London-class battleship

The "London" class was a group of five predreadnought battleships built for the British Royal Navy in the late 1890s and early 1900s. The class comprised , , , , and . The ships of the "London" class were very similar to the preceding , with the main differences being their armour layout. They were armed with a battery of four guns and they had top speed of . They are sometimes referred to as being part of the "Formidable" class due to their similarity, or as being a class of three ships, with the last two forming their own "Queen" class. The five ships were built between 1898 and 1904 at the Portsmouth, Devonport, and Chatham Dockyards.
All five ships of the class served with the Mediterranean Fleet at the start of their careers; their peacetime years were uneventful, apart from accidental collisions with other ships. Starting in 1907, the Royal Navy began transferring the ships back to home waters, where they served at various times with the Home Fleet, Channel Fleet, and Atlantic Fleet. In 1912–1913, "London" was used to test the use of ramp-launched airplanes from ships. By 1912, all five members of the class had been transferred to the 5th Battle Squadron, Home Fleet, where they remained through the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914. After Britain's entry into the war in August, the ships escorted the British Expeditionary Force to France. "Venerable" shelled German troops in October and "Bulwark" was destroyed in an accidental magazine explosion in November.
Beginning in March 1915, the "London"-class ships began to be transferred to the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the Dardanelles Campaign; "London", "Queen", and "Prince of Wales" supported the Landing at Anzac Cove in April, but they were withdrawn in May to reinforce the Italian fleet blockading the main fleet of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic Sea. At the same time, "Venerable" was transferred to the Dardanelles, where she supported Allied troops ashore in August before also being sent to the Adriatic at the end of the year. "Queen" was converted into a depot ship in late 1916 and "London" and "Venerable" were withdrawn to Britain, where they were decommissioned and later converted into a minelayer and depot ship, respectively. "Prince of Wales" became a barracks ship in 1917. All four ships were ultimately sold for scrap in 1920 and broken up between 1920 and 1922.
Design.
For the 1898 construction programme, the Royal Navy decided to build three additional battleships to counter Russian naval building; these became the first members of the "London" class. These three ships were built to a design closely based on the preceding , out of a need to begin construction as quickly as possible in response to the new Russian ships. A new design that was then under development, which would become the , could be delayed to allow the design staff to continue their work. Their similarity to the "Formidable"s has led some historians, such as Tony Gibbons, to refer to them as a simple sub-class of the "Formidable" design, though they are generally referred to as being a distinct class. To add to the confusion, some historians like R. A. Burt refer to the ships as the "Bulwark" class. The main difference between the "London"s and the "Formidable"s was thinner deck armour, a revised side protection arrangement in their bows, and some other detail changes to the armour scheme, and the consequent lower displacement.
Two further "London"-class ships were built, and , which were identical to the other "London"s except that they had open 12-pounder gun batteries mounted in the open on the upper deck amidships and had a lower displacement. These two ships were ordered to complete a full group of eight comparable ships between the "Formidable" and "London" classes. "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" were laid down after the "Duncan"-class battleships that succeeded the "Formidable"s and "London"s, and were completed after the "Duncan"s as well. They are generally considered part of the "London" class, but the difference in the mounting of their 12-pounder guns, their lower displacement, and their later construction than the "Duncan"s lead some authors to view them as constituting a "Queen" class separate from the "Formidable" and "London" classes.
The last of the ships to commission, "Prince of Wales", was the last battleship for which Director of Naval Construction Sir William Henry White had sole design responsibility. She also was the last of the twenty-nine battleships of the , , "Formidable", "London", and "Duncan" classes, commissioned between 1895 and 1904, which had all been based on the single, standard "Majestic" design and reached their final development in "Queen" and "Prince of Wales".
General characteristics and machinery.
The ships of the "London" class were long between perpendiculars and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of . The first three ships displaced normally and up to fully loaded, while "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" displaced and , normally and fully loaded respectively. They had two pole masts fitted with fighting tops; each top carried a searchlight, and four additional searchlights were mounted on the forward and aft bridges. The ships' hulls were divided with longitudinal bulkheads that should have allowed for counter-flooding to offset underwater damage, but the equipment necessary to quickly flood a compartment was insufficient, as was typical to many British pre-dreadnought designs.
Their standard crew numbered 714 officers and ratings, though this varied over the course of their careers. During their prewar careers, their total complement ranged from 724 to 768, though while serving as the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1908, "Queen"s crew numbered 803, including the command staff; after having been reduced to a depot ship in 1918, "Venerable"s crew numbered just 361. The ships were fitted with Type 1 wireless telegraphy sets, which were replaced with Type 2 sets in 1909–1910. The ships carried a number of small boats that varied over the course of their careers, including a variety of steam and sail pinnaces, steam launches, cutters, galleys, whalers, three gigs, dinghies, and rafts.
The "London"-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines that drove two inward-turning screws. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty Belleville boilers, except for "Queen", which received thirteen Babcock &amp; Wilcox boilers. Each ship's boilers were divided into three boiler rooms and they were trunked into two funnels located amidships. Negative experiences with the Belleville boilers aboard the "Formidable"-class ships led to the decision to abandon the type in favour of the Babcock &amp; Wilcox type while "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" were still under construction. The new boilers required alteration to the boiler rooms; "Prince of Wales" was to have received the new boilers, but construction of the ship had proceeded too far by the time the decision was made to replace the Belleville boilers.
The "London"-class ships had a top speed of from . On speed trials, all five of the ships slightly exceeded their design horsepower and speed, reaching speeds of from . They carried of coal for the boilers, though their maximum capacity was ; this provided them a cruising radius of at a speed of , though "Prince of Wales"s boilers were less efficient than those of her sisters, and her cruising range was correspondingly slightly lower, at .
Armament and armour.
The ships of the "London" class had four 40-calibre Mark IX guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft. These guns were placed in BVI mountings in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading or elevation, with the exception of "Venerable", which had BVII mountings instead. Each gun was supplied with 80 shells. Both types of mountings had a range of elevation from -5 degrees to 13.5 degrees. The BVI mounts required the guns to return to 4.5 degrees to be loaded, while the BVII mounts allowed for loading at any angle. The guns had a muzzle velocity of , and they were capable of penetrating 12 inches of Krupp armour at a range of . At their maximum elevation, the guns had a range of .
The ships also carried a secondary battery of twelve 45-calibre Mark VII guns mounted in casemates, which received 200 shells per gun. The guns had a muzzle velocity of These guns could penetrate 6 inches of Krupp armour at . Maximum elevation was 14 degrees, which allowed the guns to engage targets out to . For close-range defence against torpedo boats, the first three ships carried sixteen 12-pounder guns in pivot mounts with 300 rounds per gun. "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" had fourteen of the guns. All five also had six 3-pounder guns, two 12-pounder field guns, and two machine guns. As was customary for battleships of the period, they were also equipped with four torpedo tubes submerged in the hull; these were placed on the broadside, two abreast of each barbette.
"London" and her sister ships were protected with a mix of Krupp armour, Harvey armour, nickel steel, and mild steel. Their armour arrangement was an incremental improvement over the preceding "Formidable"s, incorporating developments that had been made for the "Duncan"s, though with thicker armour than had been intended for the "Duncan"-class ships. They had an armoured belt that was thick in the main portion of the belt; the transverse bulkhead on the aft end of the belt was thick. Unlike previous British battleships, the forward part of the central citadel was not capped with a transverse bulkhead; instead, this was omitted to save weight that was used to extend the belt armour all the way along the side of the ship, albeit at reduced thicknesses. Forward of the barbette, the belt was reduced to , then tapered to , then to , and finally to at the extreme end of the bow.
Their main battery turrets sides were thick, and unlike earlier battleship classes that had curved turrets, the "London"s had flat-faced turrets. The turret roofs were thick. This change was a result of the adoption of Krupp armour, which was easier to manufacture that way than Harvey steel was. The turrets sat atop barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel; the casemates had 2 inches of steel on their sides and backs. Their ammunition hoists were also protected with 2 inches of armour. The ships' forward conning tower had thick sides as well, while the aft tower had 3-inch-thick sides. The ships were fitted with two armoured decks, thick, respectively.
Service history.
Pre-war careers.
The ships of the "London" class had uneventful peacetime careers. "London" and "Queen" were involved in collisions with merchant ships in 1912 and 1909, respectively, and "Prince of Wales" was accidentally rammed by the submarine , but none of the battleships were significantly damaged. Throughout their peacetime careers, the ships were repeatedly overhauled and had minor modifications carried out, including alterations to their light armament, addition of searchlights, and installation of improved fire-control and wireless systems. "London" was used in shipboard aviation experiments in 1912–1913.
From their commissioning, all five ships of the "London" class served with the Mediterranean Fleet, with "London", "Bulwark", and "Venerable" being stationed there in 1902. "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" joined them in 1904, though the ships remained there for only a few years before being recalled to Britain between 1907 and 1909. "London" and "Bulwark" served with the Home Fleet from 1907 to 1908, at which point they were transferred to the Channel Fleet, where they joined "Venerable", which had been recalled from the Mediterranean that year. "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" were reassigned to the Atlantic Fleet in 1908 and 1909, respectively; "Venerable" joined them there in 1909, followed by "London" in 1910. "Bulwark" instead transferred back to the 5th Battle Squadron of the Home Fleet in 1909, where she remained until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The other members of the class joined her there in 1912. "London" transferred to the 5th Battle Squadron and was used in experiments with flying off aircraft from May 1912 until 1913, employing a ramp built over her forecastle which had been transferred from the battleship "Hibernia".
First World War.
All five ships were mobilized as part of the 5th Battle Squadron at Britain's entry into the First World War in August 1914. They were initially based in the English Channel, and they helped to escort the British Expeditionary Force across the Channel in August. "Venerable" was sent to bombard German positions along the coast of Flanders in October, while "Queen" was temporarily detached to guard against a rumoured German cruiser attack. On 26 November, "Bulwark" was accidentally destroyed by an internal explosion, probably the result of improper ammunition handling procedures. The four surviving members of the class remained in the Channel, not seeing further action until early 1915, when in early March, "Venerable" was recalled to the coast of Flanders to shell German positions, which she did through May that year. At the same time, "London", "Queen", and "Prince of Wales" were ordered to the Dardanelles, where they were to join the Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
The three battleships joined the British and French fleet for the landings at Cape Helles and at Anzac Cove, conducted on 25 April. The three ships supported the landing of the 3rd Australian Brigade at Anzac Cove. Over the course of the landing, "London", "Queen", and "Prince of Wales" provided covering fire as the ANZAC troops advanced inland and helped to suppress Ottoman artillery. In May, the three ships were reassigned to the 2nd Detached Squadron, which was tasked with supporting the Italian "Regia Marina" (Royal Navy) in the Adriatic Sea, where it contained the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, the Italian naval chief of staff, believed that the threat from Austro-Hungarian submarines and naval mines in the narrow waters of the Adriatic was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way. He therefore kept his most modern battleships, plus the British ones, at Taranto to blockade the Austro-Hungarians. Also in May, "Venerable" was transferred from the Channel to the Dardanelles; she supported Allied forces ashore in August, before being refit in October and transferred to the 2nd Detached Squadron in December.
In late 1916, "Queen" was converted into a depot ship to support the Otranto Barrage; she was gradually disarmed over the following year, with the guns being sent ashore to strengthen Italian artillery fighting in northern Italy. Also in late 1916, "London" and "Venerable" returned to Britain, where they were decommissioned. In February 1917, "Prince of Wales" was also recalled to Britain, where she was reduced to a barracks ship. From February to April 1918, "London" was converted into a minelayer, and she operated in that role for the rest of the war. At the same time, "Venerable" became a depot ship supporting minelayers in the North Sea.
Post-war fates.
None of the surviving ships remained in service long after the end of the war. "Venerable" was the first to be decommissioned, in December 1918 immediately after the war. "London" was reduced to a depot ship in January 1919 and was assigned to the 3rd Fleet. "Queen" returned to Britain in April 1919, where she was placed for sale in May along with "Venerable". "Queen" and "Prince of Wales" were sold in 1920 and were broken up the following year in Britain. "London" remained in service until January 1920 and in March was also placed for sale; she and "Venerable" were sold in June that year, ultimately being scrapped in Germany in 1922.
The only extant British-built pre-dreadnought remaining today, the Japanese battleship was also built to a modified "Formidable" design, the chief difference being the addition of another pair of 6-inch guns.