100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Later, when they fart in front of the person they are faulty, they are two grueled bad boyhood winds, and farts are farther more evil villain style winds of four, if taken with a camera, a model from, a squirrel raised to a figure close to the father, If you play farts again, you will be eight people.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Just an Old Man. wearing Pascal's Costume. Motor nerve is preeminent.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Boys's Student. in charge of Tsukkomi of this work. Basically he is a common sense person with a serious personality, but there are many times to make a neta such as becoming naked often.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Hayato's Classmate. chairperson. It features a pink ponytail. As usual Hayato is a serious common sense person, but when it comes to battle, She turns into a Super Chika and has a very militant side.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Hayato's Classmate. He is looking at a strong and muscular elementary school student. Although there are few turns in the original, since it is a regular character in animation, it is not a bad personality, so Hayakama Hayato is a close associate with classmate.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
He is a Very Rich Transfer's Student. who has transferred to Pascal's Class and is a competitor of Pascal. Although it is a disgusting personality in Kiza, it is also a militant and high-pride personality such as fighting and fighting something with Pascal. I like sumo.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
A Transfer's Student. of a robot who has transferred to one group for 4 years.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
I was Transferred to One's Group. for 4 years (In anime I was a group of four years from the beginning, but it was a school trip before Pascal's Came). A bad student riding a motorcycle. I usually wear an iron mask and my real face seems to be a Very Beautiful's Girl.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
Anime's Original Character. Girls's Student. in one group for 4 years. I wear glasses and have a calm personality. I like the big game always playing with hand-held game machines, and its skills are also top notch.


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
A Four-Year, One-Time Classroom's Teacher. It has been told from the mouth of the principal that he quit suddenly (In anime it is revealed the reason "It became YouTuber").


100% Pascal-sensei, Characters
A Person who is believed to invented an unannounced test. It seems that "Unplugged" in the unannounced test comes from his name.


100% Pascal-sensei, Video Games
A video game titled 100% Pascal-sensei: Kanpeki Paint Bombers (100％パスカル先生 完璧ペイントボンバーズ, 100% Pasukaru-sensei Kanpeki Peinto Bombaazu, lit. 100% Professor Pascal: Perfect Paint Bombers) was developed and published by Konami for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017.


100% Pinoy!
100% Pinoy! is a Philippine television informative show broadcast by GMA Network. Originally hosted by Kara David, Raffy Tima, Pia Arcangel, Rhea Santos and Ivan Mayrina, it premiered on July 5, 2006. The show concluded on September 25, 2008. Miriam Quiambao and Joaquin Valdes served as the final hosts.


100% Publishing
100% Publishing is the seventh studio album by English grime artist Wiley. It is named "100% Publishing" because the album was written, produced and mastered in its entirety by Wiley while working independently of a label. Big Dada re-signed Wiley to release the album and was released on 20 June 2011. The first single, "Numbers in Action", was released on 5 April 2011.


100% Publishing, Critical reception
100% Publishing was met with "generally favorable" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 67 based on 20 reviews. Aggregator website AnyDecentMusic? gave a 6.6 out of 10 based on a critical consensus of 22 reviews.


100% Publishing, Critical reception
In a review for Pitchfork, Nate Patrin wrote: "100% Publishing bristles with the reflexive jabs and on-the-spot opinions that tend to come during long-distance sparring sessions with the nebulous flogging masses. Wiley wasn't always the slickest-flowing rapper, but if there's one part of his game that's really stepped up, it's his relationship with his own beats." Alex Macpherson of The Guardian noted the albums "beats are sparse, functional and judiciously melodic in ways that will be recognisable to fans of his original eski sound. More importantly, this strategy puts Wiley's voice and personality front and centre." At Clash, Raj Chaudhari noted "the album is a fine document of why Wiley was, is, and will continue to be such a cornerstone of the grime scene."


100% Pure Frankie Miller
100% Pure Frankie Miller is the fourth studio album by English musician Spike, and a tribute album to Scottish singer-songwriter Frankie Miller. It was released on 8 September 2014 by Cargo Records. The lead single from the album, "Cocaine", was released on 1 September 2014.


100% Pure Frankie Miller, Release and promotion
100% Pure Frankie Miller is a tribute album to the Scottish singer-songwriter of the same name. The album includes tracks (discounting "Bottle of Whiskey") written by Miller that were previously unreleased.


100% Pure Frankie Miller, Critical response
Louella Deville of PlanetMosh gave the album five out of five stars, describing it as "a stunning tribute to keep Frankie’s music alive." She drew vocal comparisons between Spike and Rod Stewart, saying "if I hadn't known it was Spike I may have thought Rod was collaborating with them." She also noted Spike's duet with Bonnie Tyler, describing her voice as the female equivalent of Spike's. "It’s difficult to tell in places which was Spike singing and which was Bonnie. I doubt even Spike’s own mother could tell them apart!"


100% Pure Love
"100% Pure Love" is a 1994 single recorded by American singer and songwriter Crystal Waters from her second studio album, Storyteller (1994). It was released on April 11, 1994, as the album's lead single. The song was a hit in many countries, reaching the top 20 in Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was certified Platinum in Australia and Gold in the US.


100% Pure Love, Background and release
The song is inspired by her relationship at the time. The singer says she chose the stylings of the song as a reaction to the popularity of gangsta rap during the mid-1990s in the United States.


100% Pure Love, Background and release
Looking to write a positive song, she sent an early draft to her production team Basement Boys who "hated the hook" but "loved the verses." Originally the song was built on the lyrics, "the beat goes boom," before she went back to the drawing board and considered the reasons she was writing the song in the first place. "From the back to the middle and around again, I'm going to be there 'til the end, 100% pure love," emerged as the next draft and became the lyrics in the completed version of the song.


100% Pure Love, Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "the enigmatic voice" behind the 1991 smash "Gypsy Woman" "returns with a percussive pop/dance twirler from her new 'Storyteller' opus. Though it seemed impossible to come up with a hook as catchy as 'la-da-di, la-di-da', Waters and cohorts the Basement Boys have done exactly that, and wrapped it with dramatic strings and butt shagging cowbells." Anderson Jones from Entertainment Weekly stated that "the hip-swaying infectious grooves" of "100% Pure Love" "can't be denied."


100% Pure Love, Critical reception
Bradley Stern from Idolator noted that the song is "armed with a real subtle earworm of a chorus", calling it a "campy house anthem". Howard Cohen from Knight-Ridder Newspapers commented, "Waters' jazz-inflected voice merges with hard-edged house instrumentation, while the song's dark and heady synthesizer intro is a hard-to-decline signal to hit the dance floor."


100% Pure Love, Critical reception
Music writer James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary, "The lady with possibly the most unusual voice in dance music is back." He described it as "more of the same kind of left-field nonsense". Andy Beevers from Music Week rated it four out of five, complimenting it as "an impressive comeback", stating that "boasting a strong garage production from The Basement Boys and a catchy vocal hook, this could cross over."


100% Pure Love, Critical reception
Tim Jeffery from the magazine's RM Dance Update noted that it "features a catchy 'Back to the middle and round again' hook that should be enough to propel it into the charts." Wendi Cermak from The Network Forty said it is "100% fierce!" Orla Swift from Record-Journal deemed it a "bright, dynamic number", that is "displaying a knack both for catchy melodies and innovative arrangements". Eddie B. Allen Jr. from Toledo Blade described it as the "most forceful" of the dance singles on the album.


100% Pure Love, Chart performance
The single reached number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 38 on the US R&B chart. It spent a total of 45 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming one of the longest charting singles in the US to date. The song won a Billboard Music Award for Top-Selling Hot Dance Music Club Play Single at the 1994 Billboard Music Awards. The song was certified Gold in the United States.


100% Pure Love, Chart performance
In Europe, it managed to climb into the Top 20 in Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the latter, the single peaked at number 15 in its second week at the UK Singles Chart, on April 24, but on the UK Dance Singles chart, it hit number one. Additionally, it was a Top 30 hit in Austria and Iceland, and a Top 40 hit in Belgium and Germany. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "100% Pure Love" hit number 49, but on the European Dance Radio Chart, it peaked at number-one.


100% Pure Love, Chart performance
The song proved to be most popular in Australia. It first entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number 40 on June 26, 1994, then reached number three three weeks later. On July 31, the song reached its peak position of number two, behind Wet Wet Wet's runaway hit "Love Is All Around". It dropped to number three the next week, then spent four more weeks at that position before falling to number four on September 11. Afterwards, it remained in the chart for a further seven weeks before dropping out of the top 50 on November 6. It finished 1994 as Australia's 11th best-selling single, the second best-selling number-two hit of the year behind Bon Jovi's "Always". It has since received a Platinum certification from ARIA for sales exceeding 70,000 copies.


100% Pure Love, Music video
The accompanying music video, directed by Matthew Rolston and choreographed by Michael K. Williams (who later went on to star as Omar Little on The Wire), was also nominated for Best Dance Video at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. It was uploaded to YouTube in October 2009. By February 2021, the video had more than 17.3 million views.


