Monophthongization

Monophthongization is a sound change by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong, a type of vowel shift. It is also known as ungliding, as diphthongs are also known as gliding vowels. In languages that have undergone monophthongization, digraphs that formerly represented diphthongs now represent monophthongs. The opposite of monophthongization is vowel breaking.
Arabic.
Classical Arabic has two diphthongs, and , which are realised as the long vowels and in numerous Arabic dialects. This monophthongization has further developed into and , respectively, in urban North African dialects.
Some notable exceptions to this monophthongization are some rural Lebanese dialects, which preserve the original pronunciations of some of the diphthongs. Other urban Lebanese dialects, such as in Beirut, use the mid vowels and . Another exception is the Sfax dialect of Tunisian Arabic, which is known mostly for keeping the Classical Arabic diphthongs and . Some varieties might maintain the diphthong for words recently borrowed from Standard Arabic or use them in free variation.
English.
Some English sounds that may be perceived by native speakers as single vowels are in fact diphthongs; an example is the vowel sound in "pay", pronounced . However, in some dialects (e.g. Scottish English) is a monophthong .
Some dialects of English make monophthongs from former diphthongs. For instance, Southern American English tends to realize the diphthong as in "eye" as a long monophthong , a feature known as /aj/ ungliding or /ay/ ungliding. Monophthongization is also one of the most widely used and distinguishing features of African American Vernacular English.
Smoothing.
Smoothing is a monophthongization of a closing diphthong (most commonly ) before a vowel that can occur in Received Pronunciation and other accents of English. (Some have called this "levelling", but this is rarely used because it may be confused with dialect levelling.) For example, "chaos", pronounced without smoothing, becomes with smoothing. Smoothing applies particularly readily to and when preceding , hence for "fire" and for "tower", or with the syllabicity loss of , . The centring diphthong deriving from smoothing and syllabicity loss may further undergo monophthongization, realizing "fire" and "tower" as or , similar or identical to "far, tar"; unlike smoothing, this type of monophthongization (which Wells terms "monophthonging") does not require a following vowel.
Smoothing can occur across word boundaries in the same conditions (closing diphthong + vowel), as in "way out", "they eat", "go off".
Hindi.
In Hindi, the pure vowels and are written with the letters for the diphthongs "ai" and "au" in Devanagari and related alphabets. The vowel sequences and exist in Hindi, but are written as "āi" and "āu", with long initial vowels.
German.
The so-called early "frühneuhochdeutsche Monophthongierung" (monophthongization in the earliest stages of New High German) is particularly important in today's Standard German. It changed the diphthongs "ie" , "uo" and "üe" to respectively "ie" , "u" and "ü" :
Before 11th century &gt; nowadays:
The digraph "ie" has kept its spelling despite monophthongization.
The New High German monophthongization started in the 11th century in the center of the German-speaking area. Bavarian and Alemannic dialects in the south did not undergo the monophthongization changes and thus these dialects remain in an older language state.
Greek.
Greek underwent monophthongization at many points during its history. For instance, the diphthongs monophthongized to around the 5th century BC, and the diphthong monophthongized to in the Koine Greek period. For more information, see and Koine Greek phonology.
French.
French underwent monophthongization and so the digraph , which formerly represented a diphthong, represents the sound or in Modern French. Similarly, the digraph and trigraph represent the monophthong due to the same process.
Korean.
Korean underwent monophthongization two times─18th century, and 20th century. Their common point is that all of the monophthongized vowels were falling diphthongs. In 18th century, monophthongized to . Similarly, in 20th century monophthongized to .