a modulator is provided in operative engagement with a sensor element having a plurality of electrodes . the modulator has a single - bit quantizer electrically connected to a digital accumulator . the accumulator accumulates output information received from the single - bit quantizer . the accumulator converts the accumulated output information received from the single - bit quantizer to a multi - bit feedback signal and sends the multi - bit feedback signal in a primary feedback loop back to the sensor element . the quantizer sends a single - bit feedback signal in a secondary feedback loop back to a point before the quantizer .