various embodiments of novel methods to be described below provide comprehensive , relevant data regarding the characteristics of different technology nodes advantageously to improve the degree to which the ic design process may be optimized . a technology node may refer , for example , to the scale ( e . g ., 40 nm , 65 nm or 100 nm ) of the process employed to fabricate an ic or the substrate material ( e . g ., silicon , gallium arsenide or flexible substrate ) interconnect material ( e . g ., metal or conductive polymer ) or device type ( e . g ., transistor - transistor logic , or ttl , n - type or p - type metal - oxide semiconductor , or nmos or pmos , complementary metal - oxide semiconductor , or cmos , bipolar transistor or field - effect transistor , or fet ) employed in the ic . as those skilled in the pertinent art understand , decisions regarding which technology node is to be employed in the design of an ic can only be made with some reference to the characteristics of the technology nodes that constitute the alternative choices . representative devices are fabricated using each technology node and tested to generate the data that define the characteristics . unfortunately , conventional techniques for analyzing the characteristics of different technology nodes are ad - hoc , providing only an incomplete view of key characteristics of the technologies . moreover , the conventional techniques fail to provide a consistent framework for comparing the characteristics of different technology nodes . described herein are methods that provide a comprehensive framework and tool - set for analyzing and comparing the characteristics of technology nodes . in some embodiments , a full sweep spanning relevant corners is performed on devices belonging to different technology nodes to generate a standardized databank , and contour analysis is performed on the data in order to understand each technology node relative to the other ( s ). voltage scaling is a technique whereby the drive voltage to a particular ic is modulated to one or more particular values such that the ic can function properly . voltage scaling is particularly suited to compensate for process variations . static voltage scaling may be performed at the factory ( e . g ., during calibration ) or before the ic begins normal operation ( e . g ., during powerup initialization ). in contrast , adaptive voltage scaling ( avs ) is performed continually while the ic is in normal operation and particularly effective at compensating for temperature variations and device aging as well as process variations . ics can have one or more domains , each having its own voltage regulator . drive voltage can therefore be modulated separately in each domain , allowing compensation for ocv to be carried out as well . while voltage scaling ( including avs ) is known , it has heretofore been used only to compensate for process and temperature variations and aging in an ic that has been designed by a conventional method . what has not been realized until now , however , is that voltage scaling has the potential to change the fundamental theory under which an ic operates , and that , accordingly , the method by which an ic is designed may be transformed to take full advantage of the benefits of voltage scaling . consequently , introduced herein are novel methods of designing ics such that their performance , area , power consumption , yield or any combination of these may be realized beyond the limits of current design methods . the comprehensive , relevant data produced by various embodiments of the methods described herein may be used to optimize the design of ics employing voltage scaling ( including avs ). however , since the methods herein may be carried out with reference to any set of relevant corners , the methods can also support the optimization of ics that do not use voltage scaling , i . e ., have a fixed drive voltage . before describing various embodiments of the novel methods of standardized data creation , analysis and comparison of semiconductor technology node characteristics , various aspects of ic operation will be described , particularly with respect to ics that do not and do employ voltage scaling and ics that employ avs . fig1 is a graph of device drive voltage and device speed showing , in particular , traditional pvt corners with respect to an ic not employing voltage scaling . fig1 shows a “ slow ” corner 110 in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively slow - switching devices , and drive voltage and operating temperature are such that device switching speeds are their slowest . fig1 also shows a “ fast ” corner 120 in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively fast - switching devices , and drive voltage and operating temperature are such that device switching speeds are their highest . the corners 110 , 120 represent extremes . setup violations result from signals propagating too slowly and arriving too late for subsequent use and are most likely to occur at the slow corner 110 . hold violations result from signals propagating too quickly and arriving too soon to be sustained for subsequent use and are most likely to occur at the fast corner 120 . conventional timing analysis is performed at the slow and fast corners 110 , 120 , since they represent the greatest challenge to ic operation . it has also been determined that ics operating with voltage scaling need not be subjected to timing analysis at the slow and fast corners 110 , 120 . voltage scaling renders the slow and fast corners 110 , 120 irrelevant . an ic employing voltage scaling ( and particularly avs ) does not operate in these corners . instead , as will be shown , other corners bound the operation of an ic employing voltage scaling . as stated above , it has been realized that the method by which an ic is designed may be modified to take advantage of this fact . instead of selecting circuit configurations ( e . g ., architectures and datapath widths ) and devices and closing timing at the slow and fast corners 110 , 120 , the ic design process can instead focus on more fundamental design objectives : power , performance , area , yield or any combination of these . fig2 is a graph of device drive voltage and device speed showing , in particular , corners relevant to voltage scaling . fig2 shows a first corner 210 in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively slow - switching devices , and temperatures are such that device switching speeds are at their slowest . however , under such conditions , voltage scaling compensates for this inadequate speed by setting drive voltage at its highest level , increasing speed to an acceptable level . fig2 also shows a second corner 220 in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively fast - switching devices , and temperatures are such that device switching speeds are at their highest . however , under such conditions , voltage scaling compensates for this excessive speed by setting drive voltage at its lowest level , decreasing speed to an acceptable level . given ocv and temperature variations over the area of an ic , a region 230 results . it has been determined that ic design efforts are best spent on optimizing performance in the region 230 . in one embodiment , ic design efforts are focused exclusively in the region 230 . the method introduced herein can also be applied in a reduced risk manner by creating extended safe - zones of operation . in addition , avs can be employed to introduce over - drive ( e . g ., to about 110 % v dd ) and under - drive ( e . g ., to about 90 % v dd ). of course , other ranges of over - and under - drive may be employed in alternative embodiments . furthermore , over - and under - drive need not be the same . avs gives the ic designer the ability to choose a desired optimization target in a safe - zone as will now be shown . fig3 is a graph of device drive voltage and device speed showing , in particular , performance failure , hold / hazard failure and safe operating zones for an ic employing voltage scaling . fig3 shows the first and second corners 210 , 220 of fig2 . fig3 also shows third and fourth corners 300 , 310 . the third corner 300 represents a nominal drive voltage v dd applied to an ic in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively slow - switching devices and temperatures are such that device switching speeds are at their slowest . the fourth corner 310 represents a nominal drive voltage v dd applied to an ic in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively fast - switching devices and temperatures are such that device switching speeds are at their highest . a span 320 represents a range of over - drive , and a span 330 represents a range of under - drive . thus , the first , second , third and fourth corners 210 , 220 , 300 , 310 define a safe zone 340 of operation for an ic within which avs is capable of scaling drive voltage to maintain proper ic operation . a performance failure zone 350 lies below the safe zone 340 and encompasses operating conditions in which setup failures would occur . a hold / hazard failure zone 360 lies above the safe zone 340 and encompasses operating conditions in which hold failures would occur . an operating line 370 representing the points of actual operation of a particular ic lies within the safe zone 340 and is , as expected , bounded on its ends by the first and second corners 210 , 220 . the operating line 370 divides the safe zone 340 into a lower , performance margin zone 380 and an upper , hold / hazard margin zone 390 . the lower , performance margin zone 380 represents a margin by which the operating line 370 is separated from the performance failure zone 350 . this margin comes at the cost of performance : performance is lower , and power and area are higher , than optimal . the upper , hold / hazard margin zone 390 represents a margin by which the operating line 370 is separated from the hold / hazard failure zone 360 . this margin comes at the cost of additional buffering needed to hold signals pending subsequent use . the graph of fig3 reveals several aspects of optimization that may be exploited . first , as an upwardly pointing arrow to the right of the graph of fig3 indicates , the performance of the ic may be increased , or the area of the ic may be decreased , by reducing the performance margin zone 380 . second , as a downwardly pointing arrow to the right of the graph of fig3 indicates , the power consumed by the ic may be decreased by reducing the hold / hazard margin zone 390 . consequently , optimizing the design of an ic in terms of performance , power and area amounts to minimizing the width ( indicated by a line 395 ) of the safe zone 340 . as a result , power consumption may be reduced ( fast devices can operate at a lower drive voltage ), smaller cells ( of less area ) may be used , further reducing power consumption to meet the same performance ( slow devices can operate at a higher drive voltage ), and the performance of the ic can be increased by avoiding the slow corner 110 of fig1 , allowing the ic to be run faster than previously ( slow devices can operate at a higher drive voltage ). furthermore , ic design and test time (“ turn - around - time ”) can be decreased due to reduced cad tool run - times and ease in achieving existing performance requirements . process variations may also be reduced , and yields increased , in ic designs implemented at non - worst - case corners . the challenge in any optimization is avoiding local optimizations . in other words , the optimization should be with respect to as many alternatives as possible . in the context of the above - described optimization opportunity , optimizing the design of an ic in terms of performance , power , area and yield is best carried out with respect to multiple technology nodes . important to this objective is a technique for gathering , analyzing and presenting standardized data such that the technology nodes are comparable . fig4 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method of standardized data creation , analysis and comparison of semiconductor technology node characteristics . the method begins in a start step 405 . in a step 410 , representative benchmark circuits are designed to represent a typical clock path , a typical data path and a typical flip - flop path . in each case , interconnects couple various devices , e . g ., to model the degradation in signal transition due to changes in the rc time - constant associated with the interconnect resulting from either or both of temperature and process variations . in the particular case of a flip - flop path , the devices are coupled such that they form at least one flip - flop , and clock signals are used to step data through the flip - flop path . in the illustrated embodiment , each of the benchmark circuits include variations in drive strength and loading ( both gate and interconnect ) to cover several cases . table 1 , below , sets forth examples of clock , data and flip - flop paths that was used to produce graphs set forth in fig5 and 6 , below . in a step 415 , standard sensitization and measurement rules for delay and power are established across the benchmarks , across the corners and over the technology nodes that are to be considered as alternatives for ic design . for example , a standard sensitization may call for a repetitive pulse having a 50 % duty cycle and a 16 nm period and a flip - flop clock period of 8 ns , and a standard measurement may call for measurement of performance and power consumption ( leakage and dynamic ). in a step 420 , a simulation is performed by sweeping through a range of values and at predetermined intervals from each corner to the others . in the illustrated embodiment , the sweep is full , performed from one expected corner to the other . for example , process variables may be swept from , for example , slow ( hss ), through typical ( htt ), to fast ( hff ), resulting in three steps ; drive voltage may be swept from − 20 % of nominal v dd to + 20 % of nominal v dd in 10 mv steps , resulting in , e . g ., 400 steps if nominal v dd = 1 . 00v ; and temperature may be swept from − 40 ° c . to + 135 ° c . in 5 ° c . steps , resulting in 20 steps . as a result , 24 , 000 points of data are gathered from the example simulation . in the context of an ic that does not employ voltage scaling , sweeping may occur from a slow corner to a fast corner ( e . g ., the slow and fast corners 110 , 120 of fig1 ). in the context of an ic that does employ voltage scaling ( including avs ), sweeping may occur among various corners that define a safe zone ( e . g ., the safe zone 340 of fig3 ). in many practical applications , far more than one simulation may be performed . for example , more than 1000 simulations may be performed to collect data on each technology node using only three process points per node . the number of simulations can be much higher were skewed process points to be used . computer programming may be used along with conventional cad simulation tools to carry out automated circuit generation , multiple simulations , automated parsing , automated databanking and automated report / plot generation . the reports described herein are only examples of the many different kinds of reports that can be generated . in a step 425 , the data are extracted from the simulation and written to a databank . the databank may take any form whatsoever . in one embodiment , the number of simulations required for benchmarking are extremely large , and considerable computer - aided automation ( via programming ) is carried out to generate and consolidate the databank . in a step 430 , the data are parsed and interpreted as needed to produce reports that may take various forms . for example , in a step 435 , a 3d analysis and contour plots may be produced from the data . one embodiment employs considerable computer - aided automation to generate plots from the databank . in a step 440 , a 2d analysis may be performed on the data . in a step 445 , tables may be formed of extracted data . the method ends in an end step 450 . having described various embodiments of a method of standardized data creation , analysis and comparison of semiconductor technology node characteristics , examples of contour plots illustrating examples of data will now be described . fig5 a and fig5 b are a pair of contour plots for one example of a device fabricated according to 65 nm and 40 nm technology nodes , respectively . comparing highlighted areas 510 , 530 indicates an increased contour density at the 65 nm technology node and therefore a higher drive voltage sensitivity . a highlighted area 530 indicates an approximately 57 % increase in performance as drive voltage increases from − 10 % of nominal v dd to + 10 % of nominal v dd . a comparison of contour slopes 540 , 550 reveals temperature inversion and drive voltage sensitivity at the 40 nm technology node . a highlighted area 560 indicates an approximately 82 % increase in performance as drive voltage increases from − 10 % of nominal v dd to + 10 % of nominal v dd . these facts provide insights regarding the relative advantages and disadvantages of selecting devices in the 65 nm versus the 40 nm technology node that conventional , ad - hoc techniques for analyzing the characteristics of different technology nodes fail to reveal . fig6 a to fig6 i are a set of contour plots of high , typical and low threshold voltage devices at ff , tt and ss corners . hvt designates the high threshold voltage devices , svt designates the typical threshold voltage devices , and lvt designates the low threshold voltage devices . shown are contours from which to gain an understanding of temperature and voltage sensitivity of these devices at the 45 nm technology node . fig7 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a method of designing an ic employing voltage scaling that uses standardized data to gauge the degree of optimization . the method begins in a start step 705 . in a step 710 , performance objectives are determined . the performance objectives may be expressed in terms of a target data throughput , a target clock frequency , a target die size , a target overall power consumption , a target yield percentage or any other conventional or later - determined performance objective . in a step 715 , an optimization target voltage is determined . for example , a particular ic design may have an optimization target voltage of 1 . 7v . however , all optimization target voltages are within the scope of the invention . in a step 720 , a decision is made as to whether voltage scaling is needed . the performance objectives defined above may be such that additional voltage scaling ( or avs ) circuitry may not be needed . if voltage scaling is not needed , a conventional ic design method may then be employed . however , the flow diagram of fig7 assumes that voltage scaling is needed . in a step 725 , a decision is made as to whether the voltage scaling is to be static ( non - avs ) or adaptive ( avs ). the result of the decision of the step 725 determines the pvt corners and libraries that are to be used in generating a netlist . in a step 730 , a functional ic design and a register transfer logic ( rtl representation ) representation of that ic design are generated . those skilled in the pertinent art understand how to generate a functional ic design and an rtl representation based thereon . in a step 735 , the rtl representation is synthesized to yield a netlist using the optimization target voltage . the synthesis is performed with reference to standardized data , created by employing one of the above - described embodiments , to judge optimization . those skilled in the pertinent art are familiar with the construction and content of libraries of ic devices in general and are aware that such libraries contain standard implementations , along with physical attributes , of devices that can be implemented in an ic . some attributes are largely independent of fabrication process variation , including the numbers and locations of device terminals , the shape and size of the device footprint and the numbers and types of process steps that should be undertaken to fabricate the device and process - dependent attributes . other attributes vary , such as the switching speed of the device ( if it is a transistor ), the drive voltage of the device , the current - handling capability of the device and the power consumption of the device . as described above , the process - dependent attributes of the library are determined with reference to pvt corners ; the pvt corners of a library employed to design an ic that implements voltage scaling are different from those of a conventional library . in general , since voltage scaling renders conventional , more extreme , pvt corners irrelevant , design margins can be relaxed , and greater flexibility exists with respect to the selection of devices to be used in an ic . during the synthesis of the rtl representation into the netlist , fundamental decisions may be made regarding the architecture of the ic , including its logic circuits . those skilled in the pertinent art understand that logic circuits may be optimized in different ways . an ic may need to perform a multiply function . however , that multiply function may be implemented with different multiplier architectures . multipliers having wide datapaths ( parallel units ) may be faster but consume more power and area than multipliers having narrower datapaths ( e . g ., a single unit with intermediate result feedback ). the rtl representation may be generated with reference to a library containing more than one architecture for various logic circuits , and choices among those architectures may be made based on the greater latitude afforded by static voltage scaling or avs . in a step 740 , devices are placed , a clock tree is synthesized , and routing is determined according to the rtl representation and at the optimization target voltage . in a step 745 , a timing signoff is performed at the optimization target voltage . those skilled in the pertinent art understand how to perform timing signoff at a given drive voltage . the method ends in an end step 750 . those skilled in the art to which this application relates will appreciate that other and further additions , deletions , substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments .