various embodiments of the invention are illustrated in fig2 - 16 , and described in the text that follows . although the invention has been most specifically illustrated with particular embodiments , it should be understood that the invention concerns the principles by which such embodiments may be constructed and operated , and is by no means limited to the specific configurations shown . we first address issues of terminology . for purposes of this disclosure , we will take “ anonymity ” to mean the de facto separation of an entity &# 39 ; s actions from its identity — and therefore from any distinguishing characteristics . “ ponoi session protection ” means conducting communications over a network with the use of a system as claimed in the parent u . s . patent application , u . s . ser . no . 09 / 453 , 239 , specifically , “ a system for providing communications over a network , by means including at least a client and a remote server , wherein a user may submit a request through said client for a specified action to be performed in response to said request by said remote server , said user - submitted request comprising identity information that identifies the user mailing the request , and action information that specifies the action requested from said remote server by said user , and wherein said communications are provided in a secure and anonymous manner in that said action information is submitted to said remote server without revealing said identity information to said remote server , and in that only said client , and not any facility through which said action information or any response thereto passes in the course of being submitted to or received from said remote server , possesses both said identity information and said action information , said system comprising ( in addition to said client and remote server ): a ) an application that separates said identity information and said action information from the user &# 39 ; s information request encrypts said identity information and said action information , and sends said identity information and said action information as so encrypted to a first intermediate server , b ) said first intermediate server , which contains means for decrypting said encrypted identity information but not said encrypted action information , and for transmitting said encrypted action information to a second intermediate server ; c ) said second intermediate server , which contains means for decrypting said action information , transmitting said decrypted action information to said remote server , receiving the remote server &# 39 ; s response , encrypting said remote server response , and transmitting said encrypted remote server response to said first intermediate server , d ) said first intermediate server further having means for receiving said encrypted remote server response from said second intermediate server , associating said encrypted remote server response with said identity information and sending said encrypted remote server response to said application ; said application further having means for decrypting said remote server response and forwarding said decrypted remote server response to said client for presentation to the user .” the present disclosure makes a distinction between enabling anonymity , in which case privacy results from stripping all unique information from a user , and privacy , in which case identifying information is retained but kept secure . the first embodiment discussed , which provides “ ponoi session protection ” ( sometimes referred to herein as the “ system ”), consists of three major components that participate in relaying anonymous http requests to a web server via ip . in reading the following description , general reference should be made to fig2 , 4 , 5 and 6 . 1 . the first component of the system is a client application ( for example , java applet client 606 ) that acts as an http proxy for a user &# 39 ; s web browser software while they are connected to the system . this application is the only portion of the system that resides on client systems ( such as client system 100 ) and will be communicated to those systems via the world - wide - web ( for example , by ftp or http download from a server ( not shown ) associated with what is referred to in fig6 as the “ privacy ” or “ system ” facility 300 . 2 . the second component is an identity server 251 , which is part of privacy facility 300 , that receives requests 225 from the client application and forwards them for further processing . the identity server 251 maintains the information required to transmit information back to a user for the duration of that user &# 39 ; s http session . portions of a user &# 39 ; s request 225 that contain information concerning the destination of that request — or that permit divination of the request — must never be accessible to the identity server . 3 . the third and final component of the system is an action server 252 that performs http requests on behalf of the system &# 39 ; s users ( e . g ., user 200 , etc .). the action server ( 252 ) must never have access to information that is specific to an individual user of the system , rather , it acts on behalf of the identity server 251 and return the results 275 of a user &# 39 ; s http request to the identity server 251 for transmission to the client . the mechanism by which the identity server 251 is prevented from accessing information about the destination of an http request and by which the action server 252 is prevented from accessing information about the source of a request is a communication protocol that employs public key cryptographic techniques . see generally , rivest , et al ., u . s . pat . no . 4 , 405 , 829 . by employing cryptographic techniques to guarantee that the system internally separates identity information from action information , we also guarantee that this separation is maintained on either side of the system facility 300 . because of this secure encryption , third parties monitoring network traffic going to or coming from any of the servers in the system facility , either legally or illegally , are never able to connect an action taken by the server to the identity of a user who is connected to the server . in addition , the persons administering such servers also do not have any means for making such a connection . thus , it is not necessary for such administrators to be trusted by users of the system in order for such users to derive the security and anonymity benefits provided by the invention . in the “ privacy ” or “ system ” facility referred to above , the identity server , action server and other elements thereof can be separate processes on a single machine or processor , processes on separate machines or processors . such servers and other elements can be under the same administration or separate administration . the determination of such matters is not critical to the invention . the action server 252 has full knowledge of individual &# 39 ; s actions but no knowledge of individual &# 39 ; s identity the identity server 251 has full knowledge of individual &# 39 ; s identity but no knowledge of individual &# 39 ; s actions the java applet client 606 separates identity and action information each of the action server 252 , identity server 251 and java applet client 606 have a unique pair of public - private keys the action server 252 and java applet client 606 can communicate with one another only by passing encrypted requests through identity server the flow of processing in the system is illustrated in fig7 - 10 . as shown in fig7 , system initialization 710 begins when user 200 who is rung a web browser 105 , downloads the code for java applet client 600 from a server associated with the system facility 300 . next , 720 , the java applet client 606 , running under web browser 105 , changes browser 105 &# 39 ; s proxy setting to direct http requests through the java applet . then , 730 , the java applet client 606 creates public - private key pair . in step 740 , java applet client 606 receives identity server &# 39 ; s ( 251 ) public key . in step 750 , the java applet client 606 encrypts its public key with the identity server &# 39 ; s ( 251 ) public key and sends its public key , so encrypted , to identity server 251 . in step 760 , the identity server 251 encrypts action server &# 39 ; s ( 252 ) public key with the java applet client &# 39 ; s ( 606 ) public key , and sends action server &# 39 ; s ( 252 ) public key , so encrypted , to java applet client 606 . in step 770 , java applet client 606 encrypts its public key with the action server &# 39 ; s ( 252 ) public key and sends its public key , so encrypted , to action server ( 252 ) via identity server 251 . as shown in fig8 , request transmission comprises the following steps : in step 810 , java applet client 606 monitors the input - output streams from browser 105 . in step 820 , when an http request 125 is sent by browser 105 , java applet client 606 , which has been configured as such browser &# 39 ; s http proxy , receives the request and parses it into separate identity and action information . in step 830 , java applet client 606 creates a first sealed object containing the action information for the http request 125 , encrypted with the action server &# 39 ; s ( 252 ) public key . in step 840 , the java applet client 606 creates a second sealed object containing the identity information for the http request 125 encrypted with the identity server &# 39 ; s ( 251 ) public key in step 850 , java applet client 606 sends both sealed objects to the identity server 251 . in step 860 , identity server 251 forwards the action sealed object to the action server 252 . in step 870 , action server 252 decrypts action information for the http request and forwards it , preferably through another intermediate http proxy ( not shown ), to the destination third part server . as shown in fig9 , response transmission comprises the following steps : in step 910 , the action server 252 receives http response 275 from the third - party server , preferably through said intermediate http server . in step 920 , action server 252 encrypts http response 275 with the java applet clients ( 606 ) public key . in step 930 , action server 252 forwards encrypted http response 230 to identity server 251 . in step 940 , identity server 251 forwards encrypted http response 230 to java applet client 606 . in step 950 , java applet client 606 decrypts http response 230 and forwards it to browser 105 for display . as shown in fig1 , session termination comprises the following steps : in step 1010 , java applet client 606 purges public - private key pair it has created . in step 1020 , java applet client 606 resets browser 105 proxy settings to previous values . fig3 reflects other functionality in addition to simple network navigation and web browsing 301 that is provided in connection with the invention . such functionality includes without limitation web browsing with passwords 302 , electronic mail 303 , file storage and transfer 304 , chat 3 q 5 , telephony 306 , transactions 307 , and electronic commerce 308 . what follows is a more detailed description of the various system components of a first embodiment and their operation . the proxy client of the first embodiment , a small footprint java applet 606 , is the system component responsible for connecting end - users to the system . it functions as an http proxy server and service http requests from a user &# 39 ; s web browser . requests transferred through the system proxy client are encrypted and transferred to the identity server . responses received by the proxy client from the action server via the identity server are decrypted and returned to a user &# 39 ; s web browser . upon invocation from a known url on the world - wide - web , the proxy client is loaded from a jar file by a client web browser . once loaded , the proxy client generates and / or retrieve the cryptographic data required to establish a secure communication channel with the system action server , and automatically configures the user &# 39 ; s web browser to use the proxy client as a proxy server for browsing the world - wide - web ( or alternately prompts the user to make this setting manually ). after receiving an http request generated by a user &# 39 ; s web browser , the proxy client establishes a secure connection to the identity server using the communication protocol discussed later in this disclosure . in the event of connection failure , the proxy client informs the user of the failure via a dialog box , and configuration changes to the user &# 39 ; s web browser are reversed . assuming a connection to the identity server can be successfully established , the proxy client filters all identifying information from the current http request , removing http header data or replacing header values with non - identifying defaults as necessary . the http request is then be appended to any cryptographic data required for response transmission and both are be encrypted using the cryptographic protocol specified as part of the system communication protocol ( see communication protocol section below ). encrypted data is then be placed within a well formed the system protocol request , and the request is transmitted to the identity server . once a request has been sent from the proxy client to the identity server , the proxy client waits for a response . if a valid response is received , that response is be decrypted and returned to the user &# 39 ; s web browser . should the system fail to respond to a proxy client &# 39 ; s request for a specified timeout interval , the proxy client aborts request processing and returns an error page to the user &# 39 ; s web browser . upon receiving a request from a web browser , the proxy client applet initiates a connection to the identity server . once this connection is established the identity server reads the contents of an encrypted http request from the proxy client . should a valid request not be received within a specified tune - out interval , the identity server 251 terminates the connection with the proxy client applet . after receiving an encrypted client request , the identity server establishes a communication connection with the action server , and forward the request for further processing . in the event that a connection between the identity and action servers cannot be established , the identity server terminates its connection with the proxy client applet . once a connection is successfully established and those portions of the client request not related to the client &# 39 ; s identity have been transferred , the identity server waits for a response from the action server . again , in the event that a response is not received within a specified time - out interval , the identity server terminates its connection with the proxy client applet . finally , valid response data received from the action server is forwarded to the proxy client applet , and all ip connections are terminated . the action server 252 is a background process that resides on a computer system associated with system facility 300 . its role is to execute http requests on behalf of users of the system , and act as an end - point for the cryptographically secure communication channel by which data is transferred between the system &# 39 ; s back - end facilities and its users . once the identity server has received an http request , a connection is established between the identity server and an action server residing on a different physical computer . this connection is used to forward the http request to the action server where it is decrypted . after decryption , the clear text http request is forwarded to a standard http proxy server that retrieves the requested url and returns it to the action server . should the http proxy fail to respond within a specified time - out interval , the action server terminates its ip connections with both the proxy server and the identity server . if a valid http response is received by the action server , that response is encrypted using the cryptographic data provided along with the http request , and the response is returned to the proxy client via the identity server . within the system , a single communication protocol is used to relay http requests from the proxy client applet to the identity server and from the identity server to the action server . this protocol contains encrypted http data augmented with a cryptographic key exchange mechanism and a minimal amount of control information . two transmission formats are defined by this specification , the first for communication to the action server , and the second for communication by the action server . http requests transmitted by the proxy client to the identity server for processing by the action server is formatted as follows : each transmission consists of three distinct parts . the first is a 96 - bit long clear text header block that contains control information for the transmission . the second and third portions are encrypted data blocks of variable length . the header is immediately followed by the proxy client &# 39 ; s public key in order to permit responses from the action server to be encrypted for transmission to the proxy client the http request received from a user &# 39 ; s web browser follows the public key . magic cookie ( bits 0 - 31 ): an identifier used to rapidly indicate a valid transmission . all components of the system shall terminate communications that do not begin with this sequence . http responses transmitted by the action server to the proxy client are formatted as follows : each transmission consists of two distinct parts . the first is an 80 - bit long clear text header block that contains control information for the transmission . the second portions is an encrypted data block of variable length containing the http response for a client &# 39 ; s request magic cookie ( bits 0 - 31 ): a unique identifier used to rapidly indicate a valid transmission . all components of the system shall terminate communications that do not begin with this sequence . protocol version ( bits 32 - 39 ): a number used to identify the version of the protocol for future compatibility . the version of the protocol used in the prototype implementation will be 0x01 ( one ). http response data length ( bits 40 - 72 ): length of the encrypted http response in bytes . end of header marker ( bits 73 - 80 ): the literal value 0x00 ( zero ) used to delimit the header and data portions of a transmission . further embodiments of the invention are discussed in connection with the component block level diagram shown in fig1 , and the uml diagrams of system objects shown in fig1 - 16 . two primary types of data exist encrypted in the database : persistent objects and access control data persistent objects include binary data , collections and users . access control data is used to validate that a given user &# 39 ; s request is allowed under the permissions set up by the object &# 39 ; s owner . cryptography protects both the persistent objects and their associated access control entries such that the system never has sufficient information to decrypt both , or to associate a given access control entry with an object persistently . the private persistent storage capabilities provided by one embodiment of the invention involve the following ( with reference to fig1 ): a client application residing on the end user &# 39 ; s ( or end computer &# 39 ; s ) computer ( 1101 ). the system has the goal of protecting stored , or persistent , data such that : only the owner of stored data knows who owns a set of data stored data can be accessed from any point on the communications network ( 1103 ) the server portions of the system cannot decrypt stored data objects the server portions of the system cannot associate one object with another the server portions of the system cannot associate an object with its owner specific implementations of this system and method can vary across computer and network platforms , can exist at different points in the network stack , on different platforms , as hardware or as software , using symmetric or public - private key cryptography algorithms . a simple implementation is used below to illustrate the system and method in practice . in this implementation , the client application is a java applet within an end user &# 39 ; s web browser , the first intermediate server is known as the identity server , the second intermediate server is known as the action server ; and there are no further intermediate servers . to store data in one embodiment , the following steps are employed : ( a ) generating within the client application ( 1102 ) a first encryption key and a first decryption key . these can be a public - private key pair , or symmetric keys can be used in combination with a public - private key pair ; ( c ) generating a data object identifier within the client application . this can be a pseudorandom number , preferably a very large pseudorandom number to minimize any possibility of the same identifier being derived in a subsequent session and / or by a different user ; ( d ) creating a data object that contains the data object identifier and the encrypted data ; ( e ) sending the data object to the action server ( 1105 ) through the identity server ( 1104 ) in accordance with the session protection methods described above ( ponoi session protection ). note that there can be a plurality of identity and / or action servers ; ( f ) storing the data object in a database ( 1106 ) under the control of the action server , using the data object identifier as a locator ; ( g ) writing the data object identifier to a user object ( see fig1 ) within the client application . note that a user object can hold other data in addition to that described for this storage application , and that there can be a hierarchy of data objects with one being regarded as the “ root data object ”. in general , the user object described here is sometimes referred to as the “ hierarchical user object ”; ( i ) generating within the client application a user object encryption key based on information private to the user and reproducible in future sessions by the user , in a manner such that the private information cannot practicably be derived from the user object encryption key . note that there are many possibilities for how such keys and identifiers may be generated ( here as well as with respect to the other applications describer herein ). one approach is to take double - hash the user &# 39 ; s password , add it to the user &# 39 ; s id and hash the result ; ( k ) generating within the client application a user object identifier based on information private to the user and reproducible in future sessions by the user , in a manner such that the private information cannot practicably be derived from the user object identifier , note that there are many possibilities for how such keys and identifiers may be generated . one approach is to use a hash of the user &# 39 ; s id ; ( m ) sending the user object and user object identifier to the action server through the action server in accordance with ponoi session protection ; and ( n ) storing the user object in the database ( 1106 , 1107 ), using the user object identifier as a locator . result : end user has stored data remotely , can access that data in the future storing system does not know identity of end user or contents of stored data or location of keys to decrypt stored data . to retrieve data in one embodiment , the following steps are employed : ( a ) generating within the client application ( 1102 ) ( which may be a java applet ) a user object identifier in accordance with the same method and based on the same information that was used to generate the user identifier by which the data had previously been stored . to do this , the end user would input authentication tokens such as username and password ; ( b ) sending the user object identifier and a request for a user object to the action server ( 1105 ) through the identity server ( 1104 ) with ponoi session protection . again , there can be a plurality of identity and / or action servers on the network ; ( c ) if the user object identifier matches a user object identifier previously stored by the action server , sending the requested user object to the client application through the identity server under ponoi session protection . the requested user object residing on the action server comprises a data object decryption key and a data object identifier is encrypted with a user object encryption key ; ( d ) generating within the client application a user object decryption key in accordance with the same method and based on the same information that was used to generate the user object encryption key for storage purposes ; ( f ) selecting from the decrypted user object the data object identifier corresponding to the encrypted data desired to be retrieved ; ( g ) sending the data object identifier and a request for the encrypted data to the action server through the action server in accordance with ponoi session protection ; ( h ) within the action server , retrieving the encrypted data from a database ( 1106 ) under the control of the action server , using the data object identifier as a locator ; ( i ) sending the encrypted data to the client application through the action server in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; ( j ) reading the data object decryption key from the decrypted user object ; result : end user has retrieved stored data without revealing identity to holder of data . upon the conclusion of a user session all keys may be deleted on the client side . keys for the hierarchical user object can be regenerated by the client based on the user &# 39 ; s authentication token . keys for stored objects can be read from the hierarchical user object . although the foregoing was presented in the context of a system comprising first and second intermediate servers and ponoi session protection , such as system could use any other means of network storage , such as a stand - alone storage server with which client applications communicate via secure socket layers ( ssl ). in addition , a system involving the use of ponoi session to protection could be configured such that data transfers were broken down into data increments and a plurality of identity and action servers were employed in a distributed processing manner . the access control capabilities provided by one embodiment of the invention involve the following : a client application residing on the end user &# 39 ; s computer or interoperating with a computer application . the system has as a goal protecting stored , or persistent , data such that : only the owner of stored data and others with access rights to stored data know the contents of the stored data only the owner of stored data and others with access rights to stored data know who owns a set of data stored data can be accessed from any point on the communications network the server portions of the system cannot decrypt stored data objects the server portions of the system cannot associate one object with another the server portions of the system cannot associate an object with its owner or others with access rights to stored data stored data can be accessed by other individuals and applications , not just the data owner access controls to stored data are applied remotely , on the server the server portions of the system cannot know access privileges associated with a set of data and / or a set of individual ( s ) or application ( s ). end users and / or computer applications can control the users and groups who have access to stored data specific implementations of this system and method can vary across computer and network platforms , can exist at different points in the network stack , on different platforms , as hardware or as software , using symmetric or public - private key cryptography algorithms . a simple implementation is used below to illustrate the system and method in practice . in this implementation , the client application is a java applet within an end user &# 39 ; s web browser ; the first intermediate server is known as the identity server ; the second intermediate server is known as the action server , and there are no further intermediate servers . to store data and grant access to data in one embodiment , the following steps are employed : ( a ) identifying the data to be stored and the user who is to have access thereto ; ( b ) generating within the client application ( 1102 ) a first encryption key and a first decryption key ; ( e ) reading with the client application an identifier for the accessing user ; ( f ) generating a coded user identifier from the user identifier in a manner such that the user identifier cannot practicably be deduced from the coded user identifier ; ( g ) sending the coded user identifier to the action server ( 1105 ) together with a request for the accessing user &# 39 ; s message queue public key , through the identity server ( 1104 ), in accordance with ponoi session protection ; ( h ) the action server identifying the message queue public key associated with the coded user identifier and returning the message queue public key to the client application through the identity server , in accordance with ponoi session protection ; ( i ) creating a message object comprising the data object identifier , the first decryption key , and the private challenge key ; ( k ) sending the encrypted message object to the message queue on the action server associated with the coded user identifier , through the identity server , in accordance with ponoi session protection ; ( l ) creating a data object comprising the data object identifier , the encrypted data , and the public challenge key ; ( m ) sending the data object to the action server through the identity server , in accordance with ponoi session protection ; ( n ) the action server storing the encrypted data in a database ( 1106 , 1109 ) under the control of the action server , using the data object identifier as a locator and maintaining an association with the public challenge key . result data stored in private , protected fashion . data accessible by party other than owner . central data holder does not know contents or owner of stored data . central data holder does not know access rights of others to stored data . to retrieve data to which access has recently been granted , in one embodiment , the following steps are employed : ( a ) the accessing user providing authentication token to client application ( 1102 ); ( b ) generating within the client application a user object identifier based on the authentication token in the same manner previously used to generate the user object identifier associated with the accessing user on the action server , ( c ) sending the user object identifier and a request for a user object to the action server ( 1105 ) through the identity server ( 1104 ) in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; ( d ) if the user object identifier matches a user object identifier previously stored by the action server , sending the requested user object to the client application through the identity server in accordance with the method of claim 1 , the requested user object comprising a reference to the accessing user &# 39 ; s message queue on the action server and a message queue decryption key ; ( e ) requesting the message queue from the action server through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; ( f ) the action server retrieving the message queue from a database ( 1106 , 1108 ) under control of the action server , and returning the message queue to the client application through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 , the message queue comprising a message object previously inserted in the message queue in accordance with claim 4 ; ( i ) reading the message object and obtaining therefrom the data object identifier for encrypted data that had been stored under control of the action server in accordance with claim 4 ; ( j ) generating a challenge request and forwarding the challenge request and the data object identifier to the action server through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; k ) the action server encrypting the challenge with the public challenge key that was associated with the data object identifier in accordance with claim 4 , and returning the encrypted challenge to the client application through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; ( n ) returning the unencrypted challenge together with the data object identifier to the action server through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; ( o ) the action server matching the challenge received with the challenge sent , and retrieving a data element associated with the data object identifier ; ( p ) sending the data element to the client application through the identity server , in accordance with the method of claim 1 ; in one embodiment , the encrypted data is directly returned to the client application . in an alternative implementation , an object handle , constituting a temporary pre - approval to access one or more objects , is returned , rather than the data object . this has the benefit of allowing large data objects to be returned in many small increments rather than one very large piece . result : data is stored in private , protected fashion . data is accessible by parties other than the owner . central data holder does not know the contents or owner of the stored data . central data holder does not know access rights of others to the stored data . central data holder is able to apply access privileges to stored data . groups ( actually known as a collection , inside the code ) are treated as meta - collections of users . that is , just as a user has a message queue , so too does a group have a message queue . just as an object has a challenge key , so too does a group have a challenge key . in practice , a user would have , in his user object , a reference to a group and group challenge to which he belonged . again , although the foregoing was presented in the context of a system comprising first and second intermediate servers and ponoi session protection , such as system could use any other means of network storage , such as a stand - alone storage server with which client applications communicate via secure socket layers ( ssl ). in addition , a system involving the use of ponoi session as protection could be configured such that data transfers were broken down into data increments and a plurality of identity and action servers were employed in a distributed processing manner . persistent data is protected with stronger encryption than session traffic . the client generates additional symmetric keys to encrypt persistent data . since the data may be retrieved during a subsequent session , the private , the key must be stored persistently to dept the data . top - level objects use a pass phase - based cipher to encrypt the top - level object data this cipher uses a base - 64 encoded , one - way hash of the user &# 39 ; s name and password as the seed for a symmetric des key . top - level objects are thus protected with the strongest level of encryption . to retrieve the top - level object , the user &# 39 ; s name and password are re - hashed and encoded to create a new des symmetric key to decrypt the user object the user is thus the only agent capable of decrypting the top - level object without mounting a dictionary attack . for all other objects , the client regenerates its persistent - strength 3des or blowfish key . the object will be encrypted with this key . the key will be stored in the parent of the object being created . in addition to storing the key , the parent also contains a locator for the child object . once a user has successfully authenticated and has access privileges to read the parent object , the data needed to both locate and decrypt the object is available ( only on the client ). to ensure the anonymity of data , the client creates nearly all locators in the system . these are based on a series of one - way bashes of data the user knows but could not be readily guessed ( e . g ., user name and password ). when the user enters authentication data , the client creates the appropriate hashed locator . all other locators in the system are stored encrypted under a top - level object . users may navigate their ‘ tree ’ in memory on the client one level at a time . for example , given a decrypted object , the client application may reference the object locators and decrypters of all child objects directly linked to the parent object . when that object is retrieved and decrypted , it may contain locators to other collections or persistent objects , as well . challenges verify that a given user has the credentials necessary to execute a request , typically a persistent storage or retrieval request requiring use of the access control system . all challenges use asymmetric , or public - private , cryptography . to protect against a “ known ciphertext ” attack against the client by the server , these challenges do not use standard encryption / decryption , but rather use signing / verifying . thus , the algorithm chosen must support digital signatures . 1 . client request requires verification of identity without furnishing personally - identifiable data 3 . server sends r1 to client ( may be sent in plaintext ) 7 . client sends server signed bytes ( may be sent in plaintext ) a core component of the ponoi service is to provide encryption and decryption services that secure users both within single sessions and across multiple sessions . authentication begins within a basic ponoi session and is therefore secure . successful authentication prompts a registered user ponoi session the idserver receives and stores only digests of user name and password for added security . the access control entry for a user object is encrypted by the server at account creation with passphrase - based encryption ( pbe ). this cipher is generated by taking a hashing a hash of the user name and double - hash of the user password . the actual user object is protected by the inverse of this ( e . g ., hashing a double - hash of the user name and a single - hash of the password ). since only the user knows both the name and password of the account , neither hash can be computed from the other . the client uses the standard access control system to authenticate to an account ( user ) object if the user can decrypt both the access control entry and the user object , the user has been authenticated . unlike most parts of the system , access control is primarily a server - centric component . when creating a new object , the client initiates the create request the server creates an empty database record and an access control entry for the object , which is returned after the database creation is successful . the client then updates the object with the access control entry . it then encrypts the object and uploads it to the server , which fills the remainder of the database record . the access control record is stored encrypted on the server . the access controller on the server returns the location of the access control record in the database , as well as two sets of decrypting keys for the access control record . the first key , known as the access decrypter , may be shared with any other user , using a grant access request the second key , known as the owner decrypter , is used solely to grant and revoke access to other users . when requesting a create , read , update or delete request on an object , only the access decrypter needs to be furnished to modify , grant or revoke privileges on an object , the owner decrypter must be supplied as well . each access control list may have one or more access control entries . these entries are identified by a random hash , called the access control locator . these locators do not map in any way to the user or account locators discussed earlier . each locator also has an asymmetric private key used to verify the identity of the requester , without actually using personally - identifiable information . the client maintains a set of public signing keys that will be used to correctly respond to cryptographic challenges from the server ( see challenges in cryptography above ). to read , modify or delete an object , the client must supply the correct access locator and decrypter for the access control entry . if the server can locate and decrypt the access control entry successfully , and if the permissions decrypted match the permissions required for the request , the server will execute the request . otherwise , a permission denied exception will be thrown and displayed to the user . the create privilege works slightly differently than read , update and delete . create acts on a parent collection , and the create privilege translates to “ has privileges to create child objects under this collection ”. thus , create acts on a parent , containing object while all other privileges act on the object itself . when an object is created , it is assigned the default privileges of create , read , update , delete and modify . to change the permissions on an object , the user must supply the access decrypter and have the modify privilege . to change the modify privilege itself , the user must supply the owner decrypter . an example of a modify request would be changing an object from unlimited privileges to read - only . grant and revoke extend the discretionary access control system by allowing rights to objects to be shared among users and collections . to issue a grant , the user must supply the owner decrypter of the access control record for that object . if the system is able to successfully decrypt both the permissions and the owner encrypted portions of the access record , the server will process the grant request . a new access control entry is created , based on the existing access control entry . the client portion of this entry ( locator and decrypters ) will be placed in the requesting user &# 39 ; s public in - box . when the user again access his or her account , the in - box will be read by the client and decrypted . the user object will then be updated by the client with the new access control information and saved to the database . at this point , the access control grant is deleted from the user &# 39 ; s in - box . revocation is the mirror - image of granting access . when a user has access revoked , his or her corresponding access control record in the database is invalidated . if the user attempts to use the system to access that record in the future , the locators and decrypters to the data will now be invalid . the user will receive a notification , in their public in - box , that access to a specific object has been revoked . the client will remove the entry from the user &# 39 ; s internal list of access control entries and re - save the object even with a corrupted client attempting to re - transmit previously valid data will not be able to access the system no key on the client will decrypt a valid access control entry in the system any longer . the database design of ponoi provides persistent , anonymous , encrypted data storage . au data stored in ponoi is encrypted . all primary keys consist of a one - way hash of the actual primary key name . only the client application or applet has the ability to locate and decrypt records . see fig1 for a general depiction of this data model . all persistent data stored in the system is saved , encrypted , in the persistent object table . two types of object exist within the system : collections and objects . collections may contain other collections or an object . one special type of collection is a user or owner collection . these collections use ponoi &# 39 ; s authentication protocol , currently based on a user name and password , to validate a user &# 39 ; s identity . all other object requests take place through the access control sub - system . the assertion column maps to a server accessrecord or grouprecord meta - object . the data column maps to a client persistentobject , collection , group , user or file object . all objects contain a ‘ public ’ inbox that other users in the system may drop encrypted data into . the encrypter column contains the key that will encrypt all data put in the inbox . the verifier is used to challenge the owner for access to view the queue . no challenge is required to add new messages to a queue . each public collection may have zero or more public item children . the encrypter from the parent public collection will be used by the client to encrypt the data for the public item . one use of the public inbox for a user is the granting and revocation of access control rights to other objects or users . the system values table holds global data not pertaining to any user or group &# 39 ; s persistent data . the only current use of this table is to hold the server , private trust key , used to assure secure key exchange ( see session . cryptography above ). two primary types of data exist encrypted in the database : persistent objects and access control data . persistent objects include binary data , collections and users . access control data is used to validate that a given user &# 39 ; s request is allowed under the owner &# 39 ; s specified permissions . cryptography protects both the persistent objects and their associated access control entries such that the system never has sufficient information to decrypt both , or to associate a given access control entry with an object . all persistent data in the system , whether a user account , collection or binary data is stored as a persistentobject . each object must have a name , which is unique within its parent collection ( if a child object ) or the all top - level objects ( if a top - level object ). in addition , all objects contain an objectrecord , which contains the information needed to locate the object in the database and the keys to decrypt it . each object contains an objectrecord . this describes which database tables the object and its associated access control data are stored . in addition , the primary key for both the object and its access record , as well as all persistent private keys needed to decrypt the data , are stored in the objectrecord . these objectrecord entries are also stored in the children element of a collection . this way , a parent collection ‘ knows ’ how to locate all child objects or collections once decrypted properly . any object in the system may have zero of more text attributes associated with it . a file object , for example , may store the actual local filesystem location that the file was uploaded from as well as the unencrypted size of the file . collection inherits from peristentobject . a collection may contain other persistentobject or collection objects , forming a hierarchical tree . the children element contains the records of these other objects . each child record must be loaded from the database separately . only the objectrecord of a given child is loaded when the object is decrypted . it contains the information needed to locate and decrypt the object and its associated access control record . to actually retrieve the object , a request for the object must be made and access control validated before the actual object will be returned to the client . accessrecords exist only in the database and on ponoi servers . the accessrecord contains the permissions of for a given persistentobject as well as the encrypting keys needed to re - encrypt the access control record in case of an access control change request ( grant , modify or revoke ). the ownerencrypter is actually stored encrypted with itself . to assert ownership over an object , the user must additionally correctly respond to a challenge using the ownerverifier , which differs from the standard verifier . any request that furnishes a valid accessdecrypter that decrypts the access control entry and successfully responds to a cryptographic challenge from the server allows a permission check . for create requests , the system checks the parent collection for the rights to create child objects ( create privilege ). for other object requests ( read , update and delete privileges ), the system checks the access control permissions on the object itself . for access control modifications ( grant , modify and revoke privileges ), the client must correctly respond to an ownership cryptographic challenge , as above . if successful , then the owner is allowed to re - save the access control entry or create a copy to place in another user &# 39 ; s public inbox . in an alternate embodiment of the invention , the primary components of ponoi , the client , identity server , and action server , exist as processes on computers . for example , the client would exist as a code library inside a client application on a portable digital assistant ( pda ). the identity server and action server would exist as one or more code libraries or objects interoperating with a network - based server such as a database or content management system . in this embodiment , the functions of protecting session traffic , data storage , and access control would occur through the intercommunication of these ponoi processes residing on multiple computers . it is apparent from the foregoing that the present invention achieves the specified objects of providing secure and anonymous use of a communications network , as well as the other objectives outlined herein while the certain specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of the invention are readily adaptable to other implementations and system configurations and communications paradigms without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention , as defined in the following claims .