the invention discloses a method for adjusting and controlling microbial enhanced oil recovery , which comprises the following steps : analyzing the microbial community structure in produced fluid of an oil reservoir via molecular biological method and / or detecting the metabolites in the produced fluid ; adjusting the microorganism to be injected into the oil reservoir and / or the nutrient system corresponding to the microorganism ; injecting the adjusted microorganism and / or the nutrient system corresponding to the microorganism into the oil reservoir through a water injection well ; and obtaining the crude oil from a corresponding beneficial oil producing well . compared with the prior art , the method of the present invention adjusts microbial community structure in the oil reservoir to evolve toward the direction of facilitating oil production , and the performance of the functional microorganism can be completely realized ; the nutrient system is pertinently injected to avoid the blindness of using the nutrient system . therefore , the method is scientific , economical and effective for the microbial enhanced oil recovery .