referring now to the drawings , fig1 illustrates gearing , clutches , brakes , shafts , fluid passages , and other components of a multiple - speed automatic transaxle arranged substantially concentrically about an axis 11 . a torque converter includes an impeller driven by an engine , a turbine hydrokinetically coupled to the impeller , and a stator between the impeller and turbine . a transmission input shaft 20 is secured by a spline connection 21 to the turbine . the stator is secured by a spline connection 22 to a front support 24 , which is secured against rotation to a transmission case 26 . a double pinion , speed reduction planetary gearset 28 includes a sun gear 30 , secured by a spline connection 31 to input shaft 20 ; a carrier 32 , secured by a spline connection 33 to the front support 24 ; a ring gear 34 , secured by a spline connection 35 to a front cylinder assembly 36 ; a first set of planet pinions 38 supported on carrier 32 and meshing with sun gear 30 ; and a second set of planet pinions 40 , supported on carrier 32 and meshing with ring gear 34 and the first pinions 38 . ring gear 34 rotates in the same direction as input shaft 20 but at a reduced speed . rear gearset 46 and middle gearset 48 are simple planetary gearsets . gearset 46 includes a set of planet pinion 50 supported for rotation on carrier 52 and meshing with both sun gear 54 and ring gear 56 . gearset 48 includes a set of planet pinions 58 supported for rotation on carrier 60 and meshing with both sun gear 62 and ring gear 64 . sun gear 54 is splined to a shaft that is splined to a shell 66 , on which shaft sun gear 62 is formed , thereby securing the sun gears 54 , 62 mutually and to the shell 66 . carrier 52 is fixed to a shell 68 . carrier 60 and ring gear 56 are fixed to each other and to output pinion 70 through a shell 72 . ring gear 64 is fixed to shell 74 . front cylinder assembly 36 , which is fixed to ring gear 34 , actuates clutches 76 , 80 . plates for clutch 76 includes plates splined to front cylinder assembly 36 alternating with plates splined to shell 74 . when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 78 , the plates are forced together and torque is transmitted between ring gears 34 and 64 . when the hydraulic pressure is released , ring gears 34 and 64 may rotate at different speeds with low parasitic drag . similarly , plates for clutch 80 include plates splined to front cylinder assembly 36 alternating with plates splined to shell 66 . when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 82 , torque is transmitted between ring gear 34 and sun gears 54 , 62 . pressurized fluid is routed from a control body 84 , through front support 24 , into front cylinder assembly 36 between rotating seals . middle cylinder assembly 86 , which includes carrier 32 , actuates brake 88 . plates for brake 88 include plates splined to carrier 32 alternating with plates splined to shell 66 . when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 90 , the brake holds sun gears 54 , 62 against rotation . pressurized fluid is routed from the control body 84 , through case 26 to front support 24 , between planet pinions 38 , 40 , into middle cylinder assembly 86 . due to the location of clutch pack 88 , output element 70 is located in the more favorable position near the front of the gear box . rear cylinder assembly 92 is secured by a spline connection 93 fixed to input shaft 20 . when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 94 , the plates of clutch 96 transmit torque between input shaft 20 and carrier 52 . similarly , when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 98 , the plates of clutch 100 transmit torque between input shaft 20 and sun gears 54 , 62 . pressurized fluid is routed from the control body 84 , through case 26 and cover 111 into rear cylinder assembly 92 . when hydraulic pressure is applied to piston 102 , brake 104 holds carrier 52 and shell 68 against rotation . a one - way brake 106 passively prevents carrier 52 and shell 68 from rotating in the negative direction , but allows them to rotate in the forward direction . one - way brake 106 may optionally be omitted and its function performed by actively controlling brake 104 . the d brake 104 is used only as a latching device not as a dynamic brake . to minimize parasitic viscous drag loss produced in brake 104 it is desired that excess oil not be present in the brake . therefore , an oil dam formed by an oil seal 103 between the piston 94 of e clutch 96 and the inner race 107 of one - way brake 106 is provided to limit or prevent oil from entering the d brake 104 . the inner radial end of return spring 108 continually contacts the piston 102 that actuates brake 104 . the outer radial end of return spring 108 continually contacts a fixed structure , so that the spring flexes as the piston 102 moves in the cylinder of the d brake 104 . in this way , return spring 108 also participates in the oil dam by limiting or preventing radial flow of oil into the d brake 104 caused by centrifugal force . this arrangement permits brake 88 and clutches 76 , 80 to be mutually concentric , located at an axial plane , and located radially outward from the planetary gearsets 28 , 46 , 48 such that they do not add to the axial length of the gearbox . similarly , clutches 96 , 100 and brake 104 are mutually concentric and located radially outward from the planetary gearing 28 , 46 , 48 . clutches 76 , 80 , 96 , 100 and brakes 88 , 104 , 106 comprise the control elements . as fig2 a , 2 b illustrate , the front cylinder assembly 36 is supported for rotation on the fixed front support 24 and carrier 34 . the front cylinder assembly 36 is formed with clutch actuation fluid passages , each passage communicating with one of the cylinders 114 , 116 formed in the front cylinder assembly 36 . cylinder 114 contains piston 78 ; cylinder 116 contains piston 82 . one of the fluid passages in front cylinder assembly 36 is represented in fig2 by interconnected passage lengths 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , through which cylinder 116 communicates with a source of clutch control hydraulic pressure . another of the fluid passages in front cylinder assembly 36 , which is similar to passage lengths 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 but spaced angularly about axis 11 from passage lengths 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , communicates a source of clutch control hydraulic pressure to cylinder 114 . passage lengths 109 are machined in the surface at the inside diameter of the front cylinder assembly 36 . the front cylinder assembly 36 is also formed with a balance volume supply passage , similar to , but spaced angularly about axis 11 from passage lengths 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 . the balance volume supply passage communicates with balance volumes 120 , 122 . as shown in fig2 a , the balance volume supply passage includes an axial passage length 124 , which communicates with a source of balance volume supply fluid and pressure , and a radial passage length 126 , through which fluid flows into the balance volumes 120 , 122 from passage 124 . passage 124 may be a single drilled hole extending along a longitudinal axis and located between the two clutch balance areas of the a clutch and b clutch . passage 124 carries fluid to cross drilled holes 126 , which communicate with the balance volumes 120 , 122 . coiled compression springs 128 , 130 , each located in a respective balance dam 120 , 122 , urge the respective piston 78 , 82 to the position shown in fig2 . ring gear 34 is secured to front cylinder assembly 36 by a spline connection 132 . middle cylinder assembly 86 includes carrier 32 , which is grounded on the front support 24 . carrier 32 includes first and second plates 134 , 135 and pinion shafts secured to the plates , one pinion shaft supporting pinions 38 , and the other pinion shaft supporting pinions 40 . plate 135 is formed with a cylinder 140 containing a brake piston 90 . a source of brake actuating hydraulic pressure communicates with cylinder 140 through a series on interconnected passage lengths 142 , 143 and a horizontal passage length that extends axially from passage 143 , through a web of carrier 32 , between the sets of planet pinions 38 , 40 , to cylinder 140 . these brake feed passages are formed in carrier 32 . when actuating pressure is applied to cylinder 140 , piston 90 forces the plates of brake 88 into mutual frictional contact , thereby holding sun gears 54 , 62 and shell 66 against rotation . a belleville spring 146 returns piston 90 to the position shown in fig2 , when actuating pressure is vented from cylinder 140 . the front support 24 is formed with passages , preferably spaced mutually about axis 11 . these passages in front support 24 are represented in the fig1 and 2 by passage lengths 150 , 151 , 152 , through which hydraulic fluid is supplied to clutch servo cylinders 114 , 116 , brake servo cylinder 140 , and balance dams 120 , 122 . a passage of each of the front support passages communicates hydraulic fluid and pressure to cylinders 114 , 116 and balance dams 120 , 122 of the front cylinder assembly 36 through the fluid passages 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 124 formed in the front cylinder assembly 36 . another passage of each of the front support passages communicates hydraulic fluid and pressure to cylinder 140 of the middle cylinder assembly 86 through the fluid passages 142 , 143 in carrier 32 . the front support 24 includes a bearing support shoulder 154 , which extends axially and over an axial extension 