Railway platform height

Railway platform height is the built height – "above top of rail (ATR)" – of passenger platforms at stations. A connected term is "train floor height", which refers to the ATR height of the floor of rail vehicles. Worldwide, there are many, frequently incompatible, standards for platform heights and train floor heights. Where raised platforms are in use, train widths must also be compatible, in order to avoid both large gaps between platform and trains and mechanical interference liable to cause equipment damage.
Differences in platform height (and platform gap) can pose a risk for passenger safety. Differences between platform height and train floor height may also make boarding much more difficult, or impossible, for wheelchair-using passengers and people with other mobility impairments, increasing station dwell time as platform or staff are required to deploy ramps to assist boarding. Platform ramps, steps, and platform gap fillers together with hazard warnings such as "mind the gap" are used to reduce risk and facilitate access. Platform height affects the loading gauge (the maximum size of train cars), and must conform to the structure gauge physical clearance specifications for the system. Tracks which are shared between freight and passenger service must have platforms which do not obstruct either type of railroad car.
To reduce construction costs, the platforms at stations on many railway systems are of low height, making it necessary for passenger cars to be equipped with external steps or internal stairs allowing passengers access to and from car floor levels. When railways were first introduced in the 19th century, low platforms were widely used from the 1880s, especially in rural areas, except in the United Kingdom. Over the years, raised platforms have become far more widespread, and are almost universal for high-speed express routes and universal in cities on commuter and rapid transit lines. Raised platforms on narrow gauge railways can prevent track gauge conversion to standard gauge or broad gauge.
Height categories.
Buses, trams, trolleys, and railway passenger cars are divided into several typical categories.
These are floor heights. The platforms can be much lower, overcome by onboard staircases.
Africa.
Algeria.
Typical Algerian platforms are above rail.
Kenya.
The SGR platforms are two standard heights of and above rail heads.
The meter gauge platforms are 1100mm.
Asia.
China.
China Railway platforms are classified into the following categories of "low" , "medium" , "high" and "ultra high" (latter 2 for most new and rebuilt platforms). Areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions, such as Xinjiang and Inner-Mongolia, are still equipped with low platforms. Under the concession period since late 2016, platforms on the southeastern corridor from Shenzhen to Ruili to be ATR, whereas the northern-, central-, and western-Chinese platforms to be ATR, are recommended.
Most CRH platforms are above top of rail, with the remainders being .
The proposed (Russian gauge) Rail North China platforms will be above rails.
Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's railway network consists of the local MTR network (including the former KCR), Hong Kong Tramways, and the Hong Kong section of the XRL high-speed line.
MTR network.
Platforms on the MTR are above the rail for the Tung Chung line and Airport Express, collectively known as the Airport Railway lines. 
The height of platforms on the Disneyland Resort line and the urban lines are . The urban lines include the Tsuen Wan line, Kwun Tong line, Tseung Kwan O line, Island line, and South Island line.
Former KCR network.
All platforms on the East Rail line and Tuen Ma line are above rail heads. 
The light rail system uses a platform height of above rail level.
High-speed rail line.
Trains at Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station travel along the XRL on China's high-speed rail system and so must be compliant with the platform height standard of above the rail.
India.
There are two standard heights of platforms in India: and .
Indonesia.
There are three standard heights of the platforms, (low), (medium), and (high) above rail heads. Most railway stations in Indonesia use low platforms.
Iran.
Iran's platforms are , and . Like in China, areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions such as the eastern regions such as around Mashhad and Zahedan, still equipped low platforms.
Israel.
Israel Railways platforms fall in the range between to above top of rail.
Japan.
