monomers according to the invention can be prepared by any suitable route known to those skilled in the art . a preferred route involves ullmann condensation to afford the amine units and stille coupling to connect the amine units to further aryl or heteroaryl groups . an example of a typical synthetic route is shown in the above scheme a triarylamine is formed by ullmann condensation of a diamine and an aromatic iodide , this condensation is generally carried in an inert solvent in the presence of a catalyst such as copper powder , cuprous oxide , cuprous chloride , cuprous bromide , cuprous iodide or cuprous sulfate , 1 , 10 - phenanthroline is added to expedite the reaction . stile coupling is a common method of coupling aromatic units to heteroaromatic units , in the above scheme the electrophile substituted triarylamine is reacted with an organotin reagent in the presence of a palladium catalyst . modifications of both ullmann condensation and stille coupling are well known to those in the art . examples of monomers according to the invention include those having the following structural formulae polymers and copolymers according to the invention may be prepared by any suitable method known to those skilled in the art , such as yamamoto or suzuki coupling , suzuki coupling is preferred . in the case of monomers with thiophene or pyrrole substituents polymers and copolymers may be prepared by electrochemical polymerization . generally , in order to prepare a polymer by suzuki coupling a suitably substituted monomer is polymerized in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst and a base . suitable monomers are those comprising , for example , one polymerizable br moiety and one polymerizable boronic ester moiety , alternatively the reaction mixture may comprise two monomers , one having , for example br substituents and the other having , for example , boronic ester substituents . the catalyst is a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium , suitable bases include alkali or alkaline earth carbonates and alkali or alkaline earth bicarbonates or organic bases such as those disclosed in wo 00 / 53656 . the solvent is preferably one in which the polymer is soluble , for example suitable solvents include anisole , benzene , ethylbenzene , mesitylene , xylene and toluene . a typical reaction scheme for suzuki polymerization is shown below . similarly copolymers according to the invention may be prepared by yamamoto or suzuki coupling , suzuki coupling is preferred . generally , in order to prepare a copolymer by suzuki coupling suitably substituted monomers are polymerized in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst . suitable reactants for the preparation of a two component copolymer are monomers having at least two boronic ester groups and second monomers having at least two br groups alternatively monomers having one br group and one boronic ester group and second monomers having one br group and one boronic ester group . clearly terpolymers and higher copolymers could be prepared by reacting suitable monomers . the catalyst is a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium , suitable bases include alkaline earth carbonates and alkaline earth bicarbonates or organic bases such as those disclosed in wo 00 / 53656 . the solvent is preferably one in which the polymer is soluble , for example suitable solvents for polyfluorenes include anisole , benzene , ethylbenzene , mesitylene , xylene and toluene . end - capping reagents may be added to terminate the reaction or may be added after termination of the reaction . examples of suitable end - capping reagents include phenylboronate and bromobenzene . examples of comonomers which may be copolymerized with the monomers of the present invention to form copolymers include the following , wherein x 1 and x 2 are polymerizable groups . examples of polymers and copolymers include those having the following structural formulae , wherein x , y and z represent the proportion of monomers in the copolymer . the polymers and copolymers of the invention may be used in optoelectronic devices such as electroluminescent devices and photovoltaic devices . an electroluminescent device according to the invention typically comprises , on a suitable substrate , an anode , a cathode and a layer of light - emitting material positioned between the anode and the cathode . electroluminescent devices may further comprise charge transport layers and / or charge injecting layers positioned between the light - emitting material and the anode or cathode as appropriate . in electroluminescent devices of the invention the polymers or copolymers of the invention may be present either as the light - emitting layer or as charge transporting or charge injecting layers or alternatively as charge transporting components in a blend with a light emitting material or as light emitting components in a blend with a charge transporting material . the thickness of the emitting layer can be in the range 10 nm - 300 nm , preferably 5 nm - 200 nm . in particular the polymers and copolymers of the present invention may act as hole - transporting layers or as hole - transporting components in a blend . the anode of the device preferably comprises a material of high work function deposited on a substrate . preferably the material has a work function greater than 4 . 3 ev , examples of such materials include indium - tin oxide ( ito ), tin oxide ( to ), aluminum or indium doped zinc oxide , magnesium - indium oxide , cadmium tin - oxide and metals such as au , ag , ni , pd and pt . suitable substrates include glass and plastics , the substrate may be rigid or flexible , transparent or opaque . the material of high work function is suitably deposited on the substrate to form a film of 50 nm to 200 nm , preferably said film has a sheet resistance of 10 - 100 ohm / square , more preferably less than 30 ohm / square . the cathode of the device is preferably a material of low work function , preferably of work function less than 3 . 5 ev . examples of such materials include li , na , k , rb , be , mg , ca , sr , ba , yb , sm and al . the cathode may comprise an alloy of such metals or an alloy of such metals in combination with other metals , for example the alloys mgag and lial . the cathode preferably comprises multiple layers , for example ca / al or lial / al . the device may further comprise a layer of dielectric material between the cathode and the emitting layer , such as is disclosed in wo 97 / 42666 . in particular it is preferred to use an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal fluoride as a dielectric layer between the cathode and the emitting material . a particularly preferred cathode comprises lif / ca / al , with a layer of lif of thickness from 1 nm to 10 nm , a layer of ca of thickness of 1 nm to 25 nm and a layer of al of thickness 10 nm to 500 nm . where the electroluminescent device comprises further charge injecting or charge transporting materials , these further materials may be present as separate layers or in a blend with the light emitting material . examples of suitable charge transporting materials include polystyrene sulfonic acid doped polyethylene dioxythiophene ( pedot - pss ), polyaniline with anionic dopants such as polymeric anionic dopants , and triarylamines , including polymeric triarylamines such as poly ( 2 , 7 -( 9 , 9 - di - n - octylfluorene )-( 1 , 4 - phenylene -( 4 - imino ( benzoic acid ))- 1 , 4 - phenylene -( 4 - imino ( benzoic acid ))- 1 , 4 - phenylene )) bfa . the charge transport or charge injecting layers suitably have a thickness in the range 10 nm to 200 nm , preferably 1 nm to 50 nm . a preferred structure of an electroluminescent device comprises a glass substrate , an ito anode , a charge transporting layer of pedot - pss , a layer of light - emitting material , a thin layer of lif and a cathode comprising a layer of calcium and a layer of aluminum . a photovoltaic device according to the invention typically comprises two electrodes and situated between said two electrodes at least two semiconductive polymers having different electron affinities , one of said semiconductive polymers being a polymer according to the present invention . the semiconductive polymers may be in the form of a blend or may form separate layers , preferably said semiconductive polymers are in the form of a blend . generally one of the electrodes comprises a material of high work function , such as ito , other examples of suitable high work function materials are given above . generally the other electrode comprises a material of low work function such as al , other examples of suitable low work function materials are given above . photovoltaic devices may comprise further charge injection and / or charge transport layers as appropriate , for example a layer of pedot / pss may be included between the anode and the polymeric layer to aid hole transport and injection . examples of such photovoltaic devices are disclosed in wo 99 / 149525 and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 670 , 791 . polymers according to the invention may also be used as the active component in photodetectors and photoconductors . in a photodetector the polymer is comprised in a layer of organic material situated between two electrodes , a voltage is applied across the layer of organic material and a current detecting circuit is used to measure the current generated due to incident light falling on the organic material . a photoconductor comprising a polymer of the invention operates along similar lines but comprises a circuit to measure the change in resistance across the polymer layer which occurs when the device is exposed to light . photodiodes and photodetectors are disclosed in wo 99 / 09603 , gb 2 , 315 , 594 and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 523 , 555 . to a solution of 2 - tributyl stannyl thiophene ( 10 . 16 ml , 17 . 56 mmol ), amine 2 ( 7 . 18 g , 13 . 3 mmol ) in toluene ( 80 ml ) was added tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( 0 ) ( 731 mg ). the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours and then the heat removed . the suspension was filtered through celite and evaporated to dryness . recrystallization from hexane afforded 3 . 98 g ( 56 % yield ) of desired product . a further 1 . 16 g was obtained from the mother liquor . overall yield ( 73 %). structure was confirmed by gc - ms and 1 h nmr . to a solution of trimer precursor ( 3 . 97 g , 17 . 47 mmol ) in dmf ( 40 ml ) was added a solution of n — bromo succinimide ( nbs ) ( 2 . 66 g , 14 . 94 mmol ) in dmf ( 10 ml ). the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins . monitored by gc - ms . a further 2 . 66 g of nbs was added , this gave 100 % of desired product by gc - ms . the reaction quenched by pouring the reaction mixture onto ice / ethanol . the product was filtered off and recrystallised from diethyl ether / hexane affording , 5 . 19 g ( 98 % yield ) of desired product . to a solution of 9 , 9 - di - n - octylfluorene - 2 , 7 - di ( ethyleneborate )( f8 ), ( 0 . 9267 g , 1 . 75 mmol ) and dibromo trimer ( 1 . 2290 g , 1 . 75 mmol ) in toluene ( 5 ml ) was added dichlorobis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( ii ) 4 mg in toluene ( 2 . 55 ml ). the solution was degassed for 10 min then tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide ( 5 . 82 ml ) was added . the reaction mixture was heated to 115 ° c . for 19 h . end capping reagents were then added as follows , 0 . 3 ml bromobenzene was added and allowed to react for 1 hour at a temperature of 115 ° c ., then 0 . 3 g phenylboronic acid was added and allowed to react for 1 hour at a temperature of 115 ° c . the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and poured into 0 . 5 l methanol . the polymer was obtained as a precipitate . 1 . 14 g of polymer of mass 15 k was obtained . the invention is described with reference to a number of specific embodiments , it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention .