19th century, John Flamsteed numbered the brighter stars, by constellation, from west to east, and 1 Geminorum was the first star listed in Gemini. It is also listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as star 2134, usually designated HR 2134 with the HR standing for the Harvard Revised catalog, the precursor to the Bright Star Catalogue.


1 Geminorum
In 1948, 1 Geminorum was discovered to be a close double star whilst using it to focus a telescope for observations of the planet Uranus. From initial observations of the spectrum, it was estimated that both components were giants and that the secondary was itself double. Radial velocity variations had been found in 1906, but only one set of absorption lines could be detected in the spectrum and it was not possible to calculate a reliable orbit until 1976.


1 Geminorum
1 Geminorum is a triple star system 0.17 degree south of the ecliptic. The primary component of the system, 1 Geminorum A, is a K-type red clump giant star around twice the mass of the Sun. Component A is orbited by a spectroscopic binary pair of stars at a separation of about 9.4 astronomical units every 4877.6 days. The two secondary components, 1 Geminorum Ba and Bb, have not been resolved, but regular periodic Doppler shifts in the spectrum indicate orbital motion of a binary pairing consisting of an F-type subgiant and a solar-mass star that may be G-type, separated by approximately 0.1234 astronomical units.


1 Geminorum
In 1893, a 14th magnitude companion was reported by Sherburne Wesley Burnham 94″ from the naked-eye star, but it is a distant background object.


1 Geminorum
1 Geminorum is listed as a suspected variable star with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitudes.


1 Giant Leap
1 Giant Leap is a British electronic music duo consisting of the two principal artists, Jamie Catto (Faithless founding member) and Duncan Bridgeman.


1 Giant Leap, Career
Based in the UK, the two musicians set out to create a multimedia project that would encompass a CD, DVD and cinematic presentation that would offer a complete artistic statement. The project offers music, digital video footage shot over the course of six months by Catto and Bridgeman, images, rhythms and spoken word content.


1 Giant Leap, Career
The band was signed to the Palm record label and its eponymous CD was released on 9 April 2002. It features contributions from Dennis Hopper, Kurt Vonnegut, Michael Stipe, Robbie Williams, Eddi Reader, Tom Robbins, Brian Eno, Baaba Maal, Speech, Asha Bhosle, Neneh Cherry, Anita Roddick, Michael Franti, Zap Mama, and other artists and authors. The band's theme for the project is "Unity Through Diversity". A making-of was also shown on the Discovery Channel, which featured some of the effort involved in finding and working with the musicians and other people involved in the project.


1 Giant Leap, Career
1 Giant Leap's "My Culture" video for their first top ten single, featuring Robbie Williams and Maxi Jazz from Faithless, received extensive airplay.


1 Giant Leap, Career
In 2004, they moved on to a deal with Simon Fuller and 19 Entertainment to make a second film and album entitled What About Me? The concept was the same as their initial CD and DVD—travelling the world interviewing artists and sampling music—though the second time around their journey was longer (four years) and doubling the number of contributing artists from their debut release.


1 Giant Leap, Reception
In a review for NPR's All Things Considered, Charles deLedesma said that the album and DVD had "an uphill marketing struggle ... because it isn't easily pigeonholed. But that's its real strength, too. This production presents a luscious, cohesive collection of images, ideas and extremely beautiful world music, which flows here with the voices of three continents."


1 Giant Leap (album)
1 Giant Leap is the self-titled debut album by English electronic music duo 1 Giant Leap. Beginning in October 1999, its two members, Jamie Catto and Duncan Bridgeman, travelled across the world for six months to record vocals and music by various vocalists and musicians from Senegal, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and the United States, before returning to London in March 2000. The album was released on DVD in September 2002.


1 Girl 5 Gays
1 Girl 5 Gays, sometimes abbreviated as 1g5g, was a Canadian talk show that premiered on October 14, 2009 on MTV Canada. In October 2010, gay-interest sister network Logo picked up the program and started airing it in the United States. Aliya Jasmine Sovani was the host for the first three seasons and part of the fourth. Lauren Collins, known for her role as Paige Michalchuk on Degrassi, replaced Sovani as the host.


1 Girl 5 Gays
Out Magazine described the show as containing "frank, often curse-laced discussions about bareback sex, masturbation and one-night stands", and analogised it with "The View meets Dr. Ruth, only with hot gay men instead of menopausal madams".


1 Girl 5 Gays, Format
In each episode, one female (or "one girl") — Aliya Jasmine Sovani from 2009 to 2013, and Lauren Collins from 2013 to 2014, sits down with five panelists (or "five gays"), usually gay men but occasionally lesbian women, to discuss 20 questions about love and sex. The "five gays" in each episode are a rotating panel, each having differing backgrounds and points of view. The fast-paced discussion explores serious themes as well as lighthearted topics dealing with romance and pleasure.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Format
The show also featured special episodes, such as a high school edition, HIV+ men, co-ed episodes featuring lesbians and gays at the same time and more.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Format
At the end of the fourth season, the show presented two special episodes featuring twenty "gays" departing the show, as producers chose to begin season five with a new cast, who were introduced 30 September 2013. MTV Canada resumed airing episodes with the new cast and Collins on October 4, 2013, but as of February 2014, Logo had not yet begun airing the show's fifth season; the show's official Twitter feed noted on March 17, 2014 that Logo had opted not to continue airing episodes after the end of season four.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Format
When the show aired during prime time, some segments were grayed out and muted, with a notice that the uncensored show would air later.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Panelists
The rotating panel of gay men included Michael Yerxa, Alex Illest, Jean-Paul Bevilacqua, Juan Manuel Gonzalez Calcaneo, Jonathan Morton-Schuster, Matt Barker, Dean McArthur, Matt Santos, Philip Tetro, Ian Lynch, Andrew Edwards, Jake Mossop, Thomas Trafford, Ish, Jonathan Nathaniel, Gerry King, Simon Lysnes, Max Claude, Alex Brown, Jason Yantha, Dillon Scheenaard, JP Larocque, Rafay Agha, Gabriel Rojas, Jae MT, Kiel Hughes, Gaelan Love, Michael Lehman, Shawn Hitchins, Taylor James, Thomas Haskell, Chris Corsini, David Robert, Maurie Sherman, Ralph Rosario, Brad Blaylock, Ryan Carter, Ibrahim Hasan, Scott Do, Matthew Agius, Micha Baltman, Anthony Berarco, Matt Sims, Perez Hilton, James Bar, Jeffrey Bowers, Brett Ashley, Chase Hutchinson, Jonathan D. Lovitz, Mitchell Boucher, Mike Germanotta, Jamie Gillingham and Taurel Lorenz.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Panelists
A smaller number of episodes featured a panel of lesbians, including Brittany Leigh, Christina Mac, Brittany Emmons, Courtney Jean Milner, Valerie Bosso and Nicole DeLargie.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Cancellation
The program's cancellation was announced in 2014, as part of significant staffing and production cutbacks at Bell Media.


1 Girl 5 Gays, Cancellation
In 2021 it was announced at Bell Media's upfronts that Crave will air 1 Queen 5 Queers, essentially a revival of 1 Girl 5 Gays with a new roster of LGBTQ panelists moderated by drag queen Brooke Lynn Hytes.


1 Girl Nation (album)
1 Girl Nation is the eponymous debut studio album by contemporary Christian music girl band 1GN, which was released on the Reunion Records label on August 20, 2013, and was produced by Casey Brown, Jason Ingram, Joshua Silverberg, Jonathan Smith, Jon White and Kipp Williams. The album has been met with commercial charting successes and positive criticism.


1 Girl Nation (album), Background
The album was released on August 20, 2013 by Reunion Records, and it was produced by Casey Brown, Jason Ingram, Joshua Silverberg, Jonathan Smith, Jon White and Kipp Williams.


1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics
At CCM Magazine, Grace S. Aspinwall wrote that "Bursting with energy and positive lyrics any parent will approve, the self-titled debut from 1 Girl Nation is teen pop gold." Kevin Davis at New Release Tuesday said that the album "features strong vocals, relevant and biblical messages and this is a solid debut album from a talented young band."


1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics
At Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre wrote that the band "really delivered musically and lyrically", and noted how it was "Full of fun energy, pop melodies with a worshipful edge, and plenty of dance music undertones to keep the dance-pop music fans intrigued and interested". Bert Gangl of Jesus Freak Hideout stated that the release is able to go "nimbly from club-oriented dance-pop and blue-eyed funk to bracing arena-ready anthems and poignant piano ballads."


1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics
At Christian Music Review, Laura Chambers noted that "The fruit of their labors is this self-titled debut, much like a bowl of fruit itself, given the variety of musical styles utilized." The Christian Manifesto's Calvin Moore wrote that "Despite some cheesy lyrics here and there, this a solid debut that works well in the pop music genre."


1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception
1 Girl Nation garnered exceedingly positive reception from music critics to review the album. At Cross Rhythms, Hannah Rose Sadler wrote that the band "clearly have something to say and the talent to say it creatively." Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine felt that the release was "Tarnished only by some awkward rap attempts, this is a worthy effort and solid first project." At New Release Tuesday, Kevin Davis called this "the most upbeat and fun album of the year", and noted that "You won't be able to help but dance and sing along" to the release.


1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception
Jonathan Andre of Indie Vision Music proclaimed this to be "a poignant, encouraging and fun-filled album!" At Jesus Freak Hideout, Alex "Tincan" Caldwell stated that the release "rises above the common cliché's of tween pop, and delivers an encouraging blast of musical fun." Bert Gangl of Jesus Freak Hideout felt that the "effort shines a decidedly optimistic light on the enthusiastic and talented quintet that graces its ingratiatingly catchy grooves."


1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception
In addition, Gangl at The Phantom Tollbooth stated that "the superb 1GN debut is sure to reward those with wider-ranging tastes and the willingness to approach the album with open minds – and ears." At Christian Music Zine, Joshua Andre called the songs "a joy to listen to", and proclaimed this to be "an enjoyable and satisfying first album!" Laura Chambers of Christian Music Review told that "With a great sound and a greater message, they are a band worth your listen." At The Christian Manifesto, Calvin Moore noted that the album was "something positive." Maddy Agers of Jesus Wired suggested it was a "must-have".


1 Girl Nation (album), Commercial performance
For the Billboard charting week of September 7, 2013, 1 Girl Nation was the No. 18 most sold album in the breaking and entry chart of the United States by the Top Heatseekers and it was the No. 11 Top Christian Album as well. On December 14, 2013, Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums chart the album peaked again at No. 2.


1 Hanover Square
1 Hanover Square (also known as India House, Hanover Bank Building, and New York Cotton Exchange Building) is a commercial building on the southwestern edge of Hanover Square in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was the site of the United States' first cotton futures exchange, the New York Cotton Exchange.


1 Hanover Square
1 Hanover Square is composed of four originally separate structures. The main structure is a three-story brownstone building designed in the Italian Renaissance style and completed in 1854. The brownstone contains the building's main entrance facing Hanover Square. Adjoining the brownstone are three brick structures at 60–64 Stone Street, which date to 1836 and were built as commercial stores. The brick buildings are four stories tall but are the same height as the brownstone. Inside are maritime-themed spaces that are used by Harry's Bar, Ulysses Folk House, and the India House club.


1 Hanover Square
The brownstone initially served as the headquarters of the Hanover Bank, while other commercial tenants occupied the brick buildings. The New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870, occupied the building from 1872 to 1885. The building subsequently served as the headquarters of W.R. Grace and Company until the early 1910s. In 1914, the structures were purchased by the India House, a private club for gentlemen involved in foreign commerce, which continues to occupy the building. Over the years, various architects have made renovations to 1 Hanover Square, with the three Stone Street stores being gradually combined with the brownstone structure between the 1870s and 1910s. Restaurants have also been housed in various portions of 1 Hanover Square throughout its history.


1 Hanover Square
1 Hanover Square's design, especially in regard to its later use as the India House clubhouse, has received critical acclaim. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1972. The building also became a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It is a contributing property to the Stone Street Historic District, which was designated by the LPC in 1996 and by the NRHP in 1999.


1 Hanover Square, Site
1 Hanover Square is in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the northeastern side of a block bounded by Stone Street to the northwest, Hanover Square and William Street to the northeast, Pearl Street to the southeast, and Coenties Slip to the southwest. The building carries the alternate addresses 2 Hanover Square, 60–66 Stone Street, and 95–105 Pearl Street. 1 Hanover Square contains frontage of 72 feet (22 m) on Hanover Square, 123 feet (37 m) on Stone Street, and 114 feet (35 m) on Pearl Street. The building is near 1 William Street to the northwest and the British Garden at Hanover Square to the northeast.


1 Hanover Square, Site
The site was historically part of New Amsterdam, a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement in modern-day Lower Manhattan; the building's site was acquired by Richard Smith in the 1640s. By the next decade, the southern portion of the lot was sold to Evert Duyckingh (also "Duyckinck"), who developed a house on the site. The northern portion was given to Abraham Martens Clock, who also developed a house on his site; after 1673, town official Nicholas Bayard bought the western end of Clock's land and built a house there. There were numerous buildings on the site by 1812, occupied by various dwellings and businesses. These structures were all destroyed in the Great Fire of 1835, which leveled a large portion of the neighborhood.


1 Hanover Square, Design
1 Hanover Square is composed of four formerly separate buildings. The main structure, completed in 1851, is a three-story masonry structure atop a raised basement, built out of brownstone in the Italian Renaissance style. Although Lower Manhattan formerly contained many Italianate commercial structures, 1 Hanover Square is the only remaining such structure. The building extends southwest to 60–64 Stone Street (also known as 95–101 Pearl Street), a set of Greek Revival commercial structures completed in 1836. These three structures are made of brick and are four stories tall. The additional commercial structures are the same height as the main brownstone structure. The architects for all of these structures are not known, although Richard F. Carman may have been involved in the design of the brownstone.


1 Hanover Square, Design
The lot comprising 1 Hanover Square was formerly six separate parts. Each of the four-story brick structures at 60, 62, and 64 Stone Street comprise one part extending the depth of the block to 95–97, 99, and 101 Pearl Street respectively. The main structure is composed of a three-story brownstone section on Hanover Square, a three-story brick section on 66 Stone Street, and a three-story brownstone section on 103 Pearl Street. All of the constituent structures occupy the same land lot. The building as a whole is roughly rectangular but has longer frontage on Pearl and Stone Streets.


1 Hanover Square, Design
1 Hanover Square serves as the headquarters of the India House club and contains restaurant and bar space. While the building has had numerous occupants in its history, it was particularly known for being the first headquarters of the New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870. The exchange was the second cotton futures exchange in the world behind the International Cotton Association, as well as the first such exchange in the United States.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade
The main brownstone structure has its primary frontage on Hanover Square. There are eight vertical bays facing Hanover Square, of which the center two contain the main entrance. The Pearl and Stone Street facades incorporate the additional structures at 60–64 Stone Street. The Pearl Street facade contains four brownstone bays, similar to those on Hanover Square, as well as eleven brick-clad bays. The Stone Street facade has two brownstone bays and twelve brick bays. There is a flat roof atop the brownstone structure and slightly sloped roofs atop the brick structures.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade
The brownstone structure sits atop a slightly raised basement with rectangular sash windows and a facade of rusticated brownstone blocks. The Hanover Square facade is set behind a recessed area with an iron railing. One stair on each side of the main entrance leads down to the recessed area and the basement. The main entrance is through a brownstone stoop leading up from the street to double doors. The covered entrance portico is flanked by two Corinthian-style columns on either side and is topped by a balustrade.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade
The tall windows on the first floor are each flanked by paneled pilasters, which are topped by console brackets that support segmentally arched pediments. Second-floor windows are smaller, set beneath gabled pediments. The third floor windows are smaller still, with simpler rectangular surrounds. The facade is crowned by a cornice supported by modillions; it was once topped by a parapet with a balustrade.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade
The brick sections are largely four stories tall. The three easternmost bays at 66 Stone Street are three stories tall, similar to the main brownstone section. Along the brick sections of the building, the first story on both sides contains stone piers supporting a stone lintel. The upper stories contain rectangular windows with granite piers and lintels. Numerous alterations have been made to the first-story facades on either side, and there are various types of windows on the upper stories. There are ornate iron fire escapes on both sides of the building's brick sections. In addition, an iron basement hatch is at 95–97 Pearl Street, and there is a stoop leading to the basement at 99 Pearl Street.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior
Inside the main entrance is a vestibule measuring 10 by 12 feet (3.0 by 3.7 m). A set of doors leads to a hallway, which connected to the India House library on the right and the India House's lobby, waiting area, reception area, and coat room on the left. At the end of the hall is a central stairway that splits into two perpendicular flights. The first floor contained the onetime trading floor of the Cotton Exchange, which extended 65 by 75 feet (20 by 23 m) across nearly the whole footprint of the brownstone. The brick structures to the west contain offices, bars, and dining areas. Ulysses' Folk House is within the ground floor space at 95 Pearl Street and the adjacent 53 Pearl Street.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior
The upper floors of the main structure contain plaster walls, as well as several fireplaces with wood or marble mantelpieces. The second floor includes three dining rooms arranged around an opening that overlooks the hallway on the first floor. The third floor includes four dining rooms. The westernmost structure at 60 Stone Street contains a ballroom, the Marine Room, on its upper floor. The Marine Room was built in 1924 to designs by W. A. Delano and is connected to the second-floor landing of the building's central stairway. The room is decorated with shells, fish, and seahorses atop its columns and frieze; it is also lit by lamps shaped like shells and spheres. On the third floor, there is a wooden model of the merchant vessel Gladiator under an oval skylight.


1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior
The modern interior generally includes nautical decoration and Oriental art. The maritime decorations include paintings, engravings, and models of ships. The maritime artifacts include a pair of cannons flanking the first-floor staircase banisters and a bell from the luxury ship SS Leviathan. In Harry's Steakhouse and Restaurant, which occupies the building's basement, are murals with images of drunken monks making wine.


1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants
In 1836, the year after the Great Fire, the 60–66 Stone Street and 95–105 Pearl Street lots were redeveloped with four-story brick commercial structures. Some of the occupants of the buildings by 1839 included merchant Edward Gould, hardware vendor F. T. Luqueer, and three or more dry-goods companies. The lots on 105 Pearl Street and 66 Stone Street, facing Hanover Square, were combined by 1851. Richard F. Carman sold the Hanover Square lots for $25,000 to Hanover Bank (later Manufacturers Hanover Corporation), a bank that had been incorporated that year.


1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants
The three-story brownstone for Hanover Bank was developed at 1 Hanover Square and completed by 1854. The four-story brick facade at 66 Stone Street was reconfigured so its fenestration, or window arrangement, matched that of the brownstone. The Hanover Bank did not extend into any of the commercial structures at 95–101 Pearl Street or 60–64 Stone Street, nor did it initially occupy 103 Pearl Street. Maps indicate that two additional brownstone bays at 103 Pearl Street were added sometime between 1862 and 1879 to designs by an unidentified architect.


1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants
In addition, early prints show that the structure resembled a pair of brownstone townhouses with two entrance stoops. According to the India House club, part of 1 Hanover Square was also occupied by Robert L. Maitland, while an 1869 directory listed Meadows T. Nicholson & Son as another occupant of the brownstone. The Hanover Bank moved to Nassau and Pine Streets in 1872 or 1877. Sometime before its relocation, the Hanover Bank had sold the building to Maitland.


1 Hanover Square, History, New York Cotton Exchange
The New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870, was initially housed in rented quarters nearby at 142 Pearl Street. The Cotton  acquired the building from Maitland in February 1871 at a cost of $115,000. To accommodate the exchange, the building was renovated starting in June 1871. The architect Ebenezer L. Roberts reconfigured the interior and added the present main doorway with a clock face and a "Cotton Exchange" name identification sign. In addition, a dome was installed atop the roof. The Cotton Exchange quarters were officially opened on May 4, 1872; the exchange occupied the first floor and rented out sixteen offices on the other two floors. According to an exchange history, "the transactions increased rapidly in size and importance" after the relocation.


1 Hanover Square, History, New York Cotton Exchange
The Cotton Exchange's space was extended into the commercial building at 64 Stone Street/101 Pearl Street in 1876. A 16-year-old errand boy was killed the next year after falling from the top floor to the basement. The Third Avenue elevated train line on Pearl Street opened in 1878, overshadowing 1 Hanover Square. By the end of the decade, the Cotton Exchange decided to expand its quarters. Finding it impossible to purchase the brick rowhouses adjoining 1 Hanover Square, the exchange decided instead to look for sites for a new structure. The Cotton Exchange ultimately built a new headquarters on an adjacent block bounded by Hanover Square, Beaver Street, and William Street. The Cotton Exchange officially moved to its new building on April 30, 1885.


1 Hanover Square, History, W. R. Grace and Company
1 Hanover Square became the headquarters of W. R. Grace and Company. Shortly after W. R. Grace and Company had moved to the building, Julius Kastner designed and constructed the fire escapes on Stone and Pearl Streets. By the 1890s, images show the sign above the entrance was changed to "Old Cotton Exchange". George Ehret acquired the brownstone structure and adjacent brick structures in three separate transactions in the 1880s and 1890s. In 1899, 1 Hanover Square was merged with the commercial building at 62 Stone Street/99 Pearl Street, which previously had been owned by the estate of Manley B. Boardman.


1 Hanover Square, History, W. R. Grace and Company
At the beginning of the 20th century, 1 Hanover Square contained a Haitian consulate and the Stuetzle Brothers liquor sellers. Sometime between 1899 and 1914, the final brick commercial building at 60 Stone Street/95–97 Pearl Street was combined with 1 Hanover Square. W. R. Grace and Company had moved out by 1912 or 1913, opening a new headquarters on the block immediately to the southeast.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House
The India House, a private club for gentlemen involved in foreign commerce, was founded by James A. Farrell and Willard Straight in July 1914. It was so named because, at the time, merchants of the Western world were focused on trade with the Far East.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House
Over the years, its members came to include politicians such as U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt; U.S. secretary of commerce Harry Hopkins; U.S. treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr.; U.S. secretaries of state George C. Marshall, James F. Byrnes and Cyrus Vance; New York governor W. Averell Harriman; U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge; and mayors John P. O'Brien and William Adams Delano.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s
The club obtained a ten-year lease on 1 Hanover Square and an option to buy it at any point during the lease. To accommodate the clubhouse, George Ehret renovated the structure, removing the parapet atop the brownstone and adding a light-colored coating to the facade. In addition, maritime artifacts were moved to the clubhouse. The collection included ship models and Chinese art donated by Straight, as well as models, engravings, and paintings of ship donated by Farrell. The club moved into the building on November 16, 1914.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s
In 1915, plans were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings for a 20-story office building on the site. The filing was a preparatory measure rather than an indication that the site was to be redeveloped. The building was sold in January 1917 for $750,000, with J. Reuben Clark reported as the buyer. 1 Hanover Square was subsequently bought by Straight in 1918, and his widow Dorothy Payne Whitney continued to hold the property after his death the same year. In 1921, India House Inc. decided to purchase 1 Hanover Square for $650,000.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s
William Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich further renovated 1 Hanover Square between 1924 and 1925. During this renovation, a skylighted third-floor meeting room was added with nautical decoration. As part of the renovation, the basement and cellar were also altered or expanded. The building's basement restaurant was damaged in a 1925 fire; engine crews had gotten confused while simultaneously trying to fight another fire across the street. The club installed soundproofing in the building's dining rooms in 1937.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s
The Third Avenue Elevated was closed in 1950 and subsequently removed. The line's demolition allowed both greater sunlight and quieter meetings; according to the India Club's president, the passing trains were loud and had shaken the foundations of the building. In 1951, shortly after the elevated line's removal, the India House club decided to renovate the exterior of 1 Hanover Square to plans by Nicholson & Galloway. The sheet metal balustrade was removed from the cornice during this time. Members of the India House proposed a maritime-themed park on Hanover Square, which was dedicated that November. By the 1960s, the basement contained a German-American tavern called Hanover Square.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present
In 1972, Harry Poulakakos and his wife Adrienne opened Harry's Bar within the basement of 1 Hanover Square. By the 1980s, the bar typically served hundreds of patrons during lunch and dinner, and it had private telephone lines connecting to nearby brokerage houses. Following the financial crisis of 1987, the Broad Street Club merged with the India House and moved to 1 Hanover Square. Through the early 1990s, Harry's was popular among the area's bankers, brokers, and traders.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present
The Poulalakos' son Peter opened Bayard's Restaurant on the upper stories in 1998, named for Nicholas Bayard, one of the site's 17th-century occupants. At the time, the India House still met at 1 Hanover Square during the day, so Bayard's only operated at night. Meanwhile, India House had sold off much of its collection of maritime artwork by then. The India House Foundation, created in 1999, unsuccessfully attempted to save the collection.


1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present
Harry's survived the September 11 attacks in 2001, as did Bayard's. After Adrienne Poulakakos died in August 2003, and amid a general decline in patronage, Harry's suddenly closed that November, but Bayard's and the India Club continued to operate. Around that time, the India House began to restore 1 Hanover Square's facade, which had long been covered with brown stucco. The project was completed in 2005 and received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award. Harry and Peter Poulakakos opened Harry's Steakhouse and Restaurant in May 2006. Also in the mid-2000s, Peter Poulakakos opened and co-operated Ulysses Folk House and Adrienne's Pizza Bar within 1 Hanover Square and the adjacent buildings on Pearl and Stone Streets. Bayard's had been closed by the 2010s.


1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status
The main structure was described by the AIA Guide to New York City as having "unfluted Corinthian columns and pedimented windows [that] give an understated enrichment to the dour brownstone". After the India Club moved into 1 Hanover Square, a reporter for The New York Times said in 1929 that the "quiet dignity of the nineteenth century architecture [...] furnishes a sharp contrast with the massive towers of banks and commercial structures in the Wall Street district" nearby.


1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status
The architect Alexander Trowbridge characterized the building in 1926 as among the city's most attractive clubs, while Antiques magazine called the interior of the India Club "a kind of collector's paradise" in 1938. By the 1960s, it was described in the New York Daily News as a "well-preserved" structure "that contrasts sharply with many of its dilapidated neighbors". A Times reporter wrote in 2001 that the India Club building "evokes the heyday of Manhattan's waterfront" despite being one block inland.


1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status
1 Hanover Square's exterior was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) as an official city landmark on December 22, 1965. It was one of the first landmarks to be designated by the LPC in Manhattan, as well as the first luncheon club in Lower Manhattan to be designated as a landmark. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was re-added to the NRHP as a National Historic Landmark in 1977. 1 Hanover Square is also part of the Stone Street Historic District, which was designated as a New York City historic district in 1996 and as an NRHP district in 1999.


1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status
1 Hanover Square and its occupants have also been depicted in works of popular culture. The building was used in the 2001 film Kate & Leopold as Leopold's family home. Harry's Bar in the basement was depicted as a traders' favorite hangout in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. The art and artifacts at the India House were the subject of a 2014 book by historian Margaret Stocker.


1 Harbour Street, Peterhead
1 Harbour Street is a Category B listed building in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Dating to the late 18th century, the building stands at the corner of Jamaica Street, onto which the property's garage faces.


1 Harbour Street, Peterhead
Harbour Street was, in 1739, described as "presently a building". The footprint of the building is clearly shown on the Ordnance Survey's large scale Scottish town plan, surveyed in 1868.


1 Hopeful Rd.
1 Hopeful Rd. is the third studio album by Vintage Trouble, released on August 14, 2015 by Blue Note Records.


1 Hopeful Rd., Reception
1 Hopeful Rd. received mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds a score of 61/100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


1 Ilica Street
1 Ilica Street (Croatian: Neboder u Ilici, Ilički neboder, meaning "Skyscraper in Ilica") is a building located in Ilica Street overlooking Ban Jelačić Square in the Lower Town area of Zagreb, Croatia. In Croatian, the building is colloquially known under the generic title Neboder (lit. "Skyscraper") as it was the first business skyscraper in the country.


1 Ilica Street, History
The building, designed by the trio of Slobodan Jovičić, Josip Hitil and Ivan Žuljević, was built between 1957 and 1958 and was officially inaugurated on 22 August 1959, when Većeslav Holjevac was mayor of Zagreb. It was the tallest building in Yugoslavia at the time of its completion, and it was the first building in the country which featured an aluminium façade (aluminium sheets for the building were manufactured at the Utva aircraft factory in Pančevo).


1 Ilica Street, History
Other notable high-rises built earlier in Zagreb include the nine-story modernist Löwy Building built in 1933 and the so-called Wooden Skyscraper designed by Drago Ibler - but since they were both residential buildings which resembled skyscrapers in design but not in function or size, the sixteen-story 1 Ilica Street is regarded as the first "bona fide skyscraper" built in Zagreb and Yugoslavia.


1 Ilica Street, History
The principal investors were Končar and Ferimport, two large state-owned companies. The building later housed Ferimport offices, but it also featured an observation deck and a restaurant on its top floor (later converted into a short-lived disco club in the early 1990s) and a small shopping arcade which was built around the base of the building, connecting Ilica, Gajeva, Bogovićeva and Petrićeva streets. The observation deck was open to the public for decades, but it was fenced by security railings in 1967 after a man committed suicide by jumping off it and landing on a woman passing by, who was also killed.


1 Ilica Street, History
On 29 November 1970 (former Yugoslav Republic Day), political activists Zvonko and Julienne Bušić used the observation deck to throw leaflets advocating Croatian independence, for which they were arrested.


1 Ilica Street, History
Ferimport later experienced a dramatic downturn in the 1990s after it was privatized in the years following Croatia's independence and the fall of communism, and the building visibly deteriorated in this period.


1 Ilica Street, History
In 2001, three years after Ferimport had entered administration, it was sold for 6 million euros to Peter Doimi de Frankopan, a British real estate investor who claimed lineage to the House of Frankopan, a Croatian aristocratic family thought to be extinct in the 17th century. Frankopan had plans for a large scale reconstruction of the building, but the initial concept (which entailed a complete redesign of the façade and the addition of panoramic elevators, spiral staircases and a few extra floors), was rejected by the city's institute for the protection of cultural heritage. The project was then delayed for four years until a revised renovation plan was finally approved by city authorities in December 2005.


1 Ilica Street, History
Following the approval, renovation was finally launched in 2006 and was finished in early 2008. The project was designed by the Aukett Fitzroy Robinson interior design practice in collaboration with the Zagreb-based architecture studio Proarh, and the actual work was done by the Strabag construction company. The most significant change in the exterior was the replacement of the originally clear windows with dark gray glass. The building currently has 5,600 m2 of office space, and the observation deck on the top floor was closed to the public in 2007. It was reopened in 2013 as "Zagreb Eye".


1 Is One
1 is One is a 1956 picture book written and illustrated by Tasha Tudor. The book is a counting book going up to the number 20. The book was a recipient of a 1957 Caldecott Honor for its illustrations.


1 James Street North
1 James Street North is a 5-storey low-rise office building in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The building was completed in 1972, and is part of the Lloyd D. Jackson Square complex. The building was originally named the Bank of Montreal Pavilion, after the Bank of Montreal, the building's original anchor tenant.


1 James Street North, History
In 1972, when the Pavilion was constructed, the Bank of Montreal occupied the entire building. However, in 1997, BMO left the building and moved to a new location at the corner of Main and Bay streets, leaving the entire building vacant for almost 18 years.


1 James Street North, History
In 2014, McMaster University discovered that the courthouse that they were leasing from the city of Hamilton was to be converted back into a courthouse, and that the university would have to vacate the building. McMaster then decided to lease the old BMO pavilion, as the amount of square footage that the building offered was just the right amount. In April of 2015, the McMaster Centre for Continuing Education, occupying the entire building, opened its doors to students and educators.


1 James Street North, Description
The building's facade consists of glass windows, segmented into 7 sections by 8 large Stelcoloy steel columns on the East and West sides of the building. The interior features a lobby with granite floors and a steel-clad elevator bank. The elevator bank features 2 Otis elevators that serve the plaza level (labeled "floor 2" on the elevator buttons), floors 3 and 4, as well as the underground parking lot. The building also features stairs that lead from the main level (lobby and mall) to the plaza level.


1 James Street North, Description
The plaza level of 1 James Street North features 14 foot floor-to-ceiling windows, and the building features column-free floor plates. The Jackson Square mall, as well as the 3 other office buildings in the complex are accessible from the lobby level. The building features a large common underground parking lot with a capacity of 1300 vehicles.


1 James Street North, Images
Bank of Montreal Pavilion viewed from the Jackson Square rooftop plaza


1 Journal Square
1 Journal Square is a skyscraper complex at Journal Square in Jersey City, New Jersey proposed by the Kushner Real Estate Group. The initial version consisted of two towers with roughly 3,000 residential units and 160,000 square feet if commercial space, but the project has been scaled back as of 2020.


1 Journal Square
There was a previously approved design by Becker + Becker Associates that was being developed by Harwood Properties. Construction was never started on the project and Harwood eventually sold the property in January 2015.


1 Journal Square
In August 2019, Kushner Companies lost a lawsuit in which they claimed they were unfairly denied tax abatements due the project. The company and Jersey City later entered into a settlement agreement  where Kushner agreed to make a $2.5 million investment in local arts initiatives in exchange for the project's approval.


1 Journal Square
One Journal Square's latest version  is set to include twin 52-story high-rises over a 12-story base rising 710 feet to be built in two phases. The entire project includes 1,723 residential units, 41,000-square feet of retail space, and a 883-space parking garage. A sprucing up of the plaza outside the Journal Square PATH station is included in the development’s plans.


1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing
On 1 July 2006, at around 10:00 A.M, a suicide car bombing at a crowded market in Sadr City, a Shi'ite district of Baghdad, killed at least 77 people and wounded 96.


1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing
The car was a truck loaded with fruit, under which a "mix of explosives and artillery shells, with ball bearings nearly the size of marbles and scrap metal added for shrapnel [was hidden]" the Washington Post reports "The truck, with a suicide driver at the wheel, blew up on a street crowded on both sides with shops and market stalls, leaving a crater the size of a wading pool in the pavement." The bomb was powerful enough to propel some bodies onto the roofs of houses. The bomb destroyed 22 stalls and sent up a grey plume of smoke. Fire shot out of the windows of some cars (14 cars were destroyed).


1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing
A group calling themselves The Supporters of the Sunni People claimed responsibility for the attack. The group accused Shi'ite's of "killing Sunnis and throwing their bodies in the streets after badly torturing them. It added that Sunni women under detention were being raped by Shiites." CBS news reports.


1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing
The attack was the deadliest to come to Iraq since the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. After the attack, and while firefighters were putting out the fire, an angry mob gathered around the wreckage and shouted allegiance to radical Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr, while denouncing the Sunni people and the new Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and his government.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack
On 1 July 2019, a combined gun and bomb attack took place in the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood of Kabul, Afghanistan. The attackers initially detonated a bomb-laden truck, after which five gunmen entered a nearby building under construction and fired on Afghan security personnel evacuating people onto the street. At least forty-five were killed, including the five attackers. The spokesman for the Afghan Ministry of Public Health, Wahidullah Mayar, said that 116 civilians, including 26 children and 5 women, were wounded. The Taliban claimed the responsibility for the bomb attack in Kabul and said although civilians were not the Taliban target, some were injured.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Background
The attack occurred during the ongoing Taliban–United States peace talks in Doha, Qatar. In the days before the attack, the militant group carried out multiple deadly attacks on security forces all across the country.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Background
According to The New York Times, the violence in Afghanistan has increased during the 18th year of the United States military presence in Afghanistan.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
The Taliban attacked Afghanistan's capital housing military and government buildings using a powerful car bomb on 1 July 2019, and a gunfight began soon after. The attacks killed 40 civilians and injured 116. The bomb exploded during the morning in Kabul when the streets were filled with people.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
The attack happened in two stages. The first was the detonation of a truck or minibus bomb, packed full of explosives, in central Kabul. The explosion happened in the Puli Mahmood Khan area of the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood during rush hour. The area houses many government, diplomatic, and military buildings and installations. The blast was powerful, shaking buildings up to 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) away, sending a plume of smoke in the air and destroying many cars and buildings. At least 51 students were injured during the blast, which damaged two nearby schools and shattered windows of three others.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
The Pashto media organization Shamshad TV said their office was hit by the blast, with one security guard killed and several journalists wounded. The TV station aired images of broken glass and the damage to its office in the aftermath of the bombing. The New York Times reported that 40 people were killed in the car bombing, 34 civilians and 6 security forces.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
After the explosion, five attackers entered a nearby building under construction and opened fire on security personnel in the street, sparking a gunfight. The shootout lasted for over 7 hours until all 5 attackers were killed by responders. The spokesman for the Ministry of Interior Affairs, Nasrat Rahimi, said after the explosion, attackers entered the Ministry of Defense building, and two car bombs exploded separately near the museum site and the television site. The attackers had been surrounded by the ministry security forces and one of them was killed. He finally added that a child, a security guard of Shamshad TV, and 2 soldiers of the Special Forces were killed during the attack incident and more than 210 people had been rescued during the operation.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
An office belonging to the Afghan Football Federation was damaged during the incident, and its chief, Yosuf Kargar, and several players injured.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack
The Afghanistan Ministry of Education spokesman, Nooria Nazhat, announced that 51 students from two schools near the blast site were hurt by flying shards of glass, and the explosion resulted in part of the school collapsing.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Responsibility
The Taliban militant group has claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that it attacked "the defence ministry’s technical installation".


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Responsibility
Zabihullah Mujahid, one of two official spokesmen for the Taliban, mentioned on a Twitter account that a logistics and engineering unit of the Ministry of Defense was the intended target. He added that people were not the target of attacks, but some of them have been wounded.


1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Aftermath
Many of the people wounded in the attack were taken into local hospitals, including many schoolchildren. Social media images reportedly showed some of the children in the hospital still holding books and wearing school uniforms. After the attack, many  residents and lawmakers criticized security and intelligence agencies, demanding to know how a truck full of explosives and five attackers managed to enter the area, which contains many secure buildings and compounds, among them the United States embassy and the Kabul Presidential Palace.


1 July police stabbing
The 1 July police stabbing was a suicide attack that happened at approximately 22:10 on 1 July 2021, in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. 50-year-old man Leung Kin-fai approached from behind and stabbed a Police Tactical Unit (PTU) police officer using a knife, injuring his scapula and piercing his lung, then committed suicide by stabbing his own heart. Leung was immediately subdued by surrounding police, arrested and sent to hospital. He died at 23:20.


1 July police stabbing
The timing of the attack, which occurred at three sensitive anniversaries – among them the first anniversary of the first full day that the Hong Kong national security law had been in force –, as well as the choice of a policeman as a victim was leading observers to regard the act as related to the substantial shift that the city had gone through in the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests and through the imposition of the national security law. Suspected motives of the perpetrator include dissatisfaction with Hong Kong police allegedly sheltering criminals, and opposition to the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law and its ramifications on the course of democratic development in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong government characterized the attack as an act of terrorism.


1 July police stabbing
Some Hong Kong netizens called Leung as "martyr" and "brave". Some citizens went to the attack site to lay flowers and bow. Police strongly condemned the mourning, saying that encouraging such memorials was tantamount to supporting terrorism. While it did not declare the laying of flowers to mourn the attacker to be illegal, a national security police officer said on 6 July that it did not recommend "these so-called mourning rituals".


1 July police stabbing
A motion on 7 July of student union members at the University of Hong Kong which praised the "sacrifice" of the attacker was withdrawn two days later, after strong condemnations by the government and the university. With student union leaders promptly resigning, the government nevertheless advocated for action by the university and possibly legal action by police. Student union offices were searched on 16 July and four students who had participated in the meeting were arrested on national security charges on 18 August.


1 July police stabbing, Incident
Approximately at 22:10, Leung Kin-fai, a 50-year-old man who was dressed in black and wearing a backpack suddenly raised a knife and stabbed a 28-year-old Police Tactical Unit police officer's back from behind outside Causeway Bay Sogo, causing the officer to fall on the ground. The suspect inserted the knife to his own chest shortly after. His heart position was bleeding. Immediately, he was subdued to ground by five to six police officers. He died at 23:20 after being sent to Ruttonjee Hospital for rescue. According to reporters and eyewitnesses on site, the police officer bled heavily after being stabbed. There was also a lot of blood near the subdued assailant. The attack was filmed and live-streamed by a reporter from Secret China, a Chinese-language media outlet from the United States.


1 July police stabbing, Incident
The police said the injured police officer was from East Kowloon Police Tactical Unit. His scapula was injured and his lung was pierced. After an emergency operation at Queen Mary Hospital, his condition improved from critical to serious the next morning. The police classified the incident as an attempted murder and suicide.


1 July police stabbing, Incident
After the officer fell on the ground, three nearby police officers drew their guns. At the same time, a large number of officers arrived at the scene and sealed off East Point Road, driving away citizens and reporters. The new Commissioner of Police Raymond Siu came to the scene to be briefed about the incident. Police officers collected evidence on site afterwards and found a fruit knife and a sabre. At approximately 23:20, police officers stopped and searched a woman near the scene of the assault and found a utility knife on her body. She was shackled and taken to a police car. Later, a man was also taken on the police car with his head covered by black cloth.


1 July police stabbing, Incident
Commissioner of Police Raymond Siu coming to the scene to understand the incident


1 July police stabbing, Incident
Police officers taking a woman on a police car after finding a utility knife on her body


1 July police stabbing, Incident
Tactical unit police officers conducting a carpet search near the scene of the attack at midnight


1 July police stabbing, Investigation
The suspect Leung Kin-fai had worked as director of purchasing department for Vitasoy International since 2016, and as an information officer for Apple Daily in 2008. He was single, living with his parents in a Tenement building in San Po Kong, and without criminal record. The police found a large number of Apple Daily newspaper clippings, social movement propaganda leaflets, books, notes, and a USB memory card belonging to the deceased, which contained suicide notes indicating that he would commit suicide after assassinating a police officer and explaining the settling of his financial affairs.


1 July police stabbing, Investigation
The suicide note mentioned the police "sheltering criminals", their "atrocities", and that they could not be checked and balanced under the system. He also thought that there was no longer freedom after the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law. Security Secretary Chris Tang said on 2 July that materials found on Leung's computer had shown that he had been "radicalised", but gave no further details.


1 July police stabbing, Investigation
On 4 July, police announced that the attack was being investigated by its national security department. Police chief Raymond Siu said the department was investigating whether other parties were behind the attack. On 6 July, Steve Li, Senior Superintendent of the Police National Security Department, said that  police had found a large amount of newspapers, which he did not name, which were "inciting hate and fake news".


1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses
The attack occurred on the date of three sensitive anniversaries: the 24th anniversary of the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, and the first anniversary of the first full day that the Hong Kong national security law had been in force.


1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses
In their first two decades, the 1 July marches that referenced the establishment of the HKSAR were peaceful mass protests of the pro-democracy movement and civic groups. The 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests saw public mistrust in police officers strongly increasing, with many demonstrators seeing them as agents of the government. The national security law, which the central government pushed through during a lull in the protests caused by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, changed the climate in the city fundamentally. At illegal protests on 1 July 2020, around 370 arrests were made, and after another illegal protest in September with around 300 arrests, no further large protests took place. Thousands left the city to take up offers of safe harbour by Western democracies.


1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses
On 1 July 2021, the day of the stabbing, protests were again banned, ostensibly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and this time suppressed through a large citywide deployment of police, including water cannon trucks and armoured vehicles, as well as the stopping and searching of passers-by. At least 20 arrests were made. At the time of the stabbing, the police had enclosed the nearby Victoria Park, which had normally been the starting point of the marches.


1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses
The polarized climate in the city reflected itself in the scarcity of milder or more nuanced statements about the attack, according to a July 2021 New York Times article. While the government used the incident, as well as news of a bomb plot that was foiled days later, as supporting its narrative that the city was under threat of random acts of violence, some in the city were skeptical about these claims; for many, the separation of power between the government and the police had become blurred.


1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses
The New York Times noted that the event, along with the foiled bomb plot several days later, was reopening an uncomfortable debate within the pro-democracy movement about whether it condoned or even supported violence – a question that had already dogged the protests in 2019.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens
After the stab, some netizens praised Leung, calling him a "martyr" and "the brave". In a statement on 2 July which made reference to these online comments, the Hong Kong police warned the public against any "attempt to romanticize or glorify the despicable act with seditious intent to incite hatred in society." Several arrests for online comments were made subsequently (see derived arrests).


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens
Over the following week, and in spite of a warning by Hong Kong police that encouraging such memorials was tantamount to supporting terrorism, citizens brought flowers to the site to mourn the knifeman. Some were accompanied by young children.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
Outside Causeway Bay Sogo – the site of the attack –  and at nearby doorways and the handrail of a nearby subway station's entrance, citizens laid flowers to mourn the death. There were also people who offered Free Hugs in hope to encourage one another. However, they were soon intercepted by police officers. From noon onwards, the police started to stop and search all citizens holding flowers who were close to Sogo. Police issued littering tickets to some citizens laying white flowers and said the act of laying flowers was suspected of inciting others.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
Images published by local media showed white flowers (chrysanthemums according to one source) that had been placed by mourners at the site being dumped into trash cans by plainclothes police officers. Police officers hindered a reporter from filming the event. The police surrounded and investigated a young woman as she was taking pictures of a girl holding flowers on East Point Road. She was charged for violating the four-person gathering restriction order. At night, after the police unblocked the cordon, a man tried to place a bouquet but was immediately pulled into the cordon and taken away.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
In the afternoon, a man offered free hugs at the site of the attack.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
At about 8 pm, a mother and her two young children holding flowers were surrounded and searched by police officers outside Sogo.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
A PTU police officer pushing an elderly into defense line to stop and search


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
An elderly woman showing signs of discomfort after being stopped and searched by police


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
During being intercepted with her daughter, a mother was frightened.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July
Police enclosing the pedestrian zone of Great George Street, intercepting citizens wearing black clothes and holding flowers


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July
Citizens continued to come to the site of the attack, holding white flowers. At least four police cars were parked outside Sogo as a number of police officers continuously stood guard. They intercepted and searched several citizens dressing in black. Police warned citizens against violating the four-person gathering restriction order and discarding objects in public places.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July
The mourners included League of Social Democrats member Dickson Chau, who said that Hong Kong was facing unprecedented suppression, and that the strictness that police had shown the day before in preventing commemorations had even exceeded that before planned commemorations of the 12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest. A secondary school student said he had been stopped and checked four times in a day, and being interrogated by the police, "Has someone died in your family? ", "Are you also going to hold a bunch of flowers when going to school?".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July
He was let go after explaining, but was stopped and checked again at the entrance of Sogo. Police were shadowing and taking photos of citizens as they were interviewed by Stand News, saying that this was to see if there was any inflammatory speech. In the evening, there were still citizens showing up to mourn.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
Owing to the seventh day after the death of a person being particularly significant in Chinese culture, an increase in mourning activities, or attempts at this, had been anticipated for this and the following day. As a reaction to online calls to "mourn" the attacker according to this custom, police stepped up patrolling in the Causeway Bay shopping area. A woman who held white flowers near the site of the attack was stopped and searched by police. She was found to have carried a box cutter and arrested.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
A woman holding some chives was stopped and searched, and when she took out a flower and bowed during the search, she was told to stop. She was let go after a warning. At night, a man wearing water boots was found to have gas masks, knives, pliers and other items in his backpack. He was taken on a police car.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
One source reported that Alexandra Wong, who had come to be known as "Grandma Wong" during the protests in 2019, went to the site with white flowers, but was immediately surrounded by officers who told her to refrain from mourning. At around 10:00 pm, a large number of police entered nearby Fashion Walk, reportedly as two men were suspected of having attacked a woman who had repeatedly visited the mourning site. One of the men was arrested and the woman sent to hospital for feeling unwell.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
At 10:00 pm, a large number of police officers walked into Fashion Walk.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
A woman holding a white paper and a cross was surrounded by police officers in Fashion Walk.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July
A man who was suspected of attacking a woman was taken on a police car without handcuffs.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 8 July
Police deployed at least a dozen of officers to the site. A woman was warned that any effort to pay tribute to the knifeman could potentially be charged as inciting behavior, and that she would be handed a ticket for littering if she put down the flowers she had brought.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government
Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam condemned the stab, saying that it was "very regrettable that this has come at a time when everyone in Hong Kong sets great store by the peaceful situation we have achieved."


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government
Secretary for Security and former Commissioner of Police Chris Tang declared it a "lone-wolf-style terrorist attack". On 2 July he said, "It’s not just the assailant who has to be held responsible for this incident, but also the many people who customarily advocate violence, incite hatred against the country, and beautify these attacks – these acts of violence".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government
On 4 July, in response to some residents having laid flowers and observing a moment of silence at the site of the attack on 2 July Hong Kong police warned in a statement that advocating to mourn for the attacker was "no different from supporting terrorism". Under the Hong Kong national security law, promoting, inciting and supporting terrorism is punishable by up to ten years in prison. It also warned that "any act with a seditious intention" could be prosecuted, punishable under Hong Kong law by up to two years in prison.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Political parties, Pro-Beijing camp
New People's party said the incident was planned and premeditated, and that Hong Kong had been full of hatred towards the police and China in recent years. It described the incident as a "lone wolf attack" and praised police officers on spot for their quick responses. Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions said the behavior of the attacker was brutal and severely challenged the rule of law in Hong Kong.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Political parties, Pro-democracy camp
Kelvin Sin, Information Technology and Broadcasting Policy spokesperson of the Democratic Party criticized the police for determining the perpetrator had been affected by false information or reports within a short period of time and the government for not facing public grievances, worrying that legislation governing fake news would lead to self-censorship of the media, damaging the public's right to know.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Scholars
Paul Yip Siu-fai, director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention at the University of Hong Kong, said that violence should never be condoned, and that someone resorting to "such an extreme and cruel way to hurt others and himself" had "rung a warning bell to society". He questioned the effectiveness of strengthening security measures or increasing the national security budget in countering these problems, as "some extremists or fragile people may opt for drastic ways to express their discontent".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Scholars
An unnamed psychology professor at a university in Hong Kong warned against blaming the attack on mental health issues alone, rejecting this as a "simplistic explanation", as published by CNN News. He said that the authorities in Hong Kong had become an "easy target on which people can project all their frustration and disappointment, political or otherwise", and that Hong Kong people still had not "had the chance to collectively process or resolve" their experiences of the protests in 2019.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Legal profession
As reported by RTHK on 4 July, Johannes Chan expressed his belief that it was not possible at that time to determine whether the incident was a terrorist activity. He also stated that Commissioner of Police Raymond Siu's statement that mourning the attacker may violate the law was far-fetched. He said that mourning could be motivated by sympathy and dissatisfaction with the government and warned that conflict between the government and the public would become even more serious if relevant actions were considered illegal.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Legal profession
Security Secretary Chris Tang condemned Chan sharply, saying: "I hope that this law professor can sleep at night", and warned of possible "bloodshed" in the city as a result of Chan's comments. In what appeared to be an oblique reference to Chan, Chief Secretary John Lee said that "People, especially those with a legal background, must understand that what they say has an influence on society", adding that "Those who try to play down terrorism will be 'sinners for 1,000 years'."


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Internal statement by Vitasoy
Vitasoy International, where Leung worked before his death, said in an internal notice published online that he "unfortunately passed away", and "we extend our deepest condolences to Leung's family". This triggered angry responses from mainland Chinese netizens, who threatened a boycott, while several mainland celebrities terminated collaborations with the company, including actors Gong Jun and Ren Jialun. Shares of Vitasoy tumbled in the morning of 5 July, a Monday. In response, on 3 July Vitasoy issued a public apology which called the previous notice "highly inappropriate", and said that the responsible staff had been fired. The statement expressed support for the police investigation, and for stability in Hong Kong and China. Some Hong Kong netizens expressed strong dissatisfaction with Vitasoy's reaction.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 7 July, the student union of the University of Hong Kong passed a motion which expressed "deep sadness" at the death of the attacker, and appreciation of his  "sacrifice". The motion had been voted for by 30 of the 32 attending undergraduate students, with two abstentions and no objections, and was announced on the union's social media immediately after having been passed. On 8 July the Security Bureau condemned the motion as "no different from supporting and encouraging terrorism", and that the description as "sacrifice" was "confusing right and wrong".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
A statement by the university the same day said that the portrayal of the incident in the motion had sent a "totally wrong message to society". Arthur Li, chairman of the governing council of the university, said that the motion was "something indecent and not acceptable", and that he would welcome a national security investigation into the responsible student union leaders. On 18 August, police superintendent Steve Li called the motion "very shocking", said that it "encouraged people to attempt suicide" and that it did not align with "our moral standards".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
At a press conference in the early hours of 9 July the executive committee of the student union apologized for the motion, with the union president saying that its content was "seriously inappropriate", and stepped down from their posts, as did some student union council members. The same day, the university club associations distanced themselves from the original motion, saying that some representatives had been absent at the voting, while others had failed to be "politically neutral" due to "misunderstanding", for which they apologized.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 13 July the university issued a statement saying that it no longer recognized the student union and would investigate and "take further action" against students involved in the matter. Hours earlier, Chief Executive Carrie Lam had urged for action by police or the university, describing the motion as "shameful for the university".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 16 July, the police national security unit raided an office of the student union, as well as the headquarters of the university student media outlet CampusTV, under a search warrant. They confirmed that the investigation was with co-operation from the university, but refused to provide further details. The university said that it was "obliged to act in compliance" with the probe. Offices of the student magazine Undergrad were also searched.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 4 August, the council of the university announced that it had ordered all students who had attended the 7 July meeting to be denied access to its Pok Fu Lam campus, and prohibited them from using any of its facilities and services until further notice, citing "serious legal and reputational risks" for the university. The following day, Eric Cheung Tat-ming, principal lecturer at the law faculty of the university, expressed disagreement with the justification of the ban, pointing to the university already having cut ties with the student union.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
Cheung said he had filed an immediate letter of resignation from the governing council of the university the night before. He left open the question of whether his resignation was related to the campus ban for the students, saying only that there had been "many considerations" involved.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 5 August seven members of the governing council of the university signed an open letter in which they denounced the council's decision as "improper according to legal principles", admonishing that "principles of due process and natural justice" had not been followed by denying the students a hearing, and that the "excuse" of risk containment to justify the campus ban was "arbitrarily depriving students of their opportunity to learn" and did not "fit the public expectations of a university to teach by giving guidance". Hundreds of alumni also criticized the sanctioning of the students by the university.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 18 August, four student leaders were arrested by national security police over allegedly "advocating terrorism", a crime punishable by a mandatory sentence of five to 10 years under Article 27 of the national security law. He also said that CCTV footage found during the 16 July raid provided evidence that the four had spoken during the 7 July meeting. The heads of magazine Undergrad and CampusTV and a third student were taken by police to assist with investigations. Li said that police would also meet other attendees "to understand their roles in the meeting".


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
The four arrestees were to appear in court on 19 August. In an email from 24 August, Registrar Jeannie Tsang asked the students about their "role[s] and manner of participation" in the meeting, while saying that the information would not be used in disciplinary proceedings, if these were started. A group of university former council members reacted by saying that this was further proof that the 4 August council statement had been "unfounded", and that the university had not "even know[n] who they are punishing". All four defendants were granted bail; one on 27 August after the High Court rejected a prosecution challenge against decision by a lower court, and the remaining three on 24 September by the High Court.


1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union
On 2 September, the university announced that it would lift the ban on 18 of the 44 student union council members. Several of the banned students received emails from the university that their ban would continue into the new semester starting on 6 September.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
In the days after the stabbing, several citizens were arrested for opinions and comments on the internet which advocated for violence against police or police premises, or lauded the knifeman. In at least one of these cases, its occurrence soon after the stabbing was cited by the police force as reason for their belief that it was related to the stabbing.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
On 4 July, a 20-year-old woman and a 26-year-old man were arrested (in Sha Tin and Tin Shui Wai respectively, according to one source), for social media messages allegedly inciting others to murder police officers and commit arson on police premises. Local media reported police as saying that the arrests had been the result of investigations carried out after an increase of online messages advocating for violence, including killing police officers, in the wake of the 1 July stabbing.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
Superintendent Wilson Tam of the Technology Crime Division of the police force did not rule out future arrests in relation to the investigation. He said that the two arrestees may also have been in violation of an October 2019 temporary High Court injunction, still in force, against inciting violence on social media platforms.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
On 5 July, a 34-year-old man was arrested in Yau Ma Tei for allegedly inciting others to commit the crime of having intent to injure others, with statements including "cutting police officers" on an online forum on 2 July cited as evidence. The police did not rule out that more people would be arrested. They said they believed that the case did indeed relate to the 1 July police stabbing, due to it having happened after that date.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
On 9 July, the police arrested a 36-year-old man in Tsz Wan Shan on suspicion of "inciting others to commit the crime of having intent to injure others" and "inciting violence" through a post that was published on an online forum on 2 July. This brought the total number of arrests in relation to social media posts advocating violence in the wake of the 1 July attack to four. Superintendent Tam said that since the police stabbing on 1 July, "criminals" had continued to "preach attacks" on the Internet.


1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests
The police said the post was published on an online forum on 2 July. Police were still investigating whether the arrestee had been the originator of the online post, or had copied it from elsewhere. In addition, two men were arrested for alleged criminal damage through drawing graffiti in a pedestrian tunnel in Tuen Mun which referenced the 1 July stabbing.


1 July police stabbing, Impact
In a radio interview with RTHK on 24 July, Chief Executive Carrie Lam referred to the attack as a reason why she would not hold public Town hall meetings before her policy address scheduled for October. Since 2019, when she introduced the town halls as a means to quell public dissatisfaction about her administration before the background of the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests, no further editions had taken place.


1 July police stabbing, Impact
The reporter who filmed the incident live for a US-based online media outlet was visited at her residence by police, and was taken to Wan Chai police station to make a statement, supposedly as a witness. She attended accompanied by a friend after calling to dismiss her lawyer. Police subsequently searched her residence for evidence without a lawyer present. Returning to the police station, she made a statement in the presence of a lawyer instructed by the Hong Kong Journalists Association, who had been promised to be alerted in the event of a further query (but was not). According to the HKJA, police insisted the reporter was there to "assist an investigation". She was however made to give a statement under caution and had her travel documents confiscated and barred her from leaving the city.


1 July police stabbing, Impact
On 28 August, Stand News reported that employees of Vitasoy, the company where the attacker had last worked, were asked to sign a form agreeing to share information on themselves and their family members.


1 July police stabbing, Impact
While Vitasoy said that this was due to "migrating general personal information" to a new system and checked by an external legal counsel for compliance, Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions Chief Executive Mung Siu-tat said in a 30 August interview with RTHK that the request may have violated legal provisions regarding personal data, and that he suspected that the new policy was linked to the stabbing.


1 Kings 1
1 Kings 1 is the first chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of David and Solomon, the kings of Israel.


1 Kings 1, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses.


1 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 5Q2 (5QKings; 150–50 BCE) with extant verses 1, 16–17, 27–37.


1 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Kings 1, Analysis
The first two chapters of the Books of Kings describe the final phase of David's story and the beginning of Solomon's. However, 1 Kings 1 is a new narrative, not a continuation of 1–2 Samuel, as 1–2 Kings also markedly differ from other biblical and extrabiblical ancient literature. This chapter in particular is strongly related to 2 Samuel 11–12, because only in these chapters (and not in between them) Bathsheba, Nathan the prophet, and Solomon are mentioned. The narrative clarifies how God fulfills His promise to establish David's kingdom forever through his son (2 Samuel 7:12–13).


1 Kings 1, David's weakness and old age (1:1–4)
The opening scene of the Books of Kings describes King David as an 'old and impotent man, shivering with cold', a unique depiction of a highly respected king in ancient historiography. The beautiful young Abishag was to accompany him and later played a role without even saying one word (1 Kings 2:17, 22). The lost of David's virility (implied in verse 4) suggested to the palace officers that the aging David might have lost his ability to govern as well.


1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5–10)
Feeling that the time for David's succession had arrived. Adonijah, who was David's fourth son but at that time was apparently the oldest surviving son after the death of his brothers Amnon and Absalom (2 Samuel 14; 18; cf. 2 Samuel 3:2–5). He seized the opportunity to announce his ambitions to be king, but he followed the same path as Absalom's and similarly failed (cf. 2 Samuel 14:25–26; 15:1).


1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5–10)
Adonijah seemed to take David's paternal silence as 'implied approval' and he gathered support from the leading personalities and classes in the land of Judah, notably Joab, the commander of the army (cf. and Abiathar, one of the chief priests and an old companion of David (cf. 1 Samuel 22:20–23; 2 Samuel 15:24–29), along with Judean court civil servants and other members of the royal family.


1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5–10)
On the other hand, Solomon was the tenth in the line of David's sons (cf. 2 Samuel 3:2–5; 5:14–16), but with David's explicit approval, he received the support of 'political and military heavyweights of the city of Jerusalem', notably: 'the mercenary general' Benaiah, with his elite troops (2 Samuel 20:23; 23:8–39), the other high priest, Zadok (2 Samuel 15:24-9) and the prophet Nathan (2 Samuel 7; 12). The situation was as tense as during Absalom's effort (2 Samuel 13:23–29; 15:7–12), because Adonijah invited members of his supporters to a great feast at "a well", probably in the valley of Kidron.


1 Kings 1, David's decision in favor of Solomon (1:11–37)
The narrator reports what had unfolded 'within the confines of the palace walls': Nathan talked to Bathsheba (Solomon's mother, cf. 2 Samuel 11–12), Bathsheba talked to David, David to Nathan, David to Bathsheba, then finally David gave a firm order to Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah, that 'Solomon should be anointed king'. David decided to abdicate to make way for Solomon.


1 Kings 1, Solomon's accession to power (1:38–53)
The anointing of Solomon takes place at the Gihon Spring, just on the east side and below the palace grounds (in the City of David), guarded by David's 'powerful and readily available mercenary troop', the "Cherethites and Pelethites" (cf. 2 Samuel 15:18). The holy oil is brought from the tent where the ark of the covenant was placed (2 Samuel 6:17), signifying the 'consecration of a king and his authorization to rule'. The witnesses cheered loudly in celebration and the noise stroke fear into the participants of Adonijah's party.


1 Kings 1, Solomon's accession to power (1:38–53)
Jonathan ben Abiathar (cf. 2 Samuel 17:17–21) informed Adonijah the shocking news of Solomon's anointing. Adonijah fled to the altar standing next the tent that hosted the ark of the Covenant, believing that its holiness would offer him amnesty (cf. Exodus 21:13-14). Solomon seemed to assure Adonijah a pardon, although only on probation.


1 Kings 10
1 Kings 10 is the tenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the Solomon's achievements.


1 Kings 10, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 29 verses.


1 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Kings 10, The visit of the Queen of Sheba (10:1–13)
This story essentially displays Solomon's wisdom by showing a noble and wise ruler deeply impressed by him ('there was no more spirit in her' or "breathless", verse 5), with 'great spiritual and even political after-effects all the way to Ethiopia'. The keyword of this passage is "hear", used twice in the verse 1 (literally, "...the queen of Sheba heard the hearing of Solomon…") and later (verses 6, 7, 8, 24) of how the world "hear" of Solomon, a king with "hearing heart" (1 Kings 3:9). The beautiful order of Solomon's table is described in a chiastic structure, framed by "houses" of Solomon and YHWH (verses 4–5; cf. 1 Kings 6–7):


1 Kings 10, Solomon's wealth (10:14–29)
The description of Solomon's wisdom and wealth in this passage centers on the glory of his throne (verse 18), greater than any of the Gentiles (verse 20), sitting on the seventh level above six steps (verse 19), and thus depicting Solomon seated in a 'sabbatical' position  The structure of these verses is:


1 Kings 10, Solomon's wealth (10:14–29)
Everything around Solomon was literally layered in gold, such that silver 'was not considered as anything in the days of Solomon' (verse 21), against the warning in Deuteronomy 17:17 about not hoarding too much silver and gold. Solomon also profited from being an 'agent for the export of arms from Egypt to Syria and Asia Minor' (cf. Deuteronomy 17:16).


1 Kings 11
1 Kings 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's decline and death.


1 Kings 11, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 43 verses.


1 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).


1 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Kings 11, Solomon's wives and their Idolatry (11:1–8)
Solomon marrying many wives might not be considered unethical at that time, especially for diplomatic reasons, but it should be intolerable in light of the Torah (cf. Deuteronomy 17:17), have been intolerable. The passage focuses on religious rather than moral arguments for the foreign wives in a tone similar to post-exilic texts (Ezra 10; Nehemiah 10) viewing them as a temptation threatening loyalty to the God of Israel. Solomon gave his wives something similar to minority rights and religious freedom in modern terms, but he went too far that he committed a grave sin against YHWH, leading to dire consequences.


1 Kings 11, A Divine Manifestation (11:9–13)
Because Solomon had "turned away from the Lord", thereby he had broken the first commandment, he faced a consequence of losing power, but in recognition of David's merits, the punishment was delayed and his successor would be left with a smaller kingdom.


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
Solomon's disloyalty to God resulted in the emergence of 'adversary' (Hebrew: satan) to his reign, in form of three different persons: Hadad, an Edomite prince (verses 14–22), Rezon the son of Eliada of Damascus (verses 23–25), and Jeroboam ben Nebat (verses 26–40). The passage clearly states that God was the initiator of these adversaries (verses 14, 23, also 29–33). The brief biography of each adversary presented in the passage has similarities with the earlier history of Israel.


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
The life of Hadad, the Edomite prince, echoes the history of the migration of Jacob's family to Egypt and the Exodus:


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
Hadad stated his desire to return to Edom using 'exodus language': "send me out" (based on the same Hebrew verb: ).


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
The biography of Rezon the son of Eliada of Damascus (11:23–25) also has a parallel with the history of David, the king of Israel.


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
Jeroboam ben Nebat, Solomon's third adversary, arose from within northern Israel, tellingly from among the forced laborers in Ephraim. The parallels of his biography with the life of David are as follows:


1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14–40)
Ahijah of Shiloh is shown as Jeroboam's supporter in this passage, but he will be Jeroboam's enemy in 1 Kings 14:1-18.


1 Kings 11, Death of Solomon (11:41–43)
This is the first use regular concluding formula in the books of Kings. The Chronicler mentioned 'the Book of the Acts of Solomon' as a source of information, presumably in form of royal annals.


1 Kings 12
1 Kings 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reigns of Rehoboam and Jeroboam.


1 Kings 12, Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 33 verses.


1 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150–75 BCE) with extant verses 28–31.


1 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1–20)
Rehoboam took the throne in Judah without opposition, but he required confirmation from the northern kingdom (cf 1 Samuel 10:24–25; 2 Samuel 5:3; 19:10-11,42-4). After Solomon's death, the northern tribes of Israel requested negotiations with the new king in Shechem (today: Nablus, in the central mountain country of Ephraim) and when the early negotiation failed, Jeroboam was called upon to lead the petition to reduce the financial burdens imposed by Solomon (verse 20).


1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1–20)
Rehoboam seeks advice from 'the older men who had attended his father Solomon' and with 'the young men who had grown up with him and now attended him' (verses 6, 8), representing a political conflict between two generations.


1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1–20)
The 'undiplomatic arrogance' of Rehoboam's reply based on the advice of the younger advisors (using vulgarity) triggered what already perceived by the northern tribes that Solomon and his family intended to squeeze the northern Israel hard, in comparison to the tribe of Judah, so the northern tribes decided to separate (verse 16 uses a language of separation almost identical to 2 Samuel 20:1, when the northern tribes had privately distanced themselves from Davidic rule during Absalom's failed revolt). Despite the acknowledgment that things happened exactly as the prophet Ahijah of Shiloh had forecast (verse 15, cf. 1 Kings 11:29–32), the author of this passage still regards the separation as a 'perverse rebellion against the legitimate reign of the descendants of David' (verse 19).


1 Kings 12, Civil war averted (12:21–24)
The separation of northern tribes happened as prophesied by prophet Ahijah of Shiloh as a (limited) divine judgement upon the ruling house of Jerusalem (1 Kings 11:29–39), and confirmed by prophet Shemaiah in this passage that Rehoboam and the Judeans should not go against God's irreversible decision, especially when it means fighting against their 'kindred'.


1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25–33)
The record of Jeroboam I of Israel spans from 1 Kings 12:25 to 14:24, but in the Septuagint version of Codex Vaticanus there is an addition before verse 25, numbered as 24a to 24z, which is not present in the Hebrew Bible, but this Greek text often concurs literally with the Hebrew text in 1 Kings 11–14 although containing some significant differences, such as:


1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25–33)
Also, in Greek text, Rehoboam was made king at 16 years of age (Hebrew text: 40 years old), and reigned 12 years (Hebrew text: 17 years); his mother was Naanan (Hebrew text: Naamah), the daughter of Ana, son of Nahash, king of Ammon.