principles of the present invention are described below with reference to the industrial dishwasher 20 disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 756 , 321 , incorporated herein by reference , for simplicity only . it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be used in other industrial dishwashers , or for any application in which it is desired to measure the conductivity of an aqueous solution . accordingly , the present invention is not to be construed as limited to specific examples herein . referring to fig1 an industrial dishwasher 20 of the type described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 756 , 321 is shown to include a conductivity measurement system 100 in accordance with the present invention . system 100 is connected to a probe 52 having first 54 a and second 54 b electrodes submerged in a tank 35 of wash water used to wash dishes 38 . in response to signals received from the probe 52 , the system 100 provides control signals to a rinse pump 28 , a detergent pump 32 , and a sanitation pump 31 so as to ensure proper concentrations of a rinse agent , detergent , and a sanitation agent , respectively , within the wash water . the rinse agent is dispensed by pump 28 from a rinse agent supply 58 , detergent is dispensed by pump 32 from a detergent supply 34 , and sanitation agent is dispensed by pump 31 from a sanitation agent supply 33 . for a discussion of the general operation of the dishwasher 20 , as well as the advantages realized thereby , see u . s . pat . no . 4 , 756 , 321 . referring to fig2 the measurement circuit 100 includes a micro - controller 102 having an output terminal out coupled to the first electrode 54 a via a resistor r 1 , where resistor r on models the on - resistance of the micro - controller 102 . the resistor r 1 should be of a value suitable for the conductivity range of the wash water . in one embodiment , where r on is 60 ω , a value of 200 ω is chosen for resistor r 1 , as explained in detail below . the micro - controller 102 also has an input terminal in coupled to the first electrode 54 a of the probe via a resistor r 2 which serves as a series protection resistor for the adc input terminal . although the resistor r 2 should be as large as possible in order to provide maximum protection for the adc input terminal , the resistor r 2 must also be small with respect to the input impedance of the adc 104 in order to preserve signal strength . in one embodiment , where the micro - controller 102 is able to operate accurately with a source impedance as high as 10 kω , a value of 4 . 7 kω is selected for the resistor r 2 . the second electrode 54 b of the probe is tied to ground potential . block 200 is an electrical representation on the wash water in the tank 35 , where capacitors c 1 and c 2 form a four - layer capacitor which models polarization of the wash water , and the impedance element z models the impedance of the wash water . increases in electrode contamination are modeled by reducing the size of the capacitors . the micro - controller 102 includes an analog - to - digital converter ( adc ) 104 , a look - up table 106 , a memory 108 ( for storing executable procedures , computed values , and other information ), a central processing unit 110 , and a timing circuit 112 . the micro - controller 102 is connected to a voltage supply vdc and ground potential . referring to the timing diagram of fig3 the micro - controller 102 generates at its output terminal out a dc pulse having a duration of t and an amplitude equal to v dc . the voltage at the electrode 54 a is measured at times t 1 and t 2 , where t 1 & lt ; t 2 & lt ; t , thereby giving measured voltages v 1 and v 2 , respectively , which are stored in the memory 108 . if there is no polarization within the wash water , the measured voltages v 1 and v 2 will be equal , as illustrated by case a of fig3 . if , on the other hand , there is polarization , the current flow between the electrodes 54 a and 54 b will decrease between times t 1 and t 2 and , therefore , the voltage v 2 will be greater than the voltage v 1 , as illustrated by case b in fig3 . the rate at which the voltage at the electrode 54 a changes is assumed for the purposes of describing this embodiment to be substantially linear and , therefore , compensation techniques discussed below utilize linear algorithms . however , where greater accuracy is desired , more complex , non - linear compensation techniques are used . one embodiment of a conductivity measurement system using non - linear compensation techniques is described below with respect to fig5 and 6 . in calculating the conductivity of the wash water , linear regression is used to determine the voltage at electrode 54 a at time t = 0 , i . e ., at the beginning of the dc pulse . the voltage on the electrode 54 a at time t = 0 is given as : v 0 = ( v 1  t 2 ) - ( v 2  t 1 ) ( t 2 - t 1 ) since the voltage v 0 corresponds to time t = 0 , the voltage v 0 is not influenced by the effects of polarization . thus , the conductivity of the wash water , which is calculated using ohm &# 39 ; s law and the known k factor of the electrodes 54 a and 54 b , is not influenced by polarization within the wash water . in this manner , present embodiments compensate for polarization . the difference between the first and second measured voltages , v diff = v 2 − v 1 , is indicative of the extent to which the electrodes are contaminated . accordingly , if the difference value exceeds a predetermined threshold corresponding to the maximum degree of acceptable electrode contamination , the micro - controller 102 generates an alarm signal ( e . g ., a red light or other visual signal on the front panel of the device ) alerting an operator of the system 20 that the electrodes 54 a and 54 b need to be cleaned or replaced . further , in some embodiments , if the measured voltage v 0 at time t = 0 is greater than a second predetermined threshold , the micro - controller 102 generates an alarm signal alerting the operator that the electrodes 54 a and 54 b are sufficiently contaminated so as to require servicing . in this manner , present embodiments facilitate servicing of the electrodes 54 a and 54 b before contamination becomes sufficient to degrade conductivity measurement accuracy . in preferred embodiments , an inexpensive micro - controller such as , for instance , the 16c72 , 16c73 , or the 16c74 , all available from microchip semiconductor corp . is used for the micro - controller 102 in order to minimize cost . since these micro - controllers are typically unable to take quick successive analog measurements , the first and second voltage measurements , v 1 and v 2 , are sampled during two separate pulses , as explained below , where v dc = 5 volts , r on = 60 ω , r 1 = 200 ω , r 2 = 4 . 7 kω , t 1 = 10 μs , t 2 = 15 μs , t = 20 μs , and k = 0 . 4 . referring also to the flow chart of fig4 the micro - controller 102 generates at time t = 0 a first dc pulse having an amplitude of 5 volts ( step 1 ). the dc pulse induces an electric field between the first and second electrodes 54 a and 54 b which , in turn , results in current flow between the electrodes 54 a and 54 b in the wash water . at time t = 10 μs , the micro - controller 102 samples the voltage at the first electrode 54 a via resistor r 2 ( step 2 ). the resultant analog voltage v 1 is provided to the micro - controller 102 via its input terminal in and is thereafter converted to a digital voltage d 1 via the adc 104 . the digital voltage d 1 is stored in the memory 108 ( step 3 ). at time t = 20 its , the micro - controller 102 terminates the first pulse , and the electrode 54 a discharges to ground potential ( step 4 ). after a predetermined period of time such as , for instance , 125 μs , the micro - controller 102 generates at its output terminal out a second dc pulse having an amplitude of 5 volts ( step 5 ). the micro - controller 102 samples the voltage at the first electrode 54 a at a time 15 μs after the second pulse is initiated ( step 6 ). the resultant analog voltage v 2 ′ is converted to a digital voltage d 2 ′ via the adc 104 , and stored in the memory 108 ( step 7 ). as mentioned above , the conductivity measuring system 100 alerts an operator of the dishwasher 20 when electrode contamination exceeds acceptable levels . here , the cpu 110 of the micro - controller 102 calculates the difference between the first and second stored digital ( binary ) voltages , d diff = d 1 − d 2 ′ ( step 8 ), and then compares the difference voltage d diff to a predetermined threshold voltage d th ( step 9 ). if the difference voltage d diff exceeds the predetermined threshold voltage d th , the micro - controller 102 activates an alarm signal ( e . g ., a visual signal and / or an audible signal ) to alert an operator of the dishwasher 20 that the electrodes need to be serviced ( step 10 ). the first and second voltages , d 1 and d 2 ′, are then processed by the cpu 110 according to the above - mentioned linear regression algorithm to determine the digital voltage d 0 on the first electrode 54 a at the beginning of the first dc pulse , i . e ., at time t = 0 ( step 11 ). in one embodiment , the digital voltages d 1 and d 2 ′ are stored as eight - bit numbers , where the binary number 255 corresponds to the analog value 5 ( volts ). the computed voltage at time t = 0 and ohm &# 39 ; s law are then used to calculate the conductance of the wash water ( step 12 ). the conductance is converted to a detergent concentration using the look - up table 106 ( step 13 ). for example , where the digital voltages d 1 and d 2 ′ are equal to 65 and 70 , respectively , the value d 0 ( at time t = 0 ) is equal to (( 65 )( 15 )−( 70 )( 10 ))/( 10 + 15 )= 55 . the analog voltage a 0 , which corresponds to the digital voltage d 0 , is therefore equal to ( 5 )( 55 )/( 255 )= 1 . 