'76 (film), Themes
Issues reflected in the film include the rumours of foreign involvement in Murtala Muhammed's coup. Ojukwu stated: "You cannot run away from them.... You must deal with all the rumours—although we cannot say, factually, what happened...." The film also strongly portrayed intertribal marriages; '76 is set six years after the Nigerian Civil War, and, according to the director, this was an era when the Nigerian people started playing down on all forms of discrimination and saw themselves more as brothers and sisters.


'78 Jumping Summer Carnival
'78 Jumping Summer Carnival ('78ジャンピング・サマー・カーニバル, Nanajū-hachi Janpingu Samā Kānibaru) is the fifth live album by Japanese duo Pink Lady. Recorded live at Korakuen Stadium on July 23, 1978, the album was released on September 5, 1978. With over 100,000 fans in attendance, it was the largest concert headlined by the duo.


'79-'85
'79-'85 is the first greatest hits album by New Zealand new wave band Mi-Sex, released in October 1985. The album included tracks from the band's four studio albums and some previously released non-album singles. A limited released of 5000 copies included a bonus 12" medley.


'79-'85
'79-'85 peaked at number 46 on the Australian Kent Music Report.


'80s on 8
'80s on 8 (also known as The Big '80s on 8) is a commercial-free, satellite radio station on Sirius XM Radio channel 8 and also Dish Network 6008. As a result of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, the channel was merged with the Big '80s channel on Sirius 8, and took its current name. The channel plays hit music from the 1980s.


'80s on 8
The channel was created in 2000/2001 and programmed by Bruce Kelly, a veteran radio program director and morning drive/afternoon personality. Kelly's morning show was one of XM's highest rated programs. Kelly remained through 2005.


'80s on 8
The channel is currently voice-tracked by the four living original MTV VJs: Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter and Martha Quinn (part-time). The hosts record their programs from their homes. There are no live announcers at any time on this channel.


'80s on 8
Much like the other decade channels, '80s on 8 attempts to recreate the feel of 1980s radio. It uses JAM Creative Productions' "Warp Factor", "The Flame Thrower," "Skywave" and "Turbo Z" sound effects (made popular in the '80s by Z100 in New York and other stations) for jingles, as well as similar DJ habits, '80s slang, news updates, and occasional vintage commercial clips. The channel was also used for XM's annual pop music chronology, IT.


'80s on 8
In 2008, '80s on 8 was the third-most listened to station on the XM service, with an Arbitron-estimated cume of 698,300 listeners per week.


'80s on 8, Post Sirius XM merger
When the merge of XM and Sirius Satellite Radio music and talk channels occurred on November 12, 2008, Rick Stacy was named the channel's program director, and the airstaff consisted of the four surviving original MTV "veejays" - Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter and Martha Quinn, carrying over the lineup of Sirius's Big '80s channel. '80s on 8 was simulcast on both XM and Sirius, and channel imaging was revised to include the phrase "Sirius XM Radio".


'80s on 8, Post Sirius XM merger
It also became Sirius XM Radio's first and only channel to phase out the apostrophe (like on most decades channels on Sirius XM), as they changed their logo entirely (other channels such as The 50s on 5 and The 90s on 9 did so, but the rest of the logos were updated). However, with the reintroduction of the VJ big 40, the 80s on 8 is starting to sound more like the Sirius channel The Big 80s, complete with a schedule somehow reminiscent of that channel.


'80s on 8, Replay America Tour
On April 26, 2017, it was announced that SiriusXM's '80s on 8 would be presenting the Replay America Tour, offering hits from the 80s. The lineup included the following pop stars from the 80s, who mostly played their best known songs:


'80s on 8, Replay America Tour
A review of the final show reported that the tour "fulfilled its purpose of taking fans back to seemingly more simple times, with the hit songs they grew up with, and a party-like atmosphere. The chance to see some of these acts might be few and far between, so the opportunity to see them all on the same bill, made for a fun and playful evening."


'80s on 8, Internet Player
The internet version can be biased toward dance pop or toward mainstream rock hits.


'80s remix
The 80's remix describes a 21st-century music trend of creating 1980s remixes to contemporary pop songs—the reinterpretation of previously-released songs with 1980s production values, by those not associated with the original recording. This trend has been associated with nostalgia for the 1980s musical scene, and a dislike for current musical trends. One of the pioneers of this genre is Canadian producer and YouTuber Tronicbox. Others who have made songs in this genre include Saint-Laurent, Callum Warrender, Jerry Galeries, Nick* and Initial Talk. Part of this trend is to also simulate the 1980s style of album covers and VHS-quality video. Thump, the music section for Vice, described this genre as a "niche"; Tronicbox wrote in late 2017: "Starting to see so many "80's Remix" popping up on the internet these days".


'80s remix, Concept
One of the earliest attempts at an '80s remix was a remix of the Game of Thrones Theme by Russian musician Steve Duzz in 2014. Duzz's remix was later incorporated with a '80s-era VHS intro of the same series.


'80s remix, Concept
According to The A.V. Club, the general premise of this musical genre involves the hypothetical question of how modern-day pop stars would have sounded if they had dominated the industry in the 1980s rather than the 2010s; the site described the results as "surprisingly listenable" despite the contradiction of present-day lyrics and 1980s production values. The site mentions that the songs take music back to the "sweet, shallow, and gloriously artificial" time of the 1980s. To achieve the effect, the 1980s remix artists take the original song and "slather it with obsolete-sounding synthesizer music."


'80s remix, Concept
They use different images of '80s music such as saxophone solos, syncopated synthesizer beats, and a more liberal use of chord progressions than the originals.


'80s remix, Concept
Some song adaptions seek inspiration from specific 1980s songs. An example is "Sugar" by Maroon 5 reworked with a backing track very reminiscent of "Never Gonna Give You Up" by British singer Rick Astley.


'80s remix, Concept
The comments section of '80s remix songs usually include faux obituaries of fallen '80s stars who are either dead or obscure in the present-day era. They also include references to high school proms, weddings, and other life events from the '80s where the commentators supposedly had the song in their life (essentially parodying the comments frequently seen in the comment sections of '80s hits).


'80s remix, Critical reception
Alim Kheraj, writing for Yahoo Life, described Tronicbox's remix of "Into You" as a "dreamy and slinky '80s midtempo bop". An article for Triple J thought "Somebody That I Used To Know" remix by the same artist was a "pitch-perfect '80s makeover, complete with wailing guitars". NME described "What Do You Mean It’s 1985" as having "motive synths and echo-y vocals over a pinky-plonky piano riff and a drum machine being spanked oh so tenderly, before one hell of a sax solo."


'80s remix, Critical reception
The site thought "Love Yourself" (Purpose 1985) was an upbeat and sassy rework of Bieber's original song, while describing "One Last Time" as an "early Madonna-esque disco banger". NZ Herald thought the "clever reworking" of Justin Bieber songs could have been at home in the soundtracks to 1980s classics like The Breakfast Club or Sixteen Candles, while suggesting "One Last Time" would have offered serious competition to Madonna's chart reign. Mashable thought the remix of "Firework" was flawless, while The Huffington Post thought the Bieber arrangements were "pure genius" and sounded breathy.


'80s remix, Critical reception
News Cult thought the Bieber songs would have perfectly suited Saved by the Bell. FACT magazine said "What Do You Mean" had a "reverb heavy drums and a ripping sax solo". Capital FM said that Saint-Laurent transformed "This Is What You Came For" through "technical wizardry" through synth and guitar. PopCrush thought "One Last Time" paid homage to Madonna, Vanessa Williams, and Whitney Houston while sounding like an aerobic song.


'80s remix, Critical reception
SpinOrBinMusic deemed Tronicbox's work as "strangely amazing", while E! News deemed them masterpieces. Like Totally 80s took his work less seriously, describing it as funny and hilarious, while recommending it as the "perfect prank" for kids who were oversinging the 21st century songs. Digital Spy said Tronicbox reworked the songs into "gloriously retro anthems". MensXP described Jerry Galeries' reworking of Linkin Park's Numb as having a "peppy...retro-disco-vibe" that would have topped the 80's charts. Thump called "Closer" as more than a gimmick, and instead something "strange and sultry". This Is What You Came For works "weirdly well" according to Elle magazine.


'88 Kix On
'88 Kix On was a various artists "hits" collection album released in Australia in 1988 on the Polystar record Label (Cat No. 816 762 1). The album spent two weeks at the top of the Australian album charts in 1988. It was released on LP with 16 tracks, and on cassette and CD with 18 tracks.


'89 Live in Japan
'89 Live in Japan is a DVD released by American heavy metal band Quiet Riot on November 16, 2004.


'90s on 9
The '90s on 9 (or just The '90s) is the name of Sirius XM Radio's 1990s commercial-free music channel, heard on Sirius XM channel 9 and Dish Network channel 6009. The channel focuses mostly on hit-driven R&B, Hip-Hop, Rock, Dance and Techno tracks from the 1990s. Many of the station IDs are spoofs of movies, TV characters, songs and TV commercials that were popular during the '90s. Occasionally, lesser-known '90s songs are played, preceded by the "five disc CD changer set on random" tagline. The channel's logo features a compact disc in place of the zero, representing the popularity of CDs in the nineties.


'90s on 9, History
The service signed on September 25, 2001, and broadcasts on Sirius XM channel 9 and on Dish Network channel 6009. It was also heard on DirecTV until February 9, 2010. On November 12, 2008, it was added to Sirius, replacing the original Pulse on Sirius channel 9, whereas the new Pulse, formerly Flight 26 was added to channel 12 on the Sirius side. This is Sirius's first all-1990s channel since I-90 signed off on November 4, 2002. The old Pulse carried a 1990s & hot AC hybrid, whereas the new Pulse just carries modern AC music.


'90s on 9, History
In addition, it also replaced the online-only Super Shuffle channel on Sirius, last heard on satellites in mid-2008. On February 3, 2014, the channel became jockless when both Jo Jo Morales and KT Harris were let go in a cost-cutting move. It remained jockless until May 26, 2015, when former MTV VJ Downtown Julie Brown, who also hosts the weekend's "Back In The Day Replay Countdown," began hosting the channel on a daily basis.


'91 Oginome Collection
'91 Oginome Collection is a compilation album by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Released through Victor Entertainment on December 16, 1990, the album compiles Oginome's singles from 1985 to 1990, plus the new songs "Rock My Love", "This Girl", and "More More Shiawase".


'91 Oginome Collection
The album peaked at No. 29 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 56,000 copies.


'92 Tour EP
'92 Tour EP is the final EP by the band Motörhead. Released in 1992 on WTG Records, it would represent their final release with the label.


'92 Tour EP, Recording
It is a mixture of the sessions done in 1990, 1991 and 1992 for their 1916 and March ör Die albums. It covers the work Lemmy did with Ozzy Osbourne, on each other's bands at the time, as well as it being the end of the old era line up, with Philthy on drums on the B-Side, and the beginning of the new era, with Mikkey Dee on drums on the A-Side. It plays the album tracks in reverse order of their original release.


'92 Tour EP, Release
Issued in 12" vinyl and CD 'jewel slim-case' formats. Tracks one and two are taken from the March or Die album, tracks three and four are taken from the 1916 album.


'92 Tour EP, Release
Epic released a 12" Promo version in the U.S. with "Hellraiser" on the A-side and "You Better Run" on the B-side.


'96 (film)
'96 is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by C. Premkumar. Produced by S. Nanthagopal of Madras Enterprises, the film was distributed by Lalit Kumar under his banner Seven Screen Studios. Starring Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha in lead roles, the film has Bagavathi Perumal, Devadarshini and Aadukalam Murugadoss appear in supporting roles. The film revolves around the reunion of former students from the batch of 1996, twenty-two years after their graduation. The reunion also serves as an opportunity for two former lovers, Ram and Jaanu, to resolve issues surrounding their breakup.


'96 (film)
Prem Kumar wrote the script during December 2015, at the period of Chennai floods and had completed the entire script within 20 days, which revolved around his life on high school reunion. After the official announcement, the principal photography of the film was commenced on 12 June 2017 at Kumbakonam, and was shot across various locations in Chennai and Pondicherry, while also being filmed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kolkata, Rajasthan and Kullu–Manali. The cinematography was handled by Mahendiran Jayaraju and N. Shanmuga Sundaram, with editing being handled by R. Govindaraju. The music and background score is composed by Govind Vasantha.


'96 (film)
'96 was released worldwide on 4 October 2018. The film received positive response from critics, praising the script, direction, cinematography, music and the nostalgic setting of the film, whilst praise being directed on the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. It was a commercial success, grossing ₹50 crore (US$7.0 million). In addition, the film won six Norway Tamil Film Festival, five Filmfare, Ananda Vikatan, four SIIMA, Edison, Behindwoods awards each, and also won an Asiavision, Asianet and Vanitha film award for Trisha. The film was remade by Preetham Gubbi in Kannada as 99 (2019), and by Premkumar himself in Telugu as Jaanu (2020). The film was further listed as one of the "All Time 150 Cult Indian Films" by Behindwoods in March 2020.


'96 (film), Plot
Ramachandran aka Ram (Vijay Sethupathi) is a travel photographer. He visits his high school and is overcome by memories. A reunion is arranged through their school WhatsApp group. At the reunion, his friends Murali (Bagavathi Perumal), Subhashini (Devadarshini) and Sathish (Aadukalam Murugadoss) catch up with him. Murali hesitantly mentions that Jaanu (Ram's childhood sweetheart) is coming from Singapore.


'96 (film), Plot
In 1996, Ram and Jaanu have been friends and classmates in 10th grade. Jaanu is a talented singer. Ram develops feelings for Jaanu and she reciprocates. Once their board exams are over, they have a moment with each other where Jaanu asks him not to forget her until they meet again after the holidays.


'96 (film), Plot
Back in the present, Jaanu (Trisha) arrives at the reunion and searches for Ram. When Subha points Ram to her, Jaanu walks towards him. She reminisces the first day of 11th grade when she eagerly awaits Ram's arrival to the classroom, but he doesn't show up. She finds that Ram has left the school because his father had financial difficulties and his family relocated to Madras overnight. Jaanu is inconsolable and pines for Ram until she completes school.


'96 (film), Plot
Ram and Jaanu finally meet and find it uncomfortable to interact with each other, but gradually get along. Their friends talk about Jaanu's married life in Singapore and disclose that Ram is still single and hasn't moved on. After the reunion party, both go out on a drive. Jaanu reveals how she could not forget Ram and would have traded anything just to have met him once back then. She narrates how circumstances forced her to marry someone else. Then, Ram asks Jaanu if she really doesn't remember the day he came to her college to meet her.


'96 (film), Plot
Ram says that he and Murali waited in front of Jaanu's college to meet her and passed on a message through a student. Surprisingly, Jaanu refused to meet Ram and forbade him to contact her again. He returned sadly and never tried to meet her since then. Jaanu is devastated after listening to this and reveals that she never saw them at her college and thought it was her stalker who was troubling her. Ram tells that except for the mistake of assuming that she hated him, he knew everything about her life.


'96 (film), Plot
He also tells about seeing her from afar at her wedding. Jaanu is heartbroken because she felt his presence and expected him to come for her until the last minute. Both feel sad about their misfortune and finally, come to terms with everything that happened in their lives. Jaanu expresses her desire to spend the final few hours with Ram before she catches the flight back home.


'96 (film), Plot
They go out into the city and then to a restaurant and catch up on more memories. There, they meet Ram's photography students who assume Jaanu is his wife and request her to share their story. Jaanu obliges and narrates an improvised version of the time when Ram tried to meet Jaanu at her college. She tells about how they finally met and made up and have been together ever since and got married. Albeit feeling awkward, Ram tries his best to play along. The students leave and Ram and Jaanu get drenched in the rain. So he asks her to visit his apartment to freshen up.


'96 (film), Plot
At his apartment, Jaanu is visibly upset that Ram doesn't have a love life and requests him to move on and get married and have a family. She finally sings Ram's favourite song for him, a song that she had purposefully avoided singing in school in spite of his repeated requests. Ram shows Jaanu a collection of their old memories like love poems, dried flowers, and their school uniforms. They realize that time is running out and go back to Jaanu's hotel to get ready for her flight in a few hours. Jaanu is sad knowing that she'll leave Chennai and Ram very soon. At the airport, Ram escorts her to the boarding gate and they bid a teary farewell. Jaanu then gets into the flight and leaves.


'96 (film), Plot
Back at his home, Ram finds Jaanu's clothes that he had put to dry the previous night. He folds them neatly, puts them along with his treasured collection of school memories, and shuts the suitcase as the film comes to an end.


'96 (film), Production, Development
Once I finished writing the script, I knew that it was a performance-oriented film. The film was not going to rely on a budget or camera work. It is about two people and the change in their moods. It is a very intense film that needed seasoned actors.


'96 (film), Production, Development
— C. Prem Kumar about the writing of '96 in an interview with Sruthi Raman, editor of Scroll.in


'96 (film), Production, Development
In October 2016, it was first reported that Trisha had agreed to be part of a project opposite Vijay Sethupathi that was to be directed by cinematographer C. Prem Kumar, who worked with the latter in Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom (2012). Two months later, Trisha announced the project via her Twitter and revealed the title as 96. Prem Kumar originally had Manju Warrier in mind for the role of Janaki, but he was not able to reach her and was replaced by Trisha. Furthermore, the film was considered to be a romantic thriller genre, but was later revealed to be a "light-hearted romance film revolving about the childhood sweethearts who rekindle their relationship at a school reunion gathering".


'96 (film), Production, Development
From May 2017, Prem Kumar first talked about the film, telling that Vijay Sethupathi would play the role of a travel photographer, and that the film revolved around "characters who belong to the same batch: 1996", revealing the meaning of the film's title. Prem Kumar had written the entire script in 20 days in December 2015 during the Chennai floods when he was stuck in his apartment. According to Prem Kumar, the inspiration for the story came from his high school reunion.


'96 (film), Production, Development
He missed the reunion but when talking to his classmates who attended the function he became fascinated about two people they were speaking about and began meeting the two and developing a story around their characters. The film's story was originally supposed to happen over a week, before the time span was changed to 24 hours, and eventually to a night.


'96 (film), Production, Casting
The technical crew of the film includes N. Shanmuga Sundaram and Mahendran Jayaraju as the cinematographers, Govind Vasantha as the music director, R. Govindaraj as the editor, Vinoth Raj Kumar handling the production design and Uma Devi and Karthik Netha as the lyricists. Apart from the lead actors, Bagavathi Perumal, Devadarshini, Rajkumar, Aadukalam Murugadoss and Varsha Bollamma were roped in for supporting roles. Veteran actor Janagaraj made a comeback with this film, essaying the role of a school watchman. About his role, Kumar had said that "School watchmen, in general have child-like behaviour and innocence that schoolkids have. He wanted someone to have that naturally in him" and thought of Janagaraj in mind. After approaching Janagaraj in his home, he gave the script papers without taking much time to decide, he eventually agreed to be on board.


'96 (film), Production, Casting
The crew was then looking for suitable actors to play the younger versions of Sethupathi and Trisha's characters, which delayed the commencement of principal photography. The team eventually selected Aditya Bhaskar, son of actor M. S. Bhaskar, and Gouri G. Kishan for the roles, both making their acting debuts with the film. Devadharshini's daughter, Niyathi Kadambi, played the younger version of her role. Subhashree Kaarthik Vijay, who was recruited as the costume signer, was a close friend of Prem Kumar and created the look of the lead female character Jaanu based on her own style. The team shot a scene where the lead characters meet singer S. Janaki, though this was later deleted from the film. Post-release, the makers uploaded the scene to YouTube.


'96 (film), Production, Characters
Vijay Sethupathi's character Ram, was a travel photographer. Discussing about his portrayal, Prem Kumar stated that his life was considered to be "inconsistent and nomadic and his thoughts were unsettling like his job". The character was also unable to forget his first love in childhood, even though she was married, which had Kumar referred of a "few men who have remained the same as they were in their teens".


'96 (film), Production, Characters
He also quashed rumours that the title 96 was not referred to Sethupathi, playing a 96-year old man, unlike Orange Mittai (2015) and Seethakaathi (2018), where he played an aged person in the film. Initially, Kumar wanted to write the script under the perspective of Trisha's character Jaanu, as she had a significant role and also his idea of writing characters with his women in mind, felt that women are superior to men and have many layers in their life, apart from other male writers who write stories on a man's point of view.


'96 (film), Production, Characters
The character also had a connection with music, since she had a rich and textured voice with that of singer S. Janaki. Kumar believed that in some ways or the other, the film serves as a tribute to the singer. Both the characters, along with the similar artists are in their mid-30s, where the "unusualness and experimentation stops after 25", however, the two characters were in abnormal situation, which excited Kumar to write the film.


'96 (film), Production, Characters
The common aim is to depict the emotion of love without boundaries, as Kumar stated that "There is a sort of imperative about how a man and woman should be. The same way, love too is regulated. But love comes out even in uncommon situations. Love is the purest form of expression. That is what we have underlined in the film."


'96 (film), Production, Filming
Principal photography of the film began production on 12 June 2017 at Chennai. After a brief schedule being completed, the team headed to Kumbakonam on 11 July, to shoot major portions of the film. Trisha, who was absent for the first shooting schedule of the film, joined the second schedule. The film was reported to be shot in 30 various locations, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kolkata, Rajasthan, Kullu–Manali and Pondicherry, for the introductory song "Life of Ram", as the song is based on Sethupathi's life as a travel photographer.


'96 (film), Production, Filming
Portions of the song were shot at Jog Falls in Karnataka, and Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. The team first headed to Pondicherry in August 2017, to shoot crucial sequences. It has been reported that Janagaraj had joined the shoot and filmed some portions in Kumbakonam, where the school featured in the film was shot at Town Higher Secondary School. The film was also shot at Intercontinental Chennai Mahabalipuram Resort, Accord Metropolitan Hotel, Chennai International Airport and also around T. Nagar, Nungambakkam and Kodambakkam. Despite being delayed due to the lead actor's commitments in other films, which led to intermittent schedule breaks and Tamil Film Producers Council strike over Virtual Print Fee hike, the film completed production on June 2018.


'96 (film), Soundtrack
The soundtrack album and background score and were composed by violinist-turned-composer Govind Vasantha, for whom it was his third film he signed, and the second to get released, because of the delay of his maiden project Oru Pakka Kathai. Prem Kumar, who worked as a cinematographer in that film, recommended his name to work as the composer, as he had a close relationship with the director Balaji Tharaneetharan and worked with them in Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom and Oru Pakka Kathai.


'96 (film), Soundtrack
The album had eight songs, with only five being included in the film and the lyrics were written by Karthik Netha and Uma Devi. The track "Kaathalae Kaathalae" was released as a single on 30 July 2018. It was earlier composed as an instrumental track, and later having vocals and lyrics, though it was meant not to be included in the film. However, after multiple requests from fans, ever since being featured in the first teaser of the film, he later worked on it as 3-minute track being included in the soundtrack as well as in the film. It is however, a short and slower-version of the promotional track "Anthaathi", which he had first composed.


'96 (film), Soundtrack
On 24 August 2018, Think Music India released the full album through music platforms. The film's soundtrack album received positive response from music critics, with praise being directed on Govind's use of minimal instruments and only two playback singers (Pradeep Kumar and Chinmayi) rendering voice for most of the songs in the soundtrack. The production, instrumentation and the soundscape used in the film unlike mainstream Tamil film soundtracks, too received appreciation. Further being hailed by critics as "one of the best soundtracks of 2018", the soundtrack had fetched many accolades. Analysts believed that the songs, score and use of film music as a metaphor contributed to its success.


'96 (film), Release
The concept logo of '96 was released on the occasion of Valentine's Day (14 February 2017). In August 2017, a new poster featuring Vijay Sethupathi was released and it was reported that the film would release on 14 February 2018, but that did not happen, due to the delay in production. The first look featuring Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha, was released on 12 July 2018, and on the same day, the makers unveiled the teaser of the film. The teaser received positive response from viewers and crossed 3 million views within 3 days of its release. On 24 August, coinciding with the film's audio launch, the makers unveiled the theatrical trailer of the film.


'96 (film), Release
The film was initially slated to release on 13 September 2018, coinciding with Vinayagar Chathurthi, but the release date was postponed to 4 October 2018, in order to avoid clash with big-budget films. Three days prior to the film's release, the film had a press screening for critics on 1 October 2018, where it received highly positive response. Lalit Kumar of Seven Screen Studios, who was an upcoming producer, then, had purchased the worldwide distribution rights. The theatrical rights of the film in Kerala were to sold to ₹50 crore. The film's Hindi dubbed version was released on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms in 2019. It has been opened in 250 theatres worldwide.


'96 (film), Release
Sun TV purchased the satellite rights of the film, even before the film's production in January 2018. A month after its release and the successful run, Sun TV had a television premiere during Diwali, on 6 November 2018. This has caused the public, including actress Trisha and director Prem Kumar requesting the channel to postpone the telecast. Despite that, the channel went ahead with the premiere. Post release, the makers unveiled few deleted scenes from the film, soon after its 50th day run.


'96 (film), Release
On 11 January 2019, the film completed its 100th day theatrical run, and to celebrate its success, Lalit Kumar hosted a success meet on 4 February 2019, with several noted celebrities along with the crew attended the event. A year after its release, Radio City aired the film in audio-format on 14 February 2020 (Valentine's Day), which was not done for a mainstream Tamil film.


'96 (film), Reception, Box office
In the opening day of its release, the film had collected ₹45 lakh (US$63,000) at the Chennai city box office, and worldwide the film had earned ₹3.5 crore (US$490,000). Within the first four days, the film earned a net revenue of ₹2 crore (US$280,000) from Chennai, and was considered to be the fifth highest grossing Tamil films of the year. Within the second week of its release, more number of screens were alloted to the film following its positive word-of-mouth. As of 26 October 2018, the film earned ₹50 crore (US$7.0 million) worldwide at the box office, with a cumulative gross of ₹26 crore (US$3.6 million) from Tamil Nadu box office.


'96 (film), Reception, Box office
In Kerala, the number of screens were increased from 80 to 106 screens within the second week, despite other new films released on the week — Ratsasan, NOTA and another Sethupathi-starrer Chekka Chivantha Vaanam. The film was considered "blockbuster" at the Kerala box office, grossing ₹7 crore (US$980,000), the film received a share of ₹3 crore (US$420,000), against its theatrical rights being valued at ₹50 lakh (US$70,000). It became Vijay Sethupathi's first solo hit in the state. In Karnataka, the film earned ₹3 crore (US$420,000), and received a netted revenue of ₹50 lakh (US$70,000) from rest of Indian territories. The film also earned ₹13.5 crore (US$1.9 million) from overseas centres.


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
The film received positive reviews from critics, praising the script, cinematography, direction and music and the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. '96 appeared on many year-end lists as one of the best Tamil films of 2018, by top publications such as The Indian Express, HuffPost, The Hindu, The News Minute and The Week.


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Anupama Subramaniam of Deccan Chronicle, who gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, was in high praise of director Prem Kumar as she wrote that he had "not made a film, but woven pure and impeccable poetry on celluloid", going on to add that "Prem's honest attempt of portraying the true essence of love without taking any cinematic liberties makes '96 the kind of genre-defining film that creates a benchmark for many years to come", while hailing Trisha's performance as her "best-ever till date".


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
A critic from IANS gave it a rare 5 stars out of 5 and said, "as we get to the climax and we get one of the most heartwarming moments of the film, it makes '96 a highly satisfying story of unfulfilled romance". Behindwoods called '96 a "breezy and heartwarming romantic tale that Tamil cinema audience shouldn't miss".


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Sify named it "one of the best films in a long time", while giving it a 4 rating out of 5. Janani K. of India Today gave it 4 stars out of 5 and called it a "poignant romantic tale" and a "tribute to unconditional love". Mythily Ramachandran of Gulf News called the film "a classic love story that will be fondly remembered".


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Sreedhar Pillai of Firstpost called the film a "refreshingly fresh romantic trip down the memory lane with outstanding performances by its charming lead pair". M. Suganth of The Times of India gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "there is a lot to fall in love with '96, a wistful romantic film about a past romance [...] But what sets Prem Kumar's film apart from the others is that it gives equal importance to the romance of its female lead".


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu said that the film "will take you on a nostalgic trip to your school days and old flames". Manoj Kumar R. of The Indian Express gave 3 out of 5 and praised Sethupathi's performance saying that the actor "sails through the film effortlessly in his role" and Trisha "also aced her performance as a married woman who can’t stop indulging in emotional infidelity".


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Vikram Venkatesen of The Quint wrote "96 has very well changed Tamil romance for good, thanks to its high dependence on music and realism in conveying nostalgia". Priyanka Thirumurthy of The News Minute wrote, "the film’s screenplay is gripping. It has you on the edge of your seat for what are seemingly the most inane activities – school attendance, conversations over coffee and even a ride in the metro". Sudhir Srinivasan of The New Indian Express felt that '96 "works beautifully in theory [...] in the head.


'96 (film), Reception, Critical response
Long-lost lovers fitting together again — like two pieces in a jigsaw puzzle — just for an evening, after more than a decade, is a dreamy idea. But that’s the effect of the film too." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote, "The only problem is the slump in the second half [...] But the premise is so affecting, it keeps us invested" and concluded, "I walked out of the film satisfied that whatever Ram and Janaki decide to make of their future, his ink-splattered shirt from school and the dupatta of her uniform will live together, happily ever after".


'96 (film), Controversies, Plagiarism allegations
In late October 2018, a month after'96's release, Suresh, an assistant director of Bharathiraja, alleged that he had written a script called 92 and that '96 was based on his own script. Few days later Prem Kumar hosted a press conference and said that he had registered his script in 2016 and also added that he had written a spin-off novel of what happens to the lead character afterwards. The film was also reported to have "uncanny similarities" with Blue Jay (2016), with Prem Kumar admitting to it, although he added that he had already registered his film before Blue Jay released. Director R. Chandru had accused that the movie had similarities with his film Charminar (2013).


'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows
On the day of its release, the film's early morning shows scheduled for 6:00 a.m. has been cancelled during the last minute, leading to disappointments within the audience. It has been reported that the stalling of the morning shows is due to the financial tussles between Vishal, an erstwhile president of Tamil Film Producers Council (TFPC) and producer S. Nanthagopal, and had described in an audio note saying that he had stopped the release.


'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows
A project starring Vishal and Nanthagopal did not materialised, and the producer failed to repay the funds, that both of them had arranged, the amount was under the tune of ₹1.5 crore. A tripartite agreement signed between the producer and actor was signed in front of the TFPC members, with one of them stated that the funds will be repayed before the release of '96, but as Nanthagopal failed to repay the funds before its release, the makers stalled the film, leading to its first show being cancelled.


'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows
Following the issue, the lead actor Vijay Sethupathi decided to withdraw his salary being offered for the film. However, despite the smooth release and the theatrical run, in November 2018, Nadigar Sangam had banned producer Nanthagopal, and also advised the artists not to work with any of the projects produced by the company, over this issue.


'96 (film), Legacy
Bengaluru-based Tamil writer C. Saravanakarthikeyan wrote a book based on the film titled 96 – Thanipperum Kadhal, which was released by Prem Kumar by late December 2018. Inspired by the film, Gulbonda, a Calicut-based art studio created dolls based on the film's two main characters, Ram and Jaanu, which became sought-after by fans and saved the then newly launched startup company. The yellow kurta outfit worn by Trisha's character Jaanu became popular after the film's release and was sold by a textile store in Chennai. A year after the film's release, the poster designer Gopi Prasanna designed an illustrated poster featuring the lead characters walking on the road, similar to the first look poster.


'96 (film), Legacy
The film's commercial success, also led Lalit Kumar's Seven Screen Studios becoming one of the leading film studio companies in Tamil film industry. At the 100th day celebrations of the film held in Chennai on February 2019, the company announced, another film with Sethupathi, which was titled Tughlaq Durbar and later on Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal. In addition, the film also acquired the rights of the Vijay-starrer Master, which had Sethupathi playing the antagonist. Gouri G. Kishan and Varsha Bollamma, who appeared in pivotal roles in the film gained popularity and later went on to be a part of big-budget films.


'96 (film), Remakes
Even before the theatrical release of the film, producer Dil Raju acquired the rights for adapting the film in Telugu-language, under his Sri Venkateswara Creations banner. Nani, who watched the preview show of the film, left emotional and decided to sign for the remake as an actor and co-producer, and was reported to be paired opposite Samantha Ruth Prabhu. Prem Kumar, who helmed the original version was also reported to direct the remake. Though, Nani did not act in the film, the makers decided to rope in multiple actors before finalizing Sharwanand as the male lead. Titled Jaanu (2020)


'96 (film), Remakes
Prem Kumar retained the technicians who worked in the original film, which released worldwide on 7 February 2020. '96 was remade in Kannada by Preetham Gubbi as 99 (2019), with Ganesh and Bhavana reprising the roles played by Sethupathi and Trisha in the original. In September 2021, Ajay Kapoor announced a Hindi remake of the film, while also acquiring the rights of the original.


'97 Bonnie & Clyde
"'97 Bonnie & Clyde" is a song by the American rapper Eminem. The song appears on the Slim Shady EP (as "Just the Two of Us") and The Slim Shady LP. Eminem recorded a prequel for The Marshall Mathers LP, "Kim". The song was covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album of gender-swapped covers, Strange Little Girls. In the song, Eminem (or in this song slim shady) he talks to his daughter whilst taking her to the pier to throw his wife, Kim, in the sea. He speaks to his daughter Hailie in a baby like fashion (ex: c’mon Hai-Hai we going to the beach. Grab a couple of toys and let Dada strap you into the car seat.) but still has a dark undertone.


'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Background
The song has Eminem disposing of the corpse of his ex-wife, Kim Mathers, in the lake with his then-infant daughter Hailie. The sounds played at the beginning of the song, including the jingling of keys and the slamming of a car door, imply that Eminem put Kim's body in the trunk of his car. These are the same sounds played at the end of the song "Kim" by Eminem. In "Kim", the lines immediately before the sounds are heard. Eminem got the idea to write this song at a time when Kim was stopping him from seeing his daughter.


'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical response
AllMusic highlighted and praised the song: "notorious track where he imagines killing his wife and then disposing of the body with his baby daughter in tow" and critic noted that this song is connected with Eminem's life struggles. Steve "Flash" Juon called the remix bad and he continued, "[It is] lifeless and oddly out of place among an album full of mostly dope cuts." Rob Sheffield wrote, "[T]he wife-killing jokes of “’97 Bonnie and Clyde” aren't any funnier than Garth Brooks’."


'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical response
Entertainment Weekly gave a positive opinion: "In the album’s funniest slice of black humor, a smart-ass parody of Will Smith’s unctuous ”Just the Two of Us” called ”97′ Bonnie & Clyde,” Eminem and his baby daughter take a pleasant drive to a lake — into which he tosses the dead body of the child's mother. Sending up the gooey sentiments and pop melody of the Smith hit, Eminem raps: ”Mama said she wants to show you how far she can float/And don’t worry about that little boo-boo on her throat.”


'98 Live Meltdown
'98 Live Meltdown is a concert album by Judas Priest, recorded and released in 1998 and is the first live album to feature new lead singer Tim "Ripper" Owens, recorded during the Jugulator Tour. A second live album featuring Owens, Live in London, was released in 2003.


'99–'00 Demos
99–'00 Demos is a compilation album by Local H of demos recorded by the band in 1999 and 2000. It was released by G&P Records, which is the band's official online merchandiser. It was first announced as being available exclusively at the June 9, 2006 Local H performance at the Metro in Chicago, but it has since been available at later shows as well as at .


'99–'00 Demos
The demos were recorded in what the band refers to as 'The Last Golden Age of Demonstrations', the demo sessions for what would become their fourth album, 2002's Here Comes the Zoo. All of the songs from that album appear in demo form here, with the exception of "5th Ave. Crazy". Also, three of the songs from The No Fun EP, which were the only three songs that weren't covers on that release, appear here in demo form.


'99–'00 Demos
The disc is rounded out by five songs which were all previously unreleased, with the exception of "Halcion Daze" which was previously released on a compilation, in the same form as it is here. That makes it the only song whose version appears on this album to have been previously released.


'99–'00 Demos
Halcion Daze was completely re-written from the ground up and is now Halcyon Days, the last track on Whatever Happened to P.J. Soles. Foolish Notions is part of Here Comes the Zoo, but the title was changed to Bryn-Mawr Stomp.


'A vucchella
'A vucchella is a Neapolitan song composed by Paolo Tosti. The poet who wrote the words of this song was the 19th century  lyric poet, Gabriele D'Annunzio. He was not from Naples, but from a city in the region of Abruzzo. With the Neapolitan melodic song tradition being so popular worldwide, D'Annunzio wanted to prove himself able to write in the Neapolitan dialect, and managed to do so quite convincingly for this song, "La vucchella".


'A vucchella
One interpretation is that the woman's mouth is like a little rose's petal when it becomes a bit dried out and battered in the cold weather. The poet has turned his gaze on the woman's face and focussed on the woman's mouth, specifically. "A vucchella" is thus a synecdoche – the part for the whole.


'A vucchella
D'Annunzio was known as a lover of women of all ages, so one cannot exclude the possibility that the woman in question, whose rose-like dried mouth the poet was writing about, was in her late forties or even older. The text does not belong to the old Seventeenth/Eighteenth century Neapolitan lyric tradition, and was specially written for Tosti by Gabriele D'Annunzio in the first half of the 1900s.


'A' Division National Futsal League
The 'A' Division National Futsal League  is the professional futsal league in Nepal league organised by Turnpike Event Pvt Ltd in technical support with ANFA. It was founded in 2021. The 'A' Division National Futsal League league currently consists of 10 teams.


'A' Division National Futsal League, History, Background
All Nepal Football Association ANFA announced the creation of 'A' Division Futsal League on 25th January 2021. A total of 10 teams, two teams from Province 1 and Gandaki Province, one from Province 2, for from Bagmati Province and one team representing Lumbini, Karnali and Sudurpashim provinces, takes part in the competition organized by ANFA Futsal Committee.


'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Tournament format
The season consists of two stages, the league stage and the knockout stage. The league stage follows a double round-robin format, with each club playing the others twice. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the final by playing the second Qualifying match.


'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Tournament format
Meanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the Final match, where the winner will be crowned the 'A' Division National Futsal League champions.


'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Futsal League rules
If two or more teams are tied in the league stage, the following rules are applied according to the AFC futsal competition regulations:


'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Prize money
For the inaugural season, ANFA has offered a total prize of Rs. 1.5 million, where the winner will take the cash prize of Rs 1 million and first runner-up will take the prize of Rs 500,000.


'A' Division National Futsal League, Broadcasting
Kantipur TV held the broadcasting right for the inaugural season of 'A' Division National Futsal League. As per the agreement, the matches will be shown live via Kantipur Television and its digital platforms Ekantipur.com and their YouTube channels.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e
"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e" is the first episode and premiere of the fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars, and is the 72nd episode overall, which aired on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, marking the second episode King has directed for the TV series.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e
In the episode, Aria, Emily, Hanna, and Spencer try to find answers by questioning Mona about her knowledge of "A", in addition the Liars deal with different personal problems which they are facing. As they try to find out if Alison really is alive, Wilden's body is discovered which leads the new police officer Holbrook to investigate the case. to Meanwhile, Jessica DiLaurentis moves back to Rosewood, which begins to concern the girls.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e
"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e" was watched by 2.97 million viewers and garnered a 1.3 rating, up from the previous episode, the third-season finale, and up 15 per cent from the third-season premiere a year ago. The episode was met with positive reviews from television critics as many was pleased with the improvement of the show and the answers of questions which many were wondering about. Many also agreed that the premiere reminded critics of the first season.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot
The contents of the trunk of Wilden's car is revealed to be a pig's corpse. The girls flee the scene, with Mona removing the disk showing footage of Ashley running over Wilden. In an attempt to earn some of their trust, Mona reveals a bunch of secrets to the PLLs. The next morning, the girls discover Wilden dead in the street by the church surrounded by coroners. It is revealed that Wilden was one of two people who wore the Queen of Hearts costume on the Halloween train. Mona says the other was Melissa but the computer is hacked and wiped before she can prove it. Mona is now "A"'s target along with the rest of the Liars.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot
Jessica DiLaurentis returns to Rosewood, but her intentions are unclear. Toby receives a text from "A" asking for the "A" van in exchange for information about his mother's death. "A" plants Ashley's cell phone in Wilden's casket, which Spencer and Mona retrieve based on a tip from "A." At Wilden's funeral, a mysterious woman dressed in a black veil appears and the PLLs meet Detective Gabriel Holbrook who is investigating the murders of Detective Wilden and Garrett Reynolds. The Liars and Mona then receive a text message from "A," which reveals that she was present the night they found Wilden's car and caught a video of it.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot
The Black Widow, the woman dressed in a black veil, is revealed to be on the "A" team and is seen in the RV placing a doll of Mona up with the five Liars. She then lifts up her veil, revealing that she is wearing the Alison mask that Red Coat wears but now half burned.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production
The episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, making it the second episode which she has directed. The title of the episode was announced on March 5, 2013, by Entertainment Online. In addition, it was announced that Marion, Toby's mother, would be introduced in the season premiere. The episode featured the songs "Kill Of The Night" by Gin Wigmore, "Whispers" by Dave Baxter, "If I Lose Myself" by OneRepublic, "Hurricane" by Ms Mr, "Bodies" by The Duke Spirit and "The Devil Within" by Digital Daggers.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production
The episode focuses on the Liars trying to figure out what happened at the Lodge and to get answers from Mona regarding "A". It focuses on Hanna becoming friends with Mona again, Emily's focus on getting into colleges, Aria dealing with the aftermath of breaking up with Ezra and Spencer trying to solve what happened at the Lodge. It also includes Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison's mother, moving back to Rosewood.


'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production
On October 4, 2012, ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season. On January 17, 2013, it was announced that the fourth season would start airing on June 11, 2013. Filming for the premiere began on March 11, 2013. On March 21, 2013, it was announced that Sean Faris would join the show and would be playing Pennsylvania state police officer Gabriel Holbrook.


'A' Is for Answers
"'A' Is for Answers" is the twenty-fourth episode of the fourth season and the ninety-fifth episode of the ABC Family mystery drama series Pretty Little Liars. The episode, serving as the fourth-season finale and the winter finale, was broadcast on March 18, 2014. It was directed and written by I. Marlene King.


'A' Is for Answers
In the episode, the girls finally meet up with Alison in Philadelphia and learn from her about everything that happened the night she disappeared. Meanwhile, the girls’ parents are scrambling to find them and the police bring Spencer's family in for questioning, thinking that she may have killed the girl in Alison's grave.


'A' Is for Answers
"'A' Is for Answers" premiered to an audience of 3.12 million viewers, up from the previous episode, and garnered a 1.3 rating in the 18-49 demographic. It also generated over 1.45 million tweets during its broadcast, becoming the most-tweeted episode of 2014 and the four most tweeted broadcast in television history. The episode received a general positive response from television critics, with calling it a "satisfying and surprising finale." Some critics, however, were dismayed by the questions surrounding the series' main plotline not being answered.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day
Aria (Lucy Hale), Emily (Shay Mitchell), Hanna (Ashley Benson), and Spencer (Troian Bellisario) are led to a hiding place by Noel (Brant Daugherty), where they meet Alison (Sasha Pieterse). Alison recounts the night she disappeared and reveals that she had been confronting all of her “A” suspects that night. Meanwhile, Noel gives her a plane ticket and money for her to flee town. Alison also recounts her first time meeting Ezra and confirms to the girls that Spencer did not hurt her.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day
After telling them about what happened that night, all the girls are attacked by what appears to be "A" and they run up to the roof. Ezra (Ian Harding) comes up just as “A” reaches them and claims to know who “A” is but “A” does not seem to care. He and “A” struggle for the gun, which is dropped in the struggle. Hanna picks it up and threatens the masked person at gunpoint to take off the mask. “A” pretends to reach for the mask, then jumps over to the next building and leaves through a door. The horrified girls then find that “A” managed to shoot Ezra in the stomach during the struggle and they call out for help.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day
Back at Rosewood, CeCe (Vanessa Ray) is detained by Detective Holbrook (Sean Faris) and questioned about Wilden's murder. She confesses that she knows who killed the Jane Doe in Alison's grave and that Alison is still alive. The police are then sent to the Hastings residence to gather clues for their investigation. Meanwhile, Veronica (Lesley Fera) is on the phone with Ashley and Ella trying to find out where the girls went to.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day
Officer Holbrook brings Veronica and Melissa (Torrey DeVitto), who just came back from London after Toby told her about Spencer's relapse, to the precinct where he questions the family, including Peter (Nolan North), separately about Spencer's addiction during the summer Alison disappeared. Jessica (Andrea Parker) is brought in to the precinct for more information on Alison's whereabouts while being approached by Peter about an arrangement they have. Melissa and Peter later discuss the investigation, during which Melissa reveals that she knows who killed the girl in Alison's grave. Later that night, Jessica is buried in the Hastings' backyard by "A".


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier
In 2009, Alison hides out in Ian's hotel room at Hilton Head, listening in on Ian (Ryan Merriman) and Melissa fighting. After hearing that she meant nothing to him, she goes into his computer and copies his videos onto a flash drive. Armed with new evidence, Alison visits Jenna and blackmails her with the video of her and Toby, thinking she might be "A". When she receives another text from "A", she decides to make a plan to expose "A". Before leaving for the party, she takes some pills from her mother's purse.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier
She meets the girls at Spencer's barn and slips the drugs into their cups, as a way of eliminating more suspects. She then meets with Toby, who wanted to thank her for freeing him from Jenna's blackmail. Afterwards, Ezra pulls up to her place to confront her about her lies. She leaves him with a kiss and sets out to meet Ian at the Kissing Rock. There, she threatens him with the videos from his computer and is warned that the videos could bring everyone down.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier
She returns to the barn to find an angry Spencer waiting for her. Alison tells Spencer not to saying anything about it but Spencer won't listen and remains on guard. During the confrontation, Spencer drops her pills, which Alison discovers to be "speed". Alison discovers Spencer's drug habit and after hearing Spencer's pleas, promises to keep her secret. She tells Spencer to go back to the barn and sleep. After meeting with Byron about his affair with Meredith, she returned to the barn and received no text messages.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier
Alison then returns home to find her mother looking through the window right before getting hit from behind. Hours later she wakes up to her mother burying her in the backyard. She's pulled out by Mrs. Grunwald and taken to the hospital, but runs away out of fear. She is discovered by Mona (Janel Parrish) walking through the streets covered in dirt and blood. Mona takes her to the Lost Woods Resort motel, where she cleans Alison up and gives her the idea to fake her death and leave Rosewood.


'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier
After putting Alison to sleep, Mona goes to her "A" lair and plays with her dolls. The following morning, Alison thanks her by giving her the name of her stylist, telling “You don’t have to be a loser”. She leaves the motel in the morning and later finds out she had been played.


'A' Is for Answers, Production
"'A' Is for Answers" was written and directed by I. Marlene King, serving as her fourth writing credit and second directing credit for the season. The episode also serves as King's third directing credit for the overall series. The table read for the episode began on October 21, 2013. Filming for the episode commenced the next day, October 22, and concluded on November 2, 2013. On October 23, 2013, Torrey DeVitto, who portrays Spencer's sister Melissa Hastings, confirmed her appearance on the episode on Twitter.


'A' Is for Answers, Production
Ryan Merriman, who portrays Melissa's deceased husband Ian Thomas, appears in the episode, marking his first since the season two episode "The Blond Leading the Blind." Other actors recurring in this episode include Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn, Sean Faris as Detective Gabe Holbrook, Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings, Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery, Nolan North as Peter Hastings, Andrea Parker as Jessica DiLaurentis, Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake, and Jim Titus as Barry Maple.


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Ratings
"'A' Is for Answers" premiered on ABC Family on March 18, 2014. It was watched by 3.12 million viewers and acquired a 1.3 rating in the 18-49 demographic. it was the most watched episode since the season four episode "Who’s in the Box?" and the highest rated episode since the season four episode "Grave New World".


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Ratings
The episode was the 95th consecutive number one telecast for the series in the Females 12-34 demographic with a 4.0 rating (translating to 1.8 million viewers), as well as the 50th number one telecast in the Women 18-49 demographic with a 2.3 rating (2.3 million viewers). The episode also generated over 1.45 million tweets, becoming the most tweeted telecast in 2014, the second most-tweeted episode of the series, behind the summer finale "Now You See Me, Now You Don’t" and the fourth most tweeted telecast in television history.


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
Autumne Montague of TVOvermind gave a positive review of the episode, calling it a "satisfying and surprising finale" and was pleased that the episode gave a timeline of the events of the night that Alison disappeared. Montague also lauded Pieterse's character for her self-awareness in having admitted to not be a good friend, calling it "refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self-absorbed." She also highlighted how she helped Spencer come to terms with what happened that night despite their relationship. Steve Helmer of Yahoo!


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
Voices gave a positive review of the episode, writing "I was somewhat disappointed when that mask wasn't removed. But, the episode did a good job of answering just enough questions to bring some closure to old storylines while, at the same time, creating new questions to keep things interesting. In other words, it was a pretty decent season finale." Jessica Goldstein of Vulture gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars.


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
Caroline Preece of Den of Geek wrote a mixed review for the episode, highlighting the flashbacks as a "decent recap of everything we’ve previously learnt about that night" but ultimately deemed the finale as "finished off season four on a frustrating note."


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
Preece added "Disregarding the backpedalling that has gone on since the EzrA reveal, the second half of the season was stronger than the show has been in a while but, with promises not delivered on and satisfying answers dropped in as red herrings with alarming frequency, it’s hard not to assume that the writers are just making it up as they go along at this point." Nick Campbell of TV.com gave it a negative review, saying "It was disappointing to see such a weak ending to an episode that was essentially created for fan service.


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
I know a lot of people will feel cheated because A wasn't unmasked, but the episode was truly dedicated to providing clarification, if not answers, to many a question. At the very least, it cleared up the timeline and helped narrow down the field as to who A is. The problem with a show like this is that there's a general impatience with knowing the answers, and that frustration often gets conflated with a malaise concerning the show in general. Pretty Little Liars isn't perfect. God help us, we can enumerate the actual problems with the series for hours.


'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews
But how it reveals the core tenet of the show isn't one of them. Someday, Pretty Little Liars will get to the point like Bones or Chuck did, where the main serial conceit will wear itself out so much that A will have to be unmasked because that premise gets old. But not just yet".


'A' You're Adorable
"'A' You're Adorable" is a popular song with music by Sid Lippman and lyrics by Buddy Kaye and Fred Wise, published in 1948.


'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions
The most well-known version was recorded by Perry Como, with The Fontane Sisters on March 1, 1949. This recording was released on single records as follows:


'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions
Another recording by Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae was also very popular. The recording was released by Capitol Records. The flip side was "Need You". The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949, lasting 13 weeks and peaking at position number 4.


'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions
Another recording by the Tony Pastor orchestra (vocal by the Clooney Sisters) also charted. The recording was released by Columbia Records. The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949, lasting 2 weeks and peaking at position number 12.


'A' of Charlemagne
The 'A' of Charlemagne is a relic gifted to the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy by the emperor Charlemagne himself. It is a gold and silver open triangle with ornate jewels on the arms. The base is stronger and serves more of a structural purpose rather than an aesthetic purpose. The piece served a greater purpose over time as the attraction to the church became more focused on visiting the relic that Charlemagne presented to the church rather than its original function of honoring Saint Faith. The church itself was a common destination of medieval pilgrimage, and the change in purpose for these pilgrimages became highly focused on visiting this relic and attracted a different audience than before.


'A' of Charlemagne, Structure
The 'A' of Charlemagne is an open triangle made of wood that is varnished with silver-gilt. At the peak of the triangle is a circular piece that houses a large, polished gem on the frontal side. Below the gem sit two angels made by repoussé metal working. Both angels glance upwards toward the gem, and one angel holds an object perceived to be a lamp. The rear side of the gem is molded in a similar fashion to the angels.


'A' of Charlemagne, Structure
In the early 1950s, Jean Taralon disassembled the piece for cleaning purposes and made many discoveries about the history of the work. The wood was determined to be walnut but various sections of the “A” dated to two distinctly different time periods. He determined the base and gem to be much older, and, therefore, the arms of the piece were considered replacements on which the gems were carefully replaced.


'A' of Charlemagne, Structure
The stark contrast between the architecture of the base and the attached arms of the piece is evident. With the exception of the angels, the base serves more of a practical purpose rather than contributing to the larger purpose of the work. The arms and the gem at the apex are more ornate and display the extravagance of Charlemagne's gift, which signifies its influence. Reliquaries are intended to house physical relics, but the “A” is unique in that its symbolic importance is more tightly linked to its political and economic power.


'A' of Charlemagne, Structure
For images of the 'A', see the external links below.


'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith
When the Abbey Church of Saint Faith declared that Charlemagne gifted to them the “A,” the church also welcomed the authority of Charlemagne's name. A small church was legitimized by one proclamation in the beginning, but once Charlemagne was at the pinnacle of his power, the entire purpose of pilgrimages to the church changed. The relic became independent of Saint Faith and what the church was supposed to represent. Charlemagne's influence single-handedly accomplished this, and he was rewarded with a mutualistic relationship between himself and the church. The church honors this attachment, by placing him at the right hand of the Christ in its Last Judgement sculpture above the entrance.


'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith
The legend of how the “A” ended up at the Abbey Church of Saint Faith says that Charlemagne actually founded twenty-three churches, each of which were given a letter in the order by which they were founded. By this legend, the Abbey Church of Saint Faith was given the “A” and thus was the first church to be founded, but there is no way to be sure because not all of the twenty-three churches received letters.


'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith
Another reason to question this theory of assigning prestige by a stunning, gold relic is that whether it appears to be an “A” is in the eye of the beholder because there is no crossbar of the “A.” This calls for interpretation as to why the church touts this specific relic. The answer lies in what a relic of this importance would physically produce for the church. Medieval pilgrimages were important to the success of the church because pilgrims were often expected to make offerings to the saints at their respective churches. By having a relic that pilgrims desired to see, they are able to attract a new, larger audience.


'A' of Charlemagne, Pilgrimages to the "A"
Pilgrimages in the medieval time period had an unspoken mutual agreement between the pilgrims and the churches or abbeys to which they visited. Pilgrims were expected to make offerings to the respective deity of each church or abbey, and in return, they received the benefits of spiritual guidance and miracles, as well as some type of physical safety. The “A” and many other reliquaries became sources of income for the churches.


'A' of Charlemagne, Pilgrimages to the "A"
Although the money was ultimately used for practical up-keep and caring for the needs of pilgrims, it became important for the reliquaries to be upheld in the highest regard in order to keep a steady income flow. The prominence generated by the "A" heightened the major conflict between The Abbey Church at Conques and the nearby church, Figeac. They were known to be in constant conflict with one another and they often called to their reliquaries to lament their status upon each other. By having the “A,” they could legitimize the belief that the reliquary is prestigious and impose this influence over pilgrims who would then become more likely to visit Conques, instead of Figeac.


'A' vs. Monkey Kong
'A' vs. Monkey Kong is the second album by the British alternative rock band A, released via Tycoon Recordings/London Records on 9 September 1999. In May and June 2001, the band toured Europe as part of the Deconstruction Tour.


'A' vs. Monkey Kong, Singles
"Monkey Kong" and "A" were also each released as singles.


'A' vs. Monkey Kong, Legacy
In 2005, readers of Kerrang! magazine voted A vs Monkey Kong the 89th best British rock album ever.


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
ʿĀ’ishah bint Yūsuf al-Bāʿūniyyah (عائشة بنت يوسف الباعونية, died the sixteenth day of Dhū al-Qa‘dah, 922/1517) was a Sufi master and poet. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing, and she "probably composed more works in Arabic than any other woman prior to the twentieth century". ' In her the literary talents and Ṣūfi tendencies of her family reached full fruition'. She was born and died in Damascus.


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life
Her father Yūsuf (born Jerusalem, 805/1402 – died in Damascus, 880/1475) was a qadi in Safed, Tripoli, Aleppo, and Damascus, and a member of the prominent al-Bāʻūnī family, noted through the fifteenth century for its scholars, poets and jurists. Like her brothers ‘Ā’ishah was taught primarily by her father, along with other family members, studying the Quran, hadith, jurisprudence, and poetry, and by her own claim, by the age of eight, ‘Ā’ishah was a hafiza (she had learned the Quran by heart).


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life
Meanwhile, her principal Sufi masters were Jamāl al-Dīn Ismā‘īl al-Ḥawwārī (fl. late ninth/fifteenth century) and his successor Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyá al-Urmawī (fl. ninth-tenth/fifteenth-sixteenth centuries), whom she held in high regard. Probably in 1475, ‘Ā’ishah undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca. She was married to Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn Naqīb al-Ashrāf (d. 909/1503), from the prominent ‘Alid family of Damascus, also noted for their scholarship; by ‘Ā’ishah's reckoning, Aḥmad was descended from Muḥammad's daughter Faṭimah and her husband ‘Alī, via their son al-Ḥusayn. ‘Ā’ishah and Aḥmad had two known children, a son, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb (b. 897/1489), and a daughter, Barakah (b. 899/1491).


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death
In 919/1513, ‘Ā’ishah and her son moved from Damascus to Cairo, returning to Damascus in 923/1517. ‘Ā’ishah's goal may have been to secure the career of her son. On the way, their caravan was raided by bandits near Bilbeis, who stole their possessions, including ‘Ā’ishah's writings. It appears that in Cairo, she and her son were hosted by Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ajā (b. 854/1450, d. 925/1519), who was personal secretary and foreign minister to the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (d. 922/1516). Ibn Ajā helped ‘Abd al-Wahhāb find work in the chancery and helped ‘Ā’ishah enter into Cairo's intellectual circles; ‘Ā’ishah went on to write him 'several glowing panegyrics'.


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death
In Cairo, ‘Ā’ishah studied law and was granted license to lecture in law and to issue fatwas (legal opinions); "she gained wide recognition as a jurist".


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death
‘Ā’ishah left Cairo in 922/1516, with her son and Ibn Ajā, and alongside al-Badr al-Suyūfī (c. 850–925/1446–1519), al-Shams al-Safīrī (877–956/1472–1549), and several other noted scholars, was granted an audience with Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri in Aleppo shortly before his defeat at the Battle of Marj Dabiq: 'an extraordinary event befitting her exceptional life'. ʻĀ’ishah then returned to Damascus, where she died in 923/1517.


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death
ʻĀ’ishah "inherited an independence of mind and outlook which is seen in her companionship with her men contemporaries on equal terms". Thus she was a close friend of Abu 'l-Thanā' Maḥmūd b. Ajā, who was the final ṣāḥib dawāwīn al-inshāʼ of the Mamluk era, and corresponded, in verse, with the Egyptian scholar ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-‘Abbāsī (b. 867/1463, d. 963/1557). ' It is quite apparent from biographies of ‘Ā’ishah and from her own comments in her writings that she was highly regarded as a pious woman and Sufi master.'


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, List of works
According to Th. Emil Homerin, the chronology of ʿĀ’ishah's work is not yet known, and indeed the majority has been lost, but ʿĀ’ishah's known original works are:


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, List of works
In addition to these, ʿĀ’ishah adapted a range of other texts. Homerin has also published some of the only translations of ʿĀ’ishah's work into English:


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn
ʿĀ’ishah's best known work is her al-Fatḥ al-mubīn fī madḥ al-amīn (Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One), a 130-verse Badī‘iyya (a form designed to illustrate the badī or rhetorical devices in the poetic repertoire, with each verse illustrating a particular device) in praise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Making reference to nearly fifty earlier poets, the work emphasises the breadth of ʿĀ’ishah's learning. This text 'no doubt' inspired ‘Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī's Nasamāt al-Azhār; both writers accompanied their respective badī‘iyyas with a commentary.


'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, Fayḍ al-faḍl wa-jam‘ al-shaml
Fayḍ al-faḍl wa-jam‘ al-shaml (The Emanation of Grace and the Gathering of the Union) is a collection of over 300 long poems in which ʿĀ’ishah 'described mystical states and praised variously Muhammad, the founder of her order 'Abd al-Qadir Jilani, and her own Sufi shaykhs. She used technical Sufi terminology and typical Sufi poetic motifs such as wine and love in her poems'. They seem to date from throughout ʿĀ’ishah's life up to her move to Cairo, and show her command of almost all Arabic poetic forms of the time.


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, also known as Amir Hajji 'Abdu'llahi II ibn 'Ali 'Abdu's Shakur, (18? ?-1930) was the last Emir of Harar from 1884 (or 1885, various sources carry various dates) to January 26, 1887, when the state was terminated, following the defeat of the Harari troops at the Battle of Chelenqo (January 9).


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
According to R.A. Caulk, Emir 'Abd Allah was the son of Muhammad ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur by Kadija, the daughter of Emir `Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad. To secure his hold on the emirate of Harar, his father had married 'Abd Allah to the daughter of Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr, his predecessor. When the Egyptians evacuated Harar, 'Abd Allah became the logical choice to rule Harar. He was given "a few hundred soldiers trained by one of the British officers, 300 to 400 rifles, some cannon, and munitions, a force hardly sufficient to garrison Harar and Jaldessa, let alone police the traderoutes and ensure the security of the state."


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
Emir 'Abd Allah grew anxious about the growing Ethiopian threat to his domain, and accused the resident Europeans of co-operating with Negus Menelik II. His situation deteriorated by July 1885, according to historian Harold Marcus: "the population grew uncontrollable, European traders became virtual prisoners in their homes and shops, and the adjacent Oromo people raided the town." In response, the Emir introduced a new currency which impoverished the local population. The neighboring Oromo and Somali deserted Harar's markets and the town's economy collapsed.


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
The Ughaz or Sultan of the Gadabuursi, Ughaz Nur II, had established strong relations with the Emir of Harar, Abdallah II ibn Ali. In 1887, when Harar was occupied by Menelik II  of Ethiopia,  Ughaz Nur sent Gadabursi askaris to support Abdallah II ibn Ali.


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
Emir 'Abd Allah responded to the first Ethiopian military probe with a night attack on their camp at Hirna that included fireworks; the Ethiopians panicked at the pyrotechnics and fled toward the Asabot and Awash Rivers. When the Negus Menelik personally led a second attack a few months later, the Emir misjudged the quality of these troops and attempted to repeat his earlier success of a second night attack.


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
"Had he allowed the enemy to attack the walled city, where his few Krupp cannon might have been effective, the Shoans might have suffered a defeat with serious political consequences," Marcus notes. However, the Battle of Chelenqo destroyed the Emir's army and, with his wives and children, the Emir fled into the empty country east of Harar. He left his uncle Ali Abu Barka to submit to Menelik and ask clemency for Harar.


'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur
The former Emir 'Abd Allah later returned to the town to live as a Sufi or religious scholar. He died there in 1930.


'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
Abd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad al-Qahiri al-Wafa'i known as Ibn al-Aqba'i (1408–1471) was an Egyptian astronomer and mathematician in the 15th century. He was born in 811 H.E. (1408 AD) and died in 876 H.E (1471 AD). Some sources say that he died in 874 or 879 H.E. He was a student of Ibn al-Majdi and Nur al-din al-Naqqash. He became a time keeper at the Mu'ayyad Mosque in Cairo. He also became the chief of the time keepers of the Azhar mosque and the Maridani Mosque. He was interested in the calculation of the local times of cities based on their latitude and longitude. He invented an astronomical device called Da'irah al-Mu'addal.


'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
He wrote about 40 books and 20 treatises on mathematics and astronomy, none of them published. Among his works is the manuscript Risalah al-'Amal bi al-Rub' al-Mujayyab


'Abd al-Ahad Khan
Said Abd al-Ahad Khan (26 March 1859 in Karmana – 3 January 1911) was the 7th Emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara, which at the time was a part of the Russian Empire. He ascended to the title aged 26 upon the death of his father, Muzaffar bin Nasrullah, on 12 November 1885.


'Abd al-Ahad Khan
Abd al-Ahad was educated at a Russian military school and obtained the rank of adjutant-general in the Russian army. He brought more Russian influence into Bukharan life. He made attempts at reforms but was frustrated by conservatives and in his later years took to drinking.


'Abd al-Ahad Khan
He married, and his eldest son, Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan, succeeded him after his death.


'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Turk (fl. 830), known also as ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Wase ibn Turk Jili (Arabic: ابومحمد عبدالحمید بن واسع بن ترک الجیلی) was a ninth-century Muslim mathematician. Not much is known about his life. The two records of him, one by Ibn Nadim and the other by al-Qifti are not identical. Al-Qifi mentions his name as ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Wase ibn Turk al-Jili. Jili means from Gilan. On the other hand, Ibn Nadim mentions his nisbah as khuttali (ختلی), which is a region located north of the Oxus and west of Badakhshan. In one of the two remaining manuscripts of his al-jabr wa al-muqabila, the recording of his nisbah is closer to al-Jili. David Pingree / Encyclopaedia Iranica states that he originally hailed from Khuttal or Gilan.


'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
He wrote a work on algebra of which only a chapter called "Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations", on the solution of quadratic equations, has survived.


'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
He authored a manuscript entitled Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations, which is very similar to al-Khwarzimi's Al-Jabr and was published at around the same time as, or even possibly earlier than, Al-Jabr. The manuscript gives exactly the same geometric demonstration as is found in Al-Jabr, and in one case the same example as found in Al-Jabr, and even goes beyond Al-Jabr by giving a geometric proof that if the discriminant is negative then the quadratic equation has no solution. The similarity between these two works has led some historians to conclude that algebra may have been well developed by the time of al-Khwarizmi and 'Abd al-Hamid.


'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Sources
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'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi
'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (Persian: شیخ عبدالحق محدث دهلوی) was an Islamic scholar.


'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi, Biography
He was born in 1551 (958 AH) in Delhi, hence the suffix Dehlavi to his name. In 1587 (996 AH), he made the pilgrimage to Mecca, where he stayed remained for the next three years studying a hadith and Sufism under various scholars. Upon his return to Delhi, he taught for half a century, and authored more than 100 works, including  a history of Medina, a biography of Prophet Muhammad, and a work on the lives of saints.


'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi, Death
He died in Delhi, in 1642 (1052 AH). His mausoleum exists at the edge of Hauz-i-Shamsi near Qutub Minar, Mehrauli, Delhi.


'Abd al-Hayy
` Abd al-Hayy was a Persian illustrator specializing in discreet, miniature art. His career spanned from the late 14th century through the early 15th century. He is most commonly recognized for his wall paintings that decorated many ornate palaces, including the palaces of the Timurid Empire and his monochromatic ink paintings.


'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Early life
` Abd al-Hayy began his career by training under Shams al-Din, another artist that was well regarded for his art. Shams al-Din most notably worked on The Court of the Jalāyir Sultans of Baghdad. ` Abd al-Hayy's training took place primarily during the reign of the Jalayirid Shaikh Awais Jalayir, where he soon became a highly regarded and coveted painter due to skill and unique artistry.


'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Relationships
` Abd al-Hayy is commonly associated with Jalayerid Ovays, another notable miniature artist. Ovays is most often regarded as ʿAbd al-Ḥayy's most prominent mentor during his early career.


'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Relationships
ʿAbd al-Ḥayy also is often affiliated with Ostāḏ Šams al-dīn, Ovays’s chief painter. Their professional relationship is theorized to have begun during Ovays's reign. During this period, Šams al-dīn spent much of his time and energy instructing ʿAbd al-Ḥayy, where he subsequently became the teacher of Aḥmad b. Ovays. Many suggest that Šams al-dīn’s instruction can be attributed to ʿAbd al-Ḥayy's remarkable success.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Preferences
` Abd al-Hayy is theorized to have specialized in monochrome ink drawings. More specifically, he often created "black and white brush drawings, embellished with gold highlights and delicate tints."


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Preferences
` Abd al-Hayy also is recognized for his skilled work on the wall paintings at the Timurid palace. While most wall paintings of similar time period and intent depict landscapes and battles, very few depict living figures. ` Abd al-Hayy's work contrasts this and his artistic subjects stray from the trends of the 14th century. Of the surviving paintings we can attribute to him, we can see his particular interest in drawing animals, such as ducks and lions.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence
While the evidence to support theories of `Abd al-Hayy's specializations is minimal, the specialization of ink drawings would match the popular miniaturist styles of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. It has been theorized that ʿAbd al-Ḥayy’s monochrome ink style influenced the styles and trends of wall paintings because much of his work is represented monochromatically.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence
ʿAbd al-Ḥayy’s also has non monochromatic work attributed to him, directly defying evidence towards his monochromatic specializations. In one particular art piece, a portrait of a sleeping prince is executed in full color and in a style that is more akin to Jonayd Baḡdādī, another popular miniaturist during that time period. The contradiction between this painting’s style and that attributed to ʿAbd al-Ḥayy has not yet been resolved. One potential conclusion is that the name "`Abd al-Hayy" was not uncommon in 15th and 16th century. Due to this, it is impossible that "`Abd al-Hayy" is a conflation of a multitude of artistic figures.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence
The most significant wall painting that decorated the Timurid Palace and is attributed to Abd al-Hayy is of a woman and child. It is commonly credited to `Abd al-Hayy because of its striking similarity to his marginal drawings in a copy of Ahmad Jalayir's Divan.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Influence
` Abd al-Hayy's artistry and unique style went on to influence artists. For example, `Abd al-Hayy's pupil, Ahmad Jalayir, contributed a black and white drawing to a manuscript of the Abūsa῾īdnāma (“Book of Abu Sa῾id”) at the direct influence of `Abd al-Hayy. In addition, a number of folios that are attributed to the late 14th century and preserved in various albums bear the notation that they were copied from ῾Abd al-Hayy's drawings by Muhammad ibn Mahmud Shah Khayyam.


'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Influence
Another of `Abd al-Hayy's pupils, Ahmad Jalayir created similar monochromatic, black and white drawings to accompany his manuscripts in the Abusa'idnama ('Book of Abu Sa'id'). While texts from the time period do not directly confirm `Abd al-Hayy's involvement nor influence over these manuscripts, many scholars have concluded with firm certainty that these illustrations were done by `Abd al-Hayy. Evidence for this can be seen in the text of the manuscript that states that the unnamed painter, who was assisted by Aḥmad b. Ovays, prepared an Abū Saʿīd-nāma containing black and white drawings, a signature of `Abd al-Hayy. There are also a number of paintings that explicitly state that they were copied from `Abd al-Hayy's drawings, some of which can be dated back to the late 14th century.


'Abd al-Ilah
'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958), was a first cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of Iraq. ' Abd al-Ilah served as regent for King Faisal II from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. He also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943.


'Abd al-Ilah
'Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Royal Family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography
Son and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz, when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority. ' Abd al-Ilah assumed power, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident. He served as Regent for the underage King Faisal II.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
During World War II, Abdul Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'état during World War II against 'Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, 'Abd al-Ilah was replaced as Regent by Sharaf bin Rajeh, an aging, holy-minded relative of Faisal II. The deposed Regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. ' Abd al-Ilah was a guest of Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
On 2 May, the United Kingdom launched an offensive against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that 'Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish "this heavy task".


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
By 2 June, Rashid Ali's "National Defence Government" had collapsed and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. ' Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as Regent.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
Working in tandem with Nuri al-Said, 'Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalistic approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
In 1942, Wendell Willkie traveled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
In 1945, 'Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honoured guest at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman. The Regent of "friendly Iraq" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
In 1953, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
In 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état
In May 1957, Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisel II, 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi king's first ever visit to Iraq, and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 14 July Revolution
During the 14 July Revolution, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the Royal Family. On 14 July 1958, a coup d'état led by Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. The body of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al Rashid street and was cut into pieces.


'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 14 July Revolution
According to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged 'Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body.


'Abd al-Ilah, Private life
In his book Closet Queens, about 20th century British gay politicians, historian and biographer Michael Bloch mentions 'Abd al-Ilah (whom he calls Prince Abdulilah), on page 157, as being homosexual and a close friend of Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton. Bloch says that after 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, "the revolutionaries discovered intimate letters from Lennox-Boyd among the Prince's papers, which they released to the world's press."


'Abd al-Ilah, Private life
On page 159 of the book, Bloch says that Lennox-Boyd and Henry Channon organised a memorial service for their friend, the Prince, in 1958.


'Abd al-Ilah, Military ranks and Awards
He was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout
Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout (died 15 February 2000) was a Palestinian national imprisoned in Syria who was described by Amnesty International as "possibly the longest-serving arbitrarily detained political prisoner in the Middle East". At his death, he was arguably the longest-serving political prisoner in the world.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Prior to arrest
He was formerly a member of Fatah, a mainstream faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Arrest
He was arrested in 1966 and charged with the politically motivated murder of the Palestinian guerrilla leader Yusuf 'Urabi. He denied the charges and alleged he had been tortured for 46 days after his arrest to force him to confess.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Trial and conviction
After a trial described in some quarters as "unfair"[web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE240201998?open&of=ENG-348] he was sentenced to death by a military court.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Order for release
The Syrian Minister of Defence, General Mustafa Tlass, in 1989 ordered his release, but the order was not carried out.


'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Death
He died of cancer in a military hospital on 15 February 2000.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf
'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن عوف)  (c.581 CE – c.654 CE)  was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. One of the wealthiest sahabas, he is known for being one of the Ten Promised Paradise.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Background
His parents were both from the Zuhra clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His father was 'Awf ibn 'Abd-'Awf and his mother was al-Shifaa bint 'Awf.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Background
His original name was Abdu Amr ("servant of Amr"). It was Muhammad who renamed him 'Abd al-Rahman ("servant of the Most Merciful"). It is also said that his original name was Abdul Kaaba. His name has also been transliterated as Abdel Rahman Ibn Auf.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam
Abu Bakr spoke to 'Abd al-Rahman about Islam, then invited him to meet Muhammad, who heard his declaration of faith and taught him the Islamic prayers. This was before the Muslims had entered the house of Al-Arqam; 'Abd al-Rahman was one of the first eight men to accept Islam.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam
From about 614 the pagan Quraysh in Mecca "showed their enmity to all those who followed the apostle; every clan which contained Muslims was attacked." The usual threat to Muslim merchants was: "We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary."


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam
'Abd al-Rahman was one of a pioneering party of fifteen Muslims who emigrated to Abyssinia in 615. Other Muslims joined them later, forming a group of over a hundred. "They were safely ensconced there and grateful for the protection of the Negus; so they could worship Allah without fear, and the Negus had shown them kind gesture and warm hospitality as was foretold by the prophet even before they departed." In late 619 or early 620 "they heard that the Meccans had accepted Islam."


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam
This turned out not to be entirely  true, however a fair number of people did accept Islam as a result of the conversion of both Umar ibn Khattab and the prophet's own paternal uncle, the Lion himself, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib. ' Abd al-Rahman was one of forty who "set out for the homeland. But when they got near Mecca they learned that the report was false, so that they entered the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth."


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Emigration to Medina
In 615 he migrated to Abyssinia and In 622 'Abd al-Rahman joined the general emigration of Muslims to Medina, where he lodged with Saad ibn Al-Rabi until he could re-establish his business.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr
'Abd al-Rahman was friends with Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a stern opponent of Islam. When 'Abd al-Rahman emigrated to Medina, the two reached a written agreement, according to which 'Abd al-Rahman was to protect Umayyah's property and family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect 'Abd al-Rahman's in Mecca. When 'Abd al-Rahman  wanted to sign the document, Umayyah protested, saying "I do not know Ar-Rahman" and requested that the pre-Islamic name "Abdu Amr" should be used, to which 'Abd al-Rahman agreed.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr
The two met again in the Battle of Badr in March 624.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Uhud
Abd al-Rahman was one of those who stood firmly beside Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud when most of the warriors fled.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Invasion of Dumatul-Jandal
In August 626 Muhammad directed 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to raid the Kalb tribe in Daumatul-Jandal, instructing him: “Take it, Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of Allah and kill those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor mutilate, nor kill children. This is Allah's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you.” Muhammad also instructed him on the correct way to wind a turban. ' Abd al-Rahman defeated the Kalbites and extracted from them their declaration of Islam and the payment of the jizya. He then sealed the alliance by marrying the chief's daughter Tamadur bint Al-Asbagh and bringing her back to Medina.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Role in successions to the Caliphate
In August 634 the dying Caliph Abu Bakr called in 'Abd al-Rahman and Uthman to inform them that he had designated Umar ibn al-Khattab as successor.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Role in successions to the Caliphate
In 644 the dying caliph Umar nominated a board of six members (the Council of Shura) to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman was chosen as the third caliph by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Family
He married at least sixteen times and had over thirty known children.


'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Family
'Abd al-Rahman was known as a business sensation during his times. When he was asked about the secret of his success, he replied that he never lifted a stone unless he expected to find gold or silver under it.