1 Samuel 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–4, 18–21.


1 Samuel 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).


1 Samuel 3, Analysis
Chapter 3 is tied in many ways to chapter 2, with some terms and themes in chapter 2 are repeated or recapitulated in chapter 3:


1 Samuel 3, God calls Samuel (3:1–14)
This section on Samuel's calling is often classified as a "prophetic call narrative", within the tradition of the calling of major prophets (cf. Exodus 3–4; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1:4–10; Ezekiel 1:1–3:16). In a period when divine visions were infrequent, Samuel received his call-vision which would shift the seat of power from Eli and his family. While Eli was still presiding for a short period, he instructed Samuel of the right words of response to God's calling (verses 9–10), but after Samuel received God's oracle (verses 11–14), Samuel became more powerful than Eli before the eyes of the people.


1 Samuel 3, Samuel shares his first vision (3:15–21)
Samuel's oracle of doom over Eli's house confirms the words of the man of God in 2:27-36: the house of Eli will fall because of the iniquity of his sons and his own inability to admonish them. Eli accepted God's verdict (verse 18) and that Samuel would become a 'powerful prophet whose words were fulfilled', not only in Shiloh, but throughout the land of Israel (verses 20–21).


1 Scorpii
1 Scorpii, or b Scorpii, is a single star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.63, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. The star shows an annual parallax shift of 6.59 mas from Earth's orbit, which equates to a distance of roughly 490 light years. It is a probable (89% chance) member of the Sco OB2 moving group.


1 Scorpii
This is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B1.5 Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines being induced by rapid rotation. It has a projected rotational velocity of 310 km/s, which is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 13% wider than the polar radius. There is some weak evidence that this is a Be star with a gaseous disk that is being viewed edge-on.


1 Scorpii
1 Scorpii is a young star at around 10 million years old, with 8.3 times the mass of the Sun and 3.7 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 3,890 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 24,000 K.


1 Second Everyday
1 Second Everyday (1SE) is an application developed by Cesar Kuriyama. The application allows the user to record one second of video every day and then chronologically edits (mashes) them together into a single film. It is compatible with iOS and Android. The idea of the application was developed by Kuriyama's 1 Second Everyday – Age 30 video.


1 Second Everyday
The application was launched in January 2013. 1 Second Everyday played a part in the plot of Chef and also became the inspiration for the 2014 short animated clip Feast.


1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video
In February 2011, when Cesar Kuriyama turned 30, after saving money, he quit his job in an advertising firm and took a year off to travel. During this time, he started working on a project he called 1 Second Everyday. As part of the project, every day he recorded one second of video – something that was supposed to help him remember that day. He started the project because he was frustrated with his memory. He planned to stockpile the 365 one-second clips into one film to serve as a memento of his year. While working on the project Kuriyama realized that recording one second every day impacted the decisions he made in a positive way.


1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video
After a year he made a 365-second clip out of his recordings. The video called 1 Second Everyday – Age 30, went viral.


1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video
According to Kuriyama, he was initially inspired to take a year off from work by a TED talk given by Stefan Sagmeister called "The Power of Time Off." Kuriyama also delivered a TED talk about 1 Second Everyday in 2012 at TED 2012 in Long Beach California.


1 Second Everyday, Background, Kickstarter campaign
After completing his own video, Kuriyama decided to develop an application that would allow the users to record one second every day and compile their own videos. He developed a prototype of the application and then in 2012, he launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for completing the application. The campaign became one of the most backed app campaigns in the history of Kickstarter. It was backed by 11,281 backers who pledged a total of $56,959 on an initial goal of $20,000.


1 Second Everyday, Background, Kickstarter campaign
Following the completion of the Kickstarter campaign, he partnered with an application design studio in Brooklyn to develop the application. 1 Second Everyday was released two weeks after the completion of its Kickstarter campaign.


1 Second Everyday, Application
The application was released for iOS on 10 January 2013. An Android-compatible version of the application was developed later. Using it, the user can record the videos in the application or they can select one second portions from their libraries. 1 Second Everyday dates every snippet. The user can also set alarms to remember to record their daily video. In order to compile a video, the user selects the seconds they want and the application creates a compilation video. The user can keep multiple timelines. It also allows users to post directly on social networks. The main interface in 1 Second Everyday is a calendar, which shows the user which days have snippets and which they can still fill in.


1 Second Everyday, Application
In the beginning, 1 Second Everyday restricted the recording to one second. However, the developers later released Super Seconds, which allowed users to record an additional half a second video. In 2014, 1 Second Everyday Crowds was launched, which is an area in the application featuring compilations of second clips from different users.


1 Second Everyday, In the media
The Kickstarter campaign of 1 Second Everyday was featured in  Entrepreneur's 3 Innovative Tech Startups on Kickstarter Right Now in 2012. The application was featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Gawker and other media outlets. By the end of the launch day, it was in Top 10 Free Apps on App Store. It was also selected as the App of the Week on GeekWire in 2013.


1 Second Everyday, In the media
Several other one-second compilation videos were also posted on the Internet after Kuriyama's video gained media attention. Sam Cornwell, an English photographer documented his son Indigo's growth using a montage of one-second iPhone clips. He shot these clips every single day from the moment of birth right up to the baby's first birthday. According to Cornwell, he was inspired by Kuriyama's project. The video of Cornwell's son gained considerable media attention after it was posted on YouTube. Save the Children also made a video commercial based on a similar format that showed a British girl oblivious of the Syrian war end up being a refugee.


1 Second Everyday, In the media
1SE was a finalist for the Fast Company Innovation by Design Award in 2015, but lost to Google Maps. In 2015, Google Android created a gallery, Leap Second 2015, with the help of Droga5 and Kuriyama. The gallery showcased how people around the world enjoyed the one extra second of their lives. Through the 1 Second Everyday app available at Google Play, people were able to submit their extra second, which were then vetted and added to the gallery. The viewers were able to view other celebratory seconds from around the world as well as searching for them using different hashtags.


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Hitler's 1 September 1939 Reichstag speech is a speech made by Adolf Hitler at an Extraordinary Session of the German Reichstag on 1 September 1939, the day of the German invasion of Poland. The speech served as public declaration of war against Poland and thus of the commencement of World War II (Germany did not submit a formal declaration of war to Poland).


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
The first shots of the invasion had been fired at around 4:48 am of September 1, by the battleship Schleswig-Holstein. At 5:40 am Hitler issued a declaration to the armed forces: "The Polish state has refused the peaceful settlement of relations which I desired, and appealed to arms... In order to put an end to this lunacy I have no other choice than to meet force with force from now on." At 11:40 am, the German Supreme Command issued a proclamation to the troops ("Soldiers of the German Army - after all other means have failed - weapons must decide. "), and this was followed later in the day by Hitler's speech to the Reichstag, meeting at the Kroll Opera House.


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Although some statements in the speech were true, overall it was an "astonishing catalog of lies". Hitler misrepresented in detail the course of diplomatic events preceding the invasion:


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
I have also tried to solve the problem of Danzig, the Corridor, etc., by proposing a peaceful discussion... In my talks with Polish statesmen I discussed the ideas which you recognize from my last speech to the Reichstag... there is nothing more modest or loyal than these proposals... These proposals have been refused. Not only were they answered first with mobilization, but with increased terror and pressure against our German compatriots... Poland was not prepared to settle the Corridor question in a reasonable way... I made one more final effort to accept a proposal for mediation...


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
For two whole days I sat with my Government and waited to see whether it was convenient for the Polish Government to send a plenipotentiary or not... Deputies, if the German Government and its Leader patiently endured such treatment Germany would deserve only to disappear from the political stage. But I am wrongly judged if my love of peace and my patience are mistaken for weakness or even cowardice... These proposals for mediation have failed...


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Hitler then spoke of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which had been signed just ten days before, on August 23. Although news of the pact had been published in the Soviet Union and had by then widely spread throughout the world, this speech included Hitler's first formal declaration of the Pact:


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
I am happy particularly to be able to tell you of one event... I no longer see any reason why [Germany and Russia] should still oppose one another.... We have, therefore, resolved to conclude a pact which rules out for ever any use of violence between us... Russia and Germany fought against one another in the World War. That shall and will not happen a second time.


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Hitler justified the German attack by claiming Polish culpability based on the faked Gleiwitz incident – the culmination of Operation Himmler, a false flag operation intended to demonstrate that the Poles had attacked first:


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
This night for the first time Polish regular soldiers fired on our territory. Since 5.45 A.M. we have been returning the fire, and from now on bombs will be met by bombs.


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Hitler then declared himself as the "First soldier of the German Reich" (Erster Soldat des Deutschen Reiches), a self-claimed rank, effectively equivalent of Generalissimo. This was a further step in cementing Hitler's position as supreme commander of the German Armed Forces (Oberbefehlshaber der Deutschen Wehrmacht):


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
I am from now on just first soldier of the German Reich. I have once more put on that coat that was the most sacred and dear to me. I will not take it off again until victory is secured, or I will not survive the outcome.


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
William Shirer noted that "Only once that day did Hitler utter the truth. In the end, this once, he would prove as good as his word. But no German I met in Berlin that day noticed that what the Leader was saying quite bluntly was that he could not face, or take, defeat should it come".


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
Eleanor Roosevelt wrote "At 5:00 o’clock this morning our telephone rang and it was the President in Washington to tell me the sad news that Germany had invaded Poland and that her planes were bombing Polish cities. He told me that Hitler was about to address the Reichstag, so we turned on the radio and listened until 6:00 o’clock.... As I listened to Hitlers' speech, this letter kept returning to my mind... how can you say that you do not intend to make war on women and children and then send planes to bomb cities?"


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
(In the speech Hitler promised "I will not war against women and children. I have ordered my air force to restrict itself to attacks on military objectives" (Ich will nicht den Kampf gegen Frauen und Kinder führen. Ich habe meiner Luftwaffe den Auftrag gegeben, sich auf militärische Objekte bei ihren Angriffen zu beschränken.))


1 September 1939 Reichstag speech
The New York Times headline for its front-page report of the speech, after leading with quotes that "Bomb Will Be Met by Bomb" and Hitler's vow to "Fight Until Resolution" of the Polish situation, focused on the order of succession decree. In the speech, Hitler had declared that the order of his succession would be Hermann Göring, then Rudolf Hess, then a successor to be chosen by "the Senate" (den Senat) (although there was no Senate, the Reichsrat (Senate) inherited from the Weimar Republic having been abolished on 14 February, 1934.) This was the first announcement of this order of succession. (This designation of Göring as Hitler's successor remained in effect (re-affirmed by a decree of 29 June 1941) until the Göring Telegram of 23 April 1945, in which Göring attempted to use it to justify seizing control of Germany.)


1 Serpentis
1 Serpentis (1 Ser) is a red giant in the constellation Virgo with an apparent magnitude of 5.52. It is a red clump giant, a cool horizontal branch star that is fusing helium in its core. It has expanded to over 13 times the radius of the Sun and although it is cooler at 4,581 K it is 77 times more luminous. It is 322 light years away.


1 Serpentis
The Flamsteed designation 1 Serpentis was given to the star when the constellation Serpens was combined with the constellation Ophiuchus. It was also given the Bayer designation M Serpentis. When Ophiuchus and Serpens were separated into distinct constellations, 1 Serpentis was left over the border in Libra. Since then it has moved slightly and is now in Virgo.


1 Serpentis
A 10th-magnitude companion star discovered by William Herschel is 86″ away. It is at the same distance as 1 Ser and shares a common proper motion,  It is considered likely to be a physical companion, with the two stars separated by 8,600 au. It has a spectral type of G5 IV, and it is slightly smaller and less luminous than the sun.


1 Serpentis
A much more widely-separated 10th-magnitude star is also listed in multiple star catalogues, but it is an unrelated background object.


1 Service Battalion
1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn; French: 1er Bataillon des services) is a deployable field unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides second- and limited third-line combat service support to units throughout the 3rd Canadian Division. Located at Steele Barracks, Canadian Forces Base Edmonton, 1 Svc Bn is composed of the battalion headquarters and four functional companies: Transportation, Supply, Maintenance, and Administration. Administration Company is unique in that it provides first-line support to the battalion itself, while the remaining companies provide second- and limited third-line support to units across the 3rd Canadian Division.


1 Service Battalion
1 Svc Bn generates forward support groups (FSGs) formed of personnel from each company in order to support domestic and international operations. 1 Svc Bn is a force generation unit that is capable of providing two company-sized FSGs to support operations at any given time.


1 Service Battalion
The battalion is composed of an integrated and cohesive team of active military members and public servants. Soldiers must maintain their soldiering and war-fighting skills to a high degree of proficiency, while concurrently developing expertise in their respective trades.


1 Service Battalion
The battalion's primary focus is on conducting and training for operations; however, the unit also provides combat service support on a daily basis to 1 CMBG and the 3rd Canadian Division. 1 Svc Bn has, over the past two decades, regularly generated, trained, and deployed the National Support Element (NSE) for several Canadian deployments.


1 Service Battalion
The unit motto is officium super omnia which translates to "duty above all". The current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Boland and the regimental sergeant major is Chief Warrant Officer Guillaume Page.


1 Service Battalion, History
1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn) was officially formed on 1 September 1968, however, the unit's roots can be traced back to around the start of the 20th century through the history of its functional companies: Transportation, Supply and Maintenance. These three companies are descendants of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC), the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC), and the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) respectively.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
Until the formation of the service battalions in September 1968, all transportation service was provided by the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC). The RCASC was established, by General Order No. 141, as the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC), on 1 November 1901. The CASC was modelled directly off the British Army Service Corps to provide all transportation and supply services to the Army. Initially, the CASC consisted of four companies to support the Active Militia units. The Corps grew quickly, doubling the number of units by 1903, and growing by another three companies by 1905. By the summer of 1914 the CASC had a strength of 3000 personnel in eighteen companies.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
During World War I, the CASC provided a support element for each Canadian division, and later on, for the Canadian Corps. With the introduction of motorized vehicles, the CASC carried commodities of a greater range and of greater weights. Motorized transportation also resulted in expanded responsibilities such as driving ambulances and engineer pontoon vehicles, carrying all natures of ammunition, and mobile repair and recovery. In recognition of the services rendered during World War I, King George V authorized the designator "Royal" in 1919.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
The RCASC, along with the rest of the army, underwent a rapid expansion as Canada mobilized for the Second World War. The RCASC provided support to Canadian soldiers wherever they went; training in Canada and Great Britain, the campaign in north-west Europe, and in the campaign in Italy. The RCASC moved supplies from the rear areas to the front-lines. They delivered all rations, ammunition, petroleum products, and all other essentials. They did so with a variety of vehicles ranging from 3- to 10-ton trucks, and 40-ton tank transporters.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
During the 1950s, the RCASC committed No. 1 and No. 2 Movement Control Groups, 54 Canadian Transport Company, 28 Motorized Ambulance Company, and 58 General Transport Company to the Korean War. In 1952, 23 Transport Company relieved 54 Transport Company, which was in-turn relieved by 56 Transport Company. 3 Transport Company was the last to serve in Korea in 1954. 4 Transport Company (previously known as 56 Transport Company and then 5 Transport Company) moved from Winnipeg to Calgary in August 1967. In June 1968, 4 Transport Company combined with elements of the static 13 Transport Company. Three months later that organization became the Transport Company of 1 Svc Bn.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps
The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC) can trace its roots back to the Canadian Stores Department. Formed in 1871, the Canadian Stores Department was a civil department of the Canadian Government. This civil service was charged with control of forts, ammunition, stores, buildings and an ordnance depot left by the departing British Military. On 1 July 1903, the responsibilities of the Canadian Stores Department were transferred to the Ordnance Stores Corps. In 1907 it was renamed the Canadian Ordnance Corps (COC).


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps
During the First World War, the COC, in conjunction with the CASC, was supporting 400,000 men, 150,000 French civilians, and 25,000 horses. In 1919, for recognition of outstanding service during the War, King George V authorized the "Royal" designation.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps
In the Second World War, the RCOC had a strength of 35,000 military personnel, not including the thousands of civilian personnel employed at RCOC installations. They procured all the material goods required by the Army, from clothing to weapons. Up until 1944, the RCOC was responsible for maintenance and repair. Ordnance Field Parks, that carried everything from spare parts to spare artillery, supported the Divisions and Corps.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps
In 1960, 1 Ordnance Field Park moved from Edmonton to Calgary and in 1968 merged with the Base Supply organization to become the Supply Company of 1 Svc Bn.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
The Corps of RCEME was formed on 15 May 1944 as an amalgamation of elements of the RCOC, the RCASC, and the Royal Canadian Engineers. It was modelled after the British Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). It was born out of lessons learned during the Second World War. It became apparent that due to the increasing complexity of military equipment, technical expertise needed to be pooled to be most effective.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
After the Second World War, the RCEME contributed units to Canadian commitments overseas. RCEME units that served in the Korean War included No. 25 Canadian Support Workshop, No. 191 Canadian Infantry Workshop, No. 23 Infantry Workshop (renamed No. 40 Infantry Workshop), and No. 42 Infantry Workshop.


1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
No. 43 Infantry Workshop, which had gone to Germany as No. 195 Workshop, returned from service in Germany to Barriefield in 1955. In 1958, the unit was re-designated again as 1 Field Workshop. In mid-1958, the unit was moved to Calgary to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group. In September 1968, No. 1 Field Workshop merged with No. 215 Workshop and became Maintenance Company, 1 Svc Bn.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
As previously mentioned, the unit was officially stood up 1 September 1968. Initially, it was composed of a small headquarters, Transport Company, Supply Company, Maintenance Company, Construction Engineer Company, and Military Police Platoon. The battalion's tasks were: to deploy as a service support unit on order; to assist Canadian Forces Base Calgary with the provision of administrative support to local units; and, to provide a field logistics capability to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
In 1975, the Military Police Platoon was removed from the organization to become 1 MP Platoon, and the Construction Engineer Company left and became part of CFB Calgary's Technical Services Branch. In 1976, the Administration Company was added to provide integral service support to the unit so that the unit could better concentrate on providing close and general support to the brigade group. The Administration Company consisted of the unit's headquarters, Transport Platoon, Supply Platoon, and Maintenance Platoon, as well as messing, personnel administration, and medical services.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
In late 1978 and early 1979, a band was formed and took part in its initial training phase during rehearsals at a shack in Sarcee Barracks. Unlike others at the time, it was an unauthorized Canadian military band. Each member was issued band heraldry in the spring of the year and consisted of the following musicians at that time: the band sergeant, a band administration officer, a drum major, four snare drummers, two side drummers, a bass drummer, three glockenspiel players, three buglers, and two baritone buglers.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
On 24 April 1982, in recognition of its support to and close association with the City of Calgary, 1 Svc Bn was awarded the freedom of the city. As part of the ceremony, the battalion marched to Calgary City Hall where Mayor (and later Alberta Premier) Ralph Klein presented the honour.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
As a result of the government's decision to close CFB Calgary, 1 Svc Bn moved to Steele Barracks in Edmonton on 23 September 1996. In July 1999, as part of the army's combat service support core restructure, part of the battalion was removed to form 1 General Support Battalion (1 GS Bn). This relieved 1 Svc Bn of its static or base responsibilities. The smaller unit was then composed of Administration Company, Maintenance Company, and Supply and Transportation Company.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
On 28 June 2003, the City of Spruce Grove granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
On 6 February 2006, 1 Svc Bn and 1 GS Bn were reunited as a single unit, 1 Svc Bn. On 3 April of the same year, 1 Svc Bn was transferred from 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group to 1 Area Support Group.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
On 11 September 2011, the Town of Morinville granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.


1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day
On 23 April 2012, 1 Svc Bn returned to the command of 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in accordance with the Canadian Forces Force 2013 laydown. The event was marked with a transfer of command authority parade to formalize the transfer.


1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle
The Unit Headquarters is responsible for command and control of the unit, planning and coordinating support operations and training, issuing direction to the companies, and maintaining liaison with supported and supporting organizations. The unit headquarters includes the Operations Cell, Training Cell, Battalion Orderly Room, and the command team of the commanding officer, the regimental sergeant major, the deputy commanding officer, the adjutant and the battalion administration coordinator.


1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle
Transportation Company is responsible to provide second- and limited third-line transport and movements support. The second-largest company, it is organized into four platoons: Headquarters Platoon, Field Platoon, C Platoon, and Movements and Postal Platoon. Support tasks executed by the company include the provision of the general cargo and personal transport, refuelling services, snow and ice control operations at CFB Edmonton, multi-modal movements planning and control, aerial resupply and postal services. Additionally, the company provides specialist transportation-related training and manages the conduct of the Canadian Forces Mobile Support Equipment Safety Program in the Edmonton Garrison.


1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle
Supply Company is the third-largest company in the battalion. The company is organized with a headquarters and five platoons: the Systems Control Platoon, Stocks Platoon, Garrison Support Services Platoon, Laundry, Bath, and Decontamination Platoon, and Combat Supply Platoon. Supply Company provides a variety of essential stores and services to supported units both in garrison and while on deployed operations. The current Supply Company facility, located within the Edmonton Garrison, was originally conceived and designed in 1996 by officer commanding Supply Company Captain Stewart Campbell.


1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle
Maintenance Company is the largest of the companies in the battalion. The company provides second- and limited third-line repair and recovery services to assigned dependencies both in garrison and on deployments, as well as providing integral-level support to specified units that do not possess their own integral Land Equipment Management System resources. Maintenance Company consists of the Headquarters, Vehicle Platoon, Artisan Platoon, and Garrison Maintenance Platoon.


1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle
Administration Company is the smallest in the battalion and is composed of the Headquarters Platoon, Maintenance Platoon, Transport Platoon, Quartermaster Platoon, Signals Troop, and Finance Platoon. The role of Administration Company is to provide efficient and effective first-line support to the other companies of 1 Svc Bn and any external elements that are attached to the unit. This includes the provision of transportation, maintenance, supply, signals, administrative, and food services support that the members of the other companies need in order to successfully carry out their assigned tasks.


1 Service Battalion, Unit flag
The 1 Svc Bn Unit flag has links with the traditions of the founding corps. The official colours of the unit flag are Marine Corps scarlet and oriental blue with an intervening gold stripe and the number one emblazoned in the centre. These colours have a history of association with army services. The oriental blue colour of the flag is reminiscent of the old RCOC flag while the gold colour can be found on the former banners of the RCASC, the RCEME Corps, and the Royal Canadian Army Pays Corps (RCAPC).


1 Service Battalion, Unit badge
The badge of 1 Svc Bn (seen above) was selected after many years of discussion in 1978. The badge depicts a Dall ram's head against the battalion flag oriented diagonally inside a ceremonial Canadian Forces unit badge. The Dall sheep is indigenous to Alberta and it was selected to represent the "Army of the West" many years ago by Major-General F.F. Worthington.


1 Service Battalion, Unit building
On 15 November 2017, 1 Service Battalion finalized the exterior naming of building 179 with "Édifice Bell/Slumkofske Building". The building is named after two distinguished soldiers: Colonel Bell was a logistician of the First World War and Sergeant Lawrence Albert Slumkofske a RCEME soldier who served in the Second World War.


1 Service Battalion, Unit building
The official naming of building 179 occurred with the unveiling of a dedication plate in the foyer of the building on 20 October 1996 by Major-General M.D. Jeffries CD.


1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)
1 Signal Regiment is a military communications regiment of the British Army. The regiment is now part of the 11th Signal Brigade.


1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History
The regiment's antecedents date to the formation of the 1st Division, Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers, in 1905. From 1905 to 1960, the regiment title changed several times, for example, from 1st Divisional Signal Company to 1st Divisional Signal Regiment. As a result of the 1957 Defence White Paper, the regiment was re-titled as 1st Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment, and moved to Verden in 1978. In 1993, as a result of the Options for Change force reductions, 1st Armoured Division disbanded, reforming as HQ Lower Saxony District.


1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History
After the Army 2020 Refine reforms the regiment was titled as 1 Signal Regiment, and fell under operational command of 11th Signal Brigade. Under Army 2020 Refine, the regiment will support the 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade as a close support signal communications regiment. By 2025, the regiment will move from its current location at MoD Stafford to Swinton Barracks in Perham Down, thereby co-locating with the remainder of the regular units of 7th Signal Group.


1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), Current Organisation
The current organisation of the regiment, after its conversion to a "armoured infantry brigade signals" unit is:


1 South African Infantry Battalion
1 South African Infantry Battalion is a mechanized infantry unit of the South African Army.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Oudtshoorn origin
Established as 1 SA Infantry Training Battalion at Oudtshoorn, (hence the ostrich feathers on the unit insignia) on 26 January 1951, the unit became part of the infantry corps with its establishment in January 1951.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Oudtshoorn origin
The unit was reconstituted as 1 SA Infantry Battalion in November 1967 and moved to its current base at Tempe near Bloemfontein, in November 1973.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
By 1976 infantry operations transformed drastically when the Ratel Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) was introduced for the first time and in November the first Ratel course was presented at 1 SAI by then Major Roland de Vries.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
In 1977, 1 SAI received its first consignment of 42 Ratel IFVs. The shoulder flash of 1 SAI was redesigned depicting a rampant honey badger, while the first mechanised infantry junior leadership training courses started.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
From 1977 to 1981, mechanised infantry leadership students shared the same lines as 1 SAIs conventional companies, but were required to wear a nutria brassard on the right arm with a green and yellow embroidered honey badger insignia in order to stand out and ensure Espirit de Corps. The training wing became identified as the T&D Wing and all students attended the same course until the Section Leaders Phase had been completed. Section Leaders were then awarded their Lance Corporal stripes and then placed with regular rifle companies.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
The rest of the future NCOs also received their stripes and future Officers received their white Candidate Officer's tabs. These students were then evaluated and split into the Mechanised Platoon Commanders Course and Specialist Instructors Course. These platoon commanders were destined to either become future leaders of 1 SAIs rifle companies or instructors at the Training Wing, while the Specialist Instructors would become Officers and NCO's responsible for training of Ratel gunners and drivers.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
By January 1981, the training wing was renamed the Mechanised Leadership Wing and moved to the Akkedisdorp premises outside the lines of 1 SAI and next to 1 SSB. The wearing of the distinctive honey badger student brassard was discontinued during this period.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry
The mechanised techniques developed at 1 SAI was transferred to two additional mechanised infantry battalions under development at that time, namely 4 SAI and 8 SAI.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Battalion Pioneer Platoon
1 SAI also had an assault pioneer capability in the 1980s, usually designated Oscar Company. Assault pioneers were the integral combat engineering component of the battalion. Assault pioneers were trained in tasks such as:


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Battalion Pioneer Platoon
The Pioneer Platoon provided small tasks and close support capabilities to the battalion ensuring immediacy of response and decreasing the workload of the engineer squadrons. By the 1990s this function was retired to the Engineering Corps however.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Operations
By 1978, 1 SAI took part in Operation Reindeer. 1 SAI was also later involved in:


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Operations
The following 1 SAI members were awarded the Honoris Crux decoration


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Relationship with 61 Mech
1 SAI was also the main feeder unit for mechanised infantry companies for 61 Mechanised Battalion Group during this period.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Post 1994, Assimilation of 151 Battalion
Peled writes that after January 1993, 151 Battalion, formed from the Southern Sothos in the Orange Free area, was assimilated into 1 SAI.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Post 1994, Assimilation of 151 Battalion
In Sept 1999, a disgruntled junior officer from 1 SAI went on a shooting spree through the unit. Lt . S. Madubela  killed seven personnel and injured five. He was stopped and killed by his colleagues.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Entry
1 SAI received the freedom of entry to Bloemfontein in 1981.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Current, Vehicle mounted weapons
1 SAI is equipped with Ratel 20 Infantry Fighting Vehicles, Ratel 60 mm (2.4 in) Mortar Platform Vehicles, Ratel Command Vehicles with mounted 12.7 mm (0.50 in) machine guns, Kwevoel 100 Armoured Trucks for IFV Recovery, field maintenance, fuel bunkers and water provision, Samil 50 and 100 logistics trucks, Samil 20 trucks for its organic field workshops, Casspir APCs for its forward artillery observation party, and Rinkhals Field Ambulance. 1 SAI has also used Buffel IFVs and Mambas at certain stages in its history. Ratel mounted weapons include the Denel Land Systems GI-2 20 mm (0.79 in) Quick Firing Cannon (QFC) (Ratel mounted), 60 mm (2.4 in) breech-loading mortar (Ratel mounted), Browning M1919  Machine gun and the Browning M2 12.75 mm (0.502 in) Machine gun.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Current, Lighter and personal weapons
1 SAI is equipped with the Vektor SS77 Squad Automatic Machine gun, Fabrique Nationale 7.62 mm (0.300 in) Light Machine gun, Vektor R4 5.56 mm (0.219 in) assault rifle, 40 mm (1.6 in) Multiple Grenade Launcher (MGL), Rocket Propelled grenade launcher (RPG-7), M26 Fragmentation grenade, M4 60 mm (2.4 in) patrol mortar (PATMOR), and the Denel 99 mm (3.9 in) FT5 rocket launcher.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Future
Under Project Hoefyster, the SANDF will eventually replace the Ratel family of vehicles with the Badger system. Nine versions are contemplated of which three are earmarked for mechanized Infantry Battalions such as 1 SAI:


1 South African Infantry Battalion, 1 SAI Mechanised Fleet early 1990s, Fighting Echelon Vehicles
1 Ratel 20 per section, 3 sections per platoon, 1 Ratel 60 per platoon, 3 platoons per company. 2 Ratel 12,7 per company.


1 South African Infantry Battalion, Unit Song
In 1 SAI wil ek bly, dis die eenheid net vir my,slaggereed en kommer vry, met ons ratels veg ons ver, onder die al en suider ster 1 SAI Bataljon, 1 SAI! Servire, servire, servire parati is ons lese as jy vra, 1 SAI Bataljon, 1 SAI! From the shores of Cape Agulhas,to the Northern bushveld trees,We will fight our countries battles, in the air, land and sea,We will fight for right and freedom, we will keep our honesty,We are proud to claim the title of the 'Mechanised Infantry'.


1 South African Tank Regiment
1 South African Tank Regiment is an armoured regiment of the South African Army, based at the Tempe military base in Bloemfontein as part of the South African Army Armour Formation.


1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Origin
The Regiment was established in April 1999, composed of members of the old Tank Wing of the National Defence Force's School of Armour.


1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role
This unit supplies the only full-time tank force to the SA Army.


1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role
Lt Col William Nondala, the second CO, was the first black commanding officer appointed in the country's Armoured Corps.


1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role
There were 724 available posts, but only 335 were staffed and 389 vacant in 2005. The highest shortage level (75%) was experienced at the level of trooper.


1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations
The unit trains jointly with the reserve force units to enhance the ‘one force’ concept, because the reserve force is the expansionary capability of the SANDF in times of national defence. There is however only a small percentage of active reserves, because training call-ups are limited, due to budgetary constraints.


1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations
It is equipped with the Olifant Mk.2 main battle tank. The unit’s structure is a ‘type 38 regiment’, with 2 tanks at regimental headquarters and 12 tanks each in the three operational squadrons. There are also support squadrons and tank transport squadrons.


1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations
The Olifant tanks have been significantly upgraded with new power packs and stabilized night vision equipment. The vehicles are also capable of fire on the move manoeuvres. The Olifants may be replaced with a small number of new Main Battle Tanks some time after 2018.


1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations
Due to a lack of funds for their primary armoured role and a shortage of regular infantry, the unit has recently been deployed in their secondary line infantry role on border patrol and external peacekeeping operations in central Africa. The C (or third) squadron was deployed from April to July 2004 along the Lesotho border and received praise from the Tactical headquarters, police and the farming community. Another squadron was deployed from December 2004 to March 2005. Several members of the unit have also been deployed to the Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC  as part of the United Nations’ peacekeeping force MONUSCO and in Burundi as VIP protectors.


1 Spadina Crescent
1 Spadina Crescent, also known as the Daniels Building, is an academic building home to the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design at the University of Toronto (U of T) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building is situated in the centre of a roundabout of Spadina Avenue, north of College Street. Its location provides a picturesque vista looking north up Spadina Avenue; it is an axial view terminus for Spadina Avenue.


1 Spadina Crescent, History
The parcel of land now known as Spadina Crescent first appeared on maps of Toronto as early as 1835, originally named "Mansfield's Old Gardens" and then Crescent Garden. The land was originally laid out by Dr. William Baldwin to cut through his family's land holdings. There was the intention for the city to turn it into a park after Dr. Baldwin's death; however, the conditions for this were never met and his grandchildren sold the land in 1873 to the Hon. J. McMurrich of the Presbyterian Church for $10,000.


1 Spadina Crescent, History
A Gothic Revival building designed by architect James Avon Smith was built in 1875  as the then new home of Knox College, a theological college of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Knox College became affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1887, and in 1914 moved to its current location on the west side of King's College Circle. During World War I, the building became barracks, and shortly afterward became the Spadina Military Hospital in October 1916. For a period in 1918, Amelia Earhart worked as a nurses aide at the hospital.


1 Spadina Crescent, History
It remained a veterans hospital until 1943 when it was acquired by the University of Toronto's Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, which became one of Canada's main centers for the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The building was in disrepair at this point and needed substantial renovations. It was also around this time that the basement was excavated. In the 1960s, it was proposed that this building be demolished to make way for the Spadina Expressway, which was never built. It became an academic building again in 1972 with the sale and relocation of the laboratories. The building was home to the Ontario division of the Eye Bank of Canada, and an alternative U of T student weekly newspaper, The Newspaper which moved because of renovations.


1 Spadina Crescent, History
In January of 2001, University of Toronto Professor David Buller was murdered in his office within the building, the case remains unsolved.


1 Spadina Crescent, History
In June 2013, U of T announced a significant overhaul and renovation of the building, with plans to make it the new home for the Daniels Faculty of Architecture. On December 4, 2015, the Toronto Star published a video by Christopher Hume, its architecture critic, celebrating the building's history, and the University's plan to renovate, update and expand the building. The building was subsequently restored and renovated by a team of architects including heritage architects ERA and design architects Nader Tehrani and Katherine Faulkner of the Boston based firm .


1 Spadina Crescent, History
The expansion, which was completed in 2017, included a new contemporary glass, concrete, and steel addition to the north side. The expanded portion of the building now offers space for design studios, lounges, a student cafe, workshop and fabrication labs. The historic building was sensitively restored and renovated to accommodate the new library, classes, and faculty offices. Toronto based landscape architecture studio PUBLIC WORK designed the surrounding landscape, which includes native plants and trees such as birch and oak. On the north side are two large berms, a grassy area, and a stepped pathway which leads to the fabrication laboratory. The extensive project received several awards for architectural excellence and was published in magazines around the globe.


1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Main Hall
Formerly the site of the Knox College courtyard, The Main Hall is a double-height lecture hall with bleacher-style seating for lectures, performances, and events of up to 400 people. The hall is at the heart of building, accessible via both the historic part of the building at the south side, and via the new east-west internal "street"/corridor in the new building. In 2018, the hall hosted Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Balkrishna Doshi's public lecture about his work and the prize. The hall is adorned with colourful painted plywood walls that add a sense of energy and movement to the space. Above, “a triangular section of stepped seating, like an open stair outside the volume between the second and third floors, overlooks the hall and simultaneously connects to the design studio for graduate students at the top.”


1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Graduate Design Studio
The third-floor graduate design studio is known for its expansive “column-free” space that extends across the entire North side of the building and offers views of the city through a glazed curtain wall. NADAAA architects used gypsum boards to design a dramatic “bow-tie” ceiling made of four scissor trusses and clerestory ceiling openings that bring in natural light. Architect Nader Tehrani was inspired by the Firth of Forth Bridge in Scotland.


1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Fabrication Lab
The fabrication lab is a double-height workshop and digital laboratory which “offers a variety of computationally controlled technologies, including large 3-axis and 4-axis routers, a fused deposition modelling rapid-prototyping system, a waterjet cutter, a colour 3D printer, a 3D digitizer, a 3D laser scanner, several laser cutters, and a large format vacuum former.”  The array of digital tools allow students at the faculty to produce models and various structural elements in wood and metals. The lab is viewable to students and visitors at the building from the east-west “street” that runs through the centre of the building. Double-height garage style doors open to a landscaped courtyard. Adjacent to the lab is the Daniels construction workshop which includes a full metal and woodworking shop, an assembly space, spray booth, and a large array of materials and tools.


1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Eberhard Zeidler Library
The Eberhard Zeidler Library is located in the historic part of the building, on the west side of the first floor. The library is named after architect and Zeidler Partnership founder Eberhard Zeidler. The library offers an extensive collection of books on architecture, landscape architecture, art, and urban design.


1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Architecture and Design Gallery
The Architecture and Design Gallery is an experimental public gallery dedicated to showcasing and advocating for the important ways that design shapes our cities, landscapes, and daily lives. Located in the lower level of the building, it was renovated from a "concrete shell" into a 7,500 s.f. exhibition venue after the new building opened in 2017. The space launched on November 9, 2019, with the opening of the inaugural installation New Circadia. The gallery is supported by the Estate of James Drewry Stewart and the Government of Canada.


1 Spadina Crescent, Awards
Illinois Institute of Technology College of Architecture, Mies Crown Hall Americas Prize Outstanding Project, 2018


1 Spadina Crescent, Awards
Architect’s Newspaper Best of Design Awards Winner in Educational Category and Honorable Mention for Building of the Year, 2018


1 Special Service Battalion
1 Special Service Battalion (usually abbreviated to 1SSB) is an armoured regiment of the South African Army and only one of two such in its regular force. The Regiment is based at Tempe near Bloemfontein.


1 Special Service Battalion
It was previously known in Afrikaans as 1 Spesiale Diens Bataljon (1 SDB).


1 Special Service Battalion, History
Following World War II, the Special Service Battalion was re-organised into 2 battalions - 1 Special Service Battalion and 1 South African Infantry Battalion.


1 Special Service Battalion, History
When the South African Armoured Corps was thus officially proclaimed in 1946 and Special Service Battalion was included in the corps as the only full-time unit, its symbols and colours were incorporated.


1 Special Service Battalion, History
1 SSB also took part in the South African Border War, serving in South-West Africa and Angola.


1 Special Service Battalion, History
More recently, the unit also took part in Operation Boleas, which was a South African intervention in its neighbouring country of Lesotho in 1998.


1 Special Service Battalion, History
1 SSB had a sister unit for a number of years in the post-World War II era, designated 2 Special Service Battalion, which was based in the town of Zeerust. This unit has now been disbanded.


1 Special Service Battalion, History
1 SSB also detached squadrons to various battlegroups in the South West African campaign


1 Special Service Battalion, Equipment, Current
The regiment is equipped primarily with Ratel infantry fighting vehicles and Rooikat armoured cars.


1 Special Service Battalion, Equipment, Future
Under Project Hoefyster, the SANDF will eventually replace the Ratel family of vehicles with the Badger system. Five versions are contemplated of which two are earmarked for 1 SSB:


1 Special Service Battalion, Future
This unit will together with 1 SA Tank Regiment form the Armoured Brigade of the new Mechanized Division to be formed under Army vision 2020.


1 Special Training Unit
1 Special Training Unit was a physical training of the South African Infantry.


1 Special Training Unit, Origin
1 Special Training Unit had a similar function as the World War 2 era  PT Branch but for the South Africa Coloured Corps recruits.


1 Special Training Unit, Origin
The badge was based on Doc (Lt Col) Danie Cravens Physical Training Brigade at Kimberly during World War 2, the aim to build up under nourished and understrength recruits (as a result of the great Depression)The badge represented the Greek discus thrower (Diskobolus) from which the base and the post office got its name.


1 Spinningfields
No.1 Spinningfields (formerly 1 Hardman Square) is a 92-metre office tower in the Spinningfields district of Manchester city centre, Manchester in the United Kingdom.


1 Spinningfields
The development was previously known as 1 Hardman Square which was a 140-metre skyscraper but was cancelled in 2009. The development was revived in 2014 with a 92-metre office tower and the revised design gained planning approval in May 2014. Demolition of the former building on the site, Quay House, began in early 2015 and construction of its replacement began shortly afterwards.


1 Spinningfields, Background, 1 Hardman Square (2004-2013)
The skyscraper was first proposed in 2004, linking in with the new developments in the Spinningfields district of Manchester and the growth in proposals for skyscrapers in the city at the time. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 paralysed the development market, particularly in the expensive sector of constructing skyscrapers.


1 Spinningfields, Background, 1 Hardman Square (2004-2013)
In 2011, it was reported that developers of the tower, Allied London, were on the verge of sealing a £165m deal with German fund manager, Union Investment. As part of the deal, Union Investments will forward-purchase 1 Hardman Square, thus giving Allied London capital to construct the skyscraper. Construction of the skyscraper will be dependent on whether Allied London can sign up tenants for half the building, which could take up to two years as the economy recovers.


1 Spinningfields, Background, No.1 Spinningfields (2014-2017)
Following the news in 2011 that a deal to build a 350,000 sq ft office tower was possible, plans for such a scheme were finally released in January 2014 and submitted for planning permission. The 92-metre tower will contain 350,000 sq ft of Grade A office space over 20 storeys. The building will be  Manchester's tallest office block since CIS Tower, constructed in 1962.


1 Sport
1 Sport is a division of TVNZ which airs many of the sports telecasts in New Zealand.


1 Sport
1 Sport broadcasts programs like The Championships, Wimbledon, Commonwealth Games, and the America's Cup.


1 Sport, Past Sports Rights Held
They previously held the rights to live coverage of the international rugby union until 1996, live cricket matches until 1999, and the Olympic Games until 2008.


1 Sport, TVNZ Sport
1 Sport has been more recently referred to as TVNZ Sport, due to sports being broadcast on TVNZ 1 as well as TVNZ Duke.


1 Squadron SAAF
1 Squadron SAAF was an air force squadron of the South African Air Force and was formed at Air Force Station Swartkop in February 1920, equipped with De Havilland DH.9's part of the Imperial Gift donation to South Africa by Britain. On 31 August 1939 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Bomber/Fighter Squadron and this was then changed to 11 (Bomber) Squadron in December 1939. The squadron was resurrected in February 1940 by the renumbering of 6 Squadron, equipped with four Hurricane Mk 1's and six Furies.


1 Squadron SAAF
1 Squadron saw active service in East Africa in 1940, the Western Desert, Malta, Sicily and ended their war service in Italy in 1945. In 1950 the squadron's Spitfires were replaced with Vampires and these in turn were replaced by Sabre Mk6's in 1956. In 1976 the squadron received Mirage F1AZ attack aircraft and it was disbanded when the F1AZ's were retired on 25 November 1997.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, Establishment
There had been no official squadron designations in the South African Air Force (SAAF) from its inception in 1920 until the early 1938 when 1 and 2 Transvaal Air Squadrons were formed as training units based at Waterkloof Air Station which had been opened earlier that year. Each squadron comprised 18 aircraft, divided into 3 flights each, plus a headquarters or administrative flight per squadron. Each flight was structured to form the working nucleus of a squadron. A flight of SE5's was to be the cadre of a fighting/ground strafing squadron; Avro 504Ks of a training and artillery spotter squadron, and DH9s were to form the cadre of a long-distance communication, photographic, bombing, and reconnaissance squadron.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II
On 31 August 1939, 1 Transvaal Air Squadron was re-designated as 1 (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron, and the original aircraft were replaced with Hawker Hartebeest. It took until May 1940 for the squadron to be trained and brought up to strength, by when it had been equipped with four Hurricanes and six Furies and was officially titled "1 (Fighter) Squadron," commanded by Maj. N.G. Niblock-Stuart. The squadron was the first SAAF squadron to deploy in support of the Allied war effort, when a group of pilots and support staff were ferried to Egypt on 13 May 1940 by 50 Squadron. Once they had arrived in Egypt, they were equipped with 18 Gloster Gladiators.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II
At the same time, the squadrons Hurricanes were ferried north from Pretoria on 22 and 24 May, accompanied by a Ju86 carrying the maintenance crews and arrived in Nairobi at the end of May. The squadron's Fury aircraft were flown from Pretoria to Durban for crating and were then shipped to Mombasa on SS Takliwa, embarking on 26 May and arriving in East Africa on 1 June 1940 where the Furies were un-crated and re-assembled. By early June the pilots from Egypt had married up with their aircraft in East Africa and were declared operational.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa
The squadron's first operational mission was an attack on the Italian Regia Aeronautica air base at Yavello in Abyssinia, on 17 June 1940. The task of the two Hurricanes was to escort three Junkers Ju 86 bombers from 12 Sqn in the attack on the airfield. The attack destroyed airport infrastructure as well as six Caproni Ca 133's on the ground. But a couple of Fiat CR.32s from 412ª Squadriglia had scrambled as soon as the South Africans had been spotted. The two Italian pilots severely damaged one of the Ju 86s, then shot down one of the Hurricanes Capt St E. Truter, in the second Hurricane, reacted: he attacked and chased away the CR.32 flown by Tenente Aldo Meoli, that flipped over when it landed.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa
The squadron's Hurricanes, Gladiators and Hartbeest aircraft continued to provide fighter cover but by late 1940 the Hartbeest were proving to be no longer a match for the Italian Fiat CR.42 Falcos and one flight consisting of Hartbeest and Gladiators was split off from the squadron to form the nucleus of 2 Fighter Bomber Squadron. The squadron then continued operating with the remaining Gladiators and Hurricanes from airfields in Abyssinia and Sudan until the fall of Addis Ababa on 5 April 1941. Although the East African campaign continued until November 1941, the absence of Italian fighters permitted the squadron to be moved to the Middle East on 8 April 1941.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa
From June 1940 to April 1941 the squadron operated from Kenya, Abyssinia, Sudan (Azzoza and Port Sudan) and Eritrea.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
The squadron arrived in April 1941 and scored its first kill on 16 May when Lt. Talbot shot down a Ju 87. The first large-scale deployment was in support of Operation Brevity and later in support of Operation Battleaxe when Lt. Talbot – the squadron's highest scoring ace, with 10 kills at that stage – was shot down and killed. By this stage, the squadron was only flying Hurricanes. During Operation Crusader the squadron forced down a German Bf109F, capturing it intact – for which they were congratulated by Air Chief Marshal Tedder for capturing the first of this type of aircraft.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
By the time of Operation Crusader the squadron was part of No. 258 Wing RAF, under the direct command of Air Headquarters Western Desert.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
On 3 July 1942, the squadron was intercepting a German raid on the Alamein area while No. 272 Squadron RAF was providing them with top cover. The formation came across 15 Junkers Ju 87s escorted by 7 Bf109s; 274 Sqn attacked the Bf109s whilst 1 Sqn went after the Ju 87s.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
In what was later to become known as the "1 Squadron Stuka Party" the squadron destroyed 14 Ju 87s, damaged two and shot down one of the Bf109s for the loss of just one aircraft (Lt Ray Connell, who crash landed at Burgh-el-Arab after a rear gunner destroyed his oil pump) in a forty-five-minute engagement.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
During the second Battle of El Alamein, the squadron was tasked with protecting the allied armour in their advance across the start line during the break-out phase, where squadron Hurricanes destroyed a number of Ju 87 Stukas during this phase of the battle. After the Battle of Alamein, the squadron received Spitfires as replacements for their Hawker Hurricanes.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
During April 1943, German transport aircraft were freighting supplies to the beleaguered Africa Korps in Tunisia after Allied air and sea interdiction had stopped most of their ship borne supplies coming from Italy. On the 22nd, the squadron Spitfires joined by Kittyhawks from SAAF 2, 4 and 5 Squadrons intercepted 21 huge Me323's attempting to bring in fuel (each aircraft carried 10 tons of fuel) to Tunisia. They destroyed 16 Me323's and two of their fighter escorts (one MC.202 and one Re.2001). After this successful intercept, Goering forbade all transport flights to Africa. The decision was overturned two days later after protests from Kesselring, on condition that all future flights were made by night.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert
During the fighting in the Western Desert in 1941 (while operating under the 6 Squadron designation) they acquired their nickname "The Billy Boys" because whenever successful in combat, the South African pilots would shout "Jou Bielie!" over the radio (roughly translated into British English as "You clever chap!" and into American English as "You Hoss! ").


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Italy
By July 1943, 1 Sqn had ceased operations in North Africa and were then tasked with patrolling the beaches where the landings for the invasion of Sicily were to take place. After the successful landings of Operation Husky and the subsequent exploitation, the squadron moved to Sicily on 14 July. After 38 days in Sicily, the squadron again provided cover for the British landings in Italy on 3 September 1943 to be followed by them providing fighter cover at the Anzio landings on 22 January 1944.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Italy
The squadron then moved to Italy and supported the assault on Rome, claiming 16 enemy aircraft destroyed during this battle. 1 Squadron remained in Italy for the rest of the war operating as a fighter squadron but also flying ground attack sorties towards the end of the Italian campaign. In June 1945 the squadron began to convert to the North American Mustangs, but by July 1945, when the squadron's personnel started to return to South Africa, only a few Mustangs had been delivered.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment
After the end of the war, the number of SAAF aircraft were greatly reduced, many being scrapped or sold at nominal prices. By June 1946, the squadron was assigned to 7 Wing SAAF based at AFB Waterkloof, flying Harvards but still retaining the Spitfires. In 1947 the concept of the Active citizen Force was introduced whereby permanent force pilots would fly the squadron aircraft in the week and citizen force pilot officers would pilot the same Harvards and Spitfires over the weekends. Because of the Citizen Force association with the squadron, its name was changed to 1 "City of Pretoria" Squadron.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment
By 1954 all of the squadron's Spitfires were retired and replaced by Sabre Mk6's in 1956. Additional new aircraft types were procured and by 1957 the squadron had 16 Sabres, 12 Vampires and 12 Harvards on strength.


1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment
The squadron was later reequipped with the Impala Mk. I and then the Mirage F1AZ, operating from Hoedspruit until its disbandment on 25 November 1997. It saw combat during the South African Border War in SWA/Angola.


1 Squadron SAAF, Bases and areas of operation
The squadron was deployed from the following bases / operated in the following arenas:


1 Step Ahead of Yall
1 Step Ahead of Yall is the debut album by rapper, EA-Ski. It was originally released in 1992 for In a Minute Records, but was later re-released on February 16, 1999, through No Limit Records.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back
"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo. It is the fourth track on her debut studio album, Sour, which was released on May 21, 2021, via Geffen Records. Rodrigo penned its lyrics, while Dan Nigro handled the production. The song contains an interpolation of "New Year's Day" (2017) by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, giving Swift and Jack Antonoff credits as songwriters on "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back".


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back
The song's lyrics describe the harmful effects of inconsistent communication on a romantic relationship. Musically, "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" is a tender downtempo ballad driven by a damp piano and subtle bass. Upon Sour's release, "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" received positive comments from music critics, who complimented its simplistic instrumentation and vulnerable lyrics. Commercially, the song reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, Singapore, and the United States, and the top 30 in New Zealand and Portugal.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Background and release
We interpolated "New Year's Day," which is Taylor's song from Reputation. I came up with the "1 step forward" concept and I sort of wrote a verse and a chorus, and when I got home — I was in the car on a road trip, and when I got home, I decided to sing it over the chords of "New Year's Day." I think they're really beautiful chords. I was lucky enough to get that approved, and it's on the record now.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Background and release
Following the viral success of her debut single "Drivers License", on April 13, 2021, Rodrigo announced the title, track listing and cover artwork of her debut studio album, Sour; the fourth track was titled "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back". On May 20, 2021, the personnel involved in the album were revealed on digital music platforms, in which Taylor Swift and Jack Antonoff were credited as songwriters on "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back". Rolling Stone reported that the song interpolates Swift's 2017 song "New Year's Day", which was written by Swift and Antonoff. Rodrigo has cited Swift as her biggest music inspiration and one of the core influences on Sour. The album was released on May 21, 2021, via retail stores, digital music and streaming platforms, as well as on Rodrigo's website.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Composition and recording
"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" details the impact of inconsistent and unhealthy communication on a relationship, and the subject's mixed responses via text messages. It is a ballad led by a dampened piano with a descending chord progression. The song interpolates the piano chords from Swift's "New Year's Day", the final track of her sixth studio album, Reputation (2017). Rodrigo stated that she had the verse and chorus of "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back", and decided to play it over the chords of "New Year's Day", which she thought were "beautiful".


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Composition and recording
The song is set in the key of D major with a slow tempo of 56 beats per minute. Rodrigo's vocals span from A3 to B4. She created the song's hook from a text message, stating that she "thought it would be a cool way to describe this toxic, sort of manipulative relationship". The bird chirping heard at the beginning of the track was an idea by Dan Nigro, the song's producer and Rodrigo's musical collaborator on Sour, who recorded them through a window at his house. The song's title is inspired by the phrase "1 steps forward and 2 steps back", but replaces the 2 with 3, which has been associated with Swift's lucky number 13.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Critical reception
Maura Johnston of Entertainment Weekly called the song a "regret-wracked" tune. The A.V. Club critic Tatiana Tenreyro wrote that "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" blends Swift's influences with that of Regina Spektor, "inviting listeners who may have mourned failed romances while listening to Begin To Hope to feel nostalgic, while also allowing a new generation of teenagers to recognize themselves". Tenreyro added that the track "seamlessly transitions" into "Deja Vu", the succeeding track on Sour. NME's Rhian Daly said that "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" is a "perfectly fine song" but leaves "little impression" due to its location between Rodrigo's familiar singles "Drivers License" and "Deja Vu".


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Critical reception
Writing for The New York Times, Jon Caramanica asserted that the song, like its fellow tracks, perfects "the precise language for an imprecise, complex emotional situation; and working through private stories in public fashion." Pitchfork's Olivia Horn identified the song's "Swiftian" songwriting, in which Rodrigo "treats emotional turmoil like jet fuel, and laces her lyrics with specifics". Horn labelled it "dewy-eyed soft balladry à la Ingrid Michaelson". Chris DeVille, reviewing for Stereogum, said that "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Forward" depicts "the strength of Rodrigo's conviction and her ability to condense universal frustrations into soundbites." Billboard writer Larisha Paul lauded the song's mature and confessional lyricism.


1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Commercial performance
Following the release of Sour, all of the album's 11 tracks debuted on the Billboard Global 200, U.S. Hot 100, Canadian Hot 100, and Australian Singles charts, simultaneously. "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back" entered the Global 200 at number 17. It landed at numbers 17, 18 and 19 in Canada, Australia, and the United States, respectively. The song also reached numbers 26 and 28 in New Zealand and Portugal, respectively.


1 Street Southwest station
1 Street Southwest station is a stop in downtown Calgary on the city's CTrain light rail system. The 1 Street platform is served by westbound trains only, with the nearest eastbound train platforms being Centre Street station and 3 Street Southwest station, both of which only serve eastbound trains. The platform is located on the north side of 7 Avenue South, west of Centre Street within the free fare zone, serving both routes 201 and 202.


1 Street Southwest station
The original 1 Street W station opened on May 25, 1981, as part of Calgary's first LRT line from 8 Street W to Anderson and was located between 1 Street & 2 Street SW (across from the Scotia Center). On October 28, 2005, a new four-car platform for the 1 Street Southwest stop was finished. The platform moved to a new location between 1 Street and Centre Street, one block east of its old location. This was the first station to be refurbished as part of the 7 Avenue Refurbishment Project.


1 Street Southwest station
All of the 7 Avenue Refurbished Stations that followed in 2005 - 2012 use the same basic design as Centre Street where the entire sidewalk slopes up to platform level. However, the canopy design at Centre Street is slightly different from the newer stations constructed in 2005 and onwards.


1 Street Southwest station
The Telus Convention Centre, Glenbow Museum, and the Calgary Tower are located near these platforms, as are skyscrapers such as the Suncor Energy Centre, Scotia Centre and Bow Valley Square.


1 Street Southwest station
In 2005 the station registered an average of 19,000 weekday boardings.


1 The Avenue
1 The Avenue is a building in Spinningfields, Manchester. It is situated on Deansgate adjacent to the grade-I listed John Rylands Library.


1 The Avenue, Architecture
The building consists of two mirror-image parallelograms, stacked one on top of the other, resulting in a three-storey 23 m (75 ft) cantilever on the east end of the building. The cantilever is supported by an inclined steel ‘diagrid’ structure.


1 The Avenue, Architecture
A diagrid is similar in shape to a triangle and other building have used a diagrid structure, such as 30 St Mary Axe in London.


1 The Avenue, Architecture
Reaction to the glass clad building has been mixed due its proximity to the Grade I listed Rylands Library which, along with the Town Hall is considered the finest piece of architecture in Manchester and one of the finest interpretations of Gothic revival in the world.


1 Thessalonians 1
1 Thessalonians 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the prescript and Paul's thanksgiving.


1 Thessalonians 1, Text
The original text maybe written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 10 verses.


1 Thessalonians 1, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Thessalonians 1, The Prescript
The opening form of this epistle follows the common Graeco-Roman style "consisting of sender(s), recipient(s), a greeting and sometimes a prayer for health or prosperity, in that order".


1 Thessalonians 1, The Prescript, Verse 1
The senders are named here and also later in . The recipient is "the church" (Greek: ekklesia; "congregation") 'of the Thessalonians (which is) in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ', inaugurating "the issues of identity through group-belonging" in the whole letter.


1 Thessalonians 1, The Thanksgiving (1:2–10)
This section is one long sentence of thanksgiving that Paul usually includes in all his epistles, except Galatians, after the prescript.


1 Thessalonians 2
1 Thessalonians 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50–51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the review of Paul's previous ministry in Thessalonica.


1 Thessalonians 2, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This Bible chapter is divided into 20 verses.


1 Thessalonians 2, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Thessalonians 2, The divine basis for Paul's initial visit (2:1–4)
Paul reminds the believers about the fruitful works he started in Thessalonica, despite the suffering (Greek: hubristhentes, "physically assaulted and dishonored") he and his co-workers (presumably Silvanus and Timothy) experienced in Philippi, that with the help of God (lit. 'in our God') the gospel was preached in the midst of opposition (Greek: agōn).


1 Thessalonians 2, The divine basis for Paul's initial visit (2:1–4)
The persecution in Philippi may be the same as that noted in , where Paul and Silas (same as 'Silvanus') were dragged "into the marketplace to the authorities", and "the magistrates tore off their clothes and commanded them to be beaten with rods", then after "they had laid many stripes on them, they threw them into prison", "put them into the inner prison and fastened their feet in the stocks".


1 Thessalonians 2, The response of the Thessalonians (2:13–16)
Paul gratefully recalls the acceptance of God's words by the Thessalonians, but condemns some Jews, classified as 'the Judeans' (Greek: Ioudaioi; specifically for a group of Jews who was oriented to Judea, to Jerusalem and the temple within it), who persecute Christians and were connected by Paul to the killing of Jesus and the prophets.


1 Thessalonians 2, Paul's desire to visit the Thessalonians (2:17–20)
In this section Paul expresses his eagerness to be physically with the Thessalonians again, even as he was hindered to do so on a number of occasions.


1 Thessalonians 3
1 Thessalonians 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the record of Timothy's mission in Thessalonica, bringing report to Paul, and Paul's prayer for the Thessalonians.


1 Thessalonians 3, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.


1 Thessalonians 3, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Thessalonians 3, Timothy's mission (3:1–5)
Because Paul was no longer able to endure the separation from the Thessalonians, he resolved to stay behind alone in Athens and sent Timothy to Thessalonica. It is noted in Acts 17 that Paul went from Thessalonica to Athens (), with "a brief intervening stay" in Berea ().


1 Thessalonians 3, Thankful receipt of Timothy's report (3:6–10)
Timothy returned to Paul bringing the good news of the faith (Greek: pistis) and love (Greek: agape) of the Thessalonians and their memory of Paul as well as their longing to see him as much as he wants to see them.


1 Thessalonians 3, Prayer for the Thessalonians (3:11–13)
Paul continues with a detailed text of prayer for the Thessalonians.


1 Thessalonians 4
1 Thessalonians 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the exhortation about a life pleasing to God and the circumstances of Christ's second coming.


1 Thessalonians 4, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.


1 Thessalonians 4, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Thessalonians 4, Keeping the traditions (4:1–2)
Paul wants the believers to 'walk' (Greek: peripatein; cf. 1 Thessalonians 2:12) and to please God according to the traditions they received (parelabete) from him previously (when he founded the church).


1 Thessalonians 4, Purity (4:3–8)
This section deals with the sanctification (Greek: hagiasmos) of the people as the will of God.


1 Thessalonians 4, Brotherly love (4:9–12)
Paul brought up the subject of 'brotherly love' (Greek: philadelphia), which he says he doesn't need to write because the Thessalonians have been 'God-taught' (Greek: theodidaktoi) to love (agapan) one another.


1 Thessalonians 5
1 Thessalonians 5 is the fifth (and the last) chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the message about Christ's second coming, final exhortations and greetings.


1 Thessalonians 5, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 28 verses.


1 Thessalonians 5, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1–11)
Paul reminds the Thessalonians that "the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night" (verse 2), that is, quite unexpectedly, so they should be sober and put "the breastplate of faith and love" and "the helmet of hope of salvation".


1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1–11), Verse 8
In this verse, Paul exposes the triad of faith, love and hope (in this specific order), which he introduced in 1 Thessalonians 1:3.


1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1–11), Verse 8
where Paul changes "the breastplate of righteousness" to "the breastplate of faith and love", and adds "hope" to "the helmet of salvation".


1 Thessalonians 5, Final Exhortations and Greetings (5:12–28)
This final section contains various pieces of advice, greetings, prayers, Paul's own handwriting and a closing benediction.


1 Thibault Square
1 Thibault Square, formally known as the LG Building and originally known as the BP Centre, is a 126.5-metre (415 ft) modernist skyscraper on the European-style Thibault Square at the end of St George's Mall, Cape Town, South Africa.


1 Thibault Square
Work on the building began in 1969 and was completed in 1972. As of 2019 it is the second tallest building in Cape Town. The 34-degree diagonal twist, which puts it on a north-south axis, reduces sun loads on the façades, thereby reducing pressure on the air-conditioning system. To further shield the façades, a pre-cast screen is mounted on every floor, allowing good air flow and cutting off direct sun rays. This unique orientation also means that all the offices have views of either the mountain or the harbour, and that none stare straight into the façades of the surrounding buildings.


1 Thibault Square
In 2006 the building was sold along with two other office buildings in Cape Town for R300 million and was at the time the largest Grade A commercial property in the city.


1 Thibault Square
Flanked by John Skotness' Mythological Landscape steel-and-bronze sculpture, the piazza below is a popular public space for office workers and visitors to the city. The building provides a focal point for Thibault Square.


1 Thibault Square
In 2008 the building was acknowledged in a national survey by the South African Institute of Architecture to be one of the country’s "good buildings".


1 Thing
"1 Thing" is a song by American singer Amerie from her second studio album, Touch (2005). Written by Amerie and Rich Harrison and produced by the latter, the song is influenced by go-go rhythms and features a prominent sample of the Meters' 1970 funk recording of "Oh, Calcutta! ", written by Stanley Walden. Its lyrics focus on an unidentified "thing" that fuels a romantic attraction.


1 Thing
The song was released as the album's lead single on January 18, 2005, and is the only single from the soundtrack to the 2005 romantic comedy film Hitch. "1 Thing" received acclaim from critics, and peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four in the United Kingdom, becoming Amerie's first top-10 single and her biggest singles to date, also peaking at number one on the US R&B singles chart. Its digital download and ringtone releases were each certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A remix of "1 Thing" features rapper Eve.


1 Thing
The song earned Amerie a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards, and was also nominated for Choice R&B/Hip-Hop Track at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards. It was later named the 22nd and 25th best song of the 2000s decade by Rolling Stone and Robert Christgau, respectively.


1 Thing, Conception and release
In 2004, when working on her second album, Amerie enlisted the services of producer Rich Harrison, who had helped produce and write her first album. In May 2004, Harrison heard "Oh, Calcutta!" for the first time and began working on the beat accompanying the ten-second back-and-forth breakdown between Meters drummer Ziggy Modeliste and guitarist Leo Nocentelli. Harrison said he loved the work of the Meters, especially Modeliste, commenting, "Ziggy, he's crazy." He processed the way the breakdown could be "flipped", added a bongo drum, a cowbell, and a ride cymbal, and sent it to Amerie. According to Harrison, they wrote and finished the song in two to three hours.


1 Thing, Conception and release
Amerie's manager, Len Nicholson, felt the song was "the single" to release. When executives at Amerie's label, Columbia/Sony Urban Music, heard "1 Thing", they felt that the song's choruses needed to be "bigger". They recommended that more music be added to the percussion-focused beat, but Harrison and Amerie replied that adding more to the beat would overpower the song. Harrison and Amerie returned to the studio several times to rework the track. Each time they submitted a new version to the label, Columbia told them that the song sounded unfinished, but was unable to specify what should be changed. The label continued to refuse to release "1 Thing"; in Amerie's words, "People just weren't getting it".


1 Thing, Conception and release
Later in 2004, six months after recording "1 Thing", Amerie and Harrison leaked it to US radio stations in an attempt to get it released officially. The response from DJs and listeners was positive, and it consequently received airplay across the country. Columbia Records attempted to suppress the song because it was an unofficial release, and because Jennifer Lopez (another artist on the label) had expressed interest in recording the song for her own album, Rebirth.


1 Thing, Conception and release
Radio stations refused to retract the song from their playlists, and Columbia eventually began promoting "1 Thing" as a single, making it a last-minute addition to the Hitch soundtrack. Lopez settled on another Harrison-produced, funk-infused track, the Usher outtake "Get Right". The song was officially serviced to American urban radio stations on January 18, 2005.


1 Thing, Theme and sound
"1 Thing" was produced by Harrison and is built around a sample of the Meters' 1970 version of the theme song from the musical Oh! Calcutta!, "Oh, Calcutta! ", written by Stanley Walden. Built around The Meters' funky beat-driven percussion, "1 Thing" finds Amerie lamenting an aspect of a relationship that keeps her satisfied. Even if other factors are less than positive, there is one thing that keeps her hooked ("It's this one thing that's got me trippin'").


1 Thing, Theme and sound
Amerie said that the inspiration for the song came from a conversation she had with Harrison "about relationships and how there's always one thing that keeps you attracted to someone. No matter what they do or how they act, there's that one undeniable thing that keeps you coming back." She told Blender that the "one thing" "could be bringing flowers, or something more ... physical. People think I'm just this good girl, but there are other sides they don't see."


1 Thing, Theme and sound
Despite being based on a New Orleans funk sample, the song belies a strong go-go influence. Harrison likened the two based on their heavy use of percussion and chant. Amerie stated, "You don't hear go-go outside of D.C. ... I was like, 'We have to do it in an up-tempo way because when you hear it on the radio in D.C., it's fast.' ... So it's a fresh sound for everybody but people in the D.C./Maryland/Virginia area. They [already] know what it is."


1 Thing, Critical reception
"1 Thing" received acclaim from music critics. In its review of Touch, Rolling Stone named the song "an early front-runner for song-of-the-summer status," also ranking it the number one single of 2005. Pitchfork stated that Harrison "knows something about horns, big glorious ascending heavenly anthemic horns" and "drums, huge sweaty riotous back-and-forth second-line old-school Clyde Stubblefield drums." AllMusic described "1 Thing" as being "just as exciting" as "Oh, Calcutta!" for how it "[flails] all over the place with unbound joy".


1 Thing, Critical reception
The song received second place behind Kanye West's "Gold Digger" on the 2005 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau. Blender ranked "1 Thing" number 191 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". It praised the song's "cascading drums…and Amerie's frantic, top-of-her-range vocals". Calling it "a pretty fucking smart move to wrap perfect pop around a question that stays open all night", Pitchfork listed the song as the second best single of 2005, behind Antony and the Johnsons' "Hope There's Someone". The song was ranked 32nd on Pitchfork's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and the publication included "1 Thing" in its collection of The Pitchfork 500. Christgau named it the 25th best song of the 2000s.


1 Thing, Critical reception
The song received a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 48th Grammy Awards, but lost to Mariah Carey's "We Belong Together".


1 Thing, Commercial performance
"1 Thing" became Amerie's most commercially successful song. In the United States, it debuted at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100 on February 12, 2005. The song gradually climbed the chart over a 10-week period, peaking at number eight on the chart dated April 23, 2005, and exited the chart after a total of 20 weeks. Additionally, the single topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in on April 30, 2005, while reaching numbers 13 and 28 on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Pop 100 charts, respectively. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in October 2005 for digital sales and in June 2006 for ringtone sales.


1 Thing, Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, "1 Thing" debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in late May 2005. It went on to spend 14 weeks on the chart and became the 38th best-selling single of 2005. In the neighboring Republic of Ireland, the single debuted at number 10 on the Irish Singles Chart. It climbed to number six in two weeks, remaining on the chart for another nine weeks. "1 Thing" was successful in continental Europe, where it peaked at number 13 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart. It reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, and Norway; the top 20 in Belgium and the Netherlands; and the top 40 in France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland.


1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses
The music video for "1 Thing", directed by Chris Robinson and Amerie, revealed to the public the singer's sexual side. It focuses on her dance routines, featuring her as a go-go dancer in various setups, intercut with footage from the film Hitch. Amerie co-directed the video with Chris Robinson after she approached him with the video's concept in mind. The two collaborated again when directing the music video for the following single, "Touch".


1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses
Lauryn Hill sampled "1 Thing" during the second and last part of "Doo Wop (That Thing)" during live performances. Girls Aloud used the song as an interlude in performances of its 2004 single "Love Machine" during its 2006 Chemistry Tour. Foo Fighters member Dave Grohl showed the video for "1 Thing" during 24 Hours of Foo, during a segment in which each member of the band presented one song that they considered their "guilty pleasure". Alternative rock band Elbow covered the song in a comedic fashion for an August 2005 performance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.


1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses
"1 Thing" was used in the PlayStation 2 karaoke game SingStar R&B. The Sweden-based Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun covered the song in an acoustic style on her 2013 album Rarities. A cover of the song by British duo Peter and Kerry is featured on Late Night Tales: Bonobo. The Irish singer-songwriter Hozier has performed "1 Thing" during concerts in 2014 and 2015.


1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses
"1 Thing" was played during the pole dancing scene in the film Somewhere, and in an episode of Girlfriends. The song can also be heard in the soundtracks for video games Saints Row 2, Everybody Dance, The Hip Hop Dance Experience and Grand Theft Auto V.


1 Thing, Remixes
The song's only official remix features guest vocals from rapper Eve, and an alternate version of the music video was created for it. Amerie said that she chose Eve to appear on the remix because most other female R&B singers were accompanied by male rappers, and that Eve "epitomizes that whole independent fearless female doing her thing. She's fashionable and very much a woman even though she definitely has a lot of attitude, the strength that most would attribute to men. ... With '1 Thing' being such an aggressive track, it was perfect to see two females really doing it."


1 Thing, Remixes
A second remix features Fabolous, a third features B.G., and little-known Torontonian producer Satya Rock arranged an extended underground remix to feature E-40, Method Man, Lyrics Born, One Be Lo, Dres, Joe Budden, Talib Kweli,  Beanie Sigel, Edan, MF DOOM and Jay-Z. Siik remixed "1 Thing" by using instrumentals from a song by Japanese producer Nujabes. Stylus Magazine listed Siik's remix seventh on its list of the top ten remixes of 2005 and commented that "it's enough to warrant a whole change of venue, from the sizzling pep of the dance floor to the silk luxury of the bedroom." Most of the unofficial remixes were released on mixtapes, and Amerie said that she liked them all, particularly those by Fabolous, B.G., and Juelz Santana.


1 Timothy 1
1 Timothy 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD. This chapter contains the personal greeting (salutation), the exposition about the gospel and its counterfeit, Paul's personal experience of Christ and a charge as well as a warning to Timothy related to his call to the ministry.


1 Timothy 1, Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 20 verses.


1 Timothy 1, Text, Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:


1 Timothy 1, The Salutation (1:1–2)
The letter starts with a 'traditional Hellenistic salutation', using an "X to Y" pattern, so the reader would immediately see the identity of the sender as well as of the recipient once the scroll is unrolled. The Pauline epistles generally use the typical elements: the designation of the sender and of the recipient, followed by a greeting.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11)
Paul once left Timothy at Ephesus with a particular task, to command others not to teach false doctrines, which already circulates in quite early stage of the church's life; 'a reminder that in every age truth is challenged by counterfeits'.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verses 3–4
Paul left Timothy behind in Ephesus, as he himself traveled into Macedonia, to instruct people not to follow false teaching, which characteristic is the devotion to 'myths and endless genealogies which promotes speculations' (verse 4), pointing to a sort of 'Gnostic group' in the community which perverts the faith by mythological speculations about creation and salvation. The opponents are not specifically identified, but the focus is more to combat it with a view of Christian virtues such as love out of a pure heart, and a good conscience (verse 5) against 'the vices of speculative theory and vain discussion'.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 5
The nature of Timothy's task is to produce love and the nourishing of it through purity, a good conscience and faith.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verses 6–7
Paul draws attention to those who promotes the false teaching (the opposite of true faith) leading to unproductiveness — they are unsuitable to be teachers in their lack of meaning.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 9
The word anomois (from the Greek: a-, meaning "not" or "without", and nomos, meaning "law" or "custom") is generally translated into English as "lawless", although NIV renders it "lawbreakers", while Douay-Rheims uses "unjust". Vincent defines it as "recognizing no law" rather than "not having a law".


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 9
This verse establishes that "the law has been made" not for the righteous but for "lawless/lawbreakers" and "disobedient/rebels"; the law is not applicable to the righteous as some heretics try to force it into "a doctrinal or ethical role it was not intended to have". The law functions as a kind of "vice list" to "point out sin in whatever form it may take in a given culture", exposing the false teachers who are misusing it. The "vice list" not only recalls the lists found in ancient moralistic writings, but follows the topics in the "Ten Commandments" (Deuteronomy 5:16–21), as in the following table:


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 10
Also translated in various bible versions as "fornicators". "adulterers" or "sexually immoral people", was understood (as was the seventh commandment) as applying to various acts of sexual immorality. Nevertheless, the Hebrew na׳ap in Deuteronomy 5:18 specifically meant "adultery" (another word, zana, was used for fornication in general), and at the time of the New Testament is rendered as the Greek word porneia, which was broadly used for sexual immorality.


1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3–11), Verse 10
The Greek word arsenokoitais has been translated into English in different ways, among others, "abusers of themselves with men" (1901 American Standard Version), "them that defile themselves with mankind," (Authorized Version 1873), "sodomites" (RSV 1901), and "perverts" (NIV 1973). The word occurs only two times in the New Testament: 1 Corinthians 6:9 and 1 Timothy 1:10.