156 of the front cylinder assembly 36 . a bushing 158 and bearing 160 provide for rotation of the front cylinder assembly 36 relative to the front support 24 . this arrangement of the front support 24 , its bearing support shoulder 154 , and front cylinder assembly 36 , however , prevents radial access required to machine a passage or passages that would connect first passage 152 in front support 24 to the second passage 109 in the front cylinder assembly 36 . to overcome this problem and provide hydraulic continuity between passage lengths 109 , 152 , first passage 152 is formed with an opening that extends along a length of first passage 152 , parallel to axis 11 , and through an outer wall of the front support 24 . the opening faces radially outward toward second passage 109 . similarly , second passage 109 is formed with a second opening that extends along a length of second passage 109 , parallel to axis 11 , and through an inner wall of the front cylinder assembly 36 . the second opening faces radially inward toward first passage 152 . a first sleeve 162 is inserted axially with a press fit over a surface at an outer diameter of the front support 24 , thereby covering the opening at the outer surface of passage length 152 . sleeve 162 is formed with radial passages 164 , 165 , which extend through the thickness of the sleeve 162 . seals 176 , located at each side of the passages 164 , 165 prevent leakage of fluid from the passages . a second sleeve 170 is inserted axially with a press fit over the second opening at the inside diameter of the front cylinder assembly 36 , thereby covering and enclosing the length of the second opening in the second passage 109 . sleeve 170 is formed with radial openings , two of which are represented in fig2 by openings 172 , 174 , aligned with the radial passages 164 , 165 formed in the first sleeve 162 . sleeves 164 and 170 provides hydraulic continuity from the source of fluid pressure carried in the passages of the front support 24 to the balance dams 120 , 122 and the servo cylinders 114 , 116 , 140 , through which clutches 76 , 80 and brake 88 are actuated . sleeves 162 , 170 also provide access that enables machining of the first and second passages 152 , 109 in the surface at the outside diameter of front support 24 and in the surface at the inside diameter of the front cylinder assembly 36 . fig3 shows sleeves 162 , 170 and three seals 176 , which are fitted in recesses on sleeve 162 between each of its radial passages 164 , 165 . as fig4 shows output pinion 70 meshes with a transfer gear 180 , which is formed integrally with transfer pinion 182 on a transfer wheel 184 . a transfer shaft 186 , is secured at one end by a pinned connection 188 to a non - rotating housing component 190 , and at the opposite end is seated in a recess 192 formed in a non - rotating torque converter housing component 194 . ball bearing 198 supports transfer wheel 184 on the torque converter housing 194 . housing components 190 , 194 comprise a reaction component and may be formed integrally or preferably as separate components . ball bearing 198 is supported radially by being seated on a surface 196 of the torque converter housing 194 . a shoulder 199 on torque converter housing 194 contacts the right - hand axial surface of the inner race of bearing 198 , the second surface of bearing 198 . a snap ring 200 contacts the right - hand axial third surface 201 of the outer race of bearing 198 . shoulder 199 and snap ring 200 limit rightward axial movement of bearing 198 . a shoulder 202 formed on gear wheel 184 contacts the left - hand axial first surface of the outer race of bearing 198 . a thrust washer 204 contacts a left - hand axial fourth surface 205 of the inner race of bearing 198 . the thrust washer 204 contacts a shoulder 206 formed on transfer shaft 186 . shoulders 202 and 206 limit leftward axial movement of bearing 198 the ring gear 210 of a differential mechanism 212 meshes with transfer pinion 182 and is supported for rotation by bearings 214 , 216 on housing 190 , 194 . rotating power transmitted to output pinion 70 is transmitted through transfer gears 180 , 182 and ring gear 210 to the input of differential , which drives a set of vehicle wheels aligned with axis 220 . a roller bearing 222 supports transfer wheel 184 on transfer shaft 186 . the thickness of a washer 224 , fitted in a recess 226 of housing 190 , is selected to ensure contact between thrust washer 204 and the inner race of bearing 198 . the output pinion 70 and transfer gears 180 , 182 have helical gear teeth , which produce thrust force components in the axial direction parallel to axis 220 and in the radial direction , normal to the plane of fig4 . a thrust force in the right - hand direction transmitted to the transfer gear wheel 184 is reacted by the torque converter housing 194 due to its contact at shoulder 199 with bearing 198 . a thrust force in the left - hand direction transmitted to the transfer gear wheel 184 is reacted by the housing 190 due to contact between snap ring 200 and bearing 198 , contact between bearing 198 and thrust washer 204 , contact between the thrust washer and transfer shaft 186 , and contact between shaft 186 , washer 224 and housing 190 . as shown in fig1 a , the d brake 104 includes a first set of thin discs 230 secured to the outer race 232 of one - way brake 106 by a spline connection , which permits the discs 230 to move axially and prevents them from rotating relative to the race 232 , which is fixed to the transmission case or end cover against rotation . similarly , the d brake 104 includes a second set of thin discs 234 secured to the inner race 107 of one - way brake 106 by a spline connection , which permits the discs 234 to move axially and prevents them from rotating relative to the inner race 107 . inner race 107 is fixed to the carrier 68 of gearset 46 , such that they rotate together as a unit at the same speed . preferably the outer and inner races 232 , 107 of one - way brake 106 are formed of a ferrous alloy of sintered powdered metal , and discs 230 , 234 are of steel . preferably the one - way brake 106 is a rocker one - way brake of the type having a pivoting rockers , each rocker retained is a pocket and actuated by centrifugal force and a compression spring , as described in u . s . pat . nos . 7 , 448 , 481 and 7 , 451 , 862 . the reaction spline for the d clutch 104 is preferably not formed in the aluminum case or end cover because of high local stresses caused by the thin discs 232 , 234 used to reduce parasitic loss . the d clutch reaction splines are formed as an integral part of the raceways of the one - way brake 106 . the brake 106 is then splined to the transmission case . fig5 is a side view showing an electric motor 290 , preferably a brushless motor , mounted within an inner valve body 292 and above the elevation 294 of the oil level in the valve body 292 , such that the motor is not submerged in the oil . the rotor 296 of a hydraulic pump 298 runs against a separator plate 300 . no seal is required between the motor 290 and pump 298 . due to its elevation the motor 290 is vented to atmosphere , thereby improving the operating efficiency of the electrically driven pump , sometimes called an e - pump . the inlet of pump 298 is connected to a source of filtered automatic transmission fluid ( atf ), i . e ., oil . fig6 is a perspective view of the motor 290 and pump 298 secured through the separator plate 300 to the valve body 292 . fig7 is a perspective view showing an outer valve body 302 , which contains solenoids , located adjacent the inner valve body 292 , which contains valves that are actuated by the solenoids to control operation of the transmission . referring now to fig8 , the hydraulic circuit includes a cut - off lube control valve 310 ; a ss 1 solenoid - operated valve 312 , which responds to solenoid feed pressure in line 313 ; a source cooled clutch feed fluid 314 connected to an oil cooler 316 ; a source of line pressure 317 produced by an engine - driven pump 326 ; an lube line 324 connecting valve 310 to an elevated clutch vent 319 at an oil sump ; a line 320 that feeds oil to a clutch , such as a clutch 78 ; and a line 322 carrying pressure from valve 312 to valve 310 . regulated line pressure lp is carried in line 317 . output from pump 326 is supplied to a main oil pump valve 301 , which regulates line pressure in response to a line pressure control signal lpc carried in line 302 to valve 301 from a solenoid - operated lpc valve 303 . solenoid pressure sf is carried in line 313 from a source of solenoid pressure , i . e ., the output a variable displacement solenoid — actuated valve , to the line pressure control solenoid valve 303 and to ss 1 valve 312 . when pressure in line 322 from ss 1 valve 312 is high , the spool of valve 310 moves against the force of its compression spring to the left - hand end of its valve chamber , thereby connecting line 317 from line 320 , which carries pressure to a clutch 78 . clutch feed pressure is carried in lines 317 to the six control element , i . e ., the clutches and brakes from a source of clutch feed pressure . line 314 carries atf to the lube circuit 324 , which supplies the balance dams 120 , 122 , and balance dams in clutches 96 and 100 . when pressure in line 322 from valve 312 is low , valve 310 shuttles to the right - hand end of the valve chamber , thereby connecting line 314 and line 318 . an orifice 419 can be used to control the flow rate in line 318 to the sump 331 from valve 310 . generally the lube flow rate is set at a rate required to maximize the service life of the clutches , brakes , gears and bearings due to a maximum torque condition . this flow rate , however , is greater than that required for normal driving conditions . valve 310 provides both a lube path , in which lubricant can flow to cool and lubricate the clutches , brakes , gears and bearings and a parallel path to the sump 331 . the hydraulic circuit supplies filtered atf drawn from sump 331 to an auxiliary pump 298 , driven by brushless motor 290 . when the vehicle includes an automated start - stop function , which automatically stops the engine at a traffic light or when no torque is demanded and automatically restarts the engine when torque is demanded , the auxiliary pump valve 330 is supplied through pump 298 and line 332 with atf from sump 331 . in operation , when regulated line pressure in line 317 is high , valve 330 shuttles to the left - hand end of its chamber , thereby connecting fluid in line 332 from the e - pump 298 to line 334 , oil cooler 316 , line 314 and lube circuit 324 . when line pressure in line 318 is low , the spool of valve 330 moves to the right - hand end of its chamber , thereby disconnecting the outlet of pump 298 from line 334 , cooler 316 and lube circuit 313 and connecting circuit 332 to line pressure circuit 317 . in this way , when the engine is running , the engine - driven hydraulic pump 326 is running , and regulated line pressure to be high , aft from e - pump 298 increases the atf flow rate to the cooler 316 , thereby helping to reduce the temperature of atf in the hydraulic circuit , and to lube circuit 324 , thereby increasing the flow of lubricant that lubricates the transmission . this operation of the e - pump 298 and motor 290 can occur , without limitation , when the vehicle is towing a heavy load , or immediately following a high engine torque condition , or whenever atf temperature is high , and combination of these conditions . an automatic transmission conventionally includes a manual valve , which is moved by a cable in response to manual movement of the gear selector to the selected range position . shift - by - wire and range - by - wire selector systems usually have no manual valve . the range - by - wire system of this transmission therefore requires some means to protect against energizing a solenoid or engaging a gear that is other than the solenoid or gear corresponding to the selected range . when the spool of valve 310 moves to the right - hand end of the chamber due to low pressure from ss 1 valve 312 in line 322 , line pressure 317 entering at the inlet port of valve 310 is blocked by valve 310 , thereby preventing line pressure from being feed through pc 1 f line 320 to the a clutch 76 , and directing clutch feed pressure in cf line 314 through the elevated clutch vent 319 to sump 331 . due to low pressure in line 322 , the a clutch 78 is disengaged because no actuating pressure is feed to clutch 78 . as indicated in the clutch / solenoid application chart of fig9 , the a clutch 78 must be engaged to produce the first through fifth forward gears . pressure in line 322 is low when the range - by wire system selects a range other than the gears one through five . when valve 310 shuttles to the left - hand end of the chamber due to high pressure from ss 1 valve 312 in line 322 , line pressure in line 317 at the inlet port of valve 310 is connected through valve 310 to pc 1 f line 320 , thereby connecting line pressure to valve 340 , which feeds shift control pressure to the a clutch 78 subject to control of pc 1 solenoid 342 . also cf line 314 is disconnected from sump 331 through line 318 and vent 319 . this action allows the a clutch 76 to engage , thereby enabling each of the first five lowest forward gears to engage as required and allowing a high rate oil flow to the lube circuit 324 , due to valve 310 disconnecting line 314 from line 318 to sump 331 . pressure in line 322 is high when the range - by wire system selects the drive range with gears one through five . therefore , even without a manual valve and while pressure in ss 1 line 322 is low , the first through fifth gear cannot be produced , but reverse drive and sixth , seventh and eighth forward gears can be produced , thereby permitting the vehicle to be driven . in the event of a failure of the acl in the on condition in conjunction with the owc , the result would be first gear in neutral and park , but the cut - off valve 310 can disconnect line pressure in lp line 317 from pc 1 f line 320 to the a clutch 78 through acl line 344 , allowing the a clutch to disengage and producing no first gear . in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes , the preferred embodiment has been described . however , it should be noted that the alternate embodiments can be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described .