methods of ex situ synthesis of graphene , graphene oxide , reduced graphene oxide , other graphene derivative structures and nanoparticles useful as polishing agents are disclosed . compositions and methods for polishing , hardening , protecting , adding longevity to , and lubricating moving and stationary parts in devices and systems , including , but not limited to , engines , turbos , turbines , tracks , races , wheels , bearings , gear systems , armor , heat shields , and other physical and mechanical systems employing machined interacting hard surfaces through the use of nano - polishing agents formed in situ from lubricating compositions and , in some cases , ex situ and their various uses are also disclosed .