an electromagnetic accelerometer includes a peripheral frame , a mass suspended from the peripheral frame , a plurality of strain gauges configured to detect displacement of the mass , and a magnetic motor . the magnetic motor includes a first pole piece defining a chamber , a second pole piece positioned in the chamber and coupled to the mass , a permanent magnet coupled to the first pole piece , and a coil coupled to the first pole piece . the permanent magnet and the coil surround at least a portion of the second pole piece .