processes are provided which create an aldehyde methylene , or hydrated or hemiacetal methylene attached to a heteroatom of a 6 membered ring without going through an olefinic group and without the necessity of using an osmium reagent . in particular , a compound of formula can be produced from and avoid the use of an allyl amine : where r , p 1 p 3 , r 3 and r x are as described herein .