the present invention provides , in some embodiments , methods and compounds for antagonizing selecting - mediated intercellular adhesion . interfering or preventing such intercellular adhesion is useful both in the treatment of a variety of diseases and disorders , as well as for ameliorating one or more symptoms of such diseases or disorders . thus , in some embodiments , the present invention provides methods of inhibiting selectin - mediated intracellular adhesion in a mammal , particularly where such selectin - mediated intracellular adhesion is associated with a disease , disorder , condition or undesired process in a mammal , comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound of the invention . diseases , disorders , conditions and undesired processes amendable to the methods of the invention include all those that are wholly or in part characterized by undesired selectin - mediated intercellular adhesion , for example inflammation , infection ( for example mediated by a bacteria , a virus , or a parasite , including for example gingivitis , periodontitis , hemolytic uremic syndrome , and granulocyte transfusion associated syndrome ), metastasis ( for example associated with cancer ), undesired immunological processes , and undesired thrombotic processes . nonlimiting examples of the foregoing include atherosclerosis , restenosis , myocardial infarction , reynauld &# 39 ; s syndrome , inflammatory bowel disease , osteoarthritis , acute respiratory distress syndrome , asthma , emphysema , delayed type hypersensitivity reaction , thermal injury such as burns or frostbite , experimental allergic encephalomyelitis , multiple organ injury syndrome secondary to trauma , neutrophilic dermatosis ( sweet &# 39 ; s disease ), glomerulonephritis , ulcerative colitis , crohn &# 39 ; s disease , necrotizing enterocolitis , cytokine - induced toxicity , gingivitis , periodontitis , hemolytic uremic syndrome , psoriasis , systemic lupus erythematosus , autoimmune thyroiditis , multiple sclerosis , rheumatoid arthritis , grave &# 39 ; s disease , immunological - mediated side effects of treatment associated with hemodialysis or leukapheresis , granulocyte transfusion associated syndrome , deep vein thrombosis , unstable angina , transient ischemic attacks , peripheral vascular disease , stroke and congestive heart failure . the infection process involves selectin - mediated intercellular adhesion . thus , the present invention also provides methods of treating or preventing an undesired infection process in a mammal , comprising administering to said mammal a compound of the invention . the infection can be mediated by a bacteria , a virus , or a parasite , and examples of such infection processes include gingivitis , periodontitis , hemolytic uremic syndrome , and granulocyte transfusion associated syndrome . further examples of diseases and disorders that involve selectin - mediated intercellular adhesion include metastasis in cancer , and diseases or disorders associated with an undesired immunological processes , for example psoriasis , systemic lupus erythematosus , autoimmune thyroiditis , multiple sclerosis , rheumatoid arthritis , grave &# 39 ; s disease and immunological - mediated side effects of treatment associated with hemodialysis or leukapheresis . a further example is in organ transplantation , wherein patients generally receive immunosupressive therapy to minimize the possibility of rejection of the organ . typical immunosupressive agents used for such therapeutic regimes include cyclosporine , rapamycin and tacrolimus . in some embodiments of the invention , a compound of the invention can be administered to the patient to receive the organ transplant in conjunction with one or more such immunosupressive agents . thus , in some embodiments , the compound of the invention can be administered to an organ for transplant , by , for example , administering the compound to the patient prior to transplant , to the patient after transplant , or directly to the transplanted organ itself either before or after transplant ( for example by perfusion ), or in any combination . thus , in preferred embodiments , the compound of the invention can be administered to an organ in conjunction with one or more immunosupressive agents ; i . e ., the compound can be administered at the same time as an immunosupressive agent , or at any time during which an immunosupressive agent is present in effective amounts in the organ or patient . further examples of processes involving selectin - mediated intercellular adhesion which are amenable to the methods of the invention include conditions associated with an undesired thrombotic process , for example deep vein thrombosis , unstable angina , transient ischemic attacks , peripheral vascular disease , or congestive heart failure . the compounds of the invention also find use in the treatment of sickle syndromes , for example sickle cell anemia , and in ameliorating one or more symptoms of such disorders . in some embodiments , the compounds of the invention find use in treatment of then aforementioned diseases and / or disorders when administered in combination with other therapeutic agents . for example , in some embodiments , the compounds of the invention can beneficially be administered to patients with vascular diseases , for example cad ( coronary artery disease , including but not limited to acute coronary syndrome ( e . g ., mi and stroke )), peripheral vascular disease including pad ( peripheral artery disease ), and deep vein thrombosis , along with an anti - platelet agent , such as plavix or aspirin , and / or lipid modulators such as , for example statins . other suitable anti - platelet agents and lipid modulators will be apparent to those of skill in the art . the compounds of the invention further find use in the treatment of diseases and disorders implicated by biomarkers as are known in the art . nonlimiting biomarkers include , for example , cd 40 , cd 40 ligand , mac - 1 , tgf beta , icam , vcam , il - 1 , il - 6 , il - 8 , eotaxin , rantes , mcp - 1 , pigf , crp and saa , as well as platelet monocyte aggregtates . generally , the methods include the administration to a mammal in need of treatment a compound of formula i , formula ii , formula iii , formula iv , or a composition comprising a compound of formula i , formula ii , formula iii or formula iv . in accordance with some preferred embodiments , methods of the invention include administration of one or more compounds having the formula i : in some embodiments , w 1 and w 2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 member carbocyclic ring or a 6 member carbocyclic ring optionally substituted as described above . in further embodiments , w 1 and w 2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5 member or 6 member heterocyclic ring that is optionally substituted as above , e . g ., having up to 3 or 4 heteroatoms , in which the heteroatom or heteroatoms are independently selected from o , n , s and nr 13 , such as pyrrolidine , pyrroline , tetrahydrothiophene , dihydrothiophene , tetrahydrofuran , dihydrofuran , imidazoline , tetrahydroimidazole , dihydropyrazole , tetrahydropyrazole , oxazoline , piperidine , dihydropyridine , tetrahydropyridine , dihydropyran , tetrahydropyran , dioxane , piperazine , dihydropyrimidine , tetrahydropyrimidine , morpholine , thioxane , thiomorpholine , pyrrole , porphyrin , furan , thiophene , pyrazole , imidazole , oxazole , oxadiazole , isoxazole , thiazole , thiadiazole , isothiazole , pyridine , pyrimidine , pyrazine , pyran and triazine . it should be noted that wherein w 1 and w 2 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a saturated ring , such as a piperidine ring , it is understood that the bond between w 1 and w 2 remains unsaturated . in accordance with some preferred embodiments , methods of the invention include administration of one or more compounds having the formula ii : in some embodiments of the compounds and methods of the invention , y is cr 3 r 4 , preferably ch 2 , and more preferably where x is oh . in some particularly preferred embodiments , y is ch 2 , x is oh and z is aryl , more preferably phenyl or substituted phenyl . in some especially preferred embodiments , z is phenyl substituted at the 4 ′- position . in some embodiments , such 4 ′- substitutents are small hydrophobic groups such as halogens , c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , c 1 - 6 thioalkyl , cn , alklysulfonamides , and mono - and di - alkylamines . in some preferred embodiments , preferably but not limited to those wherein y is ch 2 , x is oh , and z is phenyl or substituted phenyl as described above , r 1 is a small hydrophobic group such as halogens , c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , c 1 - 6 thioalkyl , cn , c 1 - 6 alklysulfonamides , c 1 - 6 mono - and di - alkylamines , or aryl or substituted aryl having up to 8 carbon atoms , wherein the substituents are selected from halogen , c 1 - 10 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl , cho , co 2 h , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 and — oh . in some preferred embodiments , substituents ( y ) n - z , x and l are attached at the 2 -, 3 - and 4 - positions of the quinoline , respectively , as shown below in formula iii : in some embodiments , k is 1 , and bonds a and b are each single bonds . in further embodiments , k is 1 , bonds a and b are each single bonds , and q , q 1 , q 2 and q 3 are each independently chr 2 ′ , preferably ch 2 . in some embodiments , k is 0 , bond a is a single bond , and q 1 , q 2 and q 3 are each independently chr 2 ′ , preferably ch 2 . in some embodiments , k is 0 , bond a is a single bond , and q 1 is nr 13 , preferably nh , preferably wherein q 2 and q 3 are each ch 2 . in some embodiments , k is 1 , bond a and bond b are each double bonds , and q , q 1 , q 2 and q 3 are each cr 2 ′ , preferably ch 2 . in some embodiments , n ′ is 0 . in other embodiments , n ′ is 1 . in some embodiments wherein n ′ is 1 , y is cr 3 r 4 , preferably ch 2 , preferably wherein x is oh . preferably , l is co 2 h or an ester thereof . in some embodiments , n ′ is 0 and x is oh , preferably wherein l is co 2 h or an ester thereof . ( a ) a five - membered heterocyclic ring containing one to three ring heteroatoms selected from n , s or o ; wherein said five - membered heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 10 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 , and co 2 h ; ( b ) a six - membered heterocyclic ring containing one to three ring heteroatoms selected from n , s or o ; wherein said six - membered heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 10 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl , cho , co 2 h , c (═ o ) r 20 , so 2 r 20 , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 and oh ; ( c ) a bicyclic ring moiety optionally containing from 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms selected from n or o ; wherein said bicyclic ring moiety is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , cho , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 , co 2 h , c (═ o ) r 20 , so 2 r 20 , and oh ; and ( d ) a benzyl , naphthyl , or phenyl ring , each of which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , phenyl , benzyl , ophenyl , obenzyl , so 2 nh 2 , so 2 nh ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ), so 2 n ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ) 2 , ch 2 cooh , co 2 h , co 2 me , co 2 et , co 2 ipr , c (═ o ) nh 2 , c (═ o ) nh ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ), c (═ o ) n ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ) 2 , oh , sc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , no 2 , nh 2 , cf 3 , and cn . in further embodiments , r 1 and each r 2 ′ are independently hydrogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , halogen , thioalkyl , cn , oh , sh , ( ch 2 ) n oso 3 h , ( ch 2 ) n so 3 h , ( ch 2 ) n co 2 r 6 , oso 3 r 6 , so 3 r 6 , po 3 r 6 r 7 , ( ch 2 ) n so 2 nr 8 r 9 , ( ch 2 ) n c (═ o ) nr 8 r 9 , nr 8 r 9 , aryl , heterocyclo , c (═ o ) r 12 , c (═ o ) aryl , c (═ o ) heterocyclo , oc (═ o ) aryl , oc (═ o ) heterocyclo , oaryl , oheterocyclo , c (═ o ) arylalkyl , oc (═ o ) arylalkyl , oarylalkyl , alkenyl , alkynyl , or nhcor 8 . in further preferred embodiments , the compounds of the invention have the formula iv : wherein : n ′ is 0 or 1 ; r 1 is h , halogen , oh , cn , sh , c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , c 1 - 6 thioalkyl , aryl or heteroaryl ; wherein said aryl and said heteroaryl can each optionally be substituted with up to three substituents selected from halogen , oh , cn , sh , nh 2 , c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl and c 1 - 6 thioalkyl ; and wherein said c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl and c 1 - 6 thioalkyl can each optionally be substituted with up to three substituents selected from halogen , oh , cn , sh , nh 2 , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl and c 1 - 6 thioalkyl ; r 23 is aryl or heteroaryl , wherein said aryl and said heteroaryl can each optionally be substituted with up to three substituents selected from halogen , oh , cn , sh , nh 2 , c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl and c 1 - 6 thioalkyl ; and wherein r 24 and r 25 together form —( ch 2 ) 3 —, —( ch 2 ) 4 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh — ch 2 — or — ch ═ ch — ch ═ ch —, any of which can be substituted with up to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen , oh , cn , sh , nh 2 , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 perhaloalkyl , c (═ o ) r 20 , so 2 r 20 and c 1 - 6 thioalkyl . in some embodiments , r 23 is optionally substituted aryl , preferably optionally substituted phenyl . preferably , the phenyl is substituted at the 4 - position thereof , preferably by a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen , oh , cn , sh , nh 2 , ch 3 , och 3 , cf 3 and ocf 3 , preferably halogen and ocf 3 , preferably by cl and ocf 3 . in some embodiments , r 24 and r 25 together form unsubstituted —( ch 2 ) 3 —, —( ch 2 ) 4 —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh —, —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh — ch 2 — or — ch ═ ch — ch ═ ch —. in some preferred embodiments , r 1 is h ; and r 24 and r 25 together form unsubstituted —( ch 2 ) 3 —. in further preferred embodiments , r 1 is h ; and r 24 and r 25 together form unsubstituted —( ch 2 ) 4 —. in further preferred embodiments , r 1 is h ; and r 24 and r 25 together form unsubstituted —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh —. in still further preferred embodiments , r 1 is h ; and r 24 and r 25 together form unsubstituted — ch ═ ch — ch ═ ch —. in some further embodiments , r 1 is h ; and r 24 and r 25 together form optionally substituted —( ch 2 ) 2 — nh — ch 2 —. in some preferred embodiments , the present invention provides the compounds 2 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl )- 3 - hydroxy - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - phenyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 -( 4 - trifluoromethoxy - benzyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 8 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 7 - hydroxy - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1h - aza - cyclopenta [ a ] naphthalene - 6 - carboxylic acid ; 8 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 7 - hydroxy - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1h - pyrrolo [ 3 , 2 - h ] quinoline - 6 - carboxylic acid ; f ) 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; triethylammonium 7 , 8 - benzo - 2 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 3 - hydroxyquinoline - 4 - carboxylate ; 2 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 -( thiophen - 2 - ylmethyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( benzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - ylmethyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 2 - chlorobenzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 3 - chlorobenzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - ylmethyl )]- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 -( thiophen - 3 - ylmethyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 -( indol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 5 - chlorobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - ylmethyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydrobenzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 - phenyl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - cyano - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - carboxy - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - carbamoyl - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 - benzyl - 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 - phenethyl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 9 - isopropyl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 9 - benzyl - 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 9 - ethyl - 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 9 - acetyl - 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 9 - carbamoyl - 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 9 - benzoyl - 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 9 - benzoyl - 3 - benzoyloxy - 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 9 - methanesulfonyl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 10 - dihydro - 8h -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 , 9 - dicarboxylic acid 9 - ethyl ester ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - ethoxycarbonyloxy - 7 , 10 - dihydro - 8h -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 , 9 - dicarboxylic acid 9 - ethyl ester ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 9 - phenylacetyl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 9 -( propane - 2 - sulfonyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - methoxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; 3 - hydroxy - 2 - piperidin - 4 - yl - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ; or 2 -( 1 - acetyl - piperidin - 4 - yl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid . it will be understood that compounds of formulas i , ii , iii and iv can have one or more chiral centers , and exist as enantiomers or diastereomers . the invention is to be understood to extend to all such enantiomers , diastereomers and mixtures thereof , including racemates . it is contemplated that the present invention also include all possible protonated and unprotonated forms of the compounds described herein , as well as solvates , tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof . in some embodiments , substituent l is co 2 h , an ester thereof , or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid mimetic . as used herein , the term “ acid mimetic ” is intended to include moieties that mimic acid functionality in biological molecules . examples of such acid mimetics are known in the art , and include without limitation — oh and those shown below : r a is selected from — cf 3 , ch 3 , phenyl or benzyl , where the phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by up to three groups selected from c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 alkoxy , c 1 - 6 thioalkyl , — cf 3 , halogen , — oh or cooh ; r b is selected from — cf 3 , — ch 3 , — nh 2 , phenyl or benzyl , where the phenyl or benzyl is optionally substituted by up to three groups selected from c 1 - 6 alkyl , c 1 - 6 alkoxy , c 1 - 6 thioalkyl , — cf 3 , halogen , — oh or cooh ; and r c is selected from — cf 3 and c 1 - 6 alkyl . ester forms of the present compounds ( for example compounds where l is an ester of co 2 h ) include the pharmaceutically acceptable ester forms known in the art including those which can be metabolized into the free acid form , such as a free carboxylic acid form , in the animal body , such as the corresponding alkyl esters ( e . g ., alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms ), cycloalkyl esters , ( e . g ., of 3 - 10 carbon atoms ), aryl esters ( e . g ., of 6 - 20 carbon atoms ) and heterocyclic analogues thereof ( e . g ., of 3 - 20 ring atoms , 1 - 3 of which can be selected from oxygen , nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms ) can be used according to the invention , where alkyl esters , cycloalkyl esters and aryl esters are preferred and the alcoholic residue can carry further substituents . c 1 - c 8 alkyl esters , preferably c 1 - c 6 alkyl esters , such as the methyl ester , ethyl ester , propyl ester , isopropyl ester , butyl ester , isobutyl ester , t - butyl ester , pentyl ester , isopentyl ester , neopentyl ester , hexyl ester , cyclopropyl ester , cyclopropylmethyl ester , cyclobutyl ester , cyclopentyl ester , cyclohexyl ester , or aryl esters such as the phenyl ester , benzyl ester or tolyl ester are particularly preferred . as used herein , the term alkyl as a group or part of a group is intended to denote hydrocarbon groups including straight chain , branched and cyclic hydrocarbons , e . g ., of 1 - 20 , such as 1 - 6 , carbon atoms , including for example but not limited to methyl , ethyl , n - propyl , isopropyl , cyclopropyl , n - butyl , sec - butyl , tert - butyl , cyclobutyl , cyclopropylmethyl , n - pentyl , isopentyl , tert - pentyl , cyclopentyl , cyclopentylmethyl , n - hexyl , cyclohexyl , and the like . throughout this specification , it should be understood that the term alkyl is intended to encompass both non - cyclic hydrocarbon groups and cyclic hydrocarbon groups . in some embodiments of the compounds of the invention , alkyl groups are non - cyclic . in further embodiments , alkyl groups are cyclic , and in further embodiments , alkyl groups are both cyclic and noncyclic . alkyl groups of the compounds and methods of the invention can include optional substitution with from one halogen up to perhalogenation . in some embodiments , perfluoro groups are preferred . examples of alkyl groups optionally substituted with halogen include cf 3 , ch 2 cf 3 , ccl 3 , ch 2 ch 2 cf 2 ch 3 , ch ( cf 3 ) 2 , and ( ch 2 ) 6 — cf 2 ccl 3 . as used herein , the term alkenyl is intended to denote alkyl groups that contain at least one double bond , e . g ., 2 - 20 , preferably 2 - 6 carbon atoms , including for example but not limited to vinyl , allyl , 2 - methyl - allyl , 4 - but - 3 - enyl , 4 - hex - 5 - enyl , 3 - methyl - but - 2 - enyl , cyclohex - 2 - enyl and the like . as used herein , the term alkynyl is intended to denote alkyl groups that include at least one triple bond , e . g ., 2 - 20 , preferably 2 - 6 carbon atoms , including for example but not limited to but - 1 - yne , propyne , pent - 2 - yne , ethynyl - cyclohexyl and the like . alkyl , alkenyl and alkynyl groups as defined above may also be optionally substituted i . e ., they can optionally bear further substituent groups . some preferred substituent groups include hydroxy , alkoxy ( i . e ., o - alkyl , preferably o — c 1 - 6 alkyl ), mono -, di - or trihaloalkoxy ( e . g ., — o — cx 3 where x is halogen ), —( ch 2 ) n nh 2 , and —( ch 2 ) n nhboc . at various places in the present specification substituents of compounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges . it is specifically intended that the invention include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges . for example , the term “ c 1 - 6 alkyl ” is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , n - butyl , sec - butyl , isobutyl , etc . as used herein , the term halogen has its normal meaning of group seven elements , including f , cl , br and i . as used herein , the term “ carbocyclic ring ” is intended to denote a saturated , partially saturated or aromatic ring system in which the ring atoms are each carbon . as used herein the term aryl as a group or part of a group is intended to mean an aromatic hydrocarbon system , for example phenyl , naphthyl , phenanthrenyl , anthracenyl , pyrenyl , and the like , e . g ., of 6 - 20 , preferably 6 - 10 carbon atoms . in some embodiments , aryl groups are a naphthyl or phenyl ring , respectively , each of which is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - c 6 alkyl , phenyl , benzyl , o - phenyl , o - benzyl , — so 2 nh 2 , — so 2 nh ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ), so 2 n ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ) 2 , ch 2 cooh , co 2 h , co 2 me , co 2 et , co 2 ipr , c (═ o ) nh 2 , c (═ o ) nh ( c 1 - c 6 ), c (═ o ) n ( c 1 - c 6 ) 2 , oh , sc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , no 2 , nh 2 , cf 3 , ocf 3 and cn . as used herein , the term arylalkyl is intended to mean a group of formula - alkyl - aryl , wherein aryl and alkyl have the definitions above . in some embodiments , the arylalkyl group is a benzyl group that is optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , phenyl , benzyl , ophenyl , obenzyl , so 2 nh 2 , so 2 nh ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ), so 2 n ( c 1 - 16 alkyl ) 2 , ch 2 cooh , co 2 h , co 2 me , co 2 et , co 2 ipr , c (═ o ) nh 2 , c (═ o ) nh ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ), c (═ o ) n ( c 1 - 6 alkyl ) 2 , oh , sc 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , no 2 , nh 2 , cf 3 , ocf 3 and cn . as used herein , the term heterocyclo as a group or part of a group is intended to mean a mono - or bi - cyclic ring system that contains from one to three hetero ( i . e ., non - carbon ) atoms selected from o , n and s and for example 3 - 20 ring atoms . heterocyclo groups include fully saturated and partially saturated cyclic heteroatom - containing moieties ( containing for example none , or one or more double bonds ). such fully and partially saturated cyclic non - aromatic groups are also collectively referred to herein as “ heterocycloalkyl ” groups . heterocyclo groups also include cyclic heteroatom - containing moieties that contain at least one aromatic ring . such fully and partially aromatic moieties are also collectively referred to herein as “ heteroaryl ” groups . in some embodiments , heterocyclo groups are : ( a ) a five - membered heterocyclic ring containing one to three ring heteroatoms selected from n , s or o exemplified by , but not limited to , furan , imidazole , imidazolidine , isothiazole , isoxazole , oxathiazole , oxazole , oxazoline , pyrazole , pyrazolidine , pyrazoline , pyrrole , pyrrolidine , pyrroline , thiazoline , or thiophene , the five - membered heterocyclic ring being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 10 alkyl , preferably c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl , preferably oc 1 - 6 alkyl , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 , co 2 h ; or ( b ) a six - membered heterocyclic ring containing one to three ring heteroatoms selected from n , s or o exemplified by , but not limited to morpholine , oxazine , piperazine , piperidine , pyran , pyrazine , pyridazine , pyridine , pyrimidine , thiadizine , or thiazine , the six - membered heterocyclic ring being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 10 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl , cho , co 2 h , c (═ o ) r 20 , so 2 r 20 , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 or oh ; or ( c ) a bicyclic ring moiety optionally containing from 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms selected from n or o exemplified by , but not limited to , benzodioxine , benzodioxole , benzofuran , chromene , cinnoline , indazole , indole , indoline , indolizine , isoindole , isoindoline , isoquinoline , napthalene , napthyridine , phthalazine , purine , quinazoline , quinoline , or quinolizine , the bicyclic ring moiety being optionally substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen , c 1 - 6 alkyl , oc 1 - 6 alkyl , cho , no 2 , nh 2 , cn , cf 3 , co 2 h , c (═ o ) r 20 , so 2 r 20 , or oh . the compounds according to the invention can exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts , including pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable acids , including inorganic and organic acids . such acids include acetic , benzenesulfonic , benzoic , camphorsulfonic , citric , ethenesulfonic , dichloroacetic , formic , fumaric , gluconic , glutamic , hippuric , hydrobromic , hydrochloric , isethionic , lactic , maleic , malic , mandelic , methanesulfonic , mucic , nitric , oxalic , pamoic , pantothenic , phosphoric , succinic , sulfuric , tartaric , oxalic , p - toluenesulfonic and the like . further representative examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found in , journal of pharmaceutical science , 66 , 2 ( 1977 ), incorporated herein by reference . reacting compounds of this invention with one or more equivalents of an appropriately reactive base may also prepare basic salts . both mono and polyanionic salts are contemplated , depending on the number of acidic hydrogens available for deprotonation . appropriate bases can be either organic or inorganic in nature . for example , inorganic bases such as nahco 3 , na 2 co 3 , khco 3 , k 2 co 3 , cs 2 co 3 , lioh , naoh , koh , nah 2 po 4 , na 2 hpo 4 , na 3 po 4 as well as others are suitable . organic bases including amines , alkyl amines , dialkylamines , trialkylamines , various cyclic amines ( such as pyrrolidine , piperidine , etc ) as well as other organic amines are suitable . quaternary ammonium alkyl salts may also prepared by reacting a compound of the invention with an appropriately reactive organic electrophile ( such as methyl iodide or ethyl triflate ). the compounds described herein can also be administered in the form of liposomes . as is known in the art , liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances , and are formed by mono or multilamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium . any nontoxic , pharmacologically acceptable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used . liposome - containing compositions in accordance with the present invention can contain , in addition to the compound of formula i , ii , iii or iv , stabilizers , preservatives , excipients and the like . the preferred lipids include phospholipids , including phosphatidyl cholines ( lecithins ), both natural and synthetic . methods for liposome formation are well known in the art , and will be apparent to the skilled artisan . the present invention also includes compounds of formulas i , ii , iii and iv in prodrug form . in general , the inclusion of a physiologically labile group on a compound of the invention will result in the regeneration of the desired compound when exposed to gastric juice , plasma , or in any tissue or compartment where the appropriate endogenous enzymes or reactive substances are present . one non - limiting example of such a physiologially labile group includes an alkyl ester of the carboxylic acid of the compound of formulas i , ii , iii or iv . such esters are known to undergo hydrolysis to the free acid either in the gut by gastric juice or in the plasma by various endogenous esterases . a further non - limiting example is replacement of the group x in formula ii or iii with a group of formula o - g , where g is an alkyl group that is removed by metabolizing enzymes in the liver or gut , or with the moiety remaining after removal of the alpha carboxyl or amino group from a naturally occurring amino acid . any such structure that imparts physiologically labile functionality is within the definition of prodrug as used herein . the acid or base addition salts can be obtained as the direct products of compound synthesis . in the alternative , the free base can be dissolved in a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid or base , and the salt isolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt and solvent . the compounds of this invention may form solvates with standard low molecular weight solvents using methods known to the skilled artisan . compositions of the invention may conveniently be administered in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art , for example , as described in remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences ( mack pub . co ., easton , pa ., 1980 ), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . the compounds of the invention can be employed as the sole active agent in a pharmaceutical or can be used in combination with other active ingredients , which could facilitate the therapeutic effect of the compound . compounds of the present invention or a solvate or physiologically functional derivative thereof can be used as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions , specifically as selectin inhibitors . the term “ selectin inhibitor ” is intended to mean a compound that interferes with ( i . e ., antagonizes ) the normal physiological function of selectins in intercellular adhesion . the term active ingredient in the context of pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is intended to mean a component of a pharmaceutical composition that provides the primary pharmaceutical benefit , as opposed to an inactive ingredient , which would generally be recognized as providing no pharmaceutical benefit . the term pharmaceutical composition is intended to mean a composition comprising at least one active ingredient and at least one ingredient that is not an active ingredient ( for example and not limitation , a filler , dye , or a mechanism for slow release ), whereby the composition is amenable to use for a specified , efficacious outcome in a mammal ( for example , and not limitation , a human ). the compounds of formulas i , ii , iii and iv are useful for the treatment or prophylaxis multiple disorders in mammals , including , but not limited to , human . compounds of the present invention can be administered by oral , sublingual , parenteral , rectal , topical administration or by a transdermal patch . transdermal patches dispense a drug at a controlled rate by presenting the drug for absorption in an efficient manner with a minimum of degradation of the drug . typically , transdermal patches comprise an impermeable backing layer , a single pressure sensitive adhesive and a removable protective layer with a release liner . one of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate the techniques appropriate for manufacturing a desired efficacious transdermal patch based upon the needs of the artisan . different amounts of the compounds of the present invention will be required to achieve the desired biological effect . the amount will depend on factors such as the specific compound , the use for which it is intended , the means of administration , and the condition of the treated individual and all of these dosing parameters are within the level of one of ordinary skill in the medicinal arts . a typical dose can be expected to fall in the range of 0 . 001 to 200 mg per kilogram of body weight of the mammal . unit doses may contain from 1 to 200 mg of the compounds of the present invention and can be administered one or more times a day , individually or in multiples . pharmaceutical compositions , including at least one compound disclosed herein , and / or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof can be employed as an active ingredient combined with one or more carriers or excipients . such compositions can be used in the treatment of clinical conditions for which a selectin inhibitor is indicated . the active ingredient or ingredients can be combined with the carrier in either solid or liquid form in a unit dose formulation . formulations can be prepared by any suitable method , typically by uniformly mixing the active compound ( s ) with liquids or finely divided solid carriers , or both , in the required proportions , and then , if necessary , forming the resulting mixture into a desired shape . conventional excipients , such as binding agents , fillers , acceptable wetting agents , tabletting lubricants , and disintegrants can be used in tablets and capsules for oral administration . liquid preparations for oral administration can be in the form of solutions , emulsions , aqueous or oily suspensions , and syrups . alternatively , the oral preparations can be in the form of dry powder that can be reconstituted with water or another suitable liquid vehicle before use . additional additives such as suspending or emulsifying agents , non - aqueous vehicles ( including edible oils ), preservatives , and flavorings and colorants can be added to the liquid preparations . parenteral dosage forms can be prepared by dissolving the compound of the invention in a suitable liquid vehicle and filter sterilizing the solution before filling and sealing an appropriate vial or ampoule . these are just a few examples of the many appropriate methods well known in the art for preparing dosage forms . it is noted that when the selectin inhibitors are utilized as active ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition , these are not intended for use only in humans , but in non - human mammals as well . those of ordinary skill in the art are readily credited with understanding the utility of such compounds in such settings . this invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of formula i which comprises one of the following : wherein r 1 , w 1 and w 2 are as defined herein , with a compound of formula : wherein ac is acetyl and n ′, y and z are as defined herein to give a corresponding compound of formula i wherein l is co 2 h in the 4 position and x is oh in the 3 position ; or b ) converting a compound of formula i to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or vice versa ; or c ) converting a compound of formula i having a reactive substituent group or site to a different compound of formula i ; e . g ., acylating a compound of formula i wherein w 1 and w 2 together form a heterocyclic ring having at least one nh heteroatom with an acylating agent containing an acyl or sulfonyl r 13 group , such as c (═ o ) r 20 , — so 2 r 20 , so 3 r 10 , c (═ o ) aryl , c (═ o ) heterocyclo , c (═ o ) arylalkyl , and r 20 is selected from the group consisting of c 1 - 10 alkyl , oc 1 - 10 alkyl and nr 6 r 7 , ( for example see schemes 29 , 30 and 31 below ); or alkylating or acylating a compound of formula i having an — oh or — nh - moiety , see for example schemes 27 , 29 and 32 . the compounds of the present invention can be readily prepared according to a variety of synthetic manipulations , all of which would be familiar to one skilled in the art . a representative general synthesis is set forth below in the general scheme below : those of skill in the art will appreciate that a wide variety of compounds of the invention can be prepared according to the general scheme . for example , by starting with an appropriately substituted phenacetyl chloride one could prepare numerous differently substituted benzyl groups at the quinoline 2 - position . likewise , on skilled in the art also recognizes that variously substituted anilines can be purchased or prepared and used for the construction of variously substituted quinoline rings as described in , for example , formula i . additionally , protection of the carboxylic acid via esterification or some other masking reaction would allow for selective alkylation or functionalization of the 3 - hydroxy group located on the quinoline ring . in the synthesis of many compounds of the invention , protecting groups can be required to protect various functionality or functionalities during the synthesis . representative protecting groups suitable for a wide variety of synthetic transformations are disclosed in greene and wuts , protective groups in organic synthesis , 2d ed , john wiley & amp ; sons , new york , 1991 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety . while the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments , the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same . the compounds of formula i included as examples herein can be prepared according to the following schemes and procedures from commercially available starting materials . a solution of 30 g ( 158 . 7 mmol ) of p - chlorophenacetyl chloride in 200 ml of ether was added over 30 min to 420 ml of diazomethane in ether ( 0 . 57 mmol / ml ) while stirring in an ice bath . [ diazomethane was prepared using the procedure described in org . syn . coll . vol . ii pages 165 - 167 ]. the reaction was stirred in ice for 3 h , then overnight at room temperature . next , a gentle stream of anhydrous hcl gas was passed through the solution of the diazoketone at 0 - 4 ° c . for ca . 5 - 8 min , till the evolution of nitrogen ceased . after an additional hour in the ice bath , the reaction was poured into 700 ml crushed ice - water . the mixture was stirred 15 min . diluted with 400 ml ether and the organic phase was washed with 750 ml of a 5 % sodium carbonate solution , then 500 ml semi - saturated brine . the combined organic layers dried ( sodium sulphate ) ether solutions were evaporated to yield 25 . 5 g of crude intermediate 1 as a pale yellow solid . a solution of the crude was dissolved in 30 - 35 ml of methylene chloride was purified by flash chromatography on 500 g silica gel 60 ( merck 0 . 04 - 0 . 063 mm ). elution of the column ( 40 × 6 cm ) with ethyl acetate - hexanes 20 : 80 gave 21 . 1 g ( 65 . 3 % yield ) of the pure intermediate 1 as colorless crystals . 1 h nmr ( cdcl3 , 300 mhz ), 6 ppm 3 . 88 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 11 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 16 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 32 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ). to a gently refluxing solution of 21 . 1 g ( 103 . 9 mmol ) of intermediate 1 in 200 ml ethanol was added in one portion 21 . 94 g ( 114 . 3 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv .) cesium acetate in 100 ml water and 10 ml glacial acetic acid . after refluxing for 3 h the reaction reached an optimal stage ( tlc : ethyl acetate : hexanes 20 : 80 , ammonium molybdate spray ). most of the ethanol was removed by evaporation and the resulting oily mixture was distributed between 2 × 800 ml portions of ethyl acetate and 2 × 500 ml ice cold semi saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic layers were washed in sequence with 500 ml brine , dried sodium sulfate , and evaporated in vacuo . a solution of the residue in 30 ml methylene chloride was purified by flash chromatography on 500 g silica gel . elution of the column with ethyl acetate : hexanes 20 : 80 to 30 : 70 afforded 12 . 09 g ( 51 . 3 %) of the intermediate 2 as a colorless crystalline solid . recrystallization from ether : hexanes provided 11 . 7 g of pure intermediate 2 . 1 . 88 g of starting material was also recovered . 1 h nmr ( cdcl3 , 300 mhz ), δ ppm 2 . 16 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 72 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 69 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 15 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 31 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ). the isatin synthesis described by yang et al . ( j . am . chem . soc ., 1996 , 118 , 9557 ) was used . chloral hydrate ( 3 . 28 g , 19 . 8 mmol ), hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 4 . 13 g , 59 . 4 mmol ) and sodium sulfate ( 23 g , 165 mmol ) were placed in a 500 ml round - bottomed flask , and 120 ml water were added . the suspension was heated to 55 ° c . under a n 2 balloon until all the solids had dissolved , and an emulsion of 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - naphthalen - 1 - ylamine ( aldrich , 2 . 43 g , 16 . 5 mmol ) in 2 m aqueous hydrochloric acid was then added . heating was continued overnight . after 18 hours , the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature . the brown , lumpy precipitate was collected by filtration , washing with water , and dried overnight to give isoniirosoacetanilide ( 3 . 4 g ). isonitrosoacetanilide ( 3 . 4 g ) was added in small portions , with stirring , to 12 . 4 ml concentrated sulfuric acid which had been heated to 65 ° c . in a round bottom flask . the isonitroso was added slowly . after all the isonitroso had been added , the purplish - black solution was allowed to stir at 85 ° c . for 10 minutes , and was then poured onto crushed ice in a beaker . additional ice was added until the outside of the beaker felt cold to the touch . the orange - brown precipitate was then collected by filtration and dried overnight to yield isatin 3 , which was purified by extraction . intermediate 3 ( 5 . 7 g ) was extracted with 3 × 400 ml hot ethyl acetate and the insoluble was discarded . evaporation of ethyl acetate gave 3 . 83 g of pure material . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ ppm 1 . 74 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 50 ( m , 2h ) 2 . 74 ( t , j = 5 . 81 hz , 2h ) 6 . 79 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 1h ) 7 . 23 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 1h ) 10 . 95 ( s , 1h ). addition of 6 . 8 g ( 33 . 8 mmol ) of isatin 3 to 60 ml of 6n koh at 100 ° c . afforded after stirring for 5 minutes a clear yellow brown solution of hydrolyzed isatin . to this was added in small portions while stirring at 100 ° c ., a solution of 13 . 7 g ( 60 . 83 mmol , 1 . 8 equiv .) of the acetate 2 in 120 ml lukewarm ethanol over a period of 1 . 5 h . the clear solution was refluxed 1 h longer . after cooling to room temp ., the reaction was diluted with 300 ml water under vigorous stirring then acidified by very slow addition of diluted hcl ( 1 : 4 conc . hcl : water ) over 1 . 5 h to ph & lt ; 0 . the reaction was stirred overnight and filtered . the crude material was purified by column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate : acetonitrile : methanol : water 70 : 5 : 2 . 5 : 2 . 5 + 0 . 5 % triethylamine followed by ethyl acetate : acetonitrile : methanol : water 70 : 10 : 5 : 5 + 0 . 5 % triethylamine . the triethyl amine salt was converted to the free acid by dissolving the salt ( 0 . 625 g ) in 500 ml ethyl acetate and 220 ml water containing 20 ml dil . hcl ( 1 : 5 ). the organic layer was washed with brine , dried ( sodium sulfate ) and concentrated to a small volume when the free acid just crashed out to give canary yellow crystals of pure compound 1 ( 0 . 512 g ). total yield was 40 . 8 %. 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) □ ppm 1 . 82 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 5 . 56 hz , 2h ) 3 . 16 ( t , j = 5 . 68 hz , 2h ) 4 . 31 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 29 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ) 7 . 34 ( s , 4h ) 8 . 18 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). this compound was prepared as described by cragoe et al . ( j . org . chem ., 1953 , 18 , 561 ), except that the phenacyl bromide was used instead of the phenacyl chloride . a suspension of 2 - bromo - 4 ′- chloroacetophenone ( aldrich , 50 g , 0 . 21 mol ) in 220 ml ethanol was prepared in a 1 l round - bottomed flask , and a solution of sodium acetate trihydrate ( 32 g , 0 . 24 mol ) in 110 ml water and 11 ml acetic acid was added . the mixture was heated at reflux for 2 . 5 hours , then cooled to room temperature and refrigerated overnight . the white crystalline material which precipitated was collected by filtration , washing once with a cold solution of 50 % aqueous ethanol , and dried under vacuum to give pure phenacyl acetate 4 ( 38 g , 83 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ ppm 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ) 5 . 28 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 46 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 85 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ). the procedure described by cragoe et al . ( j . org . chem ., 1953 , 18 , 561 ) was followed . a suspension of 6 , 7 - cyclohexanoisatin ( intermediate 3 , 15 . 0 g , 74 . 3 mmol ) in 80 ml 6 m aqueous potassium hydroxide was prepared in a 1 l 3 - necked round - bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser , and heated to 100 ° c . a solution of 4 - chlorophenacyl acetate ( intermediate 4 , 19 . 7 g , 92 . 9 mmol ) in 80 ml warm ethanol was added in small portions over the course of 1 hour . after all this solution had been added , the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for an additional 4 hours . it was then cooled to room temperature , and the ethanol removed under reduced pressure . the residue was diluted with 385 ml water , chilled for 30 minutes , filtered , and acidified to ph 1 with 1 m aqueous hydrochloric acid . the crude acid precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum . to purify the acid , it was first eluted over a silica gel column ( flash chromatography , 70 ethyl acetate : 5 acetonitrile : 2 . 5 methanol : 2 . 5 water [+ 0 . 5 % triethylamine ]) to remove most of the highly colored impurities . the triethylammonium salt obtained was then suspended in 20 % acetonitrile / water and converted back to the free acid by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid . the acid precipitate was collected once again by filtration , dried under vacuum , and recrystallized in several batches from chloroform / ethanol to give pure compound 2 as a pale yellow powder ( 3 . 03 g , 12 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ ppm 1 . 84 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 85 ( t , j = 5 . 56 hz , 2h ) 3 . 25 ( t , j = 5 . 56 hz , 2h ) 7 . 33 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ) 7 . 58 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 8 . 15 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 8 . 26 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of intermediate 3 was followed , reacting 1 - aminonaphthalene ( 10 . 0 g , 69 . 8 mmol ) with chloral hydrate ( 13 . 9 g , 83 . 8 mmol ) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 17 . 5 g , 0 . 251 mol ) in the presence of sodium sulfate ( 99 g , 0 . 70 mol ). isonitrosoacetanilide was obtained as a brownish - black solid ( 7 . 09 g , 47 % yield ). cyclization was also carried out as described above . after pouring the reaction mixture onto ice and chilling it in the fridge overnight , a small amount of black precipitate had appeared . this was collected by filtration , washed with water ( 3 x ), and dried under vacuum . the filtrate was extracted into ethyl acetate as described to give more black solid . both samples contained some of the desired isatin 5 , but were very impure ( 2 . 19 g , 34 % yield ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of compound 2 was followed , reacting intermediate 5 ( 2 . 19 g , 11 . 1 mmol ) with 4 - chlorophenacyl acetate ( intermediate 4 , 2 . 95 g , 13 . 9 mmol ). the crude acid was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 70 ethyl acetate : 5 acetonitrile : 2 . 5 methanol : 2 . 5 water [+ 0 . 5 % triethylamine ]). the product was not pure enough and therefore purified again by discovery analytical chemistry ( preparative hplc , acetonitrile / water / triethylamine ). after lyophilization , product compound 3 was obtained as the triethylammonium salt , a yellow solid ( 54 mg , 1 . 1 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 17 ( t , j = 7 . 3 hz , 9h ) 3 . 09 ( m , 6h ) 7 . 57 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 65 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 80 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 89 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ) 8 . 55 ( dt , j = 9 . 1 , 2 . 5 , 2 . 3 hz , 2h ) 9 . 13 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ) 9 . 53 ( d , j = 9 . 4 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 20 h 13 clno 3 350 . 0579 , found 350 . 0580 . intermediate 6 was synthesized according to the procedure described by yang et al . ( j . am . chem . soc ., 1996 , 118 , 9557 ). hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 7 . 10 g , 0 . 102 mol ) and sodium sulfate ( 40 g , 0 . 28 mol ) were taken up in 200 ml water and 10 ml 2 m aqueous hydrochloric acid in a 1 l round - bottomed flask , and 1 - acetyl - 7 - amino - 2 , 3 - dihydro -( 1h )- indole ( 5 . 0 g , 28 mmol ) was added . chloral hydrate ( 5 . 63 g , 34 . 0 mmol ) was then added , and the flask covered with a rubber septum and nitrogen balloon and heated at 55 ° c . overnight . after cooling to room temperature , the isonitrosoacetanilide 6 was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give product of sufficient purity that it could be used in the next step ( 5 . 74 g , 82 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 30 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 07 ( t , j = 8 . 0 hz , 2h ) 4 . 13 ( t , j = 7 . 8 hz , 2h ) 7 . 09 ( dd , j = 7 . 3 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ) 7 . 14 ( t , 1h ) 7 . 48 ( s , 1h ) 7 . 73 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ) 10 . 76 ( s , 1h ) 12 . 33 ( s , 1h ). the cyclization step was carried out as described by marvel and hiers ( org . synth . coll . vol . i , 327 ). in a 125 ml erlenmeyer flask , 20 ml concentrated sulfuric acid was heated to 55 ° c . the isonitrosoacetanilide 6 was then added in small portions , with stirring , keeping the temperature of the solution below 70 ° c . upon completion of the addition , the reaction mixture was heated at 80 ° c . for an additional 10 minutes , then cooled to room temperature and poured onto 100 ml crushed ice . it was allowed to stand for ½ hour , and then the precipitate was collected by filtration , washing with water ( 3 ×), and dried under vacuum to give isatin 7 as a bright red , crystalline solid , of sufficient purity to be used in the next step ( 2 . 49 g , 46 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 24 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 20 ( t , j = 8 . 3 hz , 2h ) 4 . 15 ( t , j = 8 . 3 hz , 2h ) 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ) 7 . 32 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 10 . 22 ( s , 1h ). this compound was synthesized by the procedure described above for compound 1 , reacting 8 - acetyl - 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 1 , 8 - diaza - as - indacene - 2 , 3 - dione ( intermediate 7 , 1 . 20 g , 5 . 21 mmol ) with 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( intermediate 2 , 1 . 48 g , 6 . 52 mmol ). the crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel , eluting with 70 ethyl acetate : 5 acetonitrile : 2 . 5 methanol : 2 . 5 water (+ 0 . 5 % triethylamine ), and lyophilized to yield the pure triethylammonium salt . to convert the salt back to the free acid form , it was taken up in 1 : 1 acetonitrile / water , acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid , and then diluted with additional water to 20 % acetonitrile in water . the acid was further purified by triturating with boiling ethanol to give pure compound 4 as a beige powder ( 0 . 249 g , 13 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 3 . 27 ( t , j = 8 . 1 hz , 2h ) 3 . 75 ( t , j = 8 . 1 hz , 2h ) 4 . 27 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 36 ( m , 5h ) 8 . 77 ( s , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 19 h 16 cln 2 o 3 ( mh + ) 355 . 0844 , found 355 . 0846 . in a 500 ml parr shaker vessel , 4 - nitroindane ( 10 g , 61 mmol ) was dissolved in 50 ml ethanol . a slurry of 10 % pd / c ( 1 g ) in ethanol was added . the mixture was then placed on a parr shaker under a hydrogen atmosphere ( 50 psi ) for 1 hour , at which point t . l . c . ( 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) showed that all the starting material had disappeared . to work up the reaction , the mixture was filtered twice through celite , washing with a large amount of ethanol , and once through filter paper . the ethanol was evaporated under reduced pressure , and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) to give 8 as a viscous , faintly colored oil ( 7 . 04 g , 86 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 95 ( m , 2h ) 2 . 61 ( t , j = 7 . 3 hz , 2h ) 2 . 76 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ) 4 . 77 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 36 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ) 6 . 42 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1h ) 6 . 80 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ). this was synthesized according to the procedure described above for intermediate 6 . the isonitrosoacetanilide was prepared by reacting 4 - aminoindane 8 , ( 7 . 04 g , 52 . 9 mmol ) with chloral hydrate ( 10 . 5 g , 63 . 4 mmol ) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 13 . 2 g , 0 . 190 mol ) in the presence of sodium sulfate ( 75 g , 0 . 53 mol ). pure product 9 was obtained as a brown solid ( 7 . 18 g , 66 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 00 ( m , 2h ) 2 . 80 ( t , j = 7 . 3 hz , 2h ) 2 . 88 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 2h ) 7 . 05 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 12 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 45 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ) 9 . 49 ( s , 1h ) 12 . 19 ( s , 1h ). the cyclization step was also carried out as described for intermediate 7 . however , after pouring the cooled reaction mixture onto ice , only a very small amount of precipitate appeared , even after chilling the mixture overnight . thus , this black precipitate was filtered out and thrown away (& lt ; 200 mg was isolated in this fashion ), and the filtrate extracted into ethyl acetate ( 3 ×). the ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate , filtered , and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield pure isatin 10 as a bright orange powder ( 0 . 36 g , 5 . 5 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 07 ( m , 2h ) 2 . 76 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ) 2 . 88 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ) 6 . 95 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 30 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 11 . 10 ( s , 1h ). this compound was synthesized by the procedure described above for compound 1 , reacting 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 1 - aza - as - indacene - 2 , 3 - dione 10 ( 0 . 36 g , 1 . 92 mmol ) with 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate 2 ( 0 . 54 g , 2 . 40 mmol ). the crude acid was purified as described above for compound 4 to give pure product compound 5 as a bright yellow powder ( 94 mg , 14 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 2 . 15 ( quint ., 2h ) 3 . 05 ( t , j = 7 . 3 hz , 2h ) 3 . 28 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ) 4 . 32 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 33 ( s , 4h ) 7 . 49 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ) 8 . 36 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 20 h 17 clno 3 ( mh + ) 354 . 0892 , found 354 . 0898 . a solution of 14 . 58 g ( 66 . 23 mmol ) of 4 - trifluoromethoxy phenyl acetic acid in 75 ml thionyl chloride was refluxed 1 . 5 hours , cooled , and the excess reagent was evaporated in vacuo . the resulting crude acid chloride was re - evaporated twice from dry toluene and used as such in the following step . to 175 ml diazomethane in et 2 o ( ca . 0 . 57 mmol / ml ) in an ice bath was added over 30 minutes a solution of the crude acid chloride in 85 ml et 2 o . the reaction was stirred 2 hours in the cold , then overnight at room temperature . through the cooled ( 0 ° c .) solution was passed a gentle stream of cl 2 gas for 5 minutes . after one more hour in the ice bath the reaction was diluted with 500 ml et 2 o , poured into 350 ml crushed ice - water , and the layers were separated . the aqueous layer was extracted with a second portion of et 2 o . the organic phases were washed with 5 % nahco 3 ( 2 × 200 ml ) and semi - saturated brine ( 400 ml ), combined , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), and evaporated in vacuo . the residue was dissolved in 30 ml ch 2 cl 2 , and the solution purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 ( merck ) using acoet - cyclohexane 20 : 80 and 30 : 70 as the eluent . pooling and evaporation of the appropriate fractions gave 6 . 97 g ( 44 . 1 % overall ) of the intermediate 11 as a colorless oil . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) 5 ppm 3 . 85 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 12 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 18 ( m , j = 21 . 98 hz , 4h ). to a stirred , gently refluxing solution of the chloride 11 ( 6 . 80 g , 26 . 92 mmol ) in 50 ml etoh was added in one portion 5 . 68 g 29 . 6 mmol , 1 . 1 equiv .) csoac dissolved in 25 ml water and 2 . 5 ml glacial acoh , and the reaction was refluxed 3 hours longer . most of the etoh was evaporated in vacuo , the concentrate was diluted with 100 ml water and the mixture extracted with acoet ( 2 × 400 ml ). the organic phases were washed in sequence with ice cold , semi saturated nahco 3 ( 300 ml ) and semi saturated brine ( 300 ml ), combined , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), and evaporated in vacuo . the residue was crystallized from et2o and excess hexanes to afford 3 . 15 g of 12 ( 42 . 4 %) of the acetate as colorless flakes . ( more product present in the mother liquors ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ2 . 16 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 75 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 71 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 23 ( m , 4h ). to 1 . 00 g ( 4 . 97 mmol ) intermediate 3 dissolved in 9 ml 6n koh at 100 - 2 ° c . was added over one hour in several portions under stirring a solution of 2 . 26 g ( 8 . 18 mmol , 1 . 65 equiv .) acetate 12 in 18 ml lukewarm etoh . at the end of the addition the solution was stirred one hour longer under gentle reflux , cooled , slowly diluted with 150 ml water , then acidified with 35 ml 2 . 5n hcl , added dropwise over 1 . 5 hours . the gummy precipitate was separated from the clear supernatant ( ph & lt ; 0 ) by decantation after standing 2 hours . the gum was dissolved in 600 ml acoet , the resulting solution was washed with 200 ml semi saturated brine , dried ( na2so4 ), and evaporated in vacuo . separation of the quinoline salicylate from unreacted cyclohexylisatin ( 27 % recovery ) and a variety of other impurities could only be achieved by gravity chromatography on silica gel 60 ( merck ) of the triethylammonium salt , using a gradient of acoet - mecn - meoh — h 2 o 70 : 5 : 2 . 5 : 2 . 5 to 70 : 10 : 5 : 5 , containing 0 . 5 % net 3 . pooling of the appropriate fractions afforded pure product as the partial net 3 salt . the salt was the converted to the free acid by treatment with 1n hcl ( aqueous ) in a diluted acoet solution , which was quickly washed with semi saturated brine , dried , and evaporated in vacuo . crystallization of the residue by slurring with a small volume of acoet - mecn - meoh — h 2 o 70 : 10 : 5 : 5 ( no net 3 ) afforded 566 mg ( 27 . 3 %) of the canary yellow quinoline salicilate as the free acid compound 6 . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) 61 . 81 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 5 . 56 hz , 2h ) 3 . 13 ( t , j = 5 . 56 hz , 2h ) 4 . 35 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 28 ( t , j = 7 . 71 hz , 3h ) 7 . 45 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 8 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the organozinc species was generated as described by s . huo ( organic letters 2003 , 5 ( 4 ), 423 - 5 ). in a flame - dried 25 ml 2 - necked round - bottomed flask , under an inert atmosphere , iodine ( 65 mg , 0 . 26 mmol ) was taken up in 6 ml anhydrous n , n - dimethylacetamide . zinc dust ( 0 . 502 g , 7 . 67 mmol ) was added , and the suspension stirred until the red color of the iodine disappeared . then , 3 , 4 - dichlorobenzyl chloride ( 0 . 71 ml , 1 . 0 g , 5 . 1 mmol ) was added via syringe , and the mixture heated at 80 ° c . until the t . l . c . of a hydrolyzed aliquot ( 5 % ethyl acetate in hexanes , visualized by cerium molybdate staining ) showed that the starting material had been consumed . the reaction vessel was placed in a water bath to cool it , and pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 118 g , 0 . 102 mmol ) was added , followed by dropwise addition , via syringe , of chloroacetyl chloride ( 0 . 61 ml , 0 . 87 g , 7 . 7 mmol ). the brown suspension was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature . to work up the reaction , 12 ml 1 m hcl was added , and the mixture extracted into ethyl acetate ( 4 × 12 ml ). the combined organic layers were washed with brine , dried over anhydrous mgso 4 , filtered , and evaporated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 1 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ), to give material of sufficient purity to be used in the next step ( 0 . 545 g , 45 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 3 . 89 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 13 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 06 ( dd , j = 8 . 2 , 2 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 33 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ) 7 . 42 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ). in a round - bottomed flask , 1 - chloro - 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one ( 0 . 545 g , 2 . 30 mmol ) was taken up in 2 ml acetone , and acetic acid ( 0 . 26 ml , 0 . 28 g , 4 . 6 mmol ) was added . the solution was cooled in an ice water bath , and triethylamine ( 0 . 64 ml , 0 . 47 g , 4 . 6 mmol ) added dropwise via syringe over 30 minutes . the reaction mixture was then stirred overnight . precipitated triethylammonium chloride was removed by filtration , and the filtrate was evaporated , taken up in 10 ml ethyl acetate , washed twice with brine , dried over anhydrous mgso 4 , filtered , and evaporated . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) to give a pure product ( 0 . 200 g , 33 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 17 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 71 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 71 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 05 ( dd , j = 8 . 2 , 2 . 2 hz , 1h ) 7 . 32 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ) 7 . 41 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ). the pfitzinger reaction was used . in a 2 - necked 25 ml round - bottomed flask , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 119 g , 0 . 590 mmol ) was taken up in 1 ml ethanol and 3 ml 10 m naoh , and the mixture heated to reflux temperature . a solution of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 200 g , 0 . 767 mmol ) in 3 ml ethanol was added in small portions over the course of 1 hour , by syringe . refluxing was continued for an additional hour after the addition was complete , and the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and acidified with glacial acetic acid , and the yellow precipitate collected by filtration . this crude product was purified by preparative hplc ( acetonitrile / water / triethylamine ), and the pure salt thus obtained was converted back to the free acid by acidification of a 5 % acetonitrile in water solution with concentrated hcl . the bright yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum ( 47 . 8 mg , 20 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 73 - 1 . 86 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 81 ( t , j = 6 . 1 hz , 2h ) 3 . 12 ( t , j = 5 . 9 hz , 2h ) 4 . 30 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 28 ( t , j = 8 . 7 hz , 2h ) 7 . 53 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 59 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ) 8 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 21 h 18 cl 2 no 3 ( mh +) 402 . 0658 , found 402 . 0661 . the chloride was synthesized by arndt - eistert homologation of the acid chloride . a solution of 2 - thiopheneacetyl chloride ( 3 . 8 ml , 5 . 0 g , 31 mmol ) in 60 ml ether was added dropwise , with stirring , from an addition funnel to a 1 l erlenmeyer flask containing 85 ml of an ethereal diazomethane solution , cooled in an ice water bath . upon completion of the addition ( which was done over 30 minutes ), the solution was allowed to stir overnight , gradually warming to room temperature . it was then cooled in an ice water bath once again , and a gentle stream of dry hcl gas was passed through , until nitrogen evolution ceased . the mixture was stirred for 1 hour , then poured into 150 ml ice water , stirred for 20 minutes , and extracted twice into 180 ml portions of ether . the combined ether extracts were washed with 5 % na 2 co 3 ( 150 ml ) and brine ( 120 ml ), then dried over anhydrous mgso 4 , filtered , and evaporated . purification by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 5 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave a clear , yellow oil , which turned into a black solid upon standing overnight , unless it was stored in the freezer , under nitrogen ( 2 . 33 g , 43 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 4 . 11 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 17 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 93 - 6 . 96 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 00 ( dd , j = 5 . 2 , 3 . 4 hz , 1h ) 7 . 24 - 7 . 28 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -( thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one ( 1 . 00 g , 5 . 73 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 0 . 66 ml , 0 . 69 g , 12 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 1 . 60 ml , 1 . 16 g , 11 . 5 mmol ). purification by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 1040 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave an orange oil ( 0 . 144 g , 13 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 17 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 95 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 74 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 92 - 6 . 94 ( m , 1h ) 6 . 99 ( dd , j = 5 . 2 , 3 . 4 hz , 1h ) 7 . 25 ( dd , j = 5 . 1 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 112 g , 0 . 557 mmol ) with 3 -( thiophen - 2 - yl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 144 g , 0 . 724 mmol ). product was obtained as a dark yellow powder ( 9 . 1 mg , 4 . 8 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 75 - 1 . 88 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ) 3 . 17 - 3 . 25 ( m , 2h ) 4 . 49 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 89 - 6 . 94 ( m , 1h ) 6 . 94 - 6 . 98 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 27 ( d , j = 9 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 32 ( dd , j = 5 . 3 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ) 8 . 18 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 19 h 18 no 3 s ( mh +) 340 . 1002 , found 340 . 1011 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 - chloro - 3 -( thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one was followed . to prepare the acid chloride , 2 -( benzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl ) acetic acid ( 1 . 00 g , 5 . 20 mmol ) was added to 6 ml thionyl chloride in a 25 ml round - bottomed flask . the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature , and the thionyl chloride then removed in vacuo and the residue azeotroped twice with toluene . the acid chloride was then reacted with diazomethane and hcl . the crude product was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 2 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) to give pure material ( 0 . 661 g , 56 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 4 . 12 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 14 ( d , j = 1 . 0 hz , 2h ) 7 . 36 - 7 . 44 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 67 - 7 . 71 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 87 - 7 . 90 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 -( benzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- 3 - chloropropan - 2 - one ( 0 . 661 g , 2 . 94 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 0 . 34 ml , 0 . 35 g , 5 . 9 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 82 ml , 0 . 59 g , 5 . 9 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 - 40 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 0 . 372 g , 51 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 14 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 98 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 71 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 34 - 7 . 44 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 67 - 7 . 70 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 86 - 7 . 89 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 232 g , 1 . 15 mmol ) with 3 -( benzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 372 g , 1 . 50 mmol ). product was obtained as a bright yellow powder ( 30 . 6 mg , 6 . 8 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 71 - 1 . 85 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 80 ( t , j = 5 . 2 hz , 2h ) 3 . 11 ( t , j = 5 . 1 hz , 2h ) 4 . 53 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 25 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 30 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 94 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ) 8 . 11 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ) 8 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 23 h 20 no 3 s ( mh +) 390 . 1159 , found 390 . 1167 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 - chloro - 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one was followed , reacting 2 - chlorobenzyl chloride ( 1 . 6 ml , 2 . 0 g , 12 mmol ) with zinc dust ( 1 . 22 g , 18 . 6 mmol ) in the presence of iodine ( 0 . 157 g , 0 . 620 mmol ), then with chloroacetyl chloride ( 1 . 5 ml , 2 . 1 g , 19 mmol ) in the presence of pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 287 g , 0 . 248 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave product of sufficient purity to be used in the next step ( 0 . 556 g , 22 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 4 . 03 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 19 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 19 - 7 . 29 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 38 - 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -( 2 - chlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one ( 0 . 556 g , 2 . 74 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 0 . 31 ml , 0 . 33 g , 5 . 5 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 76 ml , 0 . 56 g , 5 . 5 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 5 - 40 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 0 . 251 g , 43 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 17 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 88 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 75 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 24 - 7 . 27 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 38 - 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 183 g , 0 . 908 mmol ) with 3 -( 2 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 251 g , 1 . 18 mmol ). product was obtained as a bright yellow powder ( 79 . 5 mg , 24 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 74 ( br . s , 4h ) 2 . 80 ( br . s , 2h ) 2 . 92 ( br . s , 2h ) 4 . 42 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 22 - 7 . 32 ( m , 4h ) 7 . 43 - 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ) 8 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 21 h 19 clno 3 ( mh +) 368 . 1048 , found 368 . 1047 . a flame - dried 50 ml round - bottomed flask , under an inert atmosphere , was charged with pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 26 mmol ). anhydrous thf ( 7 ml ) was added , then a 0 . 5 m thf solution of 3 - chlorobenzylzinc chloride ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ). the flask was cooled in an ice bath , and chloroacetyl chloride was added via syringe , over 1 hour . the solution went from a very dark brown ( almost black ), to a clear , light yellow . the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature , then quenched by addition of 5 g ice , stirred for an additional hour , diluted with ethyl acetate , washed twice with brine , dried over anhydrous mgso 4 , filtered , and evaporated . this crude material was reacted with acetic acid ( 1 . 42 ml , 1 . 49 g , 24 . 8 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 46 ml , 2 . 51 g , 24 . 8 mmol ), as described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one . flash chromatography over silica gel ( 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 1 . 22 g , 46 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 16 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 72 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 69 - 4 . 71 ( m , 2h ) 7 . 08 - 7 . 11 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 21 - 7 . 23 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 26 - 7 . 29 ( m , 2h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 495 g , 2 . 46 mmol ) with 3 -( 3 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 680 g , 3 . 20 mmol ). product was obtained as a bright yellow powder ( 186 mg , 20 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) 61 . 74 - 1 . 88 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 4 . 3 hz , 2h ) 3 . 15 ( t , j = 4 . 6 hz , 2h ) 4 . 32 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 24 - 7 . 35 ( m , 4h ) 7 . 39 ( s , 1h ) 8 . 20 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 21 h 19 clno 3 ( mh +) 368 . 1048 , found 368 . 1046 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 -( benzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- 3 - chloropropan - 2 - one was followed , except that in this case the acid chloride was generated by dropwise addition of oxalyl chloride ( 1 . 2 ml , 1 . 7 g , 13 mmol ) to a cold thf solution ( 18 ml ) of 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl ) acetic acid ( 2 . 5 g , 12 mmol ), containing catalytic dmf . after the addition was complete , the solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 hour , then added to an ethereal diazomethane solution , as previously described . work - up and purification by flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave product of sufficient purity to be used in the next step : 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 35 ( s , 3h ) 4 . 13 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 17 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 30 - 7 . 42 ( m , 2h ) 7 . 67 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 79 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one ( 0 . 754 g , 3 . 16 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 0 . 54 ml , 0 . 57 g , 9 . 5 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 1 . 3 ml , 0 . 96 g , 9 . 5 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 16 - 36 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 0 . 109 g , 13 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 17 ( s , 3h ) 2 . 35 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 97 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 73 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 31 - 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ) 7 . 64 - 7 . 68 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 76 - 7 . 80 ( m , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of way - 278932 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 64 mg , 0 . 318 mmol ) with 3 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl )]- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 109 g , 0 . 414 mmol ). preparative hplc purification ( water / acetonitrile / triethylamine ), followed by lyophilization gave product as a fluffy , light yellow solid ( 186 mg , 20 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 76 - 1 . 88 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 50 ( s , 3h ) 2 . 80 ( t , j = 5 . 3 hz , 2h ) 3 . 20 ( t , j = 5 . 8 hz , 2h ) 4 . 52 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 16 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 25 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 33 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 68 ( d , j = 7 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 79 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ) 8 . 68 ( s , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 24 h 22 no 3 s ( mh +) 404 . 1315 , found 404 . 1312 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 - chloro - 3 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one was followed , reacting thiophene - 3 - acetic acid ( 5 . 32 g , 37 . 4 mmol ) with oxalyl chloride ( 3 . 6 ml , 5 . 2 g , 41 mmol , then ethereal diazomethane , then dry hcl gas . work - up gave pure product , a brown oil which solidified upon refrigeration to a golden - brown , waxy solid ( 6 . 52 g , 100 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 3 . 94 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 13 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 99 ( d , j = 5 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 16 ( dd , j = 1 . 5 , 0 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 33 ( dd , j = 4 . 9 , 2 . 9 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -( thiophen - 3 - yl ) propan - 2 - one ( 6 . 53 g , 37 . 4 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 4 . 3 ml , 4 . 5 g , 75 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 10 . 4 ml , 7 . 57 g , 74 . 8 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product , a golden - yellow oil ( 3 . 85 g , 52 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 16 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 77 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 70 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 98 ( dd , j = 4 . 8 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ) 7 . 14 ( dd , j = 1 . 8 , 1 . 0 hz , 1h ) 7 . 32 ( dd , j = 4 . 9 , 2 . 9 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 500 g , 2 . 48 mmol ) with 2 - oxo - 3 -( thiophen - 3 - yl ) propyl acetate ( 0 . 640 g , 3 . 23 mmol ). product was obtained as a bright yellow powder ( 187 mg , 22 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 73 - 1 . 89 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 4 . 9 hz , 2h ) 3 . 18 ( t , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ) 4 . 32 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 10 ( d , j = 4 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 23 ( s , 1h ) 7 . 27 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 40 - 7 . 47 ( m , 1h ) 8 . 22 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 19 h 18 no 3 s ( mh +) 340 . 1002 , found 340 . 1006 . anal . calcd for c 19 h 17 no 3 s . 2h 2 o : c , 60 . 78 ; h , 5 . 64 ; n , 3 . 73 . found : c , 63 . 01 ; h , 5 . 60 ; n , 3 . 76 . indole - 3 - acetic acid ( 13 g , 74 mmol ) was taken up in 130 ml anhydrous thf in a flame - dried , 2 - necked 1 l round - bottomed flask , under an inert atmosphere , and cooled to − 78 ° c . ( dry ice / acetone bath ). a 1 . 0 m thf solution of lhmds ( 163 ml , 0 . 163 mol ) was added via syringe over 30 minutes , and the reaction mixture allowed to stir for an additional 30 minutes at − 78 ° c . once the addition was complete . next , benzyl chloroformate ( 11 . 7 ml , 13 . 9 g , 81 . 6 mmol ) was added dropwise via syringe . stirring was then continued for 1 hour . to work up the reaction mixture , it was quenched with 2 m hcl , and partitioned between 2 m hcl and ethyl acetate . the aqueous layer was extracted with additional ethyl acetate , and the combined organic layers washed with brine , dried over anhydrous mgso 4 , filtered , and evaporated to give a white solid with a pinkish tinge ( 22 . 49 g , 98 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 3 . 71 ( s , 2h ) 5 . 47 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 27 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 1h ) 7 . 32 - 7 . 47 ( m , 4h ) 7 . 54 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ) 7 . 58 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ) 7 . 68 ( s , 1h ) 8 . 08 ( d , j = 8 . 1 hz , 1h ) 12 . 43 ( s , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 18 h 16 no 4 ( mh +) 310 . 1074 , found 310 . 1080 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 - chloro - 3 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one was followed , reacting 1 -( benzyloxycarbonyl ) indol - 3 - yl acetic acid ( 22 . 49 g , 72 . 7 mmol ) with oxalyl chloride ( 7 . 0 ml , 10 g , 80 mmol , then ethereal diazomethane , then dry hcl gas . flash chromatography over silica gel ( 15 - 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 21 . 64 g , 87 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 3 . 97 ( d , j = 1 . 0 hz , 2h ) 4 . 15 ( s , 2h ) 5 . 45 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 27 - 7 . 30 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 33 - 7 . 51 ( m , 7h ) 7 . 63 ( s , 1h ) 8 . 19 ( br . s , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 19 h 17 clno 3 ( mh +) 342 . 0892 , found 342 . 0900 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 3 -[ 1 -( benzyloxycarbonyl ) indol - 3 - yl ]- 1 - chloropropan - 2 - one ( 19 . 28 g , 56 . 4 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 6 . 5 ml , 6 . 8 g , 0 . 11 mol ) and triethylamine ( 15 . 7 ml , 11 . 4 g , 0 . 113 mol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 25 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product as an orange oil that solidified under vacuum to a yellow solid ( 9 . 06 g , 44 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 2 . 15 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 81 ( d , j = 0 . 8 hz , 2h ) 4 . 73 ( s , 2h ) 5 . 45 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 26 - 7 . 30 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 32 - 7 . 51 ( m , 7h ) 7 . 62 ( s , 1h ) 8 . 18 ( s , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 294 g , 1 . 46 mmol ) with 3 -[ 1 -( benzyloxycarbonyl ) indol - 3 - yl ]- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 693 g , 1 . 90 mmol ). product was obtained as a brownish - orange powder ( 93 mg , 17 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 65 - 1 . 93 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( br . s , 2h ) 3 . 24 ( br . s , 2h ) 4 . 41 ( s , 2h ) 6 . 90 - 7 . 08 ( m , 2h ) 7 . 13 - 7 . 36 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 75 ( d , j = 7 . 1 hz , 1h ) 8 . 19 ( s , 1h ) 10 . 84 ( s , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 23 h 21 n 2 o 3 ( mh +) 373 . 1547 , found 373 . 1548 . anal . calcd for c 23 h 20 n 2 o 3 . h 2 o : c , 70 . 75 ; h , 5 . 68 ; n , 7 . 17 . found : c , 71 . 04 ; h , 5 . 64 ; n , 7 . 01 . the procedure described above for the synthesis of 1 - chloro - 3 -[ 2 -( 3 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one was followed , reacting 5 - chlorobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl acetic acid ( 4 . 00 g , 17 . 6 mmol ) with oxalyl chloride ( 1 . 7 ml , 2 . 5 g , 19 mmol ), then ethereal diazomethane , then dry hcl gas . work - up of the reaction mixture gave pure product as a light golden - yellow solid ( 4 . 43 g , 97 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ 4 . 12 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 15 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 35 ( dd , j = 8 . 6 , 2 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 43 ( s , 1h ) 7 . 65 ( d , j = 2 . 1 hz , 1h ) 7 . 79 ( d , j = 8 . 6 hz , 1h ). intermediate 30 : 3 -( 5 - chlorobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -( 5 - chlorobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- propan - 2 - one ( 4 . 43 g , 17 . 1 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 2 . 0 ml , 2 . 1 g , 35 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 4 . 9 ml , 3 . 6 g , 35 mmol ). flash chromatography over silica gel ( 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product , a pale yellow solid ( 2 . 76 g , 57 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , cdcl 3 ) δ2 . 16 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 94 ( d , j = 1 . 0 hz , 2h ) 4 . 73 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 34 ( ddd , j = 8 . 6 , 2 . 0 , 0 . 5 hz , 1h ) 7 . 39 - 7 . 42 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 65 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ) 7 . 78 ( dd , j = 8 . 6 , 0 . 5 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of compound 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 200 g , 0 . 994 mmol ) with 3 -( 5 - chlorobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 3 - yl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 365 g , 1 . 29 mmol ). it was not possible to convert the triethylammonium salt obtained by preparative hplc ( basic modifier ) back to the free acid by the usual method . thus , the final product , a sunflower - yellow powder , was a triethylammonium salt with 6 : 5 acid : base stoichiometry ( 108 mg , 21 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ 1 . 17 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 7 . 5h ) 1 . 72 - 1 . 87 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 77 ( t , j = 5 . 9 hz , 2h ) 3 . 10 ( dq , 5h ) 3 . 18 ( t , j = 5 . 7 hz , 2h ) 4 . 46 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 08 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ) 7 . 35 ( dd , j = 8 . 7 , 2 . 2 hz , 1h ) 7 . 59 ( s , 1h ) 7 . 96 ( d , j = 8 . 3 hz , 1h ) 8 . 41 ( d , j = 2 . 1 hz , 1h ) 8 . 94 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 1h ); hrms ( esi +) calcd for c 23 h 19 clno 3 s ( mh +) 424 . 0769 , found 424 . 0770 . anal . calcd for [ c 23 h 19 clno 3 s ] 6 [ c 6 h 15 n ] 5 [ h 2 o ]: c , 65 . 60 ; h , 5 . 78 ; n , 4 . 72 . found : c , 64 . 75 ; h , 6 . 01 ; n , 4 . 56 . the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 294 g , 1 . 46 mmol ) with phenacyl acetate ( 0 . 338 g , 1 . 90 mmol ). product was obtained as a yellow powder ( 116 mg , 25 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 75 - 1 . 93 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 86 ( t , j = 5 . 68 hz , 2h ) 3 . 25 ( t , j = 5 . 81 hz , 2h ) 7 . 33 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ) 7 . 44 - 7 . 56 ( m , 3h ) 8 . 09 ( dd , j = 8 . 08 , 1 . 52 hz , 2h ) 8 . 28 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 0 . 5 m thf solution of 4 - cyanobenzylzinc bromide ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ), pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 26 mmol ) with chloroacetyl chloride ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ). work - up of the reaction mixture gave crude product as a yellow oil . this crude material was reacted with acetic acid ( 1 . 42 ml , 1 . 49 g , 24 . 8 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 46 ml , 2 . 51 g , 24 . 8 mmol ), as described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one . flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 0 . 71 g , 25 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 09 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 96 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 88 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 40 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 7 . 79 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ). in a 25 ml round - bottomed flask , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 119 g , 0 . 590 mmol ) was taken up in 1 ml ethanol and 3 ml 10 m naoh , and the mixture heated at reflux temperature for 3 minutes . a solution of acetic acid 3 -( 4 - cyano - phenyl )- 2 - oxo - propyl ester ( 0 . 167 g , 0 . 767 mmol ) in 3 ml ethanol was then added and the reaction further heated for 10 minutes . the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and acidified with glacial acetic acid , and the yellow precipitate collected by filtration . the procedure described above for the purification of example 7 was followed . product was obtained as a bright yellow powder ( 42 mg , 20 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 74 - 1 . 87 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 5 . 31 hz , 2h ) 3 . 12 ( t , j = 5 . 43 hz , 2h ), 4 . 40 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ) 7 . 51 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 75 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 8 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 495 g , 2 . 46 mmol ) with acetic acid 3 -( 4 - cyano - phenyl )- 2 - oxo - propyl ester ( 0 . 694 g , 3 . 20 mmol ). two products were isolated as bright yellow powders . compound 18 was obtained in 15 % yield ( 139 mg ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 76 - 1 . 88 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 84 ( t , j = 6 . 69 hz , 2h ) 3 . 16 ( t , j = 6 . 32 hz , 2h ) 4 . 39 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 30 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ) 7 . 42 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 77 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 8 . 43 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). compound 19 was obtained in 10 % yield ( 92 mg ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 77 - 1 . 89 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 84 ( t , j = 6 . 44 hz , 2h ) 3 . 16 ( t , j = 5 . 81 hz , 2h ) 4 . 39 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 30 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ) 7 . 42 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 2h ) 7 . 77 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 8 . 43 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 0 . 5 m thf solution of benzylzinc bromide ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ), pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 26 mmol ) with chloroacetyl chloride ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ). work - up of the reaction mixture gave crude product as a yellow oil . this crude material was reacted with acetic acid ( 1 . 42 ml , 1 . 49 g , 24 . 8 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 46 ml , 2 . 51 g , 24 . 8 mmol ), as described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one . flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave pure product ( 0 . 83 g , 33 % yield ). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 08 ( s , 3h ) 3 . 80 ( s , 2h ) 4 . 85 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 17 - 7 . 36 ( m , 5h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 207 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 294 g , 1 . 46 mmol ) with acetic acid 2 - oxo - 3 - phenyl - propyl ester ( 0 . 364 g , 1 . 90 mmol ). product was obtained as a yellow powder ( 171 mg , 35 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 75 - 1 . 89 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 83 ( t , j = 6 . 06 hz , 2h ) 3 . 17 ( t , j = 6 . 10 hz , 2h ) 4 . 31 ( s , 2h ) 7 . 13 - 7 . 21 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 23 - 7 . 36 ( m , 5h ) 8 . 24 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 0 . 5 m thf solution of phenylethylzinc bromide ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ), pd ( pph 3 ) 4 ( 0 . 30 g , 0 . 26 mmol ) with chloroacetyl chloride ( 26 ml , 13 mmol ). work - up of the reaction mixture gave crude product as a yellow oil . this crude material was reacted with acetic acid ( 1 . 42 ml , 1 . 49 g , 24 . 8 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 46 ml , 2 . 51 g , 24 . 8 mmol ), as described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl ) propan - 2 - one . flash chromatography over silica gel ( 10 - 30 % ethyl acetate in hexanes ) gave an impure mixture , which was used as such for the next step . the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 was followed , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 294 g , 1 . 46 mmol ) with acetic acid 2 - oxo - 4 - phenyl - butyl ester ( 0 . 391 g ( 75 % purity ), 1 . 90 mmol ). product was obtained as a yellow powder ( 76 mg , 15 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 76 - 1 . 91 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 85 ( t , j = 5 . 95 hz , 2h ) 3 . 16 ( t , j = 7 . 80 hz , 2h ) 3 . 22 ( t , j = 6 . 10 hz , 2h ) 3 . 29 ( t , j = 7 . 78 hz , 2h ) 7 . 18 ( t , j = 7 . 02 hz , 1h ) 7 . 23 - 7 . 35 ( m , 5h ) 8 . 27 ( d , j = 7 . 93 hz , 1h ). intermediate 34 : 1 -( 8 - amino - 3 , 4 - dihydro - 1h - isoquinolin - 2 - yl )- ethanone ( a mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 3 ratio ) to a solution of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro 5 - aminoisoquinoline ( 2 . 1 g , 14 . 1 mmol ) in 125 ml dichloromethane and 100 ml saturated nahco3 ( aq .) at 0 ° c . was added acetyl chloride ( 1 ml , 14 . 1 mmol ) in 25 ml dichloromethane dropwise . the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 30 min . the organic layer was separated quickly so that the organic layer remained relatively cool . to the organic layer was immediately added methylamine hydrochloride ( 1 g , 14 . 2 mmol ) and diisopropylamine ( 2 ml , 14 . 1 mmol ) to scavenge the unreacted acetyl chloride . removal of the solvent followed by flash chromatography ( silica gel , ethyl acetate : hexane = 5 : 1 ) gave the desired amide 34 as a light yellow oil ( 2 g , 74 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 04 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 2 . 07 ( s , 1 . 8h ), 2 . 41 ( dd , j = 6 . 06 , 6 . 19 hz , 1h ), 2 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 66 ( dd , j = 6 . 06 , 6 . 19 hz , 2h ), 4 . 48 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 4 . 51 ( s , 0 . 8h ), 4 . 85 - 4 . 93 ( bs , 2h ), 6 . 36 ( dd , j = 7 . 33 , 7 . 33 hz , 1h ), 6 . 47 ( d , j = 7 . 33 hz , 0 . 6h ), 6 . 49 ( d , j = 7 . 33 hz , 0 . 4h ), 6 . 85 ( d , j = 7 . 33 hz , 0 . 6h ) 6 . 88 ( d , j = 7 . 33 hz , 0 . 4h ). intermediate 35 : n -( 2 - acetyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydro - isoquinolin - 8 - yl )- 2 - imino - acetamide ( a mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 3 ratio ) the isatin synthesis described by yang et al . ( j . am . chem . soc ., 1996 , 118 , 9557 ) was used . a mixture of chloral hydrate ( 2 . 4 g , 14 . 9 mmol ), hydroxylamine hydrochloride ( 3 . 3 g , 47 . 8 mmol ), sodium sulfate ( 19 g , 133 . 8 mmol ), intermediate 34 ( 2 . 4 g , 12 . 6 mmol ), aq . hcl ( 10 ml , 1n ), and 90 ml water was stirred at 55 ° c . overnight . the reaction mixture was cooled to 25 ° c . the precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dried under vaccum overnight to provide the intermediate 35 ( 2 . 8 g , 85 %) as a beige solid which was used without further purification in the next step . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 07 ( s , 1 . 8h ), 2 . 08 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 2 . 62 ( dd , j = 5 . 94 , 5 . 94 hz , 0 . 8h ), 2 . 72 ( dd , j = 5 . 94 , 5 . 94 hz , 1 . 2h ), 3 . 63 ( dd , j = 6 . 06 , 6 . 06 hz , 2h ), 4 . 61 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 4 . 66 ( s , 0 . 8h ), 7 . 07 ( s , 0 . 4h ), 7 . 09 ( s , 0 . 6h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 00 hz , 0 . 4h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 25 ( d , j = 8 . 00 hz , 0 . 6h ), 7 . 30 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 0 . 4h ), 7 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 0 . 6h ), 7 . 66 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 61 ( s , 1h ), 12 . 19 ( s , 1h ). intermediate 36 : 8 - acetyl - 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydro - 1h - pyrrolo [ 3 , 2 - h ] isoquinoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( a mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 3 ratio ) intermediate 35 from above was mixed with 11 ml concentrated sulfuric acid at 25 ° c . the resulting dark purple solution was heated to 85 ° c . gradually and stayed at this temperature for 10 min . the reaction mixture was then cooled to 25 ° c . 50 ml crushed ice was added , and the reaction mixture was allowed to stay at 0 ° c . for 30 min . the precipitate was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dried under vacuum overnight to give isatin 36 ( 1 . 7 g , 65 %) as an orange solid , which was used for the next step without further purification . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 08 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 2 . 10 ( s , 1 . 8h ), 2 . 58 ( dd , j = 5 . 81 , 6 . 06 hz , 0 . 8h ), 2 . 69 ( dd , j = 5 . 81 , 6 . 06 hz , 1 . 2h ), 3 . 70 ( dd , j = 6 . 23 , 6 . 23 hz , 2h ), 4 . 63 ( s , 1 . 2h ), 4 . 69 ( s , 0 . 8h ), 6 . 91 ( d , j = 7 . 58 hz , 0 . 4h ), 6 . 92 ( d , j = 7 . 58 hz , 0 . 6h ), 7 . 33 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 0 . 4h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 7 . 83 hz , 0 . 6h ), 11 . 12 ( s , 0 . 4h ), 11 . 15 ( s , 0 . 6h ). the procedure described by cragoe et al . ( j . org . chem ., 1953 , 18 , 561 ) was used . to a mixture of isatin 36 ( 0 . 85 g , 3 . 48 mmol ) in 2 ml etoh and 4 ml aq . 6 m koh at 100 ° c . was added warm 3 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate ( 0 . 9 g , 3 . 98 mmol ) in 2 ml etoh in small portions over 1 hour period . after the addition was completed , the reaction mixture was refluxed for additional 1 h . removal of the solvent , the resulting yellow gum was acidified with aq . 1 n hcl to ph ˜ 1 . hplc of the yellow precipitate under basic conditions afforded white solid , which was acidified at 0 ° c . with 1n aq . hcl to ph ˜ 1 . the precipitate was collected by centrifuge , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to yield compound 22 ( 0 . 144 g , 16 %) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 51 - 2 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 37 - 3 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 23 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 33 ( bs , 2h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 39 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 95 ( bs , 2h ), 9 . 31 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ). a mixture of compound 22 ( 0 . 12 g , 0 . 297 mmol ), triethylamine ( 46 ul , 0 . 30 mmol ), acetone ( 26 ul , 0 . 446 mmol ), sodium cyanoborohydride ( 23 mg , 0 . 36 mmol ), 3 ml methanol , and 3 drops of acetic acid was stirred at 25 ° c . overnight . lc / ms showed that about half of the starting material left . water and triethylamine were added dropwise to dissolve the precipitate . hplc of the clear reaction mixture afforded a white solid , which was acidified with aq . 1n hcl to ph ˜ 1 . the precipitate was collected by centrifuge , washed with water , and dried under vacuum to yield compound 23 ( 8 . 4 mg , 32 % based on consumed starting material ) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 43 ( d , j = 6 . 57 , 1 . 77 hz , 3h ), 1 . 43 ( d , j = 6 . 57 , 3h ), 3 . 30 - 3 . 48 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 61 - 3 . 92 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 38 - 4 . 61 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 32 ( m , 3h ) 7 . 39 ( d , j = 8 . 34 hz , 2h ) 9 . 32 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 23 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 12 g , 0 . 297 mmol ) with benzaldehyde to give compound 24 ( 24 . 1 mg , 40 %). white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 3 . 32 - 3 . 54 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 67 - 3 . 96 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 29 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 38 - 4 . 47 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 52 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 43 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 48 - 7 . 57 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 56 - 7 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 9 . 31 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 23 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 12 g , 0 . 297 mmol ) with acetaldehyde to give compound 25 ( 2 . 2 mg , 3 . 4 % based on consumed starting material ). light yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 38 ( t , j = 7 . 33 hz , 3h ), 2 . 55 - 2 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 66 - 2 . 76 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 34 ( q , j = 7 . 33 hz , 2h ), 3 . 64 - 3 . 93 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 30 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 40 ( d , j = 15 . 16 hz , 1h ), 4 . 62 ( d , j = 15 . 16 hz , 1h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 34 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 9 . 08 ( d , j = 8 . 08 hz , 1h ). to 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 14 g , 0 . 346 mmol ) in 2 ml pyridine was added triethylamine ( 60 ul , 0 . 43 mmol ) and acetic anhydride ( 0 . 18 ml , 2 . 07 mmol ) at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture was warmed to 25 ° c . and stirred overnight . hplc of the reaction mixture afforded the acetamide ester ( 90 mg , 0 . 20 mmol ) as a white solid , which was treated with lioh ( 36 mg , 0 . 80 mmol ) in 1 ml water . the mixture was stirred at 25 ° c . for 5 h . dmso and triethylamine were added to the reaction mixture dropwise to dissolve the precipitate . hplc of the clear solution gave compound 26 ( 20 . 7 mg , 25 %) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 24 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 21 - 3 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 77 - 3 . 87 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 34 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 73 - 4 . 84 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 42 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 49 - 8 . 57 ( m , 1h ). a mixture of 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -( 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 213 g , 0 . 53 mmol ), acetic acid ( 0 . 6 ml , 5 . 3 mmol ), triethylamine ( 0 . 146 ml , 1 . 06 mmol ), kocn ( 43 mg , 0 . 53 mmol ), and pyridine ( 0 . 84 ml , 5 . 3 mmol ) was stirred at 25 ° c . overnight . the solid was removed by filtration . hplc of the mother liquor gave pure product ( 49 . 1 mg , 22 %) as a beige solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 3 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 34 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 63 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 22 - 7 . 45 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 47 ( d , j = 9 . 09 hz , 1h ). to 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 132 g , 0 . 32 mmol ) in 2 ml dichloromethane 0 ° c . was added benzoyl chloride ( 57 ul , 0 . 48 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 10 ml , 0 . 74 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at 25 ° c . overnight . hplc of the mixture gave compound 28 ( 14 . 6 mg , 9 . 7 %) as a yellow solid , and compound 29 ( 4 . 0 mg , 2 . 3 %) as a white solid . compound 28 : 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 3 . 32 ( dd , j = 5 . 80 , 5 . 80 hz , 2h ), 3 . 81 - 3 . 83 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 34 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 81 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 34 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 - 7 . 54 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 52 ( d , j = 8 . 85 hz , 1h ). compound 29 : 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 3 . 37 - 3 . 46 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 56 - 3 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 28 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 00 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 15 - 7 . 34 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 45 - 7 . 57 ( m , 6h ), 7 . 64 ( dd , j = 7 . 71 , 8 . 21 hz , 2h ), 7 . 80 ( dd , j = 7 . 71 , 8 . 21 hz , 1h ), 7 . 88 - 7 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 7 . 07 hz , 2h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 28 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 219 g , 0 . 54 mmol ) with methanesulfonyl chloride ( 1 eq .) to give compound 30 ( 19 mg , 7 . 9 %). 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 2 . 97 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 34 ( dd , j = 5 . 68 , 6 . 06 hz , 2h ), 3 . 53 ( dd , j = 5 . 68 , 6 . 06 hz , 2h ), 4 . 27 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 45 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 25 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 97 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 28 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 13 g , 0 . 32 mmol ) with ethyl chloroformate to give compound 31 ( 23 . 2 mg , 16 . 5 %) as a yellow solid , and compound 32 ( 8 . 5 mg , 5 . 2 %) as a white solid . compound 31 : 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 24 ( t , j = 7 . 07 hz , 3h ), 3 . 25 ( dd , j = 5 . 68 , 6 . 19 hz , 2h ), 3 . 73 ( dd , j = 5 . 68 , 6 . 19 hz , 2h ), 4 . 12 ( t , j = 7 . 07 hz , 2h ), 4 . 32 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 67 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 42 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 37 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). compound 32 : 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 22 ( t , j = 7 . 16 hz , 3h ), 1 . 26 ( t , j = 7 . 07 hz , 3h ), 3 . 29 ( dd , j = 5 . 05 , 5 . 81 hz , 2h ), 3 . 76 ( dd , j = 5 . 05 , 5 . 81 hz , 2h ), 4 . 12 ( q , j = 7 . 16 hz , 2h ), 4 . 22 ( q , j = 7 . 07 hz , 2h ), 4 . 26 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 74 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 35 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 54 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ). the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 28 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 13 g , 0 . 32 mmol ) with phenylacetyl chloride to give compound 33 ( 27 . 2 mg , 17 . 5 %, mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 1 ratio ) as a yellow solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 3 . 06 - 3 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 75 - 3 . 92 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 28 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 74 ( s , 1 . 3h ) 4 . 80 - 4 . 88 ( m , 0 . 7h ), 7 . 14 - 7 . 40 ( m , 10h ), 8 . 37 - 8 . 64 ( m , 1h ). 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 9 -( propane - 2 - sulfonyl )- 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( compound 34 ) ( mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 1 ratio ) the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 28 was followed , reacting 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro -[ 1 , 9 ] phenanthroline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 13 g , 0 . 32 mmol ) with isopropylsulfonyl chloride ( 1 eq .) to give compound 34 as a yellow solid ( 5 . 2 mg , 3 . 4 %, mixture of two isomers in a 2 : 1 ratio ). 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 23 ( d , j = 7 . 02 hz , 6h ), 3 . 11 - 3 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 23 - 3 . 32 ( septlet , j = 5 . 00 hz , 1h ), 3 . 56 ( dd , j = 5 . 95 , 5 . 95 hz , 0 . 6h ), 3 . 63 ( dd , j = 5 . 95 , 5 . 95 hz , 1 . 4h ), 4 . 25 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 46 ( s , 0 . 6h ), 4 . 53 ( s , 1 . 4h ), 7 . 23 - 7 . 27 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 28 ( d , j = 10 . 00 hz , 2h ) 7 . 33 ( d , j = 10 . 00 hz , 2h ) 8 . 78 - 8 . 87 ( m , 1h ). to 2 -( 4 - chloro - benzyl )- 3 - hydroxy - 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 - tetrahydro - benzo [ h ] quinoline - 4 - carboxylic acid ( 0 . 117 g , 0 . 32 mmol ) in 2 ml acetone at room temperature was added potassium carbonate ( 0 . 132 g , 0 . 96 mmol ) and iodomethane ( 0 . 136 g , 0 . 96 mmol ). the mixture was stirred overnight . hplc of the mixture gave compound 35 ( 90 mg , 75 %) as a white solid . 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 69 - 1 . 94 ( m , 4h ), 2 . 76 - 2 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 11 - 3 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 80 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 21 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 1h ), 7 . 31 ( s , 4h ), 7 . 49 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 1h ). intermediate 37 was synthesized by arndt - eistert homologation of the acid chloride using the procedure described for 1 - chloro - 3 -( thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one ( intermediate 15 ). reacting acid chloride ( 1 . 35 g , 7 . 1 mmol ) with 40 ml of an ethereal diazomethane solution followed by passing hcl gas . the crude material was used as such in the next step . synthesis of intermediate 38 was done using the procedure described above for the synthesis of 3 -( 3 , 4 - dichlorophenyl )- 2 - oxopropyl acetate was followed , reacting 1 - chloro - 3 -( thiophen - 2 - yl ) propan - 2 - one ( 1 . 16 g , 5 . 73 mmol ) with acetic acid ( 0 . 66 ml , 0 . 69 g , 12 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 1 . 60 ml , 1 . 16 g , 11 . 5 mmol ). the crude intermediate 40 was used as such in the next step . compounds 36 and 37 was synthesized using the procedure described above for the synthesis and purification of example 7 , reacting 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 - tetrahydrobenzo [ g ] indoline - 2 , 3 - dione ( 0 . 112 g , 0 . 557 mmol ) with acetic acid 2 -( 1 - acetyl - piperidin - 4 - yl )- 2 - oxo - ethyl ester ( intermediate 40 , 0 . 165 g , 0 . 724 mmol ). two products were isolated as white solids . compound 36 ( 18 . 1 mg , 10 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 400 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 72 - 1 . 89 ( m , 4h ) 1 . 96 - 2 . 19 ( m , 4h ) 2 . 69 - 2 . 87 ( m , 2h ) 3 . 06 - 3 . 16 ( m , 2h ) 3 . 19 ( t , j = 5 . 81 hz , 2h ) 3 . 38 - 3 . 50 ( m , 2h ) 3 . 52 - 3 . 67 ( m , 1h ) 7 . 07 ( d , j = 8 . 84 hz , 1h ) 8 . 28 ( br s , 1h ) 8 . 54 ( br s , 1h ) 9 . 17 ( d , j = 8 . 59 hz , 1h ); compound 37 ( 10 mg , 5 % yield ): 1 h nmr ( 500 mhz , dmso - d6 ) δ ppm 1 . 65 - 1 . 73 ( m , 1h ) 1 . 77 - 1 . 99 ( m , 7h ) 2 . 06 ( s , 3h ) 2 . 77 ( t , j = 11 . 44 hz , 1h ) 2 . 84 ( t , j = 6 . 10 hz , 2h ) 3 . 15 - 3 . 30 ( m , 3h ) 3 . 54 ( t , j = 11 . 14 hz , 1h ) 3 . 98 ( d , j = 13 . 73 hz , 1h ) 4 . 51 ( d , j = 13 . 73 hz , 1h ) 7 . 26 ( d , j = 8 . 85 hz , 1h ) 8 . 31 ( d , j = 8 . 85 hz , 1h ). compounds of the invention can be assayed for selectin inhibitory activity using any of the procedures known in the art . one convenient procedure is the determination of ic50 values for inhibition of p - selectin binding to p - selectin glycoprotein ligand - 1 ( psgl - 1 ) using biacore . the biacore 3000 is an instrument that uses surface plasmon resonance to detect binding of a solution phase analyte to an immobilized ligand on a sensor chip surface . the analyte sample is injected under flow using a microfluidic system . binding of analyte to ligand causes a change in the angle of refracted light at the surface of the sensor chip , measured by the biacore instrument in resonance units ( rus ). sgp - 3 is a purified sulfoglycopeptide form of human psgl - 1 that contains the p - selectin binding determinants ( see somers et al ., 2000 , cell 103 , 467 - 479 ). sgp - 3 was biotinylated via amine chemistry at a unique c - terminal lysine residue and immobilized on streptavidin - coated sa sensor chip . a solution containing a soluble recombinant truncated form of human p - selectin comprised of the lectin and egf domains ( p - le ) was delivered to the sgp - 3 coated sensor chip . the p - le solution contains 100 mm hepes , 150 mm nacl , 1 mm cacl 2 , 1 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 05 % p40 , 10 % dmso . k d values were typically calculated to be approximately 778 +/− 105 nm using this biacore assay format ( somers et al ., supra ). small molecule p - selectin inhibitors are incubated for 1 hour in 100 mm hepes , 150 mm nacl , 1 mm cacl 2 , 1 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 05 % p40 , 10 % dmso , prior to introducing them into the biacore 3000 . solutions are filtered if formation of precipitate is visible . soluble p - le is added to the small molecule solution at final concentrations 500 nm and 500 um respectively . sample injections are run in duplicates , and each compound is assayed at least twice . the biacore assay measures the signal in ru produced by binding of p - le to sgp - 3 in the presence and absence of inhibitors . percent inhibition of binding is calculated by dividing the inhibited signal by the uninhibited signal subtracting this value from one then multiplying by one hundred . inhibitors , with greater than 50 % inhibition at 500 um , are assayed again using a series of two fold dilutions . the data from this titration are plotted , ru values vs . concentration , and the ic50 is determined by extrapolation from the plot . all ru values are blank and reference subtracted prior to percent inhibition and ic50 determination . glycerrhizzin is used as a positive control , inhibiting 50 % at 1 mm . compounds 1 - 6 were assayed as described above . ic50 values for four of the compounds ranged from 125 μm to 500 μm . one compound showed 17 % inhibition at 500 μm , and one compound showed 11 % inhibition at 125 μm . compounds 7 - 10 , 17 - 20 and 22 - 33 also were tested as above . six of the compounds displayed ic50 values ranging from 100 μm to 1250 μm . the percentage inhibition at 250 μm for an additional three compounds ranged from 46 % to 58 %. the percentage inhibition at 500 μm for an additional ten compounds ranged from 5 % to 55 %, with three of the compound showing no significant percentage inhibition at that concentration . one further compound displayed 24 % inhibition at 1000 μm . it is intended that each of the patents , applications , and printed publications including books mentioned in this patent document be hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . as those skilled in the art will appreciate , numerous changes and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit of the invention . it is intended that all such variations fall within the scope of the invention .