fig1 a is a cross - sectional view of a cpv module comprising an optical system and a cpv cell 10 mounted on a circuit board 12 or other substrate . the board 12 may be any electrically insulating substrate ( e . g ., ceramic ) with electrical connectors for the cell 10 . the cell 10 may be mounted on the board 12 via a submount , which is then connected to the board 12 . the board 12 typically contains electrical connections for interconnecting identical cells in parallel to create a large current . in one embodiment , the cell 10 is a commercially available cell that generates about 6 . 8 amps at 2 . 68 volts using the optical system described herein . the cell 10 is preferably a triple junction cell , where each junction comprises different materials for the wavelength ranges of uv , visible , and infrared . the board 12 generally has a top metal layer 13 for connection to electrodes on each cell 10 , a connector for interconnection with other cells , and a heat sink layer for removing the high heat applied to each cell 10 . the cell 10 and board 12 may be conventional , and the board 12 is intended to represent any support surface for the cell 10 . the combination of the cell 10 , board 12 , and optical system is a module that is connected together by a housing , frame , or other structure to maintain the proper spacing and alignment . fig1 a illustrates the module aligned with the sun so that the rays 14 are substantially normal to the primary optical element ( poe ) 16 ( sun rays actually have a divergence of about 0 . 26 degrees ). the poe 16 is a fresnel lens having rings of differently angled prisms , described later in more detail with respect to fig4 . the poe 16 has an area that may be over 1000 times that of the cell 10 . in one embodiment , the cell 10 is a square having sides between 2 . 8 mm and 10 mm . for a 3 . 3 × 3 . 3 mm cell , the poe 16 is 94 × 94 mm for 1000 times the area and , for a 10 × 10 mm cell , the poe is 316 × 316 mm for 1000 times the area . the angled prisms of the poe 16 direct the sunlight toward the top surface of a secondary optical element ( soe ) 18 , as shown by rays 20 . in one embodiment , the poe 16 is spaced about 10 cm from the top of the soe 18 , and the height of the soe 18 is about 14 mm . fig1 b is a close - up view of the top portion of the soe 18 . fig1 c is a side view of the soe 18 supported over a cell , where fig1 a is a cross - section along the line 1 a - 1 a in fig1 c . fig1 d is a top down view of the soe 18 , where the width of the square top portion 23 ( not including the support structure 22 in fig1 a ) is about 8 . 8 mm . the soe 18 tapers to the size of the cell 10 , such as 2 . 8 × 2 . 8 mm . the top portion 23 of the soe 18 comprises a flat center area 24 and four square concentric rings 25 - 28 . the inner ring 25 slightly angles upward and rings 26 - 28 progressively increase in angle downward toward the edge so that each of the rings is generally normal to the light rays impinging on it from the poe 16 . there may be more inner or outer rings in an actual embodiment . for example , as shown in fig1 a , light rays from the poe 16 near the edge of the poe 16 impinge upon the soe 18 at a greater angle and are primarily received by the outer rings 26 - 28 , especially if the optical system is not aligned with the sun . conversely , the light from near the center of the poe 16 impinges upon the center area 24 and inner ring 25 . therefore , the poe 16 ring angles and soe 18 shape are designed so that the light refracted by certain rings of the poe 16 impinge upon certain rings of the soe 18 to provide a large focal area and uniformity of light . in one embodiment , the angle of the most outer ring 28 of the soe 18 is about 45 degrees relative to the flat center area 24 . the generally downward slope of the soe 18 top surface , in conjunction with its relatively wide width , provides a wide acceptance angle of light so the module does not need to be perfectly aligned with the sun . as the module becomes more out of alignment with the sun , more light will impinge upon the outer rings of the soe 18 . since each quadrant of the soe 18 is identical , and each quadrant of the poe 16 is identical , there is very uniform light mixing inside the soe 18 . fig2 a illustrates a computer simulation of rays 20 from the poe 16 when the poe 16 is aligned with the sun . the rays 20 are “ softly ” focused within the soe 18 so that there is a large three - dimensional volume within the soe 18 where the light is focused from the different prism rings in the poe 16 . in one embodiment , the focal points begin near the top of the soe 18 and extend about 6 mm into the soe 18 , which is about half the height of the soe 18 . the prism rings in the poe 16 are made non - circular so that the focal points do not just extend along a line down the center of the soe 18 . by making the prism rings non - circular , the uv entering the soe 18 is diffused , enabling the soe 18 to be formed of silicone rather than a more uv tolerant glass or other transparent material . silicone is inexpensive and easily moldable . the light rays 20 are mixed in the bottom portion 34 of the soe 18 , where the light rays 20 reflect off the flat side walls by tir . the bottom portion 34 has a truncated pyramid shape that extends from the cell surface to the middle portion 36 of the soe 18 . fig2 b is a close - up of a computer simulation of rays 20 from the poe 16 when the poe 16 is one degree off - axis with the sun . as seen , more of the rays 20 enter the soe 18 from the outer rings of the top portion 23 , and more of the light is tapped off by the support structure 22 . thus , the system is less efficient when not aligned with the sun ; however , the shape of the top portion 23 causes it to accept more light from the poe without reflection , compared to prior art soe &# 39 ; s . fig3 a illustrates the general focal volume 32 inside of the soe 18 and slightly above the soe 18 when the poe 16 is aligned with the sun and focuses the light rays 20 from the various rings of the poe 16 . fig3 b is a top down view of the focal volume 32 . the focal volume 32 has different cross - sectional shapes along its length since the different rings of the poe 16 create different patterns . for example , as shown in fig4 , the unbroken rings of the poe 16 create a generally circular focal pattern , and the broken outer rings of the poe 16 create an x shape focal pattern . the different top down views of the soe 18 show the focal patterns at the depth at which the rays are best focused by the associated poe ring . the distribution of the focal patterns within the soe 18 avoids any high uv concentrations , enabling the soe 18 to be formed of silicone . in one embodiment , the depth of the focal volume 32 is about 6 mm , or about one - half the height of the soe 18 . the soe 18 can be formed of a thermoset silicone . thermoset silicone can be easily molded using injection molding or compression molding . in one embodiment , the soe 18 is molded directly over the board 12 ( or other support surface ) on which many cells 10 are mounted , so that many soe &# 39 ; s are formed simultaneously . the molding and curing process causes the soe 18 to be adhered to the cell 10 and board 12 ( including adhered to metal pads or conductors , etc .) without any special adhesive step . the soe 18 can be easily molded to include the integral support structure 22 , shown in fig1 a . the support structure 22 is generally a square skirt spaced from and surrounding the soe 18 except where it is attached at the angled middle portion 36 . the angle of the middle portion 36 causes the outer surface of the middle portion 36 to not intersect any light rays refracted by the top portion 23 ( when the system is aligned to the sun ) so an insubstantial amount of light is tapped off by the silicone support structure 22 . the angled middle portion 36 allows the outer refracting ring 28 to extend over the edge of the bottom portion 34 to increase the acceptance angle of light from the poe 16 , while allowing the angled walls of the bottom portion 34 to have a relatively small angle to ensure tir . fig1 a shows the support structure 22 affixed to the metal layer 13 surface of the board 12 by a small integral silicone tab 37 . the tab 37 just allows the soe 18 to be supported with a smaller footprint . the tab 37 can be located anywhere on the bottom of the support structure 22 to provide the least interference on the board 12 . the tab 37 is optional . in one embodiment , where the support structure 22 is affixed to the board 12 by a silicone adhesive , the tab 37 may represent the silicone adhesive . the support structure 22 may be affixed to the insulating surface of the board 12 if the metal layer 13 does not extend around the cell 10 . in one embodiment , the flat bottom surface of the bottom portion 34 is affixed to the top of the cell 10 by a silicone adhesive for good optical coupling . since the soe 18 is primarily supported by the support structure 22 affixed to the circuit board 12 ( or other support structure ) the soe 18 does not mechanically stress the cell 10 . in another embodiment , the support structure 22 is not angled outward but is still separated from the bottom portion 34 by an air gap so as not to affect the tir of the bottom portion 34 . in another embodiment , the support structure 22 is an extension of the top portion 23 rather than connected to the middle portion 36 . the support structure need not completely surround the bottom portion 34 . many configurations of the support structure 22 are possible . fig5 is a perspective view of the soe 18 supported on a board 12 , where electrodes 39 on the board 12 lead to the cell . the board 12 ( having a metal body for heat conduction ) is intended to be bolted to a heat sink ( not shown ). in another embodiment of the soe 18 , the top down shape is not square but may be any shape , depending on the optimal shape required for the system , such as depending on the shape of the cell and poe . the shape may also be a non - square rectangular , round , polygonal , or other shape . additionally , the concentric rings on the soe 18 need not be flat but may be rounded and form a smooth sloping surface ( no separate rings ). fig6 is a top down view of the poe 16 , showing the non - symmetrical prism rings 40 to spread out the focal area in the soe 18 . each ring 40 may have a height of about 1 mm . fig6 illustrates a clover leaf pattern of the rings 40 formed by quadrants of circle portions , where the center point of each circle is within the quadrant rather than at the center point of the poe 16 , creating a non - symmetrical ring pattern . other patterns may be used , such as rings having eight or more lobes . in one embodiment , there are 33 rings 40 on the poe 16 . the combination of the poe 16 and soe 18 provides substantially uniform light over the top surface of the cell , where both brightness and wavelengths are uniformly distributed so that the three diode junctions in the cell are fully exposed to the concentrated sunlight for maximum current output . having described the invention in detail , those skilled in the art will appreciate that given the present disclosure , modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and inventive concepts described herein . therefore , it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described .