as can be appreciated by those skilled in the art , chemical conversion surface treatments / coatings generally involve the process of immersion or other contact of a metal ( e . g ., aluminum and / or alloys of aluminum ) with an active bath or spray that — through a redox reaction at the metallic surface or chemical deposition at the metallic surface due to physicochemical changes in the treatment bath — form a superficial adhered protective coating . such conversion coatings typically exhibit quite low solubility and — in the case of aluminum — a thickness of approximately 20 nm ( nanometer ) to 1 mm ( millimeter ), depending upon the process parameters and the alloy treated , while the substrate thickness lost is quite small or minimal . the color of the resulting conversion coating obtained depends upon the base material and the bath / spray parameters . advantageously , the conversion coating may be prepared in a single - step immersion process . accordingly , parts , e . g ., panels , to be coated are bathed in a conducting polymer dispersion in which different inorganic salts along with other additives that affect the bath and / or resulting coating , e . g ., bath dispersion agents , wetting agents , or polymeric film formation agents . fig1 depicts an overview of the steps involved in the process . more particularly , the process includes three general phases or steps namely , pretreatment , conversion , and drying . and while the discussion herein is concerned primarily with aluminum and certain specific alloys of aluminum , the disclosure is not so limited . in particular , different metal compositions and alloys , as well as additional applications , e . g ., automotive , industrial , etc ., would benefit from the process or method and resulting coating as well . returning now to fig1 , it may be observed that pretreatment begins with step 110 of degreasing the panels to be coated . degreasing may be performed using any of a variety of known detergent solutions and / or organic solvents . additionally , such degreasing — like all of the process steps — may be performed by spray application or bath / immersion or a mixture of the two techniques . once the panel ( s ) to be coated is degreased , it is then cleaned / washed with an alkali solution with step 120 of alkaline cleaning . such alkali solutions are commercially available under various trade names , e . g ., turco ( 4215 nclt ), and this alkali cleaning / washing is advantageously performed for approximately 10 ( ten ) minutes at a modest elevated temperature , e . g ., 50 ° c . ( celsius ). after cleaning / washing , the panel is rinsed with water and then deoxidized with step 130 of deoxidizing , with , for example , turco smut go nc for approximately 5 ( five ) minutes at ambient temperature ( s ) and then rinsed . advantageously , other pickling or desmutting steps can be used depending on the treated substrate material and surface material or thickness to be removed . as can be now appreciated , the process employs commercially available pretreatment steps which are well known and understood . advantageously , such pretreatment is compatible with a variety of alloys and their application is widely understood . in an exemplary embodiment , step 140 of conversion treatment includes immersion of aluminum alloy panels in a bath for a period of time followed by direct ( no rinse ) step 150 of drying of the treated panels . generally , the conversion treatment bath is prepared by an initial stirring of a conducting , polymeric dispersion . advantageously , the polymer dispersion ( s ) used may be commercially available water - based ones and exhibit satisfactory formulation ( s ) including solid content , ph , and dispersive additives . consequently , only a minimal amount of stirring is required for these commercial dispersions . of further advantage , the conversion treatment in the bath is only a 2 ( two ) minute process . such conducting polymeric dispersions include polyaniline ( pani ), polyethylenedioxythiophene ( pedot ) and polypyrrole ( ppy ) among others . the particular conducting polymeric dispersions used in the examples and their physical properties are shown in fig2 which illustrates a table . while the discussion herein is limited to those conducting polymeric dispersions exhibiting superior performance in the experiments , it should be noted that a number of dispersions may be suitable — depending upon the particular application requirements . more specifically , dispersions of polyphenylene , polyphenylene vinylene , polyethylenesulfide and derivatives of all the mentioned conducting polymers should produce satisfactory results . in addition , other polymeric components such as acrylics , polyurethanes , epoxies , amino resins , phenolics , vinylics , polyesters , etc ., may be added to enhance particular characteristics of the coating . returning now to the description of the method , after stirring the conducting polymeric dispersion ( and any polymeric components ), a quantity of inorganic salt ( s ) or mixtures thereof are added to the conducting polymeric dispersion and subsequently mixed until the added salts are suitably dissolved . example salts include the inorganic salts of molybdenum , manganesum , zirconium and titanium . more particularly , sodium molybdate , potassium permanganate , potassium hexafluorozirconate and potassium hexafluorotitanate have been used with success . final concentrations of the added salts in the bath solution ( s ) may vary over a wide range , e . g ., 2 g / l ( grams / liter )- 20 g / l ( grams / liter ). finally , the polymeric dispersion / inorganic salt solution is subsequently ph adjusted using alkaline compounds such as ammonia or phosphate or acidic compounds including hexafluorozirconic acid and fluorhydric acid . a number of samples of two particular aluminum alloys , namely 2024t3 and 7075t6 alloys were subjected to the chromium - free conversion process and evaluated . those showing superior characteristics in salt spray fog corrosion tests ( ssfct ) were obtained using ppy and pedot in combination with hexafluorozirconate . the particular experimental conditions are shown in the tables of fig3 and 4 for pedot / zr , ppy / zr , based compositions and the tables of fig5 and 6 show the obtained results , respectively . for all of the samples shown in these tables of fig3 - 6 , the drying conditions were substantially room temperature and pressure , for a period of time of at least 24 hours . more specifically , the table of fig3 shows the experimental conditions for pedot / zr . in this set , the [ zr ] ( zirconium ) concentration was effected by varying the amounts of k 2 zrf 6 ( potassium hexafluorozirconate ) and the ph was adjusted with h 2 zrf 6 ( fluorozirconic acid ) and / or nh 4 oh ( ammonium hydroxide ). the table of fig4 shows the experimental conditions used for a ppy / zr set of samples . in this particular set , the [ zr ] ( zirconium ) concentration was effected by varying the amounts of k 2 zrf 6 ( potassium hexafluorozirconate ) and the ph was adjusted with h 2 zrf 6 ( fluorozirconic acid ) and / or nh 4 oh ( ammonium hydroxide ). turning now to the table of fig5 , there it shows the corrosion resistance for the pedot / zr conversion coating on both 2024 - t3 and 7075 - t6 aluminum alloys . the results obtained were after 168 hours of salt spray fog corrosion testing ( ssfct ) and the hexavalent chromium based commercial alodine 1200s exhibited the best corrosion performance , with a corrosion score of 10 . 0 . the corrosion score values go from 0 ( zero ) for the worst corrosion performance to 10 ( ten ) for best corrosion performance . similarly , the table of fig6 shows the corrosion resistance for the ppy / zr coating on the 2024 - t3 and 7075 - t6 alloys as well as the alodine 1200s treated alloys . at this point , it should be noted that in addition to the zr ( zirconium ) salts used in these exemplary tests , other salts — either alone or in combination — may produce satisfactory results as well . in particular , salts of vanadium , cerium , hafnium , silicon , aluminum , boron , cobalt , magnesium , and zinc may be employed . additionally , other bath components such as ph adjusting compounds , solvents , non - aqueous dispersion media , silanes , dispersing agents , surfactants and coalescing solvents may be used to provide various degrees of coating effectiveness . further , while the method and resulting coating ( s ) have been described in the context of immersion bath ( s ), it is understood that alternative coating , e . g ., spray coating , may be used as well . lastly , other metallic substrates , such as steel , aluminum , copper , and / or iron and / or their alloys , will benefit from the process or method and coating ( s ). while the disclosure discusses and describes herein some specific examples , those skilled in the art will recognize that the teachings are not so limited . more specifically , it is understood that the method and coating may be used in virtually any application requiring corrosion protection , and in particular , those applications concerned with the problems associated with hexavalent chromium . accordingly , it is understood that the process or method and coating may be applicable to any automotive , marine , construction , industrial , or household use in addition to aeronautical applications and therefore should be only limited by the scope of the claims attached hereto .