1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama
Indonesian Production House SinemArt's drama, titled Buku Harian Nayla (Nayla's Diary), plagiarizes 1 Litre of Tears. The series bears some striking resemblances, like the name "Aya" being replaced with "Nayla" (Chelsea Olivia) and Moses (Ralph Glenn Alinskie) in place of Asou. The series aired in RCTI as a special Christmas series. The comparison between the two series have been discussed by the show's audience. The scenario was written by Serena Luna (or sometimes called Chevyra Edenia).


1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama
Indonesian fans of 1 Litre no Namida have reported this admitted act of plagiarism to Fuji TV and the Indonesian mass media, but there has yet to be a response. What most upsets the fans is that RCTI failed to credit or acknowledge Fuji TV and 1 Litre of Tears, from which the story is presumed to have been adapted, and noted that "This story is fictitious: the similarities of names, characters, places, and times are purely coincidental."


1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama
Amrita TV is to dub 1 Litre no Namida and Chinese drama Tears of Happiness is based on this drama.


1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama
The Turkish remake of this drama aired on Kanal D, titled Bir Litre Gözyaşı in 2018.


1 Locating Regiment
1 Locating Regiment was an artillery locating regiment of the South African Artillery. The regiment provided divisional troops but was typically organized to allocate locating batteries to brigades.


1 Locating Regiment, History, Origin
This unit can trace back its origins when it was created by the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Stellenbosch. Major C.L. Olen, a professor of engineering at this university was its first commander. Its headquarters was first seated in the engineer’s faculty on the university grounds where it became a purely Afrikaans speaking unit.


1 Locating Regiment, History, Command affiliation
With the reorganization of the SA Army in August 1974, the unit, now a regiment was placed under the divisional commands of 7 South African Infantry Division and 8th Armoured Division (South Africa) at various stages.


1 Locating Regiment, History, Conversion in role and name
By 1990 the unit was converted with a new role as a 155mm RL medium artillery regiment. From this point the unit was also now named Regiment Simonsberg. The unit’s headquarters was also moved to Jan Cilliers street in the town.


1 Locating Regiment, History, Specialization
The regiment provided divisional troops but was typically organized to allocate locating batteries to brigades. The regiment specialized in the technical search of enemy battery fire by means of delicate and sophisticated measuring equipment, such as radar and meteorology. A battery typically comprised an Intelligence Section, a Meteorological Section, and a Radar Troop of three radar sections each with a radar set, a Sound Ranging Troop, a Survey Troop and an Observation Troop.


1 Locating Regiment, History, Specialization
During a border camp in 1976, members of the regiment measured the “cutline” and charted the installation in Owamboland.


1 Locating Regiment, Freedom of entry
The regiment received freedom of entry into Stellenbosch on 18 October 1975 and received its colours on 4 March 1978.


1 Locating Regiment, Insignia
The regiment’s emblem was a blue background with a red diamond and a gold eagle holding a flash of lightning in its right claw and a grenade in its left claw. On its chest is a Roman letter I in red.


1 Lupi
1 Lupi is a solitary giant star in the southern constellation of Lupus. It has the Bayer designation i Lupi; 1 Lupi is the Flamsteed designation. The apparent visual magnitude is 4.90, which indicates it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, this star is approximately 1,800 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −23 km/s.


1 Lupi
Houk (1978) assigned the spectral classification of this star as F1III, which suggests it is an F-type (yellow-white) star that has evolved away from the main sequence and expanded into a giant. However, Gray et al. (2001) found a class of F0 Ib-II, matching a supergiant/bright giant star. It has a mass around seven times that of the Sun and has expanded to 41 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 2,900 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,867 K. The estimated age of the star is around 47 million years.


1 Lyncis
1 Lyncis is a single star in the northern constellation of Lynx. It is also known by its variable star designation of UW Lyncis; 1 Lyncis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, reddish-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.95. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 12 km/s.


1 Lyncis
The star is an aging red giant of spectral type M3IIIab, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has been classified as a slow irregular variable, after being found to be slightly variable in 1969 by Olin J. Eggen. Its changes in brightness are complex, with two shorter changeable periods of 35–40 and 47–50 days due to the star's pulsations, and a longer period of 1500 days possibly due to the star's rotation or convectively induced oscillatory thermal (COT) mode. The star has expanded to 156 times the Sun's radius and it is radiating 2,848 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,485 K.


1 Maccabees
The First Book of Maccabees, also called 1 Maccabees, is a book written in Hebrew by an anonymous Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom by the Hasmonean dynasty, around the late 2nd century BC. The original Hebrew is lost and the most important surviving version is the Greek translation contained in the Septuagint. The book is held as canonical scripture by the Catholic, Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo), but not by Protestant denominations nor any major branches of Judaism; it is not part of the Tanakh. Some Protestants consider it to be an apocryphal book (see also Deuterocanon).


1 Maccabees
1 Maccabees is best known for its account of an early victory in the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire: the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple – the narrative behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.


1 Maccabees, Name
The name Maccabee in Hebrew means "Hammer". This is applied to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. The name came to be used for his brothers as well, which accounts for the title of the book.


1 Maccabees, Form
The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. There are 16 chapters. English language versions of the Bible which contain this book include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). and Knox Bible.


1 Maccabees, Date
1 Maccabees was written around the late 2nd century BC. The Jerusalem Bible suggests it was written in about 100 BC, and certainly before the capture of Jerusalem by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC. Most scholars are in agreement on this date.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt (a Jewish revolt against Seleucid rule).


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (that is, establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
Hellenization included the construction of gymnasiums in Jerusalem. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them (the Maccabean Revolt). There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59).


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. Verses 23–32 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document".


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness, he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58).


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly".


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
Alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:1–23. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan", taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews".


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon", which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus.


1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis
The concluding verses () note that "the acts of John and his wars and the brave deeds that he did ... are written in the annals of his high priesthood".


1 Maccabees, Canonicity
Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Origen of Alexandria (253), Augustine of Hippo (c. 397), Pope Innocent I (405), Synod of Hippo (393), the Council of Carthage (397), the Council of Carthage (419), the Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (1442) and the Council of Trent (1546) listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical.


1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author
The text comes to us in three codices of the Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus, as well as some cursives.


1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author
Though the original book was written in Hebrew, as can be deduced by a number of Hebrew idioms in the text, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. Some authors date the original Hebrew text even closer to the events covered, while a few suggest a later date. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if the later date is taken, the author would have to have had access to first-hand reports of the events or other primary sources.


1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author
Origen of Alexandria gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). Many scholars suggest that they may have actually had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the work—but one should be aware of a "creeping Aramaicism", finding evidence for a vaguely Aramaic text when there is nothing definite to point to. Only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Origen claims that the title of the original was Sarbēth Sarbanael (variants include Σαρβηθ Σα[ρ]βαναι ελ "Sarbēth Sa[r]banai El" and Σαρβηθ Σα[ρ]βανέελ Sarbēth Sa[r]baneel), an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew  original. Various reconstructions have been proposed:


1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author
Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans".


1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author
The book's author is unknown, but some suggest that it may have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have taken part in the events described in the book. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Holy Land, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. The author interprets the events not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God using the military genius of the Maccabees as the instrument to achieve his own ends.


1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance
The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.


1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance
The texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.


1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance
In the Church of England’s lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn.


1 Macquarie Place
1 Macquarie Place (also known as Gateway Plaza) is an iconic Sydney skyscraper on Macquarie Place in Central Business District of Sydney, Australia.


1 Macquarie Place
Designed by architect Peddle, Thorp & Walker, the blue glass-clad commercial office building reaches 46 storeys or 164 metres (538 ft) to the top of its spire, and it is very prominent on the Circular Quay waterfront. The tower contains about 470,000 square feet (44,000m²) of office space.


1 Macquarie Place, History
In 1971, a proposal to redevelop an area in Circular Quay, Sydney was announced by a consortium of developers consisting of Hooker Corporation Ltd, Mainline Corporation Ltd and Dilingham Development Division (part of Silverton Transport and General Industries Ltd). The redevelopment project was dubbed by the consortium as Gateway Plaza. Although the project was initially proposed in 1971, construction did not begin until 1985 due to delays. Negotiations included retaining an old hotel on the site and redesigning the building as to not cast shadows on Macquarie Place Park.


1 Macquarie Place, History
The engineers during the construction phase were Norman Disney & Young.


1 Macquarie Place, History
The building was sold before completion in 1988 for $325 million to a subsidiary of National Mutual.


1 Macquarie Place, History
The University of Wollongong Sydney Business School is a tenant on the 17th floor.


1 Macquarie Place, History
In 2018, Dexus engaged architectural firm Woods Bagot, engineers Taylor Thomson Whitting and builders Buildcorp Interiors to undertake a $30 million redevelopment and strengthening works of the Gateway Plaza building.


1 Mai metro station
1 Mai is a metro station in northern Bucharest, serving line M4. It is situated in Chibrit or Clăbucet Square, at the intersection of Calea Griviței, Ion Mihalache Boulevard, and Bucureștii Noi Road.


1 Mai metro station
The station was opened on 1 March 2000, as part of Stage I of the M4 line, from Gara de Nord to 1 Mai. On 1 July 2011, the line was extended to Parc Bazilescu.


1 Mai metro station, Architecture
The station was built in a manner similar to Griviţa Metro, and Gara de Nord II.


1 Mai metro station, Architecture
It has a wide central platform, a blue-grey and dark color scheme using black granite floors, blue and grey synthetic walls, and chrome and aluminum metal insertions.


1 Mai metro station, Name
The name of the station was chosen based on the former name of Ion Mihalache Boulevard – 1 Mai Boulevard.


1 Mai metro station, Name
This has proven controversial – firstly, because most inhabitants associate "1 Mai" with the 1 Mai Market located almost 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the metro station, and secondly because the name 1 Mai Avenue had been already given to another street in Western Bucharest when the subway station opened. Incidentally, that avenue may also host a metro station in the future.


1 Main Circuit
1 Main Circuit (1MC) is the term for the shipboard public address circuits on United States Navy and United States Coast Guard vessels. This provides a means of transmitting general information and orders to all internal ship spaces and topside areas, and is loud enough that all embarked personnel are (normally) able to hear it. It is used to put out general information to the ship’s crew on a regular basis each day.


1 Main Circuit
The system consists of an amplifier-oscillator group which is located in the IC/gyro room, a microphone control station, portable microphones at each control station and loudspeakers located throughout the ship. Control stations for the 1MC announcing system are located at the pilot house, OOD stations on the quarterdecks, aft steering and Damage Control Central area.


1 Main Circuit
During an incident involving a casualty, the 1MC is a communication tool used by DCA (damage control assistant) to keep ship members alerted and informed of casualty location area, status, and incident response efforts by the DC organization.


1 Main Circuit
The 1MC is divided into smaller sub-circuits, such as officer's quarters and topside. At the option of the officer of the deck, some details are not passed on certain circuits.


1 Main Circuit
The 1MC is also used for transmitting various alarm sounds to alert the crew of specific impending dangers such as an inbound anti-ship missile, chemical attack,  collision, or a flight deck crash.


1 Maja Coal Mine
The 1 Maja coal mine (Coal Mine 1st May; pol. Kopalnia Węgla Kamiennego 1 Maja) was a large mine in the south of Poland in Wodzisław Śląski, Silesian Voivodeship, 260 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.


1 Maja Coal Mine
Built in 1960, it was called "Mszana". Since 1961 it was called 1 Maja (1 May), in honor of International Workers' Day. It was one of the most modern and best coal mines in the Polish People's Republic. It was combined with Marcel Coal Mine in 1995. It closed in 2001. The coal mine covered 35.6 square kilometers, and coal production was around 8,400 tons per day.


1 Maja Coal Mine
Coal Mine 1 May was the general sponsor of the Polish football team Odra Wodzisław Śląski.


1 Manhattan West
1 Manhattan West is a 67-story office skyscraper  in the Manhattan West development. It was completed in 2019 and will serve as the second tower completed in the development after 3 Manhattan West.


1 Manhattan West, History
In July 2018, Wells Fargo provided a $530 million construction loan for the project. The structure topped out in August 2018, and officially opened on October 30, 2019.


1 Manhattan West, Architecture
The building is 67-stories, 2.1 million square feet and anticipated to achieve LEED Gold certification.


1 Manhattan West, Architecture
The tower is rectangular in plan. The north, south and west faces rise vertically up from the ground, while the east face bows out until the 16th floor and then tapers in uniformly to the roof. All four corners of the facade have a rounded transition with a radius of 2,720 mm.


1 Manhattan West, Structural Design
The structural system of the tower is composed of a central reinforced concrete core and a perimeter steel moment frame. Part of the tower overhangs the below ground train tracks leading into Penn Station. In order to avoid the tracks, the perimeter columns on the south, north, and east sides do not come down to ground level, but are transferred to the core above the building's lobby.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions
On 1 May 1944, 200 Greek communists (Greek: Οι 200 της Καισαριανής, "The 200 of Kaisariani") were executed at the firing range of the Athens suburb of Kaisariani by the Nazi occupation authorities as reprisal for the killing of a German general by Greek Resistance forces.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Background
Greece had been under the dictatorial and fiercely anti-communist Metaxas Regime since 1936. Members of the Communist Party of Greece were persecuted and put in prison, chiefly in the Akronauplia and Corfu prisons, or sent to internal exile in small islands. With the German invasion of Greece and the start of the Axis Occupation of Greece in April 1941, the communist prisoners were placed under German control. Following the Italian surrender in September 1943, most of the communist prisoners, formerly held in the Italian-run Larissa concentration camp, were moved to Haidari concentration camp in the northwestern suburbs of Athens.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions
On 27 April 1944, ELAS partisans ambushed and killed the German general Franz Krech and three other German officers at Molaoi in Laconia. As a retaliation, the German occupation authorities announced via proclamation the execution of 200 communists on 1 May, as well as the execution of all males found by the German troops outside their villages on the Sparti–Molaoi road. In addition, the German proclamation reported that "under the impression of this crime, Greek volunteers on their own initiative killed a further 100 communists".


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions
On 30 April, the news of the impending executions spread in the Haidari camp. Camp commandant Fischer called the workshop foremen, all former Akronauplia inmates, and asked which of the other prisoners could replace them, ostensibly as they would be moved to a different camp the next day, along with the inmates of the Chalkis prison. Interpreting this "move" as a cover for their execution, all Akronauplia prisoners said their goodbyes to their comrades, and an impromptu farewell party was held in cell block 3 of the camp.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions
On the next morning, the Chalkis inmates were moved from the camp on trucks. Camp commandant Fischer then held a roll call and selected the 200 prisoners to be executed—almost all the former Akronauplia inmates (ca. 170), the former exiles in Anafi and a few who were imprisoned by the Germans. According to eyewitness accounts, the prisoners reacted with defiance, singing the Greek national anthem, the Dance of Zalongo song, and the song of the Akronauplia prisoners, even as the trucks arrived to take them off.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions
The 200 prisoners were brought to the Kaisariani rifle range, where they were executed in batches of twenty. The corpses were buried in the 3rd Athens Cemetery. Among the executed were  Napoleon Soukatzidis and Stelios Sklavainas (known for the Sophoulis-Sklavainas pact agreement before the war).


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration
The executions were a seminal event of the Greek Resistance against the Axis forces, and resonate among the Greek Left to this day.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration
When on 1 May 1950 the celebration of the International Workers' Day was permitted for the first time since 1936 (the Metaxas Regime abolished it soon after), it was held at the Kaisariani shooting range. The crowd demanded amnesty for political offenses and the release of the over 20,000 political prisoners still held on the island Makronisos and elsewhere following the Greek Civil War.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration
On his June 1987 visit to Greece, German President Richard von Weizsäcker chose the Kaisariani Memorial to commemorate the victims of World War II occupation in a move regarded with scepticism by conservative circles of both the Greek and German administrations. While there, Weizsäcker also mentioned the names of some other places in Greece where the German Wehrmacht had perpetrated massacres: Kalavryta, Distomo, Kleisoura, Kommeno, Lyngiades, and Kandanos.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration
On 26 January 2015, the newly elected Prime Minister of Greece, Alexis Tsipras, the country's first leftist head of government, visited the shooting range and laid roses on the memorial to the executions, as his first act after being sworn in. The move was widely interpreted as a symbolic gesture of defiance towards Germany and its role in the Greek government-debt crisis.


1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration
In October 2017, the movie To Teleftaio Simeioma ("The Last Note") by the acclaimed Greek director Pantelis Voulgaris, was released. It focuses on the story of the 200, with the German camp commandant, SS captain Karl Fischer (André Hennicke) and the Greek political prisoner and interpreter Napoleon Soukatzidis (Andreas Konstantinou) as the main characters.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks
On 1 May 2015, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) carried out a series of attacks in Jalisco, Mexico, and four adjacent states to prevent the capture of Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias "El Mencho"), their suspected leader. The operation began early that morning in Villa Purificación, where four Mexican Air Force and Federal Police (PF) helicopters spotted a CJNG convoy protecting El Mencho. As one of the helicopters flew over the convoy, the CJNG members shot it down using rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers. Nine law enforcement officers died as a result of the attack, and multiple others were wounded. This was the first incident in the Mexican Drug War in which organized crime groups shot down an aircraft.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks
As the government extended its crackdown on the CJNG, it issued its highest security alert level and coordinated municipal, state, and federal security forces. The CJNG responded to the offensive by hijacking 39 buses, trucks, and cars throughout western Mexico, setting them on fire, and using them to block roads and highways in multiple locations. They also burned several gas stations, banks, and businesses. Most of the attacks took place in Guadalajara, Jalisco's capital and the second-largest urban area in Mexico. According to the government, the scale and level of coordination by the CJNG in this attack had not been displayed by other crime groups in Mexico.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks
The attacks garnered international headlines and reactions from the highest levels of the Mexican government, including President Enrique Peña Nieto, who promised the dismantling of the CJNG's leadership structure. Mexico's National Security Commission placed significant attention on El Mencho, and publicly announced that they were making his arrest a priority. Over the course of a year, violence and homicides increased in Jalisco. However, as the government shifted its attention in 2016 to re-apprehend Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, once Mexico's most-wanted drug lord, the CJNG readjusted its strategy and toned down its violent methods.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
According to the Mexican government, the attacks were one of the most brazen moves by organized crime against Mexican security forces in the ongoing Mexican Drug War (2006–present). They were also unique in that a relatively new criminal group in Mexico like the CJNG was willing to confront the government head on. Though organized crime groups in Mexico had used rocket launchers against security forces in the past, it was the first time that one had shot down a military aircraft. This showed the Mexican government that the CJNG had the manpower and operational capacity to respond to government crackdowns.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
The CJNG's influence in Mexico's criminal landscape had grown significantly since 2009–2010. The group was formed as a splinter organization of the Milenio and Sinaloa Cartels after several of their leaders were arrested or killed. Their international drug trafficking operations, specifically for heroin and methamphetamine, increased the group's financial power and capacity. Their market share growth in Mexican territory was also correlated with the arrest and deaths of the leaders of rival criminal groups like the Knights Templar Cartel and Los Zetas. The CJNG's stronghold, Jalisco, gave the group a strategic advantage since Jalisco ranks high in industrial output and gross domestic product (GDP).


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
The attack was covered in international media, prompting reactions at the highest levels of the Mexican government. President Enrique Peña Nieto told the public that day through his Twitter account that the CJNG would be dismantled by the government. Mexico's security commissioner Monte Alejandro Rubido García (es) told reporters in an interview after the helicopter attack that the government would spend significant resources to capture Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias "El Mencho"), the top leader of the CJNG. The government's urgency to confront the CJNG had intensified the month before, when the CJNG ambushed and killed 15 policemen in Jalisco.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
The same day the attacks occurred, the government inaugurated Operation Jalisco, a military-led campaign to combat organized crime groups in Jalisco and capture their leaders. The new security operation was made up of the Army, the PF, the Attorney General's Office (PGR), and the Center for Research and National Security (CISEN), Mexico's national intelligence agency. The main target of the operation was the CJNG. Around 10,000 new troops and 300 armored vehicles were dispatched to the state for Operation Jalisco on 10 and 11 May.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
The helicopter attack and the roadblocks were a response by the CJNG to the attempted capture of El Mencho. The government stated that the violence in Jalisco was a reaction to Operation Jalisco. According to sources from the PF, prior to the helicopter attack, El Mencho was spotted in Tonaya, Jalisco, which prompted a law enforcement offensive to apprehend him. His gunmen defended him from the PF and he was able to escape. The helicopter that was shot down was equipped with parachutes that were intended to be used by the officers on board.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives
They were planning to jump off and continue their operation on foot with the goal of capturing El Mencho. Unconfirmed federal and state sources said that someone within law enforcement notified the CJNG of the surprise operation. They said the government confirmed this through wiretapping. The sources stated that the CJNG had detected unusual law enforcement activity in the area where El Mencho was hiding, but they did not have clear information on the operative against him until it was leaked by an insider. When the roadblocks occurred, rumors circulated that El Mencho was arrested by security forces. Law enforcement confirmed that they were close to capturing El Mencho, but did not confirm him among the detainees arrested that day. The government considers El Mencho the main suspect and mastermind of the 1 May attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
Before dawn at around 6:30 a.m. on 1 May 2015, an armed convoy from the CJNG made their way from Casimiro Castillo to Villa Purificación via dirt roads. The vehicles drove with their headlights off to avoid detection by the Mexican Air Force and the Federal Police (PF), who were doing air surveillance of the area in four helicopters. One of the vehicles was equipped with rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers. As the helicopters flew over the convoy, the CJNG units opened fire.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
One of the helicopters, a Cougar EC725 carrying eighteen passengers, was hit on its tail with a Russian-made RPG-27 rocket launcher. Once hit, the helicopter spun several times in the air as it tried to maneuver its way back into trajectory. It then fell at a distance from where it was struck and exploded. The assailants fired six missiles at the helicopter and hit it twice; the gunmen tried shooting down another helicopter, but missed. The CJNG gunmen then attempted to execute any remaining living passengers.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
However, military reinforcements in the air prevented the gunmen from getting close to the collision scene and forced them to retreat. Nine passengers were killed as a result of the airstrike: eight from the Mexican Army and one from the PF. Some of the soldiers killed were part of the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales, the elite special forces unit of the Army. The other passengers were taken to the Regional Military Hospitals in Guadalajara to receive medical attention. Their health conditions were not made public.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
The day of the attack, the Mexican government confirmed that three military men were killed and three Army soldiers were missing, while the remaining twelve passengers (ten from the Army and two from the PF) were recorded as wounded. During the first 24 hours, their search was contained in a 100 metres (330 ft) radius, but investigators widened the search area when the missing men were not found. On 4 May, the government confirmed that it had located the victims of the attack.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
They had to identify their corpses by conducting DNA tests as the bodies has been torn into pieces from the helicopter's explosion. This increased the death toll to six. On 6 May, the seventh passenger from the Army died of cardiac arrest as a result of the wounds he suffered from the helicopter's fall. The following day, one of the PF passengers died from his wounds. On 10 May, the ninth and final victim of the attack, a soldier from the Army, died at a hospital. Authorities confirmed that four other passengers had been discharged from the hospital after treatment. Five more remained in the hospital receiving medical attention.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
Following the helicopter attack, the PF and military personnel cordoned the area and conducted a thorough search of the premises. They initially discovered four abandoned vehicles that they suspected were owned by the perpetrators. In the vehicles, investigators discovered military uniforms with the insignia "CJNG Special Forces High Command" with five embedded stars. No immediate arrests were made. The Army seized 15 assault rifles, 6 handguns, 2 RPG launchers, 2 LAW rocket launchers, 10 rocket launcher missiles, 5 hand grenades, 92 chargers for multiple weapons, and 3,800 cartridges of different weapon calibers.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
Possession of several of the above weapons was illegal under Mexican law. Authorities also seized radio communication equipment, several bullet-proof vests, and nine vehicles. One of the vehicles was equipped with tools to carry a RPG launcher. Investigators handed these items over to the SEIDO, Mexico's anti-organized crime investigatory agency. At the helicopter collision scene, several Army soldiers made a cross with wires and tied it to a tree close to where their comrades died. The cross had the logo of the special forces unit.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack
The smoke from the helicopter's crash lasted a few hours, and several of the helicopter's pieces scattered as far as 250 metres (820 ft) from each other. About 24 hours after the crash, the Army reached the crash site and cordoned off the area to allow investigators to collect forensic evidence. Soldiers established checkpoints around Villa Purificación and searched vehicles leaving and entering the town. Other Army units patrolled the streets of the town and nearby highways in search of the suspects. Besides Villa Purificación, which had the largest military presence, there were also significant numbers of soldiers in Autlán and Unión de Tula.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
As the government deployed throughout Jalisco to crack down on the CJNG's offensive, violence erupted in 25 of its municipalities and in four surrounding states: Colima, Nayarit, Michoacán, and Guanajuato. In these areas, the CJNG hijacked 39 vehicles and established roadblocks using cars, trucks, and transportation buses. Thirty-six of the 39 hijacked vehicles were set on fire by the CJNG. According to eyewitnesses, the CJNG obtained the vehicles by pointing their weapons at drivers on the road and forcing them to a complete stop.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
They would then hijack the vehicles, spray them with gasoline on the inside, and set them on fire. Setting up roadblocks is a common tactic of the CJNG and other organized crime groups in Mexico; the CJNG had used roadblocks on a large scale at least three times since 2012 in an apparent attempt to create confusion after strategic arrests. Their purpose is to halt the mobility of security forces on the road and prevent them from making arrests. However, the attacks of 1 May surpassed the previous attacks in terms of magnitude and coordination. According to reports from the National Security Commission (CNS) (es), approximately 250 CJNG members participated in the attacks in an organized way; an unprecedented level of coordination. In addition to burning vehicles and setting up numerous blockades, the CJNG also burned several banks, gas stations, and businesses across western Mexico.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
Thousands of people were left stranded across major highways and streets since they were unable to get to their destinations because of the attacks. The roads in Guadalajara and the surrounding metropolitan area were the most affected by the attacks and roadblocks. Civilians posted videos and photos of the burning vehicles on social media, and government officials used this platform as well to update civilians and warn them of the risk situations. The government asked civilians to avoid rumors on social media and only rely on official information.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
The severity of the attacks forced the Government of Jalisco to activate its "red code" alert, a designation used to warn citizens of risk situations across the state. This is the highest level in the alert system and is used when the state is considered to be under great danger. With the activation of the red alert, Governor Jorge Aristóteles Sandoval Díaz confirmed that municipal and state forces were coordinating efforts with the federal government. He told the public that he had informed President Enrique Peña Nieto of the attacks early in the day, and that the President had assigned Secretary of Interior Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong to communicate on his behalf.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
By the end of the day, Jalisco and the surrounding states were restored to normality, but Jalisco authorities recommended that its citizens remain indoors if possible. The red alert lasted until 3 May, and the government issued a preventative security phase following the alert's cancellation. The government clarified that the coordinated efforts of all three levels of government continued uninterrupted despite the cancellation. Governor Sandoval Díaz denied that the additional federal forces in Jalisco meant that the state was being militarized.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
The government confirmed that in addition to the passengers killed in Villa Purificación, eight suspected CJNG members and a state police officer from Autlán were killed in other clashes stemming from the 1 May attacks. Several state and federal police officers were reported wounded in confrontations in Jalisco and other states.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
The day of the attacks, the U.S. Consulate in Guadalajara issued multiple security warnings through its Facebook page and on its website. It reported that there were several blockades across Jalisco and Colima, and that there were vehicles, gas stations, banks, and other buildings set on fire during the attacks. It warned its employees in Jalisco about the attacks and blockades, and asked them to remain at home until the situation was resolved by law enforcement.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons
The warning also extended to American tourists planning to visit Jalisco, imploring them to avoid visiting the area and to observe public announcements by the Mexican government. The consulate was closed for International Workers' Day (1 May), but was open on Monday, 4 May. The warning concluded by encouraging U.S. citizens traveling or living in Mexico to consult the alerts and warnings page at the website of the U.S. Department of State. The Canadian Embassy also warned Canadians to stay home and limit their outdoor activities.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
At 1 p.m. on 1 May, President Peña Nieto made an official announcement on social media regarding the helicopter attack. He stated that he lamented the death of the soldiers killed "in the line of duty," and thanked the courage of the federal forces in combating organized crime. The government confirmed that they were planning a ceremony to honor the servicemen killed in the attack. Osorio Chong also expressed his condolences through social media. In addition, several high-ranking officials in the Army and Air Force expressed their condolences to the families.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
In the following days, Peña Nieto met with the families of the helicopter attack victims in private. On 4 May, the government held a ceremony at Campo Marte in Mexico City, where Peña Nieto headed a flag ceremony with the Military Service volunteers. In his speech, he thanked the Mexican Armed Forces for "risking their lives" for working to maintain peace in Mexico, and stated that the attacks from organized crime only made the government's efforts stronger. He clarified that the government had arrested or killed in action most of Mexico's most-wanted criminals. Two days later, the President held another ceremony at the Campo Militar 1-F along with the special forces general Miguel Ángel Aguirre Lara. Peña Nieto offered his condolences to the family members and gave them a Mexican flag.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
In an interview at the World Economic Forum in the Riviera Maya on 7 May, Sandoval Díaz stated that the attacks of 1 May were "acts of vandalism", not signs of narcoterrorism. He stated that the word "narcoterrorism" was not defined under Mexican law and thereby did not carry legal weight. He argued that the detainees arrested that day were under the influence of drugs and were paid between MXN$500 and MXN$1,000 to commit the attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
When asked whether there was a leak of information from the police's side to the CJNG, he stated that he was not aware of any illegal intelligence sharing between law enforcement and organized crime. A reporter asked him whether the helicopter attack counted as vandalism too, and he clarified that that attack was different from the roadblocks and arson reported elsewhere in Jalisco. He also stated that it was not the government's intention to minimize the incidents of 1 May by not categorizing them as terrorist acts.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
Sandoval Díaz argued that the CJNG placed roadblocks to create chaos among the civil population and to slow law enforcement's mobility. He explained that the roadblocks forced security forces to divide their units to restore order and clear up the streets, allowing the CJNG members to escape. He attributed the root cause of the violence to the balkanization of organized crime groups in Jalisco and the nearby regions. His remarks, however, drew criticism after the media considered that the government was being dismissive of the severity of the attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
On 8 May, suspected members of the CJNG put up a banner near a Los Niños Héroes monument in Autlán threatening federal forces stationed there. They gave an ultimatum saying that the forces had one month to leave the town before they would take action. "We will kill every soldier we see in the street," the banner read. The government took the threat seriously and reacted by tightening security in Autlán, the coastal region of Jalisco, and in the southern part of the state. The banner was supposedly signed by four suspected CJNG local leaders known by the aliases "El 24," "El 7," "Japo," and "Vaquero." These banners are commonly used by organized crime groups as propaganda.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
On 10 May, federal forces revisited Villa Purificación, where the attack occurred, in several helicopters. They were accompanied by additional troops on the ground. On 11 May, Governor Sandoval Díaz held a meeting at El Grullo with several mayors from Región Costa Sur and Región Sierra de Amula (es), two regions in Jalisco. Among those present were Jalisco's secretary general Roberto López Lara and Army General Miguel Gustavo González Cruz, the head of Operation Jalisco. Outside of the building where they met, the police dispatched snipers on nearby roofs while the military mounted a checkpoint at the town's entrance. In the meeting, Sandóval Díaz told the mayors that the Jalisco State Police was taking over the municipal police forces' duties under the rationale that the local police was not equipped to deal with organized crime infiltration.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
On 8 June, the Army issued a posthumous promotion to eight of its members who were killed in the helicopter attack. Among them were two Army infantry captains, an Air Force pilot, an Army infantry lieutenant, an Air Force sub-lieutenant, two-second-degree Army infantry sergeants, and another Air Force member. The promotion also included another military-police member killed in an unrelated incident in Tamaulipas. This action was signed and approved by Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda, the head of the Secretariat of National Defense.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government
The victims were granted this promotion because the government considered that their "exceptionally meritorious" service prior to their death showed that they were loyal to their duty. The purpose of the promotion was to provide moral and economical support to the victim's families, as well as to highlight the commitment of the troops. On 23 December, Peña Nieto awarded Iván Morales Corrales, one of the PF survivors, a medal for his heroism. Morales suffered burns on 70% of his body and nearly died from damage to his internal and external organs. The ceremony took place at the National Auditorium in Mexico City with over 10,000 PF members in attendance, in addition to the victim's family members.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
On 9 May, around 1,000 civilians in Guadalajara dressed in white and conducted a 3.2-kilometer (2.0 mi) silent march. The march started in the Providencia neighborhood in western Guadalajara and ended at La Minerva, one of the city's main monuments. It was organized online under the hashtag #CaminataPorLaPazGDL. According to the march organizers, the purpose of the movement was to bring peace awareness in light of the incidents that occurred on 1 May. They also asked citizens to self-reflect on their behavior in society and analyze what they have done to promote change.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
The organizers stated that they were not part of any belief system, foundation, political group, or organization. Several celebrities from Guadalajara promoted the march through social media. The march included people from various age groups; entire families were also recorded in attendance. There were also several sports, business, and religious groups present. They were guarded by the Guadalajara Municipal Police, the Jalisco State Police, and the Civil Protection and Fire Brigade corporations. Once civilians reached La Minerva, they adorned it with flowers and candles. There were about 1,500 civilians by the end of the march.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
Several of the activists present spoke to the media and explained that they or their family members were victims of violence in Jalisco in the past. Others explained that they were marching because they were tired of the violent incidents in their home state. The movement ended after those present sang the Mexican National Anthem and played a video recording of a child who advocated honesty as a means for peace. "Peace starts in each and everyone one of us," was the final quote of the recording.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
On 14 May, multiple civil organizations got together in Mexico City and announced their plan to organize another silent march for Jalisco in the city on 31 May. This announcement was made two days after the PGR confirmed that the CJNG operated in Mexico City. The groups responsible for organizing the event issued a declaration for why they were joining the cause. The declaration said that they repudiated the violence caused by the CJNG in Jalisco, and acknowledged that the attacks they carried out against the Mexican government on 1 May were serious and dangerous.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
They also expressed their solidarity with the families of the passengers killed in the helicopter attack, and stated their support of the Mexican Armed Forces in their combat against organized crime to restore peace in Jalisco and the rest of Mexico. Aside from supporting the government's cause, the organizers also asked federal and states authorities to fight impunity and corruption.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests
On the day of the march, 300 civilians gathered at the Angel of Independence statue and started their march through Paseo de la Reforma and headed towards Campo Marte, where they ended their march at the newly inaugurated Memorial to Victims of Violence with a moment of silence for the passengers killed.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
On 19 May 2015, rumors spread that the Army was involved in a shootout with suspected organized crime members in Villa Purificación. The death toll that circulated was eight civilians dead. The state government clarified that those killed were involved in the attacks of 1 May. According to accounts from several families from Villa Purificación, however, some of their relatives went missing after the 1 May attacks. They suspected that the eight civilians reported as "killed" that day were possibly related to this incident.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
According to their testimonies, the Army was involved in several shootouts with suspected organized crime members in their town after 1 May, resulting in dozens of locals killed. The families claimed that the Army took the corpses of the civilians killed—close to 40—and piled them in the wilderness for two weeks. One of the family members said she tried to go to the area where the bodies were reportedly located, but several soldiers prevented her from going any further and threatened to arrest her. The families said that their relatives were not involved with organized crime and had nothing to do with the 1 May attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
One of the family members told investigators that civilians in Villa Purificación were scared to reach out to the government for help because they feared reprisals from the Army. They said that they believe the Army summarily executed civilians out of rage for the incidents that occurred on 1 May in Villa Purificación. The families also said that the Army was not letting cattle ranchers give water to their livestock in order to kill them, and asked President Peña Nieto to intervene in the incidents.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
One of the family members who supposedly approached the military men guarding the bodies told the press that when he asked a soldier if she could get close to the bodies to see if any of them were her missing relative, the soldier told her that the relatives were not getting their bodies back and that they would let the corpses rot. She claimed that the soldier told her that they killed those people because they were responsible for the deaths of their comrades.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
This case was first reviewed by the PGR in Jalisco, and was then sent to the SEIDO in Mexico City as the agency responsible for investigating this case. The lawyer for the families criticized the government's decision to move the case to the SEIDO because it "victimized" them. He also stated that the families were poor and did not have the resources to go to Mexico City. The lawyer stated that the families went to the forensic medical services installations in Guadalajara to see several bodies the government had sent from Villa Purificación.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
Although they gave DNA samples at the PGR offices in Jalisco to see if any of the corpses at the morgue were relatives, investigators told them that they lacked legal jurisdiction and that the DNA results could only be given to them in Mexico City. The lawyer stated that there were verbal accounts that civilians in Villa Purificación were tortured and extrajudicially killed by security forces. He also questioned the government's delay in bringing the bodies to Guadalajara, since this gave investigators an excuse to not investigate the highly decomposed bodies. He also stated that it would be impossible for investigators to prove that those killed used any weapons on 1 May or were part of the CJNG.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
On 21 May, the families attempted to put forward a writ of amparo and accused the government of violating their rights by putting up unnecessary barriers by forcing them to visit Mexico City to see the results of the DNA samples. On 24 May, the families pushed their case to Mexico's National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) to help them retrieve the DNA samples from the PGR in Jalisco. The CNDH told the lawyer that the families no longer had to go to Mexico City for the DNA samples and that they could do the procedures in Jalisco.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
The government was able to confirm the identity of three of the eight civilians killed. The government stated that their DNA samples matched those of the family members, but clarified that these people were killed in clashes with security forces on 1 May and not on 19 May. The families of Villa Purificación contested the government's final decision, and stated that between May and 19 May, dozens of people were killed in the town. They claimed that the Army safeguarded the morgues to prevent civilians from seeing the bodies and identifying them. On 22 May, the families of the missing people returned to Villa Purificación.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
According to the Jalisco Institute of Forensic Sciences, a branch of the Government of Jalisco, violence between organized crime groups and security forces increased in Jalisco after 1 May. From that date to 25 April 2016, Jalisco registered 1,195 homicides. The year before the attacks, from 1 May 2014, to 30 April 2015, only 1,094 homicides were registered. This meant that violence in Jalisco increased nine percent in the year after the 1 May attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence
According to the state government, the increase in violence was a result of the arrests carried out by security forces against the criminal groups' leadership structures, as organized crime groups are destabilized and have to restructure – often violently – after their leaders are taken down. In 2016 alone, Jalisco recorded 1,152 homicides, compared to 1,017 in 2015. Of the 2016 homicides, 786 of them were done with firearms: 223 of them were recorded in Guadalajara, 123 in Zapopan, 94 in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, 62 in Tlaquepaque, and the remaining figures in other municipalities. In addition, around 5,000 car thefts were reported in Jalisco that year.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
Following the attacks of 1 May, the government arrested 19 people suspected of participating in the attacks. One of the suspects was injured after engaging in a gunfight with an officer from the Jalisco State Police, and was under arrest at the hospital. He was shot in the head after reportedly hijacking and setting a vehicle on fire. The officer who confronted him was injured in the thorax but was reported as stable. A few days later, the state government confirmed that the number of detainees was down to 11, which included one minor.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
The Jalisco Attorney General, Luis Carlos Nájera Gutiérrez de Velasco, confirmed that the eight other detainees were released after they were found not guilty. Of the 11 detainees, 6 were accused of terrorism and organized crime charges for participating in the car hijackings and arson. Four additional suspects were charged with the theft of oil for use in arson. On 6 May, the PGR formally charged five suspects for illegal possession of exclusively military firearms, attempted murder, and involvement in organized crime. The next day, a judge ordered the release of three suspects after concluding that they were arrested illegally and not given a right to counsel during their confessions. On 22 July, another suspect was arrested in Tlaquepaque for his suspected participation in the 1 May attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
On 15 May, the Government of Jalisco disarmed the municipal police forces of Villa Purificación and Unión de Tula. Villa Purificación had 19 police officers and one police chief, while Unión de Tula had 11 police officers and one police chief. All of them were ordered to appear in court. Legally, the state government has the power to disarm municipal forces because it has the right to grant and revoke licenses for bearing arms.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
Governor Sandoval explained that this non-violent procedure took three hours and was done in light of the measures proposed through Operation Jalisco and the attacks of 1 May. He also explained that the state government conducted a large-scale investigation and discovered that organized crime groups had infiltrated the police. Around 150 state officials were disarmed.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
Jalisco's security commissioner Francisco Alejandro Solorio Aréchiga informed the press that they retrieved 36 rifles (20 from Villa Purificación and 16 from Unión de Tula), 46 handguns (20 from Villa Purificación and 26 from Unión de Tula), and nine vehicles (four from Villa Purificación and five from Unión de Tula). In a communiqué, the state government explained that public security duties would fall under state and federal authorities.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
On 18 November, federal authorities arrested Iván Cazarín Molina (alias "El Tanque") in Tlajomulco de Zúñiga for his alleged involvement in the helicopter attack. At the building where he was arrested, authorities confiscated four assault rifles, three handguns, a package of cocaine, four vehicles, and radio communication equipment. According to PF chief Enrique Francisco Galindo Ceballos (es), El Tanque was a high-ranking leader of the CJNG and reported directly to El Mencho as the group's second-in-command following the arrest of El Mencho's son Rubén Oseguera González (alias "El Menchito").


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
The PF also suspected that his center of operations was in Guadalajara, where he used money laundering proceeds to further his criminal activities. They believed he was also responsible for drug trafficking, extorting businesses, leading oil theft rings, and homicides in Jalisco and Veracruz. Prior to his arrest, the PF carried out several covert operations over six months and eventually found their way to El Tanque's inner circle, where they discovered that he frequented a location that the CJNG used as one of its centers of operations and as a recreation spot. The police highlighted that no shots were fired in the operation, partly because El Tanque and his three accomplices were drinking alcohol and were not prepared to defend themselves when the police raided the building.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns
On 2 August 2018, the Mexican government arrested six people for their alleged participation in the helicopter attack and in the ambush in Ocotlán. The men were arrested at a ranch in Jalisco that was thought to be owned by the CJNG and used as a distribution hub. Renato Salas Heredia, the CNS commissioner, stated that investigators believed these men were part of the inner circle of the CJNG's leadership. Salas explained that these arrests were carried out as part of a PF effort known as Operation Escudo Titán. That same day, the PF also arrested eight CJNG members in Quintana Roo. Security forces considered both Jalisco and Quintana Roo as major hubs for the CJNG and hot spots of the Mexican Drug War. Multiple vehicles and ammunition were confiscated at both crime scenes.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath
After the 1 May attacks, the Mexican government placed significant attention on El Mencho. In other violent events in the Mexican Drug War, the government has swiftly responded against sensational acts of violence, often leading to the arrest or death of drug kingpins. Peña Nieto said after the attacks that the CJNG was going to be treated in similar fashion. CNS chief Rubido García also told reporters that the government was concentrating efforts to capture El Mencho.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath
The reaction from the government was intensive because the attacks were unprecedented in the Mexican Drug War; before the attacks, the government had not seen that aggressive of a response from organized crime. According to investigators, the CJNG was able to carry out the attacks because they had territorial knowledge and control, and because they were able to manage resources, logistics, and intelligence information in their favor. In addition, the CJNG was suspected of having well-trained foot soldiers, likely with former police and military training, who employed paramilitary tactics during the 1 May attacks.


