the radiation cooler of fig1 and 3 comprises a heat sink 20 and a converging reflector 22 . heat sink 20 includes a forward heat conducting base 24 having a rearward black body coat 25 , and a rearwardly facing infrared radiation transmitting envelope 26 , the interior of which is evacuated . converging reflector 22 is mounted in a housing 28 within which are an ac to dc transformer 30 and a thermoelectric heat exchanger 32 . heat sink 20 is connected to thermoelectric head exchanger 32 and positioned with respect to reflector 22 by a rigid heat conduit 34 . as shown in fig1 housing 28 is mounted universally on a stand 35 having a stable base 36 , a vertically extensible section 38 and a universally pivoted section 40 . an extension cord 42 powers transformer 30 , which in turn powers heat exchanger 32 . the theoretical basis of the present invention is not understood with certainty . however , the operation of the radiation cooler of the present invention is believed to depend upon the following theoretical considerations . generally heat transfer by infrared radiation occurs between a relatively hot surface and a relatively cold surface in accordance with the following formula f = a dimensionless configuration factor that is a direct function of the magnitudes of the areas of both surfaces , the degree of parallelism of the surfaces , the closeness of the spacing of the surfaces , the closeness of the approximation to black body emissivity of the surfaces , and ambient conditions ; σ = the stefan - boltzman constant ( 0 . 171 × 10 - 8 btu / ft 2 h [ deg r ] 4 ) t n = the absolute temperature of the hot surface ( degree r ) and t c = the absolute temperature of the cold surface ( degree r ) the foregoing indicates that cooling by infrared radiation is a direct function of surface area . difficulties are encountered in attempting to utilize a large open cooling surface for radiation transfer when temperature is below freezing because of mechanical problems , particularly difficulties associated with frost prevention . in accordance with the present invention , a geometrically small heat sink , in which frost and other mechanical problems can be easily controlled , is converted effectively into a geometrically large heat sink by disposing it on the axis of an infrared optical condenser of relatively large diameter . the configuration of the reflector , in various modifications is spherical , parabolic , elliptical or aspheric . in fig4 for example , a heat sink 41 and a subject region 43 of restricted area a 1 , to be cooled , are positioned at conjugate points along the axis 44 of reflector 46 . the configuration factor f 1 , is such that a significant proportion of divergent radiation from subject region 43 is converged by reflector 46 toward heat sink 41 . in fig5 for example , the heat sink 48 and a subject region 50 of extended area a 2 , to be cooled , are positioned respectively at the focal point and at infinity along the axis 52 of reflector 54 . the configuration factor f 2 is such that a significant proportion of parallel radiation from subject region 50 is converged by reflector 54 toward heat sink 48 . from an optical standpoint , optimum positioning of the subject to be cooled may be determined approximately by calculating conjugate distances and magnifications of the heat sink and the subject surface in terms of what may be thought of as negative infrared or cooling rays emitted from the heat sink . more specifically , in fig4 in the case where mirror 46 is spherical , the positions of sink 41 and subject 43 are related by the formulae : s 1 = distance of sink 40 from mirror 46 s 2 = distance of subject 42 from mirror 46 in fig4 in the case where mirror 46 is elliptical , sink 41 is positioned at the first focal point and subject 43 is positioned at the second focal point of the mirror . in fig5 in the case where mirror 54 is parabolic , sink 48 is positioned at the focal point of mirror 54 . in accordance with the present invention , it is preferred that , in terms of cross - sectional areas in planes that are normal to the optical axis , the area of the infrared radiation condenser is at least 5 times the area of the heat sink and that most of the exposed surface of the heat sink , say at least 80 %, communicates optically with the infrared radiation condenser . in practice , the ratio of focal length to diameter of the infrared radiation condenser ; i . e . the optical f / number , should not exceed 2 . 0 . in the modification of fig6 and 7 , the radiation cooler comprises a heat sink 60 and a converging reflector 62 . heat sink 60 includes a rearwardly facing black body surface 64 and a rearwardly facing infrared radiation transmitting envelope 66 , the interior of which is evacuated . converging reflector is a fresnel reflector that is mounted on a housing 68 , in which are an ac to dc transformer 70 and a thermoelectric heat exchanger 72 . heat sink 60 is connected to heat exchanger 72 and positioned with respect to reflector 62 by a rigid heat conduit 74 . fresnel reflector 62 , which is disposed in generally a flat plane , is characterized by concentric conoidal facets that correspond to any of the spherical , parabolic , elliptical or aspheric configurations of the reflector of fig1 . in one form fresnel reflector 62 is composed of a thin metal , for example aluminum or magnesium . in another form , it is composed of a plastic , for example , methyl methacrylate or polycarbonate , which has been coated on its ridged , forward face with a vacuum deposited layer of aluminum or silver , ranging from 800 to 1500 angstrom units in thickness . as shown in fig8 the heat sink comprises a substrate 76 composed preferably of a metal , particularly of a nickel - iron metal alloy such as kovar , invar or platenite which has the same thermal coefficient of expansion as envelope 78 . this substrate has a flanged rim 77 for hermetic junction with the envelope , shown at 78 . the face of sink 76 within the envelope is either anodized or coated with a carbon pigment or lacquer 79 to provide a black face having a uniform absorbitivity throughout its area that approaches black body absorbitivity , preferably an absorbitivity of at least 0 . 75 . substrate 76 is in thermally conductive contact , by means of an interposed thermally conductive hydrocarbon grease 81 , with a support wafer 83 is welded to the heat pipe . substrate 76 is secured to support wafer 83 by a central screw ( not shown ) which extends integrally from substrate 76 and is turned into a threaded bore ( not shown ) in support wafer 83 . preferably , envelope 78 is composed of an infrared transmitting material such as fused quartz , saphire , magnesium fluoride , magnesium oxide , calcium fluoride , arsenic trisulfide , zinc sulfide , silicon , zinc selenide , germanium , sodium fluoride , cadmium telluride or thallium bromide - iodide . the arrangement is such that an uninterrupted thermally conductive path , i . e . all increments being characterized by a heat conductivity of at least 5 btu / hr ( ft 2 ) (° f . ), extends between the substrate 76 underlying face 79 and heat conduit 84 . as shown in fig4 and 5 , it is essential that subject surface 43 or 50 be the only energy source communicating with heat sink surface 79 and heat sink substrate 76 . in other words , the uninterrupted thermally conductive path established by heat sink surface 79 , heat sink substrate 76 and heat conduit 84 is electromotively isolated , i . e . it avoids electromotive forces that would tend to generate heat by electrical flow in a circuit . as shown in fig8 typically each of heat pipes 34 and 74 includes an outer tube 80 , an inner tube 82 and an interior cavity . outer tube 80 is composed of copper or stainless steel . inner tube 82 is composed of an open celled , porous network or wick composed of the same metal as the outer tube . the interior of the heat pipe is hermetically sealed by closed ends 84 , 86 . within the heat pipe is a fluid , for example methanol or ammonia , which when vaporized at heated extermity 84 flows through the tube toward cooled extremity 86 . at cooling extremity 86 , the fluid condenses and is drawn by capilary action through wick 82 back toward heated extremity 84 . the arrangement is such that rapid transport of heat from the heated extremity to the cooled extremity occurs with little temperature gradient . heat pipes 34 and 74 and portions of heat sinks 20 and 60 are coated with insulation 85 , which is composed for example of a natural or synthetic rubber . preferably thermoelectric heat exchangers 32 and 72 are of the peltier type , as shown in fig9 in which a load 87 to be cooled and a heat sink 88 are separated by a pair of n and p semiconductors 90 , 92 . one end of each semiconductor 90 , 92 is bonded to a common electrical conductor 94 . the opposite extremities of semiconductors 90 , 82 are bonded to isolated electrical conductors 96 , 98 . electrical conductor 94 is attached to load 87 by a thermally conducting , electrically insulating spacer 100 . likewise , electrical conductors 96 , 98 are attached to heat sink 88 by a thermally conducting , electrically insulating spacer 102 . when direct current is transmitted via leads 104 , 106 through electrical conductor 96 , n semiconductor 90 , electrical conductor 94 , p semiconductor 92 and electrical conductor 98 , cooling of load 87 occurs . in accordance with the present invention , a plurality of units of the type shown in fig9 are disposed between load 87 and heat sink 88 to provide a heat exchanger that is matched with the thermal path extending from the heat sink to establish a heat flow of at least 10 btu / hr ( ft 2 ) (° f .) and , preferably , at least 50 btu / hr ( ft 2 ) (° f .) when associated with an infrared radiation condenser of one square foot area for medical applications . the system of fig1 comprises a temperature sensor 110 and a radiation cooler 112 . temperature sensor 110 is in the form of a thermocouple that can be taped to a portion to the body of the patient in order to monitor his body temperature . radiation cooler 112 , which is of the type shown in either fig2 and 3 or fig6 and 7 , is positioned at a predetermined distance from the patient in order to increase infrared radiation from his body . in another form , heat sensor 110 is a pyrometer that is spaced from the patient &# 39 ; s body . as shown , space cooler 112 comprises a heat sink 114 , a heat pipe 116 , a fresnel reflector 118 , and a peltier effect thermoelectric heat exchanger 120 , all of the types described up above . heat exchanger 120 and temperature sensor 110 are connected by suitable leads 122 , 124 to a controller 126 , which includes a power supply for heat exchanger 120 and heat sensor 110 , as well as an adjustable control circuit by which the patient &# 39 ; s temperature can be monitored and controlled . the foregoing specific examples of the present invention have been based upon reflection of infrared radiation by infrared condensers of the reflection type . it is to be understood however that the term infrared condenser includes refractors , i . e . infrared lenses , composed , for example , of any of the infrared transmitting inorganic materials specified above or any of such plastic materials as polymethyl methacrylate , polystyrene , styrene acrylonitrite , polycarbonate , polymethyl pentane and polyphenylene oxide . one example of a refracting system embodying the present invention is shown in fig1 as comprising an infrared fresnel lens 128 , a heat sink 130 , an infrared fresnel reflector 132 , a heat pipe 134 , a peltier effect heat exchanger 136 and an ac to dc power supply 138 , all enclosed within a housing 140 . in operation , each of the devices of fig1 and 3 , fig5 and 6 , and fig1 ordinarily is positioned with respect to a subject surface to be cooled in such a way that its heat sink is no farther away from the subject surface than a distance equal to twice the diameter of the reflector and such that the optical path from the infrared radiation emitting subject surface via the infrared radiation condenser to the infrared radiation absorbing heat sink is uninterrupted and unobscured so that heat flow from a subject surface to the heat sink and through the heat conduit is continuous . in other words , the device is positioned quite closely to the subject surface in order to achieve the desired heat flow . in accordance with the present invention , the infrared radiation of primary interest is in the range of from 0 . 8 to 50 microns , particularly in the range of from 4 to 40 microns , i . e . the range associated with the temperature of the human body . preferably , envelopes 26 , 66 are composed of a material that is substantially transparent in a major portion of the range of from 4 to 40 microns . since certain changes may be made in the present disclosure without departing from the present invention , it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted in an illustrative and not in a limiting sense .