106 Herculis
106 Herculis is a variable star in the northern constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. Based on its parallax, it is estimated to lie 383 light-years (117 parsecs) away from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of -35 km/s.


106 Herculis
Eggleton and Tokovinin (2008) listed this as a suspected binary star system consisting of two roughly equal components. It appears as an ageing red giant with a stellar classification of M0III. This is a suspected semiregular variable star with a very small amplitude and a period of 40 days or more. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 44 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 414 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of about 3,789 K.


106 Squadron (Israel)
The 106 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as Spearhead Squadron (Hebrew:טייסת חוד החנית), was created on June 13, 1948, for transportation purposes. The aircraft roster originally had various transport aircraft such as the C-46 Commandos, L-049 Constellations and Douglas C-54 Skymaster. It flew under the cover of a fake airliner company called Lineas Aereas de Panama. It first participated in Operation Balak, but was disbanded in June 1949. The Squadron's aircraft were transferred to an airliner company called Arkia Airlines. It was not reformed until June 11, 1982, and fought in the 1982 Lebanon War. Since the Lebanon War, the Squadron was credited with five aerial victories from 1982-1985. The Squadron's F-15s flew combat air patrols during Desert Storm to screen possible air attacks from the Iraqi Air Force. It currently operates F-15B/C/D fighters out of Tel Nof Airbase.


106 Squadron SAAF
106 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance, command and control and radio relay in crime prevention operations in cooperation with the South African Police. The squadron is based at AFB Bloemspruit. Members of the squadron typically come from nearby areas, so that their knowledge of their patrol area can be utilized in crime prevention.


106 Sul Cine Brasília station
106 Sul Cine Brasília is a Brasília Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 16 September 2020 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceilândia. It is located between 102 Sul and 108 Sul near the Cine Brasília, where took place the annual Brasília Film Festival.


106.0 FM
This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.0 MHz:


106.1 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.1 MHz:


106.2 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.2 MHz:


106.3 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.3 MHz:


106.4 FM Radio Gold
Radio Gold is a radio channel of All India Radio. It is aired in Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Kolkata, and Chennai.


106.4 FM Radio Gold
The 106.4 FM Radio Gold also started its transmission in other centres of Tamil Nadu like Coimbatore, Tuticorin and more recently, in Puducherry.


106.5 Central Radio
Central Radio was a British Independent Local Radio serving the Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas of Lancashire.


106.5 Central Radio
The station launched on 25 September 2008, having changed its name prior to launch from Proud FM, derived from Proud Preston on the city shield to Central Radio in order to better reflect the transmission area. The station was closed at 7 pm on Friday 17 June 2011, prior to the station's merger with Blackburn-based 107 The Bee.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV
Central Radio launched on 25 September 2008. Following Ofcom relaxations on local programming requirements, the station began taking UTV Radio's networked evening and overnight shows in late March 2009.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV
On 16 December 2009, it was announced by owners UTV Media that the station would be closing on Christmas Eve of that year (24 December) and the station's broadcasting licence returned to the UK broadcasting regulator, Ofcom. UTV cited the unfortunate launch of the station in the midst of a recession as a primary reason for the decision, and the station's consequent unprofitability. UTV did not anticipate the station becoming viable for the foreseeable future, saying:


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV
"We won the licence against strong competition, but unfortunately had to launch the station in the middle of the worst recession in memory. We have been looking closely at the station’s viability and unfortunately given the economic climate we have taken the difficult decision to close the station."


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom
On 24 December 2009, the day that Central Radio was scheduled to close, it was announced that a buyer had been found, revealed to be competitor Niocom in January 2010. The company also operated the neighbouring Southport station Dune FM at the time of the sale. On 12 January 2010, the station co-emplaced and began to share resources with sister station Dune FM.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom
A month later, OFCOM granted permission for Central Radio to co-locate with sister station Dune FM in Southport. Programme management, production, administrative, engineering and management resources were to be shared between the two stations, but the programming on Central Radio remained editorially focused on the Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom
In December 2010, Niocom sold Dune FM, and from 1 February 2011 the programming syndication ended with Central Radio becoming as a fully independent service.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UKRD
On 14 June 2011 it was announced that UKRD, owners of the 107 The Bee in neighbouring Blackburn had purchased the Central Radio licence and planned to merge the service with its East Lancashire station 107 The Bee.


106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UKRD
Three days later, Central Radio ceased broadcasting with Drivetime presenter - Leyland born Andy Hilbert - playing the final record, Unforgettable by Nat King Cole. On 1 July 2011, 106.5fm became a simulcast of The Bee but with local news and adverts.


106.5 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.5 MHz:


106.6 FM
This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.6 MHz:In the United Kingdom


106.7 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.7 MHz:


106.7 FM Rockklassiker
Rockklassiker (formerly Classic Hits) started out as a local radio station in Stockholm in 1994, and is today the second largest rock station in Sweden in terms of audience share. Its closest rival is Bandit Rock 106.3, another radio station based in Stockholm that mainly focuses on modern and alternative rock. Rockklassiker was elected "Radio station of the year 2001" by The Swedish Radio Academy.


106.7 FM Rockklassiker
106.7 FM Rockklassiker competes with nine other commercial stations in addition to six Government non-commercial stations. Its target group is 25- to 44-year-old males. Rockklassiker is today the largest radio station in this target. In Average Quarters (AQ) Rockklassiker is the 2nd largest commercial radio station in the market. Rockklassiker has been a consistent high performer in the ratings over the last couple of years.


106.8 FM
This is a list of notable radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.8 MHz:


106.9 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.9 MHz:


1060
Year 1060 (MLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1060 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1060 kHz: 1060 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KYW Philadelphia and XEEP Mexico City share Class A status on 1060 kHz.


1060 Magnolia
1060 Magnolia, provisional designation 1925 PA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 August 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant magnolia.


1060 Magnolia, Orbit and classification
Magnolia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days; semi-major axis of 2.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1060 Magnolia, Orbit and classification
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1925, or one month after its official discovery observation.


1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics
Pan-STARRS' photometric survey characterizes Magnolia as a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.


1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Several rotational lightcurves of Magnolia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1992. The best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomers Jacques Michelet and Maurice Audejean gave a relatively short rotation period of 2.9107 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3).


1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Magnolia measures between 5.23 and 9.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.173 and 0.47.


1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.2839 and a diameter of 7.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.71.


1060 Magnolia, Naming
This minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants, magnolia, which was in turn named after Pierre Magnol. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1060 Magnolia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1060 aluminium alloy
1060 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the "commercially pure" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). It is fundamentally very similar to 1050 aluminium alloy, with the difference coming down to 0.1% aluminium by weight. However, while both 1050 and 1060 are covered by the same ISO standard, they are covered by different ASTM standards.


1060 aluminium alloy
As a wrought alloy, it is typically formed by extrusion or rolling. It is commonly used in the electrical and chemical industries, on account of having high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and workability. It has low mechanical strength compared to more significantly alloyed metals. It can be strengthened by cold working, but not by heat treatment.


1060 aluminium alloy
Alternate designations include Al99.6 and A91060. It is described in the following standards:


10603
10603 wire is an electrical hook up wire that meets military specifications. The wire has come into high demand in recent years because of its exceptional features and widespread usability.


10603
10603 wire is an HTXE military wire and meets Army Drawing 12293251. The hook up wire is a special purpose wire with double insulation. The wire is often used in ground vehicles and meets U.S. Army requirements for armored vehicles. 10603 wire has good fuel and oil resistance.


10603
Often requested parts include 10603-10, 10603-8, 10603-4, 10603-2, 10603-1, 10603-0 and 10603-00.


10603
Colors and color code designators for 10603 hook up wire will usually be in accordance with MIL-STD-681, a standard that sets up identification coding systems for insulated hook up wire used in electrical equipment by the Departments of the Army, Navy and Air Force.


1060s
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:04, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1060s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1060s
The 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069.


1060s BC
The 1060s BC is a decade which lasted from 1069 BC to 1060 BC.


1060s in art
The decade of the 1060s in art involved some significant events.


1060s in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1060s in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:


1060s in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1061
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 08:13, 8 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1061). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1061
Year 1061 (MLXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1061 Paeonia
1061 Paeonia, provisional designation 1925 TB, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 km (12 mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8 hours and is likely very elongated. It was named after the flowering plant Paeonia, commonly known as peony.


1061 Paeonia, Orbit and classification
Paeonia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis.


1061 Paeonia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days; semi-major axis of 3.12 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Simeiz Observatory in September 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in November 1925, or one month after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1061 Paeonia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the genus of flowering plants, Paeonia, which comprises all perennial peony plants. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1061 Paeonia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Paeonia is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for the Themistians.


1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
In December 1986, a rotational lightcurve of Paeonia was obtained from photometric observations by American physicist Frederick Pilcher at Illinois College. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 6 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=2-). Only a lower limit could be determined due to the short observation period. The observer noted that the brightness variation occurred within 2 hours or less. In 2014, Pilcher revisited Paeonia at his Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) and measured a refined period of 7.9971 hours with an amplitude of 1.00 magnitude (U=n.a. ), a strong indication for an elongated shape.


1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole
A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave an identical sidereal period of 7.9971 hours, as well as a spin axis at (155.0°, −50.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).


1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Paeonia measures between 18.63 and 23.092 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.048 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 17.95 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.09.


1061 papal election
The 1061 papal election was held on 30 September 1061 in San Pietro in Vincoli ("Saint Peter in Chains") in Rome, following the death of Pope Nicholas II. In accordance with Nicholas II's bull, In Nomine Domini, the cardinal bishops were the sole electors of the pope for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, a non-cardinal and one of the founders of the Pataria, was elected Pope Alexander II and crowned at nightfall on 1 October 1061 in San Pietro in Vincoli Basilica because opposition to the election made a coronation in St. Peter's Basilica impossible.


1061 papal election, Description
Anselmo had the support of his friend Cardinal Hildebrand, a driving force behind the promulgation of In Nomine Domini and the future Pope Gregory VII, Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and the Norman forces of Robert Guiscard, present at the election in fulfilment of a security guarantee Guiscard had made to Nicholas II when appointed Duke of Apulia and Calabria. Although Anselmo was well-known and respected within the German court, the assent of the Holy Roman Emperor to the election was not sought.


1061 papal election, Description
Displeased with the new process, a group of Roman nobles and Lombard bishops, let by Guibert, the royal chancellor of Italy, beseeched Agnes de Poitou, empress-regent of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, to nominate Bishop Pietro Cadalo to succeed Nicholas II. Cadalo was elected Antipope Honorius II at a synod convoked at Basle on 28 October 1061, at which no cardinals were present.


1061 papal election, Description
Antipope Honorius II proceeded to march on Rome, defeating Alexander II and taking control of St. Peter's Basilica and its environs on 14 April 1062. The intervention of Godfrey III convinced Honorius II and Alexander II to retire to Parma and Lucca respectively, awaiting mediation between Godfrey III and the Imperial court. However, Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne had engineered a coup d'état against the empress regent. As regent, Anno convened the Council of Augsburg (October 1062) and sent Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt as an envoy to Rome. Burchard cleared Alexander II of charges of simony and recognized him as the new pontiff.


1061 papal election, Description
Alexander II excommunicated Honorius II in 1063, but after a counter-synod Honorius II was able to establish himself in Castel Sant'Angelo and wage war against Alexander II for another year before fleeing again to Parma. The Synod of Mantua (Pentecost, 31 May 1064) anathematized Cadalo and declared Alexander II the rightful pope.


1062
Year 1062 (MLXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1062 ABC Riverland
ABC Riverland is an ABC Local Radio station based in Renmark, South Australia, broadcasting to the Riverland and Mallee region.


1062 ABC Riverland, History
The station began broadcasting as 5MV on 31 July 1957. It was established to provide radio programs to people in regional and rural communities, to match it with that of the capital city stations.


1062 ABC Riverland, History
It was originally earmarked for a 1956 establishment, but it was delayed due to the Murray River Flood of that year. It originally carried a hybrid range of programming, which consisted of local news and rural information. The first regional manager was W. Passek, the first journalist was Fred Sanderson and the first rural reporter was Clem Holdsworth.


1062 ABC Riverland, History
Throughout the decades, more local programs fluctuated on the schedule of the station, and in 1989, along with the launch of the station's first current affairs morning program, the station introduced a non-English show, "The Voice of Greece", which was hosted by Jim Grifsas. The station also went through a number of frequency changes throughout its history. They were originally on 1593 AM, before switching to 1305 AM in December 1988, before settling with its current frequency, 1062 AM in November 1996 when Radio National (RN) began broadcasting to the region.


1062 ABC Riverland, History
In the late 1980s the station's studios relocated to a street-front at 8 Ral Ral Avenue. A second renovation took place in 2002 when three separate studios were adjoined together into one building, which resulted in a large and open office layout.


1062 ABC Riverland, History
The station was also the first regional radio station in Australia to get digital equipment installed.


1062 ABC Riverland, Local programming
When local programs are not broadcast the station is a relay of 891 ABC Adelaide.


1062 ABC Riverland, Staff
As of 2021, there are a total of six full-time staff and several casuals at ABC Riverland.


1062 Ljuba
1062 Ljuba, provisional designation 1925 TD, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 58 kilometers (36 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 11 October 1925, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after female paratrooper Ljuba Berlin, who died at an early age. The C-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 33.8 hours.


1062 Ljuba, Orbit and classification
Ljuba is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,902 days; semi-major axis of 3 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1062 Ljuba, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed as A904 TB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1904. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in February 1929, or 16 months after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.


1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Ljuba is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.


1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In October 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Ljuba was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Walter Cooney at this Blackberry Observatory (929) in Port Allen, Louisiana. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 33.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3). Lower-rated lightcurves by Richard Binzel, René Roy and Laurent Bernasconi gave a somewhat longer period of 36, 41.5 and 42 hours, respectively (U=1/2/1). While not being a slow rotator, Ljuba's period is significantly longer than that for most other   asteroids, which rotate every 2–20 hours once around their axis.


1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ljuba measures between 51.017 and 60.80 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.060 and 0.12.


1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0668 and a diameter of 55.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.85.


1062 Ljuba, Naming
This minor planet was named after Soviet parachutist Ljuba Berlin (1915–1936). The asteroids (1084) and (1086) were also named after Soviet female paratroopers, namely, Tamara Ivanova (1912–1936) and Nata Babushkina (1915–1936), respectively.


1063
Year 1063 (MLXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1063 Aquilegia
1063 Aquilegia, provisional designation 1925 XA, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 December 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Aquilegia (columbine).


1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification
Aquilegia is a non-family background asteroid when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on more generic considerations, it has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.


1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days; semi-major axis of 2.31 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.


1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification
First observed as A906 KA at Heidelberg in May 1906, the body's observation arc begins with a precovery  taken in July 1907, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation.


1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics
Aquilegia has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey, which indicates that it is indeed a background asteroid rather than a member of the stony Flora family.


1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In February 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Aquilegia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.792 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.75 magnitude (U=3), indicative for a non-spherical shape. Previous observations by Richard Binzel in May 1984 gave a similar period of 5.79 hours and an amplitude of 0.93 magnitude (U=2).


1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aquilegia measures between 11.288 and 18.93 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.139 and 0.389.


1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1572 and a diameter of 17.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.


1063 Aquilegia, Naming
This minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants of the buttercup family, Aquilegia, which is commonly known as "columbine". The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1063 Aquilegia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1064
Year 1064 (MLXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1064 Aethusa
1064 Aethusa, provisional designation 1926 PA, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 August 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the plant Aethusa cynapium (fool's parsley).


1064 Aethusa, Orbit and classification
Aethusa is a background asteroid with no associated asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,481 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The observation arc begins at Heidelberg/Simeiz Observatory two nights after the asteroid's official discovery observation.


1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics
Aethusa is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner part of the central asteroid belt.


1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Aethusa was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy at Blauvac Observatory (627). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.916 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2), while in March 2006, astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide observatory in Colorado, United States, obtained a shorter period of 8.621 hours and an amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).


1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aethusa measures between 17.42 and 25.361 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.160 and 0.3202.


1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a high albedo of 0.2952 and a diameter of 18.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.


1064 Aethusa, Naming
This minor planet was named after the genus "Aethusa" in the carrot family, of which the plant Aethusa cynapium – commonly known as fool's parsley, fool's cicely, or poison parsley – is the only member. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


10645 Brač
10645 Brač, provisional designation 1999 ES4, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1999, by Croatian astronomer Korado Korlević at Višnjan Observatory, and named after the Croatian island of Brač.


10645 Brač, Classification and orbit
The asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,583 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 37 years prior to discovery.


10645 Brač, Physical characteristics
In October 2014, photometric observations by Italian astronomer Silvano Casulli gave a rotational lightcurve with a period of 2.78592±0.00003 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.31 in magnitude (U=3-). Three weeks later, a second lightcurve was obtained at the U.S. Etscorn Campus Observatory in New Mexico, rendering a concurring period of 2.785±0.005 with an identical variation in brightness (U=3-).


10645 Brač, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 10.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.202±0.038, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 9.6 kilometers. A large-scale survey by Pan-STARRS (PS1) assigns an LS-type, an intermediary spectral type between the common, stony S-types and the rather rare and reddish L-type asteroids.


10645 Brač, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Croatian island of Brač, the largest Dalmatian island in the Adriatic sea, and the place where the Blaca hermitage Observatory is located. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55720).


1065
Year 1065 (MLXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1065 Amundsenia
1065 Amundsenia, provisional designation 1926 PD, is an stony asteroid and sizeable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the inner asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 August 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.


1065 Amundsenia, Orbit and classification
Amundsenia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a member of the dynamically unstable group, located between the main belt and near-Earth populations, and crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It orbits the Sun in the innermost asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,325 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory with its official discovery observation in 1926.


1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Amundsenia is a common stony S-type asteroid.


1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Amundsenia was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.7594 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.16 magnitude (U=3).


1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Amundsenia measures between 8.85 and 12.40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.151 and 0.399. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 9.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.46.


1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
With a diameter of approximately 10 kilometers, Amundsenia is one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids such as 1139 Atami (9.35 km), 1474 Beira (14.9 km), 1011 Laodamia (7.39 km), 1727 Mette (est 9 km), 1131 Porzia (7.13 km), 1235 Schorria (est. 9 km), 985 Rosina (8.18 km) 1310 Villigera (15.24 km), and 1468 Zomba (7 km); but still smaller than the largest members of this group, namely, 132 Aethra, 323 Brucia, 1508 Kemi, 2204 Lyyli and 512 Taurinensis, which are larger than 20 kilometers in diameter (in one or other given source).


1065 Amundsenia, Naming
This minor planet was named after Roald Amundsen (1872–1928), the prolific Norwegian polar explorer of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. He was the first to reach the South Pole in December 1911. He died during the rescue mission of Airship Italia in 1928. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). He is also honored by a lunar crater Amundsen.


10656 Albrecht
10656 Albrecht (prov. designation: 2213 T-1) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was named after German astronomer Carl Theodor Albrecht.


10656 Albrecht, Discovery
Albrecht was discovered on 25 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 18 years prior to its discovery.


10656 Albrecht, Discovery
The special designation T-1 stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio of astronomers are credited with the discovery of 4,620 minor planets.


10656 Albrecht, Classification and orbit
The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,066 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.of 2.9–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,070 days). Its orbit is tilted by 9° to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.09.


10656 Albrecht, Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer Carl Theodor Albrecht (1843–1915), who was instrumental in establishing the International Latitude Service (ILS) in 1899. The ILS was located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute in Berlin. Albrecht was also the first director of the ILS. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 November 2002 (M.P.C. 47167).


10656 Albrecht, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in October 2013. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 14.4899±0.0684 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 in magnitude (U=2).


10656 Albrecht, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 7.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 12.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.19.


1066
1066 (MLXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.


1066 (book)
1066: The Year of the Conquest is a 1977 historical nonfiction book by David Armine Howarth. 1066 was the year of the Norman conquest of England culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The book spans the eventful year from Edward the Confessor's death to William the Conqueror's coronation.


1066 (book), Reception
The Washington Post called the book "brilliantly imaginative", and lauded Howarth for avoiding presentism. Kirkus Reviews noted Howarth's "nostalgia for roughshod feudalism", and lack of "importantly new scholarship", but overall praised the energy of his narrative.


1066 Country Walk
The 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom.


1066 Country Walk, Length of the route
The 1066 Country Walk runs for 50 kilometres (31 mi).


1066 Country Walk, The route
The route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex.


1066 Country Walk, The route
The walk is mainly low level and passes through rolling countryside beside oast houses, windmills and parts of the Weald.


1066 Granada massacre
The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela
Joseph ibn Naghrela, or Joseph ha-Nagid (Hebrew: רבי יהוסף בן שמואל הלוי הנגיד Ribbi Yehosef ben Shemu'el ha-Lewi ha-Nagid; Arabic: ابو حسين بن النغريلة Abu Hussein bin Naghrela) (15 September 1035 – 30 December 1066), was a vizier to the Berber taifa king Badis al-Muzaffar of Granada, during the Moorish rule of Al-Andalus, and the nagrid, or leader of the Iberian Jews.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career
Joseph was born in Granada, the eldest son of Rabbi and famous poet and warrior Sh'muel ha-Nagid.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career
Some information about his childhood and upbringing is preserved in the collection of his father's Hebrew poetry in which Joseph writes that he began copying at the age of eight and a half. For example, he tells how once (at nine and a half, in the spring of 1045) he accompanied his father to the battlefield, only to suffer from severe homesickness, about which he wrote a short poem.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career
His primary school teacher was his father. On the basis of a letter to Rabbi Nissim Gaon attributed to him, in which Joseph refers to himself as R' Nissim's disciple, it is possible to infer that he also studied under R' Nissim at Kairouan. In 1049, Joseph married Rabbi Nissim's daughter.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career
After the death of his father, Joseph succeeded him as vizier and rabbi, directing at the same time an important yeshiva. Among his students were Rabbi Isaac ben Baruch ibn Albalia and Rabbi Isaac ibn Ghayyat.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career
When the King, Badis and his heir Bulluggin, were poisoned and died in 1073, it was loudly rumored that Joseph had done it himself. Things only worsened for him from there. He launched into a series of backfired intrigues, mishandled and misjudged situations, resulting in the kingdom sliding into crisis.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character
Rabbi Abraham ibn Daud describes Joseph in highly laudatory terms, saying that he lacked none of his father's good qualities, except that he was not quite as humble, having been brought up in luxury.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character
The 1906 edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia states, "Arabic chroniclers relate that he believed neither in the faith of his fathers nor in any other faith. It may also be doubted that he openly declared the principles of Islam to be absurd." Arabic poets also praised his liberality.


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character
The Jewish Encyclopedia also reported that Joseph "completely ruled King Badis, who was nearly always drunk, and surrounded him with spies".


1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character
Muslim leaders accused him of several acts of violence, which drew upon him the hatred of the Berbers, the ruling majority at Granada. The most bitter among his many enemies was Abu Ishak of Elvira, who hoped to obtain an office at court and wrote a malicious poem against Joseph and his fellow Jews. The poem made little impression upon the king, who trusted Joseph implicitly, but it created a great sensation among the Berbers.


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
In hopes of attaining his father's dream, Joseph sent messengers to the ruler of the neighboring kingdom of Almeria, Ibn Sumadih, a traditional enemy of Granada. He promised to open the gates of the city to the king's army if he promised to install Joseph as king in exchange for his submission and allegiance. At the last moment, Ibn Sumadih pulled out, and on the eve of the supposed invasion, word of the plot got out. When word reached the populace, people claimed that he killed the king and was about to betray the kingdom.


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
On 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827), Muslim mobs stormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge, captured and crucified him. In the ensuing massacre of the Jewish population, many Jews of Granada were murdered. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia claims, "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day." However, the 1971 edition does not give precise casualty figures. That was possibly because the accounts of the massacre could not be verified, and as over 900 years had passed, it was subject to hyperbole. The Encyclopaedia Judaica also confirms the figures : "According to a later testimony, "more than 1,500 householders" were killed".


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
Joseph's wife fled to Lucena, Córdoba, with her son Azariah, where she was supported by the community. Azariah, however, died in early youth.


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
According to the historian Bernard Lewis, the massacre is "usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier".


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
Particularly instructive in this respect is an ancient anti-Jewish poem of Abu Ishaq, written in Granada in 1066. This poem, which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti-Jewish outbreak of that year, contains these specific lines:


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
Lewis continues: "Diatribes such as Abu Ishaq's and massacres such as that in Granada in 1066 are of rare occurrence in Islamic history".


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
The episode has been characterized as a pogrom. Walter Laqueur writes, "Jews could not as a rule attain public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as in Granada in 1066".


1066 Granada massacre, Massacre
Erika Spivakovsky questions the death rate, suspecting it to be an example of "the usual hyperbole in numerical estimates, with which history abounds."


1066 Granada massacre, Bibliography
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1066 Lobelia
1066 Lobelia, provisional designation 1926 RA, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Lobelia (lobelias).


1066 Lobelia, Orbit and classification
Lobelia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,360 days; semi-major axis of 2.40 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.


1066 Lobelia, Orbit and classification
The asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg as A911 QB in August 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory in October 1926, one month after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.


1066 Lobelia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lobelia was obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown.


1066 Lobelia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lobelia measures 6.014 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has a high albedo of 0.488.


1066 Lobelia, Naming
This minor planet was named after the Indian tobacco flower, Lobelia, a genus of flowering plants also known as lobelias. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1066 Lobelia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1066 The Battle for Middle Earth
1066: The Battle for Middle Earth is a two-part British television documentary series. In this blend of historical drama and original source material, Channel 4 re-imagines the story of this decisive year of the Norman conquest of England, not from the saddles of kings and conquerors, but through the eyes of ordinary people caught up in its events. The documentary was narrated by actor Sir Ian Holm.


1066 The Battle for Middle Earth
The series focuses on the Sussex village of Crowhurst, which Director Justin Hardy learned about from the Domesday Book, England's earliest surviving public record. Located between the coast and Hastings, the little village was, according to the book, "laid to waste" in 1066. In the series, it serves as the hometown for the fictional peasant soldiers Tofi, Leofric, and Ordgar, whose names are actual Anglo-Saxon names from the period. Viewers may assume that the programme's title refers to The Lord of the Rings books, but Hardy chose "Middle Earth" because Anglo-Saxons frequently used the term to describe their world. He notes that J. R. R. Tolkien, an Oxford professor of Anglo-Saxon, used it, along with other Anglo-Saxon words, for the same reasons.


1066 and All That
1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, Comprising All the Parts You Can Remember, Including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates is a tongue-in-cheek reworking of the history of England. Written by W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman and illustrated by John Reynolds, it first appeared serially in Punch magazine, and was published in book form by Methuen & Co. Ltd. in 1930.


1066 and All That, Setting and background
Raphael Samuel saw 1066 and All That as a product of the post-First World War debunking of British greatness, very much in the tradition of Eminent Victorians (1918): as he put it, "that much underrated anti-imperialist tract 1066 and All That punctured the more bombastic claims of drum-and-trumpet history".


1066 and All That, Setting and background
Both the Tory view of a 'great man' history, and the liberal pieties of Whig history are undermined in the work, in the (then contemporary) style of such serious historians as Namier and Herbert Butterfield. With its conflation of history and memory, and its deconstruction of "standard" historical narrative lines, the book can also be seen as an early post-modernist text.


1066 and All That, Overview
The book is a parody of the style of history teaching in English schools at the time, in particular of Our Island Story. It purports to contain "all the History you can remember", and, in sixty-two chapters, covers the history of England from Roman times through 1066 "and all that", up to the end of World War I, at which time "America was thus clearly Top Nation, and history came to a .". The book is full of examples of half-remembered and mixed-up facts.


1066 and All That, Overview
Although the subtitle states that the book comprises "103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates", the book's preface mentions that originally four dates were planned, but last-minute research revealed that two of them were not memorable. The two dates that are referenced in the book are 1066, the date of the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England (Chapter XI), and 55 BC, the date of the first Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar (Chapter I).


1066 and All That, Overview
However, when the date of the Roman invasion is given, it is immediately followed by the date that Caesar was "compelled to invade Britain again the following year (54 BC, not 56, owing to the peculiar Roman method of counting)". Despite the confusion of dates the Roman Conquest is the first of 103 historical events in the book characterised as a Good Thing, "since the Britons were only natives at that time".


1066 and All That, Overview
Chapter II begins "that long succession of Waves of which History is chiefly composed", the first of which, here, is composed of Ostrogoths, Visigoths, mere Goths, Vandals, and Huns. Later examples are the "Wave of Saints", who include the Venomous Bead (Chapter III); "Waves of Pretenders", usually divided into smaller waves of two: an Old Pretender and a Young Pretender (Chapter XXX); plus the "Wave of Beards" in the Elizabethan era (Chapter XXXIII).


1066 and All That, Overview
According to Sellar and Yeatman, in English history kings are either "Good" or "Bad". The first "Good King" is the confusingly differentiated King Arthur/Alfred (Chapter V). Bad kings include King John, who when he came to the throne showed how much he deserved this epithet when he "lost his temper and flung himself on the floor, foaming at the mouth and biting the rushes" (Chapter XVIII).


1066 and All That, Overview
The death of Henry I from "a surfeit of palfreys" (recorded in other historical works as a "surfeit of lampreys", Chapter XIII) proves to be a paradigmatic case of the deaths of later monarchs through a surfeit of over-eating or other causes. Other memorable monarchs include the Split King (Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2) and Broody Mary.


1066 and All That, Overview
Memorable events in English history include the Disillusion of the Monasteries (Chapter XXXI); the struggle between the Cavaliers (characterised as "Wrong but Wromantic") and the Roundheads (characterised as "Right but Repulsive") in the English Civil War (Chapter XXXV); and The Industrial Revelation (Chapter XLIX).


1066 and All That, Overview
The book also contains five joke "Test Papers" interspersed among the chapters, which contain nonsense instructions including the famous "Do not on any account attempt to write on both sides of the paper at once" (Test Paper V), and "Do not attempt to answer more than one question at a time" (Test Paper I) and such unanswerable questions as "How far did the Lords Repellent drive Henry III into the arms of Pedro the Cruel? (Protractors may not be used.)" (Test Paper II).


1066 and All That, Musical comedy
In 1935, the musical comedy 1066 – and all that: A Musical Comedy based on that Memorable History by Sellar and Yeatman was produced. The book and lyrics were by Reginald Arkell; the music was composed by Alfred Reynolds. It was revived at the Palace Theatre, London, in 1945.


1066 and All That, Musical comedy
The narrative for the musical is based on the idea of an Everyman character, the Common Man, who is visiting a waxworks museum. He experiences some of the major events and characters of British history, starting with the Romans. "What good did history ever do me?" moans the Common Man.


1066 and All That, Musical comedy
While his wife and son traipse round the waxworks, he dreams the waxworks come to life, singing and dancing and recalling the events and characters first met in dry-as-dust school lessons that are most likely to stick, however imperfectly, in an everyman-school-student's mind: Alfred burning the cakes; Canute inventing sea bathing; King John losing his washing, and Henry VI marrying VIII wives – or vice versa. From the Roman Conquest to the Modern Era of automobiles.


1066 and All That, Musical comedy
A chorus of Roman soldiers sing about "Going home", and being "on the road that leads to Rome. / We've been to Gaul, we've been to Spain / And now we're going home again / Rome, sweet home". Later a chorus of monks sing about the horrors of meatless Friday meals in the abbey. A Puritan and a Cavalier sing a jaunty, flirting ditty, and so on.


1066 and All That, Musical comedy
At the end, the Common Man is run down by a passing taxi, and the Finale reprises the "Going home" song with suitably modified lyrics.


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
1066 and All That inspired Paul Manning's 1984 and All That, dealing with the subsequent history of Britain and the rest of the world up to 1984, and written in the same style, with similar prose, illustrations and tests. ("What caused the Wall Street Crash? Speculate wildly.") The title echoes George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Ned Sherrin and Neil Shand wrote a sequel 1956 and All That, with the subtitle a memorable history of England since the war to end all wars (Two).


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Scoular Anderson has written a humorous history of Scotland in two volumes: 1314 and All That and 1745 and All That. Although the titles reflect Sellar and Yeatman's work, the style of writing and illustration is very different.


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
In 2005 Craig Brown released 1966 and All That, which copied the book's style (including elements like the end of chapter tests), recounting the remainder of the 20th century. In 2006 the book was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in four parts.


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Richard Armour's book It All Started With Columbus (1953, revised 1961) treats the history of the United States, from 1492 to the presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, in a manner that owes a great deal to Sellar and Yeatman ("Ferdinand and Isabella refused to believe the world was round, even when Columbus showed them an egg"). Acknowledging the debt, Armour dedicated his book to Sellar and Yeatman.


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Dave Barry's 1989 book Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States is another treatment of American history reminiscent of 1066 and All That, though Sellar and Yeatman are not acknowledged. ("The first major president to be elected after the War of 1812 was President Monroe Doctrine, who became famous by developing the policy for which he is named.")


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Matthew Sturgis' book 1992 and All This (Macmillan, 1991) is a "humorous look at Europe in preparation for 1992 when Britain officially becomes part of the Continent. Much of the humour focuses on the differences between the British and the Europeans."


1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066
Malcolm Knox's 2009 book 1788 Words or Less gives a Sellar and Yeatman-esque twist to the history of Australia.


10660 Felixhormuth
10660 Felixhormuth, provisional designation 4348 T-1, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after German astronomer Felix Hormuth.


10660 Felixhormuth, Orbit and classification
Felixhormuth is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,047 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar with its official discovery observation in March 1971.


10660 Felixhormuth, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Felixhormuth measures 7.153 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.104.


10660 Felixhormuth, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Felixhormuth has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole axis and shape remain unknown.


10660 Felixhormuth, Survey designation
The survey designation "T-1" stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory conducted in 1971. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.


10660 Felixhormuth, Naming
This minor planet was named after German astronomer Felix Hormuth (born 1975), a prolific discoverer of minor planets, who worked as an instrumental developer at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Hormuth is a noted supporter of the Faulkes Telescope Educational Project. The asteroid's name was proposed by astronomers Lothar Kurtze and Lutz Schmadel, who are themselves discoverers of minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59385).


1067
Year 1067 (MLXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1067 Lunaria
1067 Lunaria, provisional designation 1926 RG, is a stony Itha asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Lunaria (honesty).


1067 Lunaria, Orbit and classification
Lunaria is a member of the Itha family, a very small family of asteroids, named after its parent body 918 Itha.


1067 Lunaria, Orbit and classification
It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,777 days; semi-major axis of 2.87 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1926, one month after its official discovery observation.


1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics
Lunaria has been characterized as both L- and S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The overall spectral type for the Itha family is that of a stony S-type.


1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In July 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Lunaria was obtained by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.74 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=2). In September 2004, Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory (I00) derived a refined period of 6.057 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude from photometric observations (U=3).


1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lunaria measures between 15.43 and 22.968 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1240 and 0.298.


1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 18.07 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.08.


1067 Lunaria, Naming
This minor planet was named after Lunaria (commonly known as "honesty"), a flowering plant in the mustard family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).


1067 Lunaria, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers
Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were exclusively named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).


1068
Year 1068 (MLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1068 Near East earthquake
The 1068 Near East earthquake, or more likely two successive events in adjacent parts of the same region, occurred on the morning of 18 March and on 29 May, 1068 in the Near East, and are often amalgamated by contemporary sources. The first event had its epicentre somewhere in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula around Tabuk, while the second had its worse effect on the city of Ramla in Palestine, some 500 km farther northwest.


1068 Near East earthquake
The March earthquake affected the southern portion of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system. The combined events were responsible for an estimated 20,000 deaths, of which some 15,000 only in Ramla, and caused damage in Greater Syria including Palestine where a tsunami made victims on the Mediterranean coast, in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and in areas to the east along the Euphrates such as al-Rahba and Kufa. Other strong earthquakes have occurred on the southern portion of the DST throughout history, impacting the wider region.


1068 Near East earthquake, Geological setting
The Dead Sea Transform (DST) is a 1,000 km (620 mi) transform fault that spans from the Red Sea in the south to the East Anatolian Fault in Turkey to the north. The southern extent of the DST is known as the Wadi Araba fault (after the Arabah valley). This portion of the DST runs 160 kilometers (99 mi) from north of Aqaba/Eilat to south of the Dead Sea and has a slip rate of 4 mm ±2 mm per year. The temporal pattern of large events has not been clarified yet, with only four well-documented large earthquakes reported in the Araba valley over the last few thousands of years occurring in 1068, 1212, 1293 and 1458 CE.


1068 Near East earthquake, Geological setting
In 1998, Zilberman thought to locate the epicentre of the 1068 event at the Avrona playa, i.e. in the southern part of the Arava Valley. Ambraseys (2005) separates between a March event with the epicentre near Tabuk, and a May event closer to Ramla.


1068 Near East earthquake, Effects
The earthquake's effects were seen from as far north as Banias at the southern foot of Mount Hermon, to the Hejaz region of modern-day Saudi Arabia. The ancient city of Ayla, located at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba where modern Aqaba stands today, was destroyed. Palaeoseismic investigations have revealed more than 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) of fault rupture, beginning just north of Aqaba/Eilat, that were dated between 900 and 1,000 years before present. A magnitude of at least 7.0 was presented based on the reported damage and the extent of the observed fault breaks.


1068 Near East earthquake, Effects
Alarm was caused at Saint Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula, and there was damage in the ancient city of Tinnis in the Nile delta, but not farther to the west along the Egyptian coast in Alexandria. In Cairo the only damage was to a corner of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat. Seismologist Nicholas Ambraseys described one account of the effects at Ramla as destructive and with a large loss of life (15,000 deaths, 200 of which were boys at a school).


1068 Near East earthquake, Effects
He also expounded on the effects to the north in Banias, where 100 were killed, and in Jerusalem, where the roof of the Dome of the Rock was "displaced and then returned to its former position". Those that were affected by the heavy damage in Ramla apparently migrated to Jerusalem, which indicated to Ambraseys that the effects there were otherwise minimal.


1068 Near East earthquake, Other events
In addition to the event in 1068, the southern portion of the DST has experienced three other historical events (all having an estimated magnitude of 6.5–7.0) with two in the northern section near the Dead Sea, and one closer to Aqaba. The event in 1212 caused significant damage to towns in the Arabah Valley as well as the destruction of a church on the Sinai Peninsula. In 1293, near the southern portion of the Dead Sea, an earthquake destroyed three towers of a castle and caused damage between the Dead Sea and Gaza.


1068 Near East earthquake, Other events
In 1458, another event again affected the southern Dead Sea area, this time causing a 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) left-lateral offset at Qasr at-Tilah ("Tilah Castle", a Roman or Early Byzantine square fort, ca. 25 km south of the Dead Sea). The fort was built across the fault and the building that housed the water tank sustained the displacement.


1068 Nofretete
1068 Nofretete (/nɒfrəˈtiːtə/), provisional designation 1926 RK, is a stony asteroid from the background population in the outer asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1926, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the Ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti by its German name "Nofretete". The near-Earth asteroid 3199 Nefertiti is also named after her.


1068 Nofretete, Orbit and classification
Nofretete is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,810 days; semi-major axis of 2.91 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in September 1926, three nights after its official discovery observation.


1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics
Nofretete has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by American astronomer Richard Binzel.


1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Nofretete was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel which gave a rotation period of 6.15 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.04 magnitude, indicative for a nearly spheroidal shape (U=2).


1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nofretete measures between 21.346 and 26.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.104 and 0.1832.


1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 22.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65.


1068 Nofretete, Naming
This minor planet was named by German astronomer Gustav Stracke after the Ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti (c.1370 – c.1330 BC) by its common German name "Nofretete". She was the wife of pharaoh Akhenaten (a.k.a. Echnaton or Amenhotep IV), after whom the asteroid 4847 Amenhotep is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). The near-Earth asteroid 3199 Nefertiti, discovered by American astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar, was also named after her.


1068 Wallace
1068 Wallace (845 Bobier x 898 Knauss) was an Atlantic Giant pumpkin grown by Ron Wallace in Rhode Island, United States during 2003. The fruit's progeny includes dozens of other pumpkins over 1,000 pounds, including the 1502 Wallace in 2006, at the time the heaviest pumpkin in the world. Its seeds have been described as the most sought-after of their kind, and have sold for $850 apiece at auction.


1068 Wallace
The Digimon NoblePumpkinmon has an attack named "Trick or Treat Wallace", in which it summons giant pumpkins, in reference to the 1068 Wallace.


1068 Wallace, Further reading
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1069
Year 1069 (MLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


1069 Planckia
1069 Planckia, provisional designation 1927 BC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1927, by astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after German physicist Max Planck.


1069 Planckia, Orbit and classification
Planckia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,019 days; semi-major axis of 3.13 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in February 1927, or 10 days after its official discovery observation.


1069 Planckia, Naming
This minor planet was named after noted German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947), on the commemoration of his 80th birthday. He was a professor of physics at Berlin University and the founder of quantum mechanics. In 1918, he received the Nobel prize in Physics. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). He is also honored by a lunar crater Planck.


1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Planckia is a common, stony S-type asteroid.


1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
Between 2000 and 2010, several rotational lightcurves of Planckia were obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner, Jérôme Caron and René Roy (U=2/3/3/2/2-). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 8.665 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.42 magnitude.


1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Planckia measures between 35.657 and 44.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1771 and 0.219.


1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1982 and a diameter of 39.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.4.


106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery
106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and has sub-units throughout the South of England. The Regiment's role is Close Air Defence and it was part of the Joint Ground Based Air Defence (Jt GBAD) formation, later 7 Air Defence Group and uses the Starstreak missile. Two Batteries will be armoured and will operate in support of maneuver forces whilst one Battery will be equipped with the lightweight LML version. The Regiment is paired with 12 Regiment Royal Artillery for training, exercise and operations.


106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History
The regiment was formed in 1999 as 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). Its units were 202 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Battery at Bury St Edmunds (transferred from 100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery), 265 (Home Counties) Battery at Grove Park in London (also transferred from 100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery), 269 (West Riding) Battery at Leeds and 457 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery at Southampton. 202 Battery and 269 Battery left the regiment in 2006.


106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History
Under the initial Army 2020 reforms, this regiment has three batteries of missiles. 210 (Staffordshire) Battery Royal Artillery subordinated to 103 (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery and re-roled as a light gun regiment. A new battery, 295 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery Royal Artillery, was formed in Portsmouth. 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment RA paired with 12 Regiment RA and came under the Joint Ground-Based Air Defence Command. Initially, the regiment's role was stated as 'to be determined' in 2017, however, a Freedom of Information answered stated the regiment's role as of August 2020, is of Ground Based Air Defence.


106th Air Refueling Squadron
The 106th Air Refueling Squadron (106 ARS) is a unit of the Alabama Air National Guard 117th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Birmingham Air National Guard Base, Alabama and is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft.


106th Air Refueling Squadron
The squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 106th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 21 January 1922. After several designation changes, it was re-designated the 106th Observation Squadron on 16 January 1924 and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
The 106th Air Refueling Squadron traces its origins to 26 August 1917 with the organization of the 106th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. However, the unit was first formed about a week earlier when some Air Service recruits arrived at Kelly but remained an un-designated organization. The men were placed into basic indoctrination training, with drill, fatigue duty, classroom training, and other things that are done in military training camps. During its time at Kelly Field, men were transferred in and out of the squadron, depending on their qualifications and the needs of other units in training.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
Once basic indoctrination training was completed, the 118th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 4 November. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
At Garden City, the squadron was assigned to "Provisional Wing #2", which consisted of the 106th, 107th, 108th, 109th and 116th Aero Squadrons. On 7 December 1917, the wing boarded a train at Garden City, and went northwards to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where it arrived on 12 December. The squadrons boarded the RMS Tunican and began its trans-Atlantic sailing, arriving at Liverpool, England on 26 December. It was snowing when the squadron arrived in England, and the men loaded onto a train, heading south through a blizzard, arriving at Southampton.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
There the men marched though the snow to a rest camp. On the 29th, the squadron crossed the English Channel, arriving in Le Havre, France later that day, marching in about a foot of snow to another rest camp. The squadron then traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918. At St. Maixent the Provisional Wing was dissolved and the men put into barracks out of the snow with plenty of hot coffee. The 106th remained at St. Maixent until 26 February, its designation being changed to the 800th Aero Squadron.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
On 26 February, the 800th Aero Squadron was divided into three flights, each of which would be able to function as an individual unit in the repair and upkeep of airplanes and engines.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
An effort was made to have each of the flights as nearly equal in skilled mechanics and other trained personnel as far as possible, each flight consisting of about 50 men. At this point, the history of the squadron may be said to be a combination of each of these separate flights.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
Headquarters Flight "A" arrived at Bordeaux on 28 February and were taken to some brick barracks. The flight learned they would be the entire enlisted personnel of the 2d AAOS. The camp was policed from the entrance to the camp to the flying field, with weeds and underbrush cut to make the field usable for airplanes. A program of camp sanitation was begun and the men of the squadron performed many duties, from furnishing electrical power to the buildings as well as supplying the goods and services necessary for the operation of the school.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
The camp had the appearance of a well-kept US Army Post in the United States. In March, the first airplanes arrived at the school, Sopwith 1A2s. In September, ten Curtiss JN-4 trainers arrived from the United States, the JN-4s being the only ones in France. Some Dayton-Wright DH-4s arrived in early November from the Air Service Production Center No. 2, Romorantin Aerodrome. Flight "B" of the squadron was moved to Camp de Souge on 30 October and consolidated with Headquarters, Flight "A".


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
Flight "B" of the 800th Aero Squadron arrived at the 1st AAOS in Coëtquidan on 1 March 1918. Coëtquidan was, in fact, one of the largest artillery camps since the time of Napoleon and had recently been turned over to the United States Army. Some Americans had already arrived and assembled six ancient French planes, the men having completed courses of instruction at the Renault, Loraine, Dietrich, Farman and Breguet engine factories. The school was supplied with new aircraft, primarily SPAD observation planes from Romorantin Aerodrome. At the end of October, the flight was relieved from Coëtquidan and transferred to Bordeaux where it rejoined Headquarters, Flight "A".


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
Flight "C" of the 800th arrived at Le Valdahon, Doubs on 3 March. The men found the camp knee-deep in mud and still growing deeper. The men were taken to the Headquarters, 17th Field Artillery where they received a warm resection with warm meals and some comfortable quarters. The aviation camp, where the 5th AAOS was to be operated, however, had been unoccupied for months, and was in a severely dilapidated state. To make it even a half-way decent place seemed a hopeless task.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
However, orders were received to do so and construction materiel was received to put the camp into a serviceable condition. The barracks were overhauled, a kitchen built along with a mess hall. Men without carpentry or other construction skills were put into building serviceable streets and also erecting some hangars and cleaning up the airfield. On 21 April, the first Sopwith airplanes arrived from Tours Aerodrome. As time passed, additional facilities were built and conditions improved, to the point of building tennis courts in August.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
With the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, the 800th Aero Squadron was still divided at both locations, both remaining in France until well into 1919. Flights "A" and "B" returned home to the United States in May, while Flight "C" did not return until July 1919. They arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I
Many additional World War I squadron photographs are available by clicking the Wikipedia Commons link to the right.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
On 21 January 1922 the 125th Squadron, Alabama National Guard, received federal recognition as a Corps Aviation unit. (It was re-designated the 135th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923 and then it was re-designated the 114th Observation Squadron as an aviation unit the 39th Division on 1 May 1923. On 16 January 1924, it was re-designated the 106th Observation Squadron as an aviation unit in the 31st Division.) Maj. James A. Meissner, a World War I ace who had flown with Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, led the effort to form the unit and served as its first commander.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
The early years were challenging. Land was donated for what would become Roberts Field. Steel was salvaged from old wartime hangars to build new hangars. Birmingham citizens donated money to defray construction expenses. Squadron members even returned their pay to the squadron to defray costs and supplied much of the labor themselves.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
In the first few years of operation, while constructing the facilities at Roberts Field, the Squadron participated in mine rescue work, began a program of providing aerial photographs of points of industrial and historical interest throughout Alabama, and provided the first Air Mail service in the State of Alabama. By 1929, the Squadron had transitioned from Major Meissner to W.V.M. Robertson Jr., and then to Lt. Col. Sumpter Smith.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
Under the command of Lt. Col. Smith in 1929, the Squadron rendered its "greatest service to the State of Alabama" when the entire Squadron was ordered to active duty for flood relief in south Alabama. Twenty-five officers and 100 men participated for 14 days and nights, flying a total of approximately 300 hours dropping food and medicine to marooned families. The airdrop of supplies was among the first of its kind in aviation history.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
By 1930, the facilities at Roberts Field were long-since declared inadequate by numerous inspectors, but the Squadron did not have the funds to move. A steady campaign of publicity and pressure on legislative and local government was maintained until the decision was made to build new facilities for the 106th Observation Squadron at the Birmingham Municipal Airport as part of the government works project in 1934. When Colonel Smith moved up to the 31st Division, command of the Squadron passed to Henry Badham Jr., one of the founding members of the Birmingham Flying Club.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
On 16 January 1936, James Meissner, the father of the Alabama Air National Guard, died from pneumonia. The city held a memorial service involving a flyover by the planes of the unit he founded and his old friend and former World War I wingman, Eddie Rickenbacker, returned to Birmingham to be an honorary pall-bearer. Major Meissner is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard
In 1936, the 106 Aero Squadron was consolidated with the 106th Observation Squadron of the Alabama National Guard. It took nearly four years to complete the construction of the new home of the 106th Observation Squadron at the Birmingham Municipal Airport, but in 1938 the Squadron was finally able to move into its new quarters. Eventually, the base was named after the colonel who helped ensure its construction, Colonel Sumpter Smith.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 106th was ordered to active duty on 25 November 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. Ordered to the 36th Street Airport, Miami, Florida after the Pearl Harbor Attack in mid-December 1941, the Guardsmen flew antisubmarine patrols over the Florida Atlantic coast until September 1942, also operating from Jacksonville and Savannah, Georgia.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Transferred to Third Air Force and moved to Tennessee in late 1942, the 106th began training for combat observation and liaison duties then as a medium bombardment squadron flying the B-25 Mitchell. This new mission was reflected in a name change when the 106 Observation Squadron was re-designated 106 Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) on 2 April 1943. In late 1943, the 106th was deployed to the South Pacific Area (SPA) and arrived at Guadalcanal on 15 November 1943, the 106th immediately began performing its new bombing mission.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
In the Pacific Theater, the squadron engaged enemy forces in New Guinea; the Northern Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; on Leyte, Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippine Campaign, and also in southeast China. At the end of the war, the 100th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), the final wartime designation of the squadron, was inactivated in the Philippines on 11 December 1945.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
For its combat service in the South Pacific, the 100th Bombardment Squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation: Balikpapan, Borneo, 23–30 Jun 1945, and the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard
The wartime 100th Bombardment Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 106th Bombardment Squadron (Light) and was allotted to the Alabama Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Birmingham Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 25 November 1946. The 106th Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 100th Bombardment Squadron and its predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with B-26C Invader light bombers and was assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing, Georgia ANG for administration, while being under the operational control of the Alabama Air National Guard.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard
The 106th Bombardment Squadron practiced formation bombing as well as low-level intrusion and strafing. Parts for the B-26s were no problem with the massive amount of supplies still stored in wartime warehouses, and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. On 1 October 1947 the squadron came under the control of the new 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group at Birmingham, and in 1950, the B-26 Invader light bombers were exchanged for RB-26C Invader reconnaissance aircraft which were unarmed and carried cameras and flash flares for night photography.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard
During the Korean War, the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Night Photo) was federalized and assigned to the Ninth Air Force 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group at Shaw AFB, South Carolina. It moved to Shaw on 5 January 1952 where it replaced the 162d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron which was deployed to Itazuke AB, Japan to fly photo-reconnaissance missions over Korea. At Shaw, it joined the 16th and 18th TRS flying night reconnaissance training missions with the RB-26C. Many of the squadron's pilots were deployed to Japan and South Korea where they served in combat, flying hazardous unarmed night reconnaissance missions over enemy-held territory. On 1 January 1953 the 106th was returned to Alabama state control and returned to Birmingham.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard
The squadron continued to fly the RB-26C until 1957 when the aircraft was reaching its end of operational service and was retired. Replacing the Invader in May 1957 were new RF-84F Thunderstreak jet reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured by Republic for Air National Guard service. The squadron continued to train in tactical reconnaissance missions throughout the 1950s with the Thunderstreaks.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The squadron was federalized a second time on 1 October 1961 as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The 117th TRG was again federalized, which consisted of the 160th TRS from Montgomery; the 106th TRS at Birmingham; the 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Mississippi ANG), and the 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Arizona ANG). Due to federal budget restrictions, only the 106th TRS was deployed to Dreux-Louvilliers AB, France, however, elements of all three other squadrons rotated to France as part of the USAFE 7117th Tactical Wing over the next year and 106th pilots returned to the United States.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
On 27 October twenty 106th TRS RF-84F's were deployed to Dreux, arriving on 3 November. In addition, two T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and one C-47 Skytrain were deployed as support aircraft. By 22 November, the wing reassembled at the newly reactivated Dreux for an estimated stay of ten months. However, problems developed immediately after their arrival at Dreux. The base had been in standby status for about a year and no longer was used for operational flights. Possibly the French forgot to take into account the fact that the base could be re-opened for exercises and deployments such as was now the case.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
In any event, the more than one thousand airmen of the 106th TRS arrived at a base that had been stripped clean. The French had taken away office desks, telephones and typewriters. The kitchens had not been used for some time, a fact that the quartermasters had not taken into account, so getting the base operational again in the short time available took an all-out effort. A few days after the ground units arrived from Alabama, the first aircraft were prepared for a practice flight. The French Air Traffic Controllers, however, refused permission for take-off. Only after a lot of negotiation were several aircraft allowed to take to the air.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
Dreux AB came within the Paris Air Traffic Control area, as did the busy Le Bourget Airport and Orly Airports, and an extra squadron of jet aircraft had not been allowed in the French air traffic controllers' staffing levels. The safety of civilian air traffic was used to justify denying the Americans permission to fly out of Dreux AB. Notwithstanding stormy protests by the United States, every form of co-operation was refused and the RF-84s stayed on the ground.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
The pilots who had only just completed a risky Atlantic crossing of several thousand kilometers, had to wait in the operations room. In the United States, the Birmingham News daily newspaper reported that 'their boys', after the sudden mobilization and the weeks of preparation, had not been sent to Europe to sit around a French airfield doing nothing.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
However, as strongly the Pentagon protested, the French answer remained 'non!'. Eventually, General Reid Doster, commander of the Alabama deployment could do little else but take his aircraft elsewhere. At the end of November 1961 he received permission from the French traffic controllers to go with his aircraft to Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, another USAFE-controlled base in France. Permission was received from the French to move the 7117th TRW on 8 December 1961, however HQ USAFE insisted that the 7117th Wing HQ remain at Dreux AB for airlift traffic. Thus the 106th TRS operated from Chaumont AB, while Wing HQ remained at Dreux.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis
On 22 July 1962 the 106th TRS returned to Alabama leaving its F-84Fs in France. Dreux AB was placed back in standby status by USAFE, and never really used again until it was turned over to the French in 1966.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era
After the squadron re-formed in Birmingham, the 106th TRS was again re-equipped with RF-84Fs from active-duty squadrons that were receiving the McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo. It continued to fly the Thunderstreak reconnaissance aircraft throughout the 1960s.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era
As the RF-84F was not used during the Vietnam War, the 117th TRG was not activated for duty in Southeast Asia, although some pilots from the 106th went through transition training to the RF-101C and RF-4C and were deployed for combat duty.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era
In November 1971 the Thundersteaks were retired as they reached the end of their service life and the 117th TRG was chosen to be the first Air National Guard squadron to receive the RF-4C Phantom II tactical reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron received aircraft directly being withdrawn from Southeast Asia as part of the United States pullout from the Vietnam War.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era
At Nellis AFB, sixty-seven members of the 106th TRS obtained realistic combat training against the 64th Tactical Fighter Training Aggressor Squadron, equipped with F-5E Tiger II aggressor aircraft which simulated Soviet Air Force MiG-21 air defense fighters.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era
Many awards were earned by the 117th; for having the best National Guard Publication; for achieving flying milestones; for service to the United States Secret Service; and for outstanding accomplishments on Operational Readiness Inspections. The 117th also earned awards for having the best ANG flying unit in the United States.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield
By early 1989, the operational lifetime of the F-4 Phantom was ending, and the number of RF-4C squadrons serving both on active-duty as well as in Air National Guard units was being reduced. In large part, the RF-4C was being replaced by the ability of the Lockheed U-2 TR-1A and TR-1B variant, which had taken over the tactical reconnaissance mission.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans, and the retirement of the last of the RF-4Cs was in the planning stages when Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, and further inactivation plans were put on hold. Consequently, the RF-4C was still in service with the USAF at the time of Operation Desert Shield.


106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield
When the United States military build-up in the Middle East began following Saddam Hussein's 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, six RF-4Cs of the 117th TRW equipped with a camera upgrade called the HIAC-1 LOROP (Long Range Oblique Photography) deployed on 24 August 1990 to Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates. Their journey to the war zone may have been the longest nonstop flight made by operational warplanes at that time, requiring 16 air-to-air refuelings and spanning 8,000 nautical miles in 15.5 hours. Initially assigned to HQ United States Central Command Air Forces, the 106th TRS was later further assigned to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional).