107th Street station
The station consists of a wooden platform between the tracks over a bridge with street-level connections. No parking is available at the station, however there is a connection to two of the Chicago Transit Authority's bus routes.


107th Street–Beverly Hills station
107th Street–Beverly Hills station is one of five Metra stations within the Beverly Hills neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. The station is located at 1901 West 107th Street opposite the intersection of South Walden Parkway, 13.3 miles (21.4 km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 107th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 107th Street-Beverly Hills is the 121st busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 395 weekday boardings.


107th Street–Beverly Hills station
107th Street Station contains its original station house, but is unstaffed. Parking is available along both side of the tracks between 105th Street and 108th Street. South Walden Parkway runs along the west side of the tracks and contains parking lots between the street and the tracks. Although this street terminates at 107th Street, the parking lot continues to 108th Street. On the east side of the tracks, a parking lot runs north from 108th Street behind the west side of Hale Avenue. Between 107th and 105th Streets, another parking lot runs directly between Hale Avenue and the tracks. No bus connections are available.


107th United States Congress
The 107th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2001 to January 3, 2003, during the final weeks of the Clinton presidency and the first two years of the George W. Bush presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States Census.


107th United States Congress
The House of Representatives had a Republican majority all the way through, while the Senate saw multiple switches – having began with a brief Democratic majority (due to being a 50–50 split and Vice President Al Gore in his constitutional role as Senate President serving as the tiebreaker), then switching to Republican (after Dick Cheney became Vice President on January 20, 2001 and therefore the tiebreaker). And with George W. Bush being sworn in as President on January 20, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 83rd Congress in 1953.


107th United States Congress
The trifecta was short lived as Senator Jim Jeffords switched from a Republican to an independent who caucused with the Democrats on June 6, 2001, effectively giving the Democrats a 51–49 edge and thus the majority.


107th United States Congress
The Senate majority then switched back to the Republicans late in the term due to Republican Jim Talent's victory in the 2002 United States Senate special election in Missouri. However, since the body was out of session by then, formal reorganization was delayed until the next Congress.


107th United States Congress, Major events
A rare even split in the United States Senate, the defection of a single Senator, and the inauguration of a new vice president, led to three changes in majorities. Major security events occurred. The September 11 attacks were highly disruptive. Some Senators were targeted by anthrax attacks. The Congress voted to allow the President to invade Iraq.


107th United States Congress, Members, Senate
Senators are listed by their class. In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 2002; Class 3 meant their term began in the previous Congress, facing re-election in 2004; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 2006.


107th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives
Congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself.


107th United States Congress, Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.


107th Virginia General Assembly
The 107th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government following the Virginia state elections of 1911. It convened on January 14, 1911 in Richmond for one session before adjourning on March 15, 1912.


107th meridian east
The meridian 107° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


107th meridian east
The 107th meridian east forms a great circle with the 73rd meridian west.


107th meridian east, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 107th meridian east passes through:


107th meridian west
The meridian 107° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.


107th meridian west
The 107th meridian west forms a great circle with the 73rd meridian east.


107th meridian west, From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 107th meridian west passes through:


107–123 Muswell Hill Road
107–123 Muswell Hill Road is a grade II listed parade of shops in Muswell Hill Road, Muswell Hill, London.


107–123 Muswell Hill Road
The building adjoins the grade II* listed Everyman Cinema, formerly the Odeon Cinema, at its north end.


108 (artist)
108 (born 1978) is an Italian artist in the field of street art and contemporary art from Alessandria.


108 (artist)
108 has moved from working in traditional graffiti art to painting large and mysterious figures that invade public spaces. He was the first writer to use numbers instead of letters for his name. He started to work when he was a child on the streets of Alessandria, and used different names. His work has appeared on the streets of Milan, Paris, London, Berlin, and New York City. His first works known by people are enigmatic “blob”-like yellow shapes. It is his firm intention to make visual chaos.


108 (artist)
His new works are labyrinths, dead trees, non figurative 3D objects and installations, but especially black and gloomy shapes, becoming one of the biggest and influential artists in graffiti abstractism. In the last years, he took part in a lot of international exhibitions: Nusign 2.4 in Paris, Urban Edge Show in Milano, Segundo and Tercer Asalto in Zaragoza and, in 2007 he was invited to join the project called Walls inside the Biennale di Venezia with JR and Daim.


108 (artist)
During March 2008 he was invited to join Nomadaz  (a show curated by Pablo Aravena) in Los Angeles with Eltono, Dem, Microbo and other artists to represent Europe in the U.S.A. 108's doomy black abstractions are engaging and challenging in equal measure. Whether it be within the confines of a small room in the abandoned monastery, where the large triangular constructions are most effective and have the effect of warping and playing with the room's dimensions as the viewer attempts to back away and comprehend the pieces, or as a surreal floating void on a wall beside a busy road.


108 (band)
108 is an American hardcore band founded in 1991. Their music reflects the Hare Krishna faith of the band members.


108 (band), History
After splitting from the Zack De La Rocha-fronted band Inside Out, guitarist and Hare Krishna devotee Vraja Kishor das (aka Vic DiCara) formed 108 in 1991. While recording an EP, Rasaraja dasa (aka Rob Fish) joined on vocals. Following in the footsteps of the Cro-Mags and Antidote, they made sure to place their Krishna Consciousness at the forefront of their music.


108 (band), History
Their first records, Holyname and Songs of Separation, were released on Equal Vision Records. These releases were followed by their participation in two documentary films, 108: The Final Tour and N.Y.H.C.


108 (band), History
Following a prolonged break-up where DiCara relocated to India to become a monk, they planned to reform at Hellfest in 2005. Due to legal issues, that festival was cancelled at the last moment but 108 successfully re-booked special gigs in Philadelphia. They self-released a collection of demos and b-sides followed by a new full-length recording entitled "A New Beat From a Dead Heart" with Deathwish Inc.


108 (band), History
On March 23, 2010, before the release of 18.61, it was announced that Rob Fish had quit the band, discontent with the band not being able to "redefine" its ties to faith. (Rob and Vic were no longer part of ISKCON by the time of the bands reformation.) The remaining members of the group later released the following statement: "108 has not broken up. Rasaraja [aka Robert Fish] has left the band, but 108 will continue in full force with a new direction and focus. We will be writing, recording and playing shows this year to support 18.61 and create new music."


108 (band), History
In May 2016, the band would embark on a series of reunion shows. May 21 in Flemington, NJ marked the return of Kate "Kate-08" Reddy. This was the first time she had played with the band in 20 years.


108 (emergency telephone number)
Dial-108, or one-zero-eight is a free telephone number for emergency services in India. It is currently operational in 18 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh) and two Union Territories (Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu). The 108 Emergency Response Service is a free emergency service providing integrated medical, police and fire emergency services. This system was introduced nationwide by former Union Health Minister, Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.


108 (emergency telephone number)
In Madhya Pradesh, the 108 GVK Ambulance facility was implemented in July 2009 by Honorable Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan. It was inaugurated by Health Minister Mr. Narottam Mishra. The service is a public-private partnership between state governments and private EMS providers. This 108 service was rolled out initially by Ramalinga Raju and his family on August 2005. It was initially a private funded initiative , but later signed MOUs with multiple state governments from August 2007. In 2007, Chief minister Narendra Modi launched these services in Gujarat on 29 August 2007.


108 (emergency telephone number)
With the life-saving service becoming so popular in the rural parts of combined Andhra Pradesh, the (108) system was later introduced by the Central government of India in other parts of India. The system was originally designed by Satyam Infotech. As of November 2014, this service had handled over 540,000 emergency cases in India. On an iOS device, "Hey Siri, 108" command to Siri will place an emergency call.


108 (emergency telephone number), History
108 is the tollfree number for an initiative called emergency management and research institute. It was launched by Satyam Ramalingaraju and family in 2005 in Hyderabad. The existing independent emergency services (100 for police, 101 for fire and 102 for ambulance)  worked erratically and independently of each other. Ramalingaraju wanted to integrate these services and launched 108 to provide quicker response for the emergencies. Apart from Ramalingaraju , G Venkata Krishna Reddy was the major contributer for implementing these services . Dr. A.P. Ranga Rao, has designed 108 EMRI service.


108 (emergency telephone number), History
In parallel to 108, Central government funded  "Referential Transport System" was initiated under National Rural Health Mission. In Andhra pradesh Referential Transport system was supported through different NGOs from 2005 as PPP model. By the Year 2007 , RTS ambulance was slowly being implemented across the country  and in Andhra Pradesh , it was implemented in 4 districts. To expand RTS ambulance service to other districts,  Late Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy has signed an MOU to utilize the Central government funds with the help of EMRI in 2007. EMRI has subsequently made similar kind of deal with other states nationwide. The previously existing 102 emergency service is now being used explicitly for pregnancy related emergencies.


108 (emergency telephone number), Scope
The Dial-108 service is available in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, and two union territories; Puducherry, Daman and Diu, and Chandigarh.


108 (emergency telephone number), How it works
When an emergency is reported, the call taker at the Emergency Response Centre (ERC) gathers the needed information, including location, and dispatches appropriate emergency services; be that an ambulance, police assistance, or a fire engine.


108 (emergency telephone number), How it works
Emergency help dispatched through this process is expected to reach the location of the emergency in an average of 18 minutes. Pre -hospital care will be given to patients during transit to hospital. Patients are transported in ambulances well equipped to handle emergency situations. Road and water ambulances are the two types of ambulances commonly used in India to transport patients. Road ambulances are used across all its states. However, only a few states, namely Odisha, Assam, and Gujarat, along with two Union Territories, have been using boat ambulances. Odisha was the first state to launch the boat ambulance by Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL) for remote areas.


108 (emergency telephone number), How it works
At present, there are only three providers: GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute (GVK EMRI), Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL), and Bharat Vikas Group India-UK Specialist Ambulance Services (BVG-UKSAS) who operate Dial-108 in Emergency in public private partnership with state governments. The service is normally free to patients.


108 (emergency telephone number), How it works
In Maharashtra, Jammu, Kashmir, Dial-108, and in JK in addition to Dial-108, Dial-102 ambulance services are being run by BVG India Ltd.  Dial-102 service is for pregnant women and child. BVG India Ltd chairman and MD is Mr. Hanmantrao Gaikwad. And EMS CEO is Dr. Dnyaneshwar Shelke. In Maharashtra, Dial-108 is launched by state government form 2014, this is free service by the Government and is being operated by BVG India Ltd. It was also operating this service in Andhra Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh BVG India also operating Dial-100 police helpline of the state government.


108 (emergency telephone number), Siri prank
In March 2017, the Dial-108 emergency telephone number became the subject of a prank, in which victims would be told to say 108 to Siri, which would in turn command it to dial the respective country's emergency services.


108 (number)
108 (one hundred [and] eight) is the natural number following 107 and preceding 109.


108 (number), In mathematics
The equation 2sin(108∘2)=ϕ{\displaystyle 2\sin \left({\frac {108^{\circ }}{2}}\right)=\phi }  results in the golden ratio.


108 (number), In mathematics
This could be restated as saying that the "chord" of 108 degrees is ϕ{\displaystyle \phi }, the golden ratio.


108 (number), Religion and the arts
The number 108 is considered sacred by the Dharmic Religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism
In Hindu tradition, the Mukhya Shivaganas (attendants of Shiva) are 108 in number and hence Shaiva religions, particularly Lingayats, use malas of 108 beads for prayer and meditation.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism
Similarly, in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Lord Krishna in Brindavan had 108 followers known as gopis. Recital of their names, often accompanied by the counting of a 108-beaded mala, is often done during religious ceremonies.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism
The Sri Vaishnavite Tradition has 108 Divya Desams (temples of Vishnu) that are revered by the 12 Alvars in the Divya Prabandha, a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses. There are also 18 pithas (sacred places).


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Jainism
In Jainism, the total number of ways of Karma influx (Aasrav). 4 Kashays (anger, pride, conceit, greed) x 3 karanas (mind, speech, bodily action) x 3 stages of planning (planning, procurement, commencement) x 3 ways of execution (own action, getting it done, supporting or approval of action).


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism
In Buddhism, according to Bhante Gunaratana this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 108.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhist malas or rosaries (Tib. ཕྲེང་བ Wyl. phreng ba, "Trengwa") are usually 108 beads; sometimes 111 including the guru bead(s), reflecting the words of the Buddha called in Tibetan the Kangyur (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) in 108 volumes. Zen priests wear juzu (a ring of prayer beads) around their wrists, which consists of 108 beads.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism
The Lankavatara Sutra has a section where the Bodhisattva Mahamati asks Buddha 108 questions and another section where Buddha lists 108 statements of negation in the form of "A statement concerning X is not a statement concerning X." In a footnote, D.T. Suzuki explains that the Sanskrit word translated as "statement" is pada which can also mean "foot-step" or "a position." This confusion over the word "pada" explains why some have mistakenly held that the reference to 108 statements in the Lankavatara refer to the 108 steps that many temples have.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism
In Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (Bonnō) a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.


108 (number), Religion and the arts, Other references
In the neo-Gnostic teachings of Samael Aun Weor, an individual has 108 chances (lifetimes) to eliminate his egos and transcend the material world before "devolving" and having the egos forcefully removed in the infradimensions.


108 (number), Martial arts
Many East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.


108 Aquarii
108 Aquarii (abbreviated 108 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 108 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation i3 Aquarii and the variable star designation ET Aquarii. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.194 and can be seen with the naked eye under suitably dark skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.23 (with a 3% margin of error), the distance to this star is 319 light-years (98 parsecs).


108 Aquarii
This is an Ap star; meaning it has a peculiar spectrum that shows an overabundance of certain elements. It has more than three times the mass of the Sun and is 2.5 times the Sun's radius. 108 Aquarii is radiating 132 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 12,274 K. At this heat, the star has the white hue of an A-type star.


108 BC
Year 108 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Galba and Hortensius/Scaurus (or, less frequently, year 646 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 108 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


108 Demon Kings
108 Demon Kings (French: 108 Rois-Démons) is a 2014 computer-animated family adventure film directed by Pascal Morelli. The film premiered at the Forum des Images on 4 December 2014 before it was released theatrically wide in France on 21 January 2015 in France.


108 Demon Kings, Reception
The film had 30,005 admissions at the French box office.


108 Hecuba
Hecuba (minor planet designation: 108 Hecuba) is a fairly large and bright main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Karl Theodor Robert Luther on 2 April 1869, and named after Hecuba, wife of King Priam in the legends of the Trojan War in Greek Mythology. This object is orbiting the Sun with a period of 5.83 years and an eccentricity of 0.06. It became the first asteroid discovered to orbit near a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the planet Jupiter, and is the namesake of the Hecuba group of asteroids.


108 Hecuba
In the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Sw asteroid. Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 17.859 ± 0.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 ± 0.02 in magnitude.


108 Hecuba
Hecuba orbits within the Hygiea family of asteroids but is not otherwise related to other family members because it has a silicate composition; Hygieas are dark C-type asteroids.


108 Hospital
108 Military Central Hospital, also known in many variations as Army Medical Institute 108, or Army Central Hospital 108 (Vietnamese: Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân Đội 108) is a hospital located at 1 Trần Hưng Đạo Street, in the Hoan Kiem district of Hanoi, Vietnam. It was originally a military hospital for the French army in Indochina built in 1894 known as Lanessan Hospital, (in Vietnamese: Nhà thương Đồn Thủy) and the practice hospital for Indochina Medical College (now Hanoi Medical University) which was located nearby at that time.


108 Hospital
After the communists took control over Hanoi in 1954, it turned into a central military hospital for senior officials, but now is also open to the general public. It is considered one of the most famous hospitals in Vietnam. It is the first hospital in Vietnam that carried out organ transplants (kidney, liver). It is also famous for surgery.


108 Hospital, Nuclear medicine
The hospital has a CyberKnife centre, which features the Accuray CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery system for operating on cancer patients.


108 Hospital, Nuclear medicine
The hospital is the focus of a plan for a national nuclear medicine centre. In 2007, with funding from the Belgian government, construction of a 400 billion Dong cyclotron and radiotherapy centre, which was due to be completed in June, 2008. It will also be used for research and training in addition to medical treatment. It is Vietnam's first cyclotron 30 MeV accelerator. Nuclear medicine is important for both medical scans (radiology), and cancer treatment (radiotherapy). According to the IAEA, Vietnam is one of the countries with the least amount of nuclear medicine equipment. According to the Central Cancer Hospital, Vietnam has one of the world's highest rates of cancer. So the hospital is likely to increase in prominence in the near future.


108 Hospital, Trauma surgery
Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics consists of four departments: General trauma –Orthopaedics; Upper limb surgery and microsurgery; Joint surgery; Spine Surgery.


108 Hospital, Remote communities
Doctors from the hospital regularly travel to remote locations to provide medical treatment for poor communities, including communities of the other Vietnamese ethnic groups, such as the Hmong, Muong, Black Tai/White Tai, Khang, Kho Mu, and Yao.


108 Kalthur
108 Kalthur  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Udupi taluk of Udupi district in Karnataka.


108 Kalthur
The village is near Hebri (about 5 km) and lies on the Hebri Brahmavar State Highway. A government run primary school up to 4th standard exists. There are so many shops & milk dairy & restaurant also there.


108 Kalthur
Santhekatte is the nearby centre where the government school up to 7th standard exists. Santekatte also has a cashew factory, a rice mill and a few shops, a post office, a farmers co-operative society, and a primary health centre.


108 Martyrs of World War II
The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (Polish: 108 błogosławionych męczenników), were Roman Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by Nazi Germany.


108 Martyrs of World War II
Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland. The group comprises 3 bishops, 79 priests, 7 male religious, 8 female religious, and 11 lay people. There are two parishes named for the 108 Martyrs of World War II in Powiercie in Koło County, and in Malbork, Poland.


108 Mile Lake
108 Mile Lake is a glacial lake located in the Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada. The lake is named after the nearby town 108 Mile Ranch.108 Mile Lake is connected to Sepa Lake (a smaller lake to the south). The channel between the two lakes was dredged in the late 1980s allowing a free flow of water between thetwo basins. The lake is a popular fishing, hiking, and mountain biking spot. Fish found in this lake include rainbow trout, bull trout, redside shiners, northern pikeminnows, suckers and coastal cutthroat trout.


108 Mile Ranch
108 Mile Ranch is a residential community of 700 homes situated in the South Cariboo region of British Columbia located in a historic area of ranches and lakes.


108 Mile Ranch
Historically, en route to the great Cariboo Gold Rush, a few of the travellers settled here.


108 Mile Ranch
A feature of the 108 community is its green belt lands. Comprising more than 1,500 acres (610 ha) these community parklands include 108 and Sepa Lakes, Walker Valley and many small patches scattered around the ranch.


108 Mile Ranch
108 Mile Ranch is about 12 km (7.5 mi) north of 100 Mile House, just off Highway 97. South Cariboo Regional Airport is the regional facility for the South Cariboo. Located on Highway 97, The 108 Heritage Site is a tourist attraction with its growing number of restored buildings, including the largest log barn in Canada.


108 Mile Ranch, Transportation, Airports
South Cariboo Regional Airport or 108 Mile Ranch Airport (IATA: ZMH, ICAO: CZML) is a registered aerodrome located 5.3 nautical miles (9.8 km; 6.1 mi) northwest of the city. It is the regional aerodrome for the South Cariboo Regional District, with capabilities of handling commercial passenger service, MEDEVAC, flight training, and corporate traffic.


108 Names of Ganesh
In  Hindu mythology,  '108 names of Ganesh is a list of names of Ganesh.


108 North State Street
108 North State Street, also known as Block 37, is a development located in the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the square block bounded clockwise from the North by West Randolph Street, North State Street, West Washington Street and North Dearborn Street that is known as "Block 37", which was its designated number as one of the original 58 blocks of the city. Above-ground redevelopment is complete, but work stopped on underground public transit facilities when they were only partially complete.


108 North State Street
The previous buildings on the block were demolished in 1989 for a hotly contested redevelopment plan under the then new Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley. The debates included the demolition of the Chicago Landmark McCarthy Building, which proceeded after the Illinois Supreme Court decided private preservation groups did not have standing to challenge the city's decision.


108 North State Street
Once the site was cleared, the initial redevelopment plan fell through, as did several subsequent plans. Mills Corporation broke ground in 2005, but had been in financial difficulty in the past. This reputation and changing financial climate caused a delay in 2006 as contractors feared not getting paid. In November 2009, the developer was declared in default and CB Richard Ellis was named receiver. The project was inherited by Joseph Freed and Associates LLC. However, in 2011 Bank of America foreclosed on the property and sold it in 2012 to CIM Group. The three new buildings were completed by 2016.


108 North State Street, Site
In 1829, the legislature appointed commissioners to locate a canal and layout the surrounding town. The commissioners employed James Thompson to survey and plat the town of Chicago, which at the time had a population of less than 100. Historians regard the August 4, 1830, filing of the plat as the official recognition of a municipality known as Chicago. Block 37 is one of the city's original 58 blocks in the layout of the town. Due to Block 37's central location in the Loop, between the State Street retail district, the city/county government complex, and the Randolph Street theater district, its history is a microcosm of the city's history.


108 North State Street, Site
Even before the Chicago Fire, the block was home to one of Chicago's largest theaters. During the late 19th century, tall office buildings proliferated on the block. By 1970, the block was densely developed with 11 buildings, housing theaters, offices, a YMCA, and retailers like grocery store Stop & Shop. On June 14, 1973, Mayor Richard J. Daley announced a broad urban renewal initiative centered on the North Loop theater district.


108 North State Street, Site
Over the ensuing 16 years, numerous private developers, notably the Rubloff Company and JMB Realty, planned large mixed-use developments on the site, with a mall along State Street and hotels and office towers above. Property assembly was facilitated by Mayor Harold Washington's creation of the North Loop tax increment financing district in 1983, which gave the urban renewal effort a steady revenue stream and eminent domain authority.


108 North State Street, Site
The modern-day Block 37 is flanked to the west by the Richard J. Daley Center and to the east by the former Marshall Field and Company Building. It is part of the central business district that includes Chicago City Hall and the James R. Thompson Center (the State of Illinois office building) within 2 blocks.


108 North State Street, Design, Buildings
According to original plans, the complex was to be composed of three united structures: a 21-story residential condominium tower called 108 North State Condominium Tower at North State Street and West Randolph Street; a 20-story hotel tower called 108 North State Hotel Tower at West Randolph Street and North Dearborn Street; and a 17-story tower called CBS Broadcast Center at North State Street and West Washington Street (for WBBM-TV, CBS 2).


108 North State Street, Design, Buildings
At one point, there was talk that the hotel tower has been abandoned in favor of a second residential tower, though later plans indicated that the hotel tower was still anticipated. These structures rise above lower level retail space, with an eclectic mix of shopping, entertainment, and dining in its lower retail floors. In November 2008, the city proposed financing to enable Loews Hotels to build a 354-room hotel.


108 North State Street, Design, Buildings
Architecturally, the main floor features transparent cornered project facades and clear glass street level views. The multiple structures feature approximately 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of retail, entertainment and dining space, and 200,000 to 450,000 square feet (19,000 to 42,000 m2) of office space. The 38-story Marquee at Block 37, also known as 25 West Randolph Street, was completed in 2016 with 690 residential units.


108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities
The design that broke ground in 2005 included a superstation that would connect the tracks of and serve passengers on both the CTA Blue Line and CTA Red Line, enabling direct transfers. The planned project included a common downtown airport check-in facility for train service to both Chicago airports: O'Hare via Blue Line trains and Midway via the Orange Line trains (connecting via Red Line subway tracks).


108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities
The initial cost of the station was estimated at $213 million. The City of Chicago and the Chicago Transit Authority were to pay $173 million, and the Mills Corporation (the initial developer) was to pay for the rest. Cost overruns and delays forced the city of Chicago and the Chicago Transit Authority to pay about $100 million to cover already-incurred costs, and the CTA cancelled the project, partly because it did not have the estimated $1.5 billion that would be needed to create express airport service (as opposed to slow local train service using existing tracks and stations). In the end, about $400 million was spent on construction on the shell of a station, plus $40 million in mothballing costs.


108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities
In November 2009, progress in construction of the commercial and residential buildings allowed the Block 37 portion of the Chicago Pedway to open between the Lake station on the Red Line and the Washington/Dearborn station on the Blue Line. Because this only connected the unpaid areas of the stations, farecard holders paid the standard $0.25 transfer fare to use this connection. In May 2013, the CTA made this transfer free.


108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities
After the failure of the CTA superstation project, the city began investigating the possibility of a privately constructed airport express service using Block 37 as the downtown endpoint. The city announced in June 2018 that The Boring Company had won a contest to negotiate a contract to construct a high-speed rapid transit link to O'Hare, dubbed Chicago Express Loop, using twin tunnels and electric vehicles based on the Tesla Model X. Funding for construction and operation would be provided completely by the company, and the system would reduce travel time to O'Hare to about 12 minutes.


108 North State Street, History, Block 37
Block 37 was demolished in 1989, after Mayor Richard M. Daley approved its demolition to erect a multi-use skyscraper with retail, hotel, office, and residential spaces. This prompted much public consternation; the McCarthy Building, a Chicago Landmark, was even stripped of landmark status over the objection of preservationists and public interest groups in order for the block to be cleared. Block 37 was a nearly vacant city block from 1989 until 2005 after several attempts at redevelopment failed due to Chicago politics and insufficient funding of several past developers. The single remaining building from the pre-1989 Block 37 architecture is an active Commonwealth Edison transformer building that distributes power to a great portion of the Loop.


108 North State Street, History, Block 37
Maggie Daley's nonprofit, After School Matters, started as Gallery37 in the summer of 1991, where the organization set up tents to provide visual arts classes to teenagers. The organization moved from Block 37 when development began, and now operates in a nearby building named "Gallery 37 Center for the Arts" on Randolph Street, a few blocks east of its original home.


108 North State Street, History, Block 37
In 1987, Chicago Mayor Harold Washington approved a $24 million subsidy to FJV Venture to develop Block 37. There were a series of subsequent alternate redevelopment plans. Among the prior redevelopment plans for the block were the original Block 37 Towers, for which the original block was demolished and which included a 47-story tower designed by Murphy/Jahn, Inc. Another failed plan was a Solomon Cordwell Buenz plan including a 711-foot 66-story residential tower and a 12-story Marriott Hotel towering over a 4-story retail base. This had followed the 39-story Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates design scheduled for 2004 completion.


108 North State Street, History, Block 37
The developments fell through, which put the property back into the city's possession. In 2002, the city initiated a competition for the development rights to the property. In 2004, the city sold the property to Mills Corp. at a $20 million loss. Mills sold the development rights to Joseph Freed and Associates in 2005, when the city committed $42 million in tax-increment funding. In 2007, the city learned the development was $150 million over budget. The complex was originally being developed by commercial real estate developer Mills Corporation, best known for its ownership of numerous super-regional shopping malls. However, Joseph Freed and Associates LLC has inherited the development rights.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Corporate difficulties
Mills' troubles began in November 2005, with revelations of large losses on failed projects, a cash crunch and a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into its accounting. The SEC inquiry was upgraded to a formal investigation in March 2006. The reclassification as a formal investigation allows for the use of additional techniques such as subpoenas. On April 6, 2007 Simon Property Group, Inc. announced the joint acquisition of Mills Corporation along with Farallon Capital Management for $25.25 per share of common stock.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles
In March 2006, contractors halted construction because of fears that they would not be paid. This caused Morningstar to reconsider their lease commitment. As a result, the value of the project declined, which made the resale of the project rights difficult. Mills was close to a deal with German investment firm, Deutsche Immobilien Fonds A.G. prior to the difficulties. DIFA had outbid Chicago developer Golub & Co., which then became the frontrunner. Golub, an international real estate investment company headquartered in Chicago, has closed on the office space portion of the project. Mills eventually sold the retail space rights to Chicago developer Joseph Freed & Associates, who had previously purchased the nearby Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building (located at 1 South State Street) that closed in early 2007.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles
By 2007, Golub and Mills were in a legal entanglement over certain leases to Morningstar for 211,000 square feet (19,600 m2). Golub claimed Mills knew the measurements of the floors actually totalled 237,000 square feet (22,000 m2) although they contracted for 211,000 square feet (19,600 m2). Golub claimed a Morningstar affiliate "...induced Morningstar to agree in the lease to be bound by an after-the-fact re-measurement of the space."


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles
Additionally, Golub claimed that Mills has acted without Daley administration authorizations for plans such as elimination of a proposed hotel in favor of a second apartment tower, as required by an agreement between Golub and Mills. In addition, Golub had sued over the residential portion of the project, which was given to Freed. Golub claimed to have accepted the office space part of the project at a low profit with the expectation of making a larger profit on the residential portion. The subsequent court ruling allowed Mills to terminate its contract with Golub to develop the project's two residential towers and to sell the residential portion of the Block 37 project in the Loop to developer Joseph A. Freed & Associates LLC.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure
Lenders, including Bank of America, moved to foreclose on the retail and transit portion of the mixed-use development on October 19, 2009, because Joseph Freed and Associates ran out of money. Freed technically defaulted in March. With cost overruns exceeding $34 million as of August 25, Freed owed $128.5 million on a $205 million construction loan, according to a lawsuit filed in Cook County Circuit Court.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure
On November 3, the developer announced it had landed 13 new tenants to open within the succeeding few months. On November 20, a circuit court judge stripped Freed of the development rights and turn the responsibility over to CB Richard Ellis. On the same day a partial occupancy permit for the underground pedway connecting the Red Line and the Blue Line as well as the first floor retail space was granted. Freed claimed that the loan payments were current and that the default was based on a technicality. Freed was found personally liable for $6.8 million of the cost on December 30, 2009.


108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure
As receiver, CB Richard Ellis was scheduled to file a status report with the court December 8 and a full report, including financials, on January 15, 2010. Disputes over insurance delayed the handover of development rights, which finally happened in late January 2010. In March 2011, Bank of America acquired the $206 million property with a credit bid of $100 million at a sheriff's foreclosure sale. Then in February 2012, CIM Group was expected to close on a negotiated purchase of the entire 305,000-square-foot shopping center from Bank of America Corp. CIM did not actually close on the purchase until April 2012.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction
The Mills Corporation purchased the property for the project from the city on November 11, 2005. Phase I of the project, the groundbreaking, began formally on November 15, 2005. This followed winning the competition to be master developer and having their plan approved by the city. The Mills Corporation has letters of intent from CBS 2 Chicago Broadcast Center, Boggi Milano, Sisley, Andrew's Ties, Banana Republic, Rosa Mexicano, David Barton Gym and new concepts by Steve Lombardo, creator of Gibson's Steakhouse and Hugo's Frog Bar, and Steven Foster, creator of Lucky Strike Lanes in Hollywood as future tenant commitments.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction
Morningstar, Inc. has signed a lease to occupy about 210,000 square feet (20,000 m2) across eight floors, making it the largest tenant in the office tower. In April 2005, Mills had announced a lease commitment with WBBM-Channel 2 for about 100,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space for offices and a showcase television studio. In February 2008, developer Joseph Freed & Associates announced Club Monaco, a Muvico Entertainment LLC theatre, a David Barton Gym, a Rosa Mexican restaurant, a coffee shop and a yet-to-be-named Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises Inc. restaurant will be located in the State Street complex.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction
In June 2008, Puma confirmed it is opening a two-level flagship store on Block 37. Also, the Muvico Theatre was reported to have an eight screen multiplex. In October 2008, Spanish clothing store Zara signed a lease for Block 37 along with German athletic-wear company Puma athletic wear and British clothing label Ben Sherman. Other confirmed retailers include clothier Steve Madden, Godiva Chocolatier, sporting apparel seller Lululemon Athletica Inc., hair and skin products retailer Aveda as well as body and bath products retailer Sabon. Other stores rumored to be considering Block 37 at that time were Apple Computer and Crate & Barrel home furnishings


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction
On July 31, 2006, the retail and CTA construction began. The retail portion entails the construction of the CBS 2 Broadcast Center building at North State Street and West Washington Street. The building will also serve as the corporate headquarters of Morningstar, Inc. This 17-story building will be 276 feet (84 m) in height. After a series of previous failures on this project, this marks the first time redevelopment has gone past ground breaking to the construction phase.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction
The first phase of construction (Phase II) had been contracted to be completed by March 2008. This would enable Morningstar, Inc. to move before its early 2009 lease expiration at its location on 225 W. Wacker Drive. However, financial troubles caused delays that necessitated Morningstar—who had intended to occupy over half of the building—seek lease proposals from other downtown office towers. Morningstar would have suffered holdover penalties and other damages if it were unable to move before its lease expires. Morningstar was hesitant to pursue other opportunities because their lease at 108 North State Street was at a below market price in the low $20s/square foot.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction
On June 11, 2008, the CTA board was scheduled to hear the city's plan of a three-phase bailout of the construction of the rapid transit station under block 37. The plan included $20 million in additional tax increment financing. This comes on top of an extra $60–70 million in excess of its budgeted amount that the CTA had been forced to expend. The building developer, Joseph Freed & Associates, has agreed to accept $19 million of cost overruns. This round of assistance only covers costs that have been incurred to date.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction
No further funds have been committed and the station's development is being halted until such funds arise. The original budget was $213 million ($173 from CTA) and the costs-to-date had been $320 million. The costs had run $150 million over budget at that time, and the city was seeking private investment. Construction finally began on the third building, the hotel and residences in the end of 2009.


108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction, You Are Beautiful
During construction, 100 local artists created cutout woodblock letters to place on the temporary construction wall. They were posted on the wall adjacent to the temporary pedestrian walkway next to the construction site. The phrase "You Are Beautiful" was spelled out in various languages.


108 North State Street, Progress, Completion
In September 2008, the mixed-use 16-story building held its ribbon cutting ceremony. The CBS studio includes a 30 by 19 feet (9.1 by 5.8 m) outside video display. Morningstar moved its global headquarters into the building. The structure also had the world's first luxury coworking space, with 100 individual workspaces for rent on the 15th floor in a space that includes a spa, pool hall, recording studio, graphic design shop, audio-visual board room, penthouse suites and concierge.


108 North State Street, Progress, Completion
The shopping center includes Bebe, Coach and J.Crew. Lettuce Entertain You, who also operates the food court at Water Tower Place, operates a cafe, food court and market. The top floor was to be occupied by Muvico Theaters, who pulled out in 2009. The David Barton Gym, the first and largest tenant of the Block 37 project, also withdrew from the project. The reason the gym opted out was the delayed opening of the mall, which is scheduled for fall 2009 opening rather than fall 2008 as scheduled.


108 North State Street, Progress, Completion
In March 2009, Apple Inc. also withdrew from its leasing agreement, and less than a month later it signed an agreement to develop a new storefront in the Clybourn Corridor on property bounded by North Avenue, Halsted Street and Clybourn Avenue. After Apple backed out of its lease, Lululemon backed out of its lease to be located next to Apple. Other March 2009 tenant signings included Chicago's haberdashery Bigsby & Kruthers, Sunglass Hut, crystal jewelers Swarovski, Starfruit Cafe, and Fast-casual eatery Tahini. Also, in the face of declining advertising revenue, CBS sought to sublease part of its studio.


108 North State Street, Progress, Completion
On November 20, 2009, the underground pedway connecting the Blue Line and the Red Line opened. The following day Steve Madden shoes, opened the first retail establishment in the structure. As of February 2012, the theatre, food court and gym had not opened and were no longer planned. The building remained only 26 percent occupied at that time due to hesitance by retailers to commit to leases while lender Bank of America and developer Joseph Freed battled in bankruptcy court.


108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building
In 2014, CIM began moving forward with adding a rental residential tower atop Block 37. In March 2014, rumors began that an apartment building exceeding 500 units was being planned. On September 11, CIM issued a press release that it had obtained permits for a 34-story, 690-unit apartment tower, which Crain's Chicago Business described as "the biggest apartment tower the Loop has seen in decades". The official commencement of the glass-walled project was on October 29 with expected completion by Summer 2016 to include amenities such as outdoor pool and spa, plus a rooftop spa and fitness center.


108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building
At the time the retail spaces were only 52 percent occupied. The apartment building construction eliminated the plans to build a hotel atop the structure. The apartment building construction coincided with plans to bring an 11-screen AMC Theatres dine-in movie theater to the building. The 4th floor AMC theater opened its doors on December 17, 2015 as scheduled as the Loop's only major chain movie theatre. The theatre is Chicago's first Dine-In Theatre in which patrons order food by the touch of a button from their seats.


108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building
On June 1, 2016, the 38-story, 690-unit Marquee at Block 37 opened at 25 West Randolph St., marking the conclusion of construction at Block 37. CIM and its partner in the project, Canadian firm Morguard, attempted to put the building for sale in 2017 at $414 million. After no one offered to buy 25 West Randolph St., the companies refinanced the building in late 2017 with a $225 million mortgage, of which $110 million was used to repay a $110 million loan that funded construction. The developers then placed the building for sale again in 2019 at a cost of $300 million. Morguard bought out CIM's stake in November 2019. Northwestern Mutual provided the $165 million loan for Morguard to buy out CIM's stake.


108 North State Street, Gallery
Viewed from the southeast corner (Washington & State) August 25, 2007


108 North State Street, Gallery
Viewed from the northwest corner (Dearborn & Randolph) April 12, 2007


108 North State Street, Gallery
Viewed from the southeast corner (Washington & State) April 12, 2007


108 Shiva Temples
This is a list of the 108 Shiva Temples mentioned in the Shivalaya Stothram.


108 Shiva Temples, Background
According to Hindu mythology, Lord Parasurama created the land between Gokarna and Kanyakumari. It is said that Kerala was reclaimed from the ocean using his axe for donating to Brahmins after the killing of King Kartavirya Arjuna and other Kshatriyas. He split this land in to 64 villages (64 gramas). Out of these 64 villages, 32 villages are in between Perumpuzha and Gokarnam and the spoken language was Tulu. The remaining 32 villages were in the Malayalam-speaking area between Perumpuzha and Kanyakumari.


108 Shiva Temples, Background
Parasurama is the sixth avatar of Maha Vishnu; he was the youngest son of sage Jamadagni and Renuka. According to legend, after donating the land to Brahmins, one hundred and eight Maha Shiva Lingam and Durga idols were installed in these 64 villages. These hundred and eight Shiva temples are mentioned in the Shivala Sotram and a song is written in the Malayalam language. Of the 108 Shiva temples, 105 temples are situated in Kerala state, two temples in Karnataka and one in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu.


108 Shop
108 Shop is a Thai chain of franchise convenience stores, with locations nationwide. Sun 108 is the operator of 108 Shop convenience stores and is a subsidiary of Saha Pathanapibul Co.,Ltd (Saha Group)


108 Shop
In March 2013, Saha Group and Lawson, Inc. has launched in Thailand and it has created “LAWSON 108” as a special store brand for Thailand. 108 Shop is undergoing changed its name to LAWSON 108.


108 Squadron SAAF
108 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The primary squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance flights, as well as command, control, and telstar communications in crime prevention operations alongside the South African Police and the South African Army. The squadron is based in Port Elizabeth.


108 Squadron SAAF
Main operations include coastal reconnaissance flights, command and control and telstar in crime prevention operations in co-operation with the police and Army.


108 St Georges Terrace
108 St Georges Terrace or South32 Tower (formerly known as the Bankwest Tower, the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower) is a 50-storey office tower in Perth, Western Australia. Completed in 1988, the building measures 214 metres (702 ft) to its roof and 247 metres (810 ft) to the tip of its communications antenna. It was the tallest building in Perth from its completion in 1988 until 1992 when it was overtaken in height by Central Park. As of 2012, it remains the third-tallest building in the city. The concrete tower has a distinctive profile, with a triangular plan.


108 St Georges Terrace
The site occupied by the tower was home to the Palace Hotel, and organised opposition was formed to try to save that building from demolition to make way for an office tower. The site was subsequently acquired by businessman Alan Bond and the tower was approved and constructed in a plan that would retain much of the Palace Hotel. The tower then remained the headquarters of Bond's companies until their collapse. The tower has also been the headquarters of Bankwest (formerly known as the R&I Bank), between its completion and 2012. As of 2015, it is now the headquarters of South32.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Pre-1978
The tower's prime location at the corner of William Street and St Georges Terrace was the site of the first licensed premises in Perth from the 1830s. The then-opulent Palace Hotel opened on this corner in 1897 during the days of the Western Australian gold rush, and developed a "colourful" history, hosting numerous celebrities of the time. The plot was purchased by the Commonwealth Banking Corporation, which announced in 1972 that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Pre-1978
During the 1950s and 1960s, many of Perth's older buildings had been demolished to make way for modern developments, which led to wide criticism of the Perth City Council for approving such redevelopments. In this atmosphere, wide public protest resulted and a lobby group of concerned citizens calling themselves "The Palace Guards" worked to save the historic building. This outcry led to condemnation of the plans and heritage listing of the property by the National Trust, and forced the Commonwealth Bank to ask the Federal Government to take the property off its hands. The property was subsequently purchased from the Commonwealth Bank by businessman Alan Bond in 1978 along with the adjacent Terrace Arcade.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978–1988
In 1980, Bond unveiled new plans for the redevelopment of the site. These plans made some effort at preservation of the Palace Hotel, by retaining the facade and main foyer area of the building. However, the construction of the modern office tower at the site's north-eastern corner required demolition of Terrace Arcade, the eastern accommodation wing and the hotel's renowned dining room. The rationale given for the works required was that extensive renovations to the Palace Hotel in 1915 and the 1930s had weakened its structure significantly, as well as problems controlling white ants in the structure. The development exceeded the acceptable plot ratio in the town planning scheme, however the Perth City Council pre-approved the plans nonetheless, on the condition that Bond Corporation kept the Palace Hotel operating as a hotel.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978–1988
Demolition of parts of the site commenced in August 1981, and by August 1983 construction had completed on the tower's foundation and three levels of underground parking. However, there were continuing doubts about the viability of the building, slowing the pace of the development. This changed on 7 September 1984 when R&I Bank Chairman David Fischer signed a joint venture agreement over the development with Austmark International, a subsidiary of Bond Corporation. The bank, which was at the time wholly owned by the Government of Western Australia, consulted then-Premier Brian Burke in deciding whether to invest in the project.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978–1988
Following the investment in the project by the bank, the developers successfully sought modification of the original planning approval by the Perth City Council to allow the use of the Palace Hotel as a bank, rather than remaining as a public hotel. With this permission, construction of the development by Multiplex proceeded, and floor space was leased rapidly; by October 1985 only four floors of the building remained for lease and it was expected to be fully let before completion. With construction finally proceeding once more, the Palace Hotel closed in June 1986. In April 1987, while the tower was still under construction, five men were arrested after illegally entering the site and parachuting from the top of the tower in the early hours of the morning. Construction proceeded at the rate of about one floor every eight to ten days.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978–1988
The construction of the tower took three years to complete, with the first occupants moving into the tower in July 1988. The tower was officially opened in October 1989. Construction of the building cost A$120 million, up from the 1984 estimates of $100 million. Upon its completion, the building was the 88th-tallest building in the world, the third-tallest in Australia and the tallest in Perth (overtaking St Martins Tower). It was also the eighth-tallest concrete skyscraper in the world. However, at this time there were already plans to build a taller building on the site of the former David Jones department store between Hay Street and St Georges Terrace, which became Central Park.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
The top three floors of the building were occupied by Alan Bond's private investment company Dallhold Investments, which owned a majority stake in Bond Corporation. In November 1987, Alan Bond bought the Vincent van Gogh painting Irises and unveiled it in a purpose-built secure art gallery on the 49th floor of the tower on 23 December 1988. Amidst a worsening financial situation for the Bond companies, Bond Corporation sold its half share in the building to R&I Bank for $108 million, making R&I Bank its outright owner. In 1991 amid the collapse of the Bond empire, Bond shifted his offices out of the tower, leaving the top three floors vacant. These floors then remained vacant for almost a decade.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
From when it opened, the tower was referred to as both the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower, owing to the presence of both logos on the building's exterior. The Bond Corporation logos were later removed from the tower, and by the end of 1994, the signage on the building was updated to match the new name and logo of its owner and head tenant, Bankwest.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
Bankwest sold the building in November 1994 for $146 million to Jetcloud Pty Ltd, which was majority owned by AMP. However, Bankwest retained the head lease over the building, and in 2000 the Bank occupied around 20 floors. In 2002, Valad purchased a half-share in the tower for $92.5 million, which it then sold to Stockland in early 2007. Meanwhile, Multiplex acquired its half-stake in the tower from its merger with Ronin Property Groupwhich was proposed in late 2004. Brookfield Multiplex put its half share in the building up for sale in early 2008, however an offer for the tower by Luke Saraceni fell through and the half share in the tower was taken off the property market.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
Bankwest announced in 2006 that it would not renew its lease, instead moving to a new tower proposed for Raine Square. Due to delays with the Raine Square development, Bankwest was forced in November 2009 to seek a 5-year renewal of its lease in the Bankwest Tower, the remainder of which will be taken on by Raine Square property developer Saracen Properties. Saracen Properties announced in May 2009 that they would not seek to renew their lease, and would vacate at the termination of their lease in November 2009. It was also revealed that the 50th floor office space once occupied by Alan Bond was still in the same condition as when he left in 1991, with Bond's former chair, desk and boardroom table available as part of the lease.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
It was announced in January 2015 that base metal and mining company South32 would sign 10½-year lease for 8,300 square metres (89,000 sq ft) of office space, starting from May 2015. The company also took up the naming and rooftop signage rights for the tower.


108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988–2012
In 2017 a number of glass panels shattered dropping some glass fragments. In response the building owners installed temporary gantries to protect pedestrians while carrying out rectification works.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
The tower was designed by architects Cameron Chisholm Nicol. The major parameter given to them in the planning of the building was that "all office areas should face the excellent views that exist of the Swan River". Working within this brief, they selected a triangular cross-section of the tower because it lent "itself to open plan office layouts" by allowing natural light to reach most parts of the working floors. Also, the stepped front of the building maximised the number of corner offices on each floor.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
The eastern and northern sides of the building are slip-formed concrete shear walls, and have fewer windows. These sides house the services of the building, including the lift shafts and stairwells. Some difficulty was encountered in the design stage with how to execute the diagonal slopes forming the top of these walls alongside the top five floors of the building, since a standard concrete pour was not possible. Instead, reinforced concrete panels were prefabricated elsewhere and subsequently attached to the structure.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
The floor plates of the tower are constructed from conventional reinforced concrete beams and slabs. The building's 14 passenger lifts are divided into three zones: low-rise (floors G-17), mid-rise (18–29) and high-rise (30–51), thought to be the first building in Australia to use such a configuration.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
The foyer of the tower was originally planned to be an open-air forecourt between the building and the remains of the Palace Hotel, however extensive aeroelastic wind testing of the structure by the Institute of Environmental Sciences at Murdoch University forced this area to be covered with a glass canopy. Mocks of the curtain walls to be used in the tower were also tested to 1.5 times the proof load to ensure they could withstand cyclone-force weather and seismic shocks. The building is clad with green-tinted double-pane glass on windows, with the service core and structure of the building covered with aluminium sheeting skin coated with a light grey fluoropolymer paint.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
Upon completion, the mass of the building above ground was 66,000 tonnes (146,000,000 lb). The building rests upon 43 belled concrete and steel piles, of average length 30 metres (98 ft), which go "through 3 layers of swamp" to solid siltstone bedrock. These piles range in diameter from 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) to 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in). The basement of the building has a depth of 16 metres (52 ft), and has a 0.5-metre (1 ft 8 in) thick diaphragm wall to prevent water ingress.


108 St Georges Terrace, Design
While the building was under construction, on 21 September 1987 the Perth City Council approved the addition of a 48-metre (157 ft) spire to the top of the tower to house television and radio antennas, microwave antennas, navigation lights and surveillance cameras. However, when asked about the surveillance cameras, the R&I Bank's development spokesman Terry Pilbeam denied any knowledge about what any cameras would be used for. The spire was also approved by the Department of Transport and Communications, which said the spire would cause no air traffic problems, and the spire was added to the building upon completion.


108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery
The northern side of the tower as viewed from William Street


108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery
A typical view over the Swan River from an office in the tower


108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery
A view showing the north and east sides of the building, which contain the service cores


108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery
The Palace Hotel and the forecourt's distinctive spiked glass roof


108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery
View of 108 from the corner of William Street and St Georges Terrace


108 Stars of Destiny
The 108 Stars of Destiny are at the core of the plot of the Chinese classical novel Shui Hu Zhuan, which was written by Shi Nai'an in the 14th century and is commonly translated as Water Margin, Outlaws of the Marsh, or All Men Are Brothers. Suikoden, the Japanese translation of Shui Hu Zhuan, has been made into a series of role-playing video games.


108 Stars of Destiny
Based on the Taoist concept that each person's destiny is tied to a Star of Destiny (Chinese: 宿星; pinyin: sù xīng), the 108 Stars of Destiny represent 108 demonic overlords who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme god in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the stars are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice.


108 Stars of Destiny
The 108 Stars of Destiny are divided into two groups: the 36 Heavenly Spirits and the 72 Earthly Fiends. Other titles for the Stars of Destiny include 108 Stars of Heavenly Earth and 108 Stars of Heaven and Earth.


108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories
One Heavenly Spirit, Lu Zhishen, is represented in a folktale as a sworn brother of Zhou Tong.


108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories
According to The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling, several popular folktales about Wu Song, a Heavenly Spirit, from the "Wang School" of Yangzhou storytelling, state that he killed the tiger "in the middle of the tenth month" of the "Xuanhe year [1119]" (the emphasis belongs to the original author).


108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories
In Iron Arm, Golden Sabre, Sun Li, an Earthly Fiend, is portrayed as a fellow student of Zhou Tong and Luan Tingyu.


108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories
In Louis Cha's wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes, Guo Sheng, an Earthly Fiend, is said to be the ancestor of the protagonist, Guo Jing.


108 Sul station
108 Sul is a Brasília Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 12 April 2008 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Ceilândia Sul. It is located between 106 Sul Cine Brasília and 110 Sul.


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan
The different slow motion solo form training sequences of T'ai Chi Ch'uan are the best known manifestation of T'ai Chi for the general public. In English, they are usually called the hand form or just the form;  in Mandarin it is usually called ch'uan: 拳 (in Wade-Giles romanization: ch'üan², in the pinyin system: quán). They are performed slowly by beginners and are said to promote concentration, condition the body and acquaint students with the inventory of motion techniques for more advanced styles of martial arts training.


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan
There are also solo weapons forms, as well as much shorter and repetitive sequences to train power generation leverages as a form of ch'i kung. The various forms of Wu-style pushing hands have their own one person drill routines, as well, which fulfil some of the same functions as the power generation drills.


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Differences between schools
The following list is an English translation from Chinese of the empty hand or fist form list published in Wu Kung-tsao's Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan. Different schools will use different translations. Notably, the family's Shanghai branch has a different enumeration scheme, numbering the same "long form" routine sequence with 89 posture names instead of 108. Almost all of the individual posture names are the same, however.


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
The 108 postures of the Wu family style of T'ai chi ch'uan are listed below. For each unique form name there is a literal translation, the Hong Kong school's translation and then the Shanghai school's translation in italics where they differ, followed by the original Chinese characters:


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
1. Begin T'ai Chi Form - The Beginning of T'ai Chi - The Preparation Form 太極起式


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
2. Raise Hands Above Posture - Raise Hands - Raise Hand and Step Up 提手上勢


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
3. Hand Plays P'i P'a - Play Guitar - Hand Strums the Lute  手揮琵琶


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
6. Slant Flying Posture (also known as Slant Single Whip) - Flying Oblique 斜飛勢 (斜單鞭)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
8. White Crane Spreads Wings - White Stork Flaps its Wings 白鶴亮翅


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
9. Brush Knee Push Step Left and Right 4 Times - Brush Knee Twist Step 摟膝拗步左右四度


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
11. Step Forward, Deflect, Parry, Punch - Step Up Diverting and Blocking Fist 進步搬攔捶


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
12. As If Seemingly Sealed Shut (also known as Push Forward) - As if Closing Up 如封似閉 (進按)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
13. Carry Tiger to the Mountain - Tiger and Leopard Spring to the Mountain 抱虎歸山


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
18. Single Whip (also known as Slant Single Whip) 單鞭 (斜單鞭)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
20. Fall to Repulse Monkey Left and Right 3 Times 倒攆猴左右三度


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
25. Sea Bottom Needle - Needle at Sea Bottom - Needle at the Bottom of the Sea 海底針


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
26. Fan Through Back - Play Arms like a Fan 扇通背


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
27. Rotate Body Away Body Punch - Strike Fist to Back - Parry and Punch 翻身撇身捶


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
28. Step Back, Deflect, Parry, Punch - Move Step Diverting and Blocking Punch 退步搬攔捶


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
34. Right Separate Foot Kick - Right Parting Leg 右分腳


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
36. Left Separate Foot Kick - Left Parting Leg 左分腳


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
37. Turn Body Kick with Heel - Turn Body Pedalling Foot 轉身蹬腿


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
45. Step Back Hit Tiger Posture - Retreat Step Beat the Tiger 退步打虎勢


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
47. Double Peaks Pierce Ears - Strike the Ears with Double Fists 雙峰貫耳


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
48. Lean Back Kick with Toe - Open Body and Kick 披身踢腿


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
52. As If Seemingly Sealed Shut (also known as Push Forward) 如封似閉 (進按)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
58. Single Whip (also known as Slant Single Whip) 單鞭 (斜單鞭)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
60. Wild Horse Separate Mane - Parting the Wild Horse's Mane 野馬分鬃


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
65. Jade Lady Works Shuttles Twice - Jade Girl Works at the Shuttle 玉女穿梭二度


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
68. Jade Lady Works Shuttles Twice - Jade Girl Works at the Shuttle 玉女穿梭二度


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
73. Downward Posture (also known as Snake Creeps Down Posture) 下勢 (蛇身下勢)


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
74. Left Golden Rooster on One Leg - Golden Cockerel Standing on One Leg 左金雞獨立


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
76. Fall to Repulse Monkey Left and Right 3 Times 倒攆猴左右三度


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
90. Slap Face Palm - Palm Goes to Meet the Face 撲面掌


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
91. Rotate Body Single Swing Lotus - Turn Body Cross Swing Lotus 翻身單擺蓮


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
93. Step Up Finger Stop Punch - Pointing to the Crotch Punch 上步指擋捶


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
96. Downward Posture (also known as Snake Creeps Down Posture) 下勢 (蛇身下勢 )


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
99. Turn Body Slap Face Palm - Turn Body Hit Face Palm 轉身撲面掌


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
100. Rotate Body Double Swing Lotus - Turn Body Double Swing Lotus 翻身雙擺蓮


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
101. Bend Bow Shoot Tiger - Curve Bow Shoot Tiger 彎弓射虎


108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list
108. Conclusion of T'ai Chi - Closing T'ai Chi 合太極


108.0 FM
This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 108.0 MHz:


1080
Year 1080 (MLXXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1080 (skateboarding)
The 1080 is a skateboarding trick that can be performed on a vertical skateboard ramp or on a mega ramp, in which the skateboarder makes three full revolutions (1080 degrees of rotation) while airborne. It was first completed successfully on a mega ramp in 2012 by American skateboarder Tom Schaar, and on a vert ramp in May 2020 by Brazilian skateboarder Gui Khury.


1080 (skateboarding), Mega ramp (big air)
The first-ever 1080 was landed by American skateboarder Tom Schaar on March 26, 2012, at the age of 12. Schaar completed the stunt on a mega ramp at Woodward West in Tehachapi, California, on his fifth attempt. The jump was filmed by several cameras at the MegaRamp at Woodward West. A roll-over feature was custom-built which allowed the skater to drop in on the 70-foot-tall and roll right over a 50-foot gap in the ramp, thus allowing Schaar to keep momentum going all the way through to the quarter pipe. Schaar performed several 720s and a 900 while warming-up. He then attempted to perform the 1080, failing four times before successfully landing his fifth attempt, being propelled 15 feet above the top of the ramp.


1080 (skateboarding), Mega ramp (big air)
Red Bull described the 1080 as "the Holy Grail of all skateboard tricks." Schaar has since repeated the feat, and completed a 1080 in competition while participating in the 2012 X Games Asia on April 30, 2012. He won the gold medal in the Skateboard Mini MegaRamp category, the youngest person ever to have done so. At The Dew Tour Ocean City Tom landed the 1080 in Skate Mega 2.0 which resulted in him coming first.


1080 (skateboarding), Vert ramp (regular half pipe)
In May 2020, at the age of 11, Brazilian skateboarder Gui Khury became the first person to land a 1080 using only a vert ramp, breaking the previous record for a 900 on a vert ramp set by Tony Hawk in 1999. (Khury had previously become the youngest person to land a 900, which he achieved at age 8.) His father credited the COVID-19 pandemic with providing his son the opportunity to practice the technique.


1080 (skateboarding), Vert ramp (regular half pipe)
At the 2021 X Games, 12 year old Khury successfully landed a 1080 on the vertical ramp, making him the youngest gold medal winner in X Games history. Tony Hawk was present at the event.


1080 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1080 kHz: 1080 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KRLD Dallas, WTIC Hartford and KOAN Anchorage share Class A status on 1080 AM.


1080 Orchis
1080 Orchis, provisional designation 1927 QB, is an dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 30 August 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The carbonaceous F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flowering plant Orchis.


1080 Orchis, Orbit and classification
Orchis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,374 days; semi-major axis of 2.42 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 BH at Heidelberg in January 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in August 1927.


1080 Orchis, Naming
This minor planet was named after the flowering plant Orchis, a genus in the orchid family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).


1080 Orchis, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Orchis is an uncommon F-type asteroid, a type which belongs to the wider C-complex of carbonaceous asteroids.


1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles
In 2010, three rotational lightcurves of Orchis were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.061, 16.075 and 16.1 hours with a brightness amplitude of between 0.23 and 0.31 magnitude (U=2+/2/3). A modeled lightcurve based on optical data from a large collaboration network found a concurring period of 16.0657 hours and two spin axis of (255.0°, 27.0°) and (71.0°, 28.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Orchis measures between 20.755 and 24.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0430 and a diameter of 23.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.


1080 usage in New Zealand
1080, the brand name given to the synthetic form of sodium fluoroacetate, is used in New Zealand in efforts to control populations of possums, rats, stoat and rabbits, which are invasive species in the New Zealand environment.


1080 usage in New Zealand
Although the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment deemed the use of 1080 in New Zealand "effective and safe" in a 2011 re-evaluation and the substance is widely considered to be the most effective tool currently available for controlling possums over large areas, it remains a contentious issue, with the majority of the debate occurring between conservationists and livestock farmers on one side and hunters and animal-rights activists on the other.


1080 usage in New Zealand
New Zealand is the largest user of 1080 poison, using about 80% of the world's supply. Biodegradable 1080 poison is the only poison currently registered for use on mainland New Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of the common brushtail possum; a major conservation and agricultural pest. New Zealand has used 1080 for pest control since the late 1950s; it imports sodium fluoroacetate in raw form from the United States of America.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage
The largest users of 1080 in New Zealand are the Animal Health Board and the Department of Conservation (DOC). It is also used on a smaller scale for pest control by Regional Councils and private landowners. The first trials were carried out in New Zealand in 1954, and by 1957 its use had become widespread. 1080 baits are used through ground-based and aerial application. 1080 is considered to be suitable for use as a mammalian pest control in New Zealand because the country has only two native land mammals (bats). 1080 is commonly used in Western Australia to kill feral carnivores, as the compound is naturally occurring in Western Australian flora and the native herbivores and their native predators are immune.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests
New Zealand's flora and fauna evolved for 80 million years with moa being the primary browsing animals and no predatory mammals. Consequently, the native birds, insects, and flora have developed no natural defence mechanisms against introduced animals such as possums, rats, mustelids and feral cats. These exotic species have become ecological pests, and their presence has had a disastrous effect on the populations of many endemic species, including the national symbol, the kiwi. Populations of the reptile tuatara have also been severely impacted. An estimated 30 million possums inhabit New Zealand, and they are found in 98% of vegetated areas on mainland New Zealand.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests
When correctly applied, 1080 is very effective at controlling conservation pests. One aerial application can kill 98% of possums and more than 90% of rats in the targeted area. These successful knock-down rates provide vulnerable native birds with a crucial breeding window to raise chicks through to fledging, increasing their survival rate. The DOC uses aerially applied 1080 poison across about 440,000 ha of conservation land each year. This equates to 5% of the total conservation estate.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests
DOC's pest control programme is governed by residual trap catch rates, the percentage of nights in which a trap catches a pest. Targets are usually set to less than 5%, though rates below 2% can be achieved by 1080.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests
In New Zealand, the common brushtail possum was the main vector for the spread of bovine tuberculosis—a highly contagious disease affecting farmed cattle and deer. The disease was endemic in possums across about 38% of New Zealand (known as 'vector risk areas') but industry sources acknowledge the incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis has now fallen to less than 0.05% in the areas where it is monitored.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests
The organisation responsible for managing bovine TB in New Zealand, the Animal Health Board, uses 1080 poison as one of a range of pesticides to kill possums and control the spread of disease to both livestock and unaffected areas of the country. Aerial application of 1080 poison is only used in places where ground control methods are impractical or unable to reduce possum numbers to a low enough level to break the disease cycle. In 2011, this was less than 10% of the total area receiving possum control.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests
Both aerial and ground-based application of 1080 poison are also used to control rabbits, an introduced grazing pest. By 1960, it had become the main poison used in rabbit control. The combination of aerial spreading and the use of carrots poisoned with 1080 enabled rabbit boards (which were responsible for rabbit destruction work) to reduce rabbit numbers in most areas by the early 1960s.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
The use of 1080 poison in New Zealand has been the subject of a long and complex debate. In general, the majority of conservationists and livestock farmers support the continued use of 1080 for pest control, while the hunting community, animal rights groups and antifluoride campaigners support a ban, although there are exceptions on both sides.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
Organised opposition is usually small-scale and localised to areas where aerial 1080 operations are carried out. Protest is generally peaceful, but there have been occasions where opponents have resorted to violence or sabotage.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
In August 2007, the Environmental Risk Management Authority released a review that gave new guidelines for the use of 1080 in New Zealand, and concluded the beneficial effects of pest eradication outweighed the risks. 1080 decomposes in natural water and soil into harmless compounds.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
In June 2011, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) released a report in favour of 1080 to control possums, rats, and stoats, especially in large and remote areas. It is seen as an effective poison for aerial spreading. The PCE came to a number of conclusions, including not having a moratorium on 1080 use, and setting up a Game Animal Council. In June 2011, New Zealand's four largest daily newspapers all ran editorial pieces questioning the need for continued debate in light of the PCE's report.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
In 2004, anti-1080 activist Phillip Anderton posed for the New Zealand media with a kiwi he claimed had been poisoned. An investigation revealed that Anderton lied to journalists and the public. He had used a kiwi that had been caught in a possum trap.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
In 2015, the New Zealand Police revealed that anonymous blackmail threats were sent to Fonterra and Federated Farmers saying that infant formula in supermarkets would be poisoned unless the use of 1080 was halted by the end of the month. Fonterra responded by working with the Ministry for Primary Industries to develop two high-throughput, validated test methods and then testing every tanker of milk and every batch of infant formula for 1080.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate
The ensuing police response Operation Concord led to charges laid against 60-year-old businessman Jeremy Hamish Kerr, who pleaded guilty to two charges of blackmail and was sentenced to 8 years 6 months imprisonment. Kerr had developed a rival brand of poison called Feratox and made the threats for financial gain. The court heard that Kerr received around $100,000 a year in royalties from Feratox, but sales were dwindling.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Support
The following agencies, organisations and political parties support the use of 1080 in New Zealand:


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Opposition
These organisations and political parties have opposed the use of 1080 in New Zealand:


1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Neutral stance
These organisations and political parties have a neutral stance on the use of 1080 poison in New Zealand:


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives
Biodegradable 1080 poison is the only pesticide currently registered for use on mainland New Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of possums. While many research teams are actively seeking new and supplemental approaches to current technologies, no method has yet gained widespread acceptance as a viable alternative to 1080.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Research
New Zealand currently spends at least $8 million annually on improving existing pest control technology and developing new methods.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Research
According to the EPA's Annual Report on the Aerial Use of 1080, as of October 2011 there are currently over 50 research projects underway industry-wide to find improvements in the use of 1080, alternatives to 1080 and other related topics.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods
In the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's June 2011 re-evaluation of 1080, these questions were used for assessing the effectiveness and safety of 1080, as well as current and prospective alternatives


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods
The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's conclusion with regards to 1080 was, "It is not perfect, but given how controversial it remains, I for one expected that it would not be as effective and safe as it is".


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods
The Parliamentary Commissioner reached the following conclusions regarding the possible alternatives to 1080 poison currently available in New Zealand.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Pindone, diphacinone, and coumatetralyl
Pindone, diphacinone, and coumatetralyl are the first-generation anticoagulants most commonly used for pest control. They are generally very effective at controlling rats to keep their numbers low, but cannot effectively deal with sudden population surges. Anticoagulants break down very slowly in water and soil. They also accumulate in the liver tissue of live animals that have been exposed to the poison (either by eating bait or feeding on an animal that has eaten bait) and in carcasses. They are also the most inhumane of the poisons currently used. By-kill of native species is a significant risk from the use of first-generation anticoagulants. Different types of anticoagulants need to be rotated to avoid populations becoming bait-shy or building up resistance.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Brodifacoum
Brodifacoum is a second-generation anticoagulant. It is licensed for killing possums and rats. Like 1080, it will kill stoats that feed on poisoned animals. It has been successfully used in aerial operations to completely eradicate possums, rats, and stoats on several offshore islands and fenced 'mainland islands' that are now sanctuaries for endangered animals, but it is not currently registered in New Zealand for general aerial use on the mainland. Brodifacoum takes a very long time to break down in soil and water and accumulates in the tissue of exposed animals for years. Consequently, there is a very high risk of by-kill: it is known to have killed at least 21 species of native birds, including kiwi, kaka, kakariki and tui. It is also widely considered a very inhumane poison.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Cyanide
Cyanide has been used in New Zealand since the 1940s, and is licensed for killing possums and wallabies. It is a highly lethal, broad-spectrum poison that depletes cells of energy, quickly resulting in respiratory arrest and death. Ground-laid cyanide has killed native species and other animals in the past (including kiwi, kea, weka, and bats) and it takes only a tiny amount of cyanide to kill a human. While there are antidotes to cyanide poisoning, their effectiveness is controversial and the rapid action of the poison limits the time in which they can be used. Its effectiveness varies because of bait shyness.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol naturally occurs as vitamin D3 in many foods, including fish. It was developed as a poison to control rats and mice in the 1980s. It works by leaching calcium from the bones of the poisoned animal into its bloodstream, leading to organ failure. Cholecalciferol will reduce populations of possums and rats, but not stoats, since it does not bioaccumulate in animals. It breaks down readily in the environment and the risk of by-kill is considered to be low. Cholecalciferol is more expensive to produce than 1080. Some promising results have been obtained by combining cholecalciferol with other substances, such as aspirin, to make it more cost-effective and faster acting. Cholecalciferol is very inhumane.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Para-aminopropiophenone
Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) was developed to control stoats, weasels, and feral cats, and registered for use in New Zealand in 2011. It kills by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen. PAPP kills stoats directly, but not possums and rats. It is approved for use in paste form or in fresh minced meat, so will only provide effective stoat control as part of intensive ground control. The risk of by-kill is likely to be low since it does not leave residues in the environment.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Zinc phosphide
Zinc phosphide (microencapsulated zinc phosphide paste) has been widely used overseas for decades, predominantly to control rats and mice on agricultural land. It causes death by heart or respiratory failure. In August 2011, the New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority approved the import and manufacture of microencapsulated zinc phosphide (MZP paste) as an alternative to 1080 for the ground control of possums. The application was made by Pest Tech Limited, with support from Connovation Ltd, Lincoln University, and the Animal Health Board. It will be used as an additional vertebrate poison in certain situations. Unlike 1080, it cannot be used for aerial application.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrite is a naturally occurring substance commonly used as a meat preservative, but toxic at higher doses. It kills in a similar way as PAPP, by reducing the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen (methemoglobinemia). Sodium nitrite is expected to be registered for use in for killing possums, but not rats. It will not control stoats because it will not knock down rat populations or bioaccumulate in poisoned animals. It does not leave residues in the environment and the risk of by-kill is expected to be low. It is much more humane than 1080.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping
Ground operations of which trapping is an important component have been shown to help populations of native birds. Possums, rats, and stoats can all be killed with traps. However, an intensive ground operation will typically involve trapping possums and stoats, but poisoning rats because there are so many more of them and they reproduce quickly. In a mass event, populations of rodents rapidly increase as much as ten-fold, and traps simply cannot be deployed rapidly enough or in sufficient numbers to knock them down.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping
Some terrain is too rugged or dangerous for trapping, and trapping is not practical on a large scale. In one day, a single trapper can check traps on tens of hectares, whereas an aerial 1080 drop can cover tens of thousands of hectares. Once a trap has 'snapped', it will not catch another animal unless it is reset. Traps need to be checked and reset regularly, which makes them labour-intensive. Self-resetting traps, such as the Goodnature trap, are being developed and trialled, and could in the future significantly reduce labour costs and increase the cost-effectiveness of ground control operations.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping
Twenty three species of native birds have been reported as having been killed by leg-hold traps, and many kiwi have suffered leg or beak damage. These traps are now required to be set up off the ground on conservation land where kiwi or weka (which are ground-dwelling birds) live.


1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Biological control
Biological control has been likened to the 'Holy Grail' of pest control by a number of sources, and was a major focus for research funding during the 1990s and 2000s in both New Zealand and Australia. Most of the methods proposed involved some form of genetic engineering, and if developed further would attract a great deal of public opposition. No biological control method has therefore yet gained widespread acceptance as a viable alternative to 1080.


1080i
1080i (also known as Full HD or BT.709) is a combination of frame resolution and scan type. 1080i is used in high-definition television (HDTV) and high-definition video. The number "1080" refers to the number of horizontal lines on the screen. The "i" is an abbreviation for "interlaced"; this indicates that only the odd lines, then the even lines of each frame (each image called a video field) are drawn alternately, so that only half the number of actual image frames are used to produce video. A related display resolution is 1080p, which also has 1080 lines of resolution; the "p" refers to progressive scan, which indicates that the lines of resolution for each frame are "drawn" on the screen in sequence.


1080i
The term assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9 (a rectangular TV that is wider than it is tall), so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution, or 1920 pixels × 1080 lines. A  1920 pixels × 1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels (2.1 million pixels) and a temporal resolution of 50 or 60 interlaced fields per second. This format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard.


1080i
The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for "square pixels" to be used in HD video formats.