the disclosure relates to printed circuit board motors and specifically to printed circuit boards used in motors and generators . windings formed from copper on printed circuit boards have been used for purposes of forming antennas , inductors , transformers , and stators that can be incorporated in permanent magnet brushless dc machines . for energy conversion devices using modern permanent magnet materials and pcb stators , the magnetic field is not strongly confined by magnetically susceptible materials . thus , the interaction between fields from adjacent turns in a winding , and / or windings on adjacent layers may be significant . the structures disclosed hereinafter reduce the effective resistance in the windings , and therefore reduce the associated losses to achieve a reduced current density in portions of the rotating energy conversion devices . the effect of the disclosed structures is a measurable reduction in loss mechanisms as a function increasing frequency , compared to the currently available devices . these effects are significant in frequency ranges important to energy conversion processes as well as typical control strategies , for example , pulse - width modulation .