10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12
The Obuzierul Krupp, caliber 105 mm, model 1912 was a Romanian upgrade of the German 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 howitzer used extensively during World War I. After two years of planning and experimentation by Romanian officers, the final design was approved and the required modifications were performed at Arsenalul Armatei in Bucharest. The German aiming system was replaced with an improved Romanian system and the maximum range was increased to 6,500 meters, being superior to the 6,300 meters maximum range of its German counterpart. Maximum elevation was also increased from 40° to 60°.


10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12
Thirty batteries (120 pieces) were converted by Arsenalul Armatei before and during World War I. They appear to have lingered in Romanian service into World War II. Guns captured by the Bulgarians appear to have been placed into service, although they seem to have been out of service by the outbreak of World War II.


10.5 cm FlaK 38
The 10.5 cm FlaK 38 was a German anti-aircraft gun used during World War II by the Luftwaffe. An improved version was introduced as the 10.5 cm FlaK 39.


10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Land version
The Flak 38 was introduced as a competitor to the 8.8 cm FlaK 18. In this role it proved to be too heavy for field use while having roughly similar performance as the 88 mm, therefore it was used primarily in static mounts.


10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Land version
The Flak 39 was an improved version, which replaced the electrical gun laying system with a mechanical one.


10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Naval version
The 10.5 cm SK C/33  was used by the Kriegsmarine, the German Navy. Related to the Flak 38, it was installed on the  Bismarck and  Scharnhorst classes of battleships as well as the  Deutschland- and  Admiral Hipper-class cruisers. After the war, it was used for a few years by the French Marine Nationale on the reconstructed ex-Italian light cruisers, Châteaurenault and Guichen. In the late 1940s, the French also planned to equip the battleship Richelieu with twelve of these mountings, but the project was cancelled due to credit shortage.


10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Naval version
They were mounted in pairs on an electrically powered tri-axial mounting, intended to compensate for the motion of the ship and maintain a lock onto the intended target. The mounting was not properly waterproofed and as the mountings were open to the weather and sea swell, this resulted in a high maintenance burden.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40
The 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 (10.5 cm GebH 40) was a 10.5 cm (4.1 in) German mountain howitzer used during World War II. A total of 420 were built during World War II. It saw action with German mountain divisions in Finland, Italy, France, on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans from 1942. It served with a number of European countries into the 1960s.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description
The 10.5 cm GebH 40 was designed to meet an Army requirement for a 10.5 cm howitzer to serve in the mountain divisions (Gebirgs Divisionen). Both Rheinmetall and Böhler submitted designs for troop trials in 1940 and Böhler was selected for production, although actual production did not begin until 1942. Some 420 were built between 1942–45.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description
The design of the 10.5 cm GebH 40 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard German horizontal sliding block breech, split trail carriage with removable spades, and muzzle brake, but the carriage differed considerably from those typically used in the German army. The wheels were made from light-alloy with solid rubber tires, and their spring suspension was fixed to the legs of the split-trail carriage and would "toe-in" when the legs were spread out in preparation for firing.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description
A firing pedestal was positioned underneath the front of the carriage so that the howitzer had three points of support when firing and also minimized the time needed to find a firing position by reducing the amount of level space required (three level spots being easier to find than four). It could be either towed fully assembled, broken down into four loads on single-axle trailers towed by Sd.Kfz. 2 "Kettenkrad" half-track motorcycles or broken down into five pack-loads to be carried by mules. It remains the heaviest mountain howitzer ever made at 1,660 kg (3,660 lb), but some consider it one of the best mountain guns ever made and it remained in service until the 1960s with various European countries.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description
Two different range figures have been quoted for the 10.5 cm GebH 40, 12,625 metres (13,807 yd) and 16,740 metres (18,310 yd). The former figure seems more plausible when compared to 10.5 cm howitzers with roughly similar barrel lengths and muzzle velocities like the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the American M-2.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description, Ammunition
The 10.5 cm GebH 40 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventional armor-piercing shell. It used instead the standard three types of 10.5 cm hollow-charge armor-piercing shells developed over the course of the war and shared its illumination shell with the 10.5 cm leFH 18. However it used unique high-explosive and smoke shells. It used six increments of propellant which were added together to reach the desired range. A seventh charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the howitzer's range.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12
The 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12 was a mountain howitzer used by Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, History
The majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver and in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery before the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. The theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of mobility and the need for portable high-angle heavy artillery that could drop a large diameter high explosive shell into enemy trenches and fortifications began to assert itself.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, History
To provide their infantry with portable firepower the combatants experimented with using mortars and mountain guns as infantry support weapons. The ability of mountain guns to be broken down into multiple loads partially overcame the inability of field guns to move across the shell-pocked no man's land between trench lines but their light multi-piece construction meant that when assembled they were often too fragile to be towed across rough terrain. Mortars were often more portable and could deliver high-angle indirect fire but mountain guns could provide both low-angle direct fire and indirect fire.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, Design
The 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12 was a breech-loaded howitzer made of steel with a Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech and used separate loading quick-fire ammunition. The projectile was loaded first and followed by up to six bagged charges that were placed in a brass cartridge case. It could use the same cartridge case and projectiles as the 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 but with fewer propellant charges. It had a box trail carriage, gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, and a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism. For transport, the gun could be dismantled into eight mule loads or hooked to a limber and caisson for towing by a horse team when assembled.


10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, World War I
Beginning in 1916,  Krupp delivered 4 test howitzers to the German Army and after testing another 32 were delivered beginning in June 1916. In service, they were judged to be inferior to Škoda mountain guns so they were discarded and a number were supplied to Turkey, and Bulgaria (16 copies).


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette
The 10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette (10.5 cm gun on armoured self-propelled mount), also known as the Panzer Selbstfahrlafette IV Ausf. A (Pz.Sfl. IVa) (Self-propelled anti-tank gun IV model A) was a prototype self-propelled gun used by Nazi Germany during World War II. Although it was originally designed as a Schartenbrecher ("bunker buster") for use against the French Maginot Line defences, following the defeat of France in 1940, it was evaluated for use as a tank destroyer on the Eastern Front.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Development
It was intended to be used against bunkers at ranges beyond which the bunker could return fire. Development by Krupp began in 1939. With the conquest of France complete the design was without a purpose so it was suggested that it be used as a heavy tank destroyer. Two prototypes were ordered, completed in January 1941 and demonstrated in front of Hitler on 31 March 1941. If troop trials were successful it was estimated that series production could begin in early 1942.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description
The 10.5 cm K (gp. Sfl.) was built on a heavily modified Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. E chassis with the turret removed and an open-topped superstructure added to house the main gun. The forward glacis plate was of 50-millimetre (2.0 in) face-hardened armour at 15° from the vertical while the sides were 20 mm (0.8 in) thick. The vehicle's most curious feature was armored compartments provided in the rear of the vehicle to protect the loaders against attack from aircraft. Similarly the ammunition bins holding 26 rounds for the main gun had thin armored covers on top. Another oddity was the fake driver's compartment on the right side of the vehicle that matched the real one projecting forward from the front superstructure on the left.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description
Although the main gun was intended to engage enemy armoured fighting vehicles it could only traverse 8° to the left and right, depress 15° and elevate 10°. A muzzle brake was fitted to reduce recoil forces and a travel lock was fitted on the front deck to secure the gun during movement. For self-defense the crew carried three 9 mm (0.35 in) machine pistols with 576 rounds of ammunition. A Selbstfahrlafetten-Zielfernrohr (Sfl. Z.F.) 1 sight was used by the gunner, a binocular Turmspähfernrohr (T.S.F.) periscope was fitted for use by the commander, and each loader was provided with a binocular Scherenfernrohr on a pivoting arm.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description
Throughout most of its development it was known as 10 cm K. (Pz. Sfl. IVa), but was redesignated 10.5 cm K (gp. Sfl.) on 13 August 1941, and was also colloquially known as Dicker Max ("Thick" or "Fat" Max).


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description
In the prototype vehicles the V-12 Maybach HL120 engine of the Panzer IV was replaced by a lighter inline 6 Maybach HL66P engine. Production vehicles probably would have used the suspension and running gear of the Panzerkampfwagen III as it offered increased maneuverability due to a shorter length of track in contact with the ground, less rolling resistance, softer springs and greater deflection of the suspension.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
For combat trials the two prototypes were assigned to Panzerjäger Abteilung ("Anti-tank Battalion") 521 during the invasion of the Soviet Union. One accidentally caught fire and was completely destroyed by the detonation of its ammunition, but the other fought successfully until the end of 1941. It was rebuilt by Krupp during the first half of 1942 and returned to the 521st in time to participate in Case Blue, the 1942 summer offensive in Russia. It was not reported operational in reports made by the battalion in  November–December  1942.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
A report of 26 July 1941 commented on the vehicle:


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
"This Sfl. (self-propelled vehicle) is not sufficiently maneuverable for employment in a Vorausabteilung (lead unit). The limited traverse makes it necessary to turn the entire vehicle to aim at targets. This takes considerable time when done repeatedly, especially off-road because of the heavy vehicle and weak engine. In addition, because of its armor layout - only thick in the front and 50 mm lower in the back - it was built for frontal use. The vehicle can be shot into from the side and rear. Employment in a Vorausabteilung requires the ability to quickly engage targets in every direction.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
The gun has proven itself capable of supporting an infantry attack from an open firing position by direct fire as in the Szczarar crossing. It is not possible to observe our own shots because of large dust clouds raised in front of the gun. The Sfl. must alternatively observe each other's fire or an observation post must be established off to one side, manned by a Richtkreis-Uffiz. (gunner) familiar with the crew. Because of its size, lack of mobility, and large dust cloud raised when firing, in the future the Sfl. will only shoot Sprenggranaten (HE) by indirect fire.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
Up to now, the Sfl. has been employed in its specialized tasks - engaging concrete bunkers by direct fire and engaging heavy tanks in coordination with other Panzerabwehrwaffen (anti-tank weapons). Its high penetration ability appears to be suitable for this.


10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history
No specific problems have occurred with the engine or transmission. The steering brakes are overstressed. Bolts in the steering slide of one steering brake have torn out three times and the brake bands have had to be changed twice because the rivets were over-heated."


10.5 cm Kanone C/85
The 10.5 cm Festungs und Belagerungs Kanone C/85 was a fortress and siege gun produced in Germany and used by Romania during the Balkan Wars and World War I.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design
The C/85 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns such as its Russian cousin the 42-line fortress and siege gun Pattern of 1877 or its French rival the Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878. The C/85 used a predecessor of Krupp's sliding-block breech known as a cylindro-prismatic breech and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges, and projectiles. Like many of its contemporaries, the C/85 had a box trail carriage, no gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, an unsprung axle, and no recoil mechanism. The carriages were tall because the guns were designed to sit behind a parapet with the barrel overhanging the front in the fortress artillery role or behind a trench or berm in the siege role. In these roles, it provided long-range, low-angle, counter-battery fire against enemy artillery.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design
An early drawback of the gun was that it required considerable time to prepare a firing platform made of concrete or timbers before use. An external recoil cylinder was then bolted to the platform and connected to an eyelet on the bottom of the gun carriage. Without it, the gun had no recoil mechanism and when fired the gun rolled back onto a set of ramps behind the wheels and then slid back into position.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design
Since it lacked a recoil mechanism it had to be levered into position and re-aimed after every shot, which was strenuous, time-consuming, and limited its rate of fire. The height of the gun also limited the rate of fire since a gun crew needed to lift a 16 kg (35 lb 4 oz) projectile to shoulder height.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design
An early modification to make the guns suitable for field use was the fitting of Bonagente grousers to the wheels to improve balance and reduce ground pressure on soft ground. A bonus was they slowed recoil and didn't require extensive site preparation to bring the guns into action. For transport, the gun was attached to a limber for towing by a horse team or artillery tractor.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Romanian Use
In 1891 the Romanians ordered 60 C/85 guns and in Romanian service, they were given the designation Tunul Krupp, calibrul 105 mm, model 1891, and were used during the Balkan Wars. In 1916 they were deployed at Tutrakan and Cernavoda, equipping two heavy artillery regiments: the 2nd regiment had 24 guns, and the 3rd regiment had 36 guns.


10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Bulgarian Use
After the Romanian campaign, Bulgaria used 31 guns captured from the Romanians for the remainder of World War I under the Bulgarian designation 105-мм нескорострелно оръдие Д-35.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40
The 10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40, also called the LG 40, was a German recoilless gun used during World War II. It was manufactured by Krupp.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40, History
After the success of Rheinmetall's 7.5 cm LG 40 during the Battle of Crete in 1941, the Germans were spurred to continue development of recoilless guns in larger calibres. Both Krupp and competitor Rheinmetall developed guns in 10.5 cm, but the LG 40 got into service first.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40, Design issues
Krupp's LG 40 was basically an enlarged and improved version of their unsuccessful competitor to Rheinmetall's 75 mm recoilless gun. It retained the earlier model's side-swinging breech and large pneumatic tires. It incorporated torque vanes in the jet nozzle to counteract the torque forces imparted by the round engaging the rifling and any clogged or eroded nozzles. It also used the improved priming mechanism developed after the problems with the smaller weapon became apparent. Like all the German 10.5 cm recoilless rifles it shared shells with the 10.5 cm leFH 18 (light Field Howitzer).


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40, Design issues
The LG 40-1 version was built using an aluminium/magnesium alloy mounting, but the LG 40-2 replaced it with ordinary steel as light alloys became too valuable later in the war. Both versions could be broken down into 5 loads for parachute operations or they could be air-dropped fully assembled in a special shock-absorbing crate.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 40, Operational use
Both 105 mm recoilless guns, unlike the 75 mm LG 40, equipped independent artillery batteries and battalions. These include Batteries 423–426, 429, 433, and 443, most of which were later incorporated into Leichtgeschütze-Abt. (Light Gun Battalion) 423 and 424. These units served in both the Arctic under 20th Mountain Army and in central Russia under Heeresgruppe Mitte (Army Group Center).


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 42
The 10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 42, commonly the LG 42, was a German recoilless gun manufactured by Rheinmetall and used during World War II.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 42, History
The development history of the LG 42 is not clear, but it seems obvious that the success of the company's 7.5 cm LG 40 during the Battle of Crete in 1941 spurred the Germans to continue development of recoilless guns in larger calibers. Krupp seems to have gotten its 10.5 cm LG 40 into service first, but the Rheinmetall LG 42 was apparently manufactured in larger quantities.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 42, Design specifics
The LG 42 was basically an enlarged and improved version of the 7.5 cm LG 40. It incorporated torque vanes in the jet nozzle to counteract the torque forces imparted by the round engaging the rifling and any clogged or eroded nozzles. It also used the improved priming mechanism developed after the problems with the smaller weapon became apparent. Like all the German 10.5 cm recoilless rifles it shared shells with the 10.5 cm leFH 18 (light Field Howitzer). The LG 42-1 version was built using light alloys in parts of the carriage, but the LG 42-2 replaced these with ordinary steel as light alloys became too valuable later in the war. Both versions could be broken down into 4 loads for parachute operations.


10.5 cm Leichtgeschütz 42, Operational use
Both 105 mm recoilless guns, unlike the 75 mm LG 40, equipped independent artillery batteries and battalions. These include Batteries 423–426, 429, 433, and 443, most of which were later incorporated into Leichtgeschütze-Abt. (Light Gun Battalion) 423 and 424. These units served in both the Arctic under 20th Mountain Army and in central Russia under Heeresgruppe Mitte (Army Group Center).


10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15
The 10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 (Pneumatic Trench Mortar) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by the German firm of Ehrhardt & Sehmer. It was a rigid-recoil, muzzle-loading mortar on a fixed base that used compressed air to propel the mortar bomb to the target. Each cylinder of compressed air lasted for fifteen shots. A notable advantage was that the mortar had no firing signature, unlike conventional mortars with smoke and muzzle flash.


10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15
A batch of 25 mortars, 250 cylinders of compressed air and 10,000 complete bombs (i.e. with fuses) was ordered on 31 July 1915 for combat evaluation, but the manufacturer was unable to deliver the mortar bombs. They had to be manufactured by the Army itself. A slightly improved model was offered by Ehrhardt & Sehmer at the end of March 1916, but it was rejected because of the poor range of the ammunition and the difficulty in procuring it.


10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15
Ten trench mortar platoons, each with two weapons, were formed and deployed in February 1916, mainly to the Russian theater.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun
The 10.5 cm SK C/32 (SK - Schnellladekanone (quick loading cannon) C - Construktionsjahr (year of design), was a widely used German naval gun on a variety of Kriegsmarine ships during World War II. Originally designed as a surface weapon, it was used in a number of other roles such as anti-aircraft and coastal defence; wet-mounts were developed for U-boats.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Description
The 10.5 cm SK C/32 was a built-up gun, 45 calibers long, with a jacket and breech that weighed about 1.8 tons. The gun fired 10.5 centimeters (4.1 in) fixed ammunition, which was 1.51 m (5.0 ft) long, weighed 24.2 kg (53 lb) and had a 4.08-kilogram (9.0 lb) propellant charge. Useful life expectancy was 4,100 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Surface ships
The 10.5 cm SK C/32 was widely deployed on three different types of single mounts. The high-angle MPLC/30 was a modified 8.8 cm mount. The low-angle MPLC/32 was used on Type 35 torpedo boats, Type 37 torpedo boats and Type 40 minesweepers. The high-angle MPLC/32 gE was used on the cruiser Emden, the battleship Schlesien, the battleship Schleswig-Holstein, Elbing class torpedo boats, Type 35 minesweepers and Type 43 minesweepers.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Surface ships
Two guns formed the main armament of the Romanian multi-purpose vessel Amiral Murgescu.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats
The 10.5 cm SK C/32 was the standard low-angle deck gun mounted forward of the conning tower in type I, type IX and type X U-boats. The Ubts LC/32 mounting used in type I and early type IX U-boats weighed about 5 tonnes. Later type IX and type XB U-boats used the lighter Ubts LC/36 mounting with a maximum elevation of +30° . During the early war years, these guns were used to encourage surrender of independently routed merchant ships or to sink ships damaged by torpedoes.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats
Some of these guns were later removed from U-boats for mounting aboard type 40 minesweepers after unshielded deck guns proved impractical in action against Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships and escorted trade convoys.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats
One gun was mounted aboard the submarine Marsuinul of the Romanian Navy. The gun, together with her six 533 mm torpedo tubes, made her the most powerful Axis submarine in the Black Sea.


10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Coastal defence
Norway used this gun in coastal defence batteries until 2002.


10.5 cm SK L/35
The 10.5 cm SK L/35 (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon) L - Länge (with a 35-caliber long barrel) was a German naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial German Navy during World War I. In addition to the Imperial German Navy the 10.5 cm SK L/35 was used by the Royal Netherlands Navy, Ottoman Navy and Spanish Navy.


10.5 cm SK L/35, Naval Use
The 10.5 cm SK L/35 was used as primary or secondary armament aboard Corvettes, Gunboats, Pre-dreadnought battleships, Protected cruisers, Torpedo gunboats and Unprotected cruisers.


10.5 cm SK L/35, Ammunition
Ammunition was 105 x 656 mm R and of fixed QF type. A complete round weighed 21.4 kg (47 lb). The projectiles weighed 14 kg (31 lb).


10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun
The 10.5 cm SK L/40 (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon) L - Länge (with a 40-caliber long barrel) was a German naval gun used in World War I and World War II.


10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun, Description
The 10.5 cm SK L/40 gun weighed 1,555 kilograms (3,428 lb), had an overall length of 4.475 m (14 ft 8.2 in). It used a horizontal sliding-block breech design.


10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun
The 10.5 cm SK L/45 (Schnelladekanone Länge 45, quick-loading cannon with a barrel length of 45 calibers) was a German naval gun that was used in World War I and World War II and was the successor of the older 10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun.


10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun, Description
The 10.5 cm SK L/45 gun weighed 1,450 kilograms (3,200 lb), had an overall length of 472.5 cm (15 ft 6 in). It used a horizontal sliding-block breech design.


10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun, Gallery
Gun, partly obscured, from submarine SM U-98, at Imperial War Museum, London


10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924
The 10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924 was a howitzer used by the Netherlands during World War II. Fourteen were bought by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, where they equipped the 1st Howitzer Artillery Battalion from 1924 to 1945. It is unknown if the Japanese used them after conquering the Dutch East Indies in 1942.


10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924
This weapon was designed for motor traction with rubber-rimmed steel wheels. Maximum towing speed was only 30 km/h (18.6 mph). It had a firing platform that gave it 360° traverse. On mount traverse was only 8° 30'.


10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35
The 10.5 cm hrubý kanón vz. 35 (Heavy Gun model 35) was a Czech field gun used in the Second World War. Those weapons captured after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the 10.5 cm K 35(t). Former Yugoslav guns were designated as the 10.5 cm Kanone 339(j). It was used by a variety of German units during World War II, especially on coastal defense duties. 36 were in service with the Slovak Army.


10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35, Design & History
It was designed solely for motor traction. It fired 18-kilogram (40 lb) HE, canister and semi-armor-piercing shells.


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10.5 cm kanon m/34
The 10.5 cm kanon m/34 was a heavy field gun produced in Sweden.


10.5 cm kanon m/34, Design
Designed for motor towing with steel spoked wheels with rubber rims, the m/34 was a development of the earlier 10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927, with the carriage being used by various Bofors 15 cm howitzers of the 1930s. Like most contemporary field artillery the barrels muzzle had a pepper-pot style muzzle brake to reduce recoil.


10.5 cm kanon m/34, Design
Four were purchased for the Swedish Coastal Artillery, fifty-six by the Swedish Army as the 10.5 cm Fältkanon m/34, and an additional order for eight m/34s was produced in 1942. Coastal artillery m/34s were transferred to the field artillery in 1942 under the designation of 10.5 cm Fältkanon m/34M.


10.5 cm kanon m/34, Exports
The m/34 enjoyed relatively good export success, considering the neutral status of Sweden, with the following countries ordering the weapon:-


10.5 cm leFH 16
The 10.5 cm leichte Feldhaubitze 16 (10.5 cm leFH 16) was a field howitzer used by Germany in World War I and World War II.


10.5 cm leFH 16, Description
The 10.5 cm leichte Feldhaubitze 16 was introduced in 1916 as a successor to 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, featuring a longer barrel and hence longer range. It had the same carriage as the 7.7 cm FK 16.


10.5 cm leFH 16, Post war
The Treaty of Versailles limited the Reichswehr to only 84 light field howitzers, with 800 rounds of ammunition per gun. The leFH 16 remained the standard German howitzer until 1937, when the 10.5 cm leFH 18 began to replace them in the artillery battalions. Guns turned over to Belgium as reparations after World War I were taken into German Army service after the conquest of Belgium as the 10.5 cm leFH 327 (b).


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e)
The 10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e) was a German self-propelled artillery piece. It was created by mounting the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 field gun onto the chassis of the British Vickers Mk VI light tank. The vehicle was created by  engineer  Alfred Becker, who was battery chief of the 12th Battery in the 15th Artillery Regiment, 227th Infantry Division. Becker found abandoned vehicles while his unit was performing coastal protection duties in France. He made use of his artillery crews to build this vehicle and a number of others to motorize his battery. Becker's unit was the first self-propelled artillery battery of the war.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
Following the German victory in France in July 1940 the 227th Infantry Division was assigned occupation, security and coastal defense duties along the Normandy coast near Le Havre. There Becker came across British light tanks and light personnel carriers that had been left behind. A mechanical engineer, Becker considered the benefits that could be derived in mobility from mounting his artillery guns directly onto the chassis of the abandoned tanks. Becker's unit had been drawn from the Krefeld area. Krefeld was a manufacturing town, and many of the men who had been called up along with Becker were skilled workers in the iron processing industry. Recruiting the men of his battery and working by shift day and night, he set about his project.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
The light but reliable English built Vickers Mk. VI armoured vehicle was selected by Becker for the under-carriage for mobilizing the 10.5 cm howitzer. The design of this British light tank made them suitable for use as artillery self-propelled guns, since the motor, transmission, steering assembly and drive wheels were all grouped together in the front of the chassis, leaving the rear of the vehicle available for the gun and the crew.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
The superstructure and turret of the tank was removed. He then mounted the 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzer just aft of the midpoint of the chassis. The location of the gun's mounting allowed the crew the room they needed to work the gun, and the commander was provided a better field of vision. To protect the crew a metal housing was erected around the rear of the vehicle. Having worked at Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh in Krefeld before the war, he was able to have them produce the plates he needed to form the shielding for the crew.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
He measured out the dimensions needed, had them manufactured and shipped out to France. The steel plating ranged in thickness from 11 to 22 mm and served to protect the crew from small arms fire and shrapnel fragments. The armour was too light to protect the crew from heavy shells or armour piercing rounds.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
The crew compartment was small. The commander was positioned at the rear of the vehicle on the left. He had access to a range finding periscope which was mounted to the side of the vehicle. The gunner was directly in front of the commander. A gun sight extended above the shielding in front of him. The loader was on the right, and he had access to a tray of rounds stored behind the breech. In front of the loader sat the driver.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
The vehicle was open topped. A machine gun could be mounted to the front of the shielding on the right. Though not intended for close combat, the crew had access to their personal weapons as well, which they could fire over the top of the fighting compartment if need be. A tarpaulin could be fitted to the top to give the crew some protection from the weather.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
To provide stability when firing the relatively heavy gun from a rather light chassis, Becker arrived at the solution to bring the bulk of the considerable recoil forces backwards through the vehicle and to the ground through a lowered rear spur. This recoil break was extended before firing. It was made of a square steel frame reinforced with two cross bars. At the bottom were a pair of V-shaped "spades" which embedded into the ground when firing.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
The 10.5 cm leFH 16 main gun was a howitzer that had been used by the German Army in World War I. The abbreviation leFH stands for the German words "leichte FeldHaubitze" or light field howitzer, while 16 refers to the year of its development, 1916. Its maximum firing range was 9,225 m (10,089 yds), with a  muzzle velocity of 395 m/s (1,300 ft/s). The high explosive round was supplied in two components. Each was loaded separately as a two-part round. The high explosive shell would be loaded first followed by the cartridge propellant case. Depending on the range of the target, different sized bags of propellant were inserted into the cartridge. The gun was not fitted with a muzzle brake.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
Though an armour piercing round could be provided to the guns, the relatively low muzzle velocity gave it poor penetrative power. Used for direct-fire against armored vehicles, it could penetrate as much as 52 mm of armor plate at a range of 500 meters.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
Over a six-month period Becker's unit succeeded in creating a complete battery, mobilizing twelve of the battalion's 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzers. He also built six other vehicles mounting the larger 15 cm sFH 13 guns, twelve munitions carrying versions of the Vickers Mk.VI, several munitions carrying versions of the Bren gun carrier and four armoured command tank versions of the Vickers Mk. VI.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction
Though awkward, the vehicle designation 10.5 cm LeFH 16 auf Geschützwagen Mk.VI(e) is descriptive. 10.5 cm LeFH 16 is the name of the gun mounted. ' auf Geschützwagen' translates to 'on gun car'. Mk. VI refers to the Vickers Mk VI that is the chassis used for the mount, and the letter 'e' references that the vehicle is originally of English manufacture. Some early images of the vehicles show the letters Gp followed by a number on the left side of the armor plate of the vehicle. Gp is an abbreviation for ‘Geschüetzpanzer’ which translates as gun tank or self-propelled gun, and the number indicates which one of those vehicles it is.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
The battery's initial test firing was done at the range at Harfleur near Le Havre, France. The complete battery was tested at the training grounds at Beverloo, Belgium.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
The vehicles saw their first use in combat when the 227th Infantry Division was transferred to Army Group North. In September 1941 the division was given orders to transfer from France to the east, and arrived there by rail later that autumn. The division took up positions in the forests south of Lake Ladoga as the German forces took up a defensive posture. The 227th was the only division on the Eastern Front to have a motorized artillery battery. When the 254th Infantry Division was under pressure and required extra artillery support, the 12th battery was temporarily transferred there.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
The fact that the battery could be moved easily and quickly made Becker's battery soon recognized as a ready, mobile force whose firepower could be quickly brought to bear. The battery was used to provide support to a variety of units through the next two months, however, when called upon to provide direct fire support for an infantry attack the battery suffered its first casualties. Four men, including Captain Becker, were wounded. This was not a suitable duty for these vehicles, as they were small and lacked the heavy armor of an assault vehicle.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
On 11 November 1941 a platoon of the battery was engaged with Soviet T-40 light tanks of the 2nd Tank Brigade. These light tanks mounted machine guns, but no heavy gun. A German battle report noted one of the SP guns was hit 16 times, but its armor plate was not penetrated. The battery was again ordered to operate as assault guns on 15 November to support an attack of the 223rd Infantry Division. One of the vehicles was heavily damaged after running over a mine and three men were killed. The vehicle had to be left behind, but was recovered three days later.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
The battery continued to conduct artillery fire support missions over the winter and spring of 1942. The battery's division, the 227th Infantry Division, continued to be engaged in fighting south of Lake Ladoga around the village of Pogost'ye. On 16 February 1942 the battery encountered KV-1 heavy tanks of the 124th tank battalion of the Soviet 54th Army. The 10.5 cm armor piercing ammunition used by the German gun crews was unable to knock out the KV-1s, and three of the 10.5 cm LeFH 16 auf Geschützwagen Mk.VI(e) SPGs were destroyed.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history
In March 1942 three vehicles provided close support for troops moving along roads near Pogostyle. Over the next several months the SPGs were gradually lost, most often by mine damage, but one was destroyed by direct fire from a tank of the 98th Tank Brigade. In August 1942 the OKH requested one of the Becker-designed vehicles be withdrawn and shipped to Berlin. On 2 September 1942 Becker and one of his crews presented the vehicle to Adolf Hitler and officers of the Army Ordinance Office in the garden of the Reich Chancellery. Following this meeting Becker was withdrawn from the Eastern front and sent to France to build conversions using other captured or damaged vehicles.


10.5 cm leFH 16 Geschützwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Summation
With mobilizing his guns Becker had built the first battery of self-propelled artillery. This marked the start of a development that led to the creation of a separate mobilized artillery. This had been envisioned by Heinz Guderian as a component of the panzer division, but such vehicles had not been developed thus far due to limitations in material and the priority on tank production. Subsequently, Germany produced self propelled guns based on its own armored vehicle chassis, such as the Wespe using the Panzer II and the Hummel based on the Panzer IV frame. The mobile artillery battery was a significant contribution to the further development of the panzer force. For his work on mobilizing the artillery pieces Becker was awarded the German Cross in Gold.


10.5 cm leFH 18
The 10.5 cm leFH 18 (German: leichte Feldhaubitze "light field howitzer") is a German light howitzer used in World War II and the standard artillery piece of the Wehrmacht, adopted for service in 1935 and used by all divisions and artillery battalions. From 1935 to the end of the war, 11,848 were produced, along with 10,265 of the leFH 18/40 variant.


10.5 cm leFH 18
Designed in the late 1920s, it represented a major advance on its predecessor the 10.5 cm leFH 16. It was superior in caliber to its early opponents in the war, with adequate range and firepower, but the modern split trail gun carriage that provided it with more stability and traverse also rendered it overly heavy for a mobile role in the largely horse-drawn artillery battalions of the German army, particularly in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front.


10.5 cm leFH 18
The leFH 18 was further developed as the leFH 18M and leFH 18/40. Beginning in 1942, self-propelled versions were created by fitting the howitzer on a Panzer II, H35, Char B1 or 37L chassis. It was also used to equip German allies and neutral countries in Europe prior to and during the war.


10.5 cm leFH 18, History, Development
During the 1920s, the Reichswehr carried out analyses that indicated the 105mm projectile was more effective than a 75mm equivalent, without a major increase in cost. On 1 June 1927, the Army Ordnance Office (Heereswaffenamt) issued Secret Command Matter No. 59/27, calling for the development of a new light field howitzer. The project was assigned Priority Level II, "most important work". Rheinmetall-Borsig of Düsseldorf drew up the blueprints and made the initial calculations in 1928. Design work was complete in 1930, with production commencing in the early 1930s.


10.5 cm leFH 18, History, Production
At the outbreak of World War II, the Wehrmacht had 4,862 leFH 18 howitzers. Deliveries from September 1939–February 1945 totaled 6,933 "leFH 18 on wheeled carriages". Rheinmetall and Krupp were the initial manufacturers, but by 1942 demand was exceeding output so they relocated all production to six firms in Pilsen, Altona, Elbing, Magdeburg, Dortmund and Borsigwalde. In 1943, the howitzer cost on average 16,400 RM, 6 months and 3,200 man hours to make.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Design
The leFH 18 improved in most areas on its predecessor, the 10.5 cm leFH 16. A completely new three-point split trail gun carriage provided more stability and increased the traverse to 56 degrees. The sighting mechanism made it easier to fire at moving targets. The new gun carriage resulted in a major weight increase to over two tons. The heavier recoil of the higher muzzle velocity of 470 m/s was counteracted by a new pneumatic recuperator above the barrel, that provided compressed air and liquid in 55 °C to return the gun to firing position after firing.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Design
A barrel brake containing a water jacket and a fluid equalizer in the upper carriage also checked the recoil. The gun shield was a reinforced, tapered shield with flattened sides that could be folded down. The barrel was good for 10,000 to 12,000 shots. The howitzer could fire 28 different shell types. The main high explosive shell was nearly a kilogram lighter and contained a heavier explosive charge. The leFH proved an adaptable design, with a total of 28 different variants manufactured.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Design
One issue with the design of the gun was that it was fairly heavy for a weapon of its class. This was because the weapon was designed to have a solid construction, which increased the weight. This was not seen as a concern at the time, as it was assumed that there would be an adequate supply of motor vehicles to tow it.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Design
The pre-production wooden-spoke wheels were replaced beginning in 1936 with more durable light-metal cast wheel discs and removable tires that made the howitzer easier to tow. The motorized version was fitted with wider solid-rubber tires. A combination of wooden wheels and rubber tires was a frequent occurrence. Towards the end of the war, even older wooden wheels from the leFH 16 were used. The howitzer was designed from the start to be transported either by horse or motor vehicle. The heavy weight made horse-drawn transport difficult, especially in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Design
The motorized version was attached directly without a limber to either a Sd.Kfz. 6 or Sd.Kfz. 11 prime mover and could easily achieve a march speed of 40 km/h, equivalent to a day's march by a horse-drawn battery. Although the Sd.Kfz. 6 was intended as the primary motor transport for the howitzer, the lighter Sd.Kfz. 11 could also achieve the same task. A motorized leFH 18 battery had a radius of action 10 times greater than a horse-drawn one and required 49 fewer personnel.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany
After trials, the field howitzer was officially introduced into Wehrmacht service on 26 July 1935 and replaced the leFH 16 in artillery battalions beginning in 1937. Important operational units, like the Panzer Divisions, were given priority in the reequipping. It became the standard divisional field howitzer used by the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. There were a total of 1,023 horse-drawn light field artillery battalions in the Wehrmacht and 62 motorized light artillery battalions in the Panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions, as well as GHQ artillery. The leFH 18 had a superior caliber compared to its opponents early in the war and performed well as the supporting arm of the panzer divisions.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany
While not ideally suited to it, the howitzer could in the right circumstances be effective in anti-tank combat, particularly in the North African Campaign where the motorized batteries of the 33rd Artillery Regiment of the 15th Panzer Division played an important role in defeating British armoured units at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941 during Operation Crusader. On the Eastern Front, the light field howitzers were less successful in the anti-tank role.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany
During the Soviet counterattack in the Battle of Moscow, the retreating German horse-drawn artillery vehicles often had to be abandoned due to heavy snows and exhaustion. The experience of the first winter led to the use of larger draft horses and more fodder loaded on the limber. The crews had to walk on foot to spare the easily exhausted heavy horses. The desire to create a lighter carriage that would not hinder mobility to such a drastic extent led directly to the development of the leFH 18/40.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Other users
Before 1938 the leFH 18 was exported to Hungary and Spain. 53 were exported to Finland in February–March 1944, where they were known as 105 H 33. 166 leFH were exported to Bulgaria in 1943 and 1944 (until February 1, 1944) Sweden purchased 142 leFH 18 howitzers from Germany between 1939 and 1942, designating it Haubits m/39. It was decommissioned from Swedish service in 1982. Norway, Portugal and Slovakia also purchased the howitzer.


10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Other users
Also, 32 were to be exported to Estonia between December 1940 to June 1941, but due to the breakout of World War II, the orders were not fulfilled. A video shows an alleged Wehrmacht leFH 18M (A variant of the 10.5 cm leFH 18) firing on Al-Fu'ah, Syria on 30 August 2015, almost 80 years after the initial entry into Wehrmacht service.


10.5 cm leFH 18/40
The 10.5 cm leFH 18/40 (German: leichte Feldhaubitze "light field howitzer") was a German light howitzer used in  World War II.


10.5 cm leFH 18/40, History
The 10.5 cm leFH 18/40 supplemented the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the 10.5 cm leFH 18M as the standard divisional field howitzer used during the Second World War. It was designed in an effort to lighten the weight of the 105 mm artillery piece and to make it easier to produce. Generally it did not equip independent artillery battalions until after the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. Some were also exported to Finland, where they were known as 105 H 33-40. The Romanian Army acquired a number of leFH 18/40 in 1943, to make up for the losses in artillery suffered during the Battle of Stalingrad.


10.5 cm leFH 18/40, Description
In March 1942 a requirement was issued for a lighter howitzer by the Wehrmacht that must also be ready as soon as possible and capable of rapid production. This requirement was met by mounting the barrel of the leFH 18M on the carriage for a 7.5 cm PaK 40 antitank gun. The new carriage used torsion bars running the full length of the carriage to suspend the wheels. The original wheels of the PaK 40 mounting were too small for use by the howitzer and were replaced by larger pressed-steel wheels with solid rubber tires.


10.5 cm leFH 18/40, Description
The new mounting increased the rate of fire as well as making the howitzer somewhat lighter. The leFH 18/40 shared the different muzzle brakes used by the leFH 18M. After World War II Czechoslovakia continued to use the leFH 18/40 under the designation M18/49. The M18/49 used pneumatic tires instead of solid rubber tires.


10.5 cm leFH 18M
The 10.5 cm leFH 18M (German: leichte Feldhaubitze "light field howitzer") was a German light howitzer used in the Second World War. The gun, less the carriage and shield, was also used as the armament of the Sd.Kfz. 124 Wespe self-propelled artillery vehicle. It was an improved version of the 10.5cm leFH 18 howitzer that offered superior range.


10.5 cm leFH 18M, History
The 10.5 cm leFH 18M superseded the 10.5 cm leFH 18 as the standard German divisional field howitzer used during the Second World War. It was designed and developed by Rheinmetall after the war broke out in an effort to get more range from the basic leFH 18 design. A muzzle brake was fitted and the recoil system adjusted to allow the use of a more powerful charge and new long-range shell. Generally it did not equip independent artillery battalions until after the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. 53 were also exported to Finland, where they were known as 105 H 33.


10.5 cm leFH 18M, History
The 10.5 cm leFH 18M was also in service with the Syrian Army, one example being preserved in the Military Museum in Damascus. The type has seen occasional service with rebel groups during the Syrian Civil War, in July 2013 and May 2015.


10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description
Many were converted from the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and retained their original wood-spoked or pressed steel wheels. The former were only suitable for horse traction. Initially, it was fitted with a single-baffle muzzle brake of relatively low efficiency. This was later improved by welding two protruding ears to the rear of the port. However this style of muzzle brake proved troublesome with the early designs of fin-stabilized and discarding-sabot shells and a new cage-type muzzle brake was designed and fitted.


10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description
The new FH Gr Fern long-range shell was about 25 millimetres (0.98 in) longer than the normal shells used by the leFH 18 guns, but had a shorter streamlined section behind the driving band to accommodate the larger powder charge required. This fit in the standard cartridge case, but protruded about 50 millimetres (2.0 in) past its mouth.


10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description
Ballistically, the 10.5 cm leFH 18M and the leFH 18/40 are identical.


10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/40
The 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/40 was a field gun used by Germany in World War II. The 18/40 arose from an O.K.H request to produce a variant of the 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18 with greater range. Both Krupp and Rheinmetal produced similar, but competing designs. Production was proposed in 1941, but delayed until 1943 because it was felt its introduction would disrupt existing production schedules. When it did go into production it was designated as the 10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/42. The main difference between the schwere Kanone 18 and schwere Kanone 18/42 were a longer barrel and the same carriage as the 15 cm sFH 18/40.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50
The 10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50 (105 mm automatic turret gun model 1950) was the first modern weapon system designed for the Swedish Coastal Artillery. Development started in the late 1940s, and the construction of 6 gun installations based on this system was offered by Bofors in 1950. Various problems plagued the design and construction process and the last gun installation was not finished and ready for operational use until 1968, 12 years behind schedule.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, History
In 1949 the Inspector of the Coastal Artillery (IKA) ordered an investigation concerning the replacement of numerous older, and for the most part, completely obsolete artillery system with model years stretching as far back as the late 1800s. Most of these had been hastily built during World War II using old naval guns in very simple emplacements which were not designed with endurance and high survivability in mind. Protection from nuclear weapons was non-existing and collective BC protection was very limited usually requiring most of the gun crews to wear gas masks.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, History
Finally, most of the older guns were 57 mm designs and lacked the firepower to be an effective defense against an invasion. In 1950 Bofors offered 6 fully automatic 105 mm guns (probably based on an earlier naval dual-purpose gun design) in armored turrets, to be delivered in 1953-54. However, various problems at Bofors caused the delivery to be delayed until late 1957. One of the guns (which ended up becoming Gun #2 at Nåttarö) also had its breech damaged somewhere in the process. This was repaired and the gun delivered anyway. All of the guns went to the Stockholm area where the need to replace older systems was deemed the most urgent.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, System description
The 6 guns were split into 3 batteries consisting of 2 guns each. They were built in such a way that each gun in a battery could be targeted individually, that is, the battery's fire could be split between two targets. Each gun emplacement was designed to be completely self-sufficient and in the case of Battery Arholma, they were spread across 2 islands.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, System description, Turret and gun system
The 10.5/50 system consists of an armored turret which is unmanned above ground, and an automatic magazine. The gun is a fully automatic, water-cooled sliding-wedge design which is automatically laid in both traverse and elevation. It uses fixed ammunition which is fed from a magazine several meters below the gun turret. Spent cartridges are ejected from a hatch on the turret's rear face. 10.5/50 is known for a switch located in the magazine which is marked "war-peace" (krig-fred). This selected between half and the full rate of fire and was normally locked in the "peace" position using a padlock. The lower rate of fire was normally used in peacetime because it meant less wear on the various mechanical systems.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, System description, Supporting installation
Each gun is supported by an installation built in a tunnel connected to the gun turret and magazine. This installation provides fire control, power supply and accommodation for the gun crew and is designed to provide power, food and water for weeks despite being sealed off from the outside world. It uses an older construction technique, pioneered in the 1920s and common in the 1950s, which involved blasting a large tunnel inside of which a concrete building was erected. A non-military but very visible example of this construction technique are the older stations of the Stockholm Metro.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, System description, Supporting installation
This technique proved inadequate when better research on the effects of nuclear weapons became available. It is debated that the concrete structures which were rigidly built on the tunnel floor could collapse from the ground shockwave of a nearby nuclear detonation. Starting in the 1960s, all newer installations were built with steel-framed structures isolated from the surrounding rock with some type of elastic dampers (springs, rubber blocks, etc. ).


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, System description, Fire Control
As built, the 10.5/50 system used a mechanical fire control computer called Ci 709 built by the Dutch company Hollandse Signaalapparaten (HoSa). This occupied 2 floors in the fire control section of the installation. For surveillance and ranging, a periscope and radar was installed which fed into the computer.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, Modifications and final disposal
When the 10.5/50 system was first designed and built its nuclear protection was thought to be pretty good, based on the knowledge concerning the effects of nuclear weapons available at the time. However, as more research became available, the protection of most parts of the system had to be downrated quite a bit. Nevertheless, 10.5/50 was a highly effective weapon system mainly owing to its very high rate of fire which meant a large volume of ammunition could be placed on a target.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, Modifications and final disposal
In the 1980s, when the coastal artillery decided not to use the option to order more 12/70 systems the fire control systems meant for those installations were redirected to replace older systems. This meant that all 10.5/50 installations received a modern ArtE 724 digital fire control system, complete with the new HSRR fortified radar system and AML 702 laser rangefinder and low-light TV system. The installations were also updated with new communications including the STRIKA 85 computerized command and control system, as well as a general renovation of the accommodation spaces.


10.5 cm tornautomatpjäs m/50, Modifications and final disposal
A decision in 1999 meant that all coastal artillery systems would be disbanded in line with the Swedish government's new take on defense. The 10.5/50 installations were dismantled in the early 2000s, with only Arholma 1 being retained as a State Construction Memorial. It opened as a museum for the 2008 season and is mostly open during the summer, but may be visited any time of the year by groups if booked in advance.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential
The 10.5” Corporate 14 Bolt Differential is a heavy duty differential found on many 1973-2013 Chevrolet and GMC trucks and SUVs, as well as certain versions of the Cadillac Escalade. Additionally, this differential is found on Chevrolet Express and GMC Savanna vans produced from 1973 to current day. Debuting in 1973, this differential is a full floating design with a ring gear diameter of 10.5 inches (270 mm). As the name implies, this differential has 14 bolts holding on the differential cover. The ring gear is not held on with 14 bolts, but rather 12. The 14 bolt differential is a popular axle swap option for Jeep Wrangler owners, and is referred to as the "corporate" 14 bolt because of the odd nature of GM's corporate structure in the 1970s.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential
Not to be confused with the GM 14-bolt 9 and 1/2 inch ring gear rear differential which has c clips to retain the axles unlike a free floating axle that the heavy duty big brother utilizes. The 9 and 1/2 inch is easily identified from the 10 and 1/2 inch by looking at the hub. If the hub protrudes through the center of the wheel, that indicates the more desirable 10.5 and 1/2 inch full floating rear axle. The 9 and 1/2 inch rear end, while durable in its own right, is generally regarded as less desirable in high torque applications.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design
The first design was produced from 1973 to 1984. The first design remained unchanged until 1986. This design had drums that were held on by the wheel studs and had a smaller diameter pinion bearing than the second design. The second design was produced from 1986 to present. One change that occurred in the second design was that on some models the brake drum could be removed without having to remove the hub and axle shaft. Additionally, the pinion received a larger diameter bearing while the pinion stayed the same diameter, which increased the durability of the pinion. All these axle are full floating.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Brakes
Most of the 14 bolt differentials produced through model year 1998 were fitted with drum brakes, but some vehicles with the 14 bolt were upgraded to disc brakes in 1999. Drum brakes were offered on many full size GM vans for several more years, only by 2003 all vans came with disc brakes. The first design of this differential had three different diameter brake drums. At first the differential was released with drums small enough to fit 15 in (380 mm) wheels.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Brakes
Then after a few years a larger drum was standard on the 3⁄4-short-ton (0.68 t) along with the even larger drum on the 1-short-ton (0.91 t). This is an area of the axle assembly that is commonly converted by the enthusiast to disc brakes for added braking performance and lower cost of maintenance.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Pinion
The pinion is supported both in front of and behind the pinion teeth, an arrangement often referred to as "straddle mounting". Straddle mounting greatly reduces pinion deflection under high torque loads, conferring increased longevity and torque capacity. The pinion is also removable from the back as well making for easier access.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Re-purposing
The 10.5" 14 bolt differential and axle is quite popular with Jeep Wrangler owners who want to upgrade their standard Dana 30, Dana 35, or Dana 44 axle. While the 10.5" 14 bolt axle is heavier than the standard Dana axles offered on the Wrangler, it is much stronger. This increased strength allows Jeep Wrangler owners to mount up to 44" tires without concern about axle shaft breakage. Many Wrangler owners will have up to 2 inches removed from the bottom of the 10.5" 14 bolt differential housing to maximize ground clearance.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Re-purposing
Due to the popularity of GM trucks and vans, 10.5" 14 bolt axles are common in junkyards. This makes them an option for any number of vehicle customization projects, buggy builds, and even classic trucks.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 11.5 AAM
The 11.5 AAM 14 bolt rear differential began to replace the 10.5" 14 bolt in many Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks beginning in the 2001 model year. However, the 10.5" 14 bolt axle continues in production today on GMC Savanna and Chevrolet Express vans. The 11.5" 14 bolt axle is also used in 3rd Generation Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks. The GM version uses a paper gasket and the Ram version uses a re-usable rubber gasket. This attribute also makes the Dodge and GM axles appear very different, because of the different cover used.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 11.5 AAM
The GM AAM axle tubes are reduced to smaller diameter than the AAM Dodge's at the spindle from the housing, from 4" to 3.5". Newer GM trucks are built to the same specs as the Dodge axles. GM also opted to have a vibration dampener installed on the yoke, while Dodge opted to place the dampener on the drive shaft. This became the standard axle on all 2500 and 3500 RAM trucks for model year 2014.


10.5" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 10.5 AAM
2500 3rd Generation Dodge trucks use a 10.5 AAM in all the V8 equipped trucks. Some early model Diesel and V10 trucks also used this axle. Like the 11.5, this axle also uses a re-usable rubber gasket and looks similar to the 11.5 axle. The Ram Power Wagon also uses this axle with a locking differential. 2013 was the last model year that RAM 2500 and 3500 trucks were equipped with this axle.


10.5: Apocalypse
10.5: Apocalypse is a 2006 television miniseries written and directed by John Lafia. A sequel to 2004's 10.5, the show follows a series of catastrophic seismic disasters including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and sinkholes, all triggered by an apocalyptic earthquake. The series was produced in Canada. It received primarily negative reviews.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
A minor earthquake in Seattle forms the trigger to a magnitude 10.5 earthquake which destroys San Francisco and then Los Angeles. The earthquake creates fault lines in the sea floor, which in turn creates a massive tsunami which capsizes a large cruise ship (which heavily resembles the Queen Mary 2) and causes massive damage to Honolulu, Hawaii. It turns out to be only the first of a series of seismic events, including the awakening of an extinct volcano in Sun Valley, Idaho and sudden instability of aquifers in Monument Valley.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
Deforestation takes place at Kings Peak, Utah, and Hoover Dam in Boulder City, Nevada collapses when Lake Mead starts to heat up and expand beyond the spillway's capacity. Las Vegas, Nevada is then destroyed when acidic water undermines underground limestone, creating a massive sinkhole which causes many buildings to simply sink into the sand. The worst of the seismic events is a massive fault which opens up under South Dakota, destroying Mount Rushmore in the process, and begins to travel southward towards the Gulf of Mexico.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
The geologists at the United States Geological Survey in Colorado do not understand why seismic events that are very rare or impossible would be happening so rapidly, but Dr. Samantha Hill remembers that her father had once theorized that the Earth's tectonic plates would reach a point of maximum separation, at which point they would reverse direction. The theory also states that related seismic activity would be vastly accelerated during the initial period of reversal. However, Dr. Earl Hill had been ostracized by the USGS for that theory, and had abandoned geology to become a successful professional poker player. When Las Vegas sinks into the ground, he is caught in the casino of the (fictional) Atlas Hotel. Samantha concludes that the massive faultline traveling towards the Gulf of Mexico threatens to re-create the Western Interior Seaway when it reaches the ocean.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
The second part of the miniseries begins with Dr. Hill's rescue from the ruins of the Atlas Hotel just before it is swallowed up completely. At the same time, a massive fault line forms in North Dakota, passing through South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. If it reaches Houston, Texas and the Gulf of Mexico, as predicted, the Midwestern United States will be covered by a new ocean. A massive evacuation of the region is ordered, as an earthquake strikes Sedona, Arizona destroying the Chapel of the Holy Cross in the process. However, a nuclear plant in fictional Red Plains, Texas, is right in the fault's path. If it is destroyed, the entire area and hundreds of miles around will be contaminated by nuclear waste.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
Dr. Earl Hill comes up with a desperate plan to divert the fault around the nuclear plant by opening up a secondary fault running east, by a controlled demolition which explosively ignites the massive natural gas reserves in the area. The main fault follows the new path around Red Plains, saving the nuclear plant, and comes to a halt. The scientists at the USGS cheer, only to find that nothing can stop the fault altogether.


10.5: Apocalypse, Plot
Once again it turns south, slicing through the middle of Houston to reach the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern end of the fault reaches Hudson Bay. However, the end result of the fault is different from what the USGS had expected: when the waters rush into the fault, instead of flooding the entire area, they create a new riverlike seaway that splits the United States and Canada in half. The President declares that although the country is now divided geographically, the American people will not be divided spiritually.


10.5: Apocalypse, Production
10.5: Apocalypse began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in June 2005. A sequel to 10.5, the miniseries used much of the same staff, headed by returning executive producers Howard Braunstein, Michael Jaffe, and Gary Pearl. Director John Lafia, who also wrote script, decided to film the sequel using digital media, stating that it would allow the producers "to achieve a whole new level of visual effects and style that have heretofore not been seen on network television."


10.5: Apocalypse, Production
The Sun Valley, Idaho scene was filmed at the Mont Tremblant Resort, a popular skiing resort north of the city. All of the news reporters that appeared on TV in the film are all local news reporters for various news stations in Montreal. The visual effects for the movie were created by visual effects company "Hybride", which is based in Piedmont, Quebec.


10.5: Apocalypse, Reception
The series was critically panned, and received a 23 out of 100 on metacritic.com. Gillian Flynn at EW.com wrote, "Everything about the [miniseries] is so lousy, it's difficult to pick just one failure." Dorothy Rabinowitz wrote in Wall Street Journal's website, "10.5: Apocalypse is visually dazzling, relentlessly hysterical and also a sequel, which means that most viewers sitting down to watch it know what they're getting into. That should damp down any untoward expectations -- the appearance of a believable character, for instance, or piece of dialogue, neither of which, be assured, is to be found here."


10.6×25mmR
The 10.6x25mmR German Ordnance cartridge, also called the 10.6mm Reichsrevolver, the 10.6mm Service Ordnance, or the 10.55mm German cartridge, is a pistol cartridge designed by the then newly formed German Empire for their first two official service revolvers the M1879 & M1883 Reichsrevolvers.


10.6×25mmR
It is believed to have been influenced by, or developed from the .44 Russian cartridge, which had been developed by the American firearms manufacturer Smith & Wesson for the Armies of Imperial Russia.


10.6×25mmR, History
When they were adopted by Imperial Germany, both the 10.6x25mmR German Ordnance cartridge and the Reichsrevolver had already been surpassed by more advanced developments already in use by other nations and empires of Europe and the Americas.


10.6×25mmR, History
The 10.6x25mm German Ordnance cartridge would be slowly phased out and replaced in German service by the modern 9x19mm Parabellum round with the adoption of the Pistole Parabellum 1908 (more commonly called the Luger pistol) in 1908, and would be used alongside its successor, the 9x19mm Parabellum, in World War I, and would see minimal use through the period of World War II, before finally being completely phased out.


10.75×68mm Mauser
The 10.75x68mm Mauser, also known as the .423 Mauser, is an obsolete rimless bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Mauser and introduced in the early 1920s.


10.75×68mm Mauser, Overview
The 10.75x68mm Mauser was introduced by Mauser in the early 1920s and chambered in their pre-World War II magnum sporting rifles.


10.75×68mm Mauser, Overview
The 10.75x68mm Mauser was a popular big game cartridge with African and Indian hunters, it was used successfully on all dangerous game species up to and including elephant, although many experienced hunters considered it unsatisfactory for the latter.


10.75×68mm Mauser, Overview
John "Pondoro" Taylor stated the 10.75x68mm Mauser was undoubtedly one of the most widely used cartridges for hunting in Africa due to its low chamber pressure, the light weight of rifles chambering the cartridge, usually between 7.25–7.5 pounds (3.29–3.40 kg), and the low cost of the early German Mauser rifles. Taylor was very critical of the cartridge due to its poor sectional density and as a result poor penetration. Taylor stated the fully jacketed versions lacked the penetration for frontal head shots on elephant or shoulder shots on buffalo and the expanding bullets were inadequate on lion and eland.


10.75×68mm Mauser, Overview
One prominent user of the 10.75x68mm Mauser was Donald Anderson, son of Kenneth Anderson, who used a rifle chambering this cartridge to hunt almost all Indian dangerous game species and who stated it was far superior to his father's .405 Winchester.


10.or
10.or, often pronounced Tenor, is a mobile brand launched by Chinese company Huaqin Technology, which was founded in 2005. The brand was launched in India exclusively available on Amazon India.


10.or
In 2017, the company made a debut in India with 10.or E smartphone, which is sold exclusively on Amazon India. The brand made numerous subsequent product launches.


10.or, Products
Prior to 2018, three models were launched. The debuted in India in 2017 with the model 10.or E in two variants. It became a hit among younger generations and was viewed as a low budget phone with some good features. In August 2018, the 10.or D2 phone was launched. After almost a year, the company launched its latest phone, the 10.or G2, in July 2019. Two variants with 4GB and 6GB RAM were also released.