08 volts . the current flowing in the circuit , i . e ., through resistor r 1 , is determined using ohm &# 39 ; s law ( v = ir ). here , the current is equal to : the uncorrected resistance of the element z , and thus the resistance of the wash water , is equal to the corrected resistance of the wash water is determined by dividing the uncorrected resistance by k , i . e ., ( 71 . 5 )/( 0 . 4 )= 178 . 75 ω , which gives a conductance of 1 /( 178 . 75 )= 0 . 00559 mhos ( or siemens )= 5590 μsiemans . this measured conductance corresponds to the beginning of the dc pulse , i . e ., time t = 0 , and is thus not influenced by polarization . in this manner , the conductivity measurement system 100 avoids the polarization - induced , erroneous detergent concentration measurements characteristic of conventional conductivity measurement systems . the k factor is indicative of the electrodes &# 39 ; sensitivity and is typically between 0 . 1 and 10 , where electrodes having a small k factor are more suitable for measuring low conductances and , conversely , electrodes having a large k factor are more suitable for measuring large conductances . a cell formed of an electrode pair “ sees ” a conductance divided by the k factor , e . g ., a cell having a k factor equal to 0 . 1 sees a conductance that is ten times larger than the actual conductance of the wash water . in some embodiments , the micro - controller 102 converts the calculated voltage v 0 into beta units , a logarithmic unit of measure especially suited for use in determining the conductance of a detergent solution in an industrial dishwasher . each unitary increase of the wash water conductivity level measured in beta units corresponds to approximately a five ( 5 ) percent increase in the detergent concentration level ( e . g ., as measured in units of detergent per gallon of wash water ). beta units are well known in the art and are thus not discussed in detail herein . for a detailed discussion of beta units , see u . s . pat . no . 4 , 756 , 321 . in the above example , the cell formed by electrodes 54 a and 54 b has a k factor equal to 0 . 4 . the beta unit range when using such a cell is 0 to 60 , which will yield a voltage change , as measured by the adc 104 ( fig2 ), of between approximately 50 millivolts to 80 millivolts per beta unit , depending on the actual conductivity . a beta unit conversion routine executed by the micro - controller 102 uses a lookup table 106 ( fig2 ) to convert the voltage to beta units . the typical conductivity of wash water without detergent is about 600 μmhos , and the typical conductivity of wash water with a maximum detergent concentration is about 12 , 000 μmhos . thus , the above cell formed by electrodes 54 a and 54 b actually “ sees ” wash water conductivities ranging from 600 / 0 . 4 = 1500 μmhos 0 . 0015 mhos to 12 , 000 / 0 . 4 = 30 , 000 μmhos = 0 . 03 mhos . this conductivity range corresponds to a resistivity range of 1 /( 0 . 03 mhos )= 33 . 3 ω to 1 /( 0 . 0015 mhos )= 666 . 7 ω . thus , the maximum beta count , i . e ., 180 , corresponds to the minimum wash water conductance , i . e ., r water = 666 . 7 ω . using the voltage divider rule , 180 255 = 666 . 7  ω ( r water + r on + r1 ) where r on + r 1 = 277 . 8 ω . since as mentioned earlier r on = 60 ω , a value of about 200 ω is chosen for the resistor r 1 . applicants found that a value of 200 ω for resistor r 1 limited the current to a safe level . in a preferred embodiment , the above - described pulse sequence is repeated every 250 ms so as to provide four conductivity measurements per second , although the interval between pulse sequences may be adjusted as desired for particular applications . referring to fig5 the voltage at the measurement input probe , induced by the dc voltage pulse on the out node of the processor , often exhibits a nonlinear trajectory over the measurement interval . the “ measurement interval ” is defined here to be the period of time from the beginning of the dc pulse to the last measurement of the voltage on the input probe . as shown in fig5 the slope of the voltage at the input probe will tend to decrease during the measurement interval . as a result , the linear approximation used in the first embodiment will tend to produce a calculated v 0 voltage value that is higher than the true v 0 voltage . for instance , if the input probe voltage were measured at times tb and tc shown in fig5 the calculated v 0 voltage value would be b − 2δbc , and that value would be much higher than the actual v 0 voltage . a second preferred embodiment of the present invention automatically compensates for the nonlinearity in the shape of input probe voltage characteristic as a function of time . as a result , the second preferred embodiment generates substantially more accurate conductivity values , especially when the probes are severely fouled . the probes are considered to be severely fouled when less then 10 % of the probe surface is clean and available for use in determining the conductivity of an aqueous solution . the apparatus of the second preferred embodiment of the present invention remains as shown in fig2 . however , the operation of the conductivity measurement system has been improved . in particular , the improved conductivity measurement system measures the input probe voltage at shorter intervals , closer to t = 0 , which improves the accuracy of the calculated v 0 voltage . in one implementation , the input probe voltage is measured at 3 μsec intervals , for instance at t = 31 μsec , t = 6 μsec , and t = 9 μsec . in implementations in which the processor is unable to sample the input probe voltage at successive 3 μsec intervals , or if the analog to digital converter ( adc ) in the processor is unable to convert analog inputs in successive 3 μsec intervals , the input probe voltage may be measured at these intervals , but with respect to different dc pulses . for instance , the input probe may be measured at t = 3 μsec after a first dc pulse , at t = 6 μsec after a second dc pulse , and at t = 9 μsec after a third dc pulse . by using three input probe voltage measurements ( or more ) instead of two , the system is able to apply a nonlinear curve fitting function to the data so as to generate a more accurate estimate of the v 0 voltage . the v 0 voltage is computed as follows . the input probe voltage is sampled at three intervals , producing voltage sample values a , b and c , as shown in fig5 . from these three values the following values are computed : δ0 a = δab + ( δ ab − δbc ); // this is a computed estimate of δ0a if the slope of the voltage signal is perfectly linear , the above computation produces the same result as the first embodiment . however , if the voltage signal is not linear , the second embodiment computes a δ0a value that takes into account the change in slope of the voltage signal over the measurement interval . the computational methodology shown above uses a linear approximation of a nonlinear curve fitting function . in other embodiments , especially embodiments in which greater computational power is available , the curve fitting function may be based on ( a ) more than three samples , and / or ( b ) may use a nonlinear curve fitting function instead of a linear approximation of a nonlinear curve fitting function . from another viewpoint , given a limited number of input probe voltage samples ( but at least three such samples ), the linear approximation of the nonlinear curve fitting function is functionally equivalent to the corresponding nonlinear curve fitting function , but more computationally efficient . once the voltage value v 0 has been determined , or at least approximated using a curve fitting methodology such as the one described above , the operation of the second embodiment is the same as the first . that is , the calculated voltage value v 0 is used to generate an output signal . for example , calculated voltage value v 0 may be used to the determine the conductivity of the wash water in the system , and / or to determine the concentration of detergent in the wash water . based on either the conductivity value or detergent concentration value , the system then generates one or more control signals for controlling the operation of the device in which the conductivity measurement system is embedded . for instance , the control signals may be used to control the dispensing of detergent into the wash water of a dishwasher . referring to flow chart in fig6 the conductivity measurement and device control procedure in an exemplary implementation of the second preferred embodiment is as follows . first , a sequence of at least three samples of the input probe voltage v i are taken and converted into digital values d i and stored in memory . in one implementation , this is done by repeating the steps of generating a dc pulse on the probe ( 150 ) and sampling the voltage at the input probe at an appropriate delay interval after the beginning of the pulse ( 152 ). the pulse is then terminated ( 154 ) and the sampled analog voltage is converted into a digital value d i ( by the adc internal to the micro - controller ) and that value is stored in memory ( 156 ). the order of the pulse termination steps and analog to digital conversion steps 154 and 156 can be reversed . these steps 150 , 152 , 154 and 156 are repeated at least three times , each time using a different delay interval between activation of the dc pulse and the sample time , so as to develop a sequence of sample values representing the voltage at the input probe over a predefined measurement interval . for instance , the voltage at the input probe may be sampled at t = 3 μsec after a first dc pulse , at t = 6 μsec after a second dc pulse , and at t = 9 μsec after a third dc pulse . in some embodiments , four , five or even more samples may be obtained so as to generate the data needed to more accurately compute the input probe voltage at time t = 0 . next , the difference between two of the voltage samples , or their digital values , is computed ( 160 ). the difference used here may be the difference between the second and first samples , but it also may be the difference between the third and second , or the third and first samples , depending on the implementation . the computed difference d diff is compared with a threshold value d th ( 162 ) and if the difference exceeds the threshold an alarm signal is generated ( 164 ). if the alarm signal is not generated ( or in some embodiments even if the alarm signal is generated ), the procedure next computes a voltage v 0 representing a best approximation of the voltage at the input probe at time t = 0 ( 170 ). the methodology for computing voltage v 0 , or a digital equivalent thereof , using three sample voltage values and a linear approximation of a nonlinear curve fitting function , is described in detail above . as explained above , the computed voltage v 0 is a function of the conductivity of the aqueous solution in which the probe is immersed , and this value is computed in a way so as to compensate for fouling of the probe . next , the controller generates an output signal as a function of the calculated voltage v 0 ( 172 ). for instance , the voltage v 0 could be directly compared with a threshold value v th and a control signal could be turned on or off as a function of the result of the comparison . the threshold value v th in this example would be a value computed in advance to correspond to a target conductivity level of the aqueous solution , or equivalently would correspond to a target detergent concentration level , or a target concentration of other chemicals or constituents in the aqueous solution . thus , at least in some embodiments , the calculated voltage v 0 for time t = 0 does not need to be converted into a conductivity value or detergent concentration value , and instead can be used directly to control the operation of a device . in one implementation of the second preferred embodiment , the calculated voltage v 0 for time t = 0 is used to compute the conductivity of the wash water in a dishwasher ( 174 ), using the methodology described above with respect to the first preferred embodiment . the conductivity value is converted to a detergent concentration value ( 176 ), which again can be accomplished using the methodology described above with respect to the first preferred embodiment . finally , a control signal is generated based on comparison of the detergent concentration value , or the conductivity value , or the voltage value , with a target value ( 178 ). after the control value ( s ) are generated , in a preferred embodiment the control procedure waits for a predetermined period of time to elapse ( 180 ) before the procedure is repeated . for instance , the control procedure may wait until an eighth of a second has elapsed , or alternately is may wait until an eighth of second ( or some other predetermined amount of time ) has elapsed since the current iteration of the control procedure began , thereby ensuring that the entire control procedure is repeated a predefined number of times per second ( or per minute , hour or other time period ). in the second embodiment , the number of input probe voltage measurements may be more than three , and the nonlinear curve fitting method used may differ from that described above . for instance , if four or more probe voltage measurements are taken , a higher order curve fitting function may be used . in the preferred embodiments , the conductivity measurement system 100 is implemented as software running on a micro - controller . appropriate program modules may be stored on a cdrom , magnetic disk storage product , or any other computer readable data or program storage product . the software modules in the computer program product may also be distributed electronically , via the internet or otherwise , by transmission of a computer data signal ( in which the software modules are embedded ) on a carrier wave . while particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and , therefore , the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention .