fig1 shows a side view sv and a top view tv of a pixel in which the liquid flow is limited to the outer edges . the electrode is referred to as el . hv indicates a horizontal vortex and the reference nf means “ no flow ” of liquid . fig2 shows a top view of pixels in which a fast liquid flow can be induced . the common grid or storage electrode is indicated by cg and the pixel electrode or field electrode by pe . the pumping area is referred to as pa , the release area as ra and the liquid flow is indicated by the arrows lf . the electrode pattern is formed by applying a “ common grid ” or “ common lines ” ( often referred to as “ storage electrode ”) cg , with pixel electrodes ( also called “ field electrodes ”) pe placed in the “ common grid ” apertures or between the lines cg ( see fig1 ). each pixel consists of an area that constitutes the “ pump area ” pa , which is an area where a small gap between the “ common grid ” cg creates a high electric field . this field exerts a force on the electro - osmotic fluid , inducing fast liquid flow . the liquid is then allowed to leave the pixel electrode again along the other edges of the display , where the pumping force is significantly smaller . to reach this mode of operation , the parameters of the electro - osmotic suspension need to conform to a certain set of parameters ( not all these parameters are essential , some parameters are not critical at all ): not critical but typically 10 nm - 500 nm , more typically 20 nm - 100 nm . particles must form a stable suspension , this is easier to achieve with smaller particles . particles should not adhere permanently to the electrode . this can be achieved by ‘ internal charging ’ of the particles , or by a sufficiently thick stabilizing layer . in any case the separation between the charge on the particle and the electrode should be provided with a steric barrier in order to avoid particle binding by image charging . particle charge not critical . ( typical 0 . 01 e to 10 e but governed by the build - up of surface charge ). the surface electrode binds a percentage of the counter - ions ( through mirror charges , covalently or otherwise .) 10 k / um3 10 e13e -/ g 0 . 1 c / m3 - 100 c / m3 more typical 1 - 10 c / m3 . in case of a particle charge & lt ;& lt ; 1 e sufficient charge exchange between the particles should occur because otherwise part of the particles will remain uncharged on the relevant timescale of the device . concentration should be low enough to store all particles on the “ common ” electrode at the maximum hold voltage . this creates a dependency on cell gap as well . the maximum number of particles per mm2 of electrode area . 30 g / 1 for 10 um gap , the numbers are dependent on the gap . any low viscosity , low dielectric constant is suitable . preferred is er & lt ; 4 , more preferred & lt ; 3 . wp is the total pump area width lp is the total pump area length wr , i is the sum of all release area contributions lr , i is the sum of all release area lengths . the pixel area should be covered with two electrodes : a field electrode and a storage electrode . the field electrode must be transparent , to provide maximum aperture . the storage - electrode should be opaque . the storage electrode should preferably not exceed 20 % of the total device area . the driving voltage is not critical , but should overcome electrostatic repulsion of the particles . typically , 5v - 30v is used . the counter - ion species should be selected in a way to facilitate surface charge adsorption . small diameter , inorganic species are preferred . high tendency to adsorb to ito - surface is also preferred . if there are excess counter ions which are not immobilized on the electrodes , it is desirable to make galvanic contact such that electron transfer can be achieved . this way screening by the counter ions can be minimized . this invention can be applied in all displays using light modulation . embodiment 1 : very high reflectance monochrome display . a display cell is created using a technology largely the same as lcd . the pixels are formed using the geometry described here . the cell is filled with a suspension according to the parameters mentioned here . a diffuse reflector is placed behind the display . the resulting display is connected to drive electronics as is known from e . g . electrophoretic displays . the resulting monochrome display can now display images with reflectance comparable to normal printed paper . embodiment 2 : multilayer color display . starting from embodiment 1 , the display can be filled with colored particles . if these particles can be chosen to be primary colors , like cyan , magenta , yellow , three of these displays can be stacked and yield a full color cmy display . reflectance and saturation are better than can be achieved with present technologies . embodiment 3 : transflective display . the same system as in embodiment 1 or 2 can be provided with a backlight behind the display . the transmitted light from the backlight will be modulated by the display stack . because of the much higher transmittance , the display requires much lower backlight power while achieving the same or better luminance . the invention is directed to an electro - osmotic display where the fluid itself carries a net charge and coloured particles suspended in the liquid also carry a charge , and both fluid and particles can be electrically controlled to both move in a pixel to change an optical state of the pixel . it should be noted that the above - mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention , and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims . in the claims , any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim . use of the verb “ comprise ” and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim . the article “ a ” or “ an ” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements . the invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements , and by means of a suitably programmed computer . in the device claim enumerating several means , several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware . the mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage .