it is advantageous in designing coalescing filter assemblies to try and maximize the flow rate of the fluids in the assembly , while not reducing separation efficiencies , in order to reduce the size of the housing required for a given flow rate and reduce the manufacturing cost . in doing so there are three important considerations : the effect of face velocity upon filter performance will be governed by the fact that as face velocity increases , filter efficiency is reduced in addition , higher face velocities will also cause higher pressure drops across the filter media and element . as the dispersed droplets are captured by the fibers within the filter media , the rate at which they move toward the downstream surface is a function of the drag force of the continuous phase flowing through the media on the droplets . when the drag force exerted on the droplet exceeds the force of adhesion of the droplet to the fiber , the droplet will become reentrained in the fluid . the drag force is a function of the viscosity and velocity of the continuous phase fluid , and the size of the droplet , while the force of adhesion is a function of the interfacial surface tension between the droplet and the fiber . another objective in the design of coalescing filters is to create as large droplets as possible so as to assure they settle ( or rise ) and are not reentrained in the fluid flow . as the face velocity of the continuous phase liquid increases , the drag force increases . the increased drag force is capable of shearing small droplets from the fibers . after the fluid flows through the coalescing filter element , it flows between the outer surface of the element and the inner wall of the vessel . the rate at which the fluid flows within the annular space between the element and housing wall is called the annular velocity . if the annular velocity of the fluid is greater than the settling velocity of the droplets , the droplet will not settle and will remain entrained in the fluid . further , it is advantageous to minimize the pressure drop across the filter assembly . the pressure drop , or pressure loss , is primarily caused by the restriction of the flow through the filter media , and the restriction of the flow through the open end of the element as the fluid enters the inside of the element . the pressure drop through the filter assembly is the sum of the pressure drop through the housing and the coalescing element the pressure drop through the element is dependent upon the permeability of the media and the surface area . the pressure drop through the housing is largely caused by the restriction of the inlet and outlet connections and the opening or restriction to the inside of the element . in designing the conical coalescing filter element of the present invention , the filter designer will need to take the above facts into consideration . the annular velocity may be expressed as v a = q / a x , where q is the flow rate and a is the annular area between the filter element and the wall of the filter assembly . it should be understood that this is an approximate formula . designing a filter element wherein the velocity was exactly constant along the linear length of the filter would result in a filter having of slightly parabolic shape . while this is well within the scope of the present invention , it is not the preferred embodiment . after the designer has decided all of the above parameters , the conical coalescing filter elements of the present invention may be manufactured in similar ways as the coalescing filters of the prior art . such coalescing filters may have one or more support cores , support layers , end caps and elastomeric seals . the media may be manufactured into an seamless tube of non - woven fibers by applying a vacuum to the inside of a porous mandrel and submersing the mandrel in a slurry of fibers of various compositions as seen in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 836 , 931 to spearman and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 052 , 316 to berger . it is also possible that the conical filter may be manufactured from non - woven media in a flat sheet form and rolled several times around a center core like devices seen in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 802 , 160 to foltz , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 157 , 968 to kronsbein , or u . s . pat . no . 3 , 708 , 965 to dominik . the non - woven media may be manufactured in flat sheet form and rolled several times around a cylindrical mandrel , impregnated with a resin binder to offer rigidity , and the mandrel removed as seen in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 006 , 054 , and 4 , 102 , 785 to head and u . s . pat . no . 4 , 376 , 675 to perotta . the filter media may also be pleated . pleating is well known in the art . advantages of the conical coalescing element can be best illustrated by comparing it to other conventional cylindrical coalescing elements . the following examples compare cylindrical elements of two sizes ( 2 . 75 &# 34 ; od × 30 &# 34 ; l and 6 &# 34 ; od × 36 &# 34 ; l ) with conical coalescing elements which fit in a filter vessel with the same inside diameter with the respective cylindrical element . in both examples , the fluid used is natural gas at 1 , 000 psig and 60 ° f . in a given filter vessel diameter , the improved conical coalescing filter element provides lower annular velocities and lower pressure drops than conventional cylindrical elements . in example 1 , conical elements are compared with cylindrical elements at the same flow rates through the comparative elements . the conical element dimensions have been selected to provide approximately the same surface area as the comparable cylindrical element so that the pressure drop through the filter media is the same and , therefore , the effect on the annular velocity and pressure drop through the open ( base ) end cap opening by the conical element configuration is shown : ______________________________________ conventional conical conventional conical______________________________________od ( top ) 2 . 75 &# 34 ; 1 . 5 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; od ( base ) 2 . 75 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; length 30 &# 34 ; 30 &# 34 ; 36 &# 34 ; 36 &# 34 ; id ( base ) 1 . 75 &# 34 ; 3 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; vessel id 4 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; surface area 1 . 80 ft . sup . 2 1 . 80 ft . sup . 2 4 . 71 ft . sup . 2 4 . 72 ft . sup . 2flow ( acfm ) 27 . 6 27 . 6 91 . 5 91 . 5face vel . ( fpm ) 15 . 3 15 . 3 19 . 4 19 . 4annular vel 10 6 . 13 10 5 . 83 ( fps ) base idδp 0 . 24 0 . 03 0 . 1 0 . 02 ( psid ) ______________________________________ in both cases , the conical element provides lower annular velocities than the cylindrical element ( 6 . 13 vs . 10 and 5 . 83 vs . 10 ) at the same flow rate and face velocity . in addition , the pressure drop through the end cap ( base id ) is substantially lower ( 0 . 03 vs . 0 . 24 and 0 . 02 vs . 0 . 10 ). a benefit of the improved conical coalescing filter element design is the ability to flow more gas in a given diameter filter vessel . in example 2 , the length of the conical element has been increased to provide increased surface area compared to the referenced cylindrical element in order to flow more gas through the media at the same pressure drop ( related to face velocity ) and annular velocity in the vessel . ______________________________________ conventional conical conventional conical______________________________________od ( top ) 2 . 75 &# 34 ; 1 . 5 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; od ( base ) 2 . 75 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; length 30 &# 34 ; 49 &# 34 ; 36 &# 34 ; 62 &# 34 ; id ( base ) 1 . 75 &# 34 ; 3 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 6 &# 34 ; vessel id 4 &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; 8 &# 34 ; surface area 1 . 80 ft . sup . 2 2 . 93 ft . sup . 2 4 . 71 ft . sup . 2 8 . 08 ft . sup . 2flow ( acfm ) 27 . 6 45 91 . 5 157face vel . ( fpm ) 15 . 3 15 . 3 19 . 4 19 . 4annular vel 10 10 10 10 ( fps ) base idδp 0 . 24 0 . 08 0 . 1 0 . 06______________________________________ in both cases , the conical element provides higher flow rates than the cylindrical element at the same annular velocity ( 45 vs . 27 . 6 and 157 vs . 91 . 5 ). in addition , the pressure drop through the end ( base id ) is substantially lower ( 0 . 08 psid vs . 0 . 24 psid and 0 . 06 psid vs . 0 . 1 psid ). referring now to fig1 there is shown a diagrammatic view of a typical prior art filter construction wherein a hollow cylindrical filter element 20 is displaced within a cylindrical housing 21 . the fluid or gas to be filtered is introduced at the inlet 22 and proceeds from the interior of the filter 20 to the exterior thereof and travels between filter element 20 and the cylindrical housing 21 until it exits the filter housing . since the annular velocity v a can be expressed as the quotient of the flow q divided by the area a between the filter element 20 and the filter housing 21 , it can be seen that as the flow increases from 0 % at the bottom of the filter element 20 , to 100 % at the top of the filter element , with the area constant , the velocity must be increasing . as discussed above , if the velocity becomes too great , the coalesced liquid droplets , which are normally travelling toward the bottom of the filter element 20 , will be reentrained in the air stream , and the efficiency will be reduced . in contrast , fig2 shows a diagrammatic view of the conical coalescing element 25 of the present invention mounted in the same filter housing 21 . again , air enters through the inlet 22 and travels upwardly . this time , because the area between the filter element 25 and filter housing 21 is increasing , by proper filter design the annular velocity can be held constant , substantially constant , or be made to decrease , depending on the particular parameters chosen by the filter designer . referring now to fig3 there is shown a typical t - type filter assembly 30 . the filter assembly has what is known in the art as a t - shaped head 35 having an inlet 36 including a central opening 37 . the filter head also has an outlet 38 communicating with annular space 39 . together the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 comprise means for introducing the fluid to be filtered to the interior of the filter assembly . a threaded portion 40 is provided on the lower end of the head 35 , to which a retaining ring 41 may be threadably attached . held by the retaining ring 41 is a filter bowl 42 having a rim 43 which is pressed against an 0 - ring 45 mounted in a suitable groove 46 in the head 35 . it can be seen that the combination of the head 35 , the retaining ring 41 and the 0 - ring define a sealed interior space 46 . the inlet 36 and the outlet 38 sealingly communicate with the interior space 46 . a filter retaining means 47 is provided centrally of the filter head 35 and is contained within the sealed interior space 46 . a conical filter element 50 having a lower end 50a and an upper end 50b , is sealingly mounted between end cap 51 which is threadably attached to retaining means 47 , and the annular sealing surface 48 provided about the central opening 37 . in this embodiment of the invention , the annular sealing surface 48 is provided integrally with the filter head 35 , and replaces an upper end cap sometimes found in t - type filter housings . in this manner , the conical filter element 50 has its ends 50a and 50b substantially closed between a pair of closure members , in this case annular sealing surface 48 and end cap 51 , and is mounted inside a suitable filter housing having inlet means sealingly communicating with the interior of said filter , and outlet means communicating with the atmosphere . referring now to fig4 and 5 , there is shown a high efficiency , multiple element , coalescing filter such as that manufactured by applicant &# 39 ; s assignee , but modified to accept the conical coalescing filter element of the present invention . in this embodiment , the multi - element filter assembly 60 has a filter housing 61 having an inlet 62 and an outlet 63 . interposed between the inlet 62 and outlet 63 is a tube sheet 64 having a plurality of openings therein communicating with risers 65 having integral end cap portions 65a thereon , to which are mounted a plurality of elongated conical filter elements 67 . depending upon the design considerations as hereinbefore discussed , the elongated conical filter elements 67 may be true cones having a rounded apex ( not shown ), or they may be as shown having upper and lower sealing surfaces ( 67a , 67b ) and sealed between the sealing surfaces 65a of the risers and the end cap assembly 68 held in place by the retaining rod 69 . large contaminants and liquid slugs entering through the inlet 62 collect in a lower sump 72 and are drained through the lower drain 73 . the remaining liquid aerosols are coalesced away from the gas stream and drained into the upper sump 70 away from the flow of the gas stream by the coalescing elements 67 . the upper sump is drained as needed through the upper drain 71 . thus , by carefully studying the problems present with conventional coalescing filter elements , i have developed a novel conical coalescing filter element and various filter assemblies which can be used in conventional filter assemblies for improved performance .