10/10
"10/10" (pronounced: Ten out of Ten) is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter Paolo Nutini, from his second studio album, Sunny Side Up. The song was released on 11 January 2010 as the fourth single from the album. The B-side of the single is a live version of album track "Tricks of the Trade", recorded in New Orleans in 2009. It features Nutini backed by the New Orleans Preservation Hall Jazz Band.


10/10, Background
"10/10" is the first track on Nutini's second album Sunny Side Up. The song was written and produced by Nutini with additional production by Ethan Johns.


10/10, Promotion
Before the song's digital single release, "10/10" was playlisted on the A-list of both BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2. Nutini also promoted the song by performing it on Later... with Jools Holland in 2009  and on Jools Holland's Hootenanny on the 2009/2010 edition of the show.


10/10, Critical reception
"This sounds like an old ska tune by Prince Buster. I think it's good fun, but I would probably not miss it if it mysteriously fell off the album and something else which sounds like Prince Buster popped up instead. 3/5".


10/10, Critical reception
"Paolo Nutini seems to be suffering from an identity crisis. Having toyed with the idea of becoming Cat Stevens, he’s now decided he’s a seasoned reggae virtuoso. The thing is, on the entertaining 10/10, he’s pretty convincing. Whatever next, Paolo? A hair metal number? 3/5. ".


10/10, Chart performance
Following increasing amounts of radio airplay through January 2010, "10/10" entered the UK Singles Chart on the week ending 23 January 2010 at number 100. The following week the single jumped to #64, eventually peaking at #51. The song spent a total of six weeks inside the UK top 75.


10/10, Music video
The video for "10/10" was released on 1 February 2010, three weeks after the song's single release. It features behind the scenes footage of Nutini from throughout the Sunny Side Up era, interspersed with live performances of the song.


10/10 (Maître Gims song)
10/10 (or 10 sur 10) is a song by Congolese-French singer and rapper Maître Gims featuring French rappers, Dadju and Alonzo.


10/13
In television series production a 10/13 role plays a character who is a series regular, but is only guaranteed to be in 10 (out of 13) episodes.


10/13
10/13 roles typically pay less than a full-blown regular but the role still renders an actor ineligible for other pilots/series.


10/13
If the production decides to use the actor in more than 10 episodes, they have to pay premium.


10/22/00 – Las Vegas, Nevada
10/22/00 – Las Vegas, Nevada is a two-disc live album and the sixty-second in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.


10/22/00 – Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview
The album was recorded on October 22, 2000 in Paradise, Nevada at MGM Grand Arena. Pearl Jam celebrated the 10th anniversary of its first live performance as a band at this concert. Vocalist Eddie Vedder took the opportunity to thank the many people who had helped the band come together and make it to 10 years (including Kelly Curtis, Michael Goldstone, Michele Anthony, and Brendan O'Brien). He also noted that "I would never do this accepting a Grammy or something." This concert featured Pearl Jam's first ever performance of the Mother Love Bone song "Crown of Thorns".


10/22/00 – Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview
It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz said that "more casual fans seeking the best of live Pearl Jam should seek another, more carefree night." It debuted at number 152 on the Billboard 200 album chart. "Untitled" and "MFC" from this show appear on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.


10/25/00 – San Diego, California
10/25/00 – San Diego, California is a two-disc live album and the sixty-fourth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.


10/25/00 – San Diego, California, Overview
The album was recorded on October 25, 2000, in San Diego, California at the San Diego Sports Arena. It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz called it a "flawed but psychologically revealing performance, which is absolutely essential for serious Pearl Jam collectors, or for anyone curious about the band's state of mind near the end of a hard year of touring." "Jeremy" from this show appears on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.


10/31 (film)
10/31 is a 2017 American anthology horror film consisting of five Halloween-themed short stories directed by Justin M. Seaman, Zane Hershberger, John William Holt, Brett DeJager, and Rocky Gray, along with a wraparound story directed by Hunter Johnson. The film is executive produced by P.J. Starks.


10/31 (film)
10/31 premiered at the Death By Festival in Austin, Texas, on October 28, 2017.


10/31 (film), Reception
Matt Boiselle of Dread Central called the film "fun, spooky and damn entertaining", writing that "I can't recommend 10/31 enough for those who love their horror in short bursts, and all under one roof – make sure this is on your viewing list, for if these directors are the future of the genre, then we're in good bloody hands."


10/31 (film), Home media
10/31 was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and VHS in 2018 by Scream Team Releasing.


10/40 window
The 10/40 Window is a term coined by Christian missionary strategist and Partners International CEO Luis Bush in 1990 to refer to those regions of the eastern hemisphere, plus the European and African part of the western hemisphere, located between 10 and 40 degrees north of the equator, a general area that was purported to have the highest level of socioeconomic challenges and least access to the Christian message and Christian resources on the planet.


10/40 window
The concept behind the 10/40 Window highlights these three elements (as of data available in 1990): an area of the world with great poverty and low quality of life, combined with lack of access to Christian resources and unreached non-Christians. The Window forms a band encompassing Saharan and Northern Africa, as well as almost all of Asia (West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and much of Southeast Asia). Roughly two-thirds of the world population lived in the 10/40 Window, and it is predominantly Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, animist, Jewish, or atheist. Many governments in the 10/40 Window are officially or unofficially opposed to Christian work of any kind within their borders.


10/40 window, Origin
This region of the world was previously known to Christians as the "resistant belt", as noted by Luis Bush at the 1989 Lausanne II Conference in Manila. In 1990, Bush's research led to a meeting with Pete Holzmann, a leader of the team developing the first PC-based GIS software. They analyzed the region using a box between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude and called it the 10/40 box. A few weeks later, Bush and his wife Doris were inspired to rename it the 10/40 Window, stating that this region ought to be seen as a "window of opportunity". The analysis and concept was a generalization that focuses on a region, not a sharp boundary defining what is a priority, and what is not. For this reason, many missiologists prefer to use the phrase 10/40 Window region.


10/40 window, Origin
Before being called the "resistant belt", the Islamic portions of this region, as well as selected unreached Buddhist and Hindu areas, were referred to as the "unoccupied fields" by Samuel Zwemer, in his book by that same title, published in 1911.


10/40 window, Controversy
Some have objected to such a broad-brush term which seems to imply a unifying characteristic of the 10/40 Window when in fact no large area of the planet is completely homogenous in cultural attributes.


10/40 window, Controversy
This research deals in overall population characteristics. The 10/40 Window is a term that helps people visualize the general area of the analysis, where the above characteristics are generally true, but with exceptions proving it is only a generalization. Some examples of the exceptions:


10/40 window, Gaining widespread use
Over the years, the 10/40 Window has evolved from a specialist term used by Christian missiologists to assumed vocabulary for Christians in the West. It is an emerging term in the secular press and can be found in press style glossaries. Non -western writers and organizations also refer to the 10/40 Window. In addition, those opposed to the idea of evangelism make use of the term.


10/40 window, Analysis
The original 1990 GIS 10/40 Window analysis produced several insights, among them showing that the nations of the 10/40 Window represented (as of the research date):


10/40 window, Analysis
The GIS analysis utilized country-level data from the Operation World almanac, the World Christian Encyclopedia, and the World Factbook.


10/40 window, Analysis, Non-Christians in the 10/40 Window by religion
The first edition GIS analysis maps highlighted the three major religious blocks in the 10/40 Window, specifically the majority Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist nations. Population estimates at the time for the year 2000 (from Operation World) were given as:


10/40 window, Analysis, Non-Christians in the 10/40 Window by religion
have been based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of "unreached" non-Christian populations in the 10/40 Window:


10/40 window, Analysis, Nations in the 10/40 Window
The 10/40 Window originally encompassed the following 57 countries. An expanded list including some important nearby nations is offered by the Joshua Project:


10/40 window, Analysis, Nations in the 10/40 Window
These were all Old World nations (mostly in the eastern hemisphere) with at least 50 percent of their land area falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude as of 1990. (The list also included Gibraltar and Macau, which are not independent nations.) See the  in the original study.


10/7/00 – Detroit, Michigan
10/7/00 – Detroit, Michigan is a two-disc live album and the fifty-first in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.


10/7/00 – Detroit, Michigan, Overview
The album was recorded on October 7, 2000 in Auburn Hills, Michigan at The Palace of Auburn Hills. It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it three out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Douglas Siwek said, "This is a great set in a series of 'bootlegs' that show Pearl Jam as one of the most accomplished bands of the modern rock era."


10/9/00 – Chicago, Illinois
10/9/00 – Chicago, Illinois is a two-disc live album and the fifty-third in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.


10/9/00 – Chicago, Illinois, Overview
The album was recorded on October 9, 2000, in Rosemont, Illinois at Allstate Arena. It was selected by the band as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it four out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz said, "Overall, this night in the windy city was one to remember, and definitely a high-priority purchase in the 2000 bootleg series."


10/90 gap
The 10/90 gap is the term adopted by the Global Forum for Health Research to highlight the finding by the Commission on Health Research for Development in 1990, that less than 10% of worldwide resources devoted to health research were put towards health in Developing Countries, where over 90% of all preventable deaths worldwide occurred. Every year, the spread of disease suffered in both rich and poor countries converges. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most prevalent diseases consist of cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. These diseases now account for 45% of the global health burden and is the culprit for up to 85% of deaths in low-income countries. The 10/90 Gap focuses on joining organisations together to reduce these statistics.


10/90 gap, Disease and the 10/90 gap
A substantial portion of diseases, most prevalent in impoverished or developing countries, are those which are preventable and/or treatable. The World Health Organization (2004) stated in their world health report that an estimated eight million individuals die prematurely, from diseases and conditions that can be cured, every year. These deaths contribute to approximately one third of all human deaths in the world, each year. Table 1 lists several of these curable diseases.


10/90 gap, Strategies for change
Global health organisations across the globe have explicitly made research into health their priority. In 2000, World Health Organization established the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, who in their 2001 report, verified the relationship between poverty and disease and discussed the benefit of investment on the economic climates of developing countries. Possible strategies that can be implanted to help reduce the 10/90 gap are, policies prioritizing funding for health research, also developing capacities of credible public and private health research institutions.


10/90 gap, Strategies for change
Also activities of international NGOs to undertake research aimed at resolving the gap, and the setting up of research based mechanisms to ensure access to new effective products for the treatment and prevention of poverty-related diseases. However, given the number of diseases that are preventable, other factors that are blocking the access of patients to these products, such as cost of treatments to the individual, also need to be addressed, rather that just focusing on developing new drugs. There is also a need to build the primary health care sector in developing countries. It has been shown that early detection and effective management of disease can be provided by appropriately-trained, non-physician, healthcare workers.


10/90 gap, Health expenditure
The gap between financial needs and financial means in low income countries can only be filled by donations. The average health expenditure per capita in western countries is estimated at $947 compared to $20 per capita in low income countries. To assist the world's poorest, health expenditure between $44–60 per capita is placed as a target. This target is achieved by the contribution of 0.1% of  advanced western countries gross national production (GNP) to fund global health, this recommendation was set by the WHO in 2001 and is estimated to save 8 million lives per year.


10/90 gap, Global research and development
Among other efforts to address this issue are recent proposals for a Global Research and Development (R&D) treaty, and the creation of the nonprofit pharmaceutical company OneWorld Health which develops new and affordable medicines for neglected diseases. A treaty creates a system that allows health research to come from contributions by all and therefore the sharing of benefits for all, improving the fairness and sustainability of global research and development. In a positive development for the closing of the gap, in the 2012 London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases many parties, including governments, funding organisations and drug companies, agreed to work towards the eradication of neglected tropical diseases.


10/90 gap, Criticism
Despite the findings of the World Health Organization, and the disparity of curable diseases throughout developing and developed countries, some people believe the 10/90 gap is a myth. They criticise the fact that simple medicines which stop curable and treatable conditions such as diarrhoea and malaria are available to these countries. The issue is not with the medicine, but with the ability for the affected to access it. Access to medicine can be inhibited by many circumstances such as poverty, strict government regime and inadequate healthcare systems and infrastructure.


100
100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101.


100
In medieval contexts, it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of "hundred" to describe the long hundred of six score or 120.


100, In mathematics
100 is the square of 10 (in scientific notation it is written as 102). The standard SI prefix for a hundred is "hecto-".


100, In mathematics
100 is the basis of percentages (per cent meaning "per hundred" in Latin), with 100% being a full amount.


100, In mathematics
100 is the sum of the first nine prime numbers, as well as the sum of some pairs of prime numbers e.g., 3 + 97, 11 + 89, 17 + 83, 29 + 71, 41 + 59, and 47 + 53.


100, In mathematics
100 is the sum of the cubes of the first four positive integers (100 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43). This is related by Nicomachus's theorem to the fact that 100 also equals the square of the sum of the first four positive integers: 100 = 102 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)2.


100, In mathematics
26 + 62 = 100, thus 100 is a Leyland number.


100, In mathematics
100 is an 18-gonal number. It is divisible by 25, the number of primes below it. It can not be expressed as the difference between any integer and the total of coprimes below it, making it a noncototient. It can be expressed as a sum of some of its divisors, making it a semiperfect number.


100, In mathematics
100 is a Harshad number in base 10, and also in base 4, and in that base it is a self-descriptive number.


100, In mathematics
There are exactly 100 prime numbers whose digits are in strictly ascending order (e.g. 239, 2357 etc . ).


100, In science
One hundred is the atomic number of fermium, an actinide and the last of the heavy metals that can be created through neutron bombardment.


100, In science
On the Celsius scale, 100 degrees is the boiling temperature of pure water at sea level.


100, In science
The Kármán line lies at an altitude of 100 kilometres above the Earth's sea level and is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space.


100, In money
Most of the world's currencies are divided into 100 subunits; for example, one euro is one hundred cents and one pound sterling is one hundred pence.


100, In money
By specification, 100 euro notes feature a picture of a Rococo gateway on the obverse and a Baroque bridge on the reverse.


100, In money
The U.S. hundred-dollar bill has Benjamin Franklin's portrait; the "Benjamin" is the largest U.S. bill in print. American savings bonds of $100 have Thomas Jefferson's portrait, while American $100 treasury bonds have Andrew Jackson's portrait.


100 (2008 film)
100 is a 2008 Filipino film starring Mylene Dizon who portrays the role of a woman terminally-ill with cancer and had about 100 days or about three months to live. She set for herself various tasks to accomplish in her final days. The film was written and directed by Chris Martinez.


100 (2008 film)
In 2010, it was named as one of the top 10 films released in 2009 by ABS-CBN News.


100 (2019 film)
100 is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Sam Anton and produced by Kaviya Mahesh. The film features Atharvaa and Hansika Motwani in the lead roles, while Radha Ravi and Yogi Babu play supporting roles. The music was composed by Sam C. S., with editing done by Ruben and cinematography by Krishnan Vasant. The film began production during December 2017 and completed its shoot by August 2018. It was released on 9 May 2019 to mixed to positive reviews from the critics and became an above average success.


100 (2019 film)
The main plot is loosely based on the Danish film,  The Guilty, which was official Danish submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy awards.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Sathya wants to be an upright cop, hoping that his life will become adventurous by chasing criminals and solving mysteries like his childhood best friend Anwar. However, he gets posted in a control room as an emergency call operator, where he is mentored by 'Pistol' Perumal. His requests to have his department changed to fall on deaf ears. Sathya's girlfriend Nisha has a brother Vicky, who is shown to be in a relationship with Ayesha, Anwar's sister.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Initially, Sathya thinks that his job is just as mundane as Nisha's, who works at a call center. One day, disturbed due to a misunderstanding with Anwar involving Ayesha and Vicky, Sathya misses a call, which turns out to be from the mother of a boy who was kidnapped. Sathya deduces that the boy is being kept hostage in a train, and with Perumal's help, he manages to nab the kidnappers and get the boy home safely.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Perumal believes that the 100th phone call changes the operator's lives, which Sathya refuses to believe until his 100th phone call turns out to be from Sandhya, a girl who was earlier presumed dead. Using his wits, Sathya manages to save Sandhya from the clutches of the kidnappers and hands both the girl and the kidnappers to Anwar to preserve his anonymity. However, the next day, he does not find any news pertaining to the girl's return to her home. Disturbed, he reaches out to Anwar, who refuses to acknowledge that Sathya handed over Sandhya to him.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Deducing that Anwar is involved in something wrong, Sathya convinces Perumal, who has only two days of service remaining before he retires, to help him crack the case. Sathya brings the rogue who had confessed earlier that he killed Sandhya into questioning. The rogue was released within a year of Sandhya's supposed murder since he was a minor. Sathya gets him beaten by Sandhya's boyfriend Harish, and the rogue confesses that he is under the payroll of Daas, who runs a huge drug cartel business in the city. One of Daas's men asks the rogue to take the blame for the murder promising him 1.5 million rupees.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Sathya sneaks into Daas's hideout, where he finds out that the actual mastermind is Daas's associate David. David runs a business of supplying girls to rich perverts. To avoid investigation, they make it look like the girls have been murdered, whereas, in reality, they would be sold for a huge sum of money. Sathya arrests David, who is later shot dead by a helmeted assailant. Sathya asks Perumal to nab the assailant with the help of the traffic cameras, and the assailant is revealed to be Anwar.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Upon questioning, Anwar confesses that he had no knowledge of the girl trafficking business and had shot David, since the real mastermind behind the crime had kidnapped Ayesha, who had run away from home with Vicky, fearing that Anwar would not accept their relationship. Anwar was also instructed to kill Sathya, but he could not bring himself to shoot his best friend. Feeling guilty, Anwar requests Sathya to save Ayesha and commits suicide.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Distraught at his best friend's death, Sathya is informed that Vicky has returned and is in the hospital, having been badly beaten up. When he goes to the hospital to meet Vicky, he gets a call from the kidnappers asking him to come to a secluded location to save Ayesha. Upon reaching there, he finds out that the kidnappers have left Sandhya there instead of Ayesha. Perumal traces the kidnappers' phone to the hospital where Vicky is admitted and launches a police team to surround the hospital immediately.


100 (2019 film), Plot
In a twist, Sandhya reveals that it is Vicky himself who is the mastermind of the girl trafficking business. He had got together with David and kidnapped 12 girls in total. Vicky escapes from the hospital after creating a ruckus and tells Sathya that if he wanted Ayesha alive, he would have to deliver Sandhya to a particular location. Vicky forces Sathya to stay on the call to prevent him from contacting the police, but Sathya writes the word "help" on his car's windshield, through which Perumal managed to dispatch help to him.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Realizing that Sandhya is bugged, Sathya asks the team to proceed with Sandhya to the location, while Perumal relayed Vicky's location to Sathya through another police officer's phone. Sathya manages to catch up to Vicky, trashes him and his rogues, and rescues Ayesha. Sathya asks Perumal to shoot down Vicky to instill fear in the hearts of criminals who commit such crimes with girls. Perumal, who had never used a pistol before and had only five minutes of service remaining, does so, thrilled.


100 (2019 film), Plot
Due to his success, Sathya is transferred to the crime branch, but having realized that he could make a bigger difference by being a call operator, he decides to stick to his current job. The film ends with Sathya receiving a call and then walking away to solve the crime.