Gord (archaeology)

A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries CE in Central and Eastern Europe. The typical gord usually consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark.
Etymology.
The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root "ǵʰortós", enclosure. The Proto-Slavic word "*gordъ" later differentiated into grad (Cyrillic: град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish, gard in Kashubian, etc. It is the root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадзіць, Ukrainian horodyty, Czech ohradit, Russian ogradit, Serbo-Croatian ograditi, and Polish ogradzać, grodzić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for a garden in certain languages.
Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for a city or town:
The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. 
Examples include:
The words in Polish and Slovak for "suburbium", "podgrodzie" and "podhradie" correspondingly, literally mean a settlement beneath a gord: the "gród"/"hrad" was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the "podgrodzie"/"podhradie" at its foot. (The Slavic prefix "pod-", meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root "pṓds," meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin "sub-"). The word survives in the names of several villages (Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn), as well as in the names of the German municipalities Puttgarden, Wagria and Putgarten, Rügen.
From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements *"gard" and *"gart" (as in Stuttgart), and likely also the names of Graz, Austria and Gartz, Germany. Cognate to these are English words such as "garden", "yard", "garth", "girdle" and "court." Also cognate but less closely related are Latin "hortus", a garden, and its English descendants "horticulture" and "orchard". In Hungarian, "kert", the word for a garden, literally means "encircled". Because Hungarian is a Uralic rather than an Indo-European language, this is likely a loanword. Further afield, in ancient Iran, a fortified wooden settlement was called a "gerd", or "certa", which also means garden (as in the suffix "-certa" in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., "Hunoracerta"). The Persian word evolved into "jerd" under later Arab influence. Burugerd or Borujerd is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix "-garh", meaning a fort in Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, and other Indo-Iranian languages, appears in many Indian place names. Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and Sanskrit vocabulary, it is plausible that "garh" and "gord" are related. However, this is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/.
Construction.
A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade, and/or moats. Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding a hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages.
As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near the gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a "suburbium" (). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the "suburbium" acquired its own fence or wall. In the High Middle Ages, the gord usually evolved into a castle, citadel or kremlin, and the "suburbium" into a town.
Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth (Russian "gorodishche," Polish "gród" or "grodzisko," Ukrainian "horodyshche," Slovak "hradisko," Czech "hradiště," German "Hradisch", Hungarian "hradis" and Serbian "gradiška"/"градишка"). Notable archeological sites include Groß Raden in Germany and Biskupin in Poland.