this invention relates generally to dye - attached and / or surface - modified pigments . certain embodiments include pigments formed by attaching a dye to the surface of a metal oxide or semi - metal oxide particle . other embodiments include surface - modified pigments formed by attaching polymers having amine groups to the surface of a pigment . the surface functionalization of pigment particles with polymers having amine groups may provide the pigment with enhanced water resistance , color - fastness , smudge resistance , and / or compatibility with other materials in a composite or matrix material . for example , such functionalized pigments may be used in inks , paints , paper , fabrics , coatings , cosmetics , food , or other composites to provide or adjust hydrophobicity , softness , smoothness , and / or oleophobicity .