our primary contribution is that under elevated ambient pressure ( e . g ., ˜ 12 bar ( 1 . 2 mpa )), and with the appropriate feedstock , few - walled boron nitride nanotube ( fw - bnnt ) fibers will grow continuously by surface nucleation from seemingly arbitrary asperities at a high linear rate ( many cms per second ). we call these fibers “ streamers ” because they appear to follow the streamlines of the vapor flow in a synthesis chamber , flapping in a motion reminiscent of a kite tail . in fig1 a - 1c still frames from a video clip display three separate instances of streamer formation . the laser beam , a 1 . 6 micron wavelength , 8 mm diameter , unfocused , 1 kw , beam from a fel ( free electron laser ), propagates vertically downward into the target . the target , a 2 . 5 cm diameter plug of pressed boron metal powder rotates on a turntable at 20 sec / revolution . the center of rotation of the target is offset by about a half beam diameter from the center of the beam , so that the laser drills a hole about twice its diameter as the target spins . an ambient temperature nitrogen gas is fed into the synthesis chamber continuously . at the periphery of the laser - drilled hole streamers form and are elongated by the upward flow of boron vapor . the flapping motion occurs as the fibers follow the streamlines of the turbulent boron vapor flow . the boron vapor is created by laser heating at the bottom of the hole , which at this point is about 2 cm deep . streamers form quickly , reaching over a centimeter in length within about 1 / 30 th of a second . sections of streamers snap off and swirl above the target before being carried from the chamber by a low - speed flow of nitrogen gas . the chamber pressure for this clip is approximately 12 bar . other elevated ambient pressures find application , and are being currently investigated . other lasers , as well as other heating methods , also find application , and are also being currently investigated . elevated chamber pressure is indeed critical to the formation of streamers . when the nitrogen pressure was reduced from 12 bar to slightly above 1 bar ( near atomospheric ), no streamers were seen , and instead , a shower of sparks was ejected from the laser illumination zone . in post - run analysis , the sparks appeared to be droplets of boron metal that had solidified after ejection from the laser zone , and came to rest in the bottom of the chamber . an odor of boron vapor was present when the synthesis chamber was opened , indicating a lack of reaction with nitrogen . streamers were collected both from the target face and downstream on collector surfaces ( wire coils ). when held by its ends , a streamer felt like a piece of spider silk , and was similar thereto in appearance , medium matte grey in color . it could be plucked like a guitar string to two or three times its length and then returned to its original shape . this behavior is explained in fig2 a and 2c . these are hrsems ( high resolution scanning electron microscope images ) of streamers formed by both boron metal and boron nitride targets under similar conditions . they show that the streamers are composed of a network of bnnt bundle strands that can deform under load then spring back to their original shape . also visible in the hrsems are numerous globular nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 80 nm in diameter . fig2 b is a closer view of the network under scanning transmission mode ( stem ) with an inset highlighting a single droplet . this droplet appears to have a crystalline coating and a single bnnt , about 3 nm in diameter , issuing from one vertex . fig2 d shows an isolated long bundle of bnnts ; these could readily be found to be as long as 30 microns . the main image shows that this bundle was composed of aligned sub - bundles of bnnts and the inset shows an approximately 10 micron long section ( indicated by the arrows ) deposited on a holey carbon grid . transmission electron microscopy ( tem ) showed some single - walled bnnts and many double - walled bnnts , though the most common form was about 3 - 5 nm in diameter with 2 - 5 walls ( fig3 a and its inset ). the walls were smooth and continuous , indicating good crystallinity . electron energy loss spectroscopy ( eels ) in fig3 b showed distinct peaks of the boron and nitrogen k - edges at 188 and 401 ev , respectively , indicating that the tubes contained hexagonal boron nitride ( h - bn ) bonding . the b - to - n ratios from various eels spectra were approximately 1 : 1 , the correct ratio for sp - 2 bonded bnnts . elemental map images created with energy filtered transmission electron microscopy ( eftem ) confirmed that the nanotubes were bn , but also showed that the nanoparticles were composed of boron metal , coated with a layer of crystalline bn . fig3 c shows a tem zero energy loss image of streamer raw material , on lacey silicon film . elemental maps were obtained for this area using a standard three - window technique . the boron and nitrogen maps are shown in fig3 d and 3e . the bnnts exhibit medium grey levels in both images , consistent with the expected b and n content . the nanoparticles , however , appear with bright cores on the b map and bright coatings on the n map , indicating solid boron droplets with bn growth on the surface . fig4 is a model of our conclusion concerning how the streamers form on the macroscale . there is an initial transient process to arrive at the situation depicted in the lower left of the figure . for 30 seconds or so after the laser first strikes the target surface no streamers are seen , just a dark cloud of ejected material . during this period the laser is removing boron metal by ablation , drilling a cavity deep into the target . as the hole gets deeper (˜ 2 cm ), the natural tapering of the walls slows the drilling process . after a total illumination time of about a minute , the hole becomes a radiant cavity , allowing the temperature to rise to the boiling point of boron . on a video , shadow graphic waves ( like the ripples in the air above a hot roadway ) appear above the target , indicating the mixing of hot rising boron vapor with cold nitrogen gas in the synthesis chamber . when this condition is reached , streamers start to form near the lip of the cavity and the situation depicted in the lower left of fig4 is presented . at this point , a significant upward flow of boron vapor is established . based on post - run analysis of the target , the streamers appear to form according to the aerodynamic mechanism depicted in the right side of fig4 . on the inner rim of the target , a number of solidified boron metal droplets , microns to millimeters in diameter , formed . streamers were preferentially attached to the downstream ( upper ) side of these droplets . these are regions where nitrogen gas could penetrate up the aerodynamic wake of the droplets and form a mixing zone of boron and nitrogen vapors , the feedstock required for bnnt growth . at the base of each long streamer , many shorter individual bnnt feeder roots were seen . it was concluded that these short roots tangled together after growing a few millimeters from the wall , due to the turbulent forces of the boron vapor flow . the main streamers grew to the centimeter length scale , fed by the fast mutual growth of their feeder roots . examination under optical and sem microscopes showed that individual roots were attached to a variety of asperities on the surface : grain boundaries in the solidified boron metal , micron - sized droplets on the surface , and white particles of apparent bn crystals . because the centimeter - long fibers fell into a tangle after the laser was shutdown , it was not possible to photograph full - length streamers in their extended condition . however , several streamers in the early stages of bnnt growth ( feeder roots ) were seen along the periphery of the target and photographed with an optical microscope . fig5 shows four aligned , millimeter - scale streamers attached to a delaminated layer of re - solidified metal . the layer has separated from the target surface to provide an aerodynamic step , creating the mixing zone of boron vapor and nitrogen necessary to feed the root growth of the fibers . based on these observations , our conclusion is that unlike the formation of carbon nanotubes , boron nitride nanotubes do not require a chemically catalytic surface for nucleation . they will simply form spontaneously and continuously by root growth on any suitable surface , e . g ., an asperity in a zone where hot boron vapor and cold nitrogen gas mix to the correct stoichiometry . and , under the elevated pressure employed , the growth rate can be many centimeters per second in a localized fiber . because we had previously made single - walled carbon nanotubes ( swcnts ) with the free electron laser ( fel ) described hereinabove , we began our synthesis work on bnnts using the same laser conditions and process . for swcnts the graphite target contained metal catalysts which were vaporized by the ultrafast pulses of the fel into a cloud of nanometer scale nucleation sites . the same catalyst combinations ( ni , co , fe ) and some refractories ( w , nb ) were used with b and bn targets to try to stimulate bnnt growth at atmospheric nitrogen pressure , but only boron , not boron nitride nanostructures , were found . only when deep cavities were drilled by the laser to create flows of boron vapor , and the nitrogen pressure was elevated , did we see the formation of bn streamer fibers . this positive result was achieved with both hot pressed hexagonal - bn powder targets and cold pressed powdered - metal boron targets , and never with added metals . a word should be said about the possible role of boron metal droplets in the nucleation of bnnt streamers . clearly boron droplets are found in the structure of the streamer material ( fig2 a , 2 b and 3 c ) and it appears that nanotubes can grow from them ( fig2 b , inset ). however , because the streamers remain attached to the surface by their roots during growth ( and after the laser is turned off ), it is concluded that their primary growth mechanism is surface nucleation on fixed irregularities . if the primary growth mechanism were nucleation by a cloud of boron droplets , bnnt streamers would not attach to the surface , just to the droplets ( as we see with laser - oven produced carbon nanotubes ). it should be no surprise , however , that boron droplets are a common occurrence , as the boron vapor stream cools rapidly as it exits the target cavity . based on our conclusion , bnnt production is fundamentally less complicated than carbon nanotube ( cnt ) production where a gas - borne cloud or coated surface of catalytic particles must be produced and kept active during the growth process . we have already demonstrated that this process is readily continuous for centimeters of fiber . if it can be extended to meters , then bnnt growth may simply be limited by the ability to produce a steady supply of boron vapor and to provide an appropriate mixing and nucleation zone . it is important to note that the laser , under our hypothesis , is only one means of heating powdered boron metal to create boron vapor . the heating zone and bnnt formation zone are physically separated . although the laser - drilling mechanism that formed the cavities in this implementation may be unique to the fel beam properties , the technique is applicable with other lasers and other sources of heat given an appropriate geometry . there are , of course , substantial engineering obstacles , as the boiling point of boron , for example , at 12 bar is high ( 3250 c ). this temperature is readily accessible to laser and arc heating , but laser heating is inherently expensive and arc heating difficult to control and fraught with contamination . it remains to be seen if rf induction heating , hydrogen - oxygen flame , or another source , can provide a more practical route to clean , continuous boron vaporization . since laser heating has been demonstrated here , however , let us assess , to an order of magnitude , the next step that could be pursued with readily available lasers . with the 1 kw fel , boron target weight loss was about 35 g / hour . for a commercially available 10 kw co 2 welding / cutting laser , then , one would estimate a boron vapor flow of 350 g / hour . if even 50 % of the boron flow could be converted to streamers through surface nucleation , a kilogram of raw material could be produced in just a few hours . such an advance in scale - up is required for the potential of bulk boron nitride nanotube fibers to be fully realized .