unrefined , refined and rerefined oils , either natural or synthetic ( as well as mixtures of two or more of any of these ) can be used as the base oils in the lubricants of the present invention . unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment . for example , a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations , a petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be an unrefined oil . refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties . many such purification techniques are known to those skilled in the art such as solvent extraction , secondary distillation , acid or base extraction , filtration , percolation , etc . rerefined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service . such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products . likewise , the oils may be made using a fisher - tropsch process . oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are useful in the practice of this invention . mineral oils are useful as the base oil in the practice of this invention . mineral oils include petroleum oils , and treated petroleum oils . the mineral oils may be a paraffinic , naphthenic and / or aromatic types . specific mineral oils include hydrotreated mineral oils , solvent refined mineral oils , isomerized wax oils , solvent refined and acid treated mineral oils , etc ., wax basestocks , and 120 n isomerized wax basestocks . the lubricating compositions of this invention employ an oil of lubricating viscosity , including natural or synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof . mixtures of mineral oil and synthetic oils , such as polyalphaolefin oils and polyester oils , may be used . synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halosubstituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins , etc . and mixtures thereof , alkylbenzenes , polyphenyl , ( e . g ., biphenyls , terphenyls , alkylated polyphenyls , etc . ), alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and their derivatives , analogs and homologues thereof and the like . alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof , and those where terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification , etherification , etc ., constitute other classes of known synthetic lubricating oils that can be used . another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils that can be used comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids and those made from c5 to c12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols or polyether polyols . other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus - containing acids , polymeric tetrahydrofurans , alkylated diphenyloxides and the like . natural oils useful in making the inventive lubricants and functional fluids include animal oils and vegetable oils ( e . g ., lard oil , castor oil ) as well as mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated or acid - treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic , naphthenic or mixed paraffinic / naphthenic types which may be further refined by hydrocracking and hydrofinishing processes and are dewaxed . oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful . synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo - substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins ( e . g ., polybutylenes , polypropylenes , propylene - isobutylene copolymers , chlorinated polybutylenes , etc . ); poly ( 1 - hexenes ), poly -( 1 - octenes ), poly ( 1 - decenes ), etc . and mixtures thereof , alkyl - benzenes ( e . g ., dodecylbenzenes , tetradecylbenzenes , dinonylbenzenes , di -( 2 - ethylhexyl )- benzenes , etc . ); polyphenyls ( e . g ., biphenyls , terphenyls , alkylated polyphenyls , etc . ); alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives , analogs and homologs thereof and the like . alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification , etherification , etc ., constitute another class of known synthetic lubricating oils that can be used . these are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide , the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers ( e . g ., methyl - polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of about 1000 , diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 500 - 1000 , diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 1000 - 1500 , etc .) or mono - and polycarboxylic esters thereof , for example , the acetic acid esters , mixed c3 - c8 fatty acid esters , or the c13 oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol . another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils that can be used comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acid ( e . g ., phthalic acid , succinic acid , alkyl succinic acids , alkenyl succinic acids , maleic acid , azelaic acid , suberic acid , sebacic acid , furmaric acid , adipic acid , linoleic acid dimer , malonic acid , alkyl malonic acids , alkenyl malonic acids , etc .) with a variety of alcohols ( e . g ., butyl alcohol , hexyl alcohol , dodecyl alcohol , 2 - ethylhexyl alcohol , ethylene glycol , diethylene glycol monoether , propylene glycol , etc .). specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate , di ( 2 - ethylhexyl ) sebacate , di - n - hexyl fumarate , dioctyl sebacate , diisooctyl azelate , diisodecyl azelate , dioctyl phthalate , didecyl phthalate , dieicosyl sebacate , the 2 - ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer , the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacid acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2 - ethylhexanoic acid and the like . esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from c5 to c12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol , trimethylol propane , pentaerythritol , dipentaerythritol , tripentaerythritol , etc . silicon - based oils such as the polyalkyl -, polyaryl -, polyalkoxy -, or polyaryloxy - siloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricants ( e . g ., tetraethyl silicate , tetraisopropyl silicate , tetra -( 2 - ethlhexyl ) silicate , tetra -( 4 - methyl - hexyisilicate , tetra -( p - tert - butylphenyl ) silicate , hexyl -( 4 - methyl - 2 - pentoxy ) disiloxane , poly ( methyl ) siloxanes , poly -( methylphenyl siloxanes , etc .). other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus - containing acids ( e . g ., tricresyl phosphate , trioctyl phosphate , diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid , etc . ), polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like . in general the compositions of this invention contain from about 0 . 01 % to about 99 % by weight of the base oil . in one embodiment , the base oil can be present in the lubricant composition in an amount of from about 0 . 1 % to about 90 % by weight , and in another embodiment up to about 80 % base oil . lubricating oil compositions of this invention contain additives . the selection of such additives will depend on the particular use . any given additive may be included or excluded . octane improvement additives can be employed in the practice of this invention . additives that can be used as an octane booster include , but are not limited to , alcohols , ethers , esters , and organometallic compounds . other known octane boosters also may be used . these additives can be used alone or together with others . octane boosting and other additives may be present in the range of a few ppm to about 50 % by weight . representative non - limiting examples of non - organometallic octane boosters are ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , amyl acetate , isoamyl propionate , isoamyl nonanoate , isobutyl acetate , isobutyl alcohol , methyl butyrate , methyl caproate , and methyl caprylate . an organometallic compound refers to a metal - containing compound whose molecules include carbon - metal linkage . suitable organometallic compounds include any such compounds which are known to those of skill in the art to increase the octane rating of fuels such as tetra ethyl lead and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ( mmt ), which are used in the practice of this invention to increase octane of the lubricant composition . for example , organo - manganese compounds and organo - iron compounds are especially suitable . other metals may include , but are not limited to , metals of groups ib , iib , iiib , ivb , vb , vib , viib , and viiib of the periodic table of the elements . in some embodiments , ferrocene and butyl ferrocene are used as octane boosters . in other embodiments , an organometallic such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (“ mmt ”) is used as an octane booster . it should be understood that any organometallic compound that has a similar structure to ferrocene or mmt may be used as an octane booster . for example , metallocene compounds are such organometallic compounds . the cyclopentadienyl manganese compounds useful in the method and compositions of his invention have the general formula : mn a ( b ) 3 wherein a represents cyclomatic radical containing from 5 to 13 carbon atoms and b is a carbonyl . the constituent designated by the symbol a in the formula comprises a cyclomatic radical , that is , a cyclopentadiene - type hydrocarbon radical which is a radical containing the cyclopentadienyl moiety . generally such cyclomatic hydrocarbon groups contain 4 to 20 carbons , in one embodiment from 5 to 13 carbon atoms . exemplary radicals are cyclopentadienyl , indenyl , methylcyclopentadienyl , propylcyclopentadienyl , diethylcyclopentadienyl , phenylcyclopentadienyl , tert - butylcyclopentadienyl , p - ethylphenylcyclopentadienyl , 4 - tert - butyl indenyl and the like . representative compounds include cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , indenyl manganese tricarbonyl , methyl indenyl manganese tricarbonyl , fluorenyl manganese tricarbonyl , dimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , methylpropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , phenylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and the like . lubricant compositions often comprise a zinc salt of a dithiophosphoric acid . zinc salts of dithiophosphoric acids are often referred to as zinc dithiophosphates , zinc o , o - dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates , and other commonly used names . they are sometimes referred to by the abbreviation zdp . one or more zinc salts of dithiophosphoric acids may be present in a minor amount to provide additional extreme pressure , anti - wear and anti - oxidancy performance . other additives that may optionally be used in the lubricating oils of this invention include , for example , detergents , dispersants , supplemental viscosity improvers , oxidation inhibiting agents , corrosion inhibiting agents , pour point depressing agents , extreme pressure agents , anti - wear agents , color stabilizers and anti - foam agents . the above - mentioned dispersants and supplemental viscosity improvers may be used in addition to the nitrogen containing esters of this invention . extreme pressure agents and corrosion and oxidation inhibiting agents which may be included in the compositions of the invention are exemplified by chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons , organic sulfides and polysulfides , phosphorus esters including dihydrocarbon and trihydrocarbon phosphites , molybdenum compounds , and the like . other oxidation inhibiting agents include materials such as alkylated diphenyl amines , hindered phenols , especially those having tertiary alkyl groups such as tertiary butyl groups in the position ortho to the phenolic — oh group , and others . auxiliary viscosity improvers ( also sometimes referred to as viscosity index improvers or viscosity modifiers ) may be included in the compositions of this invention . viscosity improvers are usually polymers , including polyisobutenes , polymethacrylic acid esters , hydrogenated diene polymers , polyalkyl styrenes , esterified styrene - maleic anhydride copolymers , hydrogenated alkenylarene - conjugated diene copolymers and