The Japanese National Railways (JNR) for many years used a triple-standard for its conventional (Cape gauge) lines:
However, increasing electrification and the phasing-out of locomotive traction in favor of multiple units has made the distinction a matter of historical, rather than practical relevance. Recently, at Japan Railways Group stations in urban centers such as Tokyo and Osaka, whose lines were the earliest to be electrified, is the norm and lower-level platforms are generally raised to this height during station improvements or refurbishment. Elsewhere, such as Hokkaido and the Tohoku/Hokuriku region of Honshu, – and even platforms are still commonplace. As this represents a potential obstacle when boarding modern commuter trains, workarounds such as a step built into the floor of area-specific trainsets are often employed. Nevertheless, with accessibility becoming a greater concern as Japan's population ages, raising the level of the platform itself (in tandem with other improvements such as elevators and escalators) is seen as the most practical solution.
In at least one case, with the E721 series EMU used on JR East lines in the Tohoku region, the floor of the train itself is lowered to be nearly level to existing platforms. This makes level boarding feasible at many stations (and boarding less of a hassle at stations with the lowest platforms). However, this (along with a different standard of electrification) also makes through service southward to Tokyo impossible, and prevents them from running on certain through lines, such as the Senseki-Tohoku Line, since the Senseki Line portion uses the higher platforms (and DC electrification).
In contrast to the above standards, the standard gauge Shinkansen (Bullet Train) has, since its original inception, used only platforms. However, exceptions from this include the "Mini-Shinkansen" Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen lines, which use platforms to maintain compatibility with conventional JR trainsets.
Most standard gauge non-JR commuter railways, such as Kintetsu Nara Line and Keisei Line, use platforms.
North Korea.
North Korea's platforms are standardized at only. In there, is the norm, lower-level platforms are already raised to this height.
South Korea.
Korail adopted high platforms to operate KTX. Typically, older platforms are lower than 500 mm. For metro trains, higher platforms which height after are used. Nuriro trains are using mechanical steps to allow both type of platforms. Korail has a long-term plan to change platform standards to higher platforms; both KTX-Eum and EMU-320 are designed to use higher platforms.
Philippines.
There are various platform heights for railway lines in the Philippines. For heavy rail and commuter rail systems such as the LRT Line 2 and the PNR Metro Commuter Line, most stations are generally set at . For the LRT Line 1 and MRT Line 3 which use light rail vehicles, the platform heights are at and , respectively. Future train lines such as the Metro Manila Subway and the North–South Commuter Railway will use the same heavy rail standard at , while the PNR South Long Haul's platform height will be the Chinese standard of . All cargo loading platforms are .
Previously, the Philippine National Railways had lower platforms prior to the 2009 reconstruction of its network. Some stations such as have its curb height platforms still intact as of 2020, while others such as and have platforms built during the early 2000s.
Taiwan.
Taiwan high-speed rail platforms are above rail.
In Taiwan, Taiwan Railways Administration's platforms were tall and passengers must take two stair steps to enter the train. In 2001, however, the platforms were raised to , cutting the steps needed to one. Between 2016 and 2020, platforms were again raised to , and the unnecessary gap on trains were filled in.
Thailand.
Old railway platforms are usually less than 500 mm (20 in) in height. New platforms along double tracking projects, red line projects, and metro stations are built at height. Bang Bamru railway station is built with both high and low platforms.
Pakistan.
In Pakistan, most platforms are above rail.
Turkmenistan.
In Turkmenistan, most platforms are above rail.
Uzbekistan.
In Uzbekistan, most platforms are above rail.
Eurasia.
Kazakhstan.
In Kazakhstan, only Astana Nurly Jol station and Russian Railway's Petropavlovsk station have platforms. Almost everywhere else, the platforms are above top of rail.
Russia.
As of late 2015, there are three standard heights of platforms, which include:
In some urban areas, such as Moscow and St Petersburg, served only by local traffic, use platforms for direct-current electric multiple units. Elsewhere, and even platforms are almost commonplace. In some cases, such as VR Sm4 of Finland, the floor of the train itself lowered to be nearly level to platforms. This makes level boarding feasible at some stations (and boarding less of a hassle at stations with the lowest platforms).
The proposed Indian gauge Indo-Siberian railways platforms will be above top of rail.
Turkey.
In Turkey, the standard platform height for commuter railways is and for mainline &amp; high-speed railways it's . But most of the platforms throughout the network are old and thus out of standard.
Europe.
European Union.
The European Union Commission issued a TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002 (2002/735/EC) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are . There are special cases: for the Netherlands, for Great Britain, and for Ireland.
Broad-gauge railways.
The proposed (Russian gauge) railways (e.g. Arctic Railway and Kosice-Vienna broad gauge line) and the proposed (Brunel gauge) railways will be for Sweden and Norway, and for Poland and Slovakia, and for Germany and Austria.
Channel Tunnel.
Platforms for Eurotunnel Shuttle are above rails.
Rail Baltica.
The European standard gauge Rail Baltica II platforms will be above rails. Previously, this line would be above rails, but cut off the Lithuanian sections and eliminate the freight transport provision make change to high-floor level-boarding trains on the European standard gauge tracks, much like the US's Brightline West and the UK's High Speed 2.
Belgium.
Belgium has been using mixed type of platform heights (due to the age of the network, and the different companies running it before 1923). As of 2017 the most common platform heights for small stop places and stations are low platform heights of .
There is a plan to comply with the European TSI by raising all low platform heights to one of the European Standard Heights. Most stations will by then be equipped with platforms, and direct current EMUs dedicated platforms will be upgraded in their final version to . Some stations, or stopping points, already having platform heights will keep the platforms at these heights.
Finland.
In Finland, the current standard platform height is in Helsinki/Turku urban areas. Platforms that in the reminder of the network are built to the older standard of ranging to above top of rail.
The sole exception on the national railway network is the Nikkilä halt which has a platform height of 400 mm (15.8 in).
The majority of the passenger rolling stocks in Finland and the other Russian gauge compatible network have bottom steps lower than , thus the platforms with height can create negative vertical gaps, unlike the rest of Europe. There are current proposed figures:
Germany.
Germany's EBO standard specifies an allowable range between and . This does not include light rail systems that follow the BOStrab standard, with newer metro lines to use low-floor trams which have a usual floor height of so that platforms are constructed as low as 300 mm in accordance with BOStrab that requires the platform height not to be higher than the floor height.
The traditional platforms had a very diverse height as the nationwide railway network is a union of earlier railway operators. Prior to followed by the European TSI standard the EBO standard requires that new platform construction be at a regular height of . The TSI standard of height, historically common in the East, is widely used on regional lines. Only the S-Bahn suburban rail systems had a higher platform height and these are standardized on .
Ireland.
While older platforms on the Dublin and Kingstown Railway were at lower levels, all platforms are now 915mm above rail and all new platforms are being built at that level. Amongst other work, there is an ongoing program of platform renewal. Both of Ireland's railway companies (Irish Rail in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland) have had some derogations from EU standards as their mainline rail systems, while connected to each other, are not connected to any other system.
The electric DART fleet has carriage floors at above top of rail creating a step of , while the diesel fleet is typically one step () higher than the platform.
On Dublin's Luas tram system, platforms are approximately above rail. Tram floors are at the same height, but have internal steps over the bogies.
Luxembourg.
The platforms for the Namur-Luxembourg line (with 3kV DC electrification). The remainder of the network, the platforms are above rails.
Netherlands.
European Commission decision 2002/735/EC which concerns trans-European interoperability for high-speed rail specifies that rolling stock be built for operational suitability platform height of . Dutch infrastructure maintainer ProRail has committed to upgrading all stations to platform height.
Poland.
Typical platforms in Poland are high. In some rural or urban/suburban areas (e.g. around Warsaw) platforms used by local traffic are lower or higher (), respectively. All newly built platforms are high.
Spain.
While older platforms in Spain are lower than the rest of Europe, many platforms are now above rail. Following track gauge conversion from Iberian gauge to standard gauge, platforms to be raised to for new regional trainsets.
Sweden.
Sweden has generally platforms for mainline trains. Stockholm Commuter Rail has almost always its own platforms at height which allows stepless trains of type X60. The Arlanda Express service has platform height with floor at platform level. They have their own platforms and trains, which are incompatible with mainline platforms and trains, even if the Arlanda Express goes on a mainline. The stations Sundbyberg and Knivsta have one platform each used by both commuter trains and regional mainline trains, which can cause uncomfortable steps, but is accepted. Sundbyberg has 730 mm and Knivsta has around 500 mm. Stockholm Central station has after the commuter trains moved to the "City" station, two high 730 mm platforms, now used for mainline trains. The Stockholm Metro and Saltsjöbanan have , while tramways in general have a very low platform, often also used by buses which must allow boarding from places without platform.
United Kingdom.
The standard height for platforms in the United Kingdom is with a margin of ± . On the Heathrow Express the platform height is specified at .
High Speed 2 is being built with a platform height of , which does not conform to the European Union technical standards for interoperability for high-speed rail (EU Directive 96/48/EC). This is to provide true step free access to trains at the new HS2 stations, which is not possible using European Standards or UK standard heights. HS2 trains will operate outside of the HS2 line using existing infrastructure, which will not be step free. High Speed 1 has a platform height of on its international platforms. The Great Western Main Line, North London Line, Gospel Oak to Barking Line and Great Eastern Main Line platforms will be mixture of (for intercity trains) and (for London commuter trains).
France.
The standard height for all platforms in France is , following the european guidelines. However, this rule is not respected for parts of the RER and Transilien network.
North America.
Canada.
Intercity and commuter rail.
In Canada, Via Rail intercity trains have level boarding with platforms above the top of rail at stub platforms at Montreal Central Station, Quebec City Gare du Palais and a single platform at Ottawa station. The remainder of stations in the Via Rail network have low platforms to above the rail.
GO Transit regional trains have a floor height of above the top of rail, and GO Transit plans to raise platforms to provide level boarding at that height. Currently, platforms are above the top of rail, with a raised "mini-platform" ( above rails) which provides level boarding from one door of the train.
Exo commuter trains have level boarding with platforms , , or above the top of rail at Montreal Central (stub platforms and REM platforms), Côte-de-Liesse, Repentigny, Terrebonne, and Mascouche stations. The remainder of stations in the Exo network have low platforms or above the top of rail.
All UP Express stations have level boarding with platforms above the top of rail.
West Coast Express has accessible boarding platforms at all stations. However, unlike the SkyTrain, there is a small height difference and door-level for wheelchair access are provided at all stations.
Metro and light rail.
All rapid transit and light rail systems, except for the Toronto streetcar system, provide level boarding between trains and platforms. The platform heights vary per line, as per the table below.
On the Toronto streetcar system, most stops are in mixed traffic accessed from the road surface, without raised platforms. Where raised platforms do exist, they are at sidewalk curb height and not at the height of the vehicle floor. As a result, people using wheeled mobility aids need to use the wheelchair ramp even at stops where a raised platform exists.
United States.
New and substantially renovated stations in the United States must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act, which requires level boarding. Most inter-city and commuter rail systems use either high platforms that allow level boarding, or low platforms. Metro and light rail systems feature a variety of different platform heights.
Intercity and commuter rail with high platforms.
Most commuter rail systems in the northeastern United States have standardized on high platforms, and is in general the floor height of single-deck trains. This height was introduced in the 1960s on the Long Island Rail Road with the M1 railcars. MBTA Commuter Rail, CTrail's Hartford Line and Shore Line East, Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, NJ Transit, and SEPTA Regional Rail all use this height for new and renovated stations, though low platforms remain at some older stations.
Outside the Northeast U.S., Metra Electric District, South Shore Line, RTD, WES Commuter Rail, and SMART use 48-inch platforms. MARC has high-level platforms at most Penn Line stations; although low platforms are used on the Camden Line and Brunswick Line due to freight clearances (and in the latter case, the need to operate with the low-floor-only Superliner), Baltimore-Camden and (stations outside of freight routes) as well as (a station with passing tracks) still feature high platforms.
Amtrak intercity services feature high-level platforms on the Northeast Corridor, Keystone Corridor, Empire Corridor, and New Haven–Springfield Line, although some stations on these lines have not been retrofitted with high platforms. High-level platforms are also present at a small number of stations on other lines, including Worcester, Roanoke, Raleigh, and several "Downeaster" stations. Brightline service in Florida also uses high level platforms.
At some stations, a desired high-level platform is impractical due to wide freight trains or other practicalities. (Gauntlet tracks, which permit wide freights to pass full-length high-level platforms, have practical issues of their own.) At these locations, mini-high platforms are often used for accessibility. Mini-high platforms have a short length of high platform, long enough for one or two doors, with an accessible ramp to the longer low platform. The platform edge is usually hinged so that it can be flipped out of the way of passing freights.
Intercity and commuter rail with low platforms.
Most other commuter rail systems in the U.S. and Amtrak stations have low-level platforms to accommodate freight trains, with mini-high platforms or portable lifts to reach the -high floors of low-level bilevel railcars. Single-deck cars, which generally serve the prevalent high platforms in the Northeast, feature trapdoors that expose stairs so that passengers can access the low platforms.
Double-deck commuter railcars are designed to be compatible with single-deck cars by having a third, intermediate deck above the bogies at both ends, with a matching floor height of . (Mixed consists of double decks and single decks can sometimes be seen in the FrontRunner system in Utah.) The Bombardier BiLevel Coach is used on many commuter rail networks in North America, with Coaster having platforms to match their floor height. Once electrified, the new Caltrain trains will be equipped for both platform heights in anticipation of sharing facilities with California High-Speed Rail trains. A small number of systems do use low-floor single deck trains, including TEXRail and others that use Stadler FLIRT and GTW rolling stock.
All of Amtrak's bilevel cars, which are all Superliners, are entirely low-floor and have step-free passthroughs on the upper deck, with the exception of "transition" sleeper cars where one end features stairs to maintain compatibility with single-deck cars (including Amtrak's own baggage cars).
Metro and light rail.
Platform heights of metro systems vary by system and even by line. For example, on the MBTA subway system in the Greater Boston area, Blue Line platforms are above top of rail (ATR), while Orange Line platforms are at , and Red Line platforms are at . Bay Area Rapid Transit stations have platform heights of .
Most light rail systems have platforms around ATR, allowing level boarding on low-floor light rail vehicles. Most new systems are built to this standard, and some older systems like VTA light rail have been converted. Several systems including MetroLink use higher platforms with level boarding. Several older light rail systems have high-floor vehicles but low platforms, with mini-high platforms or lifts for accessibility. Some, like the MBTA Green Line, are being converted to low-floor rolling stock, while others, like Baltimore Light Rail have permanent mini-high platforms. Muni Metro has high platforms in the subway section as well as some surface stops, and mini-high platforms at other surface stops; the vehicles have movable stairs inside to serve both high and low platforms.
Oceania.
Australia.
The majority of railway systems in Australia use high level platforms with a platform height a small distance below the train floor level. Exception to this include Queensland who have narrow gauge trains and lower platforms, and South Australia who have trains fitted with low level steps to enable the use of low level platforms.
In New South Wales, by 2000, the platform step (the difference between the platform height and the train floor height) had been allowed to grow to a maximum of about , which was uncomfortably large. For Sydney's 2000 Olympics, new and altered platforms were designed to match the Tangara trains, which are wide, leaving a platform gap of about and a step height close to zero. This has become the standard for all subsequent platforms and trains in NSW.
In Victoria, the standard platform height for metropolitan and regional stations is 1080mm above the top of rail.
The standard gauge lines in South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory, most platforms are above rails.
Metro and light rail.
The tramway network in Melbourne have some low level platforms and low floor vehicles, but most trams have steps and are boarded from the road. The Adelaide Tram line has low platforms at almost all stops and operates almost entirely with low-floor trams which also have retractable ramps for street boarding where required by persons unable to step up. The and Sydney light rail networks have low floor trams and platforms at all stops.
South America.
Argentina.
Platforms for long-distance trains are above rail, and platforms for Buenos Aires commuter trains are .