1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath
The attention shifted from El Mencho on 15 July 2016, when the suspected Sinaloa Cartel leader Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, once on Mexico's most-wanted list, escaped from prison a second time. This event embarrassed the Mexican government, which reallocated resources to apprehend El Chapo. This was important for the CJNG because it allowed El Mencho to re-evaluate the group's violent methods against security forces. Over time, ambushes and attacks against law enforcement declined, and the CJNG began to focus on fighting rival criminal groups and incursions into their turf.


1 Medical Battalion Group
1 Medical Battalion Group (1 Med) is a Medical Battalion in the South African Medical Health Services (SAMHS), part of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). As a reserve unit, it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit. It is based in the city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.


1 Medical Battalion Group, History
1 Medical Battalion Group can trace its roots back to the Militia units of old Natal, dating back to 1895, when the Ambulance detachments of Durban Light Infantry, Natal Mounted Rifles and Natal Carbineers were merged to form the Natal Volunteer Medical Corps (NVMC).


1 Medical Battalion Group, Anglo-Boer War and early years – 1914
1899 saw the first active mobilisation of the Natal Volunteer Medical Corps in the Anglo Boer War where the Corps served with distinction with Imperial forces including the Seaforth Highlanders, their first association with the Highland Tartan.


1 Medical Battalion Group, Anglo-Boer War and early years – 1914
The Militia Act of 1904 saw the change in name to Natal Medical Corps and as such they saw active service in the Bhambatha or Poll Tax Rebellion of 1906. The Natal Medical Corps was called up again in 1914 at the outbreak of the Rand Strikes until released from service in 1915 with thanks from the Government.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914–1918
The Natal Medical Corps was mobilised in 1914 and served in the South West African Campaign where they formed the 6th Stationary Hospital at Swakupmond and manned the hospital ship 'Ebani'. Another section took part in the battle for Gideon against German forces. At the conclusion of the SWA Campaign the Field Ambulance was attached to the 1st Infantry Brigade and departed aboard HMT Kenilworth Castle from Cape Town for training at Royal Army Medical Corps Twezeldown on 10 October 1915. Following training the unit was shipped to Egypt aboard HMT Corsican, reaching Alexandria on 13 January 1916.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914–1918
As the 'Natal Corps' of 1st South African Field Ambulance the unit was involved in most major battles including the Somme, Deville Wood, Ypres and Menin Road.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914–1918
The Natal Medical Corps was again mobilised with other Natal Regiments and sent to the Reef during the Rand Strikes of 1922.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914–1918
In the 1935 the Natal Medical Corps was designated 1st Field Ambulance and in 1939, and following the motivation of the Officer Commanding, Col. G.D. English, authority to wear the Mackenzie Tartan was granted to the unit. This unique honour was authorised by the Surgeon General and the Union Defence Force, after approval by the British War Office, The Countess of Cromach (Cromartie) as Head of Clan, and the Seaforth Highlanders.


1 Medical Battalion Group, World War II
All medical units were pooled and new units numbers from 10 upwards. The members of 1st Field Ambulance formed the major component of 10 and 11 Field Ambulances wearing the Mackenzie Tartan behind their cap badges to maintain their identity. 10 and 11 Field Ambulances saw service in the Western Desert and Italy. 17 Field Ambulance which was formed during the war saw service with the Australians and was captured at the fall of Tobruk in 1943.


1 Medical Battalion Group, World War II
After the war, the Field Ambulances reverted to their original numbering.


1 Medical Battalion Group, Internal unrest in South Africa
The Unit was mobilised in 1959/60 as part of Ops Duiker during the Cato Manor Riots. During Ops Letaba in Voortrekkerhoogte in 1961, helicopters were used for casualty evacuation for the first time, and members of 1st Field Ambulance were told they were in the 'forefront of modern warfare'.


1 Medical Battalion Group, Internal unrest in South Africa
In 2021 the group was mobilized to  provide pre hospital emergency medical support to 'Operation Prosper' in Kwa-Zulu Natal. The operation was conducted by the South African National Defence Force to aid the South African Police Service to restore peace and order during the Kwa-Zulu Natal riots which took place during July 2021.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group
After the Second World War the activities of the Unit were confined to reorganisation and training camps. The reinstated 17 Field Ambulance did Border duties and conventional operations in Angola in the late 70's. 1st Field Ambulance members were involved in detached duties in Northern Natal along the Mozambique border, and deployed in full strength in 1978 to test the new Field Ambulance system in Thabazimbi.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group
On 1 July 1979, the South African Medical Corps (SAMC), until that time a Corps of the Army, became the South African Medical Service (SAMS), the fourth arm of the South African Defence Force (SADF). On 6 July 1979, 1 Field Ambulance was awarded the Freedom of the City of Durban and in this year also provided the Guard of Honour for the first Durban Military Tattoo.


1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group
In 1980, the new Medical Battalion concept was tested during Ex Jumbo with the formation of 11 Medical Battalion, an amalgamation of all field ambulances. This concept was approved and adopted, and in November 1981, the two Durban Field Ambulances, 1 and 17, were merged into 1 Medical Battalion Group.


1 Medical Battalion Group, Inherited traditions
All the traditions and history of both units were inherited by the new battalion, including the wearing of the Mackenzie Tartan behind the head dress badge. 1 Medical Battalion is considered one of a small number of traditional regiments in the SANDF.


1 Medical Battalion Group, Inherited traditions
In 1990, 1 Med adopted traditional Scottish regalia (or became kilted) for Officers, Warrant Officers, the Colour Party and The Pipe Band. The Battalion changed from the crimson SAMHS Beret to the Glengarry, a unique head dress in the SAMHS and adopted a Tartan stable belt for ceremonial wear. The Battalion reverted to the beret in 2006.


1 Memorial Drive
1 Memorial Drive is the headquarters complex of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.


1 Memorial Drive
The 618,000 square foot complex consisting of a 14-story tower and two-story base containing its cash processing and operations facilities was designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners was dedicated June 11, 2008, and replaced its headquarters at 925 Grand. Henry N. Cobb was the lead architect.


1 Memorial Drive
The complex is located in Penn Valley Park opposite the Liberty Memorial on the site that was the former St. Mary's Hospital where Jo Zach Miller, Jr., president of the bank who oversaw the construction of 925 Grand, had spent his last days.


1 Memorial Drive
It was the first Federal Reserve building built after the September 11 attacks prompted increased security at federal buildings.


1 Memorial Drive
The complex (which moved from Downtown Kansas City) is in a park setting and its 15.7 acre property was landscaped by Laurie Olin of Olin Associates.


1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum
Included in the building is the Money Museum. Its most prominent exhibit is a 27-pound gold bar valued at $400,000 which visitors are permitted to pick up.


1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum
Other exhibits include a 463 piece coin collection on loan from the Truman Library which has coins from every Presidential administration. The coin collection was originally by Treasury Secretary John Snyder but was stolen in 1962. Snyder worked to replace it.


1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum
The museum also has a window in which visitors can see the movement of cash in and out of its vault.


1 Memorial Drive, IOU/USA Sculpture
In 2011 it was the target of numerous demonstrations during the Occupy movement protests. A 65 foot high sculpture by John Salvest from Arkansas State University was temporarily erected on city property opposite the building that proclaimed "IOU" on one side and "USA" on the other. The sculpture was built with 117 shipping containers. It was financed by the Grand Arts, a non profit art museum in the city's Power and Light District. The Federal Reserve sent bomb sniffing dogs to check the containers during the installation.


1 Merchant Square
1 Merchant Square is a 42-storey, 140 m tall building under construction in Paddington, London. When complete, it will be the tallest building in the City of Westminster, with a hotel and 222 apartments.


1 Mile North
1 Mile North is an ambient / post-rock duo, consisting of guitarist Jon Hills and keyboardist Mark Bajuk.


1 Mile North, Albums
The band has released four full-length albums, a split LP with Colophon and The Wind-Up Bird, and a collection of home and live recordings.


1 Mile North, Albums
Their fourth album "Tombs and Cocoons" was released on February 20, 2020.


1 Mile North, Use of Music
The band's music has been featured in Steven Okazaki's Oscar Nominated documentary The Conscience of Nhem En, as well as Okazaki's White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


1 Mile North, Use of Music
Music was also featured within the score of 2013's Facing Fear, a documentary from Jason Cohen nominated for an Oscar in 2014.


1 Mile to You
1 Mile to You is a 2017 American sports romantic drama film directed by Leif Tilden and starring Billy Crudup, Graham Rogers, Liana Liberato, Stefanie Scott, Tim Roth, and Melanie Lynskey. It is based on Jeremy Jackson's 2002 novel .


1 Mile to You, Plot
When a teenager loses his girlfriend in a horrible and devastating accident, he finds that his running keeps him connected to her during his "runner's high" moments in which his heart elates and becomes ecstatic. Chasing her memory drives him to run faster and win races for his new coach. Before long, his newfound notoriety attracts the attention of a whip-smart new girl who is determined to find out what's really going on inside him.


1 Mile to You, Production
The movie was filmed in Jackson, Mississippi and other locations near it.


1 Mile to You, Reception
S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film two stars out of five. It received a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


1 Mobile
Carrefour Mobile is a French, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Polish and Belgian Mobile Virtual Network Operator, part of the Carrefour Group.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth
1 Monk Street, Monmouth was built as a Working Men's Free Institute. It is a Grade II Listed building in Monmouth, Wales and located next to Monmouth Baptist Church.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth
The architect was Benjamin Lawrence of Newport who later designed the church next door. The institute's staircase was made by Macfarlane, Glasgow, Wrought Ironwork was by Cormell Cheltenham and the carvings were by J Willis. The building opened in 1868. A smoking room and lecture room were added in 1897.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
Mrs. Matilda Jones (died 1874) of Ancre Hill financed the Institutes construction. It opened its doors on 15 October 1868 following a procession to Ancre Hill, then the home of Matilda Jones, of working men headed by a Military band and accompanied by the friendly Societies with their banners. The purpose of the construction was to provide a library and reading lessons for the working class. The books were transferred from St Johns Street where Matilda Jones had been offering a private room for reading. The building included a Reading room, library, gallery, committee room and lecture hall.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
A song was composed for the workmen to sing during its construction:O may our institute succeed,And prove to men a boon indeed. May many hearts receive the seedOf saving the truth. Another song which was sung at each general meeting was:Hurrah for the men who work


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
According to Keith Kissack some of the lectures may have been hard going with a programme of 1892/3 a selection being Hommer, Drink Work & Wages, Queens English, The Family Circle, The Solar System, French Salons, Fossils, Egypt, The War of The Roses, Cathedrals In Britain Most of the lectures lasted about two hours and were followed by the chairman's remarks and thanks. Many of the lectures made use of Magic Lanterns for their opening.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
In 1881 a meeting of teachers in the Institute elected to set up a Branch of the National Union of Elementary Teachers because they were unhappy being excluded from decision making in the schools.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
In 1885 the Church of England Temperance Society had offices in the building. Its members used the building when distributing petitions in favor of Sunday Closing and that flower shows were an antidote to alcohol.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
In 1890 the winter was particularly harsh with 56 consecutive days of frost. This led to the setting up of a Soup Kitchen in the Institute.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
In 1907 a series of Saturday Pop Concerts was held in the institute performed by the local regimental band.


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
The building has been Grade II Listed since 8 October 2005


1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History
The more recent uses for the premises have been an Art shop, Gallery and Framing Company.


1 Month 2 Live
One Month to Live, also called 1 Month 2 Live, is a 5-issue limited series comic book produced by Marvel Comics on a weekly basis in 2010. It was written by Rick Remender in collaboration with Stuart Moore, John Ostrander, and Rob Williams. The concept was devised by Marvel editor Steve Wacker with the premise "What would you do with one month to change the world?" The storyline centers on a protagonist with terminal cancer, in response to Wacker's aunt having been diagnosed with cancer.


1 Month 2 Live
The four writers found the experience of writing the story to be especially poignant, as all had personal experiences with cancer—in particular, Remender, whose father survived a bout with cancer in 2008, and Ostrander, whose wife Kim Yale died of cancer in 1997.


1 Month 2 Live, Plot
In an accident with toxic waste, banker Dennis Sykes gains superpowers and an untreatable cancer. With a life expectancy of barely a month, Sykes launches himself on a brief career as a superhero, in an attempt to make a difference in the world while he still can, assisting the Fantastic Four in saving Ego the Living Planet from a cancerous infection and averting Hammerhead's attempt to take control of his neighborhood. Although use of his powers made his condition worse, Sykes makes a positive impression on many heroes with his dedication to doing the right thing, accepting training from Spider-Man and receiving honorary membership with the FF and the Avengers before he finally dies of stress from his final battle.


1 Month 2 Live, Critical response
USA Today called the story "nuanced and moving". IGN described it as "one of the most human stories that Marvel has published in a long time", and commended Marvel for not devising "some magical cure for Dennis' cancer"; however, Comic Book Resources stated that it was "ambitious but flawed".


1 More Hit
1 More Hit is a documentary film by Shauna Garr. It follows the life of hip hop producer J-Swift, formerly of The Pharcyde, from homelessness and crack addiction to his mission to win back his life and music career. 1 More Hit premiered at the 2007 South by Southwest Film Festival. The documentary highlighted J-Swift's charismatic personality and fighting his addiction to rebuild his recording career.


1 More Hit
In 2008, the festival version was nominated for a PRISM Award by the Entertainment Industries Council (EIC), in recognition of an outstanding contribution that demonstrates the entertainment industry's sincere efforts to accurately depict drug, alcohol and tobacco use and addiction. The filmmaker updated the documentary in 2011 when it was picked up for digital release by Gravitas Ventures. It released digitally over 16.5 million homes. The doc had its ON DEMAND premiere in January 2012 and is available on DVD through Smart Girl Productions.


1 More Hit
Shauna Garr started a Kickstarter Project for raising funds for the post production works of the document and she managed to achieve the target of $17,000 when 29 backers decided to support her project, collecting $17,011 in total.


1 More Hit
In 2021 1 More Hit is considered lost media and has been removed from all streaming platforms and is unavailable to purchase.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
The 1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was held in Moscow from January 28 to February 28, 2005. This exhibition laid the concept, structure and traditions of the Moscow Biennale, in accordance with which the subsequent shows were held: the division of the Biennale program into three parts - the thematic main project, special projects and a parallel program, - invitation of special guests, appointment of Commissioner and a curatorial group with a curator-coordinator, distribution of exhibition sites around the city, publication of a catalog, etc.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
The organizers of the Biennale were the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography (FACC) and the State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSIZO. The Minister of Culture (since 2004 - the head of FACC) Mikhail Shvydkoy was appointed the chairman of the organizing committee, the commissioner - the director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov, the curator-coordinator - Zyablov's deputy and art critic Joseph Backstein. Russian art theorist Viktor Misiano and the international group of curators - Hans Ulrich Obrist, Daniel Birnbaum, Nicolas Bourriaud, Rosa Martinez, Yara Bubnova and Robert Storr - also took part in the development and implementation of the project.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
The Moscow and Venice projects are completelly different things. In Moscow we wanted to do something  special. A group of curators came here, each with their own ideas, and it is a collective project. <..> We present a new generation of interesting, emerging artists from different countries, from whom we made a focussed selection. We had never worked with many of them before. Hans Ulrich Obrist


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
The theme of the 1 Moscow Biennale was "Dialectics of Hope”, and Boris Kagarlitsky was named the Associated Thinker. The main project sites were the V. I. Lenin Museum, the Shchusev Museum of Architecture and the Vorobyovy Gory Moscow Metro station. As part of the main project, 41 artists from 22 countries presented their works.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
More than 30 special projects were posted at the Pushkin Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Central House of Artists, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (MMMA) and the Museum Center of the Russian State University for the Humanities.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
The artists Christian Boltanski (France), Bill Viola (USA) and Ilya Kabakov (USA) were invited as special guests.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art
Moscow exhibitions of contemporary art were selected for the parallel program, which coincided with the Biennale and were announced by galleries and exhibition halls. Thus, about 300 artists took part in the event.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
By the mid-1990s, regular large international event were held in Moscow, dedicated to most areas of culture and art: the International Tchaikovsky Competition, the Moscow Film Festival, the Golden Mask Theater Festival, the Moscow International Book Fair and others. An obvious gap in this row was the absence of an event related to contemporary visual arts. By the beginning of the XXI century, the idea of establishing such a forum was literally "in the air" and was often discussed both among cultural figures and among officials.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
At the same time, the state began to pursue an active policy in the field of culture, which was in decline after the crisis of the 1990s. This policy was expressed in increasing the participation of the state in the cultural life of the country, primarily through the growth of funding for large-scale cultural projects. The embodiment of the new cultural policy was the federal target program "Culture of Russia (2001-2005)", adopted by the Ministry of Culture.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
The key project for the implementation of this program was destined to become a new international event in the field of contemporary art. The idea of holding such an event in Moscow and in the form of a biennale was actively lobbied by art theorist and editor-in-chief of "The Art Magazine" Viktor Misiano, art critic Joseph Bakshtein, as well as the general director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov, whose deputies at that time they both worked.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
The idea was supported in the ministry and personally by the Minister of Culture Mikhail Shvydkoy, who headed the organizing committee created in 2003 to prepare the Moscow Biennale. 53 million rubles were allocated from the state budget to hold the biennale. The preparation itself, which lasted about two years, was accompanied by a broad public discussion and enthusiasm, expressed in the designation of the initiative - "The Big Project for Russia" (Russian: Большой проект для России).


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
On January 30–31, 2003 in the Central House of Artists on Krymsky Val, an international symposium organized by ROSIZO took place on the theme “The Big Project for Russia. Problems and Prospects ”. Prominent curators from all over the world took part in the symposium, which became the first stage of the implementation of the "Big Project": Francesco Bonami and Germano Celant (Italy), Harald Szeemann and Hans Ulrich Obrist (Switzerland), Rene Block (Germany), Robert Storr (USA). In May, 2003 the Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was established by order of the Ministry of Culture.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
In the summer and autumn of 2003, Evgeny Zyablov and Victor Misiano took part in the work of the Russian pavilion at the 50th Venice Biennale: Zyablov as Commissioner, and Misiano as Curator. For Zyablov, this was not the first such experience - a year earlier he worked as Commissioner for a Russian project at the 25th Bienal de São Paulo, and then his partner-curator was Backstein. Thus, at the beginning of the following year, Evgeny Zyablov was appointed Commissioner of the 1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
In March 2004, Mikhail Shvydkoy was dismissed from the post of Minister of Culture and appointed head of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography (FACC), so this structure was also involved in organizing the Moscow Biennale. In May, as a result of a conflict in the curatorial group, Victor Misiano left the project.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
On July 8, the first major press conference on the upcoming Biennale took place. It was attended by: the head of the FACC Mikhail Shvydkoy, the head of the Department of Contemporary Art of the FACC Maya Kobakhidze, her deputy Alexander Zavolokin, the Biennale Commissioner, the General Director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov and the curator-coordinator of the Biennale Joseph Backstein. The fact of holding the 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was finally confirmed.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
The organizers saw their task in creating an international periodical forum of contemporary art in Russia, able to stand on a par with the Venice Biennale, documenta in Kassel, Ars Electronica in Linz, the European Manifesto, the São Paulo Art Biennial and other festivals. However, it was decided not to copy the structure of other festivals, but to develop their own original concept. This is how the program of the Moscow Biennale was divided into three modules - the main project, special projects and a parallel program.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
Another important principle was the scattering of the Biennale venues across Moscow, in order to include as much of the urban environment as possible in the forum area. At the press conference, the sites of the main project were named, the main of which at that time was supposed to be the Central House of Artists. The composition of the curatorial group of the main project was also confirmed, which included 6 international curators: Joseph Backstein (curator-coordinator), Daniel Birnbaum (Sweden), Yara Bubnova (Bulgaria), Nicolas Bourriaud (France), Rosa Martinez (Spain) and Hans Ulrich Obrist (Switzerland). An independent and separate curatorial program was announced by Robert Storr (USA).


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - "The Big Project for Russia"
However, at a regular press conference on September 2, 2004, a significant adjustment to the concept of the forum was announced: the central project was redirected to young (20–30 years old) and unknown (“their names will not tell you anything yet”) artists from different countries. Another important news was the transfer of the main site of the main project from the Central House of Artists to the building of the V. I. Lenin Museum on Red Square.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
Almost from the very beginning of the preparation, the theme of the Biennale was announced as "The Dialectic of Hope" - after the title of the book by the sociologist and publicist of the left wing Boris Kagarlitsky (1988), which was banned in the Soviet Union. Kagarlitsky himself was declared an "associated thinker", which came as a surprise to him. It has been suggested that this choice was supported by Misiano, who was better versed in the field of New Left ideas than Backstein.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
The choice of the concept, coupled with the designation of the V.I.Lenin Museum as the main site of the main project, prompted commentators to assume that the entire event was left-leaning. However, Zyablov and Backstein invariably answered journalists' questions that “the project will not be left-wing.” The Biennale Commissioner explained in his opening remarks to the catalog:


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
The main exhibition of the Biennale - "The Dialectic of Hope" - focuses on the concept of "hope" as one of the fundamental experiences of modern man. The Dialectic of Hope is a reflection of the influence of social and political changes taking place in the world on our ideas about our personal and collective future. Evgeny Zyablov


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
To accommodate the exposition "Dialectics of Hope", the building of the Lenin Museum, which has been part of the State Historical Museum since 1993 and closed to visitors, was freed from the funds stored in it. The organizers understood that they were taking a risky step:


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
The Biennale is unlikely to cause a culture shock. It has been prepared by many exhibitions of contemporary art in Russia. By world standards, this all looks almost academic. Another thing is that sharp criticism may be caused by the fact that the former Lenin Museum was chosen as the central venue for the Biennale. Let me remind you right away that Lenin was a revolutionary. That is, an actual political artist. <...> So there is no particular hostility from this place to what will be displayed there. Mikhail Shvydkoy


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
The 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art opened on January 27: first at the Vorobyovy Gory metro station, then at the Shchusev Museum of Architecture, and late in the evening at the main site, in the former Lenin Museum. The opening was attended by about 1000 people, including 200 foreign guests - critics, artists, journalists, well-known media personalities.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
The fears were confirmed: during the opening days of the Biennale, the building of the former Lenin Museum was picketed by its employees, and rallies against the content of the exposition were held there. Conservatives - : communists, monarchists, representatives of the Orthodox Church - were harshly criticized in media. The exhibition was criticized for pessimism, "chernukha", the desire to scare and shock the viewer.


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
Of course, there is some kind of mysticism here, that the Lenin Museum went to the Biennale. Inevitably, the contemporary artists enter into a dialogue with the Soviet past here. Yara Bubnova (curator from Bulgary)


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
Once in the building of the former museum, the audience first passed through the cinema, in which, as an "epigraph", they demonstrated Mikhail Romm's documentary "Living Lenin", entirely composed of newsreels and once part of the museum exposition. Many of the artists presented at the exhibition also worked with the "theme of the leader", others - with a broader theme of reflection on the revolutionary and totalitarian past. For example, Alexander Shaburov and Vyacheslav Mizin (The Blue Noses Group) visualized Lenin turning over in a coffin (video installation at the bottom of a cardboard box).


1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - "Dialectic of Hope"
Konstantin Luser from Austria presented the installation "Lenin's dream" - a graffiti fresco reminiscent of a cobweb or a labyrinth. Chinese artist Shao Fei brought a hundred small bronze figurines of Deng Xiaoping - such figurines were created by her father, a socialist realist artist. French artist Melik Ohanian invited viewers to compose a chain of words on the light panel, leading from the word slave to its anagram valse. Moscow artist David Ter-Oganyan presented the installation "These Are Not Bombs": bottles of cola, pumpkins, cans of vegetables - with wires and alarm clocks tied to them.