polyolefins . multifunctional viscosity improvers , other than those of the present invention , which also have dispersant and / or antioxidancy properties are known and may optionally be used in the practice of this invention . pour point depressants may be included in the additive concentrates and lubricating oils described herein . those which may be used are described in the literature and are well - known . anti - foam agents used to reduce or prevent the formation of stable foam include silicones or organic polymers . detergents and dispersants may be of the ash - producing or ashless type . the ash - producing detergents are exemplified by oil soluble neutral and basic salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals with sulfonic acids , carboxylic acids , phenols or organic phosphorus acids characterized by a least one direct carbon - to - phosphorus linkage . ashless detergents and dispersants are so - called despite the fact that , depending on its constitution , the detergent or dispersant may upon combustion yield a nonvolatile residue such as boric oxide or phosphorus pentoxide ; however , it does not ordinarily contain metal and therefore does not yield a metal - containing ash on combustion . many types are known in the art , and any of them are suitable for use in the lubricants of this invention . the following are illustrative : ( 1 ) reaction products of carboxylic acids ( or derivatives thereof ) containing at least about 34 and preferably at least about 54 carbon atoms with nitrogen containing compounds such as amine , organic hydroxy compounds such as phenols and alcohols , and / or basic inorganic materials . examples of these “ carboxylic dispersants ” are described in british patent number 1 , 306 , 529 and in many u . s . patents including the following : 3 , 163 , 603 3 , 399 , 141 3 , 574 , 101 3 , 184 , 474 3 , 415 , 750 3 , 576 , 743 3 , 215 , 707 3 , 433 , 744 3 , 630 , 904 3 , 219 , 666 3 , 444 , 170 3 , 632 , 510 3 , 271 , 310 3 , 448 , 048 3 , 632 , 511 3 , 272 , 746 3 , 448 , 049 3 , 697 , 428 3 , 281 , 357 3 , 451 , 933 3 , 725 , 441 3 , 306 , 908 3 , 454 , 607 4 , 194 , 886 3 , 311 , 558 3 , 467 , 668 4 , 234 , 435 3 , 316 , 177 3 , 501 , 405 4 , 491 , 527 3 , 340 , 281 3 , 522 , 179 5 , 696 , 060 3 , 341 , 542 3 , 541 , 012 5 , 696 , 067 3 , 346 , 493 3 , 541 , 678 5 , 779 , 742 3 , 351 , 552 3 , 542 , 680 re 26 , 433 3 , 381 , 022 3 , 567 , 637 ( 2 ) reaction products of relatively high molecular weight aliphatic or alicyclic halides with amines , preferably polyalkylene polyamines . these may be characterized as “ amine dispersants ” and examples thereof are described for example , in the following u . s . patents : ( 3 ) reaction products of alkyl phenols in which the alkyl groups contains at least about 30 carbon atoms with aldehydes ( especially formaldehyde ) and amines ( especially polyalkylene polyamines ), which may be characterized as “ mannich dispersants ”. the materials described in the following u . s . patents are illustrative : ( 4 ) products obtained by post - treating the carboxylic amine or mannich dispersants with such reagents as urea , thiourea , carbon disulfide , aldehydes , ketones , carboxylic acids , hydrocarbon - substituted succinic anhydrides , nitrites , epoxides , boron compounds , phosphorus compounds or the like . exemplary materials of this kind are described in the following u . s . patents : 3 , 036 , 003 3 , 282 , 955 3 , 493 , 520 3 , 639 , 242 3 , 087 , 936 3 , 312 , 619 3 , 502 , 677 3 , 649 , 229 3 , 200 , 107 3 , 366 , 569 3 , 513 , 093 3 , 649 , 659 3 , 216 , 936 3 , 367 , 943 3 , 533 , 945 3 , 658 , 836 3 , 254 , 025 3 , 373 , 111 3 , 539 , 633 3 , 697 , 574 3 , 256 , 185 3 , 403 , 102 3 , 573 , 010 3 , 702 , 757 3 , 278 , 550 3 , 442 , 808 3 , 579 , 450 3 , 703 , 536 3 , 280 , 234 3 , 455 , 831 3 , 591 , 598 3 , 704 , 308 3 , 281 , 428 3 , 455 , 832 3 , 600 , 372 3 , 708 , 522 4 , 234 , 435 ( 5 ) polymers and copolymers of oil - solubilizing monomers such as decyl methacrylate , vinyl decyl ether and high molecular weight olefins with monomers containing polar substituents , e . g ., aminoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates , acrylamides and poly -( oxyethylene )- substituted acrylates . these may be characterized as “ polymeric dispersants ” and examples thereof are disclosed in the following u . s . patents : the above - noted patents are incorporated herein by reference for their disclosures of ashless dispersants . the above - illustrated additives may each be present in lubricating compositions at a concentration of as little as 0 . 001 % by weight , usually ranging from about 0 . 01 % to about 20 % by weight . in most instances , they each contribute from about 0 . 1 % to about 10 % by weight , more often up to about 5 % by weight . the various additives described herein can be added directly to the base oil or lubricant composition . however , the additives may be diluted with a substantially inert , normally liquid organic diluent such as mineral oil , naphtha , benzene , toluene or xylene , to form an additive concentrate . these concentrates usually comprise about 0 . 1 to about 80 % by weight , frequently from about 1 % to about 80 % by weight , more often from about 10 % to about 80 % by weight , of the compositions of this invention and may contain , in addition , one or more other additives known in the art or described hereinabove . concentrations such as 15 %, 20 %, 30 % or 50 % or higher may be employed . additive concentrates are prepared by mixing together the desired components , often at elevated temperatures , usually less than 100 c ., often no more than about 70 c . further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention . it is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to be taken as illustrative embodiments . equivalent elements or materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein , and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features , all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention .