Jeremiah 31

Jeremiah 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is numbered as Jeremiah 38 in the Septuagint. The book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets ("Nevi'im"). This chapter is notable for the passage about the "New Covenant" (31:31-34) of God with His restored people and the quoting of 31:15 in the “Massacre of the Innocents" narrative (Gospel of Matthew ). The Jerusalem Bible refers to chapters 30 and 31 as "the Book of Consolation", and Lutheran theologian Ernst Hengstenberg calls these two chapters "the triumphal hymn of Israel’s salvation".
Text.
The original text of Jeremiah 31 was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 40 verses in Christian Bible, but only 39 verses in Hebrew Bible, because verse 31:1 in Christian Bible is verse 30:25 in Hebrew Bible. This article follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.
Textual witnesses.
Some early manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century; since 1947 only verses 34-38 are extant), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Some fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., 4QJerc (4Q72; 1st century BC), with extant verses 1–14, 19-26 (similar to Masoretic Text).
Ancient manuscripts in Greek containing this chapter are mainly of the Septuagint version, including Codex Vaticanus (B; formula_1B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: formula_1S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; formula_1A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; formula_1Q; 6th century).
Verse numbering.
The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from "Brenton's Septuagint", page 971.
The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on "Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta" (1935) differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in "Göttingen LXX". "Swete's Introduction" mostly agrees with Rahlfs edition (=CATSS).
Parashot.
The "parashah" sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex, and those in the missing parts of the codex (since 1947) are from Kimhi's notes, marked with an asterisk (*). Jeremiah 31 is a part of the "Eleventh prophecy (Jeremiah 30-31)" in the "Consolations (Jeremiah 30-33)" section. As mentioned in the "Text" section, verses 30:25-31:39 in the Hebrew Bible below are numbered as 31:1-40 in the Christian Bible. {P}: open "parashah"; {S}: closed "parashah".
A remnant returns (31:1–26).
This part displays some 'pictures of the restored people', opened with 'a variation of the covenant-formula (verse 1; cf. ) and 'a poetic statement about 
renewal that lies beyond judgment (), followed by God's expression of the special love he has set for his people (). Israel is portrayed as a "Virgin" (), in contrast to the previous imagery as "prostitute" (), leading into images that are 'homely and joyful' (verses 5–6) of the people returning from exile (verses 7−9), followed by an oracle to the nations regarding the blessings of the remnant community as a whole (male and female, young and old, priests and lay people; verses 10–14). Thompson sees verse 1 as a continuation from . The feminine imagery continues with Rachel weeping for her children (verse 15), symbolizing Israel's grief over its losses, which is immediately answered by the future restoration (verses 16–17) as the nation's turning back to God is met by God's turning towards them (verses 18–19) and God's compassion (verse 20). The closing appeal reminds the people of God's continuous call for his people to faithfulness (verses 21–22), and the security from God for the worshipping community (verses 23–25). Verse 26 indicates that the whole vision was given to Jeremiah in a dream.
Verse 1.
Streane notes that this verse is "virtually a repetition of " and therefore argues that it should be treated as part of chapter 30. Thompson regards this verse as performing a "double function": to conclude the materials in and to be a header for the following materials in chapter 31.
Verse 9.
Streane suggests that the weeping described here (from the Hebrew version) reflects tears of contrition marking the return from exile, but notes that the Septuagint's text has a different tone:
Verse 15.
“Rachel”, Jacob’s wife and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, is described lamenting her descendants (both northern and southern tribes) carried away to exile for their sins and would be extinct (“no more”; cf. ), also figuratively grieved when later the children were “brutally murdered” in the area of Bethlehem where she died (; ). Rachel's weeping could be heard in "Ramah", "where the Judean exiles were gathered before the deportation to Babylon" (). R. H. Gundry sees the connection between this verse and in the context of hope that "in both cases God promises to turn lamentation into rejoicing".
Verse 22.
"A woman shall encompass a man": This phrase is said to be the basis of the part of a Jewish wedding, where the bride traditionally walks around the groom three or seven times when she arrives at the Chuppah.
Preamble to the New Covenant (31:27–30).
This preamble answers a proverb during the time of exile, which complained that the current generation was suffering for the sins of the previous generation (cf. ), with the statement that God would deal with each generation, and each individual, 'separately and justly'.
The New Covenant (31:31–34).
The New Covenant is a biblical interpretation originally derived from a phrase in the Book of Jeremiah (31:31-34) in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament in Christian Bible), and quoted in the chapter 8 of the Epistle to the Hebrews () in the New Testament of Christian Bible.
The Jewish view of the wording "new covenant" is no more than a renewed national commitment to abide by God's laws. In this view, the word "new" does not refer to a new commitment that replaces a previous one, but rather to an additional and greater level of commitment.
Christians believe that the promised "New Covenant" was instituted at the Last Supper as part of the Eucharist, which in the Gospel of John includes the New Commandment. Based on the Bible teaching that, "For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth," Protestants tend to believe that the New Covenant only came into force with the death of Christ. The commentary to the Roman Catholic New American Bible also affirms that Christ is the "testator whose death puts his will into effect." Christians thus believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant, and that the Blood of Christ shed at his crucifixion is the required blood of the covenant.
The results of the New Covenant (31:35–40).
The subsequent two passages affirm that 'the New Covenant will be everlasting' (verses 35–37) and, as a result of it, 'the city of Jerusalem will be rebuilt' (verses 38–40).
Verse 38.
This verse gives an exilic hope, that Jerusalem will be 'rebuilt beyond its former borders to accommodate the population explosion among its inhabitants', and that the city 'will never again be uprooted or overthrown'.