methods having corresponding computer - readable media comprise : generating a authorization token , wherein the authorization token represents i ) one or more actions for a target computer , wherein the one or more actions require an authorization , ii ) one or more preconditions , wherein the preconditions must be true for the target computer to execute the one or more actions , and iii ) the authorization ; and providing the authorization token to a person , wherein the person does not have the authorization , and wherein the person provides the authorization token to the target computer .