100% Pure Love, Impact and legacy
Australian music channel Max placed "100% Pure Love" at number 698 in their list of "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2011. BuzzFeed ranked it number nine in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s" in 2017. In 2021, they ranked it number five in their list of "The 50 Best '90s Songs of Summer", calling it "the greatest '90s dance song of the '90s dance genre".


100% Pure Love, In popular culture
On January 22, 2021, on the drag competition RuPaul's Drag Race episode "RuPaulmark Channel", contestants Denali Foxx and Kahmora Hall performed a "lip sync for your life" battle to "100% Pure Love", with Denali Foxx winning and staying in the competition.


100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked
100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked is a compilation album and a box set by German dance group Scooter, released on 15 December 2017 through Sheffield Tunes and Kontor Records.


100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked, Track listing, Limited Deluxe Box
The special collector's edition of the album, entitled 100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked (Limited Deluxe Box), contains 5 CDs mentioned above, plus a vinyl LP of Olga Scheps' tribute album 100% Scooter – Piano Only, a MC with the megamix and selected tracks from another tribute album Hands On Scooter, and a 112 paged photo book including photos from 25 years of the band, lyrics of all singles and discography. This edition is limited to 2000 copies.


100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked, Olga Scheps – 100% Scooter – Piano Only
100% Scooter – Piano Only is a studio album by Russian-German classical pianist Olga Scheps, released on 15 December 2017 through Sheffield Tunes Classics and Kontor Records.


100% Senorita
100% Senorita (Chinese: 千金百分百; pinyin: Qian Jin Bai Fen Bai) is 2003 a Taiwanese romance comedy drama television series starring Joe Chen, Wallace Huo as the main lead, with Deric Wan, Penny Lin and Jason Hsu in supporting roles. The drama began broadcasting on CTS channel on September 13, 2003 and finished on January 6, 2004 with 40 episodes total. The drama was re-broadcast every following Saturday on Sanlih's SETTV with a 90-minute version of the drama.


100% Senorita, Synopsis
When a surrogate mother gives birth to twins, she keeps Liang Xiao Feng (Chen Qiao En) by her side, and gives Zhuang Fei Yang (Penny Lin) away, who ends up in a wealthy family. Years later, Zhuang Fei Yang becomes the heiress of Formosa Inc, a company created by her father and Peter works as General Manager. However, when Fei Yang's father passes away, Peter tries to kill Fei Yang and take the company for his own. Despite Peter's attempts, Fei Yang miraculously survive from the accident and saved by a cosmetic surgeon who mistakenly thought she is his daughter. The surgeon does the cosmetic surgery on Fei Yang to reconstruct her face that being damaged by the accident. From then on, the twins’ fates entwine once more.


100% Senorita, Summary
Born through a surrogate mother, Zhuang Fei Yang is the sole millionaire heiress of Formosa Inc, a company owned by her father and directed by CEO Peter, Fei Yang's high-profile boyfriend. Soon after her father's sudden death, the heiress’ life is shaken by a murder attempt by the scheming Peter. Fei Yang survives the car accident without Peter's knowledge, but her face becomes unrecognizable after a dramatic plastic surgery to cover her deformed features.


100% Senorita, Summary
All due to the plastic surgeon mistaking Fei yang to be his long lost daughter who has come back to him, and he surgeons his daughter's face on Fei yang, changing her identity. Wanting to be restored to her identity and to save Formosa from Peter's hands, Fei Yang employs the help of Xiao Feng, her long-lost twin sister.


100% Senorita, Summary
The uncultured Xiao Feng swaps identities with the rich Fei Yang in a desperate attempt to regain Formosa, and the plot thickens as Peter, Fei Yang's admirers Wei Xiang and Je Lin, her best friend Sha Sha, her governess, and the sisters themselves discover the mystery of their identities step by step.


100% Senorita, Remake
It remade by Indonesia as Putri Kembar starring by Stefanie Hariadi Theresia as Chika (Liang Xiao Feng), Richa Novisha as Sasha (Zhuang Fei Yang), and Roger Danuarta.


100% Skuldgevoelvry
100% Skuldgevoelvry (100% Guiltfree) is the second album by the South African heavy metal band Kobus!, released in 2004 on the ENT Entertainment imprint. Francois Breytenbach Blom and Theo Crous continue on the experimental side of the fence with an album more than twice the length of their debut of 2002. The album includes heavier tracks, hinting at Crous and Blom's original hard rock and heavy metal histories.


100% Skuldgevoelvry, Track listing
* Main is an Afrikaans slang term meaning cool, great, or legendary.


100% Synthetic
100% Synthetic is an EP by American punk rock band The Honor System. It was released in 2001 on Double Zero Records. The album is their second release and the last to feature guitarist Nolan McGuire.


100% Tierra Caliente
100% Tierra Caliente (transl. 100% Hot Land ) is the title of a studio album released by Regional Mexican band, Beto y sus Canarios on January 27, 2004. This album includes the hit single "Está Llorando Mi Corazón," which won the award for Regional Mexican Airplay of the Year by a Male Group at the 2005 Latin Billboard Music Awards.


100% Tierra Caliente
It comprises fifteen tracks with different rhythms, such as rancheras, cumbias,  and ballads. The album sold nearly 200,000 copies.


100% Uggla
100% Uggla, subtitle: Absolut inget annat is a compilation album by Swedish pop and rock artist Magnus Uggla. His third compilation album, it was released in October 1994.


100% Ver.
100% Ver. is the fourth EP released by South Korea boy band MBLAQ. The album was released online on January 10, 2012. The online pre-orders started on January 10, 2012. It was recently revealed that 100% Ver. had over 40,000 pre-orders. The album consists of five new tracks, and the title track This Is War is a Dance Ballad with Orchestra Music. On March 21, the EP was re-released under the name "BLAQ% Ver.". The song "100%" was supposed to be the title track of the re-release, but the group will not promote the song to focus on solo activities.


100% Ver., Background
On January 5, MBLAQ released their teaser of "This is War" on their official YouTube channel, J.Tune Camp. The video reveals the 5 members in their ensemble scene, and some small snippets of the full music video. The teaser ends with the members standing center stage with a string orchestra gathered on either side of them, shooting at the audience and finishes with a violent blood splatter that reveals their lead single's name, "전쟁이야 (This is War)". On the same day, the first concept photo was also released by J.Tune Camp. The directors jokingly stated that there was a particular member, Mir, who wanted to shave his hair bald, however they took fans' opinions in to consideration and only let the member go as far as a mohawk.


100% Ver., Background
Not much has been said by the members about their secondary single, "낙서 (Scribble)". The group members only said, "You will be able to know about this song by listening to it rather than by us explaining about it". "Scribble" was released on music portal websites on January 3, 2012. When "Scribble" was released, it reached number one on Soribada and Bugs Music, number three on Mnet's Music chart, and number four on Cyworld Music. "Scribble" was also promoted along with their lead single, "전쟁이야 (This is War)", multiple times on stage as their second single from their 100% Ver..


100% Ver., Background
100% Ver. was released on the same day as the music video, containing a total of five songs: "Run", "전쟁이야 (This is War)", "낙서 (Scribble)", "아찔한 그녀 (She's Breathtaking)", and "Hello My Ex" respectively.


100% Ver., Promotions and awards
On January 12, 2012, the group kicked off the promotion of their mini album on the TV music show Mnet's M! Countdown, performing both "Scribble" and the album's title track "This Is War". The group performed the last promotional stage of "Scribble" on January 15, 2012, on SBS's Inkigayo, and they held the goodbye stage of "This Is War" on February 12, 2012 on SBS's Inkigayo. On January 26 and February 2, 2012, MBLAQ won on M! Countdown with their title song This is War. On March 1, 2012, the group started the follow up promotion of their mini album with track "Run" on Mnet's M! Countdown.


100% Wolf
100% Wolf is a 2020 Australian computer-animated adventure fantasy comedy film directed by Alexs Stadermann and produced by Alexia Gates-Foale and Barbara Stephen. It is adapted from the Jayne Lyons' 2009 novel of the same name.


100% Wolf, Plot
Freddy Lupin is the young heir to a werewolf pack that has been protecting their local town for years. When he attempts to follow his family during their nightly patrol using a magical Moonstone, he inadvertently exposes the existence of werewolves to ice-cream truck owner Foxwell Cripp, and when Freddy's father, Flashheart, tries to reassure Foxwell that he is not going to hurt him, and ends up scaring him off a cliff. Then he jumps to save the Foxwell, accidentally bumping into Freddy. Freddy ends up losing the Moonstone to Cripp and Flashheart is apparently killed when he falls off a cliff.


100% Wolf, Plot
With Flasheart dead, Freddy's uncle Hotspur becomes the new head of the werewolf clan, starting various new policies that include an increased dog-catching presence in the town, as werewolves have had a long history of disdain for dogs. Six years later, the time comes for Freddy to experience his first wolf transformation, but despite the encouragement of long-term housekeeper Mrs Mutton, he is humiliated when he turns into a poodle instead. Faced with the disdain of his pack, Freddy is challenged to prove his wolf status by moonrise the next day or risk being banished. However, his efforts are curtailed from the beginning when Hotspur's children put a silver collar on him, preventing him turning back into human form, although he manages to escape the mansion.


100% Wolf, Plot
Hitching a lift into town on a passing truck, Freddy decides to try and retrieve the Moonstone from Cripp, who now runs a werewolf exhibition that has been covered by anti-werewolf defenses preventing the pack from retrieving it themselves. While searching in town, Freddy befriends Batty, a stray dog also known as 'Houndini' for her ability to consistently escape the dog-catchers, offering to give her access to his mansion's supply of meat if she helps him retrieve the ring from Cripp. After Batty gives him some tips on how to be more dog, she leads him to Cripp's exhibition.


100% Wolf, Plot
Freddy is briefly caught and examined by Cripp, but Batty is able to help him escape. Learning about Batty's past, when she was put out of a petshop after nobody bought her, Freddy plans to help her, but they are caught by the dogcatchers and sent to the Coldfax dog pound before he can do anything.


100% Wolf, Plot
Meanwhile, Cripp recognises the Lupin family crest from Freddy's silver collar, and is able to acquire a hair sample from Hotspur to confirm his suspicions. Hotspur visits the dog pound and retrieves the Moonstone, but decides to leave Freddy there so that he can become the official pack leader.


100% Wolf, Plot
In a cell with the temperamental Twitchy, the zen-style Hamish, and Bruno, who can only say "ball", Freddy accidentally admits his werewolf heritage, thus straining his companionship with Batty, but after an escape attempt goes wrong, he takes the blame to save the dogs and is sent to a pit with 'the Beast', an unknown monster that supposedly eats dogs.


100% Wolf, Plot
As Hotspur prepares to implement his plan along with the pound's Commander to turn all the captured stray dogs into wigs, Freddy learns that the 'Beast' is actually his father; Flasheart was captured by the dog-catchers after he was injured by the fall, with Hotspur leaving him in Coldfax with a silver bracelet to keep him trapped in his wolf state. Batty, who after Freddy's sacrifice is now forgiving and convinced to rescue him, and the other dogs are able to escape into the vents and help Freddy free his father. Mrs Mutton manages to track Freddy to the pound, she and Twitchy remaining to keep the Commander occupied and destroy the wig-making machine respectively.


100% Wolf, Plot
Freddy leads Flasheart and the dogs home to confront Hotspur, which also allows Freddy to return to human form after they are able to remove his silver collar. Their attempt to confront Hotspur is intercepted by Cripp, who attacks the other wolves with a mass of silver concentrate, but Freddy is able to stop Cripp's attack when he reveals that (contrary to Cripp's expectations) the wolves didn't kill him as a child.


100% Wolf, Plot
Having evaded Cripp's initial attack, Hotspur tries to attack while the other wolves are weakened by the silver, but the dogs are able to get the wolves to safety while Freddy lures his uncle to the mansion roof. Transforming back into a poodle in the moonlight and accepting his form, Freddy lets out a loud roar to affirm his status as an alpha wolf, sending Hotspur falling back into the mansion and affirming his failure as a leader.


100% Wolf, Plot
Sometime later, Freddy's reflections reveal that not only have werewolves and dogs gotten on better terms, but the pack has also opened the mansion up to all dogs, with Hotspur and his children reduced to dog-walkers and picking up after the mutts, while Cripp is an accepted part of life at the mansion and Batty being Freddy's particular pet/friend. Meanwhile, the Commander has been arrested and Coldfax is presumably shut down. Flasheart has returned to his old role as pack leader, but assures Freddy that he is proud of him and believes he will be a good leader when the time comes.


100% Wolf, Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on reviews from 15 critics.


100% Wolf, TV series
A 26-episode TV series spin-off, known as 100% Wolf: Legend of the Moonstone, screened on ABC ME from 28 December 2020.


100% Wolf, TV series, Voice Cast
Additional Voices: Elizabeth Nabben, Peter McAllum, Aleks Mikic, Elise Humphreys, Rupert Degas, Victoria Zerbst


100% Wolf, TV series, Plot
Freddy may be a poodle, but he has the heart of a wolf, and he's going to prove it by graduating from the werewolf-only Howlington Academy.


100% d'amour
"100% d'amour" (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃ puʁsɑ̃ damuʁ]; "100% of love") was the Luxembourgish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984, performed in French by 19-year-old musical newcomer Sophie Carle. Despite Luxembourg's storied history in the contest, which included five wins at that point, Carle was only the fourth singer to represent Luxembourg who was native to the Grand Duchy, the three previous being Solange Berry in 1958, Camillo Felgen in 1960 and 1962 and Monique Melsen in 1971.


100% d'amour
The song is an uptempo song, with Carle asking to be given "100% of love" to maintain her sanity in the modern world. During the live performance, Carle allegedly had trouble keeping her own harmony over her loud keyboard and drum machine accompaniments, which led to a largely off-key performance.


100% d'amour
The song was performed second on the night, following Sweden's Herreys with "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley" and preceding France's Annick Thoumazeau with "Autant d'amoureux que d'étoiles". At the close of voting, it had received 39 points, placing 10th in a field of 19.


100% d'amour
The relatively unsuccessful representation by Carle on home turf caused her to place her singing career on permanent hiatus. Instead, Carle pursued an acting career, in which she was still active as of 2008.


100% d'amour
It was succeeded as Luxembourgish representative at the 1985 contest by Margo, Franck Olivier, Diane Solomon, Ireen Sheer, Malcolm and Chris Roberts with "Children, Kinder, Enfants".


100% renewable energy
100% renewable energy is where all energy use is sourced from renewable energy sources. The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating/cooling and transport is motivated by climate change, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels. 100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality.


100% renewable energy
The latter is a climate mitigation target, politically decided by many countries, and may also be achieved by balancing the total carbon footprint of the country (not only emissions from energy and fuel) with carbon dioxide removal and carbon projects abroad. 100% renewable energy and net-zero greenhouse gas definitions are political in nature and vary by place and time.


100% renewable energy
However, recent studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and desalination well before 2050 is feasible. Existing technologies, including storage, are capable of generating a secure energy supply at every hour throughout the year. The sustainable energy system is more efficient and cost effective than the existing system. In its 2011 special report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change already stated that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.


100% renewable energy
Renewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated. Global smart grid technologist, Steve Hoy, originated the concept of "True Zero" as opposed to "Net Zero" to express the emerging capability to trace electricity in order to drive 24/7 100% renewable energy adoption. As of 2019, however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F).


100% renewable energy
According to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy which were published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." While there are still many publications which focus on electricity only, there is a growing number of papers that cover different energy sectors and sector-coupled, integrated energy systems. This cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.


100% renewable energy
Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "climate stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges." Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says that producing all new energy with wind power, solar power,  and hydropower by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Although disputed by other researchers, Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies and he has rebutted their criticisms.


100% renewable energy
The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are seen to be primarily social and political rather than technological or economic. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: climate change denial, the fossil fuels lobby, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints.


100% renewable energy
In 2014, renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass, and burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. The largest sector in terms of energy consumption is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%. As of 2018, according to REN21, transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport. There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply.


100% renewable energy, History
Using 100% renewable energy was first suggested in a paper in Science published in 1975 by Danish physicist Bent Sørensen, which was followed by several other proposals. In 1976, energy policy analyst Amory Lovins coined the term "soft energy path" to describe an alternative future where energy efficiency and appropriate renewable energy sources steadily replace a centralized energy system based on fossil and nuclear fuels.


100% renewable energy, History
In 1998, the first detailed analysis of scenarios with very high shares of renewables were published. These were followed by the first detailed 100% scenarios. In 2006, a PhD thesis was published by Czisch in which it was shown that in a 100% renewable scenario energy supply could match demand in every hour of the year in Europe and North Africa. In the same year, Danish Energy professor Henrik Lund published a first paper in which he addresses the optimal combination of renewables, which was followed by several other papers on the transition to 100% renewable energy in Denmark. Since then, Lund has been publishing several papers on 100% renewable energy. After 2009, publications began to rise steeply, covering 100% scenarios for countries in Europe, America, Australia and other parts of the world.


100% renewable energy, History
Even in the early 21st century, it was extraordinary for scientists and decision-makers to consider the concept of 100% renewable electricity. However, renewable energy progress has been so rapid that things have totally changed since then:


100% renewable energy, History
Solar photovoltaic modules have dropped about 75 percent in price. Current scientific and technological advances in the laboratory suggest that they will soon be so cheap that the principal cost of going solar on residential and commercial buildings will be installation. On-shore wind power is spreading over all continents and is economically competitive with fossil and nuclear power in several regions. Concentrated solar thermal power (CST) with thermal storage has moved from the demonstration stage of maturity to the limited commercial stage and still has the potential for further cost reductions of about 50 percent.


100% renewable energy, History
Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal's 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain's 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.


100% renewable energy, History
Renewable energy has a history of strong public support. In America, for example, a 2013 Gallup survey showed that two in three Americans want the U.S. to increase domestic energy production using solar power (76%), wind power (71%), and natural gas (65%). Far fewer want more petroleum production (46%) and more nuclear power (37%). Least favored is coal, with about one in three Americans favouring it.


100% renewable energy, History
REN21 says renewable energy already plays a significant role and there are many policy targets which aim to increase this:


100% renewable energy, History
At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a binding 20% by 2020 target for the European Union. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables. Outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%.


100% renewable energy, History
Supporters of 100% renewable energy do not consider nuclear power as renewable or sustainable due to perceived risks of disasters and high-level waste management, and consider carbon capture and storage to have limited safe storage potential. These constraints have also led to an interest in 100% renewable energy. A well established body of academic literature has been written over the past decade, evaluating scenarios for 100% renewable energy for various geographical areas. In recent years, more detailed analyses have emerged from government and industry sources. The incentive to use 100% renewable energy is created by global warming and ecological as well as economic concerns, post peak oil.


100% renewable energy, History
The first country to propose 100% renewable energy was Iceland, in 1998. Proposals have been made for Japan in 2003, and for Australia in 2011. Albania, Iceland, and Paraguay obtain essentially all of their electricity from renewable sources (Albania and Paraguay 100% from hydroelectricity, Iceland 72% hydro and 28% geothermal). Norway obtains nearly all of its electricity from renewable sources (97 percent from hydropower). Iceland proposed using hydrogen for transportation and its fishing fleet. Australia proposed biofuel for those elements of transportation not easily converted to electricity.


100% renewable energy, History
The road map for the United States, commitment by Denmark, and Vision 2050 for Europe set a 2050 timeline for converting to 100% renewable energy, later reduced to 2040 in 2011. Zero Carbon Britain 2030 proposes eliminating carbon emissions in Britain by 2030 by transitioning to renewable energy. In 2015, Hawaii enacted a law that the Renewable Portfolio Standard shall be 100 percent by 2045. This is often confused with renewable energy.


100% renewable energy, History
If electricity produced on the grid is 65 GWh from fossil fuel and 35 GWh from renewable energy and rooftop off grid solar produces 80 GWh of renewable energy, then the total renewable energy is 115 GWh and the total electricity on the grid is 100 GWh. Then the RPS is 115 percent.


100% renewable energy, History
Cities like Paris and Strasbourg in France, planned to use 100% renewable energy by 2050.


100% renewable energy, History
Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand."


100% renewable energy, History
It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2050 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy. Other changes involve use of electric cars and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage. As part of the Paris Agreement, countries periodically update their climate change targets for the future, by 2018 no G20 country had committed to a 100% renewable target.


100% renewable energy, History
Until 2018, there were 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy. In the same year, 100% renewable energy was also mentioned in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as a potential means to "expand the range of 1.5 °C pathways", if the findings can be corroborated.


100% renewable energy, History
As of 2021, wind and solar were consistently increasing their share worldwide, but still represented just 5% of global primary energy consumption. A report by J.P. Morgan Asset Management analyzed renewable energy forecasts made by eight scientists and research bodies (including Bent Sorensen, Mark Z. Jacobson, Amory Lovins) between 1970 and 2020 and noted that all of them were unrealistically optimistic as they ignored "energy  density,  intermittency  and  the  complex realities of incumbent energy systems".


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
The Fourth Revolution: Energy is a German documentary film released in 2010. It shows the vision of a global society, which lives in a world where the energy is produced 100% with renewable energies, showing a complete reconstruction of the economy, to reach this goal. In 2011, Hermann Scheer wrote the book The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now, published by Routledge.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
Reinventing Fire is a book by Amory Lovins released in October 2011. By combining reduced energy use with energy efficiency gains, Lovins says that there will be a $5 trillion saving and a faster-growing economy. This can all be done with the profitable commercialization of existing energy-saving technologies, through market forces, led by business. Former US president Bill Clinton says the book is a "wise, detailed and comprehensive blueprint". The first paragraph of the preface says:


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
Imagine fuel without fear. No climate change. No oil spills, dead coal miners, dirty air, devastated lands, lost wildlife. No energy poverty. No oil-fed wars, tyrannies, or terrorists. Nothing to run out. Nothing to cut off. Nothing to worry about. Just energy abundance, benign and affordable, for all, for ever.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In a 2011 review of 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In 2011, the International Energy Agency has said that solar energy technologies, in its many forms, can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In 2011, the refereed journal Energy Policy published two articles by Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor of engineering at Stanford University, and research scientist Mark A. Delucchi, about changing our energy supply mix and "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power". The articles analyze the feasibility of providing worldwide energy for electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling from wind, water, and sunlight (WWS), which are safe clean options. In Part I, Jacobson and Delucchi discuss WWS energy system characteristics, aspects of energy demand, WWS resource availability, WWS devices needed, and material requirements.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
They estimate that 3,800,000 5 MW wind turbines, 5350 100 MW geothermal power plants, and 270 new 1300 MW hydroelectric power plants will be required. In terms of solar power, an additional 49,000 300 MW concentrating solar plants, 40,000 300 MW solar photovoltaic power plants, and 1.7 billion 3 kW rooftop photovoltaic systems will also be needed. Such an extensive WWS infrastructure could decrease world power demand by 30%. In Part II, Jacobson and Delucchi address variability of supply, system economics, and energy policy initiatives associated with a WWS system.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
The authors advocate producing all new energy with WWS by 2030 and replacing existing energy supply arrangements by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Energy costs with a WWS system should be similar to today's energy costs.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In general, Jacobson has said wind, water and solar technologies can provide 100 percent of the world's energy, eliminating all fossil fuels. He advocates a "smart mix" of renewable energy sources to reliably meet electricity demand:


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
Because the wind blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun often shines on calm days with little wind, combining wind and solar can go a long way toward meeting demand, especially when geothermal provides a steady base and hydroelectric can be called on to fill in the gaps.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
A 2012 study by the University of Delaware for a 72 GW system considered 28 billion combinations of renewable energy and storage and found the most cost-effective, for the PJM Interconnection, would use 17 GW of solar, 68 GW of offshore wind, and 115 GW of onshore wind, although at times as much as three times the demand would be provided. 0.1% of the time would require generation from other sources.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In March 2012, Denmark's parliament agreed on a comprehensive new set promotional programs for energy efficiency and renewable energy that will lead to the country getting 100 percent of electricity, heat and fuels from renewables by 2050. IRENEC is an annual conference on 100% renewable energy started in 2011 by Eurosolar Turkey. The 2013 conference was in Istanbul.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
More recently, Jacobson and his colleagues have developed detailed proposals for switching to 100% renewable energy produced by wind, water and sunlight, for New York, California and Washington states, by 2050. As of 2014, a more expansive new plan for the 50 states has been drawn up, which includes an online interactive map showing the renewable resource potential of each of the 50 states. The 50-state plan is part of The Solutions Project, an independent outreach effort led by Jacobson, actor Mark Ruffalo, and film director Josh Fox.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
As of 2014, many detailed assessments show that the energy service needs of a world enjoying radically higher levels of wellbeing, can be economically met entirely through the diverse currently available technological and organizational innovations around wind, solar, biomass, biofuel, hydro, ocean and geothermal energy. Debate over detailed plans remain, but transformations in global energy services based entirely around renewable energy are in principle technically practicable, economically feasible, socially viable, and so realisable. This prospect underpins the ambitious commitment by Germany, one of the world's most successful industrial economies, to undertake a major energy transition, Energiewende.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In 2015 a study was published in Energy and Environmental Science that describes a pathway to 100% renewable energy in the United States by 2050 without using biomass. Implementation of this roadmap is regarded as both environmentally and economically feasible and reasonable, as by 2050 it would save about $600 Billion Dollars health costs a year due to reduced air pollution and $3.3 Trillion global warming costs. This would translate in yearly cost savings per head of around $8300 compared to a business as usual pathway. According to that study, barriers that could hamper implementation are neither technical nor economic but social and political, as most people didn't know that benefits from such a transformation far exceeded the costs.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
In June 2017, twenty-one researchers published an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America rejecting Jacobson's earlier PNAS article, accusing him of modeling errors and of using invalid modeling tools. They further asserted he made implausible assumptions through his reliance upon increasing national energy storage from 43 minutes to 7 weeks, increasing hydrogen production by 100,000%, and increasing hydropower by the equivalent of 600 Hoover Dams.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments
Article authors David G. Victor called Jacobson's work "dangerous" and Ken Caldeira emphasized that increasing hydropower output by 1,300 gigawatts, a 25% increase, is the equivalent flow of 100 Mississippi Rivers. Jacobson published a response in the same issue of the PNAS and also authored a blog post where he asserted the researchers were advocates of the fossil fuel industry. Another study published in 2017 confirmed the earlier results for a 100% renewable power system for North America, without changes in hydropower assumptions, but with more realistic emphasis on a balanced storage portfolio, in particular seasonal storage, and for competitive economics.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
In 2015, Jacobson and Delucchi, together with Mary Cameron and Bethany Frew, examined with computer simulation (LOADMATCH), in more detail how a wind-water-solar (WWS) system can track the energy demand from minute to minute. This turned out to be possible in the United States for 6 years, including WWS variability by extreme weather events. In 2017, the plan was further developed for 139 countries by a team of 27 researchers and in 2018, Jacobson and Delucchi with Mary Cameron and Brian Mathiesen published the LOADMATCH results for 20 regions in which the 139 countries in the world are divided. According to this research, a WWS system can follow the demand in all regions.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
The program LOADMATCH receives as input estimated series, per half minute during 2050–2055, of


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
The program has been carried out for each region 10-20 times with adapted input for the storage capacities, until a solution was found in which the energy demand was followed, per half minute for 5 years, with low costs.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
The WWS system is assumed to connect in the electric network


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
In 2020 Jacobson clarified in a textbook computer simulation results of a WWS energy system. To match demand with supply every minute more solar and wind farms and high-voltage lines must be installed than to match year-averaged demand and supply. Oversizing (also in a conventional energy system) ensures that the demand can be followed during peak hours, but causes unused supply during off-peak hours. In a WWS system, more energy exchange between areas leads to more transmission loss.


100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation
The table shows WWS supply, unused supply, losses and end-use, in GW to reliably supply the world and four major regions with energy by 2050. See textbook Table 8.10; energy in TWh is divided by 26.3 kh (1000 hours) to get power in GW. The bottom row is the storage capacity of pumped hydro plants (Table 8.7).


100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity
The following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list):


100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity
Some other places have high percentages, for example the electricity sector in Denmark, as of 2014, is 45% wind power, with plans in place to reach 85%. The electricity sector in Canada and the electricity sector in New Zealand have even higher percentages of renewables (mostly hydro), 65% and 75% respectively, and Austria is approaching 70%. As of 2015, the electricity sector in Germany sometimes meets almost 100% of the electricity demand with PV and wind power, and renewable electricity is over 25%.


100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity
Albania has 94.8% of installed capacity as hydroelectric, 5.2% diesel generator; but Albania imports 39% of its electricity. In 2016, Portugal achieved 100% renewable electricity for four days between 7 and 11 May, partly because efficient energy use had reduced electricity demand. France and Sweden have low carbon intensity, since they predominantly use a mixture of nuclear power and hydroelectricity. In 2018 Scotland met 76% of their demand from renewable sources.


100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity
Although electricity is currently a big fraction of primary energy; it is to be expected that with renewable energy deployment primary energy use will go down sharply as electricity use increases, as it is likely to be combined with some degree of further electrification. For example, electric cars achieve much better fuel efficiency than fossil fuel cars, and another example is renewable heat such as in the case of Denmark which is proposing to move to greater use of heat pumps for heating buildings which provide multiple kilowatts of heat per kilowatt of electricity.


100% renewable energy, 100% clean electricity
Other electricity generating sources are considered clean, though not necessarily renewable, as they also do not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The largest of these is nuclear energy which produces no emissions. Carbon capture and storage projects may still use coal or natural gas but capture carbon dioxide for storage or alternative uses. Pathways to eliminate greenhouse gases may include these in addition to renewable energy to save money, or to avoid shutting down existing plants and allow for flexibility in designing a carbon-free electric grid.


100% renewable energy, 100% clean electricity
In 2018, California passed SB 100, which will mandate 100% clean, carbon-free by 2045, including a 60% renewable electricity goal by 2030. 2019 legislation in Washington will also require 100% clean electricity by 2045, eliminating coal by 2025. Further states and territories that will require 100% carbon-free electricity are Hawaii, Maine, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Virginia, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
According to Mark Z. Jacobson, the most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies, at the pace required to prevent runaway climate change, are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are:


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
NASA Climate scientist James Hansen discusses the problem with a rapid phase out of fossil fuels and said that while it is conceivable in places such as New Zealand and Norway, "suggesting that renewables will let us phase rapidly off fossil fuels in the United States, China, India, or the world as a whole is almost the equivalent of believing in the Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy."


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
In 2013, Smil analyzed proposals to depend on wind and solar-generated electricity including the proposals of Jacobson and colleagues, and writing in an issue of Spectrum prepared by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he identified numerous points of concern, such as cost, intermittent power supply, growing NIMBYism, and a lack of infrastructure as negative factors and said that "History and a consideration of the technical requirements show that the problem is much greater than these advocates have supposed." Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power. According to Amory Lovins the electricity grid  alone can compensate for variability, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
In 1999 American academic Dr. Gregory Unruh published a dissertation identifying the systemic barriers to the adoption and diffusion of renewable energy technologies. This theoretical framework was called Carbon Lock-in and pointed to the creation of self-reinforcing feedbacks that arise through the co-evolution of large technological systems, like electricity and transportation networks, with the social and political institutions that support and benefit from system growth. Once established, these techno-institutional complexes become "locked-in" and resist efforts to transform them towards more environmentally sustainable systems based on renewable sources.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
Lester R. Brown founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C., says a rapid transition to 100% renewable energy is both possible and necessary. Brown compares with the U.S. entry into World War II and the subsequent rapid mobilization and transformation of the US industry and economy. A quick transition to 100% renewable energy and saving of our civilization is proposed by Brown to follow an approach with similar urgency.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
The International Energy Agency says that there has been too much attention on issue of the variability of renewable electricity production. The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility. Variability will rarely be a barrier to increased renewable energy deployment when dispatchable generation such as hydroelectricity or solar thermal storage is also available. But at high levels of market penetration it requires careful analysis and management, and additional costs may be required for back-up or system modification. Renewable electricity supply in the 20-50+% penetration range has already been implemented in several European systems, albeit in the context of an integrated European grid system:


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
In 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's leading climate researchers selected by the United Nations, said "as infrastructure and energy systems develop, in spite of the complexities, there are few, if any, fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet a majority share of total energy demand in locations where suitable renewable resources exist or can be supplied". IPCC scenarios "generally indicate that growth in renewable energy will be widespread around the world".


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
The IPCC said that if governments were supportive, and the full complement of renewable energy technologies were deployed, renewable energy supply could account for almost 80% of the world's energy use within forty years. Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the IPCC, said the necessary investment in renewables would cost only about 1% of global GDP annually. This approach could contain greenhouse gas levels to less than 450 parts per million, the safe level beyond which climate change becomes catastrophic and irreversible.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
In November 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change came out with their fifth report, saying that in the absence of any one technology (such as bioenergy, carbon dioxide capture and storage, nuclear, wind and solar), climate change mitigation costs can increase substantially depending on which technology is absent. For example, it may cost 40% more to reduce carbon emissions without carbon dioxide capture. (Table 3.2)


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
According to a 2018 study, "in the absence of firm low-carbon [dispatchable] resources, the cost of decarbonizing power generation rises very rapidly as the emissions limit approaches zero" and a renewable-only generation (with batteries) results in energy prices 42-163% higher in regions with lower VRE availability, and 11-105% higher in regions with higher VRE availability. The study introduced the term "firm low-carbon energy source" (e.g. nuclear, geothermal), which is intended to operate along "fast-burst" sources (e.g. batteries) and "fuel saving" (VRE).


100% renewable energy, Obstacles
Google spent $30 million on their RE<C project to develop renewable energy and stave off catastrophic climate change. The project was cancelled after concluding that a best-case scenario for rapid advances in renewable energy could only result in emissions 55 percent below the fossil fuel projections for 2050.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles, Seasonal energy storage
Hydropower is currently the only large scale low-carbon seasonal energy storage. In countries with high variation in energy demand by season (for example the UK uses far more gas for heating in the winter than it uses electricity) but lacking hydropower electrical interconnectors to countries with lots of hydropower (e.g. UK - Norway) will probably be insufficient and development of a hydrogen economy will likely be needed: this is being trialled in the UK and 8 TWh of inter-seasonal hydrogen energy storage has been proposed.


100% renewable energy, Obstacles, Seasonal energy storage
In Australia, as well as storing renewable energy as hydrogen, it is also proposed to be exported in the form of ammonia.


100% te ljubam
"100% te ljubam" (Macedonian: 100% те љубам; English: "I love you 100%") was the Macedonian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000, performed in Macedonian and English by XXL. It was written by Orce Zafirofski and Dragan Karanfilovski, and composed by Karanfilovski.


100% te ljubam
Due to its poor result, Macedonia was ineligible to compete in the 2001 contest, but were readmitted the following year. Thus, the song was succeeded as Macedonian representative at the 2002 contest by Karolina with "Od nas zavisi".


100% te ljubam, Background
The song is an up-tempo number, with the girls confessing to a man that they love him totally. The nature of the man is somewhat ambiguous, as the first verse suggests that they are in physical contact ("tonight I will get him, I will whisper in his ear"), while later lyrics suggest that the man's infatuation is closer to that of a fan for a celebrity ("cut my photo from a magazine and frame it").


100% te ljubam, Performance
As performed on the night, the four girls wore tight multicoloured clothing and had a dance routine – as was increasingly becoming the fashion at the contest. The song was performed nineteenth on the night, following Sweden's Roger Pontare with "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" and preceding Finland's Nina Åström with "A Little Bit". At the close of voting, it had received 29 points, placing 15th in a field of 24.


100% te ljubam, Performance
The band's live vocal performance was largely off-key and is not fondly remembered. Writing for La Libre Belgique in 2018, Isabelle Lemaire listed XXL at number one in her list of worst singers in the history of Eurovision, writing that following the intro, the vocal performance was "a nightmare for the ears" and filled with bad notes.


100% te ljubam, Release
Versions of the song were recorded in both Macedonian and English, with the Anglophone recording featuring the mispronunciation of "Hundred" as "Hun-derd".


100% te ljubam, Release
A promotional CD single was issued, with both Macedonian and English language versions of the song. The enhanced multimedia format included two videos of the song in Macedonian and English, and a video of the live performance at the Skopje Festival. Also included was an instrumental version of the song. The multimedia presentation also included "Karaoke", with the lyrics available in Macedonian and English. Additionally, a photo album of 26 photographs were included.


100%KPP World Tour
The 100%KPP World Tour was the debut world tour by Japanese singer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. A documentary film based on the tour was released in theaters in Japan on July 2013.


100%KPP World Tour, Reception
The tour received positive reviews. The Fader wrote "This was the rare pop concert that felt like a genuine celebration, even a victory dance." MTV Hive complimented Kyary's "enigmatic allure."


100,000
100,000 (one hundred thousand) is the natural number following 99,999 and preceding 100,001. In scientific notation, it is written as 105.


100,000, Terms for 100,000
In India, Pakistan and South Asia, one hundred thousand is called a lakh, and is written as 1,00,000. The Thai, Lao, Khmer and Vietnamese languages also have separate words for this number: แสน, ແສນ, សែន (all saen), and ức respectively. The Malagasy word is hetsy. No other major language has a special word for this number, preferring to refer to it as a multiple of smaller numbers.


100,000, Terms for 100,000
In Cyrillic numerals, it is known as the legion (легион):  or .


100,000, Values of 100,000
In astronomy, 100,000 metres, 100 kilometres, or 100 km (62 miles) is the altitude at which the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight to begin.


100,000, Values of 100,000
In the Irish language, céad míle fáilte (pronounced [ ˌceːd̪ˠ ˈmʲiːlʲə ˈfˠaːlʲtʲə]) is a popular greeting meaning "a hundred thousand welcomes".


100,000 Cobbers
100,000 Cobbers is a 1942 dramatised documentary made by director Ken G. Hall for the Australian Department of Information during World War II to boost recruitment into the armed forces. Grant Taylor, Joe Valli and Shirley Ann Richards play fictitious characters.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
Five men enlist in the AIF – laid back Bill; World War I veteran Scotty, who pretends to be 37 years old; an "old school tie" businessman Peter, who is running his dead father's business, and whose secretary Miss Lane leaves for overseas service as a VAD; the rebellious "Bluey" William Baker; and Jim, who leaves behind his new wife, Jean.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
Bluey and Bill almost get in a fight when Bluey tries to cut into the line during enlistment but the five soon become friends. The five soldiers go through basic training and become good soldiers. Bill falls for a female chiropodist working at the camp.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
Bluey, Bill, Jim and Peter get leave and spend a day at Luna Park in Sydney with their women (Bluey has a girl called "Blondie"), then go to a cabaret. They all toast to the future.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
The men then go to a pub before disembarking for overseas. Scotty tells his four mates that he has been kicked out the army for being too old at 48 years old.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
The other four go on board while Scotty works in a munitions factory. The final scene is of the four cobbers going into action, Jim, Peter and Bill thinking of their women.


100,000 Cobbers, Plot
The movie ends with a quote from Henry Lawson, "I tell you the star of the south shall rise... in the lurid clouds of war".


100,000 Cobbers, Cast
Some of the cast were billed with their military rank:


100,000 Cobbers, Production
Cinesound Productions were commissioned to make the film by the Department of Information and its Minister Harry Foll. The original title was Democratic Army. Director Ken G. Hall said he wanted to make a featurette as opposed to a documentary film. The theme of it was to "show that a man may not have a friend in the world, but from the moment he joins the Army he has "cobbers" in plenty."


100,000 Cobbers, Production
Filming began on 15 September 1941 and took 14 days.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
Various members of the cast were granted leave from the army to appear in the film, including Grant Taylor, John Fleeting and Barry Ross.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
Fleeting, Taylor, Joe Vallie, Lorna Westbrook, Aileen Britton and Shirley Ann Richards had all appeared in films for Ken G. Hall previously. A number of amateurs were also used in the cast. Barry Ross was an experienced stage actor.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
100,000 Cobbers was mostly filmed at Liverpool Military camp using national servicemen. There was also location shooting at Luna Park.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
Shirley Ann Richards plays a chiropractor. It was her last role in Australia before leaving for Hollywood.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
It [the film] provided a much bigger snag to make than we had expected: there were next to no troops available to make it with. The army had a few hundred militiamen in camp at Liverpool. They had been called up for national service and home defence, were raw and as yet untrained. Eighteen-year-olds formed a big percentage, and they were out to prove their manhood by stacking their own normal conversation with every four-letter word in the language. As soldiers they had a long way to go, but they were all we had.


100,000 Cobbers, Production
The veteran NCOs got stuck into them and soon had them in at least rough shape. There was an AIF officers' training school also in the area, with keen young men aspiring to leadership. We were mighty glad to have them, and they provided the front (close-to-camera) people we needed. I'm sure those militiamen were turned into good soldiers eventually and indeed some of them could have been among those originals at Kokoda.


100,000 Cobbers, Release
While the film was originally made to increase recruitment for the AIF, after Japan entered the war additional footage was shot and the film recut to also appeal to the Australian Militia Force.


100,000 Cobbers, Release
The film was previewed to the Department of Information on 29 January 1942. It was released throughout Australia as a supporting featurette in Greater Union cinemas.


100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical
The Sydney Morning Herald called 100,000 Cobbers "a fine film call to the fighting youth of Australia in this grave hour... the best film Ken Hall as made and it will have particularly nostalgic appeal for old diggers... It is often a quietly moving story."


100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical
The News of Adelaide called it "probably the best documentary film Australia has produced... well acted, neatly produced and its action scenes are authentic and moving."


100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical
The Mercury of Hobart wrote that Joe Valli was "outstanding".


100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical
It is a film for everybody, a picture everyone should see and one that no Australian can view without a feeling of pride and genuine emotion...  From the time the recruits reach the enlistment depot every phase of their lives and training is presented with a realism hitherto lacking in some of our propaganda films.


100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical
Filmnk magazine later wrote that Taylor and Richards made a "marvellous team".


100,000 Cobbers, Later release
In 1947 the army was worried about running short of men to serve in Japan and the islands. They used the film as a recruiting tool in conjunction with the British documentary The True Glory.


100,000 Fireflies
"100,000 Fireflies" is the first single by the American indie pop band The Magnetic Fields, taken from their first studio album Distant Plastic Trees, released in 1991. It is known for its bleak, tongue-in-cheek lyrics and black humour and for Susan Anway's sparse, soprano vocal performance. The song saw play on alternative and college radio stations on its release and slowly grew into a cult classic, becoming "the ultimate staple" of indie mixtape culture during the 1990s.


100,000 Fireflies
Because of its re-release in 1995 as part of the 2 for 1 Distant Plastic Trees/The Wayward Bus album, Glide magazine named it the second best modern rock song of the previous decade in 2004.


100,000 Fireflies
Music critic Tom Ewing ranked the song at number 11 in his list of the "Top 100 Singles of the 90s", and said that, "for '100,000 Fireflies' everything is trebly and close, the drum reduced to a stern background thud and the song almost completely driven by the cycling, calliope-tinted keyboards and Amway’s cut-glass singing. Like the song and the situation it describes, the result is a perfect mix of intimacy with claustrophobia."


100,000 Genomes Project
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment and care of diseases.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
The project was first announced by UK Prime Minister David Cameron in December 2012. The Government set up a new company Genomics England to oversee the project with the plan to focus on rare diseases, cancer and infectious diseases announced by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt in July 2013. The project was also made possible by the National Institute for Health Research, NHS England, Public Health England and Health Education England. In 2015 Northern Ireland and Scotland also joined the project with plans to start work the following year. In 2016, the Welsh government issued a statement of intent and is considering participating in the 100,000 Genomes Project.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
The initial participants were recruited from Cambridge University Hospitals, University College London Partners and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust. The following medical centres joined the project a short time later: Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
In September 2015, Genomics England announced it had contracted with interpretation partners Congenica and Omicia. This is in addition to ongoing work with sequencing partner Illumina.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
As of 1 October 2018, the 100,000 Genomes Project had completed the sequencing of 87,231 whole genomes in England and results are in the process of being returned to NHS Genomic Medicine Centres and ultimately back to participants; the first diagnoses from the Project were returned to patients in spring 2015 and over 2,000 families' results have been returned to the NHS in the rare disease programme to date (July 2017).


100,000 Genomes Project, History
In December 2018 the full 100,000 genomes milestone was reached.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
In July 2019 Genomics England announced Data Release 7, which included the 100,000th whole genome made available to researchers.


100,000 Genomes Project, History
A 2019 review identified the initiative as an 'exemplar' in involving the public in genomic research.


100,000 Genomes Project, Research
The Genomics England Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP) includes 2,500 UK and international clinicians and scientists from approximately 300 institutions in 24 countries. There are plans to increase this number. Researchers are organised in "domains" formed around particular conditions, cancer types and research areas such as Machine Learning and Health Economics. The partnership is integrated with the NHS and the aims include improving the use of genotype and phenotype data in healthcare, and providing a platform for genomic research collaborations to add to the knowledge base for genetic disorders.


100,000 Genomes Project, GenOMICC study on COVID-19
The 100,000 Genomes Project provided a pre-COVID reference set in the GenOMICC study on COVID-19. Genomics England worked in partnership with the GenOMICC consortium, led by the University of Edinburgh, to analyse the whole genome sequences of approximately 20,000 people who have been severely affected by COVID-19. This data was compared with 15,000 other genomes from people who were only mildly affected. It was combined with data set which now includes more than 120,000 genomes (from the "100,000 Genomes" Project). The 100,000 Genomes Project was referred to as the "incredibly important" pre-COVID reference set.


100,000 Genomes Project, Industrial partnerships
From 2015 to 2017, 13 companies joined to form a pre-competitive industry trial, named the Genomics Expert Network for Enterprises (GENE) Consortium. This trial aimed to bring industry expertise into the 100,000 Genomes Project to identify potential benefits for patients, as the private sector is involved in developing new medicines and diagnostics for the NHS.


100,000 Homes Campaign
The 100,000 Homes Campaign was an initiative of Community Solutions designed to "help communities around the country place 100,000 chronically homeless people in 186 communities in the United States into permanent supportive housing." Due to the cost of emergency department treatment, the program aims to provide housing for the homeless, as it is cheaper in the long run. In 2014, the program was featured on 60 Minutes, focusing on the homeless population in Nashville, Tennessee. Becky Kanis Margiotta was the campaign director. By July 2014, the 100,000 Homes Campaign had reached its goal and housed 105,580 of the most vulnerable homeless individuals.


100,000 Homes Campaign, Housing First
One of the vehicles focusing on housing the chronically homeless is Housing First which is premised on the notion that housing is a basic human right, and so should not be denied to anyone, even if they are abusing alcohol or other substances. The Housing First model, thus, is philosophically in contrast to models that require the homeless to abjure substance-abuse and seek treatment in exchange for housing. Housing First is currently endorsed by the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) as a "best practice" for governments and service-agencies to use in their fight to end chronic homelessness in America.


100,000 Homes Campaign, Name and Need and Vulnerability Index
Journalist David Bornstein of The New York Times summarized key elements of the 100,000 Homes Campaign that campaign leaders indicate are critical to its success. This included learning individual homeless people's "name and need" by mobilizing volunteers to go very early in the morning to check on them, establishing a "vulnerability index" so they could prioritize certain homeless people and "bring housing advocates and agency representatives together to streamline the placement processes, and share ideas about how to cut through red tape."


100,000 People
"100,000 People" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on January 7, 2021, by RCA Records as the second single from their eighth studio album When You See Yourself.


100,000 People, Background
The band teased the song on their Instagram account in January 2021. The song was written by the band and produced by Markus Dravs.


100,000 Pounds
100,000 Pounds (Greek: Εκατό χιλιάδες λίρες, romanized: Ekato hiliades lires) is a 1948 Greek film directed by Alekos Leivaditis and starring Mimis Fotopoulos, Dinos Iliopoulos and Kaiti Panou. The film was produced by Mer Film.


100,000 Pounds
The film is directed by Alekos Leivadiris (an actor and a director in theatre and film) with operator (photographer) Prodromos Meravidis and writer Nikos Tsiforos. The music was composed by Menelaos Theofanidis.


100,000 Pounds
Before the movie was released to the screen, it had two working titles: 100,000 Pounds and Gabri me dossis.


100,000 Whys
Sapmaan go Waisammo? or One Hundred Thousand Whys? (十萬個為什麼) is a 1993 Cantonese album recorded by Chinese Cantopop singer Faye Wong as 王靖雯 Wong Ching Man, when she was based in Hong Kong. It is named after a popular Chinese science book, One Hundred Thousand Whys by Ye Yonglie.


100,000 Whys
The album included several hit singles: "Flow Not Fly", "Summer Of Love", "Like Wind", "Cold War", "Tempted Heart" and "Tempt Me".


100,000 Whys
"Flow Not Fly", a lively pop number, became an unofficial anthem for Faye Wong, with the repeated chorus line "Fei Fei" being a pun on the singer's name.


100,000 Whys
"Cold War" is a Cantonese cover of "Silent All These Years" by Tori Amos; a Mandarin version followed on Mystery. The song was a departure from mainstream C-pop, and Wong followed this markedly with further experiments in "alternative music" for her next Cantonese album, Random Thoughts.


100,000 Whys
The album included four more cover songs. "Summer of Love" is the Cantonese version of Helen Hoffner's 1993 hit. "Like Wind" is a cover of the Mandarin song 猜心 ("Guess my Heart") by One-Fang. "Rainy Days Without You" covers Love Unlimited's "Walking in the Rain (With The One I Love)", and "Do Do Da Da" is The Police's "De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da".


100,000 Whys
"Do We Really Care" was Faye Wong's second song recorded wholly in English, after "Kisses in the Wind" on Coming Home.


100,000 Whys
The Japanese version of the album released in April 1994 included three bonus tracks: another version of "Like Wind", a Mandarin version of "Fragile Woman" (from Coming Home), and "Forgetting You Is Like Forgetting Me", the theme from The Bride with White Hair 2.


100,000 Whys
"Tempted Heart" was the theme for the TVB series Eternity, in which Wong also appeared. "Tempt Me" was the theme tune for Joan Chen's 1993 film Temptation of a Monk, and won a Best Movie Song award.


100,000 Whys
Wong's 1994-95 series of concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum included five songs from the album: the first four, and "Tempt Me" which was extended with a prelude.


100,000 rials note
The one hundred thousand rial banknote is a denomination of Iranian currency that was issued in 2010, replacing the 50,000 rials note as the largest denomination.


100,000 rials note
The bill features Rouhollah Khomeini's portrait on the front and the Tomb of Saadi on the back.


100,000 yen coin
The 100,000 yen coin is a denomination of the Japanese yen. Only two different types of coins have ever been struck in this denomination, which is only used for the minting of commemorative coins struck by the Japan Mint. Proof coinage and uncirculated examples were made for collectors, none were ever intended or released for circulation.


100,000 yen coin, History
The 100,000 yen coin is the highest non circulating denomination ever issued by the Japan Mint. Only two different types of coins have ever been struck in this denomination. The issues  include celebratory events such as Hirohito's 60th year of reign from 1986 to 1987, and the enthronement of Emperor Akihito in 1990.


100,000,000
100,000,000 (one hundred million) is the natural number following 99,999,999 and preceding 100,000,001.


100,000,000
East Asian languages treat 100,000,000 as a counting unit, significant as the square of a myriad, also a counting unit. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese respectively it is yi (simplified Chinese: 亿; traditional Chinese: 億; pinyin: yì) (or Chinese: 萬萬; pinyin: wànwàn in ancient texts), eok (억/億) and oku (億). These languages do not have single words for a thousand to the second, third, fifth powers, etc.


100,000,000
100,000,000 is also the fourth power of 100 and also the square of 10000.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong
100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong is a boxed set released in 2004 on Island Records. A collection of demos and B-sides, it was released to celebrate Bon Jovi's twentieth anniversary and the milestone of the band selling 100 million records worldwide.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content
The box set consists of 4 CDs, and also includes a DVD of the band talking about the tracks and additional archive candid footage of the band. Additionally, the Japanese version of the box set also includes a fifth CD. The box set charted at #53 on the Billboard 200.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content
Apart from songs released as iTunes singles "The Radio Saved My Life Tonight" was released as a promo CD single for the box set. The song was since played extensively on the bands following Have a Nice Day Tour.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content
The box set includes the songs "Real Life" and "Good Guys Don't Always Wear White" which were previously released as singles for soundtrack albums but never featured on a Bon Jovi album until now. "Edge of a Broken Heart" was also previously released for a soundtrack album and the Slippery When Wet 2-CD Special Edition Bonus CD (PHCR-90015/6) in 1998.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content
The album title and the cover art is a play on the 1959 Elvis Presley compilation 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong.


100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Best of the Boxset (Single disc version)
The Best of the Boxset compilation album (a 10 track sampler) is very rare but available. It features the 10 best tracks from all the CDs of the box set on one single CD.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F.J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being “written in the interest of the consumer, who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig…”


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
The book's key proposition is that a significant portion of the products sold to the public—particularly pharmaceuticals and food products—are released with little regard for or knowledge of how these products adversely affect the consumer. Corporations, often knowingly, release products which either do not do what they purport to do, or have dangerous side effects or defects. Furthermore, many officials and government departments, namely, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, have fallen victim to regulatory capture.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
The book goes on to state that the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is not effective in arresting these trends, and real reform or consumer protection is obstructed by the powerful connections that offending corporations have with the government.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
If the poison is such that it acts slowly and insidiously, perhaps over a long period of years (and several such will be considered in later chapters), then we poor consumers must be test animals all our lives; and when, in the end, the experiment kills us a year or ten years sooner than otherwise we would have died, no conclusions can be drawn and a hundred million others are available for further tests.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
The authors develop ideas such as synergy effects, and the precautionary and substitution principles. They claim that many toxic substances, even in low concentrations, can act together to cause much more harmful effects than each substance would individually. Prolonged exposure to low amounts of toxic substances, even at very mild concentrations, can potentially have serious negative health impacts that consumers are not made aware of. These impacts are felt by all consumers because harmful substances are being ingested by consumers because of the use of dangerous pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals in food production. Preservatives are particularly criticized, and the increase in canned or packaged foods is cited as evidence of an increasing risk of such synergy effects because of the large amount of chemical byproducts these products include.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
The book argues that many products would not be sold if properly labeled, and this failure to police product labeling has been a key failing of the Food and Drug Administration. Extensive reform and overhaul in government regulation and inspection of the food and drug industry is needed in order to adequately protect consumers from corporations and manufacturers who do not place the health of the consumer before profit.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
Examples cited include beauty products, which in the first quarter of the 20th century were found to contain arsenic, lead and even radium, the health effects of which were not understood or known to consumers at the time. The true label for a pineapple pie, they argue, would be closer to this:


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
Corn starch-filled, glucose-sweetened pie with made with sub-standard canned pineapple, artificial (citric acid) lemon flavor and artificial coal tar color.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
The book takes particular aim at the pharmaceutical market in the United States during the period, citing extensive lists of drugs which are often the subject of very strong and widespread campaigns of media promotion as "wonder-drugs," yet which do not have any effect on the conditions they purport to cure, and often carry with them serious side effects that are not revealed to consumers. The authors claim that advertising for these drugs is deliberately misleading and uses a variety of dishonest techniques from false testimonials to fake experts. The authors also question the value of statements made by scientists who vouch for the safety of products, citing the example of a dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University who had vouched for the safety of a drug that later proved fatal to many.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary
In the final analysis, the authors encourage consumers to be more active and questioning in their purchasing habits. Consumers should be vigilant in finding out more information about products and ingredients, and boycotting producers and their products that contain dangerous ingredients. They also call for stronger laws, tougher penalties for offending companies, and a much more concerted effort from authorities to implement consumer protection laws. The book concludes with the statement that "Above all, let your voice be heard loudly and often, in protest against indifference, ignorance, and avarice responsible for the uncontrolled adulteration and misrepresentation of foods, drugs, and cosmetics."


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception
The book proved to be extremely popular and a national bestseller in the years immediately following its release, and at least 13 printings of the book were published in the first six months of publication. Public reaction to the book was very strong. Many people were shocked at the extent of food contamination and drug side-effects, and 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, along with several other books of a similar nature, were published during a period when a new consumer movement emerged. It is often cited, along with American Chamber of Horrors by Ruth deForest Lamb, as being one of the key catalysts for increased government regulation over food and drugs in the United States which led to the passage in 1938 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception
The book was also the subject of strong opposition from several quarters—not just vested interests such as the drug companies, but also from the medical fraternity. The book was frequently criticized for being sensational propaganda, and many at the time questioned the credentials of the authors (both engineers) and the accuracy of the claims.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception
Several professionals in the medical industry also pointed to the unscientific and spurious conclusions reached, with one commenting on "data fantastically exploited and erroneously interpreted," "extreme and unrealistic conclusion[s]" and "authors with technical qualifications more pronounced in the art of sensationalism than [in] the sciences of biology, chemistry, or public health."


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception
Today, many of the authors' scientific conclusions are indeed thought to have been mistaken. For example, they claimed that bran (roughage) has many negative effects on the intestine, which contradicts today's view that bran in moderation is beneficial to the intestines.


100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception
However, it still remains an influential book on the topic of consumer affairs. Nearly forty years later, in 1972, John G. Fuller published his expose of the food, drug and cosmetic industries, honoring Kallet and Schlink by entitling his book 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: New Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. In the Introduction, Fuller wrote, "Today, nearly forty years later, the situation is worse, not better. … Time bombs are ticking away in several dark corners. … It is 1933 all over again—multiplied by logarithms. The difference is only a matter of form."


100,000-year problem
The 100,000-year problem ("100 ky problem", "100 ka problem") of the Milankovitch theory of orbital forcing refers to a discrepancy between the reconstructed geologic temperature record and the reconstructed amount of incoming solar radiation, or insolation over the past 800,000 years. Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies with periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of incident solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of initiation and termination of glaciations.


100,000-year problem
While there is a Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than those of precession and obliquity. The 100,000-year-problem refers to the lack of an obvious explanation for the periodicity of ice ages at roughly 100,000 years for the past million years, but not before, when the dominant periodicity corresponded to 41,000 years. The unexplained transition between the two periodicity regimes is known as the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, dated to some 800,000 years ago.


100,000-year problem
The related "400,000-year-problem" refers to the absence of a 400,000-year periodicity due to orbital eccentricity in the geological temperature record over the past 1.2 million years.


100,000-year problem
The transition in periodicity from 41,000 years to 100,000 years can now be reproduced in numerical simulations that include a decreasing trend in carbon dioxide and glacially induced removal of regolith, as explained in more detail in the article Mid-Pleistocene Transition.


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
The geologic temperature record can be reconstructed from sedimentary evidence. Perhaps the most useful indicator of past climate is the fractionation of oxygen isotopes, denoted δ18O. This fractionation is controlled mainly by the amount of water locked up in ice and the absolute temperature of the planet, and has allowed a timescale of marine isotope stages to be constructed.


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
By the late 1990s, δ18O records of air (in the Vostok ice core) and marine sediments was available and was compared with estimates of insolation, which should affect both temperature and ice volume. As described by Shackleton (2000), the deep-sea sediment record of δ18O "is dominated by a 100,000-year cyclicity that is universally interpreted as the main ice-age rhythm".


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
Shackleton (2000) adjusted the time scale of the Vostok ice core δ18O record to fit the assumed orbital forcing and used spectral analysis to identify and subtract the component of the record that in this interpretation could be attributed to a linear (directly proportional) response to the orbital forcing.


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
The residual signal (the remainder), when compared with the residual from a similarly retuned marine core isotope record, was used to estimate the proportion of the signal that was attributable to ice volume, with the rest (having attempted to allow for the Dole effect) being attributed to temperature changes in the deep water.


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
The 100,000-year component of ice volume variation was found to match sea level records based on coral age determinations, and to lag orbital eccentricity by several thousand years, as would be expected if orbital eccentricity were the pacing mechanism. Strong non-linear "jumps" in the record appear at deglaciations, although the 100,000-year periodicity was not the strongest periodicity in this "pure" ice volume record.


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
The separate deep sea temperature record was found to vary directly in phase with orbital eccentricity, as did Antarctic temperature and CO2; so eccentricity appears to exert a geologically immediate effect on air temperatures, deep sea temperatures, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Shackleton (2000) concluded: "The effect of orbital eccentricity probably enters the paleoclimatic record through an influence on the concentration of atmospheric CO2".


100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle
Elkibbi and Rial (2001) identified the 100 ka cycle as one of five main challenges met by the Milankovitch model of orbital forcing of the ice ages.


100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem
As the 100,000-year periodicity only dominates the climate of the past million years, there is insufficient information to separate the component frequencies of eccentricity using spectral analysis, making the reliable detection of significant longer-term trends more difficult, although the spectral analysis of much longer palaeoclimate records, such as the Lisiecki and Raymo stack of marine cores and James Zachos' composite isotopic record, helps to put the last million years in longer term context. Hence there is still no clear proof of the mechanism responsible for the 100 ka periodicity—but there are several credible hypotheses.