in the following description , several specific details are presented to provide a thorough understanding . one skilled in the relevant art will recognize , however , that the concepts and techniques disclosed herein can be practiced without one or more of the specific details , or in combination with other components , etc . in other instances , well - known implementations or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various examples disclosed herein . fig1 depicts an example of a system 100 for determining whether it is possible for a station with a user having an asserted membership to authenticate to a target network . the system 100 includes a station 102 , an access point ( ap ) 104 , and a potential authentication indication ( pai ) engine 106 . the station 102 is coupled to the ap 104 and the ap 104 is coupled to the pai engine 106 . in the example of fig1 , the station 102 can include a laptop , a wireless telephone , portable digital assistant ( pda ), desktop computer , or any other applicable computing device capable of communication on a wireless network . a “ station ,” as used herein , may or may not be referred to as a device with a media access control ( mac ) address and a physical layer ( phy ) interface to the wireless medium that comply with the institute of electrical and electronic engineers ( ieee ) 802 . 11 standard . in general , a station can comply with any wireless standard or none at all , and may have any known or convenient interface to a wireless or other medium . the station 102 can include a radio capable of generating signals compatible with communication on one or more networks . the station 102 can transmit and receive data as radio frequency ( rf ) signals . the radio can operate on any band in which a wireless standard , e . g ., 802 . 11 , is standardized . the station 102 can also include multiple radios . for example , the station 102 could include a 2 . 4 and a 5 ghz radio . the station 102 can be associated with membership in a network . the network can be , for example , a wireless realm . a “ wireless realm ” can be a network operated by a particular entity , such as a wireless access provider . a user of the station 102 can purchase or otherwise be given a membership allowing use of the wireless realm such as by various “ hot spots ” or locations where the entity provides wireless access . at times the entity responsible for the network partners with other wireless access providers to provide access to shared networks . the station 102 can be used to access a resource of a network through the network or a shared network . of course , the station 102 can also be used to access the resource through some other network , such as a free or subscription network . in the example of fig1 , the ap 104 is in radio communication with the station 102 . the ap 104 can retransmit received wireless signals over , for example , an ethernet connection . the ap can be implemented as a station , but is generally referred to as an ap in this paper so as to distinguish the ap 104 from the station 102 . depending upon the context and / or implementation , the station 102 and ap 104 could be referred to as stations , or the station 102 could be referred to as a non - ap station . in the example of fig1 , the pai engine 106 can include special purpose hardware , firmware , software , system , or arrangement operable to predict access to a network resource . modules of an example pai engine are discussed later with reference to fig2 . in the example of fig1 , in operation , the station 102 transmits a generic query transport protocol ( qtp ) query to the ap 104 . the qtp query can include a domain name container defining membership in a wireless realm and can include one or more units of information defining the membership of a station to the wireless realm . the qtp query can be structured to include multiple domain name containers and / or can define membership to multiple wireless realms . the qtp query is structured to enable the station 102 to query the ap 104 . the purpose of the qtp query in this case is to answer the question , “ will a user be allowed access to a network resource upon a yet un - attempted access request for the network resource ?” the qtp query may or may not be used to answer other questions at the same or other times . a generic advertising service ( gas ) query is an example of a basic structure of an 802 . 11 - compatible qtp . the gas is a protocol that allows a station to ask questions of an ap and get answers . in the 802 . 11 standard gas query , a domain name container includes data sufficient to identify an asserted membership . more generally , an asserted membership is a wireless realm , or data sufficient to identify a wireless realm , in any format . in the example of fig1 , in operation , the ap 104 receives the qtp query and provides the qtp query to the pai engine 106 . the pai engine 106 can receive the qtp query including the domain name container that includes the one or more units of information defining a membership in the wireless realm . the pai engine 106 compares the membership in the wireless realm ( s ) to membership access for the network resource . the pai engine 106 determines whether the station 102 has access to the wireless realm ( s ) necessary to access the network resource . the pai engine 106 provides a response to the ap 104 , which transmits a response defining membership access to the network resource to the station 102 . the response predicts whether the station will be allowed access to the network resource upon an attempt to access the network resource . the station 102 receives the response from the ap 104 including an indication of a relationship between the network resource and the membership in the wireless realm . the indication can predict that the station 102 will be allowed access by the ap 104 to the network resource . the response can be displayed to a user of the station 102 , or can be automatically acted on by another processor in the station 102 . fig2 depicts a flowchart 200 of an example of a process for predicting access to a network resource for a station , and attaching if the prediction is favorable . the process is organized as a sequence of modules in the flowchart 200 . however , it should be understood that these and modules associated with other processes and methods described herein may be reordered for parallel execution or into different sequences of modules . in the example of fig2 , the flowchart 200 starts at module 202 with transmitting , to a first ap , a qtp query including an asserted membership . the qtp query can include , for example , a domain name container defining membership in a wireless realm . the query can seek to determine whether a station associated with the qtp query will be allowed access to a network resource if the asserted membership is true . in the example of fig2 , the flowchart 200 continues to module 204 with receiving , from a second ap , an indication of a relationship between the network resource and membership in a wireless realm . the membership in the wireless realm can be indirectly determined using the membership in the domain container , or the membership in the domain name container could itself be the membership in the wireless realm . it should be noted that , depending upon the implementation , configuration , and / or environmental factors ( e . g ., roaming ) the first ap and the second ap can be the same ap or different aps . depending upon the implementation , the fact that the indication of a relationship is received can indicate the relationship is likely to enable attachment to an ap , while a failure to receive the indication of a relationship can indicate that the relationship is unlikely to enable attachment to the ap . ( of course , a lack of a response can also be for other reasons , such as a message failure .) in the example of fig2 , the flowchart 200 continues to module 206 with attaching to a third ap . it should be noted that , depending upon the implementation , configuration , and / or environmental factors , the first ap and the third ap can be the same or different aps . also , the second ap and the third ap can be the same or different aps . as used in this paper , “ attaching ” refers to actions taken at a station to associate , authenticate , and / or otherwise wirelessly connect to an ap . a station having attached to the third ap after receiving a favorable prediction , the flowchart 200 ends . fig3 depicts an example of a pai engine 300 , such as the pai engine described with reference to fig1 . the pai engine 300 includes a query front - end processing ( qfp ) engine 302 , a network resource name ( nrn ) table 304 , a membership comparison engine 306 , and a network resource access prediction engine 308 . in the example of fig3 , the qfp engine 302 , can include hardware , firmware , or software implemented in hardware or firmware and executed by a processor , such as a microprocessor . the qfp engine 302 can include routines , circuitry , procedures or other sub modules for receiving requests and transmitting responses , such as by inter - process communications with systems operating on an ap . in the example of fig3 , the nrn table 304 can include a database , file , data store , list of records , table , or other data management device for storing information describing membership of users and / or groups in wireless realms . the nrn table 304 can include a cache of such information compiled by an entity managing a wireless realm . the location of or distributed nature of the nrn table 304 is not critical so long as an nrn table interface is available to access the data . in the example of fig3 , the membership comparison engine 306 can include hardware , firmware , or software implemented in hardware or firmware for execution by a processor . the membership comparison engine 306 can compare an asserted membership received in , for example , a qtp query , with a configured membership stored in the nrn table 304 . in the example of fig3 , the network resource access prediction engine 308 can include hardware , firmware , or software implemented in hardware or firmware for execution by a processor . the network resource access prediction engine 308 can provide an access prediction based on the result of a comparison from the membership comparison engine 306 . the qfp engine 302 can provide the access prediction as a response to an asserted membership , if applicable . in the example of fig3 , in operation , the nrn table typically receives membership configurations for users and / or groups , as is depicted by the membership configurations arrow pointing toward the nrn table 304 in the example of fig3 . the membership configurations can be provided to the nrn table in an automated or manual fashion . in the example of fig3 , in operation , the qfp engine 302 receives an asserted membership . the asserted membership can be received in , for example , a qtp query . the asserted membership can be received or otherwise originate at a station . in the example of fig3 , in operation , the qfp engine 302 provides the asserted membership to the membership comparison engine 306 . the membership comparison engine 306 compares the asserted membership with configured memberships from the nrn table 304 . if there is a match , then the user associated with the asserted membership appears to have access to the network resource in question , assuming the asserted membership is true . in the example of fig3 , in operation , the membership comparison engine 306 provides the result of the comparison to the network resource access prediction engine 308 , which , in turn , provides an access prediction to the qfp engine 302 in accordance with the result of the comparison . in a specific implementation , the qfp engine 302 provides a response to the asserted membership if the access prediction is favorable , and does not respond if the access prediction is not favorable . fig4 depicts a flowchart 400 of an example of a method for predicting access to a network resource . the method is organized as a sequence of modules in the flowchart 400 . however , it should be understood that these and modules associated with other processes and methods described herein may be reordered for parallel execution or into different sequences of modules . in the example of fig4 , the flowchart 400 starts at module with 402 with receiving a qtp query including an asserted membership . the asserted membership can be provided in a container that includes information sufficient to define a membership of a user ( or group in which the user is a member ) in a wireless realm . the qtp query can query whether a station associated with the user will be able to attach to an ap , and through the ap to a network resource in an as - of - yet un - attempted access request for the network resource . in the example of fig4 , the flowchart 400 continues to module 404 with comparing the asserted membership to membership records . wireless realms can allow access to stations because of membership in a wireless realm that a user of the station already has . such membership can be based on a partnership agreement between operators of various wireless realms . in the example of fig4 , the flowchart 400 continues to module 406 with transmitting a qtp query response , indicating an attachment possibility . the response itself can be indicative of an attachment possibility , or the response can include a prediction regarding whether access to the network resource for the as - of - yet un - attempted request will be allowed . having indicated an attachment possibility , the flowchart 400 ends . a station , having received an indication of an attachment possibility , may attempt to attach ( not shown ), and the success of the attempt will depend upon whether the asserted membership can be shown by the station to be true . fig5 depicts an example of an infrastructure network including potential locations for a pai engine . fig5 includes controller 502 , network 503 , pai engine 504 , wireless switch 506 - 1 through wireless switch 506 - n ( collectively wireless switches 506 ), ap 512 - 1 through ap 512 - n ( collectively aps 512 ). in the example of fig5 , the controller 502 can be practically any type of device that is capable of communicating with a communications network , for example , a mainframe or a workstation , server class computing device , or other computing device . the controller 502 can be connected to a wired backbone network ( not shown ), either directly or indirectly through a wireless network . the controller 502 can include , by way of example but not limitation , a lightweight directory access protocol ( ldap ) server , a policy server , a combination of these servers , or another known or convenient server . in the example of fig5 , the network 503 can be practically any type of communications network , such as , by way of example but not limitation , the internet or an infrastructure network . the term “ internet ” as used herein refers to a network of networks which uses certain protocols , such as the tcp / ip protocol , and possibly other protocols such as the hypertext transfer protocol ( http ) for hypertext markup language ( html ) documents that make up the world wide web ( the web ). in the example of fig5 , the pai engine 504 can be located in a variety of locations as depicted , for example , as a module or component of the controller 502 , as a module or component of the wireless switches 506 , or as a module or component of the aps 512 . the pai engine 504 could be located in or as an intermediate entity within or coupled to the aps 512 , the controller 502 , the wireless switches 506 , or the network 503 . in the example of fig5 , the wireless switches 506 are devices , such as specific purpose computing devices coupled together by a wired backbone . the wireless switches 506 can swap data and client information including authentication and authorization attributes and information . the wireless switches 506 can provide forwarding , queuing , tunneling , and / or some security services for the information the wireless switches 506 receive from aps 512 . the wireless switches 506 can coordinate , provide power to , and / or manage the configuration of the aps 512 . in a non - limiting example , the wireless switches are trapeze networks mobility exchange ® switches , available from trapeze networks , inc ., of pleasanton , calif . in the example of fig5 , the aps 512 are stations that transmit and receive data ( and may therefore be referred to as transceivers ) using one or more radios . for example , an ap may have a radio that is configured for any band in which , for example , 802 . 11 is standardized . as another example , an ap may have multiple radios , such as a 2 . 4 ghz and a 5 ghz radio . in a non - limiting example , an access point transmits and receives information as radio frequency ( rf ) signals to and from a wireless client over an ethernet connection . the access points 512 transmit and receive information to and from their associated wireless exchange switches 506 . connection to a second wireless exchange switch can provide redundancy . in the example of fig5 , in operation , supposing the pai engine 504 is located within the ap 512 - 1 , the station 514 transmits a request for a prediction of the ability of the station 514 to attach to one of the aps 512 , and through the ap to a network resource . the request is processed within the pai engine 504 and a response , if appropriate , can be transmitted by the ap 512 - 1 . alternatively , in the example of fig5 , supposing the pai engine 504 is located within the wireless switch 506 - 1 , the station 514 transmits a request for a prediction of the ability of the station 514 to attach to one of the aps 512 , and through the ap to a network resource . the request is retransmitted to the wireless switch 506 - 1 where the pai engine 504 is located . the pai engine 504 processes the request and provides a response to the wireless switch 506 - 1 which transmits the response back to ap 512 - 1 which in turn transmits the response to the station 514 , if appropriate . alternatively , in the example of fig5 , supposing the pai engine 504 is located within the controller 502 , the station 514 transmits a request for a prediction of the ability of the station 514 to attach to one of the aps 512 , and through the ap to a network resource . the request is transmitted to the wireless switch 506 - 1 which sends the request to the controller 502 via the network 503 . the controller 502 provides the request to the pai engine 504 which processes the request and provides a response . the controller 502 sends a response to wireless switch 506 - 1 via the network 503 , and the wireless switch 506 - 1 provides the response to the ap 512 - 1 . the ap 512 - 1 then transmits the response to the station 514 , if appropriate . fig6 depicts an example of a system 600 in which a station in the context of an infrastructure network queries for a prediction as to whether it is possible to access a resource . in the example of fig6 , the infrastructure network is an infrastructure network as discussed in reference to fig5 . in the example of fig6 , a resource 616 can be a network , part of a network , computing system , cluster , website , or other desirable system or unit of information . in a non - limiting example , a user of the station 612 can attempt to access an airlines reservation website from within an airport . assume the providers of wireless access have a partnership with the airport allowing access to the reservation site . the user can communicate a request to the ap 610 which can provide the request to the pai engine 604 , and the pai engine 604 can consider membership required to access the resource 616 to determine whether the user might potentially have appropriate membership rights . a prediction can be provided to the ap 610 . as can be noted , the closer the pai engine 604 is to the ap 610 , the shorter the distance ( and , presumably , the fewer network resources consumed ). depending upon the implementation , embodiment , and / or user preferences , a user of the station 612 may decide to attach to the ap 610 only after receiving a favorable prediction . fig7 depicts an example of a system 700 in which a station , in the context of multiple networks , queries whether a network resource is predicted to be accessible to a user of the station . fig7 includes station 702 , ap 704 - 1 through ap 704 - n ( collectively aps 704 ), pai engine 705 - 1 through pai engine 705 - n ( collectively pai engines 705 ), partner network 706 - 1 through 706 - 2 ( collectively partner networks 706 ), non - partner networks 708 - 1 through 708 - 2 , resource 710 . in the example of fig7 , the station 702 can be a station as defined in reference to , for example , fig1 . the aps 704 can be aps as defined in reference to , for example , fig1 or fig5 . the pai engines 705 can be as defined in the figures described above , and the resource 710 can be as defined in reference to , for example , fig6 . in the example of fig7 , the partner networks 706 can be networks having agreements to allow access to the resource 710 for members of another network , in which the user associated with the station 702 is a member . contrarily , the non - partner networks 706 can be networks lacking agreements to allow access to the resource 710 . in the example of fig7 , in operation , the station 702 can transmit a query to all aps in range of the station 702 to gather predictions from the aps 704 indicating whether any of the aps 704 will allow access to the resource 710 . the aps 704 - 1 and 704 - 3 , which are connected to partner networks 706 can determine that access to the resource 710 is predicted to be allowed . however , the aps 704 - 1 and 704 - n are connected to non - partner networks 708 . as such , for illustrative purposes , no access is predicted to be allowed . the aps 704 transmit responses to the station 702 indicating that access is predicted to be allowed , or the aps 704 either do not transmit responses or transmit negative responses if access is not predicted to be allowed . the station 702 can then display a list of the aps , or data associated with the aps , predicted to allow access . also the station 102 could take action to automatically access the resource 710 . fig8 depicts an example of a computing system that is representative of the computing systems discussed herein . the system 800 may be a conventional computer system that can be used as a client computer system , such as a wireless client or a workstation , or a server computer system . the system 800 includes a device 802 , i / o devices 804 , and a display device 806 . the device 802 includes a processor 808 , a communications interface 810 , memory 812 , display controller 814 , non - volatile storage 816 , i / o controller 818 , clock 822 , and radio 824 . the device 802 may be coupled to or include the i / o devices 804 and the display device 806 . the device 802 interfaces to external systems through the communications interface 810 , which may include a modem or network interface . it will be appreciated that the communications interface 810 can be considered to be part of the system 800 or a part of the device 802 . the communications interface 810 can be an analog modem , isdn modem or terminal adapter , cable modem , token ring ieee 802 . 5 interface , ethernet / ieee 802 . 3 interface , wireless 802 . 11 interface , satellite transmission interface ( e . g . “ direct pc ”), wimax / ieee 802 . 16 interface , bluetooth interface , cellular / mobile phone interface , third generation ( 3g ) mobile phone interface , code division multiple access ( cdma ) interface , evolution - data optimized ( evdo ) interface , general packet radio service ( gprs ) interface , enhanced gprs ( edge / egprs ), high - speed downlink packet access ( hspda ) interface , or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems . the processor 808 may be , for example , a conventional microprocessor such as an intel pentium microprocessor or motorola power pc microprocessor . the memory 812 is coupled to the processor 808 by a bus 820 . the memory 812 can be dynamic random access memory ( dram ) and can also include static ram ( sram ). the bus 820 couples the processor 808 to the memory 812 , also to the non - volatile storage 816 , to the display controller 814 , and to the i / o controller 818 . the i / o devices 804 can include a keyboard , disk drives , printers , a scanner , and other input and output devices , including a mouse or other pointing device . the display controller 814 may control in the conventional manner a display on the display device 806 , which can be , for example , a cathode ray tube ( crt ) or liquid crystal display ( lcd ). the display controller 814 and the i / o controller 818 can be implemented with conventional well known technology . the non - volatile storage 816 is often a magnetic hard disk , flash memory , an optical disk , or another form of storage for large amounts of data . some of this data is often written , by a direct memory access process , into memory 812 during execution of software in the device 802 . one of skill in the art will immediately recognize that the terms “ machine - readable medium ” or “ computer - readable medium ” includes any type of storage device that is accessible by the processor 808 . clock 822 can be any kind of oscillating circuit creating an electrical signal with a precise frequency . in a non - limiting example , clock 822 could be a crystal oscillator using the mechanical resonance of vibrating crystal to generate the electrical signal . the radio 824 can include any combination of electronic components , for example , transistors , resistors and capacitors . the radio is operable to transmit and / or receive signals . the system 800 is one example of many possible computer systems which have different architectures . for example , personal computers based on an intel microprocessor often have multiple buses , one of which can be an i / o bus for the peripherals and one that directly connects the processor 808 and the memory 812 ( often referred to as a memory bus ). the buses are connected together through bridge components that perform any necessary translation due to differing bus protocols . network computers are another type of computer system that can be used in conjunction with the teachings provided herein . network computers do not usually include a hard disk or other mass storage , and the executable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory 812 for execution by the processor 808 . a web tv system , which is known in the art , is also considered to be a computer system , but it may lack some of the features shown in fig8 , such as certain input or output devices . a typical computer system will usually include at least a processor , memory , and a bus coupling the memory to the processor . in addition , the system 800 is controlled by operating system software which includes a file management system , such as a disk operating system , which is part of the operating system software . one example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as windows ® from microsoft corporation of redmond , wash ., and their associated file management systems . another example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the linux operating system and its associated file management system . the file management system is typically stored in the non - volatile storage 816 and causes the processor 808 to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in memory , including storing files on the non - volatile storage 816 . some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory . these algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art . an algorithm is here , and generally , conceived to be a self - consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result . the operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities . usually , though not necessarily , these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored , transferred , combined , compared , and otherwise manipulated . it has proven convenient at times , principally for reasons of common usage , to refer to these signals as bits , values , elements , symbols , characters , terms , numbers , or the like . it should be borne in mind , however , that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities . unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion , it is appreciated that throughout the description , discussions utilizing terms such as “ processing ” or “ computing ” or “ calculating ” or “ determining ” or “ displaying ” or the like , refer to the action and processes of a computer system , or similar electronic computing device , that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical ( electronic ) quantities within the computer system &# 39 ; s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage , transmission or display devices . the present example also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein . this apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes , or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer . such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium , such as , but is not limited to , read - only memories ( roms ), random access memories ( rams ), eproms , eeproms , flash memory , magnetic or optical cards , any type of disk including floppy disks , optical disks , cd - roms , and magnetic - optical disks , or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions , and each coupled to a computer system bus . the algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus . various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein , or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps . the required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below . in addition , the present example is not described with reference to any particular programming language , and various examples may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages .