diff --git "a/clean/dev/gutenberg.txt" "b/clean/dev/gutenberg.txt" --- "a/clean/dev/gutenberg.txt" +++ "b/clean/dev/gutenberg.txt" @@ -272,7 +272,6 @@ then he hastened over to the hammock. "'scuse me, miss," said he, in his most ingratiating voice. "is yer uncle 'round anywheres?" "isn't he in the barn?" -asked the girl, looking up. "can't find him, high ner low. but he ordered a book of me t'other day--'radford's lives o' the saints'--an' perhaps you'll take it an' pay me the money, so's i kin go home." louise gazed at the man musingly. @@ -346,7 +345,6 @@ ethel thompson came over the next day, as she had promised, and the sweet-faced, she was the eldest of them all, but her retired country life had kept her fresh and natural, and ethel seemed no more mature than the younger girls except in a certain gravity that early responsibility had thrust upon her. together the four laughing, light-hearted maids wandered through the pines, where the little school-ma'am showed them many pretty nooks and mossy banks that the others had not yet discovered. by following an unsuspected path, they cut across the wooded hills to the waterfall, where little bill creek made a plunge of twenty feet into a rocky basin below. -in spite of the bubbles, the water here showed clear as crystal, and the girls admiringly christened it the "champagne cup." they shed their shoes and stockings and waded in the pool, enjoying the sport with shrieks of merry laughter--more because they were happy than that there was anything to laugh at. afterward they traced the stream down to a lovely glade a half mile above millville, where ethel informed them the annual sunday-school picnic was always held, and then trailed across the rocky plateau to the farm. by the time they reached home their appetites were well sharpened for mary's excellent luncheon, and the afternoon was devoted to rest under the shady pines that grew beside the house. @@ -629,7 +627,6 @@ is it too quiet and dull at millville to suit you?" "oh, no!" they would exclaim. "we are having a splendid time, and would not leave the farm for anything." -and he often noticed them grouped in isolated places and conversing in low, eager tones that proved "something was up." he felt somewhat grieved that he was not their confidant, since these girls and their loyal affection for him constituted the chief joy of his life. when he put on his regulation fishing costume and carried his expensive rod and reel, his landing net and creel to the brook for a day's sport, he could no longer induce one of his girls to accompany him. even patsy pleaded laughingly that she had certain "fish to fry" that were not to be found in the brook. @@ -901,7 +898,6 @@ presently she remarked: the boy gives me an idea that may reconcile many conflicting suspicions." "in what way, louise?" "i'll tell you when i've thought it out," she replied. -chapter xiv. the major is puzzled. ethel came frequently to visit the girls at the wegg farm, and at such times uncle john treated her with the same affectionate consideration he bestowed upon his nieces, and made her so cordially welcome that the little school teacher felt entirely at her ease. the girls did not confide to ethel their investigation of the wegg mystery, but in all other matters gave her their full confidence. @@ -931,7 +927,6 @@ declared patsy, emphatically. i've had me eye on that man hucks already, for he's the merriest faced villain i ever encountered. do you say he's shy with you girls?" "he seems afraid of us, or suspicious, and won't let us talk to him," answered beth. -"leave him to me," proposed the major, turning a stern face but twinkling eyes upon the group. "'twill be my task to detect him. leave him to me, young women, an' i'll put the thumb-screws on him in short order." here was the sort of energetic confederate they had longed for. @@ -965,7 +960,6 @@ the path wound this way and that, and branched in several directions. twice the major thought he had lost his quarry, but was guided aright by their soft footfalls. the ground dipped here and there, and as they entered one of the hollows major doyle was startled to observe the twinkle of a dim light ahead. a minute later he saw the outlines of a little frame building, and within this old hucks and nora presently disappeared. -chapter xv. the man in hiding. cautiously the major approached the cabin, which seemed to have been built as a place for the berry pickers to assemble and pack their fruit. it was constructed of rough boards and had a little window in the side nearest the dwelling house and a door on the opposite side. @@ -1404,7 +1398,6 @@ in the drawer you will find the worthless stock and a picture of my mother. i'd like to keep the picture." "you shall, joseph. how are you getting on?" -"why, i'm a new man, mr. merrick, and today i'm feeling as strong as a buffalo--thanks to your kind guardianship." "don't overdo, sir. take it easy. there's a young lady coming to see you today." @@ -1440,7 +1433,6 @@ he took a clipping from a drawer of the desk and handed it to uncle john, who re "as a matter of fact," continued west, "you are not cutting that portion of the almaquo tract which this fire refers to, and which thompson and wegg were interested in, but the north half of the tract, which they had never acquired any title to." "i suppose the stock will show that," suggested mr. merrick. "of course, sir." -"i will look it up." west smiled. "you will have some trouble doing that," he said. "why?" @@ -1463,7 +1455,6 @@ the girls were still regarded with curious looks when they wandered into the vil peggy mcnutt was still bothering his head over schemes to fleece the strangers, in blissful ignorance of the fact that one of his neighbors was planning to get ahead of him. the widow clark was a shrewd woman. she had proven this by becoming one of the merchants of millville after her husband's death. -the poor man had left an insurance of five hundred dollars and the little frame building wherein he had conducted a harness shop. mrs. clark couldn't make and repair harness; so she cleared the straps and scraps and wax-ends out of the place, painted the interior of the shop bright yellow, with a blue ceiling, erected some shelves and a counter and turned part of the insurance money into candy, cigars, stationery, and a meager stock of paper-covered novels. skim, her small son, helped her as far as he was able, and between them they managed things so frugally that at the end of eight years the widow still had her five hundred dollars capital, and the little store had paid her living expenses. skim was named after his uncle, peter skimbley, who owned a farm near watertown. @@ -1544,7 +1535,6 @@ skim reflected still farther. the widow sighed. "tain't the coat that makes the man, skim." "it's the coat thet makes decent courtin', though," he maintained, stubbornly. -"gals like to see a feller dressed up. it shows he means business an' 'mounts to somethin'." "i give nick thorne two dollars an' a packidge o' terbacker fer them clotlies, which the on'y thing wrong about was they'd got too snug fer comfert. nick said so himself. @@ -1552,7 +1542,6 @@ but i'll make a bargain with ye, skim. ef you'll agree to give me fifty dollars after yer married, i'll buy ye some store clothes o' sam cotting, to do courtin' in." "fifty dollars!" "well, i've brung ye up, hain't i?" -"i've worked like a nigger, mindin' shop." "say forty dollars. i ain't small, an' ef ye git one o' them city gals, skim, forty dollars won't mean no more'n a wink of an eye to ye." skim frowned. @@ -1584,7 +1573,6 @@ allow me to introduce to you my uncle and cousins," said the girl, her eyes danc skim acknowledged the introductions with intense gravity, and then sat down upon a straight-backed chair near the piano, this being the end of the room where the three girls were grouped. uncle john gave a chuckle and resumed his game with the major, who whispered that he would give a dollar for an oil painting of mr. clark--if it couldn't be had for less. louise laid down her book and regarded the visitor wonderingly. -patsy scented fun and drew a chair nearer the group. beth resumed her embroidery with a demure smile that made skim decide at once that "he picked the pretty one." indeed, the decision did justice to his discretion. beth de graf was a rarely beautiful girl and quite outshone her cousins in this respect. @@ -1701,7 +1689,6 @@ directing a keen glance at skim. i hope, sir, you'll call 'round and see me in baltimore next year. i'll not be there, but ye can leave your card, just the same." "please call again, sir," added uncle john; "about october--just before snow flies." -the boy got up. "i don't keer none," he said, defiantly. "it's all ma's fault, gittin' me laughed at, an' she won't hear the last of it in a hurry, nuther." "be gentle with her, skim," suggested beth, softly. @@ -1730,7 +1717,6 @@ and they've never yet been returned." "i said 'tempt him,' uncle." "and what did you mean by that expression, beth?" "i'll think it over and tell you later," she returned, quietly. -* * * * * ethel thompson would have shown joe wegg how much she resented his leaving millville without a word to her, had she not learned from mr. merrick the boy's sad condition. knowing her old friend was ill, she determined to ignore the past and go to him at once, and uncle john knew very well there would be explanations to smooth away all the former misunderstandings. joe was now aware of the fact that his letter to ethel had never reached its destination, so, as soon as the girl had arrived and the first rather formal greetings were over, he sent kate kebble to mcnutt's to ask the agent to come over to the hotel at once. @@ -1749,7 +1735,6 @@ but he tried to disarm the pending accusation with his usual brazen impertinence "peggy," said joe, "when i went away, three years ago, i gave you a letter for miss ethel. what did you do with it?" peggy's bulging eyes stared at his blue foot, which he turned first one side and then the other to examine the red stripes. -"it's this way, joe," he replied; "there wa'n't no postige stamp on the letter, an' sam cotting said it couldn't be posted no way 'thout a stamp." "it wasn't to be sent through the post-office," said the boy. "i gave you a quarter to deliver it in person to miss ethel." "did ye, joe? @@ -2046,14 +2031,11 @@ i am not a thief, major doyle." when i thought of them again joe had gone away and i did not know his address. i came over and searched the cupboard unsuccessfully. but it was not a matter of great importance at that time if the stock was mislaid, since there was no one to contest my ownership of it. -it was only after mr. merrick accused me of robbing my old friends and ordered my payments stopped that i realized it was important to me to prove my ownership. that is why i came here today." -again a silence fell upon the group. said uncle john, finally: "if the deed to the bogue tract can be found, joe and ethel will be rich. i wonder what became of the paper." no one answered, for here was another mystery. -chapter xxiv. peggy has revenge. joe wegg made a rapid recovery, his strength returning under the influence of pleasant surroundings and frequent visits from ethel and uncle john's three nieces. not a word was hinted to either the invalid or the school teacher regarding the inquiries mr. merrick was making about the deed to the bogue timber lands, which, if found, would make the young couple independent. @@ -2226,7 +2208,6 @@ ef ye didn't belong to thet gum-twisted nabob, ye'd be some pun'kins." good night." and it was not until well on their journey to the farm that the girls finally dared to abandon further restraint. then, indeed, they made the grim, black hills of the plateau resound to the peals of their merry laughter. -chapter xxv. good news at last. it was on the morning following this adventure that uncle john received a bulky envelope from the city containing the result of the investigation he had ordered regarding the ownership of the bogue tract of pine forest. it appeared that the company in which he was so largely interested had found the tract very valuable, and had been seeking for the owners in order to purchase it or lease the right to cut the timber. @@ -2292,7 +2273,6 @@ our troubles are over, my boy, for here is the key to your fortune." heigh-ho! what a chase we've had for nothing!" "not for nothing, dear," replied patsy, softly, "for we've helped make two people happy, and that ought to repay us for all our anxiety and labor." -* * * * * a knock was heard at the door, and old hucks entered and handed mr. merrick a paper. "he's waiting, sir," said he, ambiguously. "oh, tom--tom!" @@ -2324,17 +2304,13 @@ thomas performed his mission. mcnutt rolled his eyes, pounded the floor with his stump to emphasize his mingled anger and satisfaction, and then receipted the bill. "it's jest five more'n i 'spected to git, hucks," he said with a grin. "but what's the use o' havin' nabobs around, ef ye don't bleed 'em?" -* * * * * this story is one of the delightful "aunt jane series" in which are chronicled the many interesting adventures in the lives of those fascinating girls and dear old "uncle john." the other volumes can be bought wherever books are sold. a complete list of titles, which is added to from time to time, is given on page 3 of this book. -( complete catalog sent free on request.) the man against the sky a book of poems by edwin arlington robinson -[note on text: italicized words or phrases are capitalized. lines longer than 78 characters are broken and the continuation is indented two spaces. -some obvious errors may have been corrected.] to the memory of william edward butler several of the poems included in this book are reprinted from american periodicals, as follows: "the gift of god", "old king cole", "another dark lady", and "the unforgiven"; "flammonde" and "the poor relation"; "the clinging vine"; "eros turannos" and "bokardo"; "the voice of age"; "cassandra"; "the burning book"; "theophilus"; "ben jonson entertains a man from stratford". contents @@ -2472,7 +2448,6 @@ we buried what was left of it,--the bar, too, and the chains; and only for the a forty years ago it was i heard the old man say, "that's all, my son." --and here again i find the place to-day, deserted and told only by the tree that knows the most, and overgrown with golden-rod as if there were no ghost. hillcrest -(to mrs. edward macdowell) no sound of any storm that shakes old island walls with older seas comes here where now september makes an island in a sea of trees. between the sunlight and the shade a man may learn till he forgets the roaring of a world remade, and all his ruins and regrets; and if he still remembers here poor fights he may have won or lost,-- if he be ridden with the fear of what some other fight may cost,-- @@ -2664,7 +2639,6 @@ my local informant tells me that you have kept back a certain amount of your fat as this will now be unnecessary i hope that you will sell the rest. haverton house is sufficiently furnished, and we should not be able to find room for any more furniture. i suggest your coming to us next friday. -it will be easiest for you to take the fast train up to paddington when you will be able to catch the 6.45 to slowbridge arriving at 7.15. we usually dine at 7.30, but on friday dinner will be at 8 p.m. in order to give you plenty of time. helen sends her love. she would have written also, but i assured her that one letter was enough, and that a very long one. your affectionate brother-in-law, @@ -3049,7 +3023,6 @@ he might have supposed from this that she intended to confer upon him a measure mark was sorry that she felt like that toward him, because she seemed unhappy, and in his desire for everybody to be happy he would have liked to proclaim how suddenly and unexpectedly happiness may come. as a sister of the vicar of the parish, she went to church regularly, but mark did not think that she was there except in body. he once looked across at her open prayer book during the magnificat, and noticed that she was reading the tables of kindred and affinity. -now, mark knew from personal experience that when one is reduced to reading the tables of kindred and affinity it argues a mind untouched by the reality of worship. in his own case, when he sat beside his uncle and aunt in the dreary slowbridge church of their choice, it had been nothing more than a sign of his own inward dreariness to read the tables of kindred and affinity or speculate upon the paschal full moons from the year 2200 to the year 2299 inclusive. but st. margaret's, meade cantorum, was a different church from st. jude's, slowbridge, and for esther ogilvie to ignore the joyfulness of worshipping there in order to ponder idly the complexities of golden numbers and dominical letters could not be ascribed to inward dreariness. besides, she wasn't dreary. @@ -3061,7 +3034,6 @@ but what was she? mark abandoned the problem of esther in the pleasure of meeting the reverend oliver dorward, who arrived one afternoon at the vicarage with a large turbot for mrs. ogilvie, and six flemish candlesticks for the vicar, announcing that he wanted to stay a week before being inducted to the living of green lanes in the county of southampton, to which he had recently been presented by lord chatsea. mark liked him from the first moment he saw him pacing the vicarage garden in a soutane, buckled shoes, and beaver hat, and he could not understand why mr. ogilvie, who had often laughed about dorward's eccentricity, should now that he had an opportunity of enjoying it once more be so cross about his friend's arrival and so ready to hand him over to mark to be entertained. "just like ogilvie," said dorward confidentially, when he and mark went for a walk on the afternoon of his arrival. -"he wants spiking up. they get very slack and selfish, these country clergy. time he gave up meade cantorum. he's been here nearly ten years. @@ -3187,7 +3159,6 @@ mark in a cassock that was much too long for him and in a cotta that was in the a fear seized him that in spite of all his practice he was kneeling on the wrong side of the priest; he forgot the first responses; he was sure the sanctus-bell was too far away; he wished that mr. dorward would not mutter quite so inaudibly. gradually, however, the meetness of the gestures prescribed for him by the ancient ritual cured his self-consciousness and included him in its pattern, so that now for the first time he was aware of the significance of the preface to the sanctus: it is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, o lord, holy father, almighty everlasting god. twenty minutes ago when he was ringing the church bell mark had experienced the rapture of creative noise, the sense of individual triumph over time and space; and the sound of his ringing came back to him from the vaulted roof of the church with such exultation as the missal thrush may know when he sits high above the fretted boughs of an oak and his music plunges forth upon the january wind. -now when mark was ringing the sanctus-bell, it was with a sense of his place in the scheme of worship. if one listens to the twitter of a single linnet in open country or to the buzz of a solitary fly upon a window pane, how incredible it is that myriads of them twittering and buzzing together should be the song of april, the murmur of june. and this sanctus-bell that tinkled so inadequately, almost so frivolously when sounded by a server in meade cantorum church, was yet part of an unimaginable volume of worship that swelled in unison with angels and archangels lauding and magnifying the holy name. the importance of ceremony was as deeply impressed upon mark that morning as if he had been formally initiated to great mysteries. @@ -3196,7 +3167,6 @@ it was no longer a step to communion, but was apprehended as a sacrament itself, perhaps ogilvie may have been a little jealous of dorward's influence; he also was really alarmed at the prospect, as he said, of so much fire being wasted upon poker-work. in the end what between dorward's encouragement of mark's ritualistic tendencies and the "spiking up" process to which he was himself being subjected, ogilvie was glad when a fortnight later dorward took himself off to his own living, and he expressed a hope that mark would perceive dorward in his true proportions as a dear good fellow, perfectly sincere, but just a little, well, not exactly mad, but so eccentric as sometimes to do more harm than good to the movement. mark was shrewd enough to notice that however much he grumbled about his friend's visit mr. ogilvie was sufficiently influenced by that visit to put into practice much of the advice to which he had taken exception. -the influence of dorward upon mark did not stop with his begetting in him an appreciation of the value of form in worship. when mark told mr. ogilvie that he intended to become a priest, mr. ogilvie was impressed by the manifestation of the divine grace, but he did not offer many practical suggestions for mark's immediate future. dorward on the contrary attached as much importance to the manner in which he was to become a priest. "oxford," mr. dorward pronounced. @@ -3220,10 +3190,8 @@ i don't know how much it is . i think five hundred pounds. would that be enough?" "with care and economy," said mr. ogilvie. -"and you might win a scholarship." "but i'm leaving school at the end of this year." mr. ogilvie thought that it would be wiser not to say anything to his uncle until after mark had been confirmed. -he advised him to work hard meanwhile and to keep in mind the possibility of having to win a scholarship. the confirmation was held on the feast of the nativity of the blessed virgin. mark made his first confession on the vigil, his first communion on the following sunday. chapter xii @@ -3322,7 +3290,6 @@ in the circumstances i assume that you will deduct a proportion of his school fe i know that you will be as much horrified and disgusted as i was by your nephew's conduct, and i trust that you will be able to wrestle with him in the lord and prove to him that jesus only is necessary to salvation. yours very truly, eustace pomeroy. -p.s. i suggest that instead of £6 6s. 0d. i should pay £5 5s. @@ -3468,7 +3435,6 @@ said mark, a little mortified, but at the same time relieved that he could keep "well, that ought to be enough. i've got enough to send a telegram to dorward. as soon as i get his answer i'll send you word by hacking. -now don't hang about in the garden all the afternoon or your people will begin to think something's up. if you could, it would be a good thing for you to be heard praying and groaning in your room." cyril smiled his feeble smile, and mark felt inclined to abandon him to his fate; but he decided on reflection that the importance of vindicating the claims of the church to a persecuted son was more important than the foolishness and the feebleness of the son. "do you want me to do anything more?" @@ -3490,10 +3456,6 @@ he took out the am, changed by 7.30 from waterloo to arriving 9.35 and send conv if he had only borrowed cyril's sovereign, he could have been more explicit. however, he flattered himself that he was getting full value for his eightpence. he then worked out the cost of cyril's escape. -s. d. third class single to paddington 1 6 third class return to paddington (for self) 2 6 third class single waterloo to galton 3 11 cab from paddington to waterloo 3 6? -cab from waterloo to paddington (for self) 3 6? -sandwiches for cyril and self 1 0 ginger-beer for cyril and self (4 bottles) 8 -total 16 7 the cab of course might cost more, and he must take back the eightpence out of it for himself. but cyril would have at least one and sixpence in his pocket when he arrived, which he could put in the offertory at the mass of thanksgiving for his escape that he would attend on the following morning. cyril would be useful to old dorward, and he (mark) would give him some tips on serving if they had an empty compartment from slowbridge to paddington. @@ -3576,7 +3538,6 @@ he says he doesn't mind so much if it's kept out of the papers." "i wasn't particularly keen on you until you brought this off. i hate pious boys. i wish you'd told me beforehand. -i'd have loved to help." "would you? i say, i am sorry. i never thought of you," said mark much disappointed at the lost opportunity. @@ -3597,10 +3558,8 @@ i am, sir, your obedient servant, danvers. the right honble. -the lord danvers, p.c. president of the society for the protection of the english church against romish aggression. my lord, -i have to bring to your notice as president of the s.p.e. c.r.a. what i venture to assert is one of the most daring plots to subvert home and family life in the interests of priestcraft that has ever been discovered. in taking this step i am fully conscious of its seriousness, and if i ask your lordship to delay taking any measures for publicity until the unhappy principal is upon the high seas in the guardianship of his even more unhappy father, i do so for the sake of the wretched boy whose future has been nearly blasted by the jesuitical behaviour of two so-called protestant clergymen. @@ -3628,7 +3587,6 @@ the abduction was carried out by young lidderdale, with the assistance of a yout this, my lord, points to a very grave state of affairs in our midst. if the son of a protestant clergyman like myself can be spirited away from a populous but nevertheless comparatively small town like slowbridge, what must be going on in great cities like london? moreover, everything is done to make it attractive for the unhappy youth who is thus lured away from his father's hearth. -my own son is even now still impenitent, and i have the greatest fears for his moral and religious future, so rapid has been the corruption set up by evil companionship. these, my lord, are the facts set out as shortly as possible and written on the eve of my departure in circumstances that militate against elegance of expression. i am, to tell the truth, still staggered by this affair, and if i make public my sorrow and my shame i do so in the hope that the society of which your lordship is president, may see its way to take some kind of action that will make a repetition of such an outrage upon family life for ever impossible. believe me to be, @@ -3870,7 +3828,6 @@ almost before the sentence was out of her mouth the hall bell jangled, and a dis mrs. honeybone could not have looked more startled if the voice had been that of a ghost. mark began to talk of going until esther cut him short. "i don't think mr. starling will mind our being here so much as that," she said. -mrs. honeybone had already hurried off to greet her master; and when she was gone mark looked at esther, saw that her face was strangely flushed, and in an instant of divination apprehended either that she had already met the squire of rushbrooke grange or that she expected to meet him here to-night; so that, when presently a tall man of about thirty-five with brick-dust cheeks came into the close, he was not taken aback when esther greeted him by name with the assurance of old friendship. nor was he astonished that even in the wan light those brick-dust cheeks should deepen to terra-cotta, those hard blue eyes glitter with recognition, and the small thin-lipped mouth lose for a moment its immobility and gape, yes, gape, in the amazement of meeting somebody whom he never could have expected to meet at such an hour in such a place. "you," he exclaimed. "you here!" @@ -3924,7 +3881,6 @@ it was in truth one of those eclectic, somewhat exquisite, even slightly rarefie the genius of cotswolds imparts to those who come beneath his influence the art of existing appropriately in the houses that were built at his inspiration. they do not boast of their privilege like the people of sussex. they are not living up to a landscape so much as to an architecture, and their voices lowered harmoniously with the sigh of the wind through willows and aspens have not to compete with the sea-gales or the sea. -mark accepted the manners of the society in which good fortune had set him as the natural expression of an inward orderliness, a traditional respect for beauty like the ritual of christian worship. that the three daughters of the rector of wychford should be critical of those who failed to conform to their inherited refinement of life did not strike him as priggish, because it never struck him for a moment that any other standard than theirs existed. he felt the same about people who objected to catholic ceremonies; their dislike of them did not present itself to him as arising out of a different religious experience from his own; but it appeared as a propensity toward unmannerly behaviour, as a kind of wanton disregard of decency and good taste. he was indeed still at the age when externals possess not so much an undue importance, but when they affect a boy as a mould through which the plastic experience of his youth is passed and whence it emerges to harden slowly to the ultimate form of the individual. @@ -3940,7 +3896,6 @@ he often went to wychford rectory, where he learnt to enjoy schumann and beethov ." "oh, who am i by?" pauline exclaimed, clapping her hands. -"i give it up. you're just saint cecilia herself at fourteen." "isn't mark foolish?" pauline laughed. @@ -4022,7 +3977,6 @@ he knew perfectly well richard's opinion of the squire, and to lure him into a r "well, i must go somewhere to-day," mark shouted at himself. he secured a packet of sandwiches from the rectory cook and set out to walk away his worries. "why shouldn't i go down to wych maries? -i needn't meet that chap. and if i see him i needn't speak to him. he's always been only too jolly glad to be offensive to me." mark turned aside from the high road by the crooked signpost and took the same path down under the ash-trees as he had taken with esther for the first time nearly a year ago. @@ -4069,7 +4023,6 @@ i've paid pretty handsomely in having to listen to reproaches, in having to dry your damned religion is a joke. can't you grasp that? it's not my fault we can't get married. -if i were really the scoundrel you torment yourself into thinking i am, i would have married and taken the risk of my strumpet of a wife turning up. but i've treated you honestly, essie. i can't help loving you. i went away once. @@ -4269,7 +4222,6 @@ we've got that general knowledge paper to-morrow morning." "but you won't be able to acquire much more general knowledge in one evening," mark protested. "i might," said emmett darkly. "i noticed a whitaker's almanack in the rooms i have. -my only chance to get this scholarship is to do really well in my papers; and though i know it's no good and that this is my last chance, i'm not going to neglect anything that could possibly help. i've got a splendid memory for statistics, and if they'll only ask a few statistics in the general knowledge paper i may have some luck to-morrow. good-night, lidderdale, i'm sorry to have inflicted myself on you like this." emmett hurried away up the staircase leading to his room and left his rival standing on the moonlit grass of the quadrangle. @@ -4280,7 +4232,6 @@ if by any chance i did win this scholarship, i shouldn't like to think i'd taken "thanks very much, emmett," said mark. "but i think i'll have a shot at getting to bed early." "ah, you're not worrying," said emmett gloomily, retiring from the window. -when mark was sitting by the fire in his room and thinking over the dinner with the principal and poor emmett's stammering and poor emmett's words in the quad afterwards, he began to imagine what it would mean to poor emmett if he failed to win the scholarship. mark had not been so successful himself in these examinations as to justify a grand self-confidence; but he could not regard emmett as a dangerous competitor. had he the right in view of emmett's handicap to accept this scholarship at his expense? to be sure, he might urge on his own behalf that without it he should himself be debarred from oxford. @@ -4350,8 +4301,6 @@ he went into the lodge and asked the porter's advice. "most absent-minded, he is. he's the talk of oxford sometimes is the principal. what do you think he went and did only last term. -why, he was having some of the senior men to tea and was going to put some coal on the fire with the tongs and some sugar in his cup. -bothered if he didn't put the sugar in the fire and a lump of coal in his cup. it didn't so much matter him putting sugar in the fire. that's all according, as they say. but fancy--well, i tell you we had a good laugh over it in the lodge when the gentlemen came out and told me." @@ -4432,7 +4381,6 @@ preaching to men of christ. . . . -mark fell asleep. in the morning mark heard mass at the church of the cowley fathers, a strengthening experience, because the gregorian there so strictly and so austerely chanted without any consideration for sentimental humanity possessed that very effect of liberating and purifying spirit held in the bonds of flesh which is conveyed by the wind blowing through a grove of pines or by waves quiring below a rocky shore. if mark had had the least inclination to be sorry for himself and indulge in the flattery of regret, it vanished in this music. rolling down through time on the billows of the mighty gregorian it were as grotesque to pity oneself as it were for an arctic explorer to build a snowman for company at the north pole. @@ -4535,7 +4483,6 @@ one of the assistant priests here, a man called snaith, took a good degree at ca if i stay here three years and then have two years at glastonbury i don't honestly think that i shall start off much handicapped by having missed both public school and university. i expect you're smiling to read after one week of my staying here three years! but i assure you that the moment i sat down to supper on the evening of my arrival i felt at home. -i think at first they all thought i was an eager young ritualist, but when they found that they didn't get any rises out of ragging me, they shut up. this house is a most extraordinary place. it is an old congregational chapel with a gallery all round which has been made into cubicles, scarcely one of which is ever empty or ever likely to be empty so far as i can see! i should think it must be rather like what the guest house of a monastery used to be like in the old days before the reformation. @@ -4776,7 +4723,6 @@ his conduct here has been so humble and patient and in every way exemplary that therefore, my dear bishop of warwick, i hope you will agree to what i firmly trust will be the completion of his spiritual cure. i am writing to you quite impersonally and informally, as you see, so that in replying to me you will not be involving yourself in the affairs of another diocese. you will, of course, put me down as much a jesuit as ever in writing to you like this, but you will equally, i know, believe me to be, yours ever affectionately in our blessed lord. -"and i'll sign it as soon as you can type it out," father rowley wound up. "oh, i do hope he will agree," mark exclaimed. "he will," the missioner prophesied. "he will because he is a wise and tender and godly man and therefore will never be more than a bishop suffragan as long as he lives. @@ -5028,7 +4974,6 @@ a moment afterwards the cabman came up, panting under its weight, and when she o it was the evening of the next day. the carriage, which was bearing lilly to the most dreaded interview of her life, drew up at the door of the unter den linden restaurant, which had been a favourite haunt of the beaumonde for generations. although lilly had not been there for a long time, she knew every inch of it. -she knew, too, the giant commissionaire, albert, who stood at the entrance and laid his hand respectfully on his braided cap. it was he who of old used to apprise her of the approach of the handsome officer of hussars. with downcast eyes and her head pressed against konrad's shoulder, she glided past him, trusting that he no longer remembered her. "uncle, this is lilly!" @@ -5061,7 +5006,6 @@ konrad occupied the chair on her right. the third place, nearest the door, his uncle had retained for himself. from the moment he sat down to table he seemed to be in his element. he growled and issued orders, and found fault with everything. -"look here, my boy," he said to the waiter as he placed the hors d'[oe]uvres in front of him, "do you call that the correct decanter for port wine? don't you know that if port wine doesn't sparkle in the decanter it assuages thirst?" intimidated by his bullying tone, the waiter was going off for another decanter, but konrad's uncle declared he couldn't spare the time, he must have a "starter" straight away. "i am still feeling a little stiff," he said apologetically, "i am unaccustomed to entertaining such very beautiful and at the same time stand-offish ladies." @@ -5094,7 +5038,6 @@ now she was bound to make some answer. "and certainly the time of stress that we are passing through at present is not easy. if it were not for the help she gives me daily with her understanding and kindness of heart, i am not sure that i could struggle on." "very good, very good," he replied; "or perhaps i should say, very pitiable. -but your old uncle hasn't had as much as one pretty look or speech from her yet as a seal of our future relationship." "oh, that's what he wants, is it?" thought lilly; and she raised her glass to his, and sought to mollify him with a coquettish little shamefaced smile. it filled him with evident satisfaction. @@ -5219,7 +5162,6 @@ i suppose you think i am not at home in swell places like this!... pooh! shall i give you a proof? i can--i can!... -you'll find my name scratched at the foot of this lamp. look and you'll find it.... 'lilly czepanek ... lilly czepanek.' look! look, i say!" @@ -5230,7 +5172,6 @@ the letters swam into one another. it was like trying to catch hold of the goldfish in the aquarium. hurrah! here it was. -that was it--"l. v. m." and the coronet above. for in those days she had often had the audacity to call herself by the forbidden title as a temporary adornment. "now, do you see, konni, that i was right? now you won't mind how much i drink, will you, you dear, precious little muff?" @@ -5600,9 +5541,7 @@ did it not really seem as if this "song of songs," which now lay before her, def "you shall die when i die." and she carefully wrapped the battered papers together. then she found the letters, and read them through two or three times, but without taking in what she read. - * * * * * the clock struck twelve as she stepped softly out on to the landing. -frau laue was asleep. she met no one on the stairs, and unseen walked into the street. since her flight to konrad that memorable night she had not been out alone in the streets so late. everything looked as if she saw it for the first time: the long rows of houses bathed in crude light, the trolleys of the electric trams in between, and the gliding figures of night-revellers. @@ -5735,11 +5674,9 @@ perhaps all would come right in the end, though she could not disguise the fact all she asked was to be allowed to live in peace and the exercise of virtue. did not millions of human beings think there was nothing better? she cast one more searching glance at the sullenly rolling river in which "the song of songs" had found its grave, and then turned and walked away. - * * * * * in the business circles of berlin there was a flutter of surprise the following spring when the papers announced that herr richard dehnicke, senior partner of the well-known old firm of liebert & dehnicke, art bronze manufacturers, had married lilly czepanek, a notorious beauty of the demimonde. the announcement added that the pair had taken up their quarters temporarily in southern italy. those who knew her were not surprised--they said that they had always felt lilly czepanek was a dangerous woman. -http://bencrowder.net/books/mtp. volunteers: hilton campbell, ben crowder, meridith crowder, eric heaps, tod robbins, dave van leeuwen. joseph smith as scientist a contribution to mormon philosophy @@ -5788,8 +5725,6 @@ chapter i. joseph's mission and language the fundamental concepts of the universe. chapter ii. the indestructibility of matter chapter iii. -the indestructibility of energy chapter iv. -the universal ether chapter v. the reign of law the constitution of the universe. chapter vi. the new astronomy chapter vii. @@ -5802,8 +5737,6 @@ baptism chapter xii. the gift of the holy ghost chapter xiii. the word of wisdom the destiny of earth and man. -chapter xiv. -the law of evolution chapter xv. the plan of salvation the region of the unknown. chapter xvi. @@ -5813,7 +5746,6 @@ chapter xvii. the nature of god conclusion. chapter xviii. -joseph smith's education chapter xviv. a summary restatement chapter xx. concluding thoughts appendix. @@ -5822,14 +5754,11 @@ the testimony of the soil introductory. chapter i. joseph's mission and language. - [sidenote: scientific discussions not to be expected in the prophet's work.] the mission of joseph smith was of a spiritual nature; and therefore, it is not to be expected that the discussion of scientific matters will be found in the prophet's writings. the revelations given to the prophet deal almost exclusively with the elucidation of so-called religious doctrines, and with such difficulties as arose from time to time in the organization of the church. it is only, as it appears to us, in an incidental way that other matters, not strictly of a religious nature, are mentioned in the revelations. however, the church teaches that all human knowledge and all the laws of nature are part of its religious system; but that some principles are of more importance than others in man's progress to eternal salvation. -[a] while on the one hand, therefore, it cannot reasonably be expected that joseph smith should deal in his writings with any subject peculiar to natural science, yet, on the other hand, it should not surprise any student to find that the prophet at times considered matters that do not come under the ordinary definition of religion, especially if they in any way may be connected with the laws of religion. statements of scientific detail should not be looked for in joseph smith's writings, though these are not wholly wanting; but rather, we should expect to find general views of the relations of the forces of the universe. -[footnote a: "and truth is knowledge of things as they are, and as they were and as they are to come." --doctrine and covenants, 93:24. "teach ye diligently and my grace shall attend you, that you may be instructed more perfectly in theory, in principle, in doctrine, in the law of the gospel, in all things that pertain unto the kingdom of god, that are expedient for you to understand; "of things both in heaven and in the earth, and under the earth; things which have been, things which are, things which must shortly come to pass; things which are at home, things which are abroad; the wars and the perplexities of the nations, and the judgments which are on the land, and a knowledge also of countries and kingdoms, @@ -5839,25 +5768,17 @@ statements of scientific detail should not be looked for in joseph smith's writi --doctrine and covenants, 93:53. "it (theology) is the science of all other sciences and useful arts, being in fact the very foundation from which they emanate. it includes philosophy, astronomy, history, mathematics, geography, languages, the science of letters, and blends the knowledge of all matters of fact, in every branch of art and research.......all that is useful, great and good, all that is calculated to sustain, comfort, instruct, edify, purify, refine or exalt intelligences, originated by this science, and this science alone, all other sciences being but branches growing out of this, the root." ---pratt, key to theology, chap. -1.] -[sidenote: man must not expect direct revelation in matters that he can solve for himself.] it is not in harmony with the gospel spirit that god, except in special cases, should reveal things that man by the aid of his natural powers may gain for himself. the lord spoke to the prophet as follows:--"behold, you have not understood; you have supposed that i would give it unto you, when you took no thought, save it was to ask me; but, behold, i say unto you, that you must study it out in your mind; then you must ask me if it be right, and if it is right i will cause that your bosom shall burn within you; therefore, you shall feel that it is right. -"[a] such a doctrine makes it unreasonable to look to the prophet's work for a gratuitous mass of scientific or other details, which will relieve man of the labor of searching out for himself nature's laws. so well established is this principle that in all probability many of the deepest truths contained in the writings of joseph smith will not be clearly understood, even by his followers, until, by the laborious methods of mortality, the same truths are established. it is even so with the principles to be discussed in the following papers. they were stated seventy years ago, yet it is only recently that the latter-day saints have begun to realize that they are identical with recently developed scientific truths; and the world of science is not yet aware of it. however, whenever such harmony is observed, it testifies of the divine inspiration of the humble, unlearned boy prophet of the nineteenth century. -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants 9:7, 8.] -[sidenote: the absence of the language, details and methods of science in the prophet's writings proves him unfamiliar with the written science of his day.] the prophet joseph does not use the language of science; which is additional proof that he did not know the science of his day. this may be urged as an objection to the assertion that he understood fundamental scientific truths, but the error of this view is easily comprehended when it is recalled that the language of science is made by men, and varies very often from age to age, and from country to country. besides, the god who spoke to joseph smith, says, "these commandments were given unto my servants in their weakness, after the manner of their language, that they might come to understanding. -"[a] if god had spoken the special language of science, the unlearned joseph smith would not, perhaps, have understood. every wise man explains that which he knows in the language of those to whom he is speaking, and the facts and theories of science can be quite easily expressed in the language of the common man. it is needless to expect scientific phraselogy in the writings of joseph smith. -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants 1:24.] scientific details are almost wholly wanting in the writings of joseph smith. had the prophet known the science of his day, his detailed knowledge would have been incorporated somehow in his writings. the almost complete absence of such scientific detail as would in all probability have been used, had the prophet known of it, is additional testimony that he did not get his information from books. @@ -5866,12 +5787,10 @@ men in all ages have speculated about the things of the universe, and have inven in all cases, however, these theories have been supported by experimental evidence, or else they have been proposed simply as personal opinions. joseph smith, on the contrary, laid no claim to experimental data to support the theories which he proposed, nor did he say that they were simply personal opinions, but he repeatedly asserted that god had revealed the truths to him, and that they could not, therefore, be false. if doctrines resting upon such a claim can be shown to be true, it is additional testimony of the truth of the prophet's work. -[sidenote: purpose of the following chapters.] in the following chapters it will be shown, by a series of comparisons, that, in 1833, or soon thereafter, the teachings of joseph smith, the mormon prophet, were in full harmony with the most advanced scientific thought of today, and that he anticipated the world of science in the statement of fundamental facts and theories of physics, chemistry, astronomy and biology. the fundamental concepts of the universe. chapter ii. the indestructibility of matter. - [sidenote: until recent days many believed that matter could be created or destroyed.] it was believed by the philosophers of ancient and mediaeval times, especially by those devoted to the study of alchemy, that it was possible through mystical powers, often of a supernatural order, to annihilate matter or to create it from nothing. men with such powers transcended all known laws of nature, and became objects of fear, often of worship to the masses of mankind. naturally enough, the systems of religion became colored with the philosophical doctrines of the times; and it was held to be a fundamental religious truth that god created the world from nothing. @@ -5880,7 +5799,6 @@ in support of this doctrine, attention was called to some of the experiences of a piece of coal placed in a stove, in a short time disappear--it is annihilated. from the clear air of a summer's day raindrops start--created out of nothing. a fragment of gold placed in contact with sufficiently strong acids, disappears--it is destroyed. -[sidenote: matter is eternal, its form only can be changed.] towards the end of the eighteenth century, facts and laws of chemistry were discovered, which enabled scientists to follow in great detail the changes, visible or invisible, to which matter in its various forms is subject. then it was shown that the coal placed in a stove unites with a portion of the air entering through the drafts, and becomes an invisible gas, but that, were this gas collected as it issues from the chimney, it would be found to contain a weight of the elements of the coal just equal to the weight of the coal used. in a similar manner it was shown that the raindrops are formed from the water found in the air, as an invisible vapor. @@ -5890,16 +5808,9 @@ after this truth had been demonstrated, it was a necessary conclusion that matte this great generalization, known as the law of the persistence of matter or mass, is the foundation stone of modern science. it began to find general acceptance among men about the time of joseph smith's birth, though many religious sects still hold that god, as the supreme ruler, is able at will to create matter from nothing. the establishment of this law marked also the final downfall of alchemy and other kindred occult absurdities. -[sidenote: mormonism teaches that all things are material.] no doctrine taught by joseph smith is better understood by his followers than that matter in its elementary condition is eternal, and that it can neither be increased nor diminished. -as early as may, 1833, the prophet declared that "the elements are eternal,"[a] and in a sermon delivered in april, 1844, he said "element had an existence from the time god had. the pure principles of element are principles which can never be destroyed; they may be organized and reorganized, but not destroyed. they had no beginning, and can have no end. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 93:33.] -[footnote b: the contributor, vol. -4, p. -257.] it is thus evident that from the beginning of his work, joseph smith was in perfect harmony with the fundamental doctrine of science; and far in advance of the religious sects of the world, which are, even at this time, slowly accepting the doctrine of the persistence of matter in a spiritual as well as in a material sense. mormonism has frequently been charged with accepting the doctrine of materialism. in one sense, the followers of joseph smith plead yes to this charge. @@ -5912,8 +5823,6 @@ the distinction between the matter known to man and the spirit matter is very gr science knows phenomena only as they are associated with matter; mormonism does the same. chapter iii. the indestructibility of energy. - [sidenote: all forms of energy may be converted into each other. -energy can not be destroyed.] it is only when matter is in motion, or in the possession of energy, that it is able to impress our senses. the law of the indestructibility and convertibility of energy, is of equal fundamental value with that of the indestructibility of matter. a great variety of forces exist in nature, as, for instance, gravitation, electricity, chemical affinity, heat and light. @@ -5928,18 +5837,11 @@ precautions had been taken that no heat could be abstracted from the outside by the only tenable conclusion was that the energy expended in rubbing, had been converted into heat, which had melted the ice. about the same time, count rumford, a distinguished american, was superintending the boring of a cannon at the arsenal at munich, and was forcibly struck with the heating of the iron due to this process. he, like davy, believed that the energy of the boring instruments had been converted into the heat. -[a] -[footnote a: the conservation of heat--stewart, pp. -38, 39.] from 1843 to 1849, dr. joule of manchester, england, published the results of experiments on the relation between mechanical energy and heat. dr. joule attached a fixed weight to a string which was passed over a pulley, while the other end was connected with paddles moving in water. as the weight descended, the paddles were caused to revolve; and it was observed that, as the weight fell and the paddles revolved, the water became warmer and warmer. dr. joule found further that for each foot of fall, the same amount of heat energy was given to the water. in fact, he determined that when a pound weight falls seven hundred and seventy two feet it gives out energy enough to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree fahrenheit. -[a] this experiment, frequently repeated, gave the same result and established largely the law of the convertibility of energy. -[footnote a: the conservation of energy--stewart, pp. -44, 45. recent advances in physical science--tait, pp. -63, 65.] about the same time, it was shown that light can be converted into heat; and later it was proved that electricity may be changed into heat or light. in all these cases it was found that the amount of energy changed was exactly equal to the amount of energy produced. thus, by countless experiments, it was finally determined that energy is indestructible; that, when any form of energy disappears, it reappears immediately in another form. @@ -5947,11 +5849,7 @@ this is the law of the persistence of force or energy. in more recent days, it has been suggested that all known forces are variations of a great universal force, which may or may not be known. the very nature of force or energy is not understood. in the language of spencer, "by the persistence of force, we really mean the persistence of some cause which transcends our knowledge and conception. -"[a] -[footnote a: first principles, spencer, 4th ed., p. -200.] it need hardly be explained that energy cannot exist independently of matter; and that the law of the persistence of matter is necessary for the existence of the law of persistence of force. -[sidenote: universal intelligence, comparable to universal energy is indestructible, according to joseph smith.] joseph smith was not a scientist; and he made no pretense of solving the scientific questions of this day. the discussion relative to the convertibility of various forms of energy was in all probability not known to him. still, in his writings is found a doctrine which in all respects resembles that of the conservation of energy. @@ -5959,20 +5857,12 @@ joseph smith taught, and the church now teaches, that all space is filled with a this substance is known as the holy spirit. its most important characteristic is intelligence. "its inherent properties embrace all the attributes of intelligence. -"[a] the property of intelligence is to the holy spirit what energy is to the gross material of our senses. -[footnote a: key to theology, p. p. pratt, 5th ed., p. -40.] in one of the generally accepted works of the church, the energy of nature is actually said to be the workings of the holy spirit. the passage reads as follows: "man observes a universal energy in nature--organization and disorganization succeed each other--the thunders roll through the heavens; the earth trembles and becomes broken by earthquakes; fires consume cities and forests; the waters accumulate, flow over their usual bounds, and cause destruction of life and property; the worlds perform their revolutions in space with a velocity and power incomprehensible to man, and he, covered with a veil of darkness, calls this universal energy, god, when it is the workings of his spirit, the obedient agent of his power, the wonder-working and life-giving principle in all nature. -"[a] -[footnote a: compendium, richards and little, 3rd ed., p. -150.] in short, the writings of the church clearly indicate that the various forces of nature, the energy of nature, are only manifestations of the great, pervading force of intelligence. we do not understand the real nature of intelligence any better than we understand the true nature of energy. we only know that by energy or intelligence gross matter is brought within reach of our senses. intelligence or energy was declared by joseph smith in may, 1833, to be eternal: "intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or made, neither indeed can be. -"[a] in the sermon already referred to the prophet said, "the intelligence of spirits had no beginning, neither will it have an end." -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 93:29.] these quotations, and many others to which attention might be called, show clearly that joseph smith taught the doctrine that the energy of the universe can in nowise be increased or diminished, though, it may manifest itself in various forms. the great latter-day prophet is thus shown to be in harmony with the second fundamental law of science. it is not a valid objection to this conclusion to say that joseph smith did not use the accepted terms of science. @@ -5982,9 +5872,7 @@ it is hardly correct to say that he was in harmony with the law; the law as stat let it be observed that joseph smith enunciated the principle of the conservation of the energy, or intelligence as he called it, of the universe, in may, 1833, ten years before dr. joule published his famous papers on energy relations, and fifteen or twenty years before the doctrine was clearly understood and generally accepted by the learned of the world. let it be also remembered that the unlearned boy from the backwoods of new york state, taught with the conviction of absolute certainty that the doctrine was true, for god had revealed it to him. if god did not reveal it to him, where did he learn it, and whence came the courage to teach it as an eternal truth? - chapter iv. the universal ether. - [sidenote: the modern theory of light was established only about the year 1830.] the nature of light has been in every age a fascinating subject for study and reflection. descartes, the french mathematician and philosopher, advanced the hypothesis that light consists of small particles emitted by luminous bodies, and that the sensation of light is produced by the impact of these particles upon the retina of the eye. soon after this emission or corpuscular theory had been proposed, hooke, an english investigator of great note, stated publicly that the phenomena of light, as he had observed them, led him to the belief that the nature of light could best be explained on the assumption that light was a kind of undulation or wave in some unknown medium, and that the sensation of light was. @@ -5996,44 +5884,21 @@ this revival of the old theory of undulation met at first with violent oppositio sometime after dr. young's publication, a french army officer, augustine fresnel, undertook the study of the nature of light, and arrived, almost independently, at the conclusion stated by dr. young. later, other investigators discovered light phenomena which could be explained only on the undulatory hypothesis, and so, little by little, the new theory gained ground and adherents. still, even as late as 1827, the astronomer herschel published a treatise on light, in which he appeared to hold the real merit of the theory of undulations in grave doubt. -[a] likewise, the imperial academy at st. petersburg, in 1826, proposed a prize for the best attempt to relieve the undulatory theory of light of some of the main objections against it. -[b] it was several years later before the great majority of the scientific world accepted the theory of undulations as the correct explanation of the phenomena of light. -[footnote a: history of the inductive sciences, whewell, 3rd edition, vol. -ii, p. -114.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., 117.] -[sidenote: a subtle substance, the ether, fills all space.] in brief, this theory assumes that a very attenuated, but very elastic, substance, called the ether, fills all space, and is found surrounding the ultimate particles of matter. thus, the pores of wood, soil, lead, gold and the human body, are filled with the ether. it is quite impossible by any known process to obtain a portion of space free from it. a luminous body is one in which the ultimate particles of matter, the atoms or molecules, are moving very rapidly, and thus causing disturbances in the ether, similar to the disturbances in quiet water when a rock is thrown into it; and, like the water wave, proceeding from the point of disturbance, so the ether waves radiate from the luminous body into space. when a wave strikes the retina of the eye, the sensation of light is produced. this new-found ether was soon used for the explanation of other natural phenomena. -[sidenote: light, heat, electricity and other forces are forms of ether motion.] the nature of heat had long been discussed when the world of science decided in favor of the undulatory theory of light. one school held that the sensation of heat was caused by the cannonading of heat particles by the heated body; the other school, with few adherents, insisted that heat was simply a form of motion of the ether already adopted in the theory of light. the later discoveries of science proved with considerable certainty that the undulatory theory of heat is right, but it was well towards the middle of the last century before the emission theory of heat lost its ground. -in fact, dr.whewell, in the third edition of his classic book on the history of inductive sciences, published in 1859, says that the undulatory theory of heat "has not by any means received full confirmation;"[a] and dr. john tyndall, in a book published in 1880, says, that the emission theory "held its ground until quite recently among the chemists of our own day. -"[b] today, the evidences of modern science are overwhelmingly in favor of the undulatory theory of heat. -[footnote a: vol. -ii, p. -184.] -[footnote b: heat, a mode of motion, tyndall, 6th ed., p. -38.] the wonderful developments of the last century, in electricity and magnetism, led to much speculation concerning the nature of the subtle electrical and magnetic forces. the most popular theories for many years were those that presupposed various electrical and magnetic fluids, which could be collected, conducted, dispersed and otherwise controlled. in 1867, the eminent english mathematician, clerk maxwell, proposed the theory that electrical and magnetic phenomena were simply peculiar motions of the ether, bearing definite relationship to light waves. later researches, one result of which is the now famous roentgen or x-rays, have tended to confirm maxwell's theory. -a recent text-book on physics, of unquestioned authority,[a] states that the ether theory of electricity and magnetism is now susceptible of direct demonstration; and another eminent authority frankly states that "when we explain the nature of electricity, we explain it by a motion of the luminiferous ether. -"[b] -[footnote a: lehrbuch der physik, riecke, (1896), 2ter band, p. -315.] -[footnote b: popular lectures and addresses, kelvin (1891) vol. -1, page 334.] other recent discoveries have hinted at the possibility of matter itself being only the result of peculiar forms of this all-pervading substance, the luminiferous ether. the properties of the element radium, and other radioactive elements, as at present understood, suggest the possibility of a better understanding of the nature of the ether, and of its relation to the world of phenomena. -[sidenote: the existence of the ether is a certainty of science.] that the present knowledge of the world of science compels a faith in an all-pervading substance, of marvelous properties, and of intimate relationship to all forms of energy, is shown by the following quotations from lord kelvin, who is generally regarded as the world's greatest physicist: "the luminferous ether, that is the only substance we are confident of in dynamics. one thing we are sure of, and that is the reality and substantiality of the luminiferous ether." "what can this luminiferous ether be? @@ -6041,51 +5906,27 @@ it is something that the planets move through with the greatest ease. it permeates our air; it is nearly in the same condition, so far as our means of judging are concerned, in our air and in the interplanetary space." "you may regard the existence of the luminiferous ether as a reality of science." "it is matter prodigiously less dense than air--of such density as not to produce the slightest resistance to any body going through it. -"[a] -[footnote a: kelvin's lectures, vol. -1, pp. -317, 334, 336, 354.] the theory of the ether is one of the most helpful assumptions of modern science. by its aid the laws of energy have been revealed. there is at the present time no grander or more fundamental doctrine in science than that of the ether. the nature of the ether is, of course, far from being clearly understood, but every discovery in science demonstrates that the hypothetical ether stands for an important reality of nature. together with the doctrines of the indestructibility of matter and energy, the doctrine of the ether welds and explains all the physical phenomena of the universe. joseph smith, in a revelation received on december 27, 1832, wrote: -[sidenote: joseph smith taught space is filled with a substance comparable to the ether of science.] "the light which now shineth, which giveth you light, is through him who enlighteneth your eyes, which is the same light that quickeneth your understandings; which light proceedeth forth from the presence of god to fill the immensity of space. the light which is in all things: which is the law by which all things are governed: even the power of god. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, section 88:11-13.] this quotation gives undoubted evidence of the prophet's belief that space is filled with some substance which bears important relations to all natural phenomena. -the word substance is used advisedly; for in various places in the writings of joseph smith, light, used as above in a general sense, means spirit,[a] and "all spirit is matter, but it is more fine and pure. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 84:45.] -[footnote b: ibid, 131:7.] true, the passage above quoted does not furnish detailed explanation of the prophet's view concerning the substance filling all space, but it must be remembered that it is simply an incidental paragraph in a chapter of religious instruction. true, also, the prophet goes farther than some modern scientists, when he says that this universal substance bears a controlling relation to all things; yet, when it is recalled that eminent, sober students have suggested that the facts of science make it possible to believe that matter itself is simply a phenomenon of the universal ether, the statement of the "mormon" prophet seems very reasonable. the paragraph already quoted is not an accidental arrangement of words suggesting an idea not intended by the prophet, for in other places, he presents the idea of an omnipresent substance binding all things together. for instance, in speaking of the controlling power of the universe he says: "he comprehendeth all things, and all things are before him, and all things are round about him; and he is above all things, and in all things, and is through all things, and is round about all things. -"[a] -[footnote a: ibid, 88:41.] that joseph smith does not here have in mind an omnipresent god, is proved by the emphatic doctrine that god is personal and cannot be everywhere present. -[a] -[footnote a: ibid, 130:22.] lest it be thought that the words are forced, for argument's sake, to give the desired meaning, it may be well to examine the views of some of the persons to whom the prophet explained in detail the meanings of the statements in the revelations which he claimed to have received from god. -parley p. pratt, who, as a member of the first quorum of apostles, had every opportunity of obtaining the prophet's views on any subject, wrote in considerable fullness on the subject of the holy spirit, or the light of truth: "as the mind passes the boundaries of the visible world, and enters upon the confines of the more refined and subtle elements, it finds itself associated with certain substances in themselves invisible to our gross organs, but clearly manifested to our intellect by their tangible operations and effects." "the purest, most refined and subtle of all these substances--is that substance called the holy spirit." "it is omnipresent." "it is in its less refined particles, the physical light which reflects from the sun, moon and stars, and other substances; and by reflection on the eye makes visible the truths of the outward world. -"[a] -[footnote a: key to theology, 5th ed., pp. -38-41.] elder c. w. penrose, an accepted writer on mormon doctrine, writes, "it is by his holy spirit, which permeates all things, and is the life and light of all things, that deity is everywhere present. -* * by that agency god sees and knows and governs all things. -"[a] -[footnote a: rays of living light, no. -2, p. -3.] such quotations, from the men intimately associated or acquainted with the early history of the church, prove that joseph smith taught in clearness the doctrine that a subtle form of matter, call it ether or holy spirit, pervades all space; that all phenomena of nature, including, specifically, heat, light and electricity, are definitely connected with this substance. he taught much else concerning this substance which science will soon discover, but which lies without the province of this paper to discuss. by the doctrine of the ether, it is made evident all the happenings in the universe are indelibly inscribed upon the record of nature. @@ -6103,7 +5944,6 @@ the ether of science though material is essentially different from the matter co so, also, in mormon theology, is the holy spirit different from the grosser elements. in science there is a vast distinction between the world of the elements, and that of the ether; in theology, there is an equally great difference between the spiritual and material worlds. though the theology of joseph smith insists that immaterialism is an absurdity, yet it permits no overlapping of the earthly and the spiritual. -[sidenote: joseph smith stated the existence of a universe-filling substance before science had generally accepted it.] it must not be overlooked that the broad statement of this doctrine was made by joseph smith, at least as early as 1832, at a time when the explanation of light phenomena on the hypothesis of a universal ether was just beginning to find currency among learned men; and many years before the same hypothesis was accepted in explaining the phenomena of heat and electricity. the idea of an influence pervading the universe is not of itself new. poets and philosophers of all ages have suggested it in a vague, hesitating manner, without connecting it with the phenomena of nature, but burdening it with the greatest absurdity of religion or philosophy, that of immaterialism. @@ -6112,12 +5952,7 @@ the men of science, to whom joseph smith appears only as an imposter, and who kn had joseph smith been the clever imposter that some claim he was, he probably would not have dealt in any way with the theories of the material world, at least would not have claimed revelations laying down physical laws; had he been the stupid fool, others tell us he was, his mind would not have worried itself with the fundamental problems of nature. however that may be, it is certain that joseph smith, in the broad and rational statement of the existence of an omnipresent, material though subtle substance, anticipated the workers in science. in view of that fact, it is not improbable that at some future time, when science shall have gained a wider view, the historian of the physical sciences will say that joseph smith, the clear-sighted, first stated correctly the fundamental physical doctrine of the universal ether. - chapter v. the reign of law. - in the seventh book of the republic of plato[a] occurs the following passage: -[footnote a: golden treasury edition, pp. -235, 236.] -[sidenote: the realities of nature are known by their effects.] "imagine a number of men living in an underground cavernous chamber, with an entrance open to the light, extending along the entire length of the cavern, in which they have been confined, from childhood, with their legs and necks so shackled, that they are obliged to sit still and look straight forward, because their chains render it impossible for them to turn their heads round; and imagine a bright fire burning some way off, above and behind them, and an elevated roadway passing between the fire and the prisoners, with a low wall built along it, like the screens which conjurers put up in front of their audiences, and above which they exhibit their wonders. also figure to yourself a number of persons walking behind the wall, and carrying with them statues of men and images of other animals, wrought in wood and stone and all kinds of materials, together with various other articles, which overtop the wall; and, as you might expect, let some of the passers-by be talking, and the others silent. "let me ask whether persons so confined could have seen anything of themselves or of each other, beyond the shadows thrown by the fire upon the part of the cavern facing them? @@ -6127,7 +5962,6 @@ if their prison house returned an echo from the part facing them, whenever one o surely such person would hold the shadows of those manufactured articles to be the only realities." with reference to our absolute knowledge of the phenomena of nature, this splendid comparison is as correct today as it was in the days of plato, about 400 b. c.; we are only as prisoners in a great cave, watching shadows of passing objects thrown upon the cavern wall, and reflecting upon the real natures of the things whose shadows we see. we know things only by their effects; the essential nature of matter, ether and energy is far from our understanding. -[sidenote: the progress of science rests on the law of cause and effect.] in early and mediaeval times, the recognition of the fact that nature in its ultimate form is unknowable, led to many harmful superstitions. chief among the fallacies of the early ages was the belief that god at will could, and did, cause various phenomena to appear in nature, which were contrary to all human experience. as observed in chapter 4, a class of men arose who claimed to be in possession of knowledge which made them also able, at will, to cause various supernatural manifestations. @@ -6144,7 +5978,6 @@ it is true that the cause of any given effect may, itself, be the effect of othe it is also true that very seldom is the mind able to comprehend why certain causes, save the simpler ones, should produce certain effects. in that respect we are again nothing more than plato's cave prisoners, seeing the shadows of ultimate realities. however, the recognition of the principle of the invariable relation between cause and effect was a great onward stride in the intellectual development of the world. -[sidenote: laws of nature are man's simplest expression of many related facts.] now, as men began to investigate nature with her forces, according to the new light, numerous relations of the forces were discovered--in number far beyond the comprehension of the human mind. then it was found necessary to group all facts of a similar nature, and invent, if possible, some means by which the properties of the whole group might be stated in language so simple as to reach the understanding. thus came the laws of nature. @@ -6157,59 +5990,35 @@ ptolemy, three hundred years later, considered that the sun and moon move in cir copernicus simplified the whole system by teaching that the earth rotated around its axis, and around the sun. keppler next showed that the earth moved around the sun in certain curves termed ellipses. finally, newton hit upon the wide-embracing law of gravitation, which unifies all the known facts of astronomy. -[a] all the earlier laws were correct, so far as they included all the knowledge of the age in which they were proposed, but were insufficient to include the new discoveries. -[footnote a: see the grammar of science, pearson, pp. -117, 118.] laws of nature are, therefore, man's simplest and most comprehensive expression of his knowledge of certain groups of natural phenomena. they are man-made, and subject to change as knowledge grows; but, as they change, they approach or should approach more and more nearly to the perfect law. modern science is built upon the assumption that the relations between cause and effect are invariable, and that these relations may be grouped to form great natural laws, which express the modes by which the forces of the universe manifest themselves. -[sidenote: a miracle is a law not understood.] in this matter, science is frankly humble, and acknowledges that the region of the unknown is far greater than that of the known. forces, relations and laws may exist as yet unknown to the world of science, which, used by a human or superhuman being, might to all appearances change well-established relations of known forces. that would be a miracle; but a miracle simply means a phenomenon not understood, in its cause and effect relations. it must also be admitted that men possess no absolute certainty that though certain forces, brought into a certain conjunction a thousand times, have produced the same effect, they will continue to do so. should a variation occur, however, that also must be ascribed to an inherent property of the forces or conditions, or the existence of a law not understood. -[a] there can be no chance in the operations of nature. this is a universe of law and order. -[footnote a: the credentials of science, the warrant of faith, cooke, pp. -169, 170.] -[sidenote: joseph smith taught the invariable relation of cause and effect.] were it not for the sake of the completeness of the argument running through these chapters, it would be unnecessary to call attention to the fact that joseph smith in a very high degree held views similar to those taught by science relative to cause and effect, and the reign of law. from the beginning of his career, the prophet insisted upon order, or system, as the first law in the religion or system of philosophy which he founded. -[a] moreover, the order which he taught was of an unchangeable nature, corresponding to the invariable relation between cause and effect. he wrote, "there is a law, irrevocably decreed in heaven before the foundations of this world, upon which all blessings are predicated; and when we obtain any blessing from god, it is by obedience to that law upon which it is predicated. -"[b] no text book in science has a clearer or more positive statement than this, of the fact that like causes have like effects, like actions like results. the eternal nature of natural law is further emphasized as follows: -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 28:13; 132; 8.] -[footnote b: doctrine and covenants, 130:20, 21.] "if there be bounds set to the heavens, or to the seas: or to the dry land, or to the sun, moon or stars; all the times of their revolutions; all the appointed days, months, and years, and all the days of their days, months, and years, and all their glories, laws, and set times, shall be revealed, in the days of the dispensation of the fullness of times, according to that which was ordained in the midst of the council of the eternal god of all other gods before this world was. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 121:30-32.] -those who may be inclined to believe that this doctrine was taught in a spiritual sense only, should recall that joseph smith taught also that spirit is only a pure form of matter,[a] so that the principles of the material world must have their counterparts in the spiritual world. besides, in the last quotation reference is made to such material bodies as sun, moon, and stars. in other places, special mention is made of the fact that the material universe is controlled by law. for instance: -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 131:7.] -"all kingdoms have a law given: and there are many kingdoms; * * * * and unto every kingdom is given a law; and unto every law there are certain bounds also and conditions. -* * * * and again, verily i say unto you, he hath given a law unto all things by which they move in their times and their seasons; and their courses are fixed; even the courses of the heavens and the earth, which comprehend the earth and all the planets. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 88:36-33, 42, 43.] this also is a clear, concise statement of law and its nature, which is not excelled by the definitions of science. there can be no doubt from these quotations, as from many others that might be made, that joseph smith based his teachings upon the recognition that law pervades the universe, and that none can transcend law. in the material world or in the domain of ether or spirit, like causes produced like effects--the reign of law is supreme. -[sidenote: "the law also maketh you free."] certainly the claim cannot be made that joseph smith anticipated the world of science in the recognition of this important principle; but it is a source of marvel that he should so clearly recognize and state it, at a time when many religious sects and philosophical creeds chose to assume that natural laws could be set aside easily by mystical methods that might be acquired by anyone. in some respects, the scientific test of the divine inspiration of joseph smith lies here. ignorant and superstitious as his enemies say he was, the mystical would have attracted him greatly, and he would have played for his own interest upon the superstitious fears of his followers. instead, he taught doctrines absolutely free from mysticism, and built a system of religion in which the invariable relation of cause and effect is the cornerstone. instead of priding himself, to his disciples, upon his superiority to the laws of nature, he taught distinctly that "the law also maketh you free. -"[a] herein he recognized another great principle--that freedom consists in the adaptation to law, not in the opposition to it. -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 98:8.] however, whatever else the prophet joseph smith was, he most certainly was in full harmony with the scientific principle that the universe is controlled by law. the constitution of the universe. chapter vi. the new astronomy. - [sidenote: the laws of the motions of the heavenly bodies have been learned very slowly.] from the dawn of written history, when the first men, watching through the nights, observed the regular motions of the moon and stars, humanity has been striving to obtain a correct understanding of the relation of the earth to the. first it was believed that the sun, moon, and stars revolved in circles around the earth (which for a time was supposed to be flat instead of spherical). the great greek philosopher, hipparchus, after observing the movements of the heavenly bodies, suggested that the earth was not exactly in the middle of the circles. @@ -6222,7 +6031,6 @@ fifty years after the death of copernicus, the celebrated astronomer, kepler, pr he suggested first that the planets move around the sun in closed curves, resembling flattened circles, and known as ellipses. by assuming this to be true, and assisted by other discoveries, he was also able to state the times required by the planets for their revolutions around the sun, and the velocity of their motions at different times of the year. later investigations have proved the great laws proposed by copernicus and kepler to be true; and from their days is dated the birth of modern astronomy. -[sidenote: the law of gravitation is universal and explains many of the motions of celestial bodies.] after the laws of the motions of the planets had been determined, it was only natural that men should ask themselves what forces were concerned in these motions. the ancient philosophers had proposed the idea that the sun attracts all heavenly bodies, but the suggestion had not been accepted by the world at large. however, after the discoveries of kepler, the english, philosopher newton advanced the theory that there is in the universe an attractive force which influences all matter, beyond the limits of known space. @@ -6238,112 +6046,60 @@ during the days of newton, the question was raised if the celestial bodies outsi among the stars, there are some which are called double stars, and which consist of two stars so near to each other that the telescope alone can separate them to the eye. in 1803, after twenty years of observation, william herschel discovered that some of these couples were revolving around each other with various angular velocities. the son of william herschel continued this work, and many years later, he discovered that the laws of motion of these double stars are the same as those that prevail in the the solar system. -[a] this result indicated not only the universality of the law of gravitation, but also the probability that all heavenly bodies are in motion. -[footnote a: history of the inductive sciences, whewell, 3rd ed. vol. -i, pp. -467-469.] -[sidenote: the invention of the spectroscope laid the foundation of the new astronomy.] then, early in the nineteenth century, a new method of research began to be developed, which was destined to form a new science of astronomy. it had long been known that white light when passed through a glass prism is broken into a colored spectrum, with colors similar to those observed in the rainbow. now it was discovered that when white light passes through vapors of certain composition, dark lines appear in the spectrum, and that the position of the lines varies with the chemical composition of the vapors. by the application of these principles, it was shown, towards the middle of the last century, that the chemical composition of the heavenly bodies may be determined. later,it was discovered that by noting the positions of the dark lines in the spectrum, it could be known when a star or any heavenly body is moving, as also the direction and amount of its motion. these unexpected discoveries led to a study of the heavens from the spectroscopic point of view, which has resulted in a marvelous advance in the science of astronomy. -[sidenote: all heavenly bodies are in motion.] it has been determined that all heavenly bodies are in motion, and that their velocities are great compared with our ordinary conceptions of motion. most of the stars move at the rate of about seven miles per second, though some have a velocity of forty-five miles, or more, per second. many stars, formerly thought to be single, have been resolved into two or more components. the rings of saturn have been proved to consist of small bodies revolving about the planet in obedience to kepler's law. -[a] clusters of stars have been found that move through space as one body, as possible counterparts of the planetary system. -[b] it has been demonstrated, further, that the sun itself, with its planets, is moving through space at a very rapid rate. professor simon newcomb, perhaps the greatest astronomer of the day, says, "the sun, and the whole solar system with it, have been speeding their way toward the star of which i speak (alpha lyrae) on a journey of which we know neither the beginning nor the end. during every clock-beat through which humanity has existed, it has moved on this journey by an amount which we cannot specify more exactly than to say that it is probably between five and nine miles per second. the conclusion seems unavoidable that a number of stars are moving with a speed such that the attraction of all the bodies of the universe could never stop them. -"[c] in brief, the new astronomy holds that all heavenly bodies are in motion, and that the planetary system is but a small cluster of stars among the host of heaven. further, it has weighed the stars, measured the intensity of their light, and determined their chemical composition, and it affirms that there are suns in the heavens, far excelling our sun in size and lustre, though built of approximately the same elements. -[footnote a: see c. g. abbott, report of smithsonian institution, for 1901, pp. -153-155.] -[footnote b: light science for leisure hours, proctor, pp. -42-52.] -[footnote c: the problems of astronomy, s. newcomb, science, may 21, 1897.] -[sidenote: the solar system is only one of many.] sir robert ball expresses his views as follows: "the group to which our sun belongs is a limited one. this must be so, even though the group included all the stars in the milky way. this unnumbered host is still only a cluster, occupying, comparatively speaking, an expressibly small extent in the ocean of infinite space. the imagination will carry us further still--it will show us that our star cluster may be but a unit in a cluster of an order still higher, so that a yet higher possibility of movement is suggested for our astonishment. -"[a] -[footnote a: the story of the sun, r. s. ball, pp. -360, 361.] another eminent astronomer expresses the same idea briefly but eloquently: "it is true that from the highest point of view the sun is only one of a multitude--a single star among millions--thousands of which, most likely, exceed him in brightness, magnitude and power. he is only a private in the host of heaven. -"[a] -[footnote a: the sun, c. a. young, p. -11.] and still another student of the stars propounds the following questions: "does there exist a central sun of the universe? do the worlds of infinitude gravitate as a hierarchy round a divine focus? some day the astronomers of the planets which gravitate in the light of hercules (towards which constellation the solar system is moving) will see a little star appear in their sky. this will be our sun, carrying us along in its rays; perhaps at this very moment we are visible dust of a sidereal hurricane, in a milky way, the transformer of our destinies. we are mere playthings in the immensity of infinitude. -"[a] -[footnote a: popular astronomy, c. flammarion, p. -309.] -[sidenote: scientists believe that heavenly bodies are inhabited by living, thinking beings.] it is not strange that men who have learned to look at the universe in this lofty manner should go a step farther, beyond the actually known, and suggest that some of these countless heavenly bodies must be inhabited by living, thinking beings. sober, thoughtful truthseekers, who never advance needlessly a new theory, have suggested, in all seriousness, that other worlds than ours are peopled. for instance, "what sort of life, spiritual and intellectual, exists in distant worlds? we can not for a moment suppose that our little planet is the only one throughout the whole universe on which may be found the fruits of civilization, warm firesides, friendship, the desire to penetrate the mysteries of creation. -"[a] -[footnote a: the problems of astronomy, s. -newcomb.] such, then, is in very general terms the view of modern astronomy with reference to the constitution of the universe. most of the information upon which this view rests has been gathered during the last fifty years. -[sidenote: joseph smith taught that all heavenly bodies are in motion.] joseph smith was doubtlessly impressed with the beauty of the starry heavens, and, in common with all men of poetical nature, allowed his thoughts to wander into the immensity of space. however, he had no known opportunity of studying the principles of astronomy, or of becoming familiar with the astronomical questions that were agitating the thinkers of his day. naturally, very little is said in his writings that bears upon the planetary and stellar constitution of the universe; yet enough to prove that he was in perfect harmony with the astronomical views developed since his day. first, he believed that stellar bodies are distributed throughout space. "and worlds without number have i created. -"[a] "and there are many kingdoms; for there is no space in which there is no kingdom. -"[b] he is further in harmony with modern views in that he claims that stars may be destroyed, and new ones formed. "for, behold, there are many worlds that have passed away by the word of my power. -"[c] "and as one earth shall pass away, and the heavens thereof, even so shall another come. -"[d] -[footnote a: book of moses, 1:33.] -[footnote b: doctrine and covenants, 88:37.] -[footnote c: book of moses, 1:35.] -[footnote d: doctrine and covenants, 1:38.] at the time that joseph smith wrote, there was considerable discussion as to whether the laws of the solar system were effective with the stars. the prophet had no doubts on that score, for he wrote, "and unto every kingdom is given a law; and unto every law there are certain bounds also and conditions. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 88:38.] likewise, his opinions concerning the motions of celestial objects were very definite and clear. "he hath given a law unto all things by which they move in their times and seasons; and their courses are fixed; even the courses of the heavens and the earth, which comprehend the earth and all the planets. the earth rolls upon her wings, and the sun giveth his light by day, and the moon giveth her light by night, and the stars also giveth their light, as they roll upon their wings in glory, in the midst of the power of god. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 88:43, 45.] in another place the same thought is expressed. "the sun, moon or stars; all the times of their revolutions; all the appointed days, months, and years, and all the days of their days, months, and years, and all their glories, laws, and set times, shall be revealed. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 121:30, 31.] the two revelations from which these quotations are made, were given to the prophet in 1832 and 1839 respectively, many years before the fact that all celestial bodies are in motion was understood and accepted by the world of science. -[sidenote: joseph smith taught that the solar system is only one of many--in advance of the astronomers of his day.] the accepted conception that groups or clusters of stars form systems which revolve around some one point or powerful star, was also clearly understood by joseph smith, for he speaks of stars of different orders with controlling stars for each order. "and i saw the stars that they were very great, and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of god; and there were many great ones which were near unto it: and the lord said unto me: these are the governing ones; and the name of the great one is kolob because it is near unto me--i have set this one to govern all those which belong to the same order as that upon which thou standest. -"[a] that the governing star, kolob, is not the sun is evident, since the statement is made later in the chapter that the lord showed abraham "shinehah, which is the sun." kolob, therefore, must be a mighty star governing more than the solar system; and is possibly the central sun around which the sun with its attendant planets is revolving. the other great stars near kolob are also governing stars, two of which are mentioned by name oliblish and enish-go-ondosh, though nothing is said of the order or stars that they control. the reading of the third chapter of the book of abraham leaves complete conviction that joseph smith taught that the celestial bodies are in great groups, controlled (under gravitational influence) by large suns. in this doctrine, he anticipated the world of science by many years. -[footnote a: book of abraham, chapter 3.] -[sidenote: joseph smith taught that other worlds are inhabited.] it is perhaps less surprising to find that joseph smith believed that there are other peopled worlds than ours. -for instance, "the reckoning of god's time, angel's time, prophet's time, and man's time, is according to the planet on which they reside,"[a] which distinctly implies that other planets are inhabited. another passage reads, "the angels do not reside on a planet like this earth, but they reside in the presence of god, on a globe like a sea of glass and fire. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 130:4.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., verses 6 and 7. see also 88:61.] while the idea that the planets and stars may be inhabited is not at all new, yet it is interesting to note that joseph smith taught as an absolute truth that such is the case. probably no other philosopher has gone quite that far. these brief quotations go to show that the doctrines of the prophet of the latter-day saints are in full accord with the views that distinguish the new astronomy. @@ -6353,7 +6109,6 @@ did joseph smith teach these truths by chance? or, did he receive inspiration from a higher power? chapter vii. geological time. - [sidenote: the history of the world written in the rocks.] god speaks in various ways to men. the stars, the clouds, the mountains, the grass and the soil, are all, to him who reads aright, forms of divine revelation. many of the noblest attributes of god may be learned by a study of the laws according to which omnipotent will directs the universe. @@ -6361,13 +6116,11 @@ nowhere is this principle more beautifuly illustrated and confirmed than in the on them is written in simple plainness the history of the earth almost from that beginning, when the spirit of god moved upon the face of the waters. yet, for centuries, men saw the rocks, their forms and their adaptations to each other, without understanding the message written in them. only, as the wonderful nineteenth century approached, did the vision open, and the interpretation of the story of the rocks become apparent. -[sidenote: water and heat among the shaping forces of the earth.] how the earth first came into being has not yet been clearly revealed. from the first, however, the mighty forces which act today, have shaped and fashioned the earth and prepared it for man's habitation. water, entering the tiny cracks of the rocks, and expanding as, in winter, it changed to ice, crumbled the mighty mountans; water, falling as rain from the clouds, washed the rock fragments into the low-lying places to form soil; the water in mighty rivers chiseled the earth with irresistible force, as shown by the grand canyon of the colorado. the internal heat of the earth, aided by the translocation of material by water, produced large cracks in the earth's crust, through which oceans of molten matter flowed and spread themselves over the land; the same heat appeared in volcanoes, through which were spurted liquid earth, cinders and foul gases; as the earth heat was lost, the crust cooled, contracted and great folds appeared, recognized as mountains, and as time went on, many of the mountains were caused to sink and the ocean beds were brought up in their stead. wonderful and mighty have been the changes on the earth's surface since the lord began its preparation for the race of men. -[sidenote: the geological history of the earth is in many chapters.] in the beginning, it appears that water covered the whole earth. in that day, the living creatures of earth dwelt in the water, and it was the great age of fishes and other aquatic animals. soon the first land lifted itself timidly above the surface of the ocean, and formed inviting places for land animals and plants. @@ -6381,18 +6134,9 @@ the purpose of this chapter is not, however, to discuss the past ages of the ear it is, of course, readily understood that such mighty changes as those just described, and the succession of different kinds of organic life, could not have taken place in a few years. vast periods of time must of necessity have been required for the initiation, rise, domination and final extinction of each class of animals. a year is too small a unit of measurement in geological time; a thousand years or, better, a million years, would more nearly answer the requirements. -[sidenote: the earth is probably millions of years old.] it is possible in various ways to arrive at a conception of the age of the earth since organic life came upon it. for instance, the gorge of the niagara falls was begun in comparatively recent days, yet, judging by the rate at which the falls are now receding, it must have been at least 31,000 years since the making of the gorge was first begun, and it may have been nearly 400,000 years. -[a] lord kelvin, on almost purely physical grounds, has estimated that the earth cannot be more than 100,000,000 years old, but that it may be near that age. -[b] it need not be said, probably, that all such calculations are very uncertain, when the actual number of years are considered; but, all human knowledge, based upon the present appearance of the earth and the laws that control known phenomena, agree in indicating that the age of the earth is very great, running in all probability into millions of years. it must have been hundreds of thousands of years since the first life was placed upon earth. -[footnote a: dana's new text book of geology, p. -375.] -[footnote b: lectures and addresses, vol. -2, p. -10.] -[sidenote: the war concerning the earth's age has helped theology and science.] when these immense periods of time were first suggested by students of science, a great shout of opposition arose from the camp of the theologians. the bible story of creation had been taken literally, that in six days did the lord create the heavens and the earth; and it was held to be blasphemy to believe anything else. the new revelation, given by god in the message of the rocks, was received as a man-made theory, that must be crushed to earth. @@ -6400,35 +6144,24 @@ it must be confessed likewise that many of the men of science, exulting in the n the war between the mosaic and the geological record of creation became very bitter and lasted long, and it led to a merciless dissection and scrutiny of the first chapter of genesis, as well as of the evidence upon which rests the geological theory of the age of the earth. when at last the din of the battle grew faint, and the smoke cleared away, it was quickly perceived by the unbiased on-lookers, that the bible and science had both gained by the conflict. geology had firmly established its claim, that the earth was not made in six days of twenty-four hours each; and the first chapter of genesis had been shown to be a marvelously truthful record of the great events of creation. -[sidenote: the word day in genesis refers to indefinite time periods.] moses, in the first chapter of genesis, enumerates the order of the events of creation. first, light was brought to the earth and was divided from darkness, "and the evening and the morning were the first day." then the firmament was established in the midst of the waters, "and the evening and the morning were the second day." -after each group of creative events, the same expression occurs, "and the evening and the morning were the third [fourth, fifth, and sixth] days." those who insisted upon the literal interpretation of the language of the bible maintained that the word day, as used in genesis 1, referred to a day of twenty-four hours, and that all the events of creation were consummated by an all-powerful god in one hundred and forty-four earthly hours. an examination of the original hebrew for the use of the word translated "day" in genesis, revealed that it refers more frequently to periods of time of indefinite duration. -[a] when this became clear, and the records of the rocks became better known, some theologians suggested, that as we are told that a thousand years are as one day to god, the day of genesis 1 refers to periods of a thousand years each. this did not strengthen the argument. the best opinion of today, and it is well-nigh universal, is that the mosaic record refers to indefinite periods of time corresponding to the great divisions of historical geology. -[footnote a: compare the mosaic record of creation, a. mccaul, d. d., p. -213.] even as late as the sixties and seventies of the last century this question was still so unsettled as to warrant the publication of books defending the mosaic account of creation. -[a] -[footnote a: for instance aids to faith, containing mccaul's most able discussion. the origin of the world, j. w. -dawson.] -[sidenote: joseph smith's teachings concerning creation found in the book of abraham.] in 1830, certain visions, given to the jewish lawgiver moses, were revealed to the prophet joseph smith. these visions are now incorporated with other matter in the pearl of great price, under the title, the book of moses. in chapter two of this book is found an account of the creation, which is nearly identical with the account found in genesis 1. the slight variations which occur tend only to make the meaning of the writer clearer. -in this account, the expression "and the evening and the morning were the first [etc.] day," occurs just as it does in the mosaic account in the bible. in 1835, certain ancient records found in the catacombs of egypt fell into the hands of joseph smith, who found them to be some of the writings of abraham, while he was in egypt. the translation of these records is also found in the pearl of great price, under the title, the book of abraham. in the fourth and fifth chapters of the book is found an account of the creation according to the knowledge of abraham. the two accounts are essentially the same, but the abrahamic version is so much fuller and clearer that it illumines the obscurer parts of the mosaic account. we shall concern ourselves here only with the variation in the use of the word "day." -[sidenote: the book of abraham conveys the idea that the creative periods included much time.] in genesis 1:5 we read, "and god called the light day, and the darkness he called night. and the evening and the morning were the fist day." the corresponding period is discussed in the book of abraham 4:5 as follows: "and the gods called the light day, and the darkness they called night. @@ -6459,19 +6192,12 @@ and it came to pass that it was from morning until evening that they called nigh as in the previous periods, the sixth ended by the gods numbering the days of the creative period; the sixth period, like those preceding, being indeterminate as to time. repeated reading and study of the abrahamic account, as revealed through joseph smith, make it certain beyond doubt that the intent is to convey the idea that the creative periods included much time, and that, at the end of each period, the measure of night and day, was applied to the period, in order that its length might be determined. whether or not the different creative periods represented days to the mighty beings concerned in the creation, we do not know, and it matters little to the argument of this article. -[a] -[footnote a: the writer understands the creation, reported in abraham, 4th chapter, to be spiritual in its nature; but he also believes that this spiritual account is a perfect picture of the actual material creation. if chapter 4 of abraham represents the gods planning creation, the measuring of time becomes easily understood. it then means, "how long will it take to accomplish the work?" -all this, however, has no bearing upon the present argument.] now, then, we must remember that joseph smith made this translation long before the theologians of the world had consented to admit that the mosaic days meant long periods of time; and long before geology had established beyond question that immense time periods had been consumed in the preparation of the earth for man. joseph smith, the humble, unlearned, despised boy, unfamiliar with books and the theories of men, stated with clear and simple certainty, if his works be read with the eye of candid truth, this fundamental truth of geological science and the bible, long before the learned of the world had agreed upon the same truth. -[a] -[footnote a: it may be remarked that other geological doctrines were taught by the prophet, that science has since confirmed. one of these was discussed by dr. j.e. talmage in the improvement era, vol. -7, p. -481.] standing alone, this fact might be called a chance coincidence, a result of blind fate. but recalling that it is one of many similar and even more striking facts, what shall be said, has ever impostor dared what joseph smith did? has ever false prophet lived beyond his generation, if his prophecies were examined? @@ -6479,7 +6205,6 @@ shall we of this foremost age accept convincing, logical truth, though it run co glorious were the visions of joseph the prophet; unspeakable would be our joy, should they be given to us. chapter viii. organized intelligence. - [sidenote: a complete philosophy must consider living beings.] the student of the constitution of the universe must take into account living beings. plants, animals and men are essentially different from the mass of matter. the rock, apparently, is the same forever; but the plant has a beginning, and after a comparatively short existence dies. @@ -6488,7 +6213,6 @@ man, the highest type of living things, differs from the rock, moreover, in that animals and even plants seem to possess a similar power to a smaller degree. the rock on the hillside is pulled downward by gravitation, but can move only if the ground is removed from beneath it by some external force. man, on the other hand, can walk up or down the hill, with or against the pull of gravity. -[sidenote: science teaches that all phenomena may be referred to matter and ether in motion.] modern science refers all phenomena to matter and motion; in other words, to matter and force or energy. in this general sense, matter includes the universal ether, and force includes any or all of the forces known, or that may be known, to man. to illustrate: the electrician develops a current of electricity, which to the scientist is a portion of the universal ether moving in a certain definite manner. @@ -6499,10 +6223,6 @@ it is produced by the movements of the air. in fact, sounds are carried from place to place by great air waves. the heat of the stove is due to the rapid vibration of the molecules in the iron of the stove, which set up corresponding vibrations in the ether. in nature no exceptions have been found to the great scientific claim that all natural phenomena may be explained by referring them to matter in motion. -[a] variations in the kind of matter and the kind of motion, lead to all the variations found in the universe. -[footnote a: tyndall, fragments of science, i. chaps. -i and ii.] -[sidenote: life is a certain form of motion.] by many it has been held that life and its phenomena transcend the ordinary explanations of nature. yet, those who have learned, by laborious researches, that the fundamental ideas of the universe are only eternal matter, eternal energy and the universe-filling medium, the ether, find it very difficult to conceive of a special force of life, which concerns itself solely with very limited portions of matter, and is wholly distinct from all other natural forces. to the student of science it seems more consistent to believe that life is nothing more than matter in motion; that, therefore, all matter possesses a kind of life; and that the special life possessed by plants, animals and man, is only the highest or most complex motion in the universe. @@ -6513,40 +6233,24 @@ for instance, to keep the human body, with its wonderful will and intelligence, the food is actually burned within the body. the heat thus obtained gives to the man both physical and intellectual vigor. it would really appear, therefore, that heat, which is a well known, simple physical force, may be converted by the animal body into other and more complex forces, or modes of motion, such as the so-called life force. -[sidenote: a certain organization characterizes life.] naturally, should science class life as the highest or most complex of the modes of material motion, the question would arise concerning the manner in which this conversion were made possible. the answer must be that the ultimate particles of the matter composing the living thing are so arranged or organized that the great natural forces may be converted into life force. it is possible by passing heat through certain substances to make them luminous, thus converting heat into light; by employing a dynamo, mechanical energy may be converted into electrical energy; by coiling a wire around a rod of soft iron, electricity may be converted into magnetism. in short, it is well understood in science, that by the use of the right machines one form of energy may be changed into another. it is generally assumed, that the human body is so organized that the forces of heat, light and undoubtedly others, may be converted into higher forms, peculiar to living things. -[a] -[footnote a: compare, fiske, outlines of cosmic philiosophy, chap. xvi. -pearson, grammar of science, pp. -404-407. dolbear, matter, ether and motion, chap. -xi, pp. -294-297.] -[sidenote: protoplasm, a highly organized body, is always associated with life.] to substantiate this view, it may be recalled that the fundamental chemical individual in living thing is a very complex, unstable substance known as protoplasm. no living cell exists without the presence of this substance. it is far from being known well, as yet, but enough is known to enable science to say that it is composed of several elements, so grouped and regrouped as to transcend all present methods of research. -[a] by means of this highly organized body, it is assumed that the ordinary forces of nature are worked over and made suited for the needs of the phenomena of life. -[footnote a: pearson, grammar of science, p. -408.] -the existence of the complex life-characteristic substance protoplasm, renders probable the view that living things, after all, differ from the rest of creation only in the kind and degree of their organization, and that life, as the word is ordinarily used, depends upon a certain kind or organization of matter,[a] which leads to a certain kind of motion. -[footnote a: tyndall, fragments of science. ii, chaps. -iv and vi.] as to the origin of the special organization called life, science has nothing to say. science is helpless when she deals with the beginning of things. the best scientific explanation of life is that it is a very complex mode of motion occasioned by a highly complex organization of the matter and ether of the living body. there are still some students who prefer to believe in the existence of a special vital force, which is not subject to the laws that govern other forces. this view, however, is so inconsistent with the modern understanding of the contents of the universe that it has few followers. -[sidenote: the modern conception of life is very recent.] the view that life is a special organization by which the great natural forces are focussed and concentrated, so as to accomplish the greatest works, necessarily implies a belief in the modern laws of nature. since modern science is of very recent development it was quite improbable for such a conception of life to have been held clearly before modern times. in fact it is within the last thirty or forty years that these views have found expression among scientific investigations. -[sidenote: joseph smith taught the universality of life.] as observed in chapters two and three, joseph smith taught that the energy of matter or of ether is a form of intelligence. if, according to this doctrine, matter and ether are intelligent; then life also must reside in all matter and ether. hence everything in the universe is alive. @@ -6554,45 +6258,24 @@ further, since all force is motion, universal motion is universal life. the difference between rock, plant, beast and man is in the amount and organization of its life or intelligence. for instance, in harmony with this doctrine, the earth must possess intelligence or life. in fact the prophet says "the earth......shall be sanctified; yea, notwithstanding it shall die, it shall be quickened again, and shall abide the power by which it is quickened. -"[a] the statement that the earth shall die and shall be quickened again, certainly implies that the earth possess life, though, naturally, of an order wholly different from that of men or other higher living things. -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants 88:25, 26.] -[sidenote: man is coexistent with god.] it is an established "mormon" doctrine that man is coexistent with god. note the following statements: "ye were also in the beginning with the father." "man was also in the beginning with god. intelligence, or the light of truth, was not created or made, neither indeed can be. -"[a] "yet these two spirits, notwithstanding one is more intelligent than the other, have no beginning; they existed before, they shall have no end, they shall exist after for they are eternal. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants 93:23 and 29.] -[footnote b: book of abraham 3:19.] -[sidenote: joseph smith taught that man is organized from matter, spirit and intelligence.] in the account of the creation, given in the book of abraham, it is clearly stated that the gods organized the earth and all upon it from available materials, and as the fitting climax to their labors they "went down to organize man in their own image, in the image of gods to form him. -"[a] the creation of man was in part at least the organization of individuals from eternal materials and forces. the nature of that organization is made partly clear by the prophet when he says "the spirit and the body are the soul of man. -"[b] the spirit here referred to may be compared to the ether of science, vibrating with the force of intelligence, which is the first and highest of the many forces of nature. the body, similarly, refers to the grosser elements, also fired with the universal energy--intelligence. the word soul, in the above quotation, means man as he is on earth and is used as in genesis. man, according to this, is composed of matter; the spirit which may be likened to ether, and energy. the organization of man at the beginning of our earth history, was only the clothing of the eternal spiritual man with the matter which constitutes the perishable body. in confirmation of this view note another statement, "for man is spirit. the elements are eternal, and spirit and element, inseparably connected, receiveth a fullness of joy, and when separated, man can not receive a fullness of joy. -"[c] here also it is taught that man is composed of matter, spirit and energy. -[footnote a: book of abraham, 4th chap. -(note verse 27.)] -[footnote b: doctrine and covenants 88:15.] -[footnote c: doctrine and covenants 93:33 and 34.] -[sidenote: intelligence is universal.] president brigham young has left an interesting paragraph that confirms the statement that according to "mormon" doctrine, all matter is intelligent, and that man is superior only because of his higher organization. "is this earth, the air and the water, composed of life.....?......if the earth, air and water, are composed of life is there any intelligence in this life?....are those particles of matter life; if so, are they in possession of intelligence according to the grade of their organization?......we suggest the idea that there is an eternity of life, an eternity of organization, and an eternity of intelligence from the highest to the lowest grade, every creature in its order, from the gods to the animalculae. -"[a] -[footnote a: the resurrection, p. 3. ed. -of 1884.] -[sidenote: spirit unaided knows matter with difficulty.] the statement that man can receive a fullness of joy only when spirit and element are united, is of itself a scientific doctrine of high import. this is a world of matter; and a spiritual man, that is one made only of the universal ether, would not be able to receive fully the impressions that come from the contact of element with element. to enjoy and understand this world, it is necessary for the spirit to be clothed with matter. the ether or spirit world is not within our immediate view; and it is probable that the material world is far away from purely spiritual beings. -[sidenote: god is the master-builder.] this whole doctrine means that god is the organizer of worlds, and all upon them. he is not the creator of the materials and forces of the universe, for they are eternal; he is the master buidler who uses the simple elements of nature for his purposes. it is also plain that, according to "mormon" doctrine, there is no special life force. @@ -6600,56 +6283,22 @@ the intelligence residing in a stone is in quality, as far as it goes, the same but, man is so organized that a greater amount of intelligence, a fullness of it, centers in him, and he is as a consequence essentially and eternally different from the stone. president young also said, "the life that is within us is a part of an eternity of life, and is organized spirit, which is clothed upon by tabernacles, thereby constituting our present being, which is designed for the attainment of further intelligence. the matter comprising our bodies and spirits has been organized from the eternity of matter that fills immensity. -"[a] -[footnote a: journal of discourses, vol. 7:285. -(brigham young.)] -[sidenote: a lower intelligence cannot become a higher intelligence except by disorganization.] this doctrine does not permit of the interpretation that a lower intelligence, such as that of an animal, may in time become the intelligence of a man. "it remaineth in the sphere in which i, god, created it. -"[a] the horse will ever remain a horse, though the intelligence of the animal may increase. to make any of the constituent parts or forces of an animal, part of the intelligence of a man, it would be necessary to disorganize the animal; to organize the elements into a man, and thus to begin over again. -[footnote a: book of moses 3:9.] -[sidenote: joseph smith anticipated science in the modern conception of life.] men, beasts and plants--those beings that possess the higher life, differ from inanimate nature, so called, by a higher degree of organization. that is the dogma of "mormonism," and the doctrine of science. about 1831 joseph smith gave this knowledge to the world; a generation later, scientific men arrived independently at the same conclusion. -[sidenote: the thinkers and writers of mormonism have taught the foregoing doctrine of life.] the thinkers and writers of "mormonism" have more or less directly taught the same doctrine. apostle orson pratt believed that the body of man, both spiritual and earthly, was composed of atoms or ultimate particles--of the holy spirit for the spiritual body and material elements for the mortal body. it has already been shown that the holy spirit of "mormonism" may be compared with the ether of science, vibrating with the greater force of the universe--intelligence. for instance: "the intelligent particles of a man's spirit are by their peculiar union, but one human spirit. -"[a] "several of the atoms of this spirit exist united together in the form of a person. -"[b] undoubtedly elder pratt believed that the living man is simply organized from the elements and elementary forces of the universe. -[footnote a: absurdities of immaterialism, ed. -1849, p. -26.] -[footnote b: ibid, p. -29.] -perhaps the best and safest exposition of the philosophy of "mormonism" is parley p. pratt's key to theology. in it he states definitely that the spirit of man is organized from the elementary holy spirit. "the holiest of all elements, the holy spirit, when organized in individual form, and clothed upon with flesh and bones, contains, etc. -"[a] that the earthly body was likewise organized is equally plain for he says "at the commencement--the elements--were found in a state of chaos. -"[b] then man was "moulded from the earth as a brick. -"[c] again, "the spirit of man consists of an organization of the elements of spiritual matter,"[d] which finds entrance into its tabernacle of flesh. in another place he defines creation by asking "what is creation? merely organization...... the material of which this earth was made always did exist, and it was only an organization which took place during the time spoken of by moses. -"[e] -[footnote a: key to theology, 5th ed., p. -46.] -[footnote b: ibid, p. -49.] -[footnote c: ibid, p. -51.] -[footnote d: ibid, p. -131.] -[footnote e: roberts, mormon doctrine of deity, pp. -278, 279.] numerous other authorities might be quoted to prove that the above is the "mormon" view. -[a] -[footnote a: see especially the prophet joseph smith's sermon, contributor, vol. -4, pp. -256-268.] in this chapter the intention has not been to explain fully the doctrines of joseph smith relating to the nature of man, but to call attention to the fact that the present scientific conception of the nature of living things is the same as that of "mormonism." that "mormonism" goes farther than science, and completes the explanation, is to the credit of the prophet. it must not be forgotten that in stating the doctrine that man is organized from the eternal elements and elementary forces of the universe, in such a way as to produce the phenomena of higher life, joseph smith anticipated the workers in science by nearly a generation. @@ -6659,19 +6308,14 @@ is the work divine? the laws governing the individual. chapter ix. faith. - [sidenote: faith is the assurance of the existence of "things not seen."] for the government of the individual the first principle in mormon theology is faith. joseph smith defined faith in the words of the apostle paul, "now, faith is the substance of things hoped for; the evidence of things not seen." to this the prophet added "from this we learn that faith is the assurance which men have of things which they have not seen. -"[a] on this principle, with this definition, many young persons who have ventured upon the sea of unbelief have wrecked the religion of their childhood; for, the human mind, in some stages of its development, is disinclined to accept as knowledge anything that can not be sensed directly. -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, lecture i, verses 8, 9.] nowadays, the young doubter who can not accept as the foundation of his religion "things which he has not seen," usually turns for comfort and future growth to the results of science. there he finds truths upon truths, glorious in their beauty and susceptibility to direct and unmistakeable proof; and soon he declares that in so-called natural science, there is no need of faith, for, if a person has only advanced far enough, every concern of science may be known through one, two or several senses. -[sidenote: such faith lies at the formation of science.] it is true that in the beginning of science no faith seems to be required; for every statement is based on experiments and observations that may be repeated by every student; and nothing is "taken on trust." as the deeper parts of science are explored, however, it is soon discovered that in science as in theology, a faith in "things that can not be seen," is an essential requisite for progress. in fact, the fundamental laws of the great divisions of science deal with realities that are wholly and hopelessly beyond the reach of man's five senses. -[sidenote: the molecules are beyond man's direct senses.] an exposition of the fundamental conception of chemical science will illustrate the nature of scientific faith. a fragment of almost any substance may easily be divided into two or three pieces by a stroke of a hammer. each of the pieces may be broken into smaller pieces and this process of division continued until the powder is as fine as dust. @@ -6687,7 +6331,6 @@ to all our senses, the molecule is wholly unknown and no doubt shall remain so w yet, no fact is better established than the existence of the realities that we interpret as molecules. their relative weights and other properties have been securely determined. the existence of such a particle is as certain as is the existence of the sun in the high heavens. -[sidenote: science teaches the composition of the directly unknowable molecules.] not only does science teach the existence of molecules; it looks within them and reveals their composition. for instance, a molecule of the sugar known as glucose, and used by candy makers, is made up of six particles of the element carbon, twelve of the element hydrogen and six of the element oxygen. the particles of carbon in the glucose molecule are so small that if one were divided it would no longer be carbon; the same with the particles of hydrogen and oxygen: if divided they would change into something else--into what is not yet known to man. @@ -6695,20 +6338,15 @@ these smallest particles are called atoms of the elements charcoal, hydrogen and if instead of an atom of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, we write c, h, o, the composition of a molecule of glucose would be written c{6}h{12}o{6}. these are also indisputable facts of science. if the molecules are far beyond the range of our senses, the atoms are of course much further removed from the known world. -[sidenote: science teaches the arrangements of the atoms within the molecules.] but the chemist does not stop here. he is able to state accurately how the invisible, unsensed atoms are arranged within the unknowable molecule. in nature are found several glucose-like sugars, the molecules of which contain the same numbers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. the varying properties of these sugars have been found to result from the different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules. the structure of the molecules of three of the most common sugars are as follows: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- i ii iii dextrose [a] laevulose [a] galactose [a] h2=c-oh h2=c-o h h2=c-oh | | | ho-c-h h o-c-h ho-c h | | | ho-c-h h o-c-h hc-oh | | | h-c-o-h h c-o h hc-oh | | | ho-c-h c=o ho-ch | | | h-c=o h c=o h-c=o ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -[footnote a: dextrose and laevulose combine to form ordinary cane or beet sugar. -dextrose and galactose combine to form the sugar found in milk.] referring to the above diagrams it will be observed that although each arrangement contains the same number of atoms, yet, because of the difference in arrangement, they are far from being identical. in fact, the difference in the properties of the sugars may be referred to the arrangement of the atoms in the molecules. this truth is one of the most splendid achievements of modern science. all the facts, here briefly outlined, are included in the atomic hypothesis, which is the foundation of the modern science of chemistry. -[sidenote: science requires a strong faith in "things not seen."] science asks us to believe in the existence of particles, unknowable to our senses, the molecules; then to believe in still smaller particles, the atoms, which make up the molecules but whose relative weights and general properties have been determined. here, a faith is required in "things that can not be seen," and in the properties of these things. true, the scientist does not pretend to describe the atoms in detail, he does not need to do that to establish the certainty of their existence. @@ -6719,7 +6357,6 @@ the scientist goes farther than this, however, for he asks us not only to have f true, it is claimed, only, that the relative arrangement is known, yet the faith required still leads us far beyond the simple faith in atoms. has any man asked us to believe that he can describe the structure of god's dwelling? no principle taught by joseph smith requires a larger faith than this. -[sidenote: the conception of the ether requires large faith.] not only in chemistry are such transcendent truths required. the fundamental conception of physics requires, if possible, a larger faith. the explanations of modern physics rest largely upon the doctrine of the universal ether. @@ -6730,27 +6367,21 @@ yet the ether cannot be seen, heard, tasted, smelled or felt. to our senses it has neither weight nor substance. to believe the existence of this ether requires a faith which is certainly as great as the greatest faith required by mormon theology. numerous other illustrations might be cited, without greatly emphasizing the truth that the great fundamental doctrines of science require a great faith in realities that are beyond the reach of our senses. -[sidenote: faith comes slowly and naturally.] the great foundations of science have not come as a "great wakening light," but have come slowly, through a process of normal, guided growth. the first experiment was made, from which a simple conclusion was drawn; the second experiment furnished a second conclusion; the two results combined produced a third conclusion, and so on through thousands of experiments and conclusions, until the brilliant conceptions of modern science were attained. in short, the scientist works very simply by careful observation of nature, "the earth and its fullness," and by as careful reasoning from the observed facts. the mind builds noble structures of the materials the senses bring. the same method may be employed in gaining faith in the principles of theology; and the apostle paul tells us distinctly that the righteousness of god is revealed from "faith to faith," and that the eternal power of god and the godhead and "the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made." the scientist, likewise, begins with the things that are made and proceeds "from faith to faith," gaining "here a little, and there a little," until a faith is reached which, to him who has not followed its growth, may seem absurd in its loftiness. -[sidenote: science cannot progress without faith.] certainly, no man can progress in science unless he has faith in the great inductions of scientific men. faith is as indispensable for scientific progress as for theological advancement. in both cases it is the great principle of action. this subject merits more extended discussion, but the exposition of the nature of faith is outside the argument running through these chapters. it must be sufficient to remark again that mormonism is strictly scientific in stating as the first principle of the guidance of the individual, that of faith in unseen things; for that is the basic principle for the beginner in modern science. -[a] -[footnote a: read for a fuller exposition, we walk by faith, improvement era, volume 3, p. -561.] chapter x. repentance. the second principle for the government of the individual, according to mormon theology, is repentance. so commonly has this principle been discussed from its relation to moral law that its counterpart in all human effort has often been overlooked. -[sidenote: repentance follows faith.] to repent is first to turn from old practices. thus, he who violates any of god's laws renders himself liable to certain punishment, but, if he repents, and sins no more, the punishments are averted. naturally, such a change of heart and action can come only after faith has been established. @@ -6758,7 +6389,6 @@ no man will change a habit without a satisfactory reason. in fact, all the actions of men should be guided by reason. repentance then is a kind of obedience or active faith; and is great in proportion to the degree of faith possessed by the individual. certainly, the repentance of no man can transcend his faith, which includes his knowledge. -[sidenote: scientific repentance follows scientific faith.] so it is in science. for centuries, wounds of the body were treated according to certain methods, assumed to be correct; and, especially in time of war, large numbers of the patients died. then it was found that low forms of life--the bacteria--infected the wounds, and caused the high mortality. @@ -6772,7 +6402,6 @@ when later, the correct factor is discovered, and applied, the results of the wo repentance from the previous error, changes the chemist's work from wrong to right. in fact, in any department of knowledge, when it is discovered that a law of nature has been violated, it becomes necessary, if further progress is desired, to cease the violation. should a scientist persist in violation of a known law, he knows that the consequences, great or small will certainly follow. -[sidenote: repentance means adopting new habits; not simply turning from old ones.] to repent is more than to turn from incorrect practices. it implies also the adoption of new habits. the man who has turned from his sins, may learn of a law, which he has never violated, yet which if obeyed, means progress for him. @@ -6789,7 +6418,6 @@ those who did not adopt it were soon outdistanced by their more active colleague in every such case, the obedience yielded to the new knowledge is a kind of repentance. when a person, in religion or science, ceases to break law, he ceases from active evil; when he accepts a new law, he ceases from passive evil. no repentance can be complete which does not cease from both active and passive evil. -[sidenote: repentance is active faith.] viewed in this manner, then, repentance is obedience to law and is active faith. the law, before it is obeyed, must be understood--that is, faith must precede repentance. therefore, the obedience yielded can increase only with the knowledge or faith of the individual. @@ -6802,7 +6430,6 @@ repentance is obedience; and the repentant person is always ready to obey righte baptism is one of the laws of the kingdom of god. "except ye repent and be baptized ye can in nowise enter the kingdom of god." the repentant person must of necessity accept this law with the others with which he may be familiar. -[sidenote: the equivalent of baptism found in science.] students of science, who agree that faith and repentance have a place in science, frequently assert that the equivalent of baptism is not found in external nature. this claim may be proved false by examining the nature of law. the chemist must frequently produce the gas hydrogen. @@ -6811,7 +6438,6 @@ in thus producing the gas, the chemist obeys law. the astronomer who studies the stars discovers that by using a piece of glass properly ground, his powers of vision appear to be strengthened. he therefore prepares such lenses for his telescopes, and thus obeys law. the surgeon uses antisceptics in the treatment of wounds because he has learned that such application will destroy germ life, and thus the surgeon obeys law. -the electrician has found that by winding a wire in a certain manner around iron and rotating it near a magnet, electric currents are set up. he builds dynamos according to such principles, and thus shows his obedience to law. it must be noted that the scientist does not know just why acid added to metal produces hydrogen, or why a certain curved lens brings the stars nearer; or why certain chemicals destroy low forms of life or why wire wound in a certain way when rotated in the magnetic field will produce electricity. nature requires, without volunteering an explanation, that to produce hydrogen, see the stars, destroy germs and produce the electric current, certain invariable laws must be obeyed. @@ -6820,14 +6446,12 @@ to enter the kingdom of god, a person must be baptized. just why baptism should be the ordinance that opens the door, no man knows. it undoubtedly has high symbolic value; but the symbolism might be expressed in many other ways. all that man can do is to obey. -[sidenote: it is unreasonable to do only what is fully understood.] men say at times that they will do nothing which they do not fully understand, and therefore they will not be baptized. it would be as unreasonable for a man to say that because he does not fully understand why a certain winding of the wire is necessary to produce electricity he will not produce this wonderful natural force. all theology and all science contain laws that must be obeyed in order to obtain certain results, although the full reasons for the required combinations are not understood. he who is baptized, enters the kingdom of god. he who throws acid on metal enters the kingdom of hydrogen; he who grinds the lens right, enters the kingdom of the stars; he who uses antisceptics right, enters the kingdom of lower life, and he who winds the wire correctly, enters the kingdom of electricity. yielding obedience to any of these various laws, is a form of baptism, which gives entrance to a kingdom. -[sidenote: baptism is obedience to law.] the essential virtue of baptism is obedience to law. the prime value of any natural law is attained only after obedience has been yielded to it. baptism is conformity to certain details in entering god's kingdom. @@ -6844,27 +6468,12 @@ viewed rationally, therefore, the baptism taught in theology is an ordinance whi joseph smith was strcitly scientific in classing baptism as the third great principle governing human action. chapter xii. the gift of the holy ghost. - [sidenote: the gift of the holy ghost is a gift of intelligence.] baptism by water is insufficient to open the door to god's kingdom. the gift of the holy ghost, obtained by the laying on of hands by one having authority, completes the ordinance. not only joseph smith, but the savior himself taught distinctly that to enter the kingdom of god, a person must be baptized by water and by fire; and the promise is given that those are "baptized by water for the remission of sins, shall receive the holy ghost. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 84:63, 64.] jesus, speaking to his disciples, taught that "the comforter, which is the holy ghost, whom the father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever i have said unto you. -"[a] this clearly implies that the promised gift is essentially a gift of increased intelligence with the added power that results from a more intelligent action. that this is the mormon view of the effect of the gift of the holy ghost may be amply demonstrated from the standard works of the church and from the writings of the leading interpreters of mormon doctrine. -parley p. pratt in the key to theology says, "it quickens all the intellectual faculties, increases, enlarges, expands and purifies all the natural passions and affection * * * *. it develops and invigorates all the faculties of the physical and intellectual man. -"[b] the prophet joseph smith declared "this first comforter or holy ghost has no other effect than pure intelligence. -it is * * * * powerful in expanding the mind, enlightening the understanding, and storing the intellect with present knowledge. -"[c] concisely expressed, therefore, joseph smith and the church he restored, teach that the gift of the holy ghost, is a gift of "intelligence." -[footnote a: john 14:26.] -[footnote b: key to theology, 5th ed., pp. -101, 102.] -[footnote c: history of the church, vol. -iii, p. -380.] -[sidenote: science furnishes an equivalent of the gift of the holy ghost.] if the equivalents of faith, repentance and baptism are irrevocable laws for the individual who studies science, the question arises, is there also, a scientific equivalent for the gift of the holy ghost? even a superficial view of the matter will reveal such an equivalent. to use again the illustrations employed in the preceding chapter, if the chemist has obeyed natural law in producing hydrogen, that is, has been baptized into the kingdom of hydrogen, he may by the proper use and study of the gas obtained, add much to his knowledge. @@ -6885,10 +6494,6 @@ for the purpose of this volume, however, a more extended consideration of the la the word of wisdom. it has already been remarked that the nature of the mission of joseph smith made it unlikely that references to scientific matters, and much less to isolated scientific facts, obtainable by proper methods of experimentation should be found in the writings of the prophet. nevertheless, in a revelation given march 8, 1883, statements are made that can now be connected with facts of science, not generally or not at all known, at the time the revelation was received. -"inasmuch as any man drinketh wine or strong drink among you, it is not good, * * * strong drinks are not for the belly but for the washing of your bodies. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 89:5, 7.] -[sidenote: the doctrine that alcohol is injurious to man is scientific.] at the time this was written, many persons believed that the use of alcoholic drinks was injurious to human health; but more, especially among the uneducated classes, held quite the opposite opinion. since that day, the question concerning the value of alcohol in any form has been greatly agitated, and much new light has been obtained. this is not the place to examine this famous controversy, but a few quotations from authoritative books, which are not controversial in their nature, will show the coincidence between the position of science, and the doctrine of joseph smith, in respect to this matter. @@ -6897,15 +6502,7 @@ speaks of the medicinal properties of alcohol as follows, "it is irritant even t a single dose of it, if large enough, may produce death. the nervous symptoms caused by alcohol show that it has a very powerful and direct influence upon the nerve-centers. the arterial pressure and the pulse-rate are both increased by moderate doses of alcohol, by a direct influence upon the heart itself. -* * * taken habitually in excess, alcohol produces the most deplorable results, and is a very common cause of fatal maladies. -"[a] -[footnote a: page 129, art., alcohol ethylicum.] dr. w. gilman thompson in his authoritative book on practical dietetics, speaking of the constant use of alcoholic beverages, says, "the use of alcohol in any shape is wholly unnecessary for the use of the human organism in health. -* * * * the lifelong use of alcohol in moderation does not necessarily shorten life or induce disease in some persons, while in others it undoubtedly produces gradual and permanent changes which tend to weaken vital organs so that the resistance of the body to disease is materially impaired. -* * * * many persons should be particularly warned against the use of alcohol. -* * * * although alcohol is such a strong force-producer and heat-generator, its effect in this direction is very soon counter-balanced by its stronger influence in lowering the general tone of the nervous system and in producing positive degeneration in the tissues. -"[a] -[footnote a: pages 206, 207.] the recent newspaper statements that alcohol has been shown to be a food are based on a complete misunderstanding. the experiments demonstrated that alcohol is burned within the body--which is the simplest manner in which the body can rid itself of the alcohol. no more authoritative opinions on this subject can be found than those contained in the two volumes from which quotations have been made--and the strongest opinions are not quoted. @@ -6914,17 +6511,11 @@ however, the value of the external use of alcohol, for various purposes, has nev on the contrary almost every up to date practitioner recommends the external use of alcohol, as for instance after baths for lowering the temperature of fever patients. in this matter, then, joseph smith was in perfect harmony with the latest results of science. it is strange that he, unlearned as he was, should have stated what is now known as truth, so clearly and simply, yet so emphatically, more than seventy years ago, before the main experiments on the effect of alcohol on the human organsim had been made. -[sidenote: the doctrine that tobacco is injurious to man is scientific.] "and again, tobacco is not for the body, neither for the belly, and is not good for man, but is an herb for bruises and all sick cattle, to be used with judgment and skill. -"[a] although tobacco has been used for several centuries by civilized man, the real cause of the effect which it has upon the human body was not understood until the early part of the last century. in 1809, a chemist separated from tobacco an active principle, in an impure state, some of the properties of which he observed. in 1822, two other chemists succeeded in isolating the same principle, in a pure condition, and found it to be a colorless, oily liquid, of which two to eight per cent is found in all tobacco. this substance has been called nicotine; later investigations have shown it to be one of the most active poisons known. tobacco owes its activity entirely to this poison. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 89:8.] -[footnote b: wormley, micro-chemistry of poisons, 2nd ed., pp. -434, 435.] the intensely poisonous nature of nicotine is illustrated by a number of cases on record. one drop placed on the tongue of a cat caused immediate prostration, and death in seventy-eight seconds. a smaller drop was placed on the tongue of another cat, which resulted in death after two minutes and a half. @@ -6934,61 +6525,31 @@ an hour later he became unconscious and died. in another case, in which an ounce of tobacco had been swallowed, death resulted in seven hours. in still another case, one ounce of tobacco was boiled in water, and the solution drunk as an remedy for constipation. the patient died in three quarters of an hour. -[a] these, and numerous other cases, illustrate the intensely poisonous nature of tobacco. the evil effects of the repeated use of small amounts of tobacco, in smoking or chewing are also well understood. -[footnote a: ibid, pp. -436, 437.] -[sidenote: joseph smith probably did not know the poisonous nature of tobacco in 1833.] it was in 1828, about five years before joseph smith's doctrine with respect to tobacco was given, that nicotine was obtained in a pure state. many years later the chemists and physiologists learned to understand the dangerous nature of the tobacco poison. it does not seem probable that joseph smith had heard of the discovery of nicotine in 1833; the discovery was announced in a german scientific journal, and in those days of few newspapers, scientific news, even of public interest, was not made generally known as quickly as is the case today. -in fact, hyrum smith, the brother of the prophet, on may 29, 1842, delivered a sermon upon the word of wisdom in which he says, "tobacco is a nauseous, stinking, abominable thing;"[a] but nothing worse, thus basing his main objection to it on the revealed word of the lord. had joseph and his associates been familiar with the isolation of nicotine and its properties, they would undoubtedly have mentioned it in sermons especially directed against the use of tobacco. in any case, at a time when it was but vaguely known that tobacco contained a poisonous principle, it would have been extremely hazardous for the reputation of an impostor to have claimed a revelation from god, stating distinctly the injurious effects of tobacco. -[footnote a: the contributor, vol. -iv., p. 13; improvement era, vol. -4. pp. -943-9.] it should also be noted that joseph smith says that when tobacco is used for bruises and all sick cattle, it should be used with judgment and skill, thus impressing caution even in the external application of the herb. this is fully borne out by facts, for it has been found that "the external application of tobacco to abraded surfaces, and even to the healthy skin, has been attended with violent symptoms, and even death. -"[a] -[footnote a: wormley, micro-chemistry of poisons, p. -436.] in the matter of the chemistry and physiological action of tobacco, then, the prophet, in 1833, was in full accord with the best knowledge of 1908. in the emphasis of his doctrine, he even anticipated the world of science. "and again, hot drinks are not for the body or belly. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 89:9.] -[sidenote: the doctrine that tea and coffee are injurious to man is scientific.] when this statement was made, in 1833, the meaning of the expression hot drinks was not clearly understood. many believed that the only meaning of the above statement was that drinks that are hot enough to burn the mouth should not be used. others, however, claimed for the doctrine a deeper meaning. to settle the difficulty, appeal was made to joseph smith who explained that tea, coffee and similar drinks were meant by the expression hot drinks. from that time on, the church has taught that tea and coffee should not be used by mankind. -[a] -[footnote a: see the contributor, vol. -iv. -p. 13; improvement era, vol 4, pp. -943-9.] in the year 1821, several chemists isolated from coffee a bitter principle, of peculiar properties, which was named caffein. in 1827, the same substance was found to occur in tea. numerous analysis show that there are between one and two per cent of caffein in coffee, and between three and six percent in tea. later investigations have shown that caffein belongs to the vegetable poisons, and that its poisonous action is very strong. among the medical properties of caffein are the following, "in doses of three to five grains, it produces a peculiar wakefulness--after a dose of twelve grains, it produces intense physical restlessness and mental anxiety. upon the muscles it acts as a powerful poison--it is used in medicines as a brain and heart stimulant. -"[a] fatal cases of poisoning are also on record. -[footnote a: u. s. dispensatory, 17th ed., pp. -278 and 279.] caffein is not in any sense a food, but, as a stimulant, must be classed with tobacco, opium and other similar substances. owing to its action on the heart and circulation, the body becomes heated, and in that sense a solution of caffein is a "hot drink." the use of tea and coffee in health is now generally condemned by the best informed persons in and out of the medical profession. dr. w. gilman thompson says, "the continuance of the practice of drinking coffee to keep awake soon results in forming a coffee or tea habit, in which the individual becomes a slave to the beverage. -* * * muscular tremors are developed, with nervousness, anxiety, dread of impending evil, palpitation, heartburn, dyspepsia and insomnia. -* * * it produces great irritability of the whole nervous system and one may even overexcite the mind. -"[a] while it is true that one cup of coffee or tea does not contain enough caffein to injure the system, yet the continual taking of these small doses results in a weakening of the whole system, that frequently leads to premature death. -[footnote a: practical dietetics, p. -199.] -the u. s. consular and trade report for january, 1906,[a] warns against the use of coffee in the following words, "the important connection between consumption of coffee and epilepsy which deserves to be known everywhere, serves as a warning to be extremely careful with coffee made of beans containing caffein, and at any rate, children should be deprived of it entirely, otherwise their health will be exposed to great danger." -[footnote a: page 249.] besides caffein, both tea and coffee contain an astringent known as tannic acid. in coffee this substance is present only in small quantity, but in tea from four to twelve per cent occurs. tannic acid is the substance found in oak bark, and has the property of making animal tissues hard--that is, makes leather of them. @@ -6997,11 +6558,7 @@ without going into further details, it is readily seen that the teachings of jos moreover, he was in advance, in the certainty of his expressions, of the scientists of his day. it is true that caffein had been found in coffee and tea a few years before the revelation of 1833, but the physiological action of the drug was not known until many years afterwards. besides, as in the case of tobacco, the church leaders in speaking against the use of tea and coffee did not mention the poisonous principle that had recently been discovered in them; thus revealing their ignorance of the matter. -[sidenote: the doctrines regarding the values of herbs and fruits harmonize with recent scientific truths.] -"and again, * * * all wholesome herbs god hath ordained for the constitution, nature, and use of man. every herb in the season thereof, and every fruit in the season thereof; all these to be used with prudence and thanksgiving. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants 89:10, 11.] this doctrine, which seems self-evident now, also evidences the divine inspiration of the prophet joseph. at the time this revelation was given, food chemistry was not understood; and, in fact, it was not until about 1860, that the basis upon which rests our knowledge of food chemistry, was firmly established. we now know that every plant contains four great classes of compounds: mineral substances, fats, sugars and starches, and protein, or the flesh-forming elements. @@ -7010,55 +6567,40 @@ it is also well understood that these substances are necessary for the food of t in short, it has long been an established fact of science that any plant that does not contain a poisonous principle, may by proper cooking be used as a food for man. when joseph smith wrote, this was a daring suggestion to make, for there was absolutely no fact aside from popular experience, upon which to base the conclusion. the qualifying phrase, "all wholesome herbs," undoubtedly refers to the existence of classes of plants like coffee, tea, tobacco, etc., which contain some special principle injurious to the health. -[sidenote: the doctrine concerning the use of meats is scientific.] "yea, flesh also of beasts and of the fowls of the air, i, the lord, have ordained for the use of man with thanksgiving; nevertheless they are to be used sparingly; and it is pleasing unto me that they should not be used only in times of winter, or of cold, or of famine. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 89:12, 13.] the breadth of this doctrine lies in the fact that it is not absolutely forbidden to eat meat, as in all probability a fanatic, guided by his own wisdom, might have done; yet it must be observed, the implication is clear that it is possible for man to live without meat. vegetarianism had been taught and practiced long before the days of joseph smith; but there had been no direct, positive proof that plants contain all the substances necessary for the sustenance of life. as stated above, it is now known that every class of nutritive substance found in meat is also found in plants. this is in full harmony with the implied meaning of joseph smith in the statement regarding the abstaining from meat. -[sidenote: the distinction between the values of grains is also scientific.] "all grain is ordained for the use of man and of beasts, to be the staff of life. -* * * all grain is good for the food of man, as also the fruit of the vine, that which yieldeth fruit, whether in the ground or above the ground. nevertheless, wheat for man, and corn for the ox, and oats for the horse, and rye for the fowls and for swine, and for all beasts of the field, and barley for all useful animals, and for mild drinks, as also other grain. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 89:14, 16 and 17.] the first part of this teaching, that all grain can be used by man and beast, corresponds to the earlier statement that all wholesome plants may be used by man. the latter part respecting the best grain for certain classes of animals, is of a different nature and merits special consideration. as already mentioned, all plants and plant parts contain four great groups of nutritive substances. the relative proportions of these grains are different in different plants or plant parts. for instance, wheat contains about 71.9 per cent of starch and sugar; corn, 70.2 per cent; oats, 59.7 per cent; rye, 72.5 per cent; and barley, 69.8 per cent. wheat contains about 11.9 per cent of protein or the flesh-forming elements; corn, 11.4 per cent; oats, 11.8 per cent; rye, 10.6 per cent; and barley 12.4 per cent. -[a] it has further been demonstrated that a man or beast doing heavy work, requires a larger proportion of starch and sugar in his dietary than does one which has less work to do. likewise, different classes of animals require different proportions of the various nutrients, not only through life but at the various periods of their lives. this principle has been recognized so fully that during the last thirty-five or forty years the attention of experimenters has been directed toward the elucidation of laws which would make known the best combinations of foods for the various classes of farm animals, as well as for man. it must also be remarked that recent discoveries in science are showing more deep-seated differences in the composition of grains, than those here mentioned, as also corresponding differences in various classes of animals. science will soon throw more light on this subject, and in all probability will confirm the views of joseph smith, with respect to the grain best adapted to certain animals. -[footnote a: the feeding of animals, jordan, p. -424.] a thoughtful reading of the above quotation clearly shows that joseph smith recognized the fundamental truth of food chemistry; namely, that while all plants contain the elements necessary for animal growth, yet the proportions of these elements are so different as to make some plants better adapted than others to a certain class of animals. that the "mormon" prophet should have enunciated this principle from twenty to thirty years in advance of the scientific world, must excite wonder in the breast of any person, be he follower or opponent of joseph smith. the discussion of the important statements made in section 89 of the book of doctrine and covenants, might be elaborated into a volume. the merest outline has been given here. the physiological teachings of the prophet concerning work, cleanliness and sleep, might also be considered with profit. -[sidenote: joseph smith anticipated the world of science in the word of wisdom.] to summarize the contents of this chapter: joseph smith clearly recognized and taught the physiological value of alcohol, tobacco, anticipated the tea and coffee, at a time when scientific world of science discoveries were just beginning to reveal the active principles of these commodities. the probability is that he knew nothing of what the world of science was doing in this direction, at the time the doctrine was taught. joseph smith clearly recognized and taught the fundamental truths of food chemistry, and the food relation of vegetable products to man, nearly a generation before scientists had arrived at the same doctrine. whence came his knowledge? the destiny of earth and man. -chapter xiv. the law of evolution. - [sidenote: whence? -where?] to every intelligence the question concerning the purpose of all things must at some time present itself. every philosophical system has for its ultimate problem the origin and the destiny of the universe. whence? where?--the queries which arise before every human soul, and which have stimulated the truth-seekers of every age in their wearisome task of searching out nature's laws. intelligent man cannot rest satisfied with the recognition of the forces at work in the universe, and the nature of their actions; he must know, also, the resultant of the interaction of the forces, or how the whole universe is affected by them; in short, man seeks the law of laws, by the operation of which, things have become what they are, and by which their destiny is controlled. this law when once discovered, is the foundation of religion as well as of science, and will explain all phenomena. -[sidenote: the only rational philosophy is based on science.] it was well toward the beginning of the last century before philosophical doctrines rose above mere speculation, and were based upon the actual observation of phenomena. as the scientific method of gathering facts and reasoning from them became established, it was observed that in all probability the great laws of nature were themselves controlled by some greater law. while many attempts have been made to formulate this law, yet it must be confessed, frankly, that only the faintest outline of it is possesesd by the world of science. @@ -7067,96 +6609,44 @@ early in his life, he set himself the task of constructing a system of philosoph a long life permitted him to realize this ambition. though his works are filled with conclusions which cannot be accepted by most men, yet the facts used in his reasoning are authentic. by the world at large, the philosophy of herbert spencer is considered the only philosophy that harmonizes with the knowledge of today. -[sidenote: all things are continually changing.--this is the foundation of evolution.] after having discussed, with considerable fullness, the elements of natural phenomena, such as space, time, matter, motion and force, mr. spencer concludes that all evidence agrees in showing that "every object, no less than the aggregate of objects, undergoes from instant to instant some alteration of state. -"[a] that is to say that while the universe is one of system and order, no object remains exactly as it is, but changes every instant of time. -[footnote a: first principles, p. -287.] in two directions only can this ceaseless change affect an object; it either becomes more complex or more simple; it moves forward or backward; it grows or decays. in the words of spencer, "all things are growing or decaying, accumulating matter or wearing away, integrating or disintegrating. -"[a] this, then, is the greatest known fundamental law of the universe, and of all things in it--that nothing stands still, but either progresses (evolution), or retrogrades (dissolution). now, it has been found that under normal conditions all things undergo a process of evolution; that is, become more complex, or advance. -[b] this, in its essence, is the law of evolution, about which so much has been said during the last fifty years. undoubtedly, this law is correct, and in harmony with the known facts of the universe. it certainly throws a flood of light upon the phenomena of nature; though of itself, it tells little of the force behind it, in obedience to which it operates. -[footnote a: loc. -cit., p. -292.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., p. -337.] spencer himself most clearly realized the insufficiency of the law of evolution alone, for he asks, "may we seek for some all-pervading principle which underlies this all pervading process! -"[a] and proceeds to search out this "all-pervading principle" which at last he determines to be the persistence of force--the operation of the universal, indestructible, incomprehensible force, which appears as gravitation, light, heat, electricity, magnetism, chemical affinity and in other forms. -[b] -[footnote a: first principles, p. -408.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., p. -494.] -[sidenote: evolution does not admit a final death.] a natural question now is, is there any limit to the changes undergone by matter, and which we designate as evolution? "will they go on forever? or will there be an end to them? -"[a] as far as our knowledge goes, there is an end to all things, a death which is the greatest known change, and as far as human experience goes, all things tend toward a death-like state of rest. that this rest is permanent is not possible under law of evolution; for it teaches that an ulterior process initiates a new life; that there are alternate eras of evolution and dissolution. "and thus there is suggested the conception of a past during which there have been successive evolutions analogous to that which is now going on; and a future during which successive other such evolutions may go on ever the same in principle but never the same in concrete result. -"[b] this is practically the same as admitting eternal growth. -[footnote a: loc. -cit., p. -496.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., p. -550.] the final conclusion is that "we can no longer contemplate the visible creation as having a definite beginning or end, or as being isolated. it becomes unified with all existence before and after; and the force which the universe presents falls into the same category with space and time, as admitting of no limitation in thought. -"[a] -[footnote a: loc. -cit., p. -564.] -[sidenote: spirit and matter are alike.] it is interesting to note the conclusion concerning spirit and matter, to which mr. spencer is led by the law of evolution. "the materialist and spiritualist controversy is a mere war of words, in which the disputants are equally absurd--each thinking that he understands that which it is impossible for any man to understand. though the relation of subject and object renders necessary to us these antithetical conceptions of spirit and matter; the one is no less than the other to be regarded as but a sign of the unknown reality which underlies both. -"[a] -[footnote a: first principles, pp. -570 and 572.] while the law of evolution, as formulated by spencer and accepted by the majority of modern thinkers, is the nearest approach to the truth possessed by the world of science, yet there is no disposition on the part of the writer to defend the numerous absurdities into which spencer and his followers have fallen when reasoning upon special cases. -[sidenote: evolution and natural selection do not necessarily go together.] many years before mr. spencer's day, it had been suggested, vaguely, that advancement seemed to be the great law of nature. students of botany and zoology were especially struck by this fact, for they observed how animals and plants could be made to change and improve under favorable conditions, by the intervention of man's protection. in 1859, mr. charles darwin published a theory to account for such variation, in which he assumed that there is a tendency on the part of all organisms to adapt themselves to their surroundings, and to change their characteristics, if necessary, in this attempt. he further showed that in the struggle for existence among animals and plants, the individual best fitted for its environment usually survives. these facts, mr. darwin thought, led to a process of natural selection, by which, through long ages, deep changes were caused in the structure of animals. in fact, darwin held that the present-day plants and animals have descended from extinct and very different ancestors. -[a] the experiences of daily life bear out the assertion that organic forms may be changed greatly--witness the breeding of stock and crops, practiced by all intelligent farmers--and all in all the theory seemed so simple that numerous biologists immediately adopted it, and began to generalize upon it. having once accepted the principle that the present-day species have descended from very unlike ancestors, it was easy to assume that all organic nature had descended from one common stock. it was claimed that man, in a distant past, was a monkey; still earlier, perhaps, a reptile; still earlier a fish, and so on. from that earliest form, man had become what he is by a system of natural selection. in spite of the absence of proofs, such ideas became current among the scientists of the day. in this view was included, of course, the law of evolution or growth, and thus, too, the law became associated with the notion that man has descended from the lower animals. in fact, however, the law of evolution is just as true, whether or not darwin's theory of natural selection be adopted. -[footnote a: origin of species, p. -6.] in justice to darwin, it should be said that he in nowise claimed that natural selection was alone sufficient to cause the numerous changes in organic form and life; but, on the contrary, held that it is only one means of modification. -[a] -[footnote a: origin of species, p. 6; also darwin and after darwin romanes, vol. ii. -pp. -2-6.] professor huxley, who, from early manhood, was an eminent and ardent supporter of the darwinian hypothesis frankly says, "i adopt mr. darwin's hypothesis, therefore, subject to the production of proof that physiological species may be produced by selective breeding; and for the reason that it is the only means at present within reach of reducing the chaos of observed facts to order. -"[a] after writing a book to establish the descent of man from apes, professor huxley is obliged to confess that "the fossil remains of man hitherto discovered do not seem to take us appreciably nearer to that lower pithecoid form, by the modification of which he has, probably, become what he is. -"[b] -[footnote a: man's place in nature, p. -128.] -[footnote b: loc. -cit., p. -183.] this is not the place to enter into this famous controversy. the relation of the theory of natural selection to the law of evolution is not established; that man and the great classes of animals and plants have sprung from one source is far from having been proved; that the first life came upon this earth by chance is as unthinkable as ever. even at the present writing, recent discoveries have been reported which throw serious doubt upon natural selection as an all-sufficient explanation of the wonderful variety of nature. the true scientific position of the darwinian hypothesis is yet to be determined. the moderate law of evolution which claims that all normal beings are advancing, without asserting that one form of life can pass into another, is, however, being more and more generally accepted, for it represents an eternal truth, of which every new discovery bears evidence. -[sidenote: joseph smith taught the law of eternal growth--evolution.] were it not that the law of evolution is of such fundamental value in the understanding of natural phenomena, it would hardly be expected that the calling of joseph smith would necessitate any reference to it. besides, upwards of fifteen years elapsed after the martyrdom of joseph and hyrum smith before the world of science conceived the hypothesis. one of the leading doctrines of the church resembles the spirit of the law of universal growth so nearly that one is forced to believe that the great truth embodied by this doctrine is the truth shadowed forth by the law of evolution. @@ -7165,45 +6655,24 @@ no religion ascribes to god more perfect attributes than does that of the latter yet the church, asserts that god was not always what he is today. through countless ages he has grown towards greater perfection, and at the present, though in comparison with humankind, he is omniscient and omnipotent, he is still progressing. of the beginning of god, we have no record, save that he told his servant abraham, "i came down in the beginning in the midst of all the intelligences thou hast seen. -"[a] -[footnote a: book of abraham, 3:21.] as told by joseph smith, in may, 1833, john the apostle said of god, jesus christ, "and i, john, saw that he received not of the fulness at first, but continued from grace to grace, until he received a fulness; and thus he was called the son of god, because he received not of the fulness at first. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 93:12-14.] -[sidenote: man will develop until he becomes like god.] man, likewise, is to develop until, in comparison with his present condition, he becomes a god. -for instance, in speaking of the salvation to which all men who live correct lives shall attain, the prophet says, "for salvation consists in the glory, authority, majesty, power and dominion which jehovah possesses;"[a] and in another place, "then shall they be gods, because they have no end; therefore shall they be from everlasting to everlasting, because they continue; then shall they be above all, because all things are subject unto them. then shall they be gods, because they have all power. -"[b] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, lectures on faith, 7:8.] -[footnote b: doctrine and covenants, 132:20.] that this is not a sudden elevation, but a gradual growth, is evident from many of the writings of joseph smith, of which the following are illustrations. "he that receiveth light and continueth in god, receiveth more light, and that light groweth brighter and brighter until the perfect day. -"[a] "for if you keep my commandments you shall receive of his fulness, and be glorified in me as i am in the father; therefore, i say unto you, you shall receive grace for grace. -"[b] -[footnote a: ibid., 50:24.] -[footnote b: ibid., 93:20.] in various sermons joseph smith enlarged upon the universal principle of advancement, but few of them have been preserved for us. in a sermon delivered in april, 1844, the following sentences occur, "god himself was once as we are now, and is an exalted man, and sits enthroned in yonder heavens. you have got to learn how to be gods yourselves, and to be kings and priests to god, the same as all gods have done before you; namely, by going from one small degree to another, and from a small capacity to a great one; from grace to grace, from exaltation to exaltation. -"[a] -[footnote a: contributor, vol. -4, pp. -254 and 255.] -[sidenote: joseph smith anticipated science in the statement of the law of evolution.] the preceding quotations suffice to show that with regard to man, joseph smith taught a doctrine of evolution which in grandeur and extent surpasses the wildest speculations of the scientific evolutionist. yet joseph smith taught this doctrine as one of eternal truth, taught him by god. there can be no doubt that the truth behind spencer's law of evolution, and the doctrine taught by the "mormon" prophet, are the same. the great marvel is that joseph smith, who knew not the philosophies of men, should have anticipated by thirty years or more the world of science in the enunciation of the most fundamental law of the universe of living things. -[sidenote: animals are subject to evolution.] now, it is true that joseph smith did not extend this law to the lower animals; but it must be remembered that his mission on earth was to teach a system of redemption for men. yet, it is an interesting observation that he taught that men and animals had a spiritual existence, before they were placed on earth. "for i, the lord god, created all things of which i have spoken, spiritually, before they were naturally upon the face of the earth. and out of the ground made i, the lord god, to grow every tree, naturally, that is pleasant to the sight of man; and man could behold it. and it became also a living soul. for it was spiritual in the day that i created it; for it remaineth in the sphere in which i, god, created it. -"[a] -[footnote a: book of moses, 3:5 and 9. see also doctrine and covenants, 29:31, 32.] if, in common with men, animals and plants were created spiritually, it may not be an idle speculation that the lower forms of life will advance, in their respective fields, as man advances in his. however, a statement in the above quotation must not be overlooked, "it remaineth in the sphere in which i, god, created it." this would preclude any notion that by endless development a plant may become an animal, or that one of the lower classes of animals become a high animal, or a man. @@ -7211,11 +6680,7 @@ is not this the place where, perhaps, the evolution of science has failed? all things advance, but each order of creation within its own sphere. there is no jumping from order to order. the limits of these orders are yet to be found. -spencer's belief that one period of evolution follows another[a] is brought strongly to mind in contemplating the doctrine of joseph smith that man, and other things, had first a spiritual existence, now an earthly life, then a higher existence after death. is not the parallelism strong--and may it not be that here, also, the "mormon" prophet could have shown the learned philosopher the correct way? -[footnote a: first principles, p. -550.] -[sidenote: god is the compelling power of evolution.] finally, one other suggestion must be made. spencer, after a long and involved argument, concludes (or proves as he believes) that the great law of evolution is a necessity that follows from the law of the persistence of force. in chapter two of this series, the scientific conception of the persistence of force was identified with the operations of the holy spirit, as taught by joseph smith. @@ -7223,9 +6688,7 @@ this spirit is behind all phenomena; by it as a medium, god works his will with here, again, the "mormon" prophet anticipated the world of science; and his conceptions are simplier and more direct than those invented by the truth-seekers, who depended upon themselves and their own powers. marvelous is this view of the founder of "mormonism." where did he learn in his short life, amidst sufferings and persecution such as few men have known, the greatest mysteries of the universe! - chapter xv. the plan of salvation. - [sidenote: why am i on earth?] in the preceding chapter the law of evolution was shown to be the cementing law of nature, which explains the destiny of man. to live is to change, and (if the change is right) to grow. through all the ages to come righteous man will increase in complexity and will grow towards a condition of greater knowledge, greater power and greater opportunity. @@ -7235,7 +6698,6 @@ science is silent. up to the present time, many scientific men have not found it necessary to postulate an intelligent force behind the phenomena of nature, which would explain our earthly existence. the mormon answer to this question lies in the mormon doctrine of the plan of salvation. there can be no attempt to harmonize the mormon plan with that of science, for science has none; but, that the mormon plan of salvation is strictly scientific, and rests upon the irrevocable laws of the universe can certainly be demonstrated. -[sidenote: perfection comes only when matter, spirit and intelligence are associated.] fundamental, in the doctrines of joseph, is the statement that all intelligence is eternal; and that god at the best is the organizer of the spirits of men. the ether of science has been compared with the holy spirit of mormonism. the spirit body may be likened to an ether body of man, and is the condition of his original existence. @@ -7245,11 +6707,8 @@ matter may act upon the ether and the ether upon matter; but ether acts most eff the original man, in whom intelligence and other forces acted through a purely spiritual or ether body, could impress matter and be impressed by it only in part. the man was imperfect because he did not touch directly the world of matter, and could know only in part the phenomena of the material world, which forms an integral part of the universe. in the words of joseph smith, "spirit and element inseparably connected, receiveth a fullness of joy, and when separated, man can not receive a fullness of joy. -"[a] -[footnote a: doctrine and covenants, 93:33, 34.] for man's perfection, it then became necessary that his spiritual body should be clothed with a material one, and that he should become as familiar with the world of matter, as he had become with the world of spirit. god, as the supreme intelligence, who desired all other spirits to know and become mighty, led in the formulation of the plan, whereby they should obtain knowledge of all the contents of the universe. -[sidenote: the fall of adam necessary to perfect intelligence.] for the purpose of perfecting the plan, a council of the gods, or perfected intelligences was called. it was decided to organize an earth from available materials, and place the spirits on it, clothed with bodies of the grosser elements. an essential function of intelligence is free agency; and that the spirits might have the fullest opportunity to exercise this agency in their earthly career, they were made to forget the events of their spiritual existence. @@ -7264,7 +6723,6 @@ if laws were broken, it was done because of the heroism of the first parents, an mormon theology does not pretend to say in what precise manner adam was able to secure his corruptible body; neither is science able to answer all the "whys" suggested by recorded experiences. the doctrines of joseph smith maintain, however, that the events connected with the introduction of organized intelligences on this earth, were in full accord with the simple laws governing the universe. that the mormon view of this matter, so fundamental in every system of theology, is rational, can not be denied. -[sidenote: the atonement was in harmony with natural law.] however, the bodies given to the spirits continued for only a few years; then they were disorganized in death. adam's work had been done well. after the death of the mortal body, the spirit was still without a permanent body of matter, that would complete his contact with the elements of the universe. @@ -7283,20 +6741,15 @@ neither can we understand just why the shedding of the savior's blood was necess like the work of adam, the exact nature of the atonement is unknown. still, throughout this plan of salvation, every incident and accomplished fact are strictly rational. there is no talk of a god, who because of his own will, and in opposition to natural laws, placed man on earth. -[sidenote: earth life is a link in man's evolution.] the presence of organized intelligences in earth is simply a link in the evolution of man. the plan of salvation is the method whereby the evolution of man is furthered. the intelligence who conforms to the plan, at last attains salvation, which means eternal life and endless development, directed by the free agency of an organized intelligence clothed with an incorruptible body of spirit and matter. can any other system of theology produce an explanation of the presence of man on earth, which connects earthly life with the time before and the time after, on the basis of the accepted laws of the universe? flawless seems the structure reared by the mormon prophet. had he been an imposter, human imperfection would have revealed itself somewhere. -[a] -[footnote a: it must not be assumed that in this chapter has been given a full account of the mormon doctrine of the atonement. -these essays are not in any sense a full exposition of mormon theology.] the region of the unknown. chapter xvi. the sixth sense. - [sidenote: the six senses, need help to reorganize many phenomena of nature.] the five senses are the great gateways through which all the knowledge why the natives fight shy of it; and they say there’s a lot of treasure buried there.” “i expect it’s being a ‘spooky’ place, as you say is one reason these men selected it,” commented mr. pauling. “they probably knew they would not be disturbed. @@ -7343,7 +6796,6 @@ i’d like to wait until night, but then the old tramp wouldn’t be wallowing a what shall it be, mr. pauling?” “i think we’d better risk running in with the periscope out,” he replied. “of course, as you say, there is a risk of being seen, but if we’re on the other side of the point and they don’t expect us it’s a much smaller chance than we’d take by running in at night. -it’s highly probable that they maintain a pretty close watch and some one is at the instruments constantly and they’d be certain to pick us up. yes, if you keep your periscope low and go slowly, so as not to make a white wake, i think we can risk it.” so, under half speed and with the slender periscope barely projecting above the water, the submarine edged slowly in towards the cay, until in about five fathoms of water, when rawlins brought her to a stop and let her slowly sink until she rested on the sandy bottom. “well, we’re here,” he announced cheerfully, “about three hundred yards from a nice smooth beach. @@ -7520,7 +6972,6 @@ let us know when you go down so we can see the fun.” “i’m safer under water than on top any day.” “come on then!” cried tom, “let’s get our suits ready.” “no, boys, you’re not going down here,” declared rawlins. -“too deep.” “oh, confound it all!” cried frank. “everything has to be spoiled. what’s the use if we can’t go down to the old wreck?” @@ -7529,7 +6980,6 @@ what’s the use if we can’t go down to the old wreck?” i’ll have to use my regulation suit here too. too deep for those self-contained ones.” for a time the disappointed boys sulked, but presently, realizing that there were limits to what they could expect to do and also realizing that they were more than fortunate to be able to watch rawlins as he investigated the old galleon, their high spirits returned and they became as interested, excited and enthusiastic as ever. -the submarine was now close to the spot where rawlins stated the wreck had been before and he busied himself getting out his suit, oiling and testing the air pump and making everything ready while the submarine slowed down and came to a stop. “it’s a heap easier now—with a submarine,” said rawlins, as he slid back the heavy metal cover to the thick glass port. “we can look about a bit and locate the wreck before i go down. last time it took us nearly a month to find it. @@ -7590,7 +7040,6 @@ i guess she’ll be pretty steady here though—isn’t any current or those sea “and i don’t see why it makes any difference about the suits, no matter how deep it is,” added tom. “i don’t use life-lines and ‘things’ when i’m diving from a sub,” explained rawlins. “in the first place they’re no use. -when a fellow goes down from the surface he can’t be seen and so he has to have a signal line and a rope for hauling him up. but down here i can come back to the sub whenever i please and just climb into the air-lock on the ladder, and if i want to signal i can do it without any line—just wave my hands—as you can see me all the time. the airhose runs from a connection in the air-lock and i carry a light line along just as a safeguard and have a man in the air-lock holding it. of course i could go down in one of the self-contained suits, but the pressure’s pretty big down here and it’s no fun working in one of them when the pressure outside is just about the limit of what i can get with the oxygen generators. @@ -7706,7 +7155,6 @@ i’ll get busy on that wreck again.” if you feel all right we’ll get out of here as quick as we can and get some fresh air—i’m stifling and my heart’s still beating like a trip hammer.” “well, i suppose you’re the boss,” grinned rawlins, “but it’s a shame to clear out with that old galleon and a lot of loot so handy.” “bother the galleon and her loot!” burst out mr. henderson. -“no more nonsense on this trip. we’ve had enough of under-sea work to last a lifetime.” ten minutes later, the submarine was floating on the surface and standing in the bright warm sunshine on deck, with the placid blue sea about and the rich green island beyond, the boys could scarcely believe that they had really undergone such a frightful experience. it seemed like some unreal, horrible nightmare, but the round raw spots on rawlins’ hands where the creature’s suckers had gripped him were proof of the reality of the battle, and every time the boys thought of it they shuddered and cold chills ran up and down their spines. @@ -7783,7 +7231,6 @@ he grew nervous, excited, worried, and bancroft could not cheer him or disabuse “they’d call you or something. if they were discovered there’d be no need of keeping quiet. trouble is, your nerves aren’t over the excitement of this afternoon yet. -cheer up. they’re all right. no news is good news, you know.” “yes, i suppose you’re right,” admitted frank, “but just the same i’m worried.” @@ -7870,12 +7317,10 @@ hurrying to the boat they tumbled in and rowed as silently as possible to the po there was no sign of a manatee, but ever-widening ripples on the calm water showed where some creature had been a few moments before and presently, from up a narrow lane of water, they heard a snort and a short bellow again. “he’s gone up that channel,” declared frank in a whisper. “come along! -he’s bound to come up. gee! i would like to see one. mr. rawlins says they’re eight or ten feet long and with skin like an elephant.” paying little heed to where they were going the two interested and excited boys, keen on their chase of the elusive manatee, paddled up the winding channel among the mangroves while ever just beyond, they could hear the snorts or the rumbling bellow of the creature they were following. -presently they swung around a bunch of the trees and found themselves upon a small lake-like lagoon several hundred acres in extent and surrounded by the mangrove swamp. “i’ll bet he’s in here,” declared tom. “let’s sit still and watch.” taking in their oars the boys sat motionless, gazing about the tranquil surface of the lagoon and watching for the expected appearance of the sea-cow. @@ -7975,7 +7420,6 @@ presently he took off his phones. oh, thunder, why isn’t smernoff here?” “well, we can call to the folks and tell them and they can let smernoff listen,” said frank. “silly!” cried tom petulantly. -“if we called them, these russians would hear and either clear out or shut up. and, besides, i don’t believe they could hear them on the submarine. i’ll bet that’s been the trouble all along. they’ve been too far off.” @@ -7995,7 +7439,6 @@ puzzled and not knowing what to do, the boys sat motionless and speechless. they seemed to be surrounded by the voices coming from both directions. “hello,” ejaculated frank presently, “we’re moving. look at those trees!” -tom glanced up. it was perfectly true, the trees were slowly but steadily slipping past them. they were drifting with the current. “it must be the tide,” declared tom. @@ -8138,7 +7581,6 @@ after we’ve gone farther we’ll stop and call our folks. those chaps back there can’t hear us and if their sub does, it won’t make any difference now. they know we’re here and we’ve got to get out.” for fully half an hour they toiled on. -their breath came in gasps, their arms ached, their hands were blistered and raw, but they dared not stop. then, when they felt they could go no farther, their boat shot out from the mangroves and they found themselves floating on a broad lagoon. “hurrah!” cried frank, “we’re back where we saw the manatee!” “golly, so we are!” agreed tom. @@ -8153,7 +7595,6 @@ what on earth will we do?” “it’s almost dark, we may find our way by luck.” “i can’t row another stroke,” declared tom. “i’m all in. -we might just as well lie here and rest, at least until the moon comes up. we can’t go on in the dark through these creeks.” “yes, i suppose so,” agreed frank who, now the excitement was over, felt utterly exhausted. “we’re as safe here as anywhere.” @@ -8167,7 +7608,6 @@ the moon’s out and we’ve got to be going on.” then, as frank sleepily opened his eyes and yawned, tom spoke again. “hear that noise?” he asked. “what is it?” -frank, now wide awake, sat up. he too heard the sound, a noise so unlike anything else he had ever heard that he felt cold shivers chasing up and down his spine. “i—i don’t know!” he stammered. “it’s uncanny—perhaps it’s a frog or a night bird or something. @@ -8194,7 +7634,6 @@ far ahead between the trees he could see a ruddy glow. “golly, it’s a fire!” he exclaimed in frightened tones. “let’s get out. it may be those russians again. -perhaps it’s their camp.” “and the noise comes from there!” stammered frank. “it’s dreadful!” hurriedly grasping their oars the boys pulled, trying their utmost to swing the boat’s bow around, but it was of no use. @@ -8235,7 +7674,6 @@ powerful hands seized legs and feet and unresisting, limp, almost unconscious wi radio to the rescue as the sun dipped towards, the mountains to the west and the boys did not return, mr. pauling became worried. “i was a fool to permit them to go off alone,” he declared to mr. henderson. -“even with a compass they might go astray in the swamp. boys are always careless and they do not realize the danger of getting lost.” “oh, i wouldn’t worry yet,” replied the other. “they have their radio sets along and would call us if they had any difficulties. @@ -8284,9 +7722,7 @@ i believe it will be a good plan to go ashore; i’ll ascend a hill, and sam can if there’s a fire anywhere in sight we should see it.” all agreed this was a good plan and accordingly the boat was headed towards the nearest point and at last grated upon the rocks. with sam, rawlins pushed into the brush, stumbling over roots, bumping into trees in the darkness, barking shins and tearing clothes, but steadfastly clambering up the steep slope until they reached the summit. -selecting a tall palm, sam proceeded to “walk” up the trunk in the native indian fashion and soon reached the huge leafy top. straddling the base of an immense frond, he slowly and carefully swept the horizon with his eyes. -from his lofty perch, nearly one hundred feet above the earth and fully two hundred feet above the water, the entire swamp, the numerous lagoons and even the broad bay lay spread before him like a map. although the moon would not rise until midnight, yet the sky was bright with myriads of stars which cast a faint glow upon the water and served to distinguish; it from the darker masses of mangroves and land. at first he could see nothing that resembled the glow of a fire, but after several minutes his eyes detected a faint light among the trees several miles away and apparently on the mainland across the bay. as he watched, the spot grew brighter, it took on a pinkish tint and seemed to spread, until at last, it was a distinct ruddy light which he knew beyond the shadow of a doubt was a fire. @@ -8312,7 +7748,6 @@ perhaps they’ve found the boys and taken them prisoners! if the boys used their radio to call us the others may have heard it and located them. what an addle-headed fool i’ve been to take such risks! no wonder we haven’t heard them or got them. -probably they’re helpless—bound and gagged and those devils are chuckling to themselves as they hear our calls and are luring us into a trap.” “well, if they’ve touched those kids i’ll say there’ll be some rough-house work when we step into that trap,” declared rawlins, “and they’ll find they’ve bitten off a darned sight bigger hunk than they can swallow without choking. we’ve got arms, i slipped ’em in the boat, and we’re no crew of tenderfeet. sam’s some little scrapper and the quartermaster was champion middle-weight of the atlantic squadron, old smernoff’s itching for a fight with those whiskered friends of his, and i guess you and bancroft can take care of yourselves and i’m no quitter myself.” @@ -8531,7 +7966,6 @@ pa’donez moi, messieu’s!” “gosh, i can’t get it!” exclaimed tom. “he’s asking us to forgive him and wants to be friends, but what he means by ‘beke’ and ‘voodoo’ and those other words i don’t know. but i’m willing to be friends.” then, addressing the still groveling negro, “all right!” he said. -“get up. you’re forgiven. we’ll be friends. but stop bumping your head on the ground and take off those horns. @@ -8672,12 +8106,10 @@ better run down and warn him, rawlins. he’s in the boat, asleep probably. tell him to keep his face hidden or to daub it with mud; or anything and tell the quartermaster to see that he does it.” rising slowly and stretching himself as if nothing unusual had occurred, rawlins strolled off towards; the landing place while mr. pauling kept jules and his friends busy with questions and suggesting plans by which they could aid the americans. -when the negroes discovered that mr. pauling and his friends were looking for the murderers and would make them prisoners if found, they were highly delighted, and jules assented instantly to guiding the americans to the cave and the submarine and offered to bring a number of his men along to help. they were still discussing these plans and rawlins had almost reached the edge of the clearing when a shot rang out, there was a savage yell, and the next moment smernoff appeared at the edge of the trees, waving a pistol in his hand and backing away as if from an unseen assailant. the next instant, he leveled his pistol, there was a flash, another report and then, before the wondering onlookers could move, before they could utter a cry, a figure hurled itself from behind a tree. there was a flash of descending steel, a dull thud, and the russian plunged forward on the ground. standing over him, whirling his bloodstained machete about his head and yelling in fiendish glee was a huge gaunt negro. -with two bounds rawlins was upon the man from behind; before another blow could fall he had pinioned his arms in a vise-like grip and as the others raced towards the scene of the tragedy rawlins struggled and strained to wrest the deadly machete from the negro’s grasp. mr. pauling was the first to reach smernoff’s side. that the fellow was mortally wounded was evident at a glance. across neck and shoulder extended a deep, gaping gash that had almost severed the head, but the man was still breathing and mr. pauling bent over him. @@ -8806,7 +8238,6 @@ surely they must have a boat.” “he says as how tha’ boat goes out an’ in tha’ cave by water, chief,” explained sam. “tha’s a’ openin’ on tha’ water side also, sir.” “foxy old guys, eh?” muttered the diver. -“don’t intend to be caught in there like rats in a trap. well, i won’t rest easy till i know they’re there. i’ve a hunch our birds have flown.” “you’ll never get there without being seen—that is, if there are any men about,” declared mr. pauling. @@ -8816,7 +8247,6 @@ what’s that?” from just beyond the brow of the hill, cutting through the clear water, leaving a tiny trail of bubbles behind it, a small object was moving swiftly from the land across the bay. the next instant it was gone. “shark!” declared mr. pauling. -“shark nothing!” cried rawlins leaping up. “it’s another sub! i’ll be jiggered if they haven’t cleared out! given us the slip! @@ -8886,13 +8316,11 @@ but it had been a close shave. chapter xiii the tramp “looks as if the game’s up,” commented rawlins, when he too had read the brief message. -“guess they held the last trump. well, i suppose we might as well be getting back to our folks—they’ll begin to think we’re lost as well as the boys.” “yes,” agreed mr. pauling. “there’s nothing more we can do until we get some hint or clue to where they’ve flown. but we’ll have to destroy this lair before we leave. it seems a terrible waste and a shame to do it, but i don’t intend having them come back after we go. -we can bring some explosives from the submarine and blow the place up.” “no need to do that,” declared rawlins. “just tell jules and his gang here to help themselves and there won’t be much left for the bolsheviks, if they do come back. when they get through looting they can build a rattling big fire in here and that’ll finish it. @@ -9051,7 +8479,6 @@ i’m blamed anxious to know how the old sub got full of water.” “all right, chief,” grinned the negro, dropping the wire and stripping off his scanty garments. “ah’ll mos’ surely ascertain, chief.” the next instant he had plunged off the deck and all waited expectantly for his reappearance. -after what seemed a tremendously long interval his wooly head bobbed up close to the stern and shaking the water from his eyes he swam easily to the submerged deck and pulled himself up. “tha’s nothin’ wrong this side, chief,” he announced as he recovered his breath. “ah’ll go down tha’ other side an’ have a look.” presently he rose, felt his way along the deck with the water to his armpits and reaching a point near the bow again dove. @@ -9172,7 +8599,6 @@ at the break of the bridge-deck the ponderous man lounged upon the rail awaiting placidly, with pale, expressionless blue eyes, he watched the officer and the civilians approach and as they drew near slowly withdrew the pipe from his mouth. “vat you vellers vant?” he demanded in thick greasy tones. “vat vor you sthob mine shib?” -the boyish ensign touched his cap. “compliments of commander disbrow, sir,” he announced. “his orders are to have a look at your papers and search the ship if we think necessary. are you the captain?” @@ -9214,7 +8640,6 @@ rawlins raised his eyebrows. “all right, ensign,” he said. “guess it’s a false alarm. might as well be going.” -“sorry to have troubled you, captain,” said the ensign, touching his cap. “expect you’re not the ship we were looking for.” the skipper’s only reply was a low, rumbling bellow from his chest and stumping up the ladder to the bridge he jerked the bell for “stand by.” no sooner were the boarding party again on the destroyer than rawlins beckoned mr. pauling aside. @@ -9228,7 +8653,6 @@ mr. pauling smiled. “i admit the tramp was here a week ago and we saw her, but he may have gone on and then come back two days ago searching for a spar or he may have lied just because he wouldn’t give us the satisfaction of telling us his business. no, i don’t think there’s anything wrong with him. if you suspect every ship we see we’ll have our hands full and every nation in the world will be after our scalps.” -“well, mr. pauling,” replied rawlins, “i hope you won’t be insulted if i say so and i don’t mean it that way; but you’re no seaman and you may be a mighty good detective on land, but you’re not when aboard ship. that old whale of a dutchy has been anchored there and hasn’t been hunting for a blamed thing! and what’s more, he hasn’t been in curacao for a year!” “what?” exclaimed mr. pauling. @@ -9238,7 +8662,6 @@ explain yourself, rawlins.” “why, the anchor chains were thick with wet mud, the steam winch was still hot, there was mud and water on deck and some of the crew had fresh mud on their jumpers. what’s more, the fires in her furnaces hadn’t been going an hour. they’d been banked and the ashes were still on the plates where they’d been raked out. -that old hooker hadn’t been under way half an hour when we came up. and now how do i know she hadn’t been at curacao? i’ll tell you. the papers looked all right, i’ll admit—curacao stamps and signatures and everything o. k. but they were dead crooked, i’ll say! @@ -9271,7 +8694,6 @@ the end the radio detectives the radio detectives under the sea the radio detectives southward bound the radio detectives in the jungle the deep sea hunters the book of the motor boat isles of spice and palm masterpieces in colour edited by - - t. leman hare ingres -(1778-1867) “masterpieces in colour” series artist. author. @@ -9340,7 +8762,6 @@ constable. c. lewis hind. raeburn. james l. caw. -john s. sargent. t. martin wood. lawrence. s. l. bensusan. @@ -9359,33 +8780,20 @@ w. loftus hare. ingres. a. j. finberg. others in preparation. - [illustration: plate i.--la vierge à l’hostie -(in the louvre) this picture of “la vierge à l’hostie” is a repetition, with variations, of another painted by ingres in 1840 for the czar nicholas, in which he had represented on either side of the virgin the two patron saints of russia, st. nicholas and st. alexander. in the louvre picture, which is signed “j. ingres, 1854,” the two saints have been replaced by two angels. -probably in no other picture from his hand is the artist’s passionate admiration for raphael so clearly displayed.] ingres by a. j. finberg illustrated with eight reproductions in colour -[illustration: in sempiternum.] london: t. c. & e. c. jack new york: frederick a. stokes co. list of illustrations plate -i. la vierge à l’hostie frontispiece in the louvre page ii. -madame rivière 14 in the louvre iii. -mademoiselle rivière 24 in the louvre -iv. -l’apotheose d’homere 34 in the louvre -v. m. bertin 40 in the louvre vi. -chérubini 50 in the louvre vii. -le duc d’orléans 60 musée de versailles viii. -jeanne d’arc 70 in the louvre jean-auguste-dominique ingres was born on the 29th august 1778, at montauban. a stranger birthplace for a great artist could hardly be found. all the passion not absorbed in the material cares of life there turns to fanaticism. @@ -9432,11 +8840,8 @@ he took me often with him in these short journeys. “without being a musician, my father adored music, and sang very well with a tenor voice. he gave me his taste for music and made me learn to play the violin. i succeeded well enough with it to be admitted into the orchestra of the grand theatre of toulouse, where i played a concerto of viotti with success....” -[illustration: plate ii.--madame rivière -(in the louvre) this portrait of “madame rivière” is one of the most characteristic works of ingres’ first period--the period (1800-1806) of that six years’ weary wait to depart for rome which the bankruptcy of the public exchequer compelled the young artist to submit to. in a list of his works executed immediately before his first portrait of “bartolini,” painted in 1805, ingres mentions the portraits of “m. -rivière, madame rivière, and their ravishing daughter.” this fixes the date of these three portraits as about 1804. these are often spoken of by french critics as typical specimens of the artist’s “pre-raphaelite manner.” all three portraits are now in the louvre.] in this glowing eulogy of his father there is doubtless a certain amount of pious exaggeration. the man was a true toulousian, a fine singer, an occasional performer on the violin, an improviser in everything, with a natural gift for drawing and a plastic sense common among his compatriots. that he would have been “one of the first artists of his time” if he had had the advantage of studying in paris is manifestly absurd. @@ -9477,9 +8882,6 @@ a holbein even, with all the fidelity of his realism, was still troubled in his the painter was as possessed by his vision, as hypnotised by it, and he was forced to copy it without changing anything. he carried away, indeed, as the result of his stay in david’s studio, a body of doctrines to which he remained on the whole faithful all his life, but nature had given him gifts which were entirely different from those which were needed to put these doctrines into practice. and this explains why this great man, in the ignorance he always remained in of the real source of his originality and greatness, presents to us to-day the paradox of having been the most naturalistic of french painters, while obstinately attempting to make himself the most idealistic. -[illustration: plate iii.--mademoiselle rivière -(in the louvre) -this is the portrait of the “ravishing daughter” of monsieur and madame rivière already referred to.] having gained the much-coveted prix de rome, ingres ought to have started at once for italy. but the state of the public treasury was so miserable at this period of wars and internal crises that the young painter had to remain in paris for five years before the funds for his journey were forthcoming. he was allotted apartments, together with other artists, in a deserted capuchin convent in paris, where he resumed his studies and undertook any work that was offered to him. @@ -9528,8 +8930,6 @@ in a letter to his friend gelibert, dated 7th july 1818, ingres complains that h he admits he has several orders on hand for pictures, but “as i paint only to paint well, i take a long time over them, and consequently earn little.” his chief resource was the making of chalk or pencil portraits, for which his usual price was twenty-five francs. but after each portrait, as his wife told a friend in after years, ingres declared that he would not do any more, that he was a painter of history, not a draughtsman of the faces of the middle classes. “nevertheless,” she added, “it was necessary to live, and m. ingres took up his pencil again.” but as even this slender resource began to fail him at rome, he resolved to leave that city and take up his residence at florence, where his friend bartolini, the sculptor, was already settled. -[illustration: plate iv.--l’apotheose d’homere -(in the louvre) this large and famous picture was commissioned to fill the ceiling of one of the galleries of the louvre. it is signed “ingres pingbat, anno 1827.” it cost the master more research and trouble than any of his other works. this is proved by the number of painted studies, some of them superior to the finished picture itself, and the repeated references to it in his letters and note-books. @@ -9537,7 +8937,6 @@ homer is being crowned by victory, and the two beautiful female figures seated a around homer are the painters, sculptors, and musicians whom the artist wished to glorify. “to his great regret,” he said he felt compelled to exclude goethe, because he found too many “faults” in his writings. but shakespeare and pope were admitted. -in his last version of this subject, made in 1865, shakespeare was also finally expelled.] to this period of ingres’ first sojourn in rome (from the end of 1806 to 1820) belong some of the artist’s finest and most personal works. we must give the first place to his portraits. the delicious portrait of madame aymon, known as “la belle zélie” (now in the museum of rouen), was immediately followed by what is on all hands regarded as his most beautiful work of this kind. @@ -9554,10 +8953,7 @@ what seems to us a typical example of classic art struck the official representa in his report on this picture, m. lethière, the director of the school of rome, regrets that m. ingres, in spite of his talent, has failed to grasp the secret of the “grand and noble style of the great masters of the roman school.” to appreciate the originality and daring of this work, we must compare the figure of œdipus with that of the roman heroes in david’s “rape of the sabines.” david’s figures are all cast in the same mould. all the particularities of the individual model are ruthlessly eliminated. when we turn from the vague and empty generalisations of david, regnault, gérard and girodet, and look at the narrow forehead, the pugnacious upper lip, the prominent cheek-bones, the deep-sunk eye and the bushy eyebrows of ingres’ figure, we may begin to understand that the gulf which yawns between the two kinds of idealism--the abstract idealism of the davidian school and the concrete idealism of ingres--is quite as wide and impassable as that which separates them both from romanticism and naturalism. -[illustration: plate v.--m. bertin -(in the louvre) this portrait represents the famous “bertin ainé, the director of the journal des débats.” it is signed “j. -ingres, pinxit 1832,” and was exhibited at the salon of 1833.] the “œdipus” was followed, in 1808, by the “seated bather” (now in the louvre); in 1811, by “jupiter and thétis” (now at the museum of aix), a curiously flaxman-like design; in 1812, by the “dream of ossian” (now at montauban); and in 1814, by a scene of real life, “the pope officiating among the cardinals in the sistine chapel” (now in the louvre). in this marvellous picture the artist has for once avoided the painful task of invention which he habitually imposed upon himself. he abandoned himself completely to the imperious suggestion of what was actually before his eyes. @@ -9573,7 +8969,6 @@ the epithet “gothic” was freely used as a term of reproach against ingres’ but the lovely figure of angelica was a distinct creation of the painter’s own genius. in the “francesca da rimini” of the same year (now in the museum of angers) the same pre-raphaelite tendencies are even more strongly pronounced. the figures of the two lovers might easily have been designed by rossetti or madox brown. -* * * * * all these works in which the master’s genius had approved itself with so much originality and fire had left their author to vegetate in poverty and obscurity, while the mediocrities around him had risen rapidly towards fortune and celebrity. ingres was now anxious to return to paris, but his meagre resources would not allow it. then, tired of his hardships, and feeling that the social atmosphere of rome was not favourable to him, he rejoined his friend bartolini at florence, hoping thus, among new surroundings, to re-establish his compromised career. @@ -9581,7 +8976,6 @@ his hopes were falsified. the four years passed in florence (1820-1824) brought him only a fresh supply of hardships and mortifications. less hospitable than rome, florence brought him only two commissions for portraits, those of m. and mme. leblanc (1823-1824); but it was here that he met m. de pastoret, who was instrumental in getting him the commission which brought the artist his first striking and definitive success. -m. de pastoret was so pleased with ingres’ “entry of charles v. into paris” (painted in 1821) that he obtained for him a commission from the minister of the interior for a large picture of “the vow of louis xiii.” for the cathedral of montauban. this was begun in florence in 1821 and finished in 1824, in which year it figured in the salon of paris. it was one of his pictures with which ingres was most satisfied. it is also one of the first in which the influence of raphael, which was to play such a large part in all his future work, is conspicuous. @@ -9601,15 +8995,11 @@ the artist was entertained at a banquet given by the municipality. flattering speeches were made, and the artist departed with the cheers of his admirers ringing in his ears. and then the archbishop, objecting to the nakedness of the infant jesus and the two amorini holding the tablet, refused to permit the picture to be brought into the cathedral. the artist’s friends were indignant; ingres himself was furious. -but prayers and threats could not move the archbishop. it was only when large gilt fig-leaves had been placed to cover up the innocent nakedness of the charming little figures that he would allow the canvas to be hung in his church. in 1824 ingres was nominated chevalier of the legion of honour. in 1825 he was elected to the institute. charles x. commissioned him to paint his portrait in the royal robes, and to decorate one of the ceilings of the louvre. at the end of 1829 he was made professor at the école des beaux-arts. -[illustration: plate vi.--chérubini -(in the louvre) -this “portrait picture” was begun in rome in 1839, but was only finished in paris in 1842. the painter’s first intention was to represent only the figure of chérubini, but afterwards he had the canvas enlarged to make room behind the musician for the figure of the “muse of lyrical poetry, mother of the sacred hymns.” it is doubtful whether this addition is an improvement.] “the apotheosis of homer,” the subject chosen for the louvre ceiling, was begun and finished within the short space of a single year. the amount of work involved in making the preparatory studies and carrying through a work of such importance was enormous, and ingres had never before displayed so much energy and decision. the conception of the picture was a noble one. @@ -9659,9 +9049,6 @@ he could not understand people’s objections, nothing could console him, and he he swore he would never exhibit at the salon again. he wished to flee from paris. he accepted as a deliverance the appointment of director of the academy of france in rome, shut his studio, dismissed his pupils, and with an indignant and bitter spirit he quitted paris again for the eternal city. -[illustration: plate vii.--le duc d’orléans -(musée de versailles) -this grave and dignified portrait of the duke of orleans was ordered by the king in 1842. it is remarkable for the minuteness and care with which all the details of the uniform and the accessories are rendered.] but if ingres doubted of human justice, he never doubted about his art. he devoted himself to it with renewed passion and enthusiasm. “the day i quitted paris,” he wrote to one of his friends, “i broke for ever with everything that has to do with the public. @@ -9701,12 +9088,10 @@ the doctor, erasistratus, having surprised this secret, declared that the young no other artist than ingres could have placed this poignant drama on canvas without exciting ridicule. “stratonice” was exhibited by the duke of orleans in one of the galleries of the pavilion of marsan, and the public were freely admitted to see it. all the visitors were enchanted with it. -the dramatic character of the subject was not displeasing to the parisian public, and the artists admired the delicate taste, the pathetic grace, and the impeccable style of the workmanship. above all, the charm of the svelte and supple figure of the heroine, her head bowed under the weight of her culpable beauty, touched all hearts. another small picture, known indifferently as “the odalisque with the slave” or the “small odalisque,” was finished about the same time as the “stratonice.” this was painted for the artist’s friend m. marcotte, but is now in the louvre. in the “odalisque” as in the “stratonice” we find a profusion of the details dear to hittorf, but the figure of the beautiful circassian curled up on the rich carpet of the harem is a masterpiece of plastic form. in this lovely body the artist has symbolised something of that perverse melancholy, that dangerous voluptuousness, which has found such moving expression in some of baudelaire’s poems. -* * * * * in the spring of 1841 ingres returned to paris. he found his reputation increased by the success of the “stratonice.” his brother artists hailed him as their leader. a banquet was offered to him by all the artists present in the capital, painters, sculptors, and architects, the only prominent absentee being eugène delacroix, the leader of the romantics. @@ -9717,12 +9102,9 @@ fortified by the homage offered to him, ingres returned to his work with renewed the king asked him to paint a portrait of the duke of orleans, and ingres, grateful for the duke’s kindness with regard to the “stratonice,” took much more pains over this portrait than he usually took with commissions of this kind. this was the last male portrait that ingres painted, with the exception of a small monochrome medallion of the prince jéròme napoléon, which he executed in 1855. but, on the other hand, he became the favourite painter of the exalted dames of the monarchy of july and of the second empire, though very much against his will, for he regarded portrait-painting as a waste of time, and wished to devote himself entirely to his grand historical and religious compositions. nevertheless, he painted some fine portraits of beautiful women--madame d’haussonville in 1845, madame frédéric reisat in 1846, madame james de rothschild in 1848, madame gonse and madame moitessier in 1852, the princess de broglie in 1853, a second half-length portrait (the first was a full-length) of madame moitessier in 1856, and finally, in 1859, that of his second wife. -[illustration: plate viii.--jeanne d’arc -(in the louvre) the picture of “joan of arc assisting at the consecration of charles vii. in the cathedral of reims” was painted for the gallery of versailles, but is now in the louvre. it is signed “j. -ingres, 1854.” the figure, the maid’s squire, standing immediately behind the kneeling priest, is said to be a portrait of the artist himself.] soon after the portrait of the duke of orleans was finished he received another royal commission, the “jesus among the doctors,” which the queen marie-amélie wished to present to the château de bizy. the work, badly conceived at the beginning, was still unfinished when the revolution drove from france the patroness who had commissioned it. it remained almost forgotten in a corner of the artist’s studio till 1862, when ingres decided to finish it and present it to the museum of his natal city. @@ -9735,7 +9117,6 @@ the noble duke and the sensitive and proud painter could not get along well unde ingres thought himself slighted on one occasion (in 1850) and brusquely threw up the commission, leaving his work unfinished. there exists of this gigantic work only a sketch at dampierre, an infinite number of drawings at the museum of montauban, and a little painting executed from these drawings in 1862, a very feeble representation of what the definitive work would have been. as for “the age of iron,” we have only the preliminary studies. -* * * * * as if to revenge himself for the loss of his promised masterpiece, ingres now took up again a number of the works he had sketched in his youth and set himself to finish them or repaint them. he also busied himself painting replicas of others which had passed out of his hands but with which he was not entirely satisfied. he painted thus a repetition of the “apotheosis of homer,” adding a number of fresh figures and substituting others for some of the poets and artists of his first choice. @@ -9759,7 +9140,6 @@ then, in the following year, as if to crown his career by the evocation of a sup this calm and adorable figure seems a souvenir of our long-lost innocence. that is perhaps why we love it so, and why we bless the artist to whom we owe this divine dream. ingres died in 1867. he had finished his task, had spoken the last word of his austere but profoundly human genius. -* * * * * ingres has been spoken of as an ancient greek lost and bewildered in our modern times. such a view of his character is misleading. like all the great creators, he expressed the aspirations of his race and his times. @@ -9777,10 +9157,8 @@ t. de wyzewa.--l’œuvre peint de jean-dominique ingres (1907). boyer d’agen.--ingres d’apres une correspondence inédite (1909). the plates are printed by bemrose & sons, ltd., derby and london the text at the ballantyne press, edinburgh uncle wiggily in wonderland -[illustration] uncle wiggily series by howard r. garis -[illustration] uncle wiggily bedtime stories uncle wiggily in wonderland by howard r. garis @@ -9800,33 +9178,6 @@ a. l. burt company, 114-120 east 23rd street new york city copyright, 1921, by r. f. fenno & company uncle wiggily in wonderland contents - chapter page -i uncle wiggily and wonderland alice 9 -ii uncle wiggily and the march hare 16 -iii uncle wiggily and the cheshire cat 23 -iv uncle wiggily and the dormouse 30 -v uncle wiggily and the gryphon 37 -vi uncle wiggily and the caterpillar 44 -vii uncle wiggily and the hatter 50 -viii uncle wiggily and the duchess 56 -ix uncle wiggily and the cook 63 -x uncle wiggily and the baby 69 -xi uncle wiggily and the mock turtle 76 -xii uncle wiggily and the lobster 83 -xiii uncle wiggily and father william 89 -xiv uncle wiggily and the magic bottles 96 -xv uncle wiggily and the croquet ball 102 -xvi uncle wiggily and the do-do 108 -xvii uncle wiggily and the lory 115 -xviii uncle wiggily and the puppy 122 -xix uncle wiggily and the unicorn 129 -xx uncle wiggily and humpty dumpty 136 -xxi uncle wiggily and the looking glass 143 -xxii uncle wiggily and the white queen 150 -xxiii uncle wiggily and the red queen 157 -xxiv uncle wiggily and tweedledum 164 -xxv uncle wiggily and tweedledee 171 -xxvi uncle wiggily and the tear pool 178 chapter i uncle wiggily and wonderland alice once upon a time, after uncle wiggily longears, the nice bunny rabbit gentleman, had some funny adventures with baby bunty, and when he found that his rheumatism did not hurt him so much as he hopped on his red, white and blue striped barber pole crutch, the bunny uncle wished he might have some strange and wonderful adventures. @@ -9904,9 +9255,7 @@ he had grown so big from eating the magical cake that he could not possibly sque "now i have caught you!" cried the mosquito. "since we could not catch you at your soldier tent or in the trenches near your hollow stump with rivets for a wooden handle, and copper fish-hooks and net-weights. -[illustration: outer face of a foundation-wall at tello, built by ur-bau, patesi of shirpurla.--déc. en chald., pl. -51.] the ornaments were very numerous, the wealthy wearing bead-necklaces of agate and lapis-lazuli, the poorer contenting themselves with paste or shell, while silver finger-rings and copper arm-rings were not uncommon. a very typical class of grave-furniture consisted of palettes or colour-dishes, made of alabaster, often of graceful shape, and sometimes standing on four feet. there is no doubt as to their use, for colour still remains in many of them, generally black and yellow, but sometimes a light rose and a light green. @@ -9918,7 +9267,6 @@ whatever may be the explanation there is little doubt that they belong to the sa moreover, we may definitely connect the graves with the buildings under which they are found, for in some of them were seal-cylinders precisely similar to others found in the débris covering the houses, and the designs upon them resemble those on sealings from the strata of ashes in the upper surface of the mounds. the seals are generally of shell or limestone, rarely of harder stone, and the designs represent heroes and mythological beings in conflict with animals. the presence of the sealings and seal-cylinders, resembling in form and design those of the early period at tello, in itself suggests that fâra marks the site of an early sumerian town. -this was put beyond a doubt by the discovery of clay tablets in six of the houses,[19] where they lay on the clay floor beneath masses of charred débris which had fallen from the roof; beside them were objects of household use, and in one room the remains of a charred reed-mat were under them. the tablets were of unbaked clay, similar in shape to early contracts from tello, and the texts upon them, written in extremely archaic characters, referred to deeds of sale. there is thus no doubt as to the racial character of the inhabitants of this early settlement. the discovery of a brick inscribed with the name of khaladda, patesi of shuruppak, proved that fâra was the site of the ancient city which later tradition regarded as the scene of the deluge. @@ -9927,15 +9275,11 @@ we may thus infer that shuruppak continued to exist as a city at that period, bu we have described its remains in some detail as they are our most valuable source of information concerning the earliest sumerians in babylonia. until the objects that were found have been published it is difficult to determine accurately its relation in date to the earlier remains at tello. a few fragments of sculpture in relief were discovered in the course of the excavations, and these, taken in conjunction with the cylinder-seals, the inscribed tablets, and the pottery, suggest that no long interval separated its period from that of the earliest sumerians of history. -[illustration: abû hatab after andrae and noeldeke] a less exhaustive examination of the neighbouring mounds of abû hatab was also undertaken by drs. andrae and noeldeke. this site lies to the north of fâra, and, like it, is close to the shatt el-kâr. -[20] the southern part of the tell could not be examined because of the modern arab graves which here lie thick around the tomb of the imâm sa'îd muhammad. but the trenches cut in the higher parts of the mound, to the north and along its eastern edge, sufficed to indicate its general character. -[21] earlier remains, such as were found at fâra, are here completely wanting, and it would appear to be not earlier than the period of the kings of sumer and akkad. this is indicated by bricks of bûr-sin i., king of ur, which were discovered scattered in débris in the north-west part of the mound, and by the finding of case-tablets in the houses belonging to the period of the dynasties of ur and isin. -[22] the graves also differed from those at fâra, generally consisting of pot-burials. here, in place of a shallow trough with a lid, the sarcophagus was formed of two great pots, deeply ribbed on the outside; these were set, one over the other, with their edges meeting, and after burial they were fixed together by means of pitch or bitumen. the skeleton is usually found within lying on its back or side in a crouching position with bent legs. the general arrangement of drinking-cups, offerings, and ornaments resembles that in the fâra burials, so that the difference in the form of the sarcophagus is merely due to a later custom and not to any racial change. @@ -9944,7 +9288,6 @@ the majority of the houses at abû hatab appear to have been destroyed by fire, it thus represents a well-defined epoch, later than that of the mounds at fâra, and most valuable for comparison with them. at neither fâra nor abû hatab were the remains of any important building or temple disclosed, but the graves and houses of the common people have furnished information of even greater value for the archaeologist and historian. another mound which should provide further material for the study of this earliest period is bismâya, the site of the city at adab, at which excavations were begun on december 25, 1903 by the university of chicago and continued during the following year. -[23] the mound of hêtime to the west of fâra, may, to judge from the square bricks and fragments of pot-burials that are found there, date from about the same period as abû hatab. but it is of small extent and height, the greater part being merely six or seven feet above the plain, while its two central mounds rise to a height of less than fourteen feet. such are the principal early sumerian mounds in the region of the shatt el-kâr and the shatt el-hai. other mounds in the same neighbourhood may well prove to be of equally early dates; but it should be noted that some of these do not cover sumerian cities, but represent far later periods of occupation. @@ -9962,23 +9305,15 @@ thus samsu-iluna's policy of repression was scarcely a success; but the archaeol the undisturbed condition of these early cities renders their excavation a comparatively simple matter, and lends a certainty to conclusions drawn from a study of their remains, which is necessarily lacking in the case of more complicated sites. another class of sumerian cities consists of those which were not finally destroyed by the western semites, but continued to be important centres of political and social life during the later periods of babylonian history. niffer, warka, senkera, mukayyar, and abû shahrain all doubtless contain in their lower strata remains of the early sumerian cities which stood upon their sites; but the greater part of the mounds are made up of ruins dating from a period not earlier than that of the great builders of the dynasty of ur. -in nippur, during the american excavations on this site, the history of ekur, the temple of the god enlil, was traced back to the period of shar-gani-sharri and narâm-sin;[24] and fragments of early vases found scattered in the débris beneath the chambers on the south-east side of the ziggurat, have thrown valuable light upon an early period of sumerian history. but the excavation of the pre-sargonic strata, so far as it has yet been carried, has given negative rather than positive results. the excavations carried out on the other sites referred to were of a purely tentative character, and, although they were made in the early fifties of last century, they still remain the principal source of our knowledge concerning them. -[illustration: warka after loftus] some idea of the extent of the mounds of warka may be gathered from loftus's plan. the irregular circle of the mounds, marking the later walls of the city, covers an area nearly six miles in circumference, and in view of this fact and of the short time and limited means at his disposal, it is surprising that he should have achieved such good results. his work at buwârîya, the principal mound of the group (marked a on the plan), resulted in its identification with e-anna, the great temple of the goddess ninni, or ishtar, which was enormously added to in the reign of ur-engur. loftus's careful notes and drawings of the facade of another important building, covered by the mound known as wuswas (b), have been of great value from the architectural point of view, while no less interesting is his description of the "cone wall" (at e on the plan), consisting in great part of terra-cotta cones, dipped in red or black colour, and arranged to form various patterns on the surface of a wall composed of mud and chopped straw. -[25] but the date of both these constructions is uncertain. the sarcophagus-graves and pot-burials which he came across when cutting his tunnels and trenches are clearly contemporaneous with those at abû hatab, and the mound may well contain still earlier remains. -the finds made in the neighbouring mounds of senkera (larsa), and tell sifr, were also promising,[26] and, in spite of his want of success at tell medîna, it is possible that a longer examination would have yielded better results. -[illustration: mukayyar after taylor] the mounds of mukayyar, which mark the site of ur, the centre of the moon-god's cult in sumer, were partly excavated by taylor in 1854 and 1855. -[27] in the northern portion of the group he examined the great temple of the moon-god (marked a on the plan), the earliest portions of its structure which he came across dating from the reigns of dungi and ur-engur. beneath a building in the neighbourhood of the temple (at b on the plan) he found a pavement consisting of plano-convex bricks, a sure indication that at this point, at least, were buildings of the earliest sumerian period, while the sarcophagus-burials in other parts of the mound were of the early type. -taylor came across similar evidence of early building at abû shahrain,[28] the comparatively small mound which marks the site of the sacred city of eridu, for at a point in the south-east side of the group he uncovered a building constructed of bricks of the same early character. -at abû shahrain indeed we should expect to find traces of one of the earliest and most sacred shrines of the sumerians, for here dwelt enki, the mysterious god of the deep. the remains of his later temple now dominates the group, the great temple-tower still rising in two stages (a and b) at the northern end of the mound. unlike the other cities of sumer, eridu was not built on the alluvium. its situation is in a valley on the edge of the arabian desert, cut off from ur and the euphrates by a low pebbly and sandstone ridge. @@ -9987,7 +9322,6 @@ another characteristic which distinguishes eridu from other cities in babylonia the raised platform, on which the city and its temple stood, was faced with a massive retaining wall of sandstone, no doubt obtained from quarries in the neighbourhood, while the stairway (marked d on the plan) leading to the first stage of the temple-tower had been formed of polished marble slabs which were now scattered on the surface of the mound. the marble stairs and the numerous fragments of gold-leaf and gold-headed and copper nails, which taylor found at the base of the second stage of the temple-tower, attest its magnificence during the latest stage of its history. the name and period of the city now covered by the neighbouring mound of tell lahm, which was also examined by taylor, have not yet been ascertained. -[illustration: abû shahrain after taylor] it will thus be seen that excavations conducted on the sites of the more famous cities of sumer have not, with the single exception of nippur, yielded much information concerning the earlier periods of history, while the position of one of them, the city of isin, is still unknown. our knowledge of similar sites in akkad is still more scanty. up to the present time systematic excavations have been carried out at only two sites in the north, babylon and sippar, and these have thrown little light upon the more remote periods of their occupation. @@ -10002,14 +9336,9 @@ concerning the sites of other cities in northern babylonia, considerable uncerta the extensive mounds of tell ibrâhîm, situated about four hours to the north-east of hilla, are probably to be identified with cutha, the centre of the cult of nergal, but the mound of 'akarkûf, which may be seen from so great a distance on the road between baghdad and falûja, probably covers a temple and city of the kassite period. both the cities of kish and opis, which figure so prominently in the early history of the relations between sumer and akkad, were, until quite recently, thought to be situated close to one another on the tigris. that opis lay on that river and not on the euphrates is clear from the account which nebuchadnezzar ii. -has left us of his famous fortifications of babylon,[29] which are referred to by greek writers as "the median wall" and "the fortification of semiramis." the outermost ring of nebuchadnezzar's triple line of defence consisted of an earthen rampart and a ditch, which he tells us extended from the bank of the tigris above opis to a point on the euphrates within the city of sippar, proving that opis is to be sought upon the former river. his second line of defence was a similar ditch and rampart which stretched from the causeway on the bank of the euphrates up to the city of kish. -it was assumed that this rampart also extended to the tigris, although this is not stated in the text, and, since the ideogram for opis is once rendered as kesh in a bilingual incantation,[30] it seemed probable that kish and opis were twin cities, both situated on the tigris at no great distance from each other. this view appeared to find corroboration in the close association of the two places during the wars of eannatum, and in the fact that at the time of enbi-ishtar they seem to have formed a single state. -but it has recently been shown that kish lay upon the euphrates,[31] and we may thus accept its former identification with the mound of el-ohêmir where bricks were found by ker porter recording the building of e-meteursagga, the temple of zamama, the patron deity of kish. -[32] whether opis is to be identified with the extensive mounds of tell manjûr, situated on the right bank of the tigris in the great bend made by the river between samarra and baghdad, or whether, as appears more probable, it is to be sought further down stream in the neighbourhood of seleucia, are questions which future excavation may decide. -[33] the brief outline that has been given of our knowledge concerning the early cities of sumer and akkad, and of the results obtained by the partial excavation of their sites, will have served to show how much still remains to be done in this field of archaeological research. not only do the majority of the sites still await systematic excavation, but a large part of the material already obtained has not yet been published. up to the present time, for instance, only the briefest notes have been given of the important finds at fâra and abû hatab. @@ -10020,16 +9349,12 @@ such monuments as the recently discovered stele of sharru-gi, the statues of man but in akkad itself the excavations have not thrown much light upon these subjects, nor have they contributed to the solution of the problems as to the period at which sumerians and semites first came in contact, or which race was first in possession of the land. for the study of these questions our material is mainly furnished from the sumerian side, more particularly by the sculptures and inscriptions discovered during the french excavations at tello. it is now generally recognized that the two races which inhabited sumer and akkad during the early historical periods were sharply divided from one another not only by their speech but also in their physical characteristics. -[34] one of the principal traits by which they may be distinguished consists in the treatment of the hair. while the sumerians invariably shaved the head and face, the semites retained the hair of the head and wore long beards. a slight modification in the dressing of the hair was introduced by the western semites of the first babylonian dynasty, who brought with them from syria the canaanite bedouin custom of shaving the lips and allowing the beard to fall only from the chin; while they also appear to have cut the hair short in the manner of the arabs or nabateans of the sinai peninsula. -[35] the semites who were settled in babylonia during the earlier period, retained the moustache as well as the beard, and wore their hair long. while recognizing the slight change of custom, introduced for a time during the west semitic domination, the practice of wearing hair and beard was a semitic characteristic during all periods of history. the phrase "the black-headed ones," which is of frequent occurrence in the later texts, clearly originated as a description of the semites, in contradistinction to the sumerians with their shaven heads. -[illustration: limestone figure of an early sumerian patesi, or high official.--brit. mus., no. 90929; photo. -by messrs. mansell & co.] another distinctive characteristic, almost equally striking, may be seen in the features of the face as represented in the outline engraving and in the sculpture of the earlier periods. it is true that the sumerian had a prominent nose, which forms, indeed, his most striking feature, but both nose and lips are never full and fleshy as with the semites. it is sometimes claimed that such primitive representations as occur upon ur-ninâ's bas-reliefs, or in fig. @@ -10037,20 +9362,14 @@ it is sometimes claimed that such primitive representations as occur upon ur-nin but it will be noted that the same general characteristics are also found in the later and more finished sculptures of gudea's period. this fact is illustrated by the two black diorite heads of statuettes figured on the following page. in both examples certain archaic conventions are retained, such as the exaggerated line of the eyebrows, and the unfinished ear; but nose and lips are obviously not semitic, and they accurately reproduce the same racial type which is found upon the earlier reliefs. -[illustration: fig. 1.--fig. 2. figures of early sumerians, engraved upon fragments of shell, which were probably employed for inlaying boxes, or for ornamenting furniture. earliest period: from tello.--déc., pl. 46, nos. -2 and 1.] a third characteristic consists of the different forms of dress worn by sumerians and semites, as represented on the monuments. the earliest sumerians wore only a thick woollen garment, in the form of a petticoat, fastened round the waist by a band or girdle. the garment is sometimes represented as quite plain, in other cases it has a scolloped fringe or border, while in its most elaborate form it consists of three, four, or five horizontal flounces, each lined vertically and scolloped at the edge to represent thick locks of wool. -[36] with the later sumerian patesis this rough garment has been given up in favour of a great shawl or mantle, decorated with a border, which was worn over the left shoulder, and, falling in straight folds, draped the body with its opening in front. -[37] both these sumerian forms of garment are of quite different types from the semitic loin-cloth worn by narâm-sin on his stele of victory, and the semitic plaid in which he is represented on his stele from pir hussein. -[38] the latter garment is a long, narrow plaid which is wrapped round the body in parallel bands, with the end thrown over the left shoulder. it has no slit, or opening, in front like the later sumerian mantle, and, on the other hand, was not a shaped garment like the earlier sumerian flounced petticoat, though both were doubtless made of wool and were probably dyed in bright colours. -[illustration: fig. 3--fig. 4--fig. 5--later types of sumerians, as exhibited by heads of male statuettes from tello. @@ -10058,7 +9377,6 @@ figs. 4 and 5 are different views of the same head, which probably dates from the age of gudea; fig. 3 may possibly be assigned to a rather later period.--in the louvre; cat. nos. -95 and 93.] two distinct racial types are thus represented on the monuments, differentiated not only by physical features but also by the method of treating the hair and by dress. moreover, the one type is characteristic of those rulers whose language was sumerian, the other represents those whose inscriptions are in the semitic tongue. two apparent inconsistencies should here be noted. @@ -10069,32 +9387,25 @@ this is not the semitic plaid, but the sumerian fringed mantle, and we may conje it is natural that upon monuments of the later period from tello both racial types should be represented. the fragments of sculpture illustrated in figs. 6 and 7 may possibly belong to the same monument, and, if so, we must assign it to a semitic king. -[39] that on the left represents a file of nude captives with shaven heads and faces, bound neck to neck with the same cord, and their arms tied behind them. on the other fragment both captive and conqueror are bearded. the latter's nose is anything but semitic, though in figures of such small proportions carved in relief it would perhaps be rash to regard its shape as significant. the treatment of the hair, however, in itself constitutes a sufficiently marked difference in racial custom. fig. 8 represents a circular support of steatite, around which are seated seven little figures holding tablets on their knees; it is here reproduced on a far smaller scale than the other fragments. the little figure that is best preserved is of unmistakably semitic type, and wears a curled beard trimmed to a point, and hair that falls on the shoulders in two great twisted tresses; the face of the figure on his left is broken, but the head is clearly shaved. -a similar mixture of types upon a single monument occurs on a large fragment of sculpture representing scenes of worship,[40] and also on sharru-gi's monument which has been found at susa. -[41] -[illustration: fig. 6.--fig. 7.--fig. 8.--examples of sculpture of the later period, from tello, representing different racial types--déc., pl. 26, figs. 10b and 10a; pl. 21, fig. -5.] at the period from which these sculptures date it is not questioned that the semites were in occupation of akkad, and that during certain periods they had already extended their authority over sumer. it is not surprising, therefore, that at this time both sumerians and semites should be represented side by side upon the monuments. when, however, we examine what is undoubtedly one of the earliest sculptured reliefs from tello the same mixture of racial types is met with. -[illustration: fig. 9--fig. 10--fig 11--fragments of a circular bas-relief of the earliest period, from tello, sculptured with a scene representing the meeting of two chieftains and their followers. the different methods of treating the hair are noteworthy.--in the louvre; cat. no. -5.] the object is unfortunately broken into fragments, but enough of them have been recovered to indicate its character. originally, it consisted of two circular blocks, placed one upon the other and sculptured on their outer edge with reliefs. they were perforated vertically with two holes which were intended to support maces, or other votive objects, in an upright position. @@ -10103,46 +9414,30 @@ the figures in the relief form two separate rows which advance towards one anoth it will be noticed that the chief on the left, who carries a bent club, has long hair falling on the shoulders and is bearded. four of his followers on another fragment (fig. 10) also have long hair and beards. -the other chief, on the contrary, wears no hair on his face, only on his head, and, since his followers have shaven heads and faces,[42] we may conjecture that, like eannatum on the stele of the vultures, he wears a wig. all the figures are nude to the waist, and the followers clasp their hands in token of subordination to their chiefs. the extremely rude character of the sculpture is a sufficient indication of its early date, apart from the fact that the fragments were found scattered in the lowest strata at tello. the fashion of indicating the hair is very archaic, and is also met with in a class of copper foundation-figures of extremely early date. -[43] the monument belongs to a period when writing was already employed, for there are slight traces of an inscription on its upper surface, which probably recorded the occasion of the meeting of the chiefs. moreover, from a fifth fragment that has been discovered it is seen that the names and titles of the various personages were engraved upon their garments. the monument thus belongs to the earliest sumerian period, and, if we may apply the rule as to the treatment of the hair which we have seen holds good for the later periods, it would follow that at this time the semite was already in the land. -the scene, in fact, would represent the meeting of two early chieftains of the sumerians and semites, sculptured to commemorate an agreement or treaty which they had drawn up. -[illustration: fig. 12.--limestone panel sculptured in relief, with a scene representing gudea being led by ningishzida and another god into the presence of a deity who is seated on a throne.--in the berlin museum; cf. sum. und sem., taf. -vii.] by a similar examination of the gods of the sumerians, as they are represented on the monuments, professor meyer has sought to show that the semites were not only in babylonia at the date of the earliest sumerian sculptures that have been recovered, but also that they were in occupation of the country before the sumerians. the type of the sumerian gods at the later period is well illustrated by a limestone panel of gudea, which is preserved in the berlin museum. the sculptured scene is one that is often met with on cylinder-seals of the period, representing a suppliant being led by lesser deities into the presence of a greater god. in this instance gudea is being led by his patron deity ningishzida and another god into the presence of a deity who was seated on a throne and held a vase from which two streams of water flow. the right half of the panel is broken, but the figure of the seated god may be in part restored from the similar scene upon gudea's cylinder-seal. there, however, the symbol of the spouting vase is multiplied, for not only does the god hold one in each hand, but three others are below his feet, and into them the water falls and spouts again. -professor meyer would identify the god of the waters with anu, though there is more to be said for m. heuzey's view that he is enki, the god of the deep. we are not here concerned, however, with the identity of the deities, but with the racial type they represent. it will be seen that they all have hair and beards and wear the semitic plaid, and form a striking contrast to gudea with his shaven head and face, and his fringed sumerian mantle. -[44] -[illustration: fig. -13. figure of the seated god on the cylinder-seal of gudea.--déc., p 293.] a very similar contrast is represented by the sumerian and his gods in the earlier historical periods. upon the stele of the vultures, for instance, the god ningirsu is represented with abundant hair, and although his lips and cheeks are shaved a long beard falls from below his chin. -[45] he is girt around the waist with a plain garment, which is not of the later semitic type, but the treatment of the hair and beard is obviously not sumerian. -the same bearded type of god is found upon early votive tablets from nippur,[46] and also on a fragment of an archaic sumerian relief from tello, which, from the rudimentary character of the work and the style of the composition, has been regarded as the most ancient example of sumerian sculpture known. the contours of the figures are vaguely indicated in low relief upon a flat plaque, and the interior details are indicated only by the point. the scene is evidently of a mythological character, for the seated figure may be recognized as a goddess by the horned crown she wears. beside her stands a god who turns to smite a bound captive with a heavy club or mace. while the captive has the shaven head and face of a sumerian, the god has abundant hair and a long beard. -[47] -[illustration: fig. 14.--fig. -15. votive tablets from nippur, engraved with scenes of worship.--cf. -hilprecht, explorations, p. 475, and old bab. inscr., ii., pl. -xvi.] man forms his god in his own image, and it is surprising that the gods of the sumerians should not be of the sumerian type. if the sumerian shaved his own head and face, why should he have figured his gods with long beards and abundant hair and have clothed them with the garments of another race? professor meyer's answer to the question is that the semites and their gods were already in occupation of sumer and akkad before the sumerians came upon the scene. @@ -10152,18 +9447,14 @@ the sumerian method of fighting he would compare to that of the dorians with the he would regard the invaders as settling mainly in the south, driving many of the semites northward, and taking over from them the ancient centres of semitic cult. they would naturally have brought their own gods with them, and these they would identify with the deities they found in possession of the shrines, combining their attributes, but retaining the cult-images, whose sacred character would ensure the permanent retention of their outward form. the sumerians in turn would have influenced their semitic subjects and neighbours, who would gradually have acquired from them their higher culture, including a knowledge of writing and the arts. -[illustration: fig. 16--sumerian deities on an archaic relief from tello.--déc., pl. 1, fig. -1.] it may be admitted that the theory is attractive, and it certainly furnishes an explanation of the apparently foreign character of the sumerian gods. but even from the archaeological side it is not so complete nor so convincing as at first sight it would appear. since the later sumerian gods were represented with full moustache and beard, like the earliest figures of semitic kings which we possess, it would naturally be supposed that they would have this form in the still earlier periods of sumerian history. but, as we have seen, their lips and cheeks are shaved. are we then to postulate a still earlier semitic settlement, of a rather different racial type to that which founded the kingdom of kish and the empire of akkad? again, the garments of the gods in the earliest period have little in common with the semitic plaid, and are nearer akin to the plainer form of garment worn by contemporary sumerians. -the divine headdress, too, is different to the later form, the single horns which encircle what may be a symbol of the date-palm,[48] giving place to a plain conical headdress decorated with several pairs of horns. -[illustration: fig. 17--fig. 18--fig. 19--earlier and later forms of divine headdresses. @@ -10172,37 +9463,25 @@ figs. 19, the later form of horned headdress, is from a sculpture of gudea.--déc., pl. 4, and pl. 26, no. -9.] thus, important differences are observable in the form of the earlier sumerian gods and their dress and insignia, which it is difficult to reconcile with professor meyer's theory of their origin. moreover, the principal example which he selected to illustrate his thesis, the god of the central shrine of nippur, has since been proved never to have borne the semitic name of bêl, but to have been known under his sumerian title of enlil from the beginning. -[49] it is true that professor meyer claims that this point does not affect his main argument;[50] but at least it proves that nippur was always a sumerian religious centre, and its recognition as the central and most important shrine in the country by semites and sumerians alike, tells against any theory requiring a comparatively late date for its foundation. such evidence as we possess from the linguistic side is also not in favour of the view which would regard the semites as in occupation of the whole of babylonia before the sumerian immigration. if that had been the case we should naturally expect to find abundant traces of semitic influence in the earliest sumerian texts that have been recovered. but, as a matter of fact, no semitism occurs in any text from ur-ninâ's period to that of lugal-zaggisi with the single exception of a semitic loan-word on the cone of entemena. -[51] in spite of the scanty nature of our material, this fact distinctly militates against the assumption that semites and sumerians were living side by side in sumer at the time. -[52] but the occurrence of the semitic word in entemena's inscription proves that external contact with some semitic people had already taken place. moreover, it is possible to press the argument from the purely linguistic side too far. -a date-formula of samsu-iluna's reign has proved that the semitic speech of babylonia was known as "akkadian,"[53] and it has therefore been argued that the first appearance of semitic speech in the country must date from the establishment of shar-gani-sharri's empire with its capital at akkad. -[54] but there is little doubt that the semitic kingdom of kish, represented by the reigns of sharru-gi, manishtusu and urumush, was anterior to sargon's empire,[55] and, long before the rise of kish, the town of akkad may well have been the first important centre of semitic settlement in the north. -[illustration: fragment of sumerian sculpture representing scenes of worship before the gods.--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -23.] it would thus appear that at the earliest period of which remains or records have been recovered, semites and sumerians were both settled in babylonia, the one race in the north, the other southwards nearer the persian gulf. living at first in comparative isolation, trade and war would gradually bring them into closer contact. whether we may regard the earliest rulers of kish as semites like their later successors, is still in doubt. the character of enbi-ishtar's name points to his being a semite; but the still earlier king of kish, who is referred to on the stele of the vultures, is represented on that monument as a sumerian with shaven head and face. -[56] but this may have been due to a convention in the sculpture of the time, and it is quite possible that mesilim and his successors were semites, and that their relations with the contemporary rulers of lagash represent the earlier stages in a racial conflict which dominates the history of the later periods. of the original home of the sumerians, from which they came to the fertile plains of southern babylonia, it is impossible to speak with confidence. the fact that they settled at the mouths of the great rivers has led to the suggestion that they arrived by sea, and this has been connected with the story in berossus of oannes and the other fish-men, who came up from the erythraean sea and brought religion and culture with them. but the legend need not bear this interpretation; it merely points to the sea-country on the shores of the gulf as the earliest centre of sumerian culture in the land. others have argued that they came from a mountain-home, and have cited in support of their view the institution of the ziggurat or temple-tower, built "like a mountain," and the employment of the same ideogram for "mountain" and for "land." but the massive temple-tower appears to date from the period of gudea and the earlier kings of ur, and, with the single exception of nippur, was probably not a characteristic feature of the earlier temples; and it is now known that the ideogram for "land" and "mountain" was employed in the earlier periods for foreign lands, in contradistinction to that of the sumerians themselves. -[57] but, in spite of the unsoundness of these arguments, it is most probable that the sumerians did descend on babylonia from the mountains on the east. their entrance into the country would thus have been the first of several immigrations from that quarter, due to climatic and physical changes in central asia. -[58] still more obscure is the problem of their racial affinity. the obliquely set eyes of the figures in the earlier reliefs, due mainly to an ignorance of perspective characteristic of all primitive art, first suggested the theory that the sumerians were of mongol type; and the further developments of this view, according to which a chinese origin is to be sought both for sumerian roots and for the cuneiform character, are too improbable to need detailed refutation. -a more recent suggestion, that their language is of indo-european origin and structure,[59] is scarcely less improbable, while resemblances which have been pointed out between isolated words in sumerian and in armenian, turkish, and other languages of western asia, may well be fortuitous. with the elamites upon their eastern border the sumerians had close relations from the first, but the two races do not appear to be related either in language or by physical characteristics. the scientific study of the sumerian tongue, inaugurated by professors zimmern and jensen, and more especially by the work of m. thureau-dangin on the early texts, will doubtless lead in time to more accurate knowledge on this subject; but, until the phonetic elements of the language are firmly established, all theories based upon linguistic comparisons are necessarily insecure. in view of the absence of semitic influence in sumer during the earlier periods, it may be conjectured that the semitic immigrants did not reach babylonia from the south, but from the north-west, after traversing the syrian coast-lands. @@ -10211,19 +9490,13 @@ the original movement continued into northern babylonia, and its representatives but the movement did not stop there; it passed on to the foot of the zagros hills, and left its traces in the independent principalities of lulubu and gutiu. such in outline appears to have been the course of this early migratory movement, which, after colonizing the areas through which it passed, eventually expended itself in the western mountains of persia. it was mainly through contact with the higher culture of the sumerians that the tribes which settled in akkad were enabled later on to play so important a part in the history of western asia. - [1] in point of time, the work of loftus and taylor (see below, pp. 32 ff.) preceded that of de sarzec, but the results obtained were necessarily less complete. it would be out of place in the present volume to give any account of excavations in assyria, as they have only an indirect bearing on the period here treated. for a chronological sketch of the early travellers and excavators, see rogers, "history of babylonia and assyria," vol. -i. pp. 100 ff., who also gives a detailed account of the decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions; cf. -also fossey, "manuel," i., pp. 6 ff. -for a similar chronological treatment, but from the archaeological side, see the sections with which hilprecht prefaces his account of the nippur excavations in "explorations in bible lands," pp. 7 ff. -[2] see above, p. 11. -[3] cf. "cun. texts in the brit. mus.," pt. @@ -10235,179 +9508,89 @@ hymnen," pl. 81, where the final character of the name is unmistakably written as ash; cf. meissner, "orient. lit.-zeit.," 1907, col. 385. -[4] separate mounds in the group were referred to by de sarzec under the letters a-p, p', and v. for the account of the diggings and their results, see e. de sarzec and léon heuzey, "découvertes en chaldée" ("description des fouilles" by de sarzec; "description des monuments" by heuzey; "partie épigraphique" by amiaud and thureau-dangin), paris, 1884-1906; see also heuzey, "une villa royale chaldéenne," and "revue d'assyriologie," passim. -[5] the plate opposite p. 20 illustrates the way in which gudea's gateway has been worked into the structure of the parthian palace. the slight difference in the ground-level of the two buildings is also clearly shown. -[6] see the plate opposite p. 26. -** -[7] from the nature of this building amiaud christened the mound the "tell de la maison des fruits." -[8] a description of these buildings is given in chap. -iv., pp. 90 ff. -** -[9] cf. "zeits. für assyr." -ii., pp. 406 ff. -[10] cf. -messerschmidt, "vorderasiatische schriftdenkmäler," p. v. f., pl. 1 ff. -[11] the name is still often transcribed as gishkhu or gishukh; for the reading umma, supplied by a neo-babylonian vocabulary, see "cun. texts," xii., pl. -28, obv., l. 7, and cf. hrozný, "zeits. für assyr." xx. -(1907), pp. 421 ff. for its identification with jôkha, see scheil, "rec. -de trav.," xix., p. 63; cf. -also xxi., p. 125. -[12] cf. "mitteil. der deutsch. orient-gesellschaft," no. -16, p. 20 f. dr. andrae adds valuable notes on other mounds he visited during this journey. -[13] see below, p. 33 f. -[14] see "mitteil. der deutsch. orient-gesellschaft," no. -15, p. 9 ff. -[15] op. cit., no. -17, p. 4 ff. -[16] each section of a trench is also given a letter, so that such a symbol as iv. b or xii. x indicates within very precise limits the provenance of any object discovered. the letter a on the plan marks the site of the house built by the expedition. -[17] this form of brick is characteristic of the pre-sargonic period; cf. -p. 91. -[18] the positions of some of the larger ones, which were excavated in the northern part of the mounds, are indicated by black dots in the plan. -[19] the houses with the clay tablets were found in trenches vii., ix., xiii., and xv. -[20] in the folding map fâra has been set on the right bank of the shatt el-kâr, in accordance with loftus's map published in "travels and researches in chaldaea and susiana." from andrae's notes it would seem that abû hatab, and probably fâra also, lie on the east or left bank. but the ancient bed of the stream has disappeared in many places, and is difficult to follow, and elsewhere there are traces of two or three parallel channels at considerable distances apart, so that the exact position of the original bed of the euphrates is not certain at this point. -[21] in the plan the trenches and excavated sites are lettered from a to k. the figures, preceded by a cross, give in metres and centimetres the height of the mound at that point above the level of the plain. -[22] itûr-shamash, whose brick-inscription furnished the information that abû hatab is the site of the city kisurra, is to be set towards the end of this period; see below, chap. xi., and cf. -p. 283 f., n. 1. -[23] see the extracts from the "reports of the expedition of the oriental exploration fund (babylonian section) of the university of chicago," which were issued to the subscribers. -[24] see below, chap. -iv., pp. 85 ff. -[25] see "chaldaea and susiana," pp. 174 ff. and 188 f. -[26] op. -cit., pp. 244 ff., 266 ff. -[27] see his "notes on the ruins of mugeyer" in the journal of the royal asiatic society, 1855, pp. 260 ff., 414 f. -[28] see his "notes on abû shahrein and tel el-lahm," op. -cit., p. 409. the trench which disclosed this structure, built of uninscribed plano-convex bricks laid in bitumen, was cut near the south-eastern side of the ruins, between the mounds f and g (see plan), and to the north-east of the gulley. -[29] see weissbach, "wâdī brîssā," col. vi., ll. 46 ff., and cf. -pp. 39 ff. -[30] the incantation is the one which has furnished us with authority for reading the name of shirpurla as lagash (see above, p. 17, n. 3). it is directed against the machinations of evil demons, and in one passage the powers for good inherent in the ancient cities of babylonia are invoked on behalf of the possessed man. here, along with the names of eridu, lagash, and shuruppak, occurs the ideogram for opis, which is rendered in the assyrian translation as ki-e-shi, i.e. kesh, or kish (cf. thompson, "devils and evil spirits," vol. -i., p. 162 f.) -[31] see above, p. 9. -[32] see george smith, "trans. soc. bibl. -arch.," iii., p. 364, and cf. thureau-dangin, "orient. lit.-zeit.," 1909, col. 205 f. -[33] the fact that in an early babylonian geographical list ("cun. inscr. west. asia," vol. -iv., pl. 36, no. 1) the name of opis is mentioned after a number of sumerian cities, is no indication that the city itself, or another city of the same name, was regarded as situated in sumer, as suggested by jensen (cf. "zeits. -für assyr.," xv., pp. 210 ff. ); the next two names in the list are those of magan and melukhkha. -[34] for the fullest treatment of this subject, see meyer, "sumerier und semiten in babylonien" (abh. der königl. preuss. akad. der wissenschaft., 1906). -[35] cf. herodotus, iii., 8. -[36] the women of the earlier period appear to have worn a modified form of this garment, made of the same rough wool, but worn over the left shoulder (see below, p. 112, fig. 43). -on the stele of the vultures, eannatum, like his soldiers, wears the petticoat, but this is supplemented by what is obviously a separate garment of different texture thrown over the left shoulder so as to leave the right arm free; this may have been the skin of an animal worn with the natural hair outside (see the plate opposite p. 124). -[37] a very similar fringed mantle was usually worn by the sumerian women of the later period, but it was draped differently upon the body. -pressed at first over the breasts and under each arm, it is crossed at the back and its ends, thrown over the shoulders, fall in front in two symmetrical points; for a good example of the garment as seen from the front, see below, p. 71. -[38] see below, p. 245, fig. 59. -[39] remains of an inscription upon fig. 6 treat of the dedication of a temple to the god ningirsu, and to judge from the characters it probably does not date from a period earlier than that of gudea. -[40] see the plate facing p. 52, and cf. -p. 68 f. -[41] see below, chap. -viii., pp. 220 ff. -[42] according to the traces on the stone the figure immediately behind the beardless chief has a shaven head and face, like his other two followers in fig. 3. the figure on the right of this fragment wears hair and beard, and probably represents a member of the opposite party conducting them into the presence of his master. -[43] see "déc. en chaldée," pl. 1 bis, figs. 3-7. -[44] the fact that on seals of this later period the moon-god is represented in the sumerian mantle and headdress may well have been a result of the sumerian reaction, which took place under the kings of ur (see below, p. 283 f.). -[45] see below, p. 131, fig. 46. -[46] see p. 49. in fig. 14 the hair and beard of the god who leads the worshipper into the presence of the goddess is clearer on the original stone. in fig. 15 the locks of hair and long beards of the seated gods are more sharply outlined; they form a striking contrast to the figures of sumerians, who are represented as pouring out libations and bringing offerings to the shrine. -[47] see p. 50, fig. 16. -[48] cf. -langdon, "babyloniaca," ii., p. 142; this explanation is preferable to treating the crowns as a feathered form of headdress. the changes in the dress of the sumerian gods, and in the treatment of their beards, appear to have taken place in the age of the later semitic kings of kish and the kings of akkad, and may well have been due to their influence. the use of sandals was certainly introduced by the semites of this period. -[49] see clay, "the amer. journ. of semit. -lang, and lit.," xxiii., pp. 269 ff. in later periods the name was pronounced as ellil. -[50] cf. -"nachträge zur aegyptischen chronologie," p. 44 f., and "geschichte des altertums," bd. i., hft. -ii., p. 407. -[51] see thureau-dangin, "sum. und akkad. -königsinschriften," p. 38, col. i., l. 26; the word is dam-kha-ra, which he rightly takes as the equivalent of the semitic tamkhara, "battle" (cf. also ungnad, "orient. lit.-zeit.," 1908, col. 63 f.). -[52] in this respect the early sumerian texts are in striking contrast to those of the later periods; the evidence of strong semitic influence in the latter formed the main argument on which m. halévy and his followers relied to disprove the existence of the sumerians. -[53] see messerschmidt, "orient. lit.-zeit.," 1905, col. 268 ff. ; and cf. -king, "chronicles," i., p. 180, n. 3. -[54] see ungnad, op. cit., 1908, col. 62 ff. -[55] see below, chap. vii. f. -[56] see below, p. 141, fig. 48. -[57] see above, p. 14, n. 1. -[58] see further, appendix i. -[59] cf. -langdon, "babyloniaca," i., pp. -225 f., 230, 284 ff., ii., p. 99 f. the grounds, upon which the suggestion has been put forward, consist of a comparison between the verb "to go" in sumerian, greek, and latin, an apparent resemblance in a few other roots, the existence of compound verbs in sumerian, and the like; but quite apart from questions of general probability, the "parallelisms" noted are scarcely numerous enough, or sufficiently close, to justify the inference drawn from them. chapter iii the age and principal achievements of sumerian civilization considerable changes have recently taken place in our estimate of the age of sumerian civilization, and the length of time which elapsed between the earliest remains that have been recovered and the foundation of the babylonian monarchy. @@ -10423,7 +9606,6 @@ in attempting to set limits to the earlier periods of sumerian history, it is st for in dealing with the chronology of the remoter ages, we are, to a great extent, groping in the dark. the material that has been employed for settling the order of the early kings, and for determining their periods, falls naturally into three main classes. the most important of our sources of information consists of the contemporary inscriptions of the early kings themselves, which have been recovered upon the sites of the ancient cities in babylonia. -[1] the inscriptions frequently give genealogies of the rulers whose achievements they record, and they thus enable us to ascertain the sequence of the kings and the relative dates at which they reigned. this class of evidence also makes it possible to fix certain points of contact between the separate lines of rulers who maintained an independent authority within the borders of their city-states. a second class of material, which is of even greater importance for settling the chronology of the later sumerian epoch, comprises the chronological documents drawn up by early scribes, who incorporated in the form of lists and tables the history of their own time and that of their predecessors. the system of dating documents which was in vogue was not a very convenient one from the point of view of those who used it, but it has furnished us with an invaluable summary of the principal events which took place for long periods at a time. @@ -10435,10 +9617,8 @@ thus it happened that the same event was not employed throughout the whole count moreover, it would have required an unusually good memory to fix the exact period of a document by a single reference to an event which took place in the year when it was drawn up, more especially after the system had been in use for a considerable time. thus, in order to fix the relative dates of documents without delay, the scribes compiled lists of the titles of the years, arranged in order under the reigns of the successive kings, and these were doubtless stored in some archive-chamber, where they were easily accessible in the case of any dispute arising with regard to the date of a particular year. it is fortunate that some of these early sumerian date-lists have been recovered, and we are furnished by them with an outline of sumerian history, which has the value of a contemporary record. -[2] they have thrown light upon a period of which at one time we knew little, and they have served to remove more than one erroneous supposition. thus the so-called second dynasty of ur was proved by them to have been non-existent, and the consequent reduplication of kings bearing the names of ur-engur and dungi was shown to have had no foundation in fact. from the compilation of lists of the separate years it was but a step to the classification of the reigns of the kings themselves and their arrangement in the form of dynasties. -among the mass of tablets recovered from niffer has been found a fragment of one of these early dynastic tablets,[3] which supplements the date-lists and is of the greatest value for settling the chronology of the later period. the reverse of the tablet gives complete lists of the names of the kings who formed the dynasties of ur and isin, together with notes as to the length of their respective reigns, and it further states that the dynasty of isin directly succeeded that of ur. this document fixes once for all the length of the period to which it refers, and it is much to be regretted that so little of the text has been recovered. our information is at present confined to what is legible on part of one column of the tablet. @@ -10453,17 +9633,12 @@ in such cases it may only be safely employed when it agrees with other and indep the three classes of evidence that have been referred to in the preceding paragraphs enable us to settle the relative order of many of the early rulers of babylonia, but they do not supply us with any definite date by means of which the chronology of these earlier ages may be brought into relation with that of the later periods of babylonian history. in order to secure such a point of connection, reliance has in the past been placed upon a notice of one of the early rulers of babylonia, which occurs in an inscription of the last king of the neo-babylonian empire. on a clay cylinder of nabonidus, which is preserved in the british museum, it is stated that 3200 years elapsed between the burial of narâm-sin's foundation-memorial in the temple of the sun-god at sippar, and the finding of the memorial by nabonidus himself when digging in the temple's foundations. -[4] now narâm-sin was an early king of akkad, and, according to later tradition, was the son of the still more famous sargon i. on the strength of the figure given by nabonidus, the approximate date of 3750 b.c. has been assigned to narâm-sin, and that of 3800 b.c. to his father sargon; and mainly on the basis of these early dates the beginning of sumerian history has been set back as far as 5000 and even 6000 b.c. -[5] the improbably high estimate of nabonidus for the date of narâm-sin has long been the subject of criticism. -[6] it is an entirely isolated statement, unsupported by any other reference in early or late texts; and the scribes who were responsible for it were clearly not anxious to diminish the antiquity of the foundation-record, which had been found at such a depth below the later temple's foundations, and after so prolonged a search. to accept it as accurate entailed the leaving of enormous gaps in the chronological schemes, even when postulating the highest possible dates for the dynasties of ur and babylon. -an alternative device of partially filling the gaps by the invention of kings and even dynasties[7] was not a success, as their existence has since been definitely disproved. moreover, the recent reduction in the date of the first dynasty of babylon, necessitated by the proof that the first three dynasties of the kings' list were partly contemporaneous, made its discrepancy with nabonidus's figures still more glaring, while at the same time it furnished a possible explanation of so high a figure resulting from his calculations. for his scribes in all good faith may have reckoned as consecutive a number of early dynasties which had been contemporaneous. -[8] the final disproof of the figure is furnished by evidence of an archaeological and epigraphic character. no such long interval as twelve or thirteen hundred years can have separated the art of gudea's period from that of narâm-sin; and the clay tablets of the two epochs differ so little in shape, and in the forms of the characters with which they are inscribed, that we must regard the two ages as immediately following one another without any considerable break. by rejecting the figures of nabonidus we cut away our only external connection with the chronology of the later periods, and, in order to evolve a scheme for earlier times we have to fall back on a process of reckoning from below. without discussing in detail the later chronology, it will be well to indicate briefly the foundations on which we can begin to build. @@ -10471,31 +9646,23 @@ by the aid of the ptolemaic canon, whose accuracy is confirmed by the larger lis ; by means of the eponym lists that for assyria is fixed back to the year 911 b.c. each scheme controls and confirms the other, and the solar eclipse of june 15th, 763 b.c., which is recorded in the eponymy of pûr-sagale, places the dead reckoning for these later periods upon an absolutely certain basis. for the earlier periods of babylonian history, as far back as the foundation of the babylonian monarchy, a chronological framework has been supplied by the principal list of kings. -[9] in spite of gaps in the text which render the lengths of dynasties iv. and viii. uncertain, it is possible, mainly by the help of synchronisms between assyrian and babylonian kings, to fix approximately the date of dynasty iii. some difference of opinion exists with regard to this date, but the beginning of the dynasty may be placed at about the middle of the eighteenth century b.c. with regard to dynasty ii. of the king's list it is now known that it ruled in the sea-country in the region of the persian gulf, its earlier kings being contemporary with the close of dynasty i. and its later ones with the early part of dynasty iii. -[10] here we come to the first of two points on which there is a considerable difference of opinion. the available evidence suggests that the kings of the sea-country never ruled in babylon, and that the third, or kassite, dynasty followed the first dynasty of babylon without any considerable break. -[11] but the date 2232 b.c., which probably represents the beginning of the non-mythical dynasties of berossus,[12] has hitherto played a considerable part in modern schemes of chronology, and, in spite of the fact that no amount of ingenuity can reconcile his dynasties with those of history, there is still a strong temptation to retain the date for the beginning of dynasty i. of the kings' list as affording a fixed and certain point from which to start calculations. but this can only be done by assuming that some of the kings of the sea-country ruled over the whole of babylonia, an assumption that is negatived by such historical and archaeological evidence as we possess. -[13] it is safer to treat the date 2232 b.c. as without significance, and to follow the evidence in confining the kings of the sea-country to their own land. if we do this we obtain a date for the foundation of the babylonian monarchy about the middle of the twenty-first century b.c. -[illustration: brit. mus., no. 86261.--brit. mus., no. -86260.--the blau monuments.] the second important point on which opinion is not agreed, concerns the relation of the first dynasty of babylon to that of isin. from the nippur dynastic list we know the duration of the dynasties of ur and isin, and if we could connect the latter with the first dynasty of babylon, we should be able to carry a fixed chronology at least as far back as the age of gudea. such a point of connection has been suggested in the date-formula for the seventeenth year of sin-muballit's reign, which records a capture of isin; and by identifying this event with the fall of the dynasty, it is assumed that the kings of isin and of babylon overlapped for a period of about ninety-nine years. in a later chapter the evidence is discussed on which this theory rests, and it is shown that the capture of isin in sin-muballit's seventeenth year had nothing to do with the dynasty of that name, but was an episode in the later struggle between babylon and larsa. -[14] we thus have no means of deciding what interval, if any, separated the two dynasties from one another, and consequently all the earlier dates remain only approximate. the contract-tablets dating from the period of the dynasty of isin, which have been found at nippur, are said to resemble closely those of the first babylonian dynasty in form, material, writing, and terminology. -[15] it would thus appear that no long interval separated the two dynasties from one another. we have seen that the foundation of the babylonian monarchy may be set in about the middle of the twenty-first century b.c., and by placing the end of the dynasty of isin within the first half of that same century we obtain the approximate dates of 2300 b.c. for the dynasty of isin, and 2400 b.c. for the dynasty of ur. @@ -10505,58 +9672,40 @@ there is evidence that ur-engur established his rule in ur, and founded his dyna we may therefore place gudea's accession at about 2450 b.c. this date is some thirteen hundred years later than that assigned to narâm-sin by nabonidus. but the latter, we have already seen, must be reduced, in accordance with evidence furnished by tello tablets, which are dated in the reigns of the intermediate patesis of lagash. -if we set this interval at one hundred and fifty years,[16] we obtain for narâm-sin a date of 2600 b.c., and for shar-gani-sharri one of 2650 b.c. -for the later semitic kings of kish, headed by sharru-gi, one hundred years is not too much to allow;[17] we thus obtain for sharru-gi the approximate date of 2750 b.c. it is possible that manishtusu, king of kish, was the contemporary of urukagina of lagash, but the evidence in favour of the synchronism is not sufficiently strong to justify its acceptance. -[18] by placing urukagina at 2800 b.c., we obtain for ur-ninâ an approximate date of 3000 b.c., and for still earlier rulers such as mesilim, a date rather earlier than this. -[19] it is difficult to estimate the age of the early graves, cylinder-seals and tablets found at fâra, but they cannot be placed at a much later period than 3400 b.c. thus the age of sumerian civilization can be traced in babylonia back to about the middle of the fourth millennium b.c., but not beyond. it must be confessed that this is a reduction in the date usually assigned to the earliest relics that have been recovered of the sumerian civilization, but its achievements are by no means belittled by the compression of its period of development. it is not suggested that this date marks the beginning of sumerian culture, for, as we have noted, it is probable that the race was already possessed of a high standard of civilization on their arrival in babylonia. the invention of cuneiform writing, which was one of their most noteworthy achievements, had already taken place, for the characters in the earliest inscriptions recovered have lost their pictorial form. assuming the genuineness of the "blau monuments," it must be admitted that even on them the characters are in a comparatively advanced stage of development. -[20] we may thus put back into a more remote age the origin and early growth of sumerian culture, which took place at a time when it was not sumerian. in the concluding chapter of this volume an estimate is given to the extent to which sumerian culture influenced, either directly or indirectly, other races in asia, egypt, and the west. in such matters the interest attaching to the sumerian original is largely derived from its effects, and its study may be undertaken mainly with the view of elucidating a later development. but one department of sumerian activity forms a striking exception to this rule. the arts of sculpture and engraving, as practised by the sumerians, are well worthy of study on their own account, for while their work in all periods is marked by spirit and originality, that of the later time reaches a remarkable standard of excellence. the improvement in technique observable in the later period may largely be due to the influence of semitic work, which was derived from sumer and reacted in its turn on the parent stem. but the original impulse to artistic production was of purely sumerian origin, and it is possible to trace the gradual development of its products from the rudest reliefs of the archaic period to the finished sculpture of gudea's reign. -[21] the character of the semitic art of akkad was secondary and derivative, though the semites certainly improved on what they borrowed; in that of the sumerians the seeds of its later excellence may be detected from the beginning. the most ancient of the sculptured reliefs of the sumerians are very rudely cut, and their age is attested not only by their primitive character, but also by the linear form of the writing which is found upon them. these, owing to their smaller size, are the best preserved, for the later reliefs, which belong to the period when sumerian art reached its fullest development, are unfortunately represented only by fragments. but they suffice to show the spirit which animated these ancient craftsmen, and enabled them successfully to overcome difficulties of technique which were carefully avoided by the later sculptors of assyria. to take a single instance, we may note the manner in which they represented the heads of the principal figures of a composition in full-face, and did not seek to avoid the difficulty of foreshortening the features by a monotonous arrangement in profile. a good example of their bolder method of composition is afforded by the relief of a god, generally identified with ningirsu, which dates from the epoch of gudea; he is seated upon a throne, and while the torso and bearded head are sculptured full-face, the legs are in profile. -[22] on another fragment of a relief of the same period, beautifully cut in alabaster but much damaged by fire, a goddess is represented seated on the knees of a god. the rendering of the group is very spirited, for while the god gazes in profile at his wife, she looks out from the sculpture curving her body from the hips. -[23] -[illustration: diorite statue of gudea, patesi of shirpurla, represented as the architect of the temple of gatumdug.--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -14.] in neither instance can it be said that the sculptor has completely succeeded in portraying a natural attitude, for the head in each case should be only in three-quarter profile, but such attempts at an unconventional treatment afford striking evidence of the originality which characterized the work of the sumerians. both the sculptures referred to date from the later sumerian period, and, if they were the only instances recovered, it might be urged that the innovation should be traced to the influence of north babylonian art under the patronage of the kings of akkad. fortunately, however, we possess an interesting example of the same class of treatment, which undoubtedly dates from a period anterior to the semitic domination. -this is afforded by a perforated plaque, somewhat similar to the more primitive ones of ur-ninâ,[24] engraved in shallow relief with a libation-scene. the figure of a man, completely nude and with shaven head and face, raises a libation-vase with a long spout, from which he is about to pour water into a vase holding two palm leaves and a flowering branch. -[25] the goddess in whose honour the rite is being performed is seated in the mountains, represented as in later times by a number of small lozenges or half circles. while her feet and knees are in profile, the head is represented full-face, and the sculptor's want of skill in this novel treatment has led him to assign the head a size out of all proportion to the rest of the body. the effect is almost grotesque, but the work is of considerable interest as one of the earliest attempts on the part of the sumerian sculptors to break away from the stiff and formal traditions of the archaic period. from the general style of the work the relief may probably be dated about the period of eannatum's reign. -[illustration: fig. 20. perforated plaque engraved with a scene representing the pouring out of a libation before a goddess.--in the louvre; cat. no. -11.] the sumerians did not attain the decorative effect of the assyrian bas-reliefs with which the later kings lined the walls of their palaces. in fact, the small size of the figures rendered them suitable for the enrichment of stelæ, plaques, basins and stone vases, rather than for elaborate wall sculptures, for which in any case they had not the material. -the largest fragment of an early bas-relief that has been recovered appears to have formed the angle of a stone pedestal, and is decorated with figures in several registers representing ceremonies of sumerian worship. -[26] in the upper register on the side that is best preserved is a priest leading worshippers into the presence of a god, while below is a crouching figure, probably that of a woman who plays on a great lyre or harp of eleven cords, furnished with two uprights and decorated with a horned head and the figure of a bull. on the side in the upper row is a heavily bearded figure on a larger scale than the rest, and the mixture of sumerian and semitic types in the figures preceding him suggests that the monument is to be assigned to the period of semitic domination, under the rule of the kings of kish or akkad. but it is obviously sumerian in character, resembling the work of gudea's period rather than that of narâm-sin. -[illustration: fig. 21.--fragments of sculpture belonging to the best period of sumerian art.--déc., pl. 25, figs. -4 and 6.] the perfection of detail which characterized the best work of the sumerian sculptors is well illustrated by two fragments of reliefs, parts of which are drawn in outline in the accompanying blocks. the one on the left is from a bas-relief representing a line of humped cattle and horned sheep defiling past the spectator. it is badly broken, but enough is preserved to show the surprising fidelity with which the sculptor has reproduced the animal's form and attitude. @@ -10565,26 +9714,18 @@ the same high qualities of design and workmanship are visible in the little frag of the main sculpture only a human foot remains; but it is beautifully modelled. the decorative border below the foot represents the spouting vase with its two streams of water and two fish swimming against the stream. a plant rises from the vase between the streams, the symbol of vegetation nourished by the waters. -[27] the extreme delicacy of the original shows to what degree of perfection sumerian work attained during the best period. the use of sculpture in relief was also most happily employed for the decoration of basins or fountains. the most elaborate of those recovered, unhappily represented by mutilated fragments only, was decorated on the outside with a chain of female figures passing from hand to hand vases of spouting water. -[28] better preserved are the remains of another basin, which was set up by gudea in ningirsu's temple at lagash. rectangular in shape, each corner was decorated with a lion. the head, drawn in the accompanying block, is a fine piece of sculpture, and almost stands out from the corner, while the body, carved in profile on the side of the basin, is in low relief. in this portrayal of a lion turning its head, the designer has formed a bold but decorative combination of relief with sculpture in the round. -[illustration: fig. 22.--limestone head of a lion which decorated the corner of a basin set up by gudea in ningirsu's temple at lagash (shirpurla).--déc., pl. 24, fig. -3.] the most famous examples of sumerian sculpture are the statues of gudea, and the rather earlier one of ur-bau, which, however, lose much of their character by the absence of their heads. -it is true that a head has been fitted to a smaller and more recently found figure of gudea;[29] but this proves to be out of all proportion to the body--a defect that was probably absent from the larger statues. the traditional attitude of devotion, symbolized by the clasping of the hands over the breast, gives them a certain monotony; but their modelling is superior to anything achieved by the babylonians and assyrians of a later time. -[30] thus there is a complete absence of exaggeration in the rendering of the muscles; the sculptor has not attempted by such crude and conventional methods to ascribe to his model a supernatural strength and vigour, but has worked direct from nature. they are carved in diorite, varying in colour from dark green to black, and that so hard a material should have been worked in the large masses required, is in itself an achievement of no small importance, and argues great technical skill on the part of the sculptors of the later period. -[illustration: fig. 23.--upper part of a female statuette of diorite, of the period of gudea or a little later.--déc., pl. 24 bis, fig. -2.] for smaller figures and statuettes a softer stone, such as white limestone, alabaster, or onyx, was usually employed, but a few in the harder stone have been recovered. the most remarkable of these is a diorite statuette of a woman, the upper part of which has been preserved. the head and the torso were found separately, but thanks to their hard material they join without leaving a trace of any break. @@ -10594,139 +9735,91 @@ her hair, undulating on the temples, is bound in a head-cloth and falls in the f the drawing in fig. 23 scarcely does justice to the beauty of the face, since it exaggerates the conventional representation of the eyebrows, and reproduces the texture of the stone at the expense of the outline. moreover, the face is almost more striking in profile. -[31] the nose, though perfectly straight, is rather large, but this is clearly a racial characteristic. even so, the type of female beauty portrayed is singularly striking, and the manner in which the sumerian sculptor has succeeded in reproducing it was not approached in the work of any later period. another head from a female statuette, with the hair dressed in a similar fashion, is equally beautiful. the absence of part of the nose tends to give it a rather less marked ethnographic character, and probably increases the resemblance which has been claimed for it to types of classical antiquity. -[32] -[illustration: fig. 24.--limestone head of a female statuette belonging to the best period of sumerian art.--déc., pl. 25, fig. -2.] the art of casting in metal was also practised by the sumerians, and even in the earliest period, anterior to the reign of ur-ninâ, small foundation-figures have been discovered, which were cast solid in copper. in fact, copper was the metal most commonly employed by the sumerians, and their stage of culture throughout the long period of their history may be described as a copper age, rather than an age of bronze. -it is true that the claim is sometimes put forward, based on very unsatisfactory evidence, that the sumerian metal-founders used not only tin but also antimony in order to harden copper, and at the same time render it more fusible;[33] and it is difficult to explain the employment of two ideograms for the metal, even in the earlier periods, unless one signified bronze and the other copper. -[34] but a careful analysis by m. berthelot of the numerous metal objects found at tello, the dates of which can be definitely ascertained, has shown that, even under the later rulers of lagash and the kings of ur, not only votive figures, but also tools and weapons of copper, contain no trace of tin employed as an alloy. -[35] as at tello, so at tell sifr, the vessels and weapons found by loftus are of copper, not bronze. -[36] the presence of an exceedingly small proportion of elements other than copper in the objects submitted to analysis was probably not intentional, but was due to the necessarily imperfect method of smelting that was employed. -[illustration: clay relief stamped with the figure of the babylonian hero gilgamesh, holding a vase from which two streams of water flow. brit. mus., no. -21204.] -[illustration: fragment of limestone sculptured in relief with vases from which streams of water flow. brit. mus., no. -95477] no trace has yet been found of any mould used by the sumerians in the process of casting metal, but we may assume that clay was employed both for solid and hollow castings. while many figures of the same form have been found, no two are exactly alike nor of quite the same proportions, so that it may be inferred that a mould was never used a second time, but that each was broken in order to remove the casting. the copper foundation-figures usually take the form of nails, terminating with the bust of a female figure, and they were set in a socket beneath stone foundation-inscriptions which they support. -later, votive objects, cast in copper, represent male figures, bearing on their heads the builder's basket, in which is clay for the sacred bricks of the temple's foundation; or they consist of great cones or nails supporting a recumbent bull,[37] or clasped by the kneeling figure of a god. -[38] large figures of wood were sometimes covered with thin plates of copper joined by a series of small nails or rivets, as is proved by the horn of a bull of natural size, which has been discovered at tello. -[39] but hollow castings in copper of a considerable size have also been found. a good example is the bull's head, figured in the accompanying block, which probably dates from a period not later than the close of ur-ninâ's dynasty. its eyes are inlaid with mother-of-pearl and lapis-lazuli, and a very similar method of inlaying is met with in the copper head of a goat which was found at fâra. -[40] -[illustration: fig. 25--one of a series of copper female foundation-figures with supporting rings, buried in a structure of unburnt brick beneath stone foundation-records. from tello; period of ur-ninâ. déc., pl. 2 ter, fig. -3.] a far simpler process of manufacture was employed for the making of votive figures of terra-cotta, which, in order of development, preceded the use of metal for this purpose, though they continued to be manufactured in considerable quantities during the later periods. -here the mould, in a single piece, was cut in stone or some other hard material,[41] and the clay, after being impressed into it, was smoothed down on the back by hand. the flat border of clay left by the upper surface of the mould, was frequently not removed, so that the figures are sometimes found standing out from a flat background in the manner of a sculptured plaque, or bas-relief. in the period of gudea, the mould was definitely used as a stamp, thus returning to the original use from which its later employment was developed. interesting examples of such later stamped figures include representations of a god wearing a horned headdress, to which are added the ears of a bull, and of a hero, often identified with gilgamesh, who holds a vase from which two streams of water flow. -[42] the clay employed for the votive figures is extremely fine in quality, and most of them are baked to a degree of hardness resembling stone or metal. -[illustration: fig. 26-27.--heads of a bull and a goat cast in copper and inlaid with mother-of-pearl, lapis-lazuli, etc. the bull's head was found at tello, and that of the goat at fâra.--déc., pl. 5 ter, fig. 2; zeits. -für ethnol., 1901, p. -163.] -[illustration: fig. 28. stamped terra-cotta figure of a bearded god, wearing the horned headdress, to which are attached the ears of a bull. period of gudea.--déc., pl. 39, fig. -3.] the art of inlaying was widely practised by the sumerians, who not only treated metal in this way, but frequently attempted to give more expression or life to stone statues by inlaying the white of the eye with mother-of-pearl or shell, and representing the pupil and iris by lapis-lazuli or bitumen. a similar method was employed to enrich votive stone figures of animals, and to give a varied and polychrome effect to vases carved in stone. the finest example of this class of work is a libation-vase of gudea made of dark green steatite, which was dedicated by him to his patron deity ningishzida. the vase has a short projecting spout running up from the base and grooved, so as to allow only a small stream of liquid to escape during the pouring of a libation. its scheme of decoration is interesting as it affords an excellent example of the more fantastic side of sumerian art, inspired by a large and important section of the religious belief. the two intertwined serpents, whose tongues touch the point where the liquid would leave the vase, are modelled from nature, but the winged monsters on each side well illustrate the sumerian origin of later babylonian demonology. -[illustration: fig. 29. scheme of decoration from a libation-vase of gudea, made of dark green steatite and originally inlaid with shell. déc., pl. 44, fig. 2; cf. -cat., p. -281.] it is probable that such composite monsters, with the bodies and heads of serpents and the wings and talons of birds, were originally malevolent in character, but here, like the serpents, they are clearly represented as tamed, and in the service of the god to whom the vase was dedicated. -this is sufficiently proved by the ringed staffs they carry,[43] their modified horned headdresses, and their carefully twisted locks of hair. they were peculiarly sacred to ningishzida and in fig. 12 they may be seen rising as emblems from his shoulders. the rich effect of the dark green steatite was originally enhanced by inlaying, for the bodies of the dragons are now pitted with deep holes. these were no doubt originally inlaid with some other material, probably shell, which has been found employed for this purpose in a fragment of a vase of a very similar character. -[illustration: impression of a cylinder-seal engraved with scenes representing an early babylonian hero, probably gilgamesh, in conflict with a lion.--brit. mus., no. -89147.] -[illustration: impression of a cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing gilgamesh and ea-bani in conflict with bulls in a wooded and mountainous country.--brit. mus., no. -89308.] -[illustration: impression of a cylinder-seal engraved with a scene representing mythological beings, bulls, and lions in conflict.--brit. mus., no. -89538.] in the same category with the monsters on the vase we may class the human-headed bulls, of which small sculptured figures, in a recumbent attitude, have been found at tello; these were afterwards adopted by the assyrian kings, and employed as the colossal guardians of their palace door-ways. the extent to which this particular form of composite monster was employed for religious and decorative purposes may be seen on the cylinder-seals, upon which in the earlier period it represents the favourite device. examples are frequently found in decorative combinations, together with figures of early bearded heroes, possibly to be identified with gilgamesh, and with a strange creature, half-man and half-bull, resembling the later descriptions of ea-bani, who strive with lions and other animals. -[44] gudea's catalogue of the temple furniture and votive objects, with which he enriched e-ninnû, throws light upon the manner in which sumerian art reflected this aspect of the sumerian religion. some of the legends and beliefs may well have been derived from semitic sources, but the imagery, which exerted so strong an influence upon the development of their art, may probably be traced to the sumerians themselves. the engraving upon cylinder-seals during the sumerian period appears to have been done generally by hand, without the help of a drill or a revolving tool. -[45] outline engraving with the point was also practised, that on stone having probably preceded the use of the bas-relief,[46] but it continued to be employed in the later periods for the decoration of metal and shell. the finest example of metal engraving is the silver vase of entemena, around which is incised in outline a decorative band, consisting of variations of the emblem of lagash, arranged beneath a row of seven calves. but the largest number of designs engraved in outline have been found, not upon stone or metal, but upon shell. it is an interesting fact that among the smaller objects found by m. de sarzec at tello, there is not a single fragment of ivory, and it would seem that this material was not known to the earliest inhabitants of babylonia, a fact which has some bearing on the disputed question of their relations to egypt, and to the earlier stages of egyptian culture. -[47] from the earliest period at lagash fragments of shell were employed in place of ivory, and the effect produced by it is nearly the same. certain species of great univalves or conch-shells, which are found in the indian ocean, have a thick core or centre, and these furnished the material for a large number of the earliest cylinder-seals. small plaques or lozenges could also be obtained from the core by sectional cutting, while the curved part of the shell was sometimes employed for objects to which its convex form could be adapted. the numerous flat lozenges that have been found are shaped for inlaying furniture, caskets, and the like, and curved pieces were probably fitted to others of a like shape in order to form small cups and vases. each piece is decorated with fine engraving, and in nearly every instance the outline is accentuated by the employment of a very slight relief. the designs are often spirited, and they prove that even in the earliest periods the sumerian draughtsman had attained to a high standard of proficiency. -one of the most interesting engraved fragments that have been recovered consists of a slightly curved piece of shell, which probably formed part of a small bowl or cup. the rest of the side seems to have been built up of pieces of similar shape, held together by bitumen, or, more probably, fitted to a metal lining by rivets through holes in the shell. the scene engraved upon the fragment represents a lion seizing a bull in a thicket of shrubs or high flowering plants. though the group upon the fragment is complete in itself, there are indications that it formed only part of a more elaborate composition. -[illustration: fig. 30--convex panel of shell from the side of a cup, engraved with a scene representing a lion attacking a bull; early sumerian period. déc., pl. 46, no. 3; cf. cat. -p. 189] for in the space on the right of the fragment behind the lion's mane are engraved two weapons. the upper one is a hilted dagger with its point towards the lion; this may be compared with the short daggers held by the mythological beings resembling ea-bani upon one of lugal-anda's seals, with which they are represented as stabbing lions in the neck. -[48] below is a hand holding a curved mace or throwing stick, formed of three strands bound with leather thongs or bands of metal, like that held by eannatum upon the stele of the vultures. -[49] it is, therefore, clear that on the panel to the right of the lion and bull a king, or patesi, was represented in the act of attacking the lion, and we may infer that the whole of the cup was decorated with a continuous band of engraving, though some of the groups in the design may have been arranged symmetrically, with repetitions such as are found upon the earlier cylinder-seals. the position of the lion upon the fragment, represented with luxuriant mane and with head facing the spectator, and the vigour of the design as a whole combined with certain inequalities of treatment, have suggested a comparison with the lions upon the sculptured mace-head of mesilim. the piece has, therefore, been assigned to the epoch of the earlier kings of kish, anterior to the period of ur-ninâ. -[50] it may perhaps belong to the rather later period of ur-ninâ's dynasty, but, even so, it suffices to indicate the excellence in design and draughtsmanship attained by the earlier sumerians. in vigour and originality their representations of animals were unequalled by those of the later inhabitants of babylonia and assyria, until shortly before the close of the assyrian empire. but the sumerian artists only gradually acquired their skill, and on some of the engraved fragments recovered it is possible to trace an advance on earlier work. the designs in the accompanying blocks have been selected as illustrating, to some extent, the change which gradually took place in the treatment of animal forms by the sumerians. -[illustration: fig. 31.--fig. 32.--fig. 33. three fragments of shell engraved with animal forms, which illustrate the growth of a naturalistic treatment in sumerian design.--déc., pl. 46, nos. -4, 5, and 8.] of the three designs, that on the left is engraved upon a convex piece of shell, thin as the shell of an egg; it represents a lion-headed eagle which has swooped down upon the back of a human-headed bull and is attacking him with mouth and claws. the subject resembles that found upon the most primitive sumerian cylinder-seals, and its rough and angular treatment is sufficient indication of the very archaic character of the work. the central panel resembles in shape that of the lion and the bull. -[51] the design represents a leaping ibex with flowering plants in the background, and the drawing is freer and less stiff than that of the animals on the silver vase of entemena. -[52] some archaic characteristics may still be noted, such as the springing tufts of hair at the joints of the hind legs; but the general treatment of the subject marks a distinct advance upon the archaic conventions of the earlier fragment. the third design is that of a leaping kid, engraved upon a flat piece of shell and cut out for inlaying. here the drawing is absolutely true to nature, and the artist has even noted the slight swelling of the head caused by the growing horns. the sumerians do not appear to have used complete shells for engraving, like those found on assyrian and aegean sites. @@ -10739,14 +9832,12 @@ the panels in the accompanying blocks will serve to show that the same tradition they include a bearded hero, the eagle attacking the bull, a hero in conflict with a lion, the lion-headed eagle of lagash, a winged lion, a lion attacking an ibex, and a stag. even when allowance is made for the difficulties presented by the material, it will be seen that the designs themselves rank far below those found upon shell. the employment of mother-of-pearl for engraving may thus be assigned to a period of decadence in sumerian art when it had lost much of its earlier freshness and vigour. -[illustration: fig. 34.--fig. 35.--fig. 36.--fig. 37. four panels of mother-of pearl, engraved with sumerian designs, which were employed for inlaying the handles of daggers. they belong to a period of decadence in sumerian art.--in the louvre; cat. nos. -232 ff.] the above brief sketch of the principal forms and productions of sumerian art may serve to vindicate the claim of the sumerians to a place among the more artistic races of antiquity. much oriental art is merely quaint, or interesting from its history and peculiarities, but that of the sumerians is considerably more than this. its sculpture never acquired the dull monotony of the assyrian bas-reliefs with their over-elaboration of detail, intended doubtless to cloak the poverty of the design. @@ -10754,192 +9845,88 @@ certain conventions persisted through all periods, but the sumerian sculptor was he relied largely on his own taste and intelligence, and even the earliest work is bold and spirited. after centuries of independent development fresh vigour was introduced by the nomad semitic races who settled in the north, but in the hands of the later semites the sumerian ideals were not maintained. for the finest period of babylonian art we must go back to a time some centuries before the founding of the babylonian monarchy. - [1] these have been collected and translated by thureau-dangin in "les inscriptions de sumer et d'akkad," the german edition of which, published under the title "die sumerischen und akkadischen königsinschriften" in the vorderasiatische bibliothek, includes the author's corrections and an introduction; a glossary to subjects of a religious character, compiled by langdon, is added to the german edition of the work. -[2] cf. -thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," pp. -228 ff., where the lists are restored from dates on early tablets; for the earlier date-formulæ from tablets, see pp. 224 ff. -[3] see hilprecht, "mathematical, metrological, and chronological tablets," p. 46 f., pl. 30, no. 47. -[4] cf. "cun. inscr. west. -asia," v., pl. 64, col. ii., ll. 54-65. -[5] hilprecht formerly placed the founding of enlil's temple and the first settlement at nippur "somewhere between 6000 and 7000 b.c., possibly even earlier" (cf. "old babylonian inscriptions chiefly from nippur," pt. -ii., p. 24.) -[6] see lehmann-haupt, "zwei hauptprobleme," pp. -172 ff., and winckler, "forschungen," i., p. 549; "die keilinschriften und das alte testament" (3rd ed. -), i., p. 17 f., and "mitteil. der vorderas. -gesellschaft," 1906, i., p. 12, n. 1; cf. -also thureau-dangin, "rev. -d'assyr.," iv., p. 72, and "rec. -de tabl.," p. ix. -[7] cf. -radau, "early babylonian history," pp. 30 ff., 215 ff. -[8] cf. -king, "chronicles," i., p. 16. this explanation is preferable to lehmann-haupfs emendation of the figures, by which he suggests that a thousand years were added to it by a scribal error. the principle of emending the figures in these later chronological references is totally unscientific. for the emenders, while postulating mechanical errors in the writing of the figures, still regard the calculations of the native scribes as above reproach; whereas many of their figures, which are incapable of emendation, are inconsistent with each other. -[9] for references, see king, "chronicles," i., p. 77. n. 1. -[10] op. -cit., pp. 93 ff. -[11] op. -cit., chap. -iv. f. meyer also adopts this view ("geschichte des altertums," bd. i., hft. -ii., p. 340 f.). -[12] cf. -"chronicles," i., pp. 90 ff. -[13] the purely arbitrary character of the assumption is well illustrated by the different results obtained by those who make it. by clinging to berossus's date of 2232 b.c., thureau-dangin assigns to the second dynasty of the kings' list a period of 168 years of independent rule in babylon (cf. "zeits. -für assyr.," xxi., pp. -176 ff., and "journal des savants," 1908, pp. 190 ff. ), and ungnad 177 years ("orient. lit.-zeit.," 1907, col. 638, 1908, col. 63 ff.). -lehmann-haupt, in his suggested reconciliation of the new data with his former emendation of the bavian date, makes the period 80 years ("klio," 1908, pp. 227 e). poebel, ignoring berossus and attempting to reconcile the native chronological notices to early kings, makes it 160 years (cf. "zeits. -für assyr.," xxi., pp. 162 ff.). the latest combination is that proposed by schnabel, who accepts the date of 2232 b.c. for both the system of berossus and that represented by the kings' list, but places the historical beginning of the first dynasty in 2172 b.c. ; this necessitates a gap of 120 years between dynasties i. and iii. -("mitteil. der vorderas. -gesellschaft," 1908, pp. 241 ff.). but all these systems are mainly based on a manipulation of the figures, and completely ignore the archaeological evidence. -[14] see below, chap. -xi., pp. 313 ff. -[15] cf. hilprecht, "math., met., and chron. -tabl.," p. 55, n. 1. -[16] thureau-dangin would assign only one hundred years to this period (cf. -"journal des savants," 1908, p. 201). -[17] the period may well have been longer, especially if manishtusu should prove to have been the contemporary of urukagina. -[18] see below, pp. 176, n. 2, 209 f. -[19] for a list of the kings and rulers of sumer and akkad with their approximate dates, see the list of rulers at the end of the volume. -[20] see the plate opposite p. 62. the objects have been previously published by hayes ward in "proc. amer. orient. soc.," oct., 1885, and "amer. journ. arch.," vol. -iv. -(1888), pp. 39 ff. they subsequently found their way into a london sale-room, where they were bought as forgeries and presented as such to the british museum. -[21] our knowledge of sumerian art is mainly derived from the finds at tello, since the objects from other early sites are not yet published. for its best and fullest discussion, see heuzey's descriptions in "découvertes en chaldée," his "catalogue des antiquités chaldéennes," "une villa royale chaldéenne," and the "revue d'assyriologie"; cf. also perrot and chipiez, "histoire de l'art," vol. ii. the finest examples of semitic art have been found at susa (see de morgan, "mémoires de la délégation en perse," passim). a scientific treatment of the subject is adopted by meyer in "sumerier und semiten," but he is inclined to assign too much credit to the semite, and to overestimate his share in the artistic development of the two races. -[22] see below, p. 267, fig. 66. -[23] see the photographic reproduction in "déc. en chaldée," pl. 22, fig. 5. -[24] for the use of these perforated sculptures, see below, p. 110 f. -[25] the rite is represented upon other sumerian monuments such as the stele of the vultures (see below, p. 140). heuzey suggests that the liturgy may have forbidden the loss of the libation-water, the rite symbolizing its use for the profit of vegetation; cf. -"catalogue des antiquités chaldéennes," p. 118. -[26] see the plate opposite p. 52. -[27] cf. heuzey, "déc. -en chaldée," p. 218; "catalogue," p. 149. -[28] see "déc. en chaldée," pl. 24, fig. -4, pp. 216 ff. -[29] see the plate opposite p. 268. -[30] for the seated statue of gudea as the architect of gatumdug's temple, see the plate opposite p. 66; and for descriptions of the statues, see chap. -ix., p. 269 f. -[31] see the very beautiful drawing in outline which heuzey prints on the title-page of his catalogue. -[32] cf. heuzey, "déc. -en chaldée," p. 158. -[33] it should be noted that of the seven objects from nippur and other south-babylonian sites which were submitted to analysis by herr otto helm in danzig, only two contained a percentage of tin (cf. -"zeitschrift für ethnologie," 1901, pp. 157 ff.). -of these a nail (op. -cit., p. 161) is from a stratum in nippur, dated by prof. hilprecht himself after 300 a.d. the "stilusartige instrument," which, like the nail, contained over five per cent, of tin, was not found at nippur, but is said to have come from a mound about thirty miles to the south of it. nothing is therefore known with accuracy as to its date. the percentage of antimony in the other objects is comparatively small, and the dates assigned to them are not clearly substantiated. -these facts do not justify hilprecht's confident statement in "explorations," p. 252. meyer also credits the earliest sumerians with using bronze beside copper, and he describes the axe-heads and arm-rings found in the early graves as of bronze (cf. "geschichte des altertums," bd. i., hft. -ii., p. 416 f.); but he also describes the little foundation-figures from the oldest stratum at tello as of bronze, whereas analysis has proved them to be copper. -[34] this point is made by sayce (cf. -"the archaeology of the cuneiform inscriptions," p. 59 f.), who, however, holds the definite opinion that nothing of bronze has been discovered on the earlier sites (op. -cit., p. 55 f.). -[35] cf. -berthelot, "la chimie au moyen âge," tome i., appendix ix., p. 391 f.; "introduction à l'étude de la chimie," p. 227 f., and heuzey in "déc. -en chaldée," p. 238; antimony is said to have been known and used by itself, though not as an alloy (berthelot, "introd.," p. 223), but there is no proof of the date of the fragment from tello, which was analysed. it may be added that the votive figures of gudea's reign, which are preserved in the british museum and are usually regarded as of bronze (cf. -the plate opposite p. 272), should, since they came from tello, be more accurately described as of copper. -[36] see loftus, "chaldaea and susiana," p. 268 f., who describes all the objects as of copper. -one of the knives excavated by loftus was subsequently analysed and found to be copper (see "report of the british assoc.," nottingham, 1893, p. 715); this analysis was confirmed by that of dr. j. h. gladstone (published in the "proc. soc. bibl. arch.," vol. -xvi., p. 98 f.). a careful analysis of the metal objects found by members of the deutsche orient-gesellschaft at fâra in 1902 and 1903, and styled by them as bronze (see "mitteilungen," no. -17, p. 6), would probably result in proving the absence of any alloy. -[37] see the blocks on p. 256. -[38] see the plate opposite p. 272. -[39] see "déc. en chaldée," pl. 45, fig. 1. -[40] see fig. 27, and cf. -hilprecht, "explorations," p. 539 f. -[41] like the brick-stamps, they may sometimes have been made of clay burnt to an extreme hardness. -[42] see the stamped figure published on the plate opposite p. 72 from a terra-cotta in the british museum. -[43] the ringed staff occurs as a sacred emblem upon cylinder-seals, and is sometimes carried by heroes (cf. -p. 82, fig. 34). -a colossal example of one, made of wood and sheathed in copper, was found at tello by de sarzec (see heuzey, "rev. -d'assyr.," iv., p. 112, and "déc. en chaldée," pl. 57, fig. 1), but the precise use and significance of the object has not been determined. -[44] see the plate opposite p. 76, and see below, p. 174 f. -[45] it should be noted that a few of the early cylinder-seals found at fâra andrae considers to have been engraved with the help of the wheel (see "mitteil. der deutsch. orient-gesellschaft," no. -17, p. 5). the suggestion has also been made that, on the introduction of harder stones, the cutting tool may have been tipped with a flake of corundum; cf. -hayes ward, "cylinders and other oriental seals," p. 13. -[46] for early examples, see above, p. 49. -[47] see further, chap. xii. -[48] see below, p. 175. -[49] see the plate opposite p. 124. -[50] see heuzey, "catalogue," p. 387. -[51] see above, p. 79, fig. 30. -[52] see above, p. 78, and below, p. 167 f. chapter iv the earliest settlements in sumer; the dawn of history and the rise of lagash in their origin the great cities of babylonia were little more than collections of rude huts constructed at first of reeds cut in the marshes, and gradually giving place to rather more substantial buildings of clay and sun-dried brick. @@ -10966,31 +9953,25 @@ in the summer the marshes in the neighbourhood of the mounds consist of pools of although, during the floods, niffer is at times nearly isolated, the water never approaches within a considerable distance of the actual mounds. this is not due to any natural configuration of the soil, but to the fact that around the inner city, the site of which is marked by the mounds, there was built an outer ring of habitations at a time when the enclosed town of the earlier periods became too small to contain the growing population. the american excavations, which have been conducted on the site between the years 1889 and 1900, have shown that the earliest area of habitation was far more restricted than the mounds which cover the inner city. -[1] in the plan on p. 88 it will be seen that this portion of the site is divided into two parts by the ancient bed of the shatt en-nîl. the contours of the mounds are indicated by dotted lines, and each of them bears a number in roman figures. mound iii. is that which covered e-kur, the temple of enlil, and it was around the shrine, in the shaded area upon the plan, that the original village or settlement was probably built. here in the lowest stratum of the mound were found large beds of wood-ashes and animal bones, the remains of the earliest period of occupation. -[illustration: early babylonian plan of the temple of enlil at nippur and its enclosure, drawn upon a clay tablet dating from the first half of the second millennium b.c. the labels on the plan are translated from notes on the original.--cf. fisher, "excavations at nippur," i., pl. -1.] it is difficult to trace through all its stages the early growth of the city, but it would seem that the shrine in the centre of the town was soon raised upon an artificial mound to protect it during periods of inundation. moreover, as at fâra, the original settlement must have expanded quickly, for even below the mounds to the south-west of the shatt en-nîl, strata have been found similar in character to those under the temple-mound, as well as bricks and wells of the pre-sargonic period. in reconstructing the plan of the later areas occupied by the temple and its enclosure, considerable assistance has been obtained from an ancient plan of the temple, drawn upon a clay tablet that was found at nippur. from the form of the characters inscribed upon it, it does not appear to date from an earlier period than the first half of the second millennium b.c., but it may well be a copy of an older original since the form of its temple-enclose appears to agree with that in the time of narâm-sin as revealed by the excavations. in it the position of e-kur is marked at one end of a great enclosure surrounded by an irregular wall. the enclosure is cut by a canal or sluice, on the other side of which stood temple-storehouses. -[illustration: nippur: the inner city after fischer] the position of gates in the wall are marked, and it will be noted that a large stream, labelled the euphrates, washes its upper side, while on its other sides are terraces and moats. these details are incorporated in the accompanying plan, but their suggested relation to the remains uncovered in the course of the excavations is largely conjectural. moreover the period in the temple's history represented by the tablet is not certainly established, and some of the details such as the ground-plan of the temple itself may reproduce its later form. the most striking feature in the temple-area, which was uncovered in the course of the excavations, is the great temple-tower, or ziggurat, erected by ur-engur, and faced by him with kiln-baked bricks bearing his name and inscription. -[2] the ziggurat in its later and imposing form was built by him, though within its structure were found the cores of earlier and smaller towers, erected by narâm-sin and during the pre-sargonic period. in fact, ur-engur considerably altered the appearance of the temple. in addition to building the ziggurat, he raised the level of the inner court above narâm-sin's pavement, and he straightened the course of the outer wall, using that of narâm-sin as a foundation where it crossed his line. his wall also included mounds xii. -and v., in the latter of which many of the temple-archives have been found. during the kassite period these were stored in buildings in mound x., across the shatt en-nîl in the area included within the inner city during the later periods. an alteration in the course of the river from the north-east to the south-west side of the temple area probably dates from the period of samsu-iluna, who upon a cone found in débris in the temple-court records that he erected a dam and dug out a new channel for the euphrates. his object in doing so was probably to bring a supply of water within reach of the later extension of the city on the south-west side. @@ -11001,35 +9982,28 @@ on the latter site, however, a number of earlier constructions have been discove apart from private dwellings, they are the only buildings of the early sumerians that have as yet been recovered, and they forcibly illustrate the primitive character of the cities of this time. the group of oldest constructions at tello was discovered in the mound known as k, which rises to a height of seventeen metres above the plain. it is the largest and highest after the palace tell, to the south-east of which it lies at a distance of about two hundred metres. -[3] here, during his later excavations on the site, m. de sarzec came upon the remains of a regular agricultural establishment, which throw an interesting light upon certain passages in the early foundation-inscriptions referring to constructions of a practical rather than of a purely religious character. it is true the titles of these buildings are often difficult to explain, but the mention of different classes of plantations in connection with them proves that they were mainly intended for agricultural purposes. their titles are most frequently met with in entemena's records, but ur-ninâ refers by name to the principal storehouse, and the excavations have shown that before his time this portion of the city had already acquired its later character. here was situated the administrative centre of the sacred properties attached to the temples, and possibly also those of the patesi himself. it is true that the name of ningirsu's great storehouse does not occur upon bricks or records found in the ancient structures upon tell k, but it is quite possible that this was not a name for a single edifice, but was a general title for the whole complex of buildings, courts and outhouses employed in connection with the preparation and storage of produce from the city's lands and plantations. -[illustration: south-eastern facade of a building at tello, erected by ur-nina, king of shirpurla.--déc. en chald., pl. -54.] at a depth of only two and a half metres from the surface of the tell m. de sarzec came upon a building of the period of gudea, of which only the angle of a wall remained. but, unlike the great palace tell, where the lowest diggings revealed nothing earlier than the reign of ur-bau, a deepening of his trenches here resulted in the recovery of buildings dating from the earliest periods in the history of the city. in accordance with the practice of the country, as each new building had been erected on the site, the foundations of the one it had displaced were left intact and carefully preserved within the new platform, in order to raise the building still higher above the plain and form a solid substructure for its support. to this practice we owe the preservation, in a comparatively complete form, of the foundations of earlier structures in the mound. at no great depth beneath gudea's building were unearthed the remains of ur-ninâ's storehouse. comparatively small in size, it is oriented by its angles, the two shorter sides facing north-west and south-east, and the two longer ones south-west and north-east, in accordance with the normal sumerian system. -[4] it was built of kiln-baked bricks, not square and flat like those of gudea or of sargon and narâm-sin, but oblong and plano-convex, and each bore the mark of a right thumb imprinted in the middle of its convex side. a few of the bricks that were found bear ur-ninâ's name in linear characters, and record his construction of the "house of girsu," while one of them refers to the temple of ningirsu. these may not have been in their original positions, but there is little doubt that the storehouse dates from ur-ninâ's reign, and it may well have been employed in connection with the temple of the city-god. built upon a platform composed of three layers of bricks set in bitumen, the walls of the building were still preserved to the height of a few feet. it is to be noted that on none of the sides is there a trace of any doorway or entrance, and it is probable that access was obtained from the outside by ladders of wood, or stairways of unburnt brick, reaching to the upper story. at d and e on the plan are traces of what may have been either steps or buttresses, but these do not belong to the original building and were added at a later time. the absence of any entrance certainly proves that the building was employed as a storehouse. -[5] within the building are two chambers, the one square (a), the other of a more oblong shape (b). they were separated by a transverse passage or corridor (c), which also ran round inside the outer walls, thus giving the interior chamber additional security. the double walls were well calculated to protect the interior from damp or heat, and would render it more difficult for pillagers to effect an entrance. both in the chambers and the passages a coating of bitumen was spread upon the floor and walls. here grain, oil, and fermented drink could have been stored in quantity, and the building may also have served as a magazine for arms and tools, and for the more precious kinds of building material. -[illustration: tello: store-house of ur-ninâ.] around the outside of the building, at a distance of about four metres from it, are a series of eight brick bases, two on each side, in a direct line with the walls. -[6] on these stood pillars of cedar-wood, of which the charred remains were still visible. they probably supported a great wooden portico or gallery, which ran round the walls of the building and was doubtless used for the temporary storage of goods and agricultural implements. on the north-east side of the building a brick pavement (f) extended for some distance beyond the gallery, and at the southern angle, within the row of pillars and beneath the roof of the portico, was a small double basin (g) carefully lined with bitumen. at a greater distance from the house were two larger basins or tanks (i and k), with platforms built beside them of brick and bitumen (j and l); with one of them was connected a channel or water-course (m). @@ -11041,67 +10015,44 @@ it is strange that the building itself is not in the centre of the platform and it consists of two chambers, each with a doorway, the smaller chamber (a) on a level with the platform, the larger one (b) considerably below it, from which it must have been reached by a ladder. at intervals along the surface of the walls were cavities lined with bitumen, which may have supported the wooden columns of a superstructure, or possibly the supports of an arched roof of reeds. it is possible that we here have a form of religious edifice, but the depth of the larger chamber suggests that, like ur-ninâ's building, it was employed as a sort of store-house or treasure-chamber. -[illustration: tello: building anterior to ur-ninâ after de sarzec] the bricks of the building were small and plano-convex, with thumb-impressions and without inscriptions, so that it is impossible to recover the name of its builder. but the objects found at the same deep level indicate a high antiquity, and present us with a picture of some of the inhabitants of the country at a time when this building, which was one of the oldest constructions at lagash, stood upon the surface of the mound. -the circular relief, sculptured with the meeting of the chieftains,[7] was found in fragments near the building. another archaic piece of sculpture of the same remote period, which was also found in the neighbourhood, represents a figure, crowned with palm-branches; one hand is raised in an attitude of speech or adoration, and on the right are two standards supporting what appear to be colossal mace-heads. the sex of the figure is uncertain, but it may well be that of a woman; the lines below the chin which come from behind the ear, are not necessarily a beard, but may be intended for a thick lock of hair falling over the right shoulder. the scene probably represents an act of worship, and an archaic inscription on the field of the plaque appears to record a list of offerings, probably in honour of ningirsu, whose name is mentioned together with that of his temple e-ninnû. it is interesting to note that in this very early age the temple of the city-god of lagash already bore its later name. -[illustration: fig. 38.--archaic plaque from tello, engraved in low relief with a scene of adoration. in an inscription on the stone, which appears to enumerate a list of offerings, reference is made to ningirsu and his temple e-ninnû.--déc., pl. 1 bis, fig. -1.] the earliest written records of the sumerians which we possess, apart from those engraved upon stone and of a purely votive character, concern the sale and donation of land, and they prove that certain customs were already in vogue with regard to the transfer of property, which we meet with again in later historical periods. -a few such tablets of rounded form and fashioned of unburnt clay were found at lagash on tell k, and slightly below the level of ur-ninâ's building;[8] they may thus be assigned to a period anterior to his reign. others of the same rounded form, but of baked clay, have been found at shuruppak. it is a significant fact that several of these documents, after describing the amount of land sold and recording the principal price that was paid for it, enumerate a number of supplementary presents made by the buyer to the seller and his associates. -[9] the presents consist of oxen, oil, wool and cloth, and precisely similar gifts are recorded on the obelisk of manishtusu. -[10] it would thus appear that even in this early period the system of land tenure was already firmly established, which prevailed in both sumer and akkad under the earlier historical rulers. -from the shuruppak tablets we also learn the names of a number of early rulers or officials of that city, in whose reigns or periods of office the documents were drawn up. among the names recovered are those of ur-ninpa, kanizi and mash-shuruppak, but they are given no titles on the tablets, and it is impossible to say whether their office preceded that of the patesi, or whether they were magistrates of the city who were subordinate to a ruler of higher rank. another of these early deeds of sale is inscribed, not upon a tablet, but on the body of a black stone statuette that has been found at tello. -[11] from the text we learn that the buyer of the property was a certain lupad, and the figure is evidently intended to represent him. although it was found on the site of lagash, and the text records a purchase of land in that city, it is remarkable that lupad is described as a high official of the neighbouring city of umma, which was the principal rival of lagash during the greater part of its history. the archaic character of the sculpture, and the early form of writing upon it, suggest a date not much later than that of ur-ninâ, so that we must suppose the transaction took place at a period when one of the two rival cities acknowledged the suzerainty of the other. unlike other sumerian figures that have been recovered, lupad's head has a slight ridge over the brow and below the cheek-bones. this has been explained by heuzey as representing short hair and beard, but it more probably indicates the limits of those portions of the head and face that were shaved. -[12] thus lupad presents no exception to the general sumerian method of treating the hair. -[illustration: fig. 39.--figure of lupad, a high official of the city of umma, inscribed with a text recording a purchase of land in lagash (shirpurla); from tello.--in the louvre; cf. -comptes rendus, 1907, p. -518.] -[illustration: fig 40.--statue of essar, king of adab, preserved in the imperial ottoman museum at constantinople; from bismâya.] in order to assign a date to such figures as that of lupad, it is necessary, in the absence of other evidence, to be guided entirely by the style of the sculpture and the character of the writing. several such figures of archaic sumerian type have been recovered, and three of them represent kings who ruled in different cities at this early period. the finest of these is a standing figure of esar, king of adab, which was found in the course of the american excavations at bismâya, and is now preserved in the imperial ottoman museum at constantinople. -its discoverers claimed that it was the earliest example of sumerian sculpture known,[13] but it may be roughly placed at about the time of ur-ninâ's dynasty. -a second king is represented by two fragments of a statuette from tello, inscribed in archaic characters with a dedicatory text of e-abzu, king of umma,[14] while the third is a seated figure of a king of the northern city or district of ma'er, or mari, and is preserved in the british museum. -[15] the same uncertainty applies to the date of ur-enlil, a patesi of nippur, whose name is mentioned on one of the fragments of votive vases from that city which were found together on the south-east side of the temple-tower. -[16] as in the case of esar, king of adab, we can only assign these rulers approximately to the period of the earlier rulers of lagash. it is in the city of lagash that our knowledge of sumerian history may be said to begin. the excavation of the site has yielded an abundance of material from which it is possible to arrange her rulers for long periods in chronological order, and to reconstruct the part they played in conflicts between the early city-states. it is true that some of her earlier kings and patesis remain little more than names to us, but with the accession of ur-ninâ we enter a period in which our knowledge of events is continuous, so far at least as the fortunes of the city were concerned. with the growth of her power it is also possible to trace in some detail the relations she maintained with other great cities in the land. -[illustration: emblems of the city of lagash (shirpurla) and of the god ningirsu. the upper drawing represents a perforated plaque dedicated to ningirsu by ur-ninâ. below is a brick stamped with the figure of imgig, the lion-headed eagle of ningirsu.--in the louvre; cat. no. 7 and déc., pl. 31 bis, no. -1.] at the earliest period of which we have any historical records it would appear that the city of kish exercised a suzerainty over sumer. here there ruled at this time a king named mesilim, to whom lagash, and probably other great cities in the south, owed allegiance. during his reign a certain lugal-shag-engur was patesi of lagash, and we have definite record that he acknowledged mesilim's supremacy. for a votive mace-head of colossal size has been found at tello, which bears an inscription stating that it was dedicated to ningirsu by mesilim, who had restored his great temple at lagash during the time that lugal-shag-engur was patesi of that city. -[17] the text, the brevity of which is characteristic of these early votive inscriptions, consists of but a few words, and reads: "mesilim, king of kish, the builder of the temple of ningirsu, deposited this mace-head (for) ningirsu (at the time when) lugal-shag-engur (was) patesi of lagash." in spite of its brevity the importance of the inscription is considerable, since it furnishes a synchronism between two early rulers of sumer and the north. -[illustration: fig. 42.--mace-head, dedicated to ningirsu, the god of lagash (shirpula), by mesilim, king of kish, at the time of lugal-shag-engur, patesi of lagash.--déc., pl 1 ter, no. 2; cat. -no 4.] the weapon itself, upon which it is engraved, is also noteworthy. as may be inferred from its colossal size the mace was never intended for actual use in battle, but was sculptured by mesilim's orders with the special object of being dedicated in the temple of the god. it is decorated with rudely-carved figures of lions, which run around it and form a single composition in relief. @@ -11111,14 +10062,11 @@ unlike the majority of mace-heads, that of mesilim is not perforated from top to the hole for receiving the handle of the weapon, though deep, is not continued to the top of the stone, which is carved in low relief with a representation of a lion-headed eagle with wings outspread and claws extended. looked at from above, this fantastic animal appears as an isolated figure, but it is not to be separated from the lions running round the side of the mace-head. in fact, we may see in the whole composition a development of the symbol which formed the arms of the city of lagash, and was the peculiar emblem of the city-god ningirsu. -[18] in the latter, the lion-headed eagle grasps two lions by the back, and in mesilim's sacred mace we have the same motive of a lion-headed eagle above lions. it was, indeed, a peculiarly appropriate votive offering for an overlord of lagash to make. as suzerain of lagash, mesilim had repaired the temple of ningirsu, the city-god; the colossal mace-head, wrought with a design taken from the emblem of the city and its god, was thus a fitting object for his inscription. by depositing it in ningirsu's temple, he not only sought to secure the favour of the local god by his piety, but he left in his city a permanent record of his own dominion. of lugal-shag-engur we know as yet nothing beyond his name, and the fact that he was patesi of lagash at the time of mesilim, but the latter ruler has left a more enduring mark upon history. for a later patesi of lagash, entemena, when giving a historical summary of the relations which existed between his own city and the neighbouring city of umma, begins his account with the period of mesilim, and furnishes additional testimony to the part which this early king of kish played in the local affairs of southern babylonia. -[19] from mesilim's own inscription on the mace-head, we have already seen that he interested himself in the repair of temples and in fostering the local cults of cities in the south; from entemena's record we learn that his activities also extended to adjusting the political relations between the separate states. -the proximity of umma to lagash brought the two cities into constant rivalry, and, although they were separated by the shatt el-hai,[20] their respective territories were not always confined to their own sides of the stream. during the reign of mesilim the antagonism between the cities came to a head, and, in order to prevent the outbreak of hostilities, mesilim stepped in as arbitrator, possibly at the invitation of the two disputants. the point at issue concerned the boundary-line between the territories of lagash and umma, and mesilim, as arbitrator, drew up a treaty of delimitation. the form in which the record of the treaty is cast is of peculiar interest, for it forcibly illustrates the theocratic feeling of these early peoples. @@ -11126,21 +10074,17 @@ it is in accordance with their point of view that the actual patesis of lagash a the deity who presided over the conference, and at whose invitation the treaty is stated to have been made, was enlil, "the king of the lands." owing to his unique position among the local gods of babylonia, his divine authority was recognized by the lesser city-gods. thus it was at his command that ningirsu, the god of lagash, and the city-god of umma fixed the boundary. -it is true that mesilim, the king of kish, is referred to by name, but he only acted at the word of his own goddess kadi, and his duties were confined to making a record of the treaty which the gods themselves had drawn up. we could not have a more striking instance of the manner in which the early inhabitants of babylonia regarded the city-gods as the actual kings and rulers of their cities. the human kings and patesis were nothing more than ministers, or agents, appointed to carry out their will. thus, when one city made war upon another, it was because their gods were at feud; the territory of the city was the property of the city-god, and, when a treaty of delimitation was proposed, it was naturally the gods themselves who arranged it and drew up its provisions. we are enabled to fix approximately the period of mesilim by this reference to him upon the cone of entemena, but we have no such means of determining the date of another early ruler of the city of kish, whose name has been recovered during the american excavations on the site of nippur. three fragments of a vase of dark brown sandstone have been found there, engraved with an inscription of utug, an early patesi of kish. they are said to have been found in the strata beneath the chambers of the great temple of enlil on the south-east side of the ziggurat, or temple-tower. -[21] it would be rash to form any theory as to the date of the vase solely from the position in which the fragments are said to have been discovered, but the extremely archaic forms of the characters of the inscription suggest that it dates from the earliest period of babylonian history. moreover, utug is termed upon it patesi, not king, of kish, suggesting that he ruled at a time when kish had not the power and influence it enjoyed under mesilim. the hegemony in sumer and akkad constantly passed from one city to another, so that it is possible that utug should be set after mesilim, when the power of kish had temporarily declined. but as the characters of utug's inscription are far more archaic than those of mesilim, we may provisionally set him in the period before kish attained the rank of a kingdom in place of its patesiate. but how long an interval separated utug from mesilim there is no means of telling. -[illustration: limestone figures of early sumerian rulers.--brit. mus., nos. -22470 and 90828.] on the assumption that utug ruled in this early period, we may see in the fragments of his vase from nippur, evidence of the struggles by which the city of kish attained the position of supremacy it enjoyed under mesilim. for utug's vase was not carried to nippur as spoil from kish, but was deposited by utug himself in the temple of enlil, in commemoration of a victory he had achieved over the land of khamazi. we here learn the name of one of the enemies with whom kish had to fight in the early stages of its existence as an independent city-state, and we may conjecture that many more such battles had to be fought and won before its influence was felt beyond the boundaries of akkad by the sumerian cities in the south. @@ -11152,28 +10096,20 @@ whether he was a usurper or succeeded some other relative, and whether he follow it is probable that the early supremacy which kish enjoyed during the reign of mesilim continued for some time after his death. at any rate, the names of two other early rulers of that city are known, and, as they both bear the title of king, and not patesi, we may conclude that they lived during a period of the city's prosperity or expansion. the name of one of these kings, urzage, occurs upon a broken vase of white calcite stalagmite, which was found at nippur, approximately in the same place as the vase of the patesi utug. -[22] the inscription upon the vase records the fact that it was dedicated by urzage to enlil, "king of the lands." and his consort ninlil, "the lady of heaven and earth." the end of the text is wanting, but we may conjecture that, like his earlier predecessor utug, the king dedicated the vase in the temple of enlil, at nippur, in gratitude for some victory over his enemies. we may thus see in the dedication of the vase further evidence of the continued prosperity of kish, though it is clear that it only maintained its position among the other great cities of the land by force of arms. the name of the other early king of kish, lugal-tarsi, is known to us from a short inscription upon a small tablet of lapis-lazuli preserved in the british museum. -[23] the text records the building of the wall of the enclosure, or outer court, of a temple dedicated to anu and the goddess ninni, but, as its provenance is unknown, it is impossible to base any argument upon it with reference to the extent of the influence exerted by kish during the reign of lugal-tarsi. -[24] such are the few facts which have come down to us with regard to the earliest period of the supremacy of kish. but the fortunes of the city were destined to undergo a complete change, in consequence of the increase in the power of lagash which took place during the reign of eannatum. before we describe the transfer of power from the north to sumer, it will be necessary to retrace our steps to the point where we left the history of that city, during the time that mesilim was ruling in the north. the names of the successors of lugal-shag-engur, mesilim's contemporary, upon the throne of lagash have not yet been recovered, and we do not know how long an interval separated his reign from that of ur-ninâ, the early king of lagash, from whose time so many inscriptions and archaeological remains have been recovered at tello. -[25] it is possible that within this period we should set another ruler of lagash, named badu, to whom reference appears to be made by eannatum upon the famous stele of the vultures. -the passage occurs in the small fragment that has been preserved of the first column of the text engraved upon the stele,[26] the following line containing the title "king of lagash." the context of the passage is not preserved, but it is possible that the signs which precede the title are to be taken as a proper name, and in that case they would give the name of an early ruler of the city. -in favour of this view we may note that in the text upon an archaic clay tablet found below the level of ur-ninâ s building at tello[27] the name badu occurs, and, although it is not there employed as that of a king or patesi, the passage may be taken as evidence of the use of badu as a proper name in this early age. assuming that badu represents a royal name, it may be inferred from internal evidence furnished by eannatum's inscription that he lived and reigned at some period before ur-ninâ. the introductory columns of eannatum's text appear to give a brief historical summary concerning the relations which were maintained between lagash and the neighbouring city of umma in the period anterior to eannatum's own reign. now the second column of the text describes the attitude of umma to lagash in the reign of akurgal, ur-ninâ's son and successor; it is thus a natural inference that badu was a still earlier ruler who reigned at any rate before ur-ninâ. whether he reigned before lugal-shag-engur also, there are no data for deciding. it will be noted that eannatum calls him "king" of lagash, not "patesi," but the use of these titles by eannatum, as applied to his predecessors, is not consistent, and, that he should describe badu as "king," is no proof that badu himself claimed that title. but he may have done so, and we may provisionally place him in the interval between the patesi lugal-shag-engur and ur-ninâ, who in his numerous texts that have been recovered always claims the title of "king" in place of "patesi," a fact that suggests an increase in the power and importance of lagash. -[28] to the same period we may probably assign enkhegal, another early king of lagash, whose name has been recovered on an archaic tablet of limestone. -[29] it is possible that ur-ninâ himself, though not a great soldier, did something to secure, or at least to maintain, the independence of his city. in any case, we know that he was the founder of his dynasty, for to neither his father gunidu, nor to his grandfather gursar, does he ascribe any titular rank. we may assume that he belonged to a powerful sumerian family in lagash, but, whether he obtained the throne by inheritance from some collateral branch, or secured it as the result of a revolt within the city, is not recorded. @@ -11185,13 +10121,10 @@ but that appears to have been the extent of his ambition: so long as the fortifi the silence of entemena with regard to the relations of lagash to umma at this period is not conclusive evidence that mesilim's treaty was still in force, or that the peace he inaugurated had remained unbroken. but entemena's silence fully accords with that of ur-ninâ himself, and we may infer that, in spite of his claims to the royal title, he succeeded in avoiding any quarrel with his city's hereditary foe. ur-ninâ's attitude towards the city-state upon his own immediate borders may be regarded as typical of his policy as a whole. -the onyx bowl which he dedicated to the goddess bau may possibly have been part of certain booty won in battle,[30] but his aim appears to have been to devote his energies to the improvement of his land and the adornment of his city. -it is therefore natural that his inscriptions[31] should consist of mere catalogues of the names of temples and other buildings erected during his reign, together with lists of the statues he dedicated to his gods, and of the canals he cut in order to increase the material wealth of his people. but, while ur-ninâ's policy appears to have been mainly of a domestic character, he did not fail to maintain relations with other cities in the sphere of religious observance. that he should have continued in active communication with nippur, as the religious centre of the whole of babylonia, is what we might infer from the practice of the period, and we may probably trace to this fact his dedication to enlil of one of the canals which was cut during his reign. a more striking instance of the deference paid by ur-ninâ to the god of another city may be seen in his relations to enki, the sumerian prototype of the god ea. when ur-ninâ planned the rebuilding of the temple e-ninnû, he appears to have taken precautions to ensure the success of his scheme by making a direct appeal to enki, the city-god of eridu. -on a diorite plaque that has been found at tello[32] he records the delivery of his prayer to enki, that in his character of chief diviner he should use his pure reed, the wand of his divination, to render the work good and should pronounce a favourable oracle. the temple of enki in the city of eridu, near the shore of the persian gulf, was one of the earliest and most sacred of sumerian shrines, and we may perhaps picture ur-ninâ as journeying thither from lagash, in order to carry his petition in person into the presence of its mysterious god. of the deities of lagash to whose service ur-ninâ appears especially to have devoted himself, the goddess ninâ, whose name he bore within his own, was one of the most favoured. for one of the chief claims to distinction that he puts forward is that he built her temple at lagash; and although, unlike the later great builder gudea, he gives in his inscriptions few details of his work, we may conclude that he lavished his resources upon it. @@ -11199,57 +10132,36 @@ he also boasts that he made a statue of ninâ, which he no doubt set up within h her daughter ninmar was not neglected, for he records that he built her temple also, and he erected a temple for gatumdug, ninâ's intercessor, and fashioned a statue of her. another group of ur-ninâ's buildings was connected with the worship of ningirsu, the city-god of lagash, whose claims a ruler, so devoted to the interests of his own city as ur-ninâ, would naturally not have ignored. a glance at his texts will show that ur-ninâ more than once describes himself as the builder of "the house of girsu," a title by which he refers to e-ninnû, the great temple dedicated to ningirsu, since it stood in that quarter of the city which was named girsu and was by far its most important building. -[33] he also built e-pa, a sanctuary closely connected with e-ninnû and the worship of ningirsu. -this temple was added to at a later date by gudea, who installed therein his patron god, ningishzida, and set the nuptial gifts of bau, ningirsu's consort, within its shrine; it is possible that ur-ninâ's onyx bowl, which was dedicated to bau, and the fragments of other bowls found with it,[34] were deposited by ur-ninâ in the same temple. of other deities in ningirsu's entourage, whom ur-ninâ singled out for special veneration, may be mentioned dunshagga, ningirsu's son, and uri-zi, the god whose duty it was to look after ningirsu's harîm. among lesser temples, or portions of temples, which were built or restored by him was the tirash, where on the day of the new moon's appearance it was the custom to hold a festival in honour of ningirsu; while another act of piety which ur-ninâ records was the making of a statue of lugal-uru, the god from whose festival one of the sumerian months took its name. -in this connection, mention may also be made of the god dun-...,[35] whom ur-ninâ describes as the "god-king," since he stood in a peculiar relation to ur-ninâ and his family. he became the patron deity of the dynasty which ur-ninâ founded, and, down to the reign of enannatum ii., was the personal protector of the reigning king or patesi of lagash. -[36] for the construction of his temples ur-ninâ states that he fetched wood from the mountains, but unlike gudea in a later age, he is not recorded to have brought in his craftsmen from abroad. in addition to the building of temples, ur-ninâ's other main activity appears to have centred in the cutting of canals; among these was the canal named asukhur, on the banks of which his grandson eannatum won a battle. -that the changes he introduced into the canalization of the country were entirely successful may be inferred from the numerous storehouses and magazines, which he records he built in connection with the various temples,[37] and by his statement that when he added to the temple of ningirsu he stored up large quantities of grain within the temple-granaries. in fact, from the inscriptions he has left us, ur-ninâ appears as a pacific monarch devoted to the worship of his city-gods and to the welfare of his own people. his ambitions lay within his own borders, and, when he had secured his frontier, he was content to practise the arts of peace. it was doubtless due to this wise and far-seeing policy that the resources of the city were husbanded, so that under his more famous grandson she was enabled to repel the attack of enemies and embark upon a career of foreign conquest. ur-ninâ's posthumous fame is evidence that his reign was a period of peace and prosperity for lagash. his great-grandson entemena boasts of being his descendant, and ascribes to him the title of king of lagash which he did not claim either for himself or for his father enannatum i., while even in the reign of lugal-anda offerings continued to be made in connection with his statue in lagash. -[38] we are not dependent solely on what we can gather from the inscriptions themselves for a knowledge of ur-ninâ. for he has left us sculptured representations, not only of himself, but also of his sons and principal officers, from which we may form a very clear picture of the primitive conditions of life obtaining in sumer at the time of this early ruler. the sculptures take the form of limestone plaques, roughly carved in low relief with figures of ur-ninâ surrounded by his family and his court. -[39] the plaques are oblong in shape, with the corners slightly rounded, and in the centre of each is bored a circular hole. though they are obviously of a votive character, the exact object for which they are intended is not clear at first sight. -it has been, and indeed is still, conjectured that the plaques were fixed vertically to the walls of shrines,[40] but this explanation has been discredited by the discovery of the plaque, or rather block, of dudu, the priest of ningirsu during the reign of entemena. from the shape of the latter, the reverse of which is not flat but pyramidal, and also from the inscription upon it, we gather that the object of these perforated bas-reliefs was to form horizontal supports for ceremonial mace-heads or sacred emblems, which were dedicated as votive offerings in the temples of the gods. -[41] the great value of those of ur-ninâ consists in the vivid pictures they give us of royal personages and high officials at this early period. -[illustration: plaque of ur-nina, king of shirpurla, engraved with representations of the king and his family--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -2 (bis).] -[illustration: plaque of dudu, priest of ningirsu during the reign of entemena, patesi of shirpurla.--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -5 (bis).] -the largest of the plaques[42] is sculptured with two separate scenes, in each of which ur-ninâ is represented in a different attitude and with a different occupation, while around him stand his sons and ministers. -in the upper scene the king is standing; he is nude down to the waist and his feet are bare, while around his loins he wears the rough woollen garment of the period,[43] and upon his shaven head he supports a basket which he steadies with his right hand. the text engraved beside the king, in addition to giving his name and genealogy, records that he has built the temple of ningirsu, the abzu-banda which was probably a great laver or basin intended for the temple-service, and the temple of ninâ; and it has been suggested that the king is here portrayed bearing a basket of offerings to lay before his god or goddess. -but the basket he carries is exactly similar to those borne by labourers for heaping earth upon the dead as represented upon the stele of the vultures,[44] and baskets have always been used in the east by labourers and builders for carrying earth and other building-materials. it is therefore more probable that the king is here revealed in the character of a labourer bearing materials for the construction of the temples referred to in the text. the same explanation applies to the copper votive figures of a later period which are represented bearing baskets on their heads. in a similar spirit gudea has left us statues of himself as an architect, holding tablet and rule; ur-ninâ represents himself in the still more humble rôle of a labourer engaged in the actual work of building the temple for his god. behind the king is a little figure intended for the royal cup-bearer, anita, and facing him are five of his children. it is usually held that the first of these figures, who bears the name of lidda and is clothed in a more elaborate dress than the other four, is intended for the king's eldest son. -[45] but in addition to the distinctive dress, this figure is further differentiated from the others by wearing long hair in place of having the head shaved. -in this respect it bears some resemblance to an archaic statuette, which appears to be that of a woman;[46] and the sign attached to lidda's name, engraved upon the stone, is possibly that for "daughter," not "son." it is thus not unlikely that we should identify the figure with a daughter of ur-ninâ. the other figures in the row are four of the king's sons, named akurgal, lugal-ezen, anikurra and muninnikurta. a curious point that may be noted is that the height of these figures increases as they recede from the king. -thus the first of the small figures, that of akurgal, who succeeded ur-ninâ upon the throne, is represented as smaller than his brothers, and it has been suggested in consequence that he was not the king's eldest son,[47] a point to which we will return later. in the scene sculptured upon the lower half of the plaque the king is represented as seated upon a throne and raising in his right hand a cup from which he appears to be pouring a libation. we may probably see in this group a picture of the king dedicating the temple after the task of building was finished. the inscription records the fact that he had brought wood from the mountains, doubtless employed in the construction of the temples, a detail which emphasises the difficulties he had overcome. the cup-bearer who stands behind the throne is in this scene, not anita, but sagantug, while the figure facing the king is a high official named dudu, and to the left of dudu are three more of the king's sons named anunpad, menudgid, and addatur. -[illustration: fig 43.--early sumerian figure of a women, showing the sumerian dress and the method of doing the hair.--déc., pl 1 ter, no 3.] -a smaller plaque, rather more oval in shape than the large one figured on the plate facing p. 110, but like it in a perfect state of preservation, gives a similar scene, though with less elaboration of detail. according to its inscription this tablet also commemorates the building of ningirsu's temple. here the king carries no basket, but is represented as standing with hands clasped upon the breast, an attitude of humility and submission in the presence of his god. in other respects both the king and the smaller figures of his sons and ministers are conceived as on the larger plaque. @@ -11257,11 +10169,9 @@ a small figure immediately behind the king is anita, the cup-bearer, and to the in the upper row are two other small figures named lugal-ezen and gula. now from the largest plaque we know that lugal-ezen was a son of ur-ninâ; thus the absence of such a description from gula and barsagannudu is not significant, and it is a fair assumption that both these, like lugal-ezen, were sons of the king. but it is noteworthy that of the four figures the only one that is specifically described as a "son" of ur-ninâ is akurgal. -[illustration: plaque of ur-ninâ, king of lagash (shirpurla), sculptured with representations of himself, his cup-bearer, anita, and four of his sons.--déc., pl. 2 bis, no. 2; cat. no. -9.] another of ur-ninâ's plaques is not completely preserved, for the right half is wanting upon which was the figure, or possibly two figures, of the king. on the portion that has been recovered are sculptured two rows of figures, both facing the right. the first in the lower row is anita, the cup-bearer; then comes a high official named banar; then akurgal, distinguished by the title of "son," and on the extreme left namazua, the scribe. @@ -11269,14 +10179,10 @@ of the four figures preserved in the upper row, the two central ones are lugal-e the reading of the names upon the figures on the right and left is uncertain, but they are probably intended for officials of the court. the one on the left of the line is of some interest, for he carries a staff upon his left shoulder from which hangs a bag. we may perhaps regard him as the royal chamberlain, who controlled the supplies of the palace; or his duty may have been to look after the provisions and accommodation for the court, should the king ever undertake a journey from one city to another. -[48] -[illustration: fig 45.--portion of a plaque of ur-ninâ, king of lagash (shirpurla), sculptured with representations of his sons and the high officials of his court.--déc., pl. 2 ter, no. -1; in the imperial ottoman museum.] while ur-ninâ's sons upon the smaller plaques are all roughly of the same size, we have noted that the similar figures upon the largest plaque vary slightly in height. it has been suggested that the intention of the sculptor was to indicate the difference in age between the brothers, and in consequence it has been argued that akurgal, who succeeded ur-ninâ upon the throne of lagash, was his fifth, and not his eldest, son. this inference has further been employed to suggest that after ur-ninâ's death there may have followed a period of weakness within the state of lagash, due to disunion among his sons; and during the supposed struggle for the succession it is conjectured that the city may have been distracted by internal conflicts, and, in consequence, was unable to maintain her independence as a city-state, which she only succeeded in recovering in the reign of eannatum, the son and successor of akurgal. -[49] but a brief examination of the theory will show that there is little to be said for it, and it is probable that the slight difference in the height of the figures is fortuitous and unconnected with their respective ages. it may be admitted that a good deal depends upon the sex of lidda, who, on the largest plaque, faces the standing figure of ur-ninâ. if this is intended for a son of the king, his richer clothing marks him out as the crown-prince; but, even so, we may suppose that akurgal was ur-ninâ's second son, and that he succeeded to the throne in consequence of lidda having predeceased his father. but reasons have already been adduced for believing that lidda was a daughter, not a son, of ur-ninâ. @@ -11285,7 +10191,6 @@ he is further differentiated from them by the cup which he carries; in fact, he that the crown-prince should be here represented as attending his sister may appear strange, but, in view of our imperfect knowledge of this early period, the suggestion should not be dismissed solely on that account. indeed, the class of temple votaries, who enjoyed a high social position under the semitic kings of the first dynasty of babylon, probably had its counterpart at the centres of sumerian worship in still earlier times; and there is evidence that at the time of the first dynasty, the order included members of the royal house. moreover, tablets dating from the close of ur-ninâ's dynasty show the important part which women played in the social and official life of the early sumerians. -[50] thus it is possible that ur-ninâ's daughter held high rank or office in the temple hierarchy, and her presence on the plaque may have reference to some special ceremony, or act of dedication, in which it was her privilege to take the leading part after the king, or to be his chief assistant. in such circumstances it would not be unnatural for her eldest brother to attend her. in both the other compositions lidda is absent, and akurgal occupies the place of honour. in the one he stands on a line with the king immediately behind the royal cup-bearer, and he is the only royal son who is specifically labelled as such; in the other he is again on a line with the king, separated from anita, the cup-bearer, by a high officer of state, and followed by the royal scribe. @@ -11293,200 +10198,89 @@ in these scenes he is clearly set in the most favoured position, and, if lidda w but the texts upon all three plaques record the building of ningirsu's temple, and they thus appear to have been prepared for the same occasion, which gives additional weight to the suggestion that lidda was a daughter of ur-ninâ, and that akurgal was his eldest son. but, whether akurgal was ur-ninâ's eldest son or not, the evidence of at least the smaller of the two complete plaques would seem to show that he was recognized as crown-prince during the lifetime of his father, and we may infer that he was ur-ninâ's immediate successor. for an estimate of his reign we must depend on references made to him by his two sons. -it has already been mentioned that the early part of the text engraved upon the stele of the vultures appears to have given an account of the relations between lagash and umma during the reigns preceding that of eannatum,[51] and in a badly preserved passage in the second column we find a reference to akurgal, the son of ur-ninâ. -the context is broken, but "the men of umma" and "the city of lagash" are mentioned almost immediately before the name of akurgal,[52] and it would appear that eannatum here refers to a conflict which took place between the two cities during the former's reign. -it should be noted that upon his cone[53] entemena makes no mention of any war at this period, and, as in the case of ur-ninâ's reign, his silence might be interpreted as an indication of unbroken peace. but the narratives may be reconciled on the supposition either that the conflict in the reign of akurgal was of no great importance, or that it did not concern the fertile plain of gu-edin. it must be remembered that the text upon the cone of entemena was composed after the stirring times of eannatum, entemena's uncle, and the successes won by that monarch against umma were naturally of far greater importance in his eyes than the lesser conflicts of his predecessors. it is true that he describes the still earlier intervention of mesilim in the affairs of lagash and umma, but this is because the actual stele or boundary-stone set up by mesilim was removed by the men of umma in eannatum's reign, an act which provoked the war. the story of mesilim's intervention, which resulted in the setting up of the boundary-stone, thus forms a natural introduction to the record of eannatum's campaign; and the fact that these two events closely follow one another in entemena's text is not inconsistent with a less important conflict being recorded by the stele of the vultures as having taken place in the reign of akurgal. the only other evidence with regard to the achievements of akurgal is furnished by the titles ascribed to him by his two sons. -upon the stele of the vultures,[54] eannatum describes him as "king" of lagash, and from this passage alone it might be inferred that he was as successful as his father ur-ninâ in maintaining the independence of his city. but in other texts upon foundation-stones, bricks, and a small column, eannatum describes him only as "patesi," as also does his other son enannatum i. it should be noted that in the majority of his inscriptions eannatum claims for himself the title of patesi, and at the end of one of them, in which he has enumerated a long list of his own conquests, he exclaims, "he (i.e. eannatum) is the son of akurgal, the patesi of lagash, and his grandfather is ur-ninâ, the patesi of lagash. -"[55] that he should term ur-ninâ "patesi" does not accord with that ruler's own texts, but, if eannatum himself had been merely a patesi at the beginning of his reign, and his father had also been one before him, he may well have overlooked the more ambitious title to which his grandfather had laid claim, especially as this omission would enhance the splendour of his own achievements. it is also possible that at this time the distinction between the two titles was not so strictly drawn as in the later periods, and that an alteration in them did not always mark a corresponding political change. -[56] however this may be, the subsequent conflicts of eannatum suggest that lagash had failed to maintain her freedom. we may assume that the north had once more interfered in the affairs of sumer, and that kish had put an end to the comparative independence which the city had enjoyed during ur-ninâ's reign. - [1] for an account of the excavations at nippur and their results, see hilprecht, "explorations in bible lands," pp. 289 ff., and fisher, "excavations at nippur," pt. i. -(1905), pt. ii. -(1900). -[2] at a later period this was converted into a parthian fortress. -[3] see the plan of tello on p. 19. -[4] for example, compare the orientation of enlil's temple on p. 88. -[5] it has been compared to the granaries of egypt as depicted in wall-paintings or represented by models placed in the tombs; cf. -heuzey, "une villa royale chaldéenne,"--p. 9 f. -[6] see h, h on plan. -[7] see above, p. 45 f. -[8] cf. -heuzey, "une villa royale," p. 24. -[9] cf. -thureau-dangin, "recueil de tablettes chaldéennes," p. i. f., nos. -1 ff., 9 ff., and "rev. -d'assyr.," vi., pp. 11 ff. -[10] see below, chap. -vii., p. 206 f. -[11] cf. heuzey and thureau-dangin, "comptes rendus de l'acad. -des inscriptions," 1907, pp. 516 ff. the head of the figure had been found many years before by m. de sarzec, and was published in "déc. -en chald.," p. 6 ter, figs. 1 a and b. -[12] cf. meyer, "sum. -und sem.," p. 81, n. 2. -[13] cf. -banks, "scientific american," aug. 19, 1905, p. 137, and "amer. journ. semit. -lang.," xxi., p. 59. -[14] "déc. en chald.," pl. 5, no. 3. -[15] see the plate opposite p. 102. the king of ma'er's figure is the one on the right. -[16] cf. hilprecht, "old bab. inscr.," ii., pl. 44, no. -96, and thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," p. 158 f. -[17] see heuzey, "revue d'assyr.," iv., p. 109; cf. "königsinschriften," p>. 160 f. -[18] see the blocks on p. 98. a variant form of the emblem occurs on the perforated block of dudu (see the plate facing p. 110). there the lions turn to bite the spread wings of the eagle, indicating that the emblem is symbolical of strife ending in the victory of lagash (cf. -heuzey, "cat.," p. 121). -[19] see the cone of entemena, "déc. -en chald.," p. xlvii. ; and cf. -thureau-dangin, "rev. -d'assyr.," iv., pp. -37 ff., and "königsinschriften," pp. 36 ff. -entemena's sketch of the early relations of lagash and umma precedes his account of his own conquest of the latter city; see below, p. 164 f. -[20] see above, pp. 11, 21 f. -[21] see hilprecht, "old babylonian inscriptions," pt. -ii., p. 62, pl. 46, no. 108 f., and pt. -i., p. 47. -[22] see hilprecht, op. cit., pt. -ii., p. 51, pl. 43, no. 93; cf. -winckler, "altorientalische forschungen," i., p. 372 f., and thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," p. 160 f. -[23] see "cuneiform texts in the british museum," pt. iii., pl. 1, and cf. -thureau-dangin, "rev. -d'assyr.," iv., p. 74, and "königsinschriften," p. 160 f. for a photographic reproduction of the tablet, see the plate facing p. 218. -[24] since the central cult of ninni and of anu was at erech, it is possible that lugal-tarsi's dedication implies the subjection of erech to kish at this period. -[25] see above, pp. 91 ff. -[26] "déc. -en chaldée," p. xl. ; cf. -thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," p. 10 f. -[27] see thureau-dangin, "recueil de tablettes chaldéennes," p. 1, pl. 1, no. 1. -[28] it has been suggested that the title lugal, "king," did not acquire its later significance until the age of sargon (shar-gani-sharri), but that it was used by earlier rulers as the equivalent of the semitic belu, "lord" (cf. ungnad, "orient. lit.-zeit.," 1908, col. 64, n. 5). but, in view of the fact that mesilim bore the title, it would seem that in his time it already conveyed a claim to greater authority than that inherent in the word patesi. the latter title was of a purely religious origin; when borne by a ruler it designated him as the representative of his city-god, but the title "king" was of a more secular character, and connoted a wider dominion. but it must be admitted that some inconsistencies in the use of the titles by members of ur-ninâ's dynasty seem to suggest that the distinction between them was not quite so marked as in the later periods. -[29] see hilprecht, "zeits. -für assyr.," xi., p. 330 f.; and thureau-dangin, op. -cit., xv., p. 403. -[30] see heuzey, "rev. -d'assyr.," iv., p. 106. a fragment of a similar bowl, probably of the same early period, is definitely stated in the inscription upon it to have been set aside for bau as a part of certain spoil. -[31] they are collected and translated by thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," pp. 2 ff. -[32] "découvertes en chaldée," p. xxxvii., no. 10. -[33] see above, p. 90 f. other divisions of lagash were ninâ, uru-azagga and uru. -[34] see above, p. 107. -[35] the reading of the second half of the name is uncertain. -the two signs which form the name were provisionally read by amiaud as dun-sir ("records of the past," n.s., i., p. 59), and by jensen as shul-gur (cf. schrader's "keilinschriftliche bibliothek," bd. iii., hft. -1, p. 18 f.); see also thureau-dangin, "rev. d'assyr." -iii., p. 119, n. 5, and radau, "early bab. -hist.," p. 92, n. 18. -[36] see below, pp. 168 f., 177. -[37] for a description of his principal storehouse or magazine, the remains of which have been found at tello, see above, pp. 91 ff. -[38] see below, p. 169. -[39] see the opposite plate and the illustrations on p. 113 f. -[40] cf. -meyer, "sumerier und semiten," p. 77. -[41] dudu's block was probably let into solid masonry or brickwork, while the plaques of ur-ninâ would have rested on the surface of altars built of brick; cf. -heuzey, "découvertes en chaldée," p. 204. -[42] see the plate opposite p. 110. -[43] see above, p. 41 f. -[44] see the plate opposite p. 138. -[45] so, for instance, radau, "early bab. -history," p. 70. -[46] the figure, which is in the louvre, was not found at tello, but was purchased at shatra, so that its provenance is not certain. -[47] see radau, op. -cit., p. 70, and cp. -genouillac, "tablettes sumériennes archaïques," p. xi. -[48] see the similar figure on a fragment of shell, illustrated on p. 41. -[49] cf. radau, "early bab. -history," p. 71. -[50] cf. -genouillac, "tablettes sumériennes archaïques," pp. xxii. ff. -[51] see above, p. 105. -[52] "déc. -en chaldée," p. xl., col. ii. -[53] op. -cit., p. xlvii. -[54] col. ii., l. 9. -[55] "déc. -en chaldée," p. xliii., col. viii. -[56] see above, p. 106, n. 1. chapter v wars of the city-states; eannatum and the stele of the vultures when the patesiate of lagash passed from akurgal to his son eannatum we may picture the city-state as owing a general allegiance to akkad in the north. nearer home, the relations of lagash to umma appear to have been of an amicable character. whatever minor conflicts may have taken place between the two cities in the interval, the treaty of mesilim was still regarded as binding, and its terms were treated with respect by both parties. the question whether eannatum, like akurgal, had had some minor cause of disagreement with the men of umma at the beginning of his reign depends upon our interpretation of some broken passages in the early part of the text engraved upon the stele of the vultures. -[1] the second column deals with the relations of umma and lagash during the reign of akurgal, and the fourth column concerns the reign of eannatum. the name of neither of these rulers is mentioned in the intermediate portion of the text, which, however, refers to umma and lagash in connection with a shrine or chapel dedicated to the god ningirsu. it is possible that we have here a continuation of the narrative of the preceding column, and in that case we should assign this portion of the text to the reign of akurgal, rather than to the early part of the reign of his successor. but it may equally well refer to eannatum's own reign, and may either record a minor cause of dispute between the cities which was settled before the outbreak of the great war, or may perhaps be taken in connection with the following columns of the text. these two columns definitely refer to eannatum's reign and describe certain acts of piety which he performed in the service of his gods. they record work carried out in e-ninnû, by which the heart of ningirsu was rejoiced; the naming and dedication of some portion of e-anna, the temple of the goddess ninni; and certain additions made to the sacred flocks of the goddess ninkharsag. -the repetition of the phrase referring to ninni's temple[2] suggests a disconnected list of eannatum's achievements in the service of his gods, rather than a connected narrative. the text in the fifth column continues the record of the benefits bestowed by him upon ningirsu, and here we may perhaps trace a possible cause of the renewal of the war with umma. for the text states that eannatum bestowed certain territory upon ningirsu and rejoiced his heart; and, unless this refers to land occupied after the defeat of umma, its acquisition may have been resented by the neighbouring city. such an incident would have formed ample excuse for the invasion of the territory of lagash by the injured party, though, according to the records of eannatum himself and of entemena, it would appear that the raid of the men of umma was unprovoked. but, whatever may have been the immediate cause of the outbreak of hostilities, we shall see reason for believing that the war was ultimately due to the influence of kish. -the outbreak of the war between umma and lagash is recorded concisely in the sixth column of the inscription upon the stele of the vultures, which states that the patesi of umma, by the command of his god, plundered[3] gu-edin, the territory beloved of ningirsu. in this record, brief as it is, it is interesting to note that the patesi of umma is regarded as no more than the instrument of his city-god, or the minister who carries out his commands. as the gods in a former generation had drawn up the treaty between lagash and umma, which mesilim, their suzerain, had at the command of his own goddess engraved upon the stele of delimitation, so now it was the god, and not the patesi, of umma, who repudiated the terms of that treaty by sending his army across the border. gu-edin, too, is described, not in its relation to the patesi of lagash, but as the special property of ningirsu, the opposing city-god. we shall see presently that eannatum's first act, on hearing news of the invasion, was quite in harmony with the theocratic feeling of the time. -the patesi who led the forces of umma is not named by eannatum upon the stele of the vultures, but from the cone of entemena[4] we learn that his name was ush. in the summary of events which is given upon that document it is stated that ush, patesi of umma, acted with ambitious designs, and that, having removed the stele of delimitation which had been set up in an earlier age by mesilim between the territories of the respective states, he invaded the plain of lagash. the pitched battle between the forces of umma and lagash, which followed the raid into the latter's territory, is recorded by entemena in equally brief terms. the battle is said to have taken place at the word of ningirsu, the warrior of enlil, and the destruction of the men of umma is ascribed not only to the command, but also to the actual agency, of enlil himself. @@ -11511,7 +10305,6 @@ in his dream he beheld the god ningirsu, who appeared to him in visible form and and the god encouraged his patesi and promised him victory over his enemies. he was to go forth to battle and babbar, the sun-god who makes the city bright, would advance at his right hand to assist him. thus encouraged by ningirsu, and with the knowledge that he was carrying out the orders of his city-god, eannatum marshalled his army and set out from lagash to attack the men of umma within their own territory. -the account of the battle is very broken upon the stele of the vultures,[5] but sufficient details are preserved to enable us to gather that it was a fierce one, and that victory was wholly upon the side of lagash. we may conjecture that the men of umma did not await eannatum's attack behind their city-walls, but went out to meet him with the object of preventing their own fields and pastures from being laid waste. every man capable of bearing arms, who was not required for the defence of two cities, was probably engaged in the battle, and the two opposing armies were doubtless led in person by eannatum himself and by ush, the patesi of umma, who had provoked the war. the army of lagash totally defeated the men of umma and pursued them with great slaughter. @@ -11522,9 +10315,7 @@ after defeating the army in the open plain, the troops of lagash pressed on to u the fortifications had probably been denuded of their full garrisons, and were doubtless held by a mere handful of defenders. flushed with victory the men of lagash swept on to the attack, and, carrying the walls by assault, had the city itself at their mercy. here another slaughter took place, and eannatum states that within the city he swept all before him "like an evil storm." -[illustration: portion of the "stele of vultures," sculptured with scenes representing eannatum, patesi of shirpurla, leading his troops in battle and on the march.--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -3 (bis).] the record of his victory which eannatum has left us is couched in metaphor, and is doubtless coloured by oriental exaggeration; and the scribes who drew it up would naturally be inclined to represent the defeat of umma as even more crushing than it was. thus the number of burial-mounds suggests that the forces of lagash suffered heavily themselves, and it is quite possible the remnant of umma's army rallied and made a good fight within the city. but we have the independent testimony of entemena's record, written not many years after the fight, to show that there is considerable truth under eannatum's phrases; and a clear proof that umma was rendered incapable of further resistance for the time may be seen in the terms of peace which lagash imposed. @@ -11538,7 +10329,6 @@ that eannatum duly buried his own dead is certain, for both he and entemena stat the fate of ush, the patesi of umma, who had brought such misfortune on his own city by the rash challenge he had given lagash, is not recorded; but it is clear he did not remain the ruler of umma. he may have been slain in the battle, but, even if he survived, he was certainly deprived of his throne, possibly at the instance of eannatum. for entemena records the fact that it was not with ush, but with a certain enakalli, patesi of umma, that eannatum concluded a treaty of peace. -[6] the latter ruler may have been appointed patesi by eannatum himself, as, at a later day, ili owed his nomination to entemena on the defeat of the patesi urlumma. but, whether this was so or not, enakalli was certainly prepared to make great concessions, and was ready to accept whatever terms eannatum demanded, in order to secure the removal of the troops of lagash from his city, which they doubtless continued to invest during the negotiations. as might be expected, the various terms of the treaty are chiefly concerned with the fertile plain of gu-edin, which had been the original cause of the war. this was unreservedly restored to lagash, or, in the words of the treaty, to ningirsu, whose "beloved territory" it is stated to have been. @@ -11550,14 +10340,10 @@ the second monument was inscribed with the text of the treaty drawn up between e after the historical narrative describing the events which led up to the new treaty, the text of the stele of the vultures enumerates in detail the divisions of the territory of which gu-edin was composed. thus the stele which was set up on the frontier formed in itself an additional security against the violation of the territory of lagash. the course of a boundary-ditch might possibly be altered, but while the stele remained in place, it would serve as a final authority to which appeal could be made in the case of any dispute arising. -it is probably in this way that we may explain the separate fields which are enumerated by name upon the fragment of the stele of the vultures which is preserved in the british museum,[7] and upon a small foundation-stone which also refers to the treaty. -[8] the fields there enumerated either made up the territory known by the general name of gu-edin, or perhaps formed an addition to that territory, the cession of which eannatum may have exacted from umma as part of the terms of peace. while consenting to the restoration of the disputed territory, and the rectification of the frontier, umma was also obliged to pay as tribute to lagash a considerable quantity of grain, and this eannatum brought back with him to his own city. in connection with the formal ratification of the treaty it would appear that certain shrines or chapels were erected in honour of enlil, ninkharsag, ningirsu and babbar. we may conjecture that this was done in order that the help of these deities might be secured for the preservation of the treaty. -according to entemena's narrative,[9] chapels or shrines were erected to these four deities only, but the stele of the vultures contains a series of invocations addressed not only to enlil, ninkharsag, and babbar, but also to enki, enzu, and ninki,[10] and it is probable that shrines were also erected in their honour. these were built upon the frontier beside the two stelæ of delimitation, and it was doubtless at the altar of each one of them in turn that eannatum and enakalli took a solemn oath to abide by the terms of the treaty and to respect the frontier. -the oaths by which the treaty was thus ratified are referred to upon the stele of the vultures[11] by eannatum, who invokes each of the deities by whom he and enakalli swore, and in a series of striking formulæ calls down destruction upon the men of umma should they violate the terms of the compact. "on the men of umma," he exclaims, "have i, eannatum, cast the great net of enlil! i have sworn the oath, and the men of umma have sworn the oath to eannatum. in the name of enlil, the king of heaven and earth, in the field of ningirsu there has been..., and a ditch has been dug down to the water level.... who from among the men of umma by his word or by his ... will go back upon the word (that has been given), and will dispute it in days to come? @@ -11572,13 +10358,11 @@ finally, eannatum prays to ninki, by whom the oath has also been taken, to punis the great stele of eannatum, from the text upon which we have taken much of the description of his war with umma, is the most striking example of early sumerian art that has come down to us, and the sculptures upon it throw considerable light upon the customs and beliefs of this primitive race. the metaphor of the net, for example, which is employed by eannatum throughout the curses he calls down upon umma, in the event of any violation of the treaty, is strikingly illustrated by a scene sculptured upon two of the fragments of the stele which have been recovered. when complete, the stele consisted of a large slab of stone, curved at the top, and it was sculptured and inscribed upon both sides and also upon its edges. -up to the present time seven fragments of it have been recovered during the course of the excavations at tello, of which six are in the louvre and one is in the british museum; these are usually distinguished by the symbols a to g.[12] although the fragments thus recovered represent but a small proportion of the original monument, it is possible from a careful study of them to form a fairly complete idea of the scenes that were sculptured upon it. as we have already noted, the monument was a stele of victory set up by eannatum, and the two faces of the slab are sculptured in low relief with scenes illustrating the victory, but differing considerably in character. on the face the representations are mythological and religious, while on the back they are historical. it might very naturally be supposed that the face of the stele would have been occupied by representations of eannatum himself triumphing over his enemies, and, until the text upon the stele was thoroughly deciphered and explained, this was indeed the accepted opinion. but it is now clear that eannatum devoted the front of the stele to representations of his gods, while the reverse of the monument was considered the appropriate place for the scenes depicting the patesi and his army carrying out the divine will. the arrangement of the reliefs upon the stone thus forcibly illustrates the belief of this early period that the god of the city was its real ruler, whose minister and servant the patesi was, not merely in metaphor, but in actual fact. -upon the largest portion of the stele that has been recovered, formed of two fragments joined together,[13] we have the scene which illustrates eannatum's metaphor of the net. almost the whole of this portion of the monument is occupied with the figure of a god, which appears of colossal size if it is compared with those of the patesi and his soldiers upon the reverse of the stele. the god has flowing hair, bound with a double fillet, and, while cheeks and lips are shaved, a long beard falls in five undulating curls from the chin upon the breast. he is nude to the waist, around which he wears a close-fitting garment with two folds in front indicated by double lines. @@ -11589,27 +10373,18 @@ for the god grasps in his right hand a heavy mace, which he lets fall upon a net on the relief the cords of the net are symmetrically arranged, and it apparently rises as a solid structure to the level of the god's waist. it thus has the appearance of a cage with cross-bars and supports of wood or metal. but the rounded corners at the top indicate that we may regard it as a net formed of ropes and cordage. -that it should rise stiffly before the god may be partly due to the imperfect knowledge of perspective characteristic of all early art, partly perhaps to the desire of the sculptor to allow the emblem of lagash, grasped in the god's left hand, to rest upon it; unless indeed the emblem itself is a part of the net, by means of which the god is holding it up. in any case the proximity of the emblem to the net is not fortuitous. within the net are the foes of lagash, and with the mace in his right hand ningirsu is represented as clubbing the head of one of them which projects from between the meshes. -[illustration: fig. 46.--part of the stele of the vultures, sculptured with a scene representing ningirsu clubbing the enemies of lagash (shirpurla), whom he has caught in his net.--fragments d and e, obverse; déc., pl. -4 bis.] the metaphor of the net, both of the fisherman and the fowler, is familiar in the poetical literature of the hebrews, and it is interesting to note this very early example of its occurrence among the primitive sumerian inhabitants of babylonia. -[14] in the text engraved upon the stele of the vultures eannatum, as we have already seen, seeks to guard the terms of his treaty by placing it under the protection of the nets of enlil and of other deities. he states that he has cast upon the men of umma the nets of the deities by whom he and they have sworn, and, in the event of any violation of their oath, he prays that the nets may destroy them and their city. -[15] thus the meshes of each net may in a sense be regarded as the words of the oath, by the utterance of which they have placed themselves within the power of the god whose name they have invoked. but the scene on the front of the stele is not to be regarded as directly referring to this portion of the text, nor is the colossal figure that of enlil, the chief god of babylonia. for his destruction of the men of umma is merely invoked as a possible occurrence in the future, while the god on the stele is already engaged in clubbing captives he has caught; and, whether the net of ningirsu was referred to in a missing portion of the text or not, the fact that the figure on the stele grasps the emblem of lagash is sufficient indication that ningirsu and not enlil, nor any other deity, is intended. thus the face of the stele illustrates the text of eannatum as a whole, not merely the imprecatory formulæ attached to the treaty with umma. it refers to the past victories of ningirsu in his character as the city-god of lagash. the representation of ningirsu clubbing his enemies forms only a portion of a larger scheme which occupied the whole of the upper part of the stele of the vultures. -though his is the principal figure of the composition, it is not set in the centre of the field but on the extreme right, the right-hand edge of the fragments illustrated on p. 131 representing the actual edge of the stele. on the left behind the god and standing in attendance upon him was a goddess, parts of whose head and headdress have been recovered upon a fragment from the left edge of the stele. -[16] she wears a horned crown, and behind her is a standard surmounted by an emblem in the form of an eagle with outspread wings. she is sculptured on a smaller scale than the figure of ningirsu, and thus serves to indicate his colossal proportions; and she stood on a fillet or lintel, which cuts off the upper register from a second scene which was sculptured below it. -the fragment of the stele in the british museum[17] preserves one of ningirsu's feet and a corner of the net with the prisoners in it, and both are represented as resting on the same fillet or lintel. -this fragment is a piece of some importance, for, by joining two other pieces of the stele in the louvre,[18] it enables us to form some idea of the scene in the lower register. here, too, we have representations of deities, but they are arranged on a slightly different plan. we find upon the fragment from the right of the stele (c) part of the head and headdress of a goddess very like that in the register above. here she faces to the left, and on another fragment (f), which joins the british museum fragment upon the left, is a portion of a very complicated piece of sculpture. @@ -11626,7 +10401,6 @@ there are few indications to enable us to identify the goddesses who accompany n if the figures in both registers represent the same divine personage the names of several goddesses suggest themselves. we might, perhaps, see in her ningirsu's wife bau, the daughter of anu, or his sister ninâ, the goddess of the oracle, to whose service eannatum was specially devoted, or gatumdug, the mother of lagash. but the military standard which accompanies the goddess in the upper scene, and the ends of two darts or javelins which appear in the same fragment to rise from, or be bound upon, her shoulders, seem to show that the upper goddess, at any rate, is of a warlike character. -moreover, in another inscription, eannatum ascribes a success he has achieved in war to the direct intervention of the goddess ninni,[19] proving that she, like the later babylonian and assyrian goddess ishtar, was essentially the goddess of battle. it is permissible, therefore, to see in the upper goddess, sculptured upon the face of the stele of the vultures, a representation of ninni, the goddess of battle, who attends the city-god ningirsu while he is engaged in the slaughter of his foes. in the lower register it is possible we have a second representation of ninni, where she appears to welcome ningirsu after the slaughter is at an end. but though the headdresses of the two goddesses are identical, the accompanying emblems appear to differ, and we are thus justified in suggesting for the lower figure some goddess other than ninni, whose work was finished when ningirsu had secured the victory. @@ -11637,15 +10411,10 @@ like the scenes upon the face of the stele, those upon the back are arranged in the registers upon the back are smaller than those on the face, being at least four in number, in place of the two scenes which are devoted to ningirsu and his attendant deities. as might be expected, the scenes upon the back of the stele are on a smaller scale than those upon the face, and the number and variety of the figures composing them are far greater. little space has been left on the reverse of the stone for the inscription, the greater part of which is engraved on the front of the monument, in the broad spaces of the field between the divine figures. -of the highest of the four registers upon the reverse four fragments have been recovered,[20] one of which (a) proves that the curved head of the stele on this side was filled with the representations of vultures, to which reference has already been made. -[21] the intention of the sculptor was clearly to represent them as flying thick in the air overhead, bearing off from the field of battle the severed heads and limbs of the slain. the birds thus formed a very decorative and striking feature of the monument, and the popular name of the stele, which is derived from them, is fully justified. in the same register on the left is a scene representing eannatum leading his troops in battle. -[22] and we there see them advancing over the bodies of the slain; while from the extreme right of the same register we have a fragment representing men engaged in collecting the dead and piling them in heaps for burial. -[23] we may conjecture that the central portion of the register, which is missing, portrayed the enemies of eannatum falling before his lance. in the register immediately below we find another representation of eannatum at the head of his troops. here, however, they are not in battle array but on the march, and eannatum, instead of advancing on foot, is riding before them in his chariot. -[24] the sculptured representations of eannatum and his soldiers, which are preserved upon these fragments, are of the greatest importance, for they give a vivid picture of the sumerian method of fighting, and supply detailed information with regard to the arms and armour in use at this early period. we note that the sumerians advanced to the attack in a solid phalanx, the leading rank being protected by huge shields or bucklers that covered the whole body from the neck to the feet, and were so broad that, when lined up in battle array, only enough space was left for a lance to be levelled between each; the lance-bearers carried as an additional weapon an axe, resembling an adze with a flat head. from the second register, in which we see the army on the march, it is clear that no shield was carried by the rank and file for individual protection; the huge bucklers were only borne by men in the front rank, and they thus served to protect the whole front of an attacking force as it advanced in solid formation. @@ -11663,49 +10432,38 @@ they would also tend to protect the surface of the shields by deflecting blows a the royal weapons consisted of a long lance or spear, wielded in the left hand, and a curved mace or throwing-stick, formed of three strands bound together at intervals with thongs of leather or bands of metal. when in his chariot on the march, the king was furnished with additional weapons, consisting of a flat-headed axe like those of his soldiers, and a number of light darts, some fitted with double points. these last he carried in a huge quiver attached to the fore part of his chariot, and with them we may note a double-thonged whip, doubtless intended for driving the ass or asses that drew the vehicle. -it is probable that the soldiers following eannatum in both scenes were picked men, who formed the royal body-guard, for those in the battle-scene are distinguished by the long hair or, rather, wig, that falls upon their shoulders from beneath their helmets,[25] and those on the march are seen to be clothed from the waist downwards in the rough woollen garment similar to that worn by the king. they may well have been recruited among the members of the royal house and the chief families of lagash. -the king's apparel is distinguished from theirs by the addition of a cloak, possibly of skin,[26] worn over the left shoulder in such a way that it leaves the right arm and shoulder entirely free. considerable light is thrown upon the burial customs of the sumerians by the scene sculptured in the third register, or section, on the reverse of the stele of eannatum. portions of the scene are preserved upon the fragments c and f, which we have already noted may be connected with each other by means of the fragment g, preserved in the british museum. in this register we have a representation of the scenes following the victory of eannatum, when the king and his army had time to collect their dead and bury them with solemn rites and sacrifices beneath huge tells or burial-mounds. it will be remembered that a fragment of the top register portrays the collection of the dead upon the battlefield; here, on the left, we see the mounds in course of construction, under which the dead were buried. -[27] the dead are quite nude, and are seen to be piled up in rows, head to head and feet to feet alternately. the two corpses at the base are sculptured lying flat upon the ground, and, as the tell rises, they appear to be arranged like the sticks of a fan. this arrangement was doubtless due to the sculptor's necessity of filling the semi-circular head of the tell, and does not represent the manner in which the corpses were actually arranged for burial. we may conclude that they were set out symmetrically in double rows, and that the position of every one was horizontal, additional rows being added until sufficient height had been attained. -[illustration: portion of the "stele of vultures," sculptured with a scene representing the burial of the dead after a battle.--in the louvre; photo, by messrs. mansell & co.] two living figures are sculptured on the fragment, engaged in the work of completing the burial. they are represented as climbing the pile of corpses, and they seem to be helping themselves up by means of a rope which they grasp in their right hands. on their heads they carry baskets piled up with earth, which they are about to throw upon the top of the mound. in the relief they appear to be climbing upon the limbs of the dead, but it is probable that they began piling earth from below and climbed the sides of the mound as it was raised. the sculptor has not seen how to represent the sides of the tell without hiding his corpses, so he has omitted the piled earth altogether, unless, indeed, what appears to be a rope which the carriers hold is really intended for the side of the mound in section. it has been suggested that the carriers are bearing offerings for the dead, but the baskets appear to be heaped with earth, not offerings, and the record in the text upon the stele, that eannatum piled up twenty burial-mounds after his battle with the men of umma, is sufficient justification for the view that the scene represents one of these mounds in course of construction. -[illustration: part of the stele of the vultures, sculptured with a sacrificial scene which took place at the burial of the dead after battle. the fragments represents the head of a bull, which is staked to the ground and prepared for sacrifice. the foot and robe probably belonged to a figure of eannatum, who presided at the funeral rites.--fragment f, reverse; déc., pl. -4 ter.] -the continuation of the scene upon the other two fragments,[28] proves that the burial of the dead was attended with elaborate funeral rites, and the offering of sacrifices. to the right of the workers engaged in piling up the burial-mound may be seen a bull lying on his back upon the ground, and bound securely with ropes to two stout stakes driven into the soil close to its head and tail. he is evidently the victim, duly prepared for sacrifice, that will be offered when the burial-mound has been completed. in the field above the bull are sculptured other victims and offerings, which were set out beside the bull. we see a row of six lambs or kids, decapitated, and arranged symmetrically, neck to tail, and tail to neck. two large water-pots, with wide mouths, and tapering towards the base, stand on the right of the bull; palm-branches, placed in them, droop down over their rims, and a youth, completely nude, is pouring water into one of them from a smaller vessel. he is evidently pouring out a libation, as we may infer from a similar scene on another early sumerian relief that has been recovered. -[29] beyond the large vessels there appear to be bundles of faggots, and in the field above them are sculptured a row of growing plants. these probably do not rise from the large vessels, as they appear to do in the sculpture, but form a separate row beyond the faggots and the vessels. at the head of the bull may be seen the foot and part of the robe of a man who directs the sacrifice. as in all the other registers upon the reverse of the stele eannatum occupies a prominent position, we may conclude that this is part of the figure of eannatum himself. he occupies the centre of the field in this register, and presides at the funeral rites of the warriors who have fallen in his service. -[illustration: fig. 48.--part of the stele of the vultures, which was sculptured with a scene representing eannatum deciding the fate of prisoners taken in battle. the point of the spear, which he grasped in his left hand, touches the head of the captive king of kish.--fragments c and f, reverse; déc., pl. -3 and 4 ter.] of the last scene that is preserved upon the stele of the vultures very little remains upon the fragments recovered, but this is sufficient to indicate its character. eannatum was here portrayed deciding the fate of prisoners taken in battle. of his figure only the left hand is preserved; it is grasping a heavy spear or lance by the end of the shaft as in the second register. the spear passes over the shaven heads of a row of captives, and at the end of the row its point touches the head of a prisoner of more exalted rank, who faces the king and raises one hand in token of submission. -a fragment of inscription behind the head of this captive gives the name "al-[...], king of kish," and it may be concluded with considerable probability that these words form a label attached to the figure of the chief prisoner, like the labels engraved near the head of eannatum in the two upper registers, which describe him as "eannatum, champion of the god ningirsu." there is much more to be said for this explanation than for the possibility that the words formed part of an account of a war waged by eannatum against kish, which has been added to the record of his war with umma. according to such a view the stele must have been larger than we have supposed, since it would have included additional registers at the base of the reverse for recording the subsequent campaigns and their illustration by means of reliefs. the monument would thus have been erected to commemorate all the wars of eannatum. @@ -11731,33 +10489,25 @@ it might reasonably be urged that the subjugation of the neighbouring city of um in that case we must assume that the list of conquests upon the stele of the vultures was added at a later date. on the other hand, it is equally possible that the war with umma took place well on in eannatum's reign, and that, while the patesi and his army were away on distant expeditions, their ancient rival umma refrained from taking advantage of their absence to gain control of the coveted territory of gu-edin. both cities may for years have respected the terms of mesilim's treaty, and lagash, while finding scope elsewhere for her ambition, may have been content to acquiesce in the claims of independence put forward by her nearest neighbour. -thus the list of eannatum's conquests may well have been engraved upon the stele of the vultures at the time the treaty with umma was drawn up. in accordance with this view we shall see there are reasons for believing that several of eannatum's conquests did take place before his war with umma, and it is quite possible to assign to this earlier period the others that are mentioned in the list. the conquest of kish stands in close relation to that of umma, for, apart from the portrayal of the king of kish as a captive upon the stele of the vultures, there is a passage in the main body of the inscription which would seem to connect the outbreak of war between umma and lagash with the influence of that city. in the broken passage recording the encouragement given to eannatum by ningirsu after the raid of gu-edin, the names of umma and kish occur together, and the context of the passage suggests that ningirsu here promises his patesi victory over both these cities. -[30] we may, therefore, conjecture that the ambitious designs described by entemena as actuating ush, the patesi of umma, in raiding the territory of lagash, were fostered by the city of kish. it is probable that eannatum had already given proof of his qualities as a military leader, and had caused the king of kish to see in lagash a possible rival for the hegemony which the north had long enjoyed. to sow dissension between her and her neighbour umma, would have appeared a most effective method of crippling her growing power, and it is possible that the king of kish not only promised his support, but furnished a contingent of his own soldiers to assist in the attack. the representation of the captive king of kish upon the stele of the vultures may possibly be interpreted as proving that he led his troops in person, and was captured during the battle. but the relief is, perhaps, not to be taken too literally, and may merely symbolize the defeat of his forces along with those of umma, and his failure to render them any effective aid. -on the other hand, in a text engraved upon one of his foundation-stones,[31] eannatum boasts that he added the kingdom of kish to his dominions: "eannatum, patesi of lagash, by the goddess ninni who loves him, along with the patesiate of lagash was presented with the kingdom of kish." it would seem that in this passage eannatum lays claim, not only to have defeated kish, but also to exercising suzeranity over the northern kingdom. with eannatum's victory over kish we must probably connect the success which he achieved over another northern city, opis. for towards the end of the text upon the foundation-stone referred to above, these achievements appear to be described as a single event, or, at least, as two events of which the second closely follows and supplements the first. in the course of the formulæ celebrating the principal conquests of his reign, eannatum exclaims: "by eannatum was elam broken in the head, elam was driven back to his own land; kish was broken in the head, and the king of opis was driven back to his own land. -"[32] when referring to the victory over opis in an earlier passage of the same inscription, eannatum names the king who attacked him, and, although he does not give many details of the war, it may be inferred that opis was defeated only after a severe struggle. "when the king of opis rose up," the text runs, "eannatum, whose name was spoken by ningirsu, pursued zuzu, king of opis, from the antasurra of ningirsu up to the city of opis, and there he smote him and destroyed him. -"[33] we have already seen reasons for believing that the king of kish took an active part in umma's war with lagash, and shared her defeat; and we may conjecture that it was to help and avenge his ally that zuzu, king of opis, marched south and attacked eannatum. that he met with some success at first is perhaps indicated by the point from which eannatum records that he drove him back to his own land. for the antasurra was a shrine or temple dedicated to ningirsu, and stood within the territory of lagash, though possibly upon or near the frontier. here eannatum met the invaders in force, and not only dislodged them, but followed up his victory by pursuing them back to their own city, where he claims that he administered a still more crushing defeat. it is possible that the conquest of ma'er, or mari, took place at this time, and in connection with the war with opis and kish, for in one passage eannatum refers to the defeat of these three states at the antasurra of ningirsu. ma'er may well have been allied with kish and opis, and may have contributed a contingent to the army led by zuzu in his attack on lagash. -[illustration: portion of a black basalt mortar bearing an inscription of eannatum, patesi of shirpurla.--brit. mus., no. -90832; photo, by messrs. mansell & co.] it is interesting to note that kish and the king of kish represented the most dreaded enemies of lagash, at least during a portion of the reign of eannatum. -for on a mortar of black basalt which is preserved in the british museum,[34] eannatum, after recording that he has dedicated it to ninâ, "the lady of the holy mountain," prays that no man may damage it or carry it away; and he then adds the petition, "may the king of kish not seize it!" this ejaculation is eloquent of the dread which the northern kingdom inspired in the cities of the south, and we may see in it evidence of many a raid during which the temples of lagash had been despoiled of their treasures. we may well ascribe the dedication of the altar and the cutting of the inscription to the early part of eannatum's reign; at any rate, to a period before the power of kish was broken in the south; and, if we are right in this supposition, the mortar may perhaps serve to date another group of eannatum's campaigns. for in a passage on the second side of this monument it appears to be recorded that he had conquered the cities of erech and ur. @@ -11784,23 +10534,16 @@ apart from differences caused by the omission or insertion of names, the order i it would, therefore, be rash to assume that they were enumerated in the order of their occurrence; it is more probable that the conquered states and districts are grouped on a rough geographical basis, and that these groups are arranged according to the importance attaching to them. that elam should always be mentioned first in the lists is probably due to the fact that she was the hereditary enemy of the cities of sumer and akkad, whose rulers could never be sure of immunity from her attacks. the agricultural wealth of babylonia offered a tempting prey to the hardy tribes who dwelt among the hills upon the western border of elam, and the dread of the raider and mountaineer, experienced by the dweller in the plain, is expressed by eannatum in his description of elam as "the mountain that strikes terror. -"[35] that in their conflict with eannatum the elamites were, as usual, the aggressors, is clear from the words of the record upon his longer foundation-inscription--"by eannatum was elam broken in the head, elam was driven back to his own land. -"[36] in other passages referring to the discomfiture of the elamites, eannatum adds the formula that "he heaped up burial-mounds," a phrase which would seem to imply that the enemy were only defeated with considerable loss. -[37] it is not unlikely that we may fix the field of battle, upon which the forces of elam were defeated, on the banks of the asukhur canal, which had been cut two generations before by ur-ninâ, eannatum's grandfather; at least, the canal gives its name to a battlefield which is mentioned immediately before the name of elam in one of the lists of conquests. it would thus seem that the elamites were engaged in raiding the territory of lagash when eannatum fell upon them with his army and drove them northwards and across the tigris. closely associated with eannatum's success against the elamites were his conquest of shakh, of a city the reading of the name for which is unknown, and probably also of a land or district which bore the name of sunanam. -the conquest of this last place is only mentioned in a broken passage upon the stele of the vultures,[38] between the names of elam and shakh, and that of the unknown city, so that little can be inferred with regard to it. shakh, on the other hand, whenever it is referred to in the inscriptions of eannatum, follows immediately after the name of elam, and it was not improbably a district on the elamite frontier which eannatum ravaged during his pursuit of the invaders. -the city with the unknown name[39] was evidently a place of some importance, for not only was it governed by a patesi, but when its conquest is mentioned in the lists details are usually given. the interpretation of a phrase recording its patesi's action with regard to the emblem of the city is not quite certain, but it would appear that on the approach of eannatum he planted it before the city-gate. the context would seem to imply that this was intended as an act of defiance, not of submission, for eannatum states that he conquered the city and heaped up burial-mounds. the site of the city, like its name, is unknown, but since the records referring to it always follow those concerning elam, we may provisionally regard it as having lain in the direction of the elamite frontier. the remaining group of eannatum's conquests comprise the victories he achieved over az, mishime, and arua. the first of these places was a city ruled by a patesi, whom eannatum slew when he captured and destroyed it. it was formerly regarded as situated in the neighbourhood of the persian gulf, but the grounds on which this view was held have proved inadequate. -[40] moreover, eannatum's references to mishime and arua do not assist us much in determining their positions, for he merely states that he destroyed and annihilated them. -in a passage upon the stele of the vultures, however, a reference to the land of sumer follows closely upon a record of the conquest of arua,[41] which perhaps is an indication that all three places should be sought in southern babylonia. we are thus without data for settling definitely the region in which this group of cities lay, and we are equally without information as to the period of his reign in which eannatum captured or destroyed them. the fact that they are mentioned last in the lists is no proof that they were among his most recent conquests; it may merely be due to their relatively small importance. in support of this suggestion we may note that in the longest of his foundation-inscriptions eannatum refers to them once only, while his successes against elam and the northern cities are celebrated in two or three separate passages. @@ -11837,13 +10580,9 @@ perhaps the canal ug-edin is to be identified with lummagirnunta, unless one of for the supply of his principal irrigation-canal with water after the period of the spring-floods, eannatum did not depend solely upon such water as might find its way in from the river, before the surface of the latter sank below the level of the canal-bed; nor did he confine himself to the laborious method of raising it from the river to his canal by means of irrigation-machines. both these methods of obtaining water he doubtless employed, but he supplemented them by the construction of a reservoir, which should retain at least a portion of the surplus water during the early spring, and store it up for gradual use in the fields after the water-level in the river and canals had fallen. in the passage in his foundation-inscription, which records this fact, he says: "for ningirsu he founded the canal lummadimdug and dedicated it to him; eannatum, endowed with strength by ningirsu, constructed the reservoir of lummadimdug, with a capacity of three thousand six hundred gur of water. -"[42] it is true that his reservoir was not of very imposing dimensions, but its construction proves that eannatum or his engineers had studied the problem of irrigation in a scientific spirit, and had already evolved the method of obtaining a constant water-supply which is still regarded as giving the best results. -[illustration: brick of eannatum, patesi of shirpurla, recording his genealogy and conquests, and commemorating the sinking of wells in shirpurla.--brit. mus., no. -85977; photo, by messrs. mansell & co.] smaller canals were possibly dug during eannatum's reign for supplying water to those quarters of lagash which he improved or added to; and we also know that, where canalization was impracticable, he obtained water by sinking wells. within the enclosure of ningirsu's temple, for instance, he constructed a well for supplying the temple with water, and some of the bricks have been recovered which lined the well on the inside. -[43] on these he inscribed his name beside those of the gods by whom he had been favoured; and, after giving a list of his more important conquests, he recorded that he had built the well in the spacious forecourt of the temple, and had named it sigbirra, and had dedicated it to ningirsu. from the reference to his conquests in the inscription upon the bricks, it is clear that the sinking of the well, like the cutting of the irrigation-canal lummadimdug, took place in the later years of eannatum's reign. the phrase with which the well-inscription of eannatum ends may be taken as indicating the measure of prosperity to which the state of lagash attained under his rule. "in those days," it says, "did ningirsu love eannatum." @@ -11853,133 +10592,63 @@ three times in the course of his inscriptions he states that "by eannatum, whose the metaphor he here employs is taken from the heavy battle-mace, which formed an effective weapon in the warfare of the period. it may be seen in use in the scene sculptured upon the principal monument of eannatum's reign, where ningirsu himself is portrayed as breaking the heads of his foes. this representation of the city-god of lagash, one of the finest examples of early sumerian sculpture, in itself admirably symbolizes the ambition and achievements of the ruler in whose reign and by whose order it was made. - [1] "déc. -en chaldée," p. xl. ; cf. -thureau-dangin, "königsinschriften," pp. 10 ff. -[2] with the lower part of col. iv. -(pl. xl. ), ll. 5-8, cf. -col. v., ll. 23-29. -[3] literally, "devoured. ". -[4] col. i., ll. 10 ff. -("déc. -en chaldée," p. xlvii. ). -[5] obv., col. vii. -(lower part) and col. viii. ff. -[6] cone-inscription, col. i., ll. 32 ff. -[7] "cuneiform texts in the british museum," pt. vii., pl. 1 f., no. 23580. -[8] "déc. -en chaldée," p. -xliv., galet e. -[9] cone-inscription, col. ii., ll. 11-18. -[10] cf. -obv., col. -xix.-xxii., and rev., col. iii.-v. -[11] obv., col. -xvi.--rev., col. v. -[12] the fragments a-f have been published in "déc. en chaldée" on the following plates: plate 4, a, b, and c, obverse (it should be noted that on the plate the letters b and c should be interchanged); plate 3, a, b, and c, reverse (the letters b and c are here placed correctly); plate 4 (bis), d and e, obverse; plate 3 (bis), d and e, reverse; plate 4 (ter), f, obverse and reverse. the fragment g, which connects c with f, is published in "cun. texts in the brit. mus.," pt. vii., pl. 1. -[13] these are known by the symbols d and e; see p. 131, fig. 46. in the course of its transport from tello to constantinople the upper part of fragment d was unfortunately damaged, so that the god's brow, and his eye, and the greater part of his nose are now wanting (see "déc. en chaldée," pl. 4 bis). in the block the missing portions have been restored from a squeeze of the fragment taken at tello by m. de sarzec (cf. -"déc.," p. 194 f.). -[14] cf. -heuzey, "rev. -d'assyr.," iii., p. 10. its first adoption by the semites is seen on the recently discovered monument of sharru-gi, an early king of kish; see below, chap. -viii., p. 220 f. -[15] see above, p. 128 f. -[16] the fragment is known as b; "déc. en chaldée," pl. -4 (see above, p. 129, n. 1). -for her headdress, see above, p. 51, fig. 18. -[17] fragment g; see above, p. 129, n 1. -[18] fragments c and f; see above, p. 129, n. 1. -[19] "déc. -en chaldée," p. -xliii., galet a, col. v. f. -[20] these are numbered a, d (which is joined to e), and b; see above, p 129, n. 1. -[21] see above, p. 125. -[22] see the plate facing p. 124. -[23] fragment b, reverse (see above, p. 129, n. 1). -[24] see the plate facing p. 124. -[25] see above, p. 43. -[26] see above, p. 42, n. 1. -[27] fragment c, reverse; see the plate facing p. 138. -[28] the remains of this scene upon fragment f are figured in the text; for the fragment g, see "cun. texts in the brit. mus.," pt. vii., pl. 1. -[29] see above, p. 68, fig. 20. -[30] see obv., col. vi., ll. 25 ff., col. vii., ll. 1 ff. -[31] foundation-stone a, col. v., l. 23--col. -vi., l. 5; "déc.," p. xliii. -[32] see col, vi., ll. 6 ff. -[33] see col. -iv., ll. 25 ff. -[34] see the opposite plate. -[35] foundation-stone a, col. iii., l. 13. -[36] col. vi., ll. 6 ff. -[37] the phrase is not to be taken to mean that eannatum buried the bodies of the slain elamites, though it may be a conventional formula employed to describe any important battle. it may be noted that entemena definitely states that he left the bones of his enemies to bleach in the open plain, and this was probably the practice of the period. each side would bury its own dead to ensure their entrance into the underworld. -[38] rev., col. vi., l. 10--col. vii., l. 3. -[39] the name is expressed by the conflate sign, formed of the signs uru and a, the phonetic reading of which is unknown. -[40] the name of the place was formerly read in a short inscription engraved upon a mace-head of gudea, and it was supposed to be described in that passage as lying near the persian gulf; cf. -heuzey, "rev. arch.," vol. xvii. -(1891), p. 153; radau, "early bab. -hist.," pp. 81, 191. but the syllable as occurs in that text without the determinative for "place," and it is rather to be interpreted as part of the name of the mountain from which gudea obtained the breccia for his mace-head; and the mountain itself is described as situated on "the upper sea," i.e. -the mediterranean, see below, p. 270 f. -[41] see "rev.," col. viii. -[42] foundation-stone a, col. vii., ll. 3 ff. -[43] for one of the inscribed bricks from the well, see the plate opposite p. 154. chapter vi the close of ur-ninâ's dynasty, the reforms of urukagina, and the fall of lagash eannatum was the most famous and powerful member of ur-ninâ's dynasty, and it is probable that his reign marks the zenith of the power of lagash as a city-state. we do not know the cause which led to his being succeeded upon the throne by his brother enannatum i., instead of by a son of his own. -that the break in the succession was due to no palace-revolution is certain from a reference enannatum makes to his brother in an inscription found by koldewey at el-hibba,[1] where, after naming akurgal as his father, he describes himself as "the beloved brother of eannatum, patesi of lagash." it is possible that eannatum had no male issue, or, since his reign appears to have been long, he may have survived his sons. we may indeed conjecture that his victories were not won without considerable loss among his younger warriors, and many cadets of the royal house, including the king's own sons, may have given their lives in the service of their city and its god. such may well have been the cause of the succession passing from the direct line of descent to a younger branch of the family. @@ -11992,12 +10661,10 @@ such an opportunity they may have seen in the death of their conqueror eannatum, enakalli, with whom eannatum had drawn up his treaty, had been succeeded on the throne by urlumma. in his cone-inscription entemena gives no indication as to whether there was any interval between the reign of enakalli and that of urlumma. but from a small tablet of lapis-lazuli in the "collection de clercq," we gather that the latter was enakalli's son, and, therefore, probably his direct successor upon the throne. -[2] the little tablet was employed as a foundation-memorial, and a short inscription upon it records the building of a temple to the god enkigal by urlumma, who describes himself as the son of enakalli. each ruler bears the title of "king" in the inscription, and, although the reading of the sign following the title is uncertain, there is little doubt that we should identify the urlumma and enakalli of the tablet with the two patesis of umma who are known to have borne these names. urlumma did not maintain his father's policy, but, following ush's example, marshalled his army and made a sudden descent upon the territory of lagash. his raid appears to have been attended with even greater violence than that of his predecessor. ush had contented himself with merely removing the stele of delimitation set up by mesilim, but urlumma broke that of eannatum in pieces by casting it into the fire, and we may assume that he treated mesilim's stele in the same way. -[3] the shrines, or chapels, which eannatum had built upon the frontier and had dedicated to the gods whom he had invoked to guard the treaty, were now levelled to the ground. by such acts urlumma sought to blot out all trace of the humiliating conditions imposed in earlier years upon his city, and, crossing the frontier-ditch of ningirsu, he raided and plundered the rich plains which it had always been the ambition of umma to possess. it is probable that urlumma's object in breaking the treaty was not merely to collect spoil from the fields and villages he overran, but to gain complete possession of the coveted plain. at least, both entemena and urukagina record that the subsequent battle between the forces of umma and lagash took place within the latter's territory, which would seem to imply that urlumma and his army did not retreat with their plunder to their own city, but attempted to retain possession of the land itself. @@ -12008,12 +10675,8 @@ we may, therefore, conclude that enannatum did no more than check urlumma's encr few other facts are known of the reign of enannatum i. we gather that he sent men to the mountains, probably of elam, and caused them to fell cedars there and bring the trunks to lagash; and from the cedar-wood thus obtained he constructed the roof of a temple, which appears to have been dedicated to ningirsu. the temple we may probably identify with ningirsu's famous temple e-ninnû, whence we have recovered a mortar, which enannatum prepared and presented that it might be used for pounding onions in connection with the temple-ritual. another object dedicated to ningirsu, which dates from this period, is preserved in the british museum, and furnishes us with the name of a minister in the service of enannatum. -this is a limestone mace-head,[4] carved with the emblem of lagash, and bearing an inscription from which we learn that it was deposited in the temple e-ninnû by barkiba,[5] the minister, to ensure the preservation of the life of enannatum, "his king." it would appear from this record that, although enannatum himself adopted the title of "patesi," which he ascribes also to his father akurgal, it was permissible for his subordinates to refer to him under the title of "king." -that "patesi" was, however, his usual designation may be inferred not only from his own inscriptions, but from the occurrence of the title after his name upon a deed of sale drawn up on a tablet of black stone,[6] which probably dates from his reign. -from this document, as well as from a text inscribed upon clay cones found by koldewey at el-hibba,[7] we also learn that enannatum had a son named lummadur,[8] in addition to entemena. it should be noted that neither on the clay cones nor on the tablet of black stone is the name of enannatum's father recorded, so that the suggestion has been made that they should be referred to enannatum ii., rather than to enannatum i. but the adornment of the temple e-anna, recorded on the cones, is referred to in the clay-inscription of enannatum i., which, like the cones, was found at el-hibba. -[9] it is reasonable therefore to assign the cone-inscription also to enannatum i., and to conclude that lummadur was his son, rather than the son and possible successor of enannatum ii. the cone-inscription records the installation of lummadur by his father as priest in e-anna, when that temple had been adorned and embellished in honour of the goddess ninni. since enannatum was succeeded upon the throne of lagash by entemena, we may assume that lummadur was the latter's younger brother. one of the first duties entemena was called upon to perform, after ascending the throne, was the defence of his territory against further encroachments by urlumma. @@ -12024,21 +10687,16 @@ his attack appears to have been carefully organized, for there is evidence that his anticipation of securing a decided victory by this means was, however, far from being realized. entemena lost no time in summoning his forces, and, having led them out into the plain of lagash, he met the army of urlumma at the frontier-ditch of lummagirnunta, which his uncle eannatum had constructed for the defence and irrigation of gu-edin, the fertile territory of ningirsu. here he inflicted a signal defeat upon the men of umma, who, when routed and put to flight, left sixty of their fellows lying dead upon the banks of the canal. -[10] urlumma himself fled from the battle, and sought safety in his own city. but entemena did not rest content with the defeat he had inflicted upon the enemy in the field. he pursued the men of umma into their own territory, and succeeded in capturing the city itself before its demoralized inhabitants had had time to organize or strengthen its defence. urlumma he captured and slew, and he thus put an end to an ambitious ruler, who for years had undoubtedly caused much trouble and annoyance to lagash. entemena's victory was complete, but it was not won without some loss among his own forces, for he heaped up burial-mounds in five separate places, which no doubt covered the bodies of his own slain. the bones of the enemy, he records, were left to bleach in the open plain. -[illustration: marble gate-socket bearing an inscription of entemena, patesi of shirpurla.--brit. mus., no. -90932; photo, by messrs. mansell & co.] entemena now proceeded to annex umma, and he incorporated it within the state of lagash and reorganized its administration under officers appointed by himself. as the new patesi of umma he did not appoint any native of that city, but transferred thither an official of his own, who held a post of considerable importance in another town under the suzerainty of lagash. the name of the official was ili, and at the time of the annexation of umma he was acting as sangu, or priest, of the town, the name of which has been provisionally read as ninab or ninni-esh. though the reading of the name of the place is still uncertain, it would appear to have been situated in southern babylonia, and to have been a place of some importance. -a small tablet in the louvre mentions together certain men of erech, of adab and of ninni-esh,[11] and, when lugal-zaggisi enumerates the benefits he had conferred on the cities of southern babylonia over which he ruled, he mentions umma and ninni-esh together, after referring to erech, ur, and larsa. -[12] we may, therefore, conclude with some probability that the city in which ili was at this time acting as priest was situated not far from umma. it was under the control of lagash, and doubtless formed part of the empire which eannatum had bequeathed to his successors upon the throne. ili is described as the priest, not the patesi, of the city, and it is possible that his office included the control of its secular administration. but in view of the importance of the place, it is unlikely that it was without a patesi. @@ -12058,7 +10716,6 @@ fortunately for us, he did not confine the records to his own victories, but pre other copies of the inscription were probably engraved upon stone and set up in the cities of umma and lagash, and, in order to increase still further the chances in favour of the preservation of his record, he had copies inscribed upon small cones of clay. these last were of the nature of foundation-memorials, and we may conclude that he had them buried beneath the buildings he erected or repaired upon the frontier-canals, and also perhaps in the foundations of temples within the city of lagash itself. entemena's foresight in multiplying the number of his texts, and in burying them in the structure of his buildings, was in accordance with the practice of the period; and in his case the custom has been fully justified. -so far as we know, his great stone stelæ have perished; but one of the small clay cones [13] has been recovered, and is among the most valuable of the records we possess of the early history of sumer. it is possible that the concluding paragraphs of the text were given in a fuller form upon the stone stelæ than we find them upon the cone; but, so far as the historical portion of the record is concerned, we have doubtless recovered the greater part, if not the whole, of entemena's record. the stelæ may have been engraved with elaborate curses, intended to preserve the frontier-ditch from violation, and, though these have been omitted in the shorter version of the text, their place is taken by the brief invocation and prayer with which the record concludes. entemena here prays that if ever in time to come the men of umma should break across the boundary-ditch of ningirsu or the boundary-ditch of ninâ, in order to lay violent hands upon the territory of lagash, whether they be men of the city of umma itself or people from the lands round about, then may enlil destroy them, and may ningirsu cast over them his net, and set his hand and foot upon them. @@ -12066,64 +10723,43 @@ and, should the warriors of his own city be called upon to defend it, he prays t it was not many years before lagash was in sore need of the help which is here invoked for her by entemena. apart from the cone recording the conquest of umma, the inscriptions of entemena do not throw much light upon the military achievements of his reign. three fragments of a limestone vase have been found at nippur in the strata beneath the temple of enlil on the south-east side of the ziggurat, or temple-tower, bearing on their outer surface a votive inscription of entemena. -[14] from these we gather that the vase was dedicated to enlil as a thank-offering after some victory. the fragmentary character of the inscription prevents us from identifying the enemy who was subdued on this occasion; but we shall probably be right in taking the passage as referring, not to the conquest of umma, but to the subjugation of some other district. in fact, we may regard the vase as evidence that entemena attempted to retain his hold upon the empire which eannatum had founded, and did not shrink from the necessity of undertaking military expeditions to attain this object. in further support of this view we may perhaps cite a reference to one of the cities conquered by eannatum, which occurs upon a votive text drawn up in entemena's reign, though not by the patesi himself. -the text in question is stamped upon the perforated relief of dudu, chief priest of ningirsu,[15] which at one time formed the support of a colossal ceremonial mace-head dedicated in the temple of ningirsu at lagash. the material of which the block is composed is dark in colour, comparatively light in weight, and liable to crack; it consists of a mixture of clay and bitumen, and may have been formed by nature or produced artificially. -[16] while this substance was still in a pliant state the block was formed from it, and the designs with the inscription were impressed by means of a stamp. according to the inscription, this bituminous substance was brought by dudu to lagash from one of the cities which had been conquered by eannatum and incorporated within his empire. the fact that dudu should have caused the substance to be procured from the city in question suggests that friendly relations existed between it and lagash at the time; it is quite possible that it had not, meanwhile, secured its independence, but still continued to acknowledge the suzerainty of the latter city. -the only other references to a foreign city in the texts of entemena occur upon his two principal building inscriptions,[17] which include among the list of his buildings the erection of a great laver for the god enki, described as "king of eridu." we may perhaps see in this record a further indication that at least the southern portion of eannatum's empire still remained in his nephew's possession. -[illustration: fig. 49.--fig 50.--fig 51.--details from the engravings upon entemena's silver vase. the upper group represents the emblem of lagash; in the lower groups ibexes and stags are substituted for the lions.--déc., pl 43 bis; cat. no. -218.] the high-priest, dudu, whose portrait is included in the designs upon the plaque already referred to, appears to have been an important personage during the reign of entemena, and two inscriptions that have been recovered are dated by reference to his period of office. one of these occurs upon the famous silver vase of entemena, the finest example of sumerian metal work that has yet been recovered. -the vase, engraved in outline with variant forms of the emblem of lagash,[18] bears an inscription around the neck, stating that entemena, patesi of lagash, "the great patesi of ningirsu," had fashioned it of pure silver and had dedicated it to ningirsu in e-ninnû to ensure the preservation of his life. it was deposited as a votive object in ningirsu's temple, and a note is added to the dedication to the effect that "at this time dudu was priest of ningirsu." a similar reference to dudu's priesthood occurs upon a foundation-inscription of entemena recording the construction of a reservoir for the supply of the lummadimdug canal, its capacity being little more than half that of the earlier reservoir constructed by eannatum. since the canal was dedicated to ningirsu, the reference to dudu was also here appropriate. but such a method of indicating the date of any object or construction, even though closely connected with the worship or property of the city-god, was somewhat unusual, and its occurrence in these texts may perhaps be taken as an indication of the powerful position which dudu enjoyed. -[19] indeed, enlitarzi, another priest of ningirsu during entemena's reign, subsequently secured the throne of lagash. entemena's building-inscriptions afford further evidence of his devotion to ningirsu, whose temple and storehouses he rebuilt and added to. next in order of importance were his constructions in honour of the goddess ninâ, while he also erected or repaired temples and other buildings dedicated to lugal-uru, and the goddesses ninkharsag, gatumdug, and ninmakh. such records suggest that entemena's reign, like that of eannatum, was a period of some prosperity for lagash, although it is probable that her influence was felt within a more restricted area. -[20] by his conquest and annexation of umma, he more than made up for any want of success on the part of his father, enannatum i., and, through this victory alone, he may well have freed lagash from her most persistent enemy throughout the reign of his immediate successors. -[illustration: silver vase dedicated to the god ningirsu by entemena, patesi of shirpurla.--in the louvre; déc. en chald., pl. -43 (bis).] with enannatum ii., the son of entemena, who succeeded his father upon the throne, the dynasty founded by ur-ninâ, so far as we know, came to an end. -[21] the reign of entemena's son is attested by a single inscription engraved upon a door-socket from the great store-house of ningirsu at lagash, his restoration of which is recorded in the text. there then occurs a gap in our sequence of royal inscriptions found at tello, the next ruler who has left us any records of his own, being urukagina, the ill-fated reformer and king of lagash, under whom the city was destined to suffer what was undoubtedly the greatest reverse she encountered in the long course of her history. although we have no royal texts relating to the period between the reigns of enannatum ii. and urukagina, we are fortunately not without means for estimating approximately its length and recovering the names of some, if not all, of the patesis who occupied the throne of lagash in the interval. our information is derived from a number of clay tablets, the majority of which were found in the course of native diggings at tello after m. de sarzec's death. -[22] they formed part of the private archive of the patesis of lagash at this time, and are concerned with the household expenses of the court and particularly of the harîm. -frequently these tablets of accounts make mention of the reigning patesi or his wife, and from them we have recovered the names of three patesis--enetarzi, enlitarzi, and lugal-anda[23]--who are to be set in the interval between enannatum ii. and urukagina. moreover, it has been pointed out that the inscriptions upon most of the tablets end with a peculiar form of figure, consisting of one or more diagonal strokes cutting a single horizontal one; and a plausible explanation has been given of these figures, to the effect that they were intended to indicate the date of the tablet, the number of diagonal strokes showing at a glance the year of the patesi's reign in which the text was written, and to which the accounts refer. a considerable number of such tablets have been examined, and by counting the strokes upon them it has been concluded that enetarzi reigned for at least four years, enlitarzi for at least five years, and lugal-anda for at least seven years. -[24] the relative order of these three patesis may now be regarded as definitely fixed, and, though it is possible that the names of others are missing which should be set within the period, the tablets themselves furnish indications that in any case the interval between enannatum ii. and urukagina was not a long one. it had for some time been suspected that enlitarzi and lugal-anda lived at about the same period, for a steward named shakh was employed by the wife of enlitarzi as well as by barnamtarra, the wife of lugal-anda. -[25] this inference has now been confirmed by the discovery of a document proving that lugal-anda was enlitarzi's son; for a clay cone has been found, inscribed with a contract concerning the sale of a house, the contracting parties being the family of lugal-anda, described as "the son of enlitarzi, the priest," and the family of barnamtarra, lugal-anda's future wife. -[26] moreover, we have grounds for believing that lugal-anda was not only the last of the three patesis whose names have been recovered, but was urukagina's immediate predecessor. an indication that this was the case may be seen in the fact that the steward eniggal, who is frequently mentioned in tablets of his reign, was also employed by urukagina and his wife shagshag. confirmation of this view has been found in the text upon a tablet, dated in the first year of urukagina's reign as king, in which mention is made of barnamtarra, lugal-anda's wife. -[27] this only leaves an interval before the reign of enlitarzi, in which enetarzi, the remaining patesi, is to be set. that this was not a long period is clear from the fact that enlitarzi himself occupied the throne soon after enannatum ii., an inference we may draw from a double date upon a sale-contract, dated in the patesiate of entemena, patesi of lagash, and in the priesthood of enlitarzi, chief priest of ningirsu. -[28] there can be no doubt of the identity of enlitarzi, the priest here referred to, with enlitarzi, the patesi, for the wife of the priest, who is mentioned in the contract, bears the same name as the wife of the patesi. -[29] since, therefore, enlitarzi already occupied the high position of chief priest of ningirsu during the reign of entemena, it is reasonable to conclude that his reign as patesi was not separated by any long interval from that of entemena's son and successor. the internal evidence furnished by the texts thus supports the conclusion suggested by an examination of the tablets themselves, all of which are distinguished by a remarkable uniformity of type, consisting, as they do, of baked clay tablets of a rounded form and written in a style which closely resembles that of urukagina's royal inscriptions. the interval between the death of entemena and urukagina's accession was thus a short one, and the fact that during it no less than four patesis followed one another in quick succession suggests that the period was one of unrest in lagash. like enlitarzi, enetarzi also appears to have been chief priest of ningirsu before he secured the throne; at least we know that a priest of that name held office at about this period. -the inscription from which this fact may be inferred is an extremely interesting one,[30] for it consists of the earliest example of a letter or despatch that has yet been found on any babylonian site. it was discovered at tello during the recent excavations of commandant cros, and, alike in the character of its writing and in its general appearance, it closely resembles the tablets of accounts from the patesis' private archive, to which reference has already been made. the despatch was written by a certain lu-enna, chief priest of the goddess ninmar, and is addressed to enetarzi, chief priest of the god ningirsu. at first sight its contents are scarcely those which we should expect to find in a letter addressed by one chief priest to another. @@ -12135,18 +10771,13 @@ the reference to enetarzi suggests that the incursion of the elamites took place we may thus conclude that the last member of ur-ninâ's dynasty did not possess his father's ability to direct the affairs of lagash and allowed the priests of the great temples in the city to usurp many of the privileges which had hitherto been held by the patesi. it is probably to this fact that the close of ur-ninâ's dynasty may be traced. the subsequent struggle for the patesiate appears to have taken place among the more important members of the priesthood. -of those who secured the throne, enlitarzi, at any rate, was succeeded by his son, by whom, however, he may have been deposed,[31] and no strong administration appears to have been established, until urukagina, abandoning the traditions of both the priesthood and the patesiate, based his government on the support he secured from the people themselves. such appears to have been the course of events at this time, although the paucity of our historical materials renders it impossible to do more than hazard a conjecture. -[illustration: fig. 52. fig 53.--impression of a seal of lugal-anda, patesi of lagash (shirpurla), engraved with the emblem of lagash, and with figures of animals, heroes, and mythological creatures. -below is a reconstruction of the cylinder-seal, indicating its size.--see allotte de la fu e, rev. d'assyr., vol. vi., no. 4, pl. -i.] in addition to the tablets of accounts concerning the household expenditure of the patesis, and the letter to enetarzi from lu-enna, the principal relics of this period that have come down to us are numbers of clay sealings, some of which bear impressions of the seals of the patesi lugal-anda, his wife barnamtarra, and his steward eniggal. they afford us no new historical information, but are extremely valuable for the study of the artistic achievements and religious beliefs of the sumerians. -[32] from the traces upon their lower sides, it is clear that they were employed for sealing reed-baskets or bundles tied up in sacking formed of palm-leaves and secured with cords. in consequence of the rough character of the lumps of clay, no single one presents a perfect impression, but, as several examples of each have been found, it is possible in some cases to reconstruct the complete design and to estimate the size of the original seal. in the accompanying blocks reproductions are given of the designs upon the cylinder-seals of lugal-anda which can be most completely restored. the principal group of figures in the larger of the two consists of two rampant lions in conflict with a human-headed bull and a mythical and composite being, half-bull and half-man, whose form recalls the description of ea-bani in the legend of gilgamesh. @@ -12154,7 +10785,6 @@ to the left of the inscription is the emblem of lagash, and below is a row of sm the figures on the smaller cylinder represent the same types, but here the emblem of lagash is reduced to the eagle without the lions, which was peculiarly the emblem of ningirsu. the mythological being who resembles ea-bani is repeated heraldically on each side of the text in conflict with a lion. the occurrence of this figure and those of the -[illustration: fig. 54. fig. 55.--impression of a seal of lugal-anda, sandy for half a mile out; there was just light enough to distinguish where the paler green commenced. the darkness grew rapidly as they walked; the last faint reflection of sunset faded on the gray sea. @@ -12223,7 +10853,6 @@ mrs. wyndwood started forward. “oh, there you are, olive!” the figure threw passionate arms round her. “comfort me, darling; i am engaged.” -* * * * * for the happier herbert had spoken. and olive had listened shyly, humbly, with tears, full of an exquisite uplifting emotion, akin to the exaltation of righteousness, at the thought of giving herself to this man, of living her life with and for the one true soul in the world. they stood close to the hoary rim of the black welter; dusky figures, wind-rocked and spray-drenched, a little apart from each other, the shining house in the background. @@ -12345,7 +10974,6 @@ she wrote that she was very anxious to see the picture, and also to be back in t not that the town held much to enthral her. fortunately olive had consented to the paris project; the girl did not want to marry before next summer, and rather hailed the idea of a farewell quasi-bachelor bohemian period of art and liberty. what she, eleanor, would do when she lost olive heaven only knew. -and then came the wail of world-weariness which his ear had caught already in the first stages of their acquaintanceship. he interpreted it in the light of his own blank unrest, but to imagine her hungering for him as he hungered for her was impossible to his reverent passion. that she admired and liked him he could not doubt; and in one or two instants of mutual electricity he had dared to think that herbert was right, and that she loved him. but his diffidence could never cherish the hope for more than a few seconds; and even if she indeed loved him, he felt that her delicacy, her finer, more ethereal ethical sense would preserve her from the wistful images that tortured him. @@ -12592,7 +11220,6 @@ a wilderness of talk could not have advanced matters so far. through the tall glass roof of the airy studio the sun streamed in rays of dusty gold, dappling the imaginative clay models in their wet wrappings, the busts, fountains, serpents, rock-work, witches, that variegated the shelves, and lent an air of fantasy and poetry, extruding the tedious commonplace of plebeian existence, and harmonizing with the joyous aloofness of the scene in the court-yard its sense of existence in and for itself, by souls attuned to art and dedicate to loveliness. mrs. wyndwood stood, saucily beautiful, leaning against a shelf, with one hand in the pocket of her blouse, and rubbing the clay of the other against the sides of what looked like a tin baking-dish filled with plaster-pie. how harmonious was that tilt to her nose! -he had never noticed before how delightfully it turned up. she smiled roguishly. “imprudent creature! suppose olive had been in!” @@ -12910,7 +11537,6 @@ now, mind you do! ta, ta, old fellow. sorry you’re not in the academy this year--but it’s a good advertisement for you. i think i shall be ill myself next year. -but we mustn’t talk shop. good-bye, old man. oh, by-the-way, i hear your cousin’s engaged to an heiress. it’s true, is it? @@ -13122,7 +11748,6 @@ was that to be the end of ruth--the sweet playmate, the great soul? she looked up frankly at him. “in so far as i have been able to help linda to help other girls.” “and do you meditate--helping linda all your life?” -“with god’s help.” “even,” he essayed to smile again, “even if you marry?” “oh, but i won’t marry,” she said, quickly, and kept her face bravely raised to his, though the tell-tale rose was coming and going on her transparent skin. “not even”--his smile was a ghastly caricature--”to spite the caricaturists?” @@ -13186,7 +11811,6 @@ but he did remember. and he remembered, too, how he had sent it her as a slight return for the arabian nights. he had lost her gift (through the carelessness of jack floss) very soon after, but she cherished his still. he moved to her side, watching her rummage among heaps of papers. -he saw the backs of two photographs, and picked them up. one was a portrait of linda verder, the other of himself. “both public celebrities,” she said, with a little confused laugh. “i’ve never attained to the shop-windows, so naturally i am scarcer.” she continued her search, and at last turned up something. @@ -13473,7 +12097,6 @@ without you to inspire it, my art is dead. i retire from the long contest broken-hearted. yours so truly, matthew strang. -p.s.--i dared not trust myself to come and tell you this. it would have been a useless trial for both of us. you will be happier without me and all the suffering my selfish passion must have brought upon you. forget me. @@ -13494,7 +12117,6 @@ the sudden shriek of the engine sounded sardonic. the train moved on, bearing matthew strang from all the sweetness and savor of life. in the great ocean of existence wherein men struggle for happiness he had gone down--like his father. but, like his father, he had gone down wrapped in his flag. -* * * * * the stage of the world is not adapted for heroic attitudes, unless the curtain be dropped on the instant. to pass, after a tedious day-long journey, from the vivid boulevards to the gray dreariness of a poor london suburb on a sunday evening was already a chill to the artistic mind; to find that the wife into whose arms he had come to fall in dramatic contrition was not only out, but gone to church with aunt clara and little clara, was to be further reminded of the essentially inartistic character of life in general, and of its especial narrowness in church-going districts. but he stooped down to kiss little davie, who, by reason of the servant’s “sunday out,” had opened the door and explained these things to him. @@ -13507,7 +12129,6 @@ in the kitchen he found billy moping by the fire--profiting by the absence of th a wave of protective love, almost paternal, flooded matthew’s soul; he laid his hand on poor billy’s head as in benediction. nevermore would they be parted, nevermore. “billy,” he said, softly. -the young man started violently, and looked up. “i’ve come back, billy,” he said, tenderly. “so i see,” replied billy, ungraciously. he was stung to the quick, but he controlled his pain; he saw this was part of his atonement. @@ -13557,7 +12178,6 @@ these images are sold in thousands. what a ludicrous thing popular religion is!” matthew laughed, but there was a tear for rosina in the laughter. “by-the-way,” he said, suddenly, “did old coble leave her any money?” -“yes--but a few thousand dollars was all there was when his estate was wound up. he couldn’t have expected to crack up, for he made no provision whatever for aunt clara.” “then rosina is keeping her?” “yes, i suppose so.” @@ -13593,7 +12213,6 @@ presently they heard the returning church party descending into the area, so as he had kissed her before she was aware of his presence, as she stepped across the kitchen threshold, red-edged prayer-book in hand. after that her sullenness was only half-hearted. he said he had come to supper. -by the time they had sat down to it a reconciliation had been patched up. warned by billy’s reception of his determination, he did not even break it to her yet. thus tamely passed off the great renunciation scene--the crisis of his life--like everything else in his life, unlike what he had imagined beforehand. rosina did not even understand what this home-coming meant to him. @@ -13605,7 +12224,6 @@ matthew pondered the immense saying, so glibly spoken, as he waited for her to r billy drowsed on his chair, exhausted. the fire glowed red; the cat was still stretched in the warmth. something in the scene thrilled him with a sense of restful kinship with it, half sweet, half sad; a sense of being more really at home than in delicate drawing-rooms; the old homely kitchen far away on the borders of the forest sent out subtle links, binding his childhood to the manhood that had come at last. -* * * * * this half-and-half-ness was typical of the new life which began that night, and which on the morrow was sealed and consecrated by the characteristically self-deceptive message from eleanor: “you are right. we have chosen the highest.” it was a life full of petty pricks and every-day worries. but if it was not so grandiosely heroic as he had intended, neither was the consequence to his art as he had foreseen. @@ -13616,7 +12234,6 @@ for unhappiness drove him back to his studio--where the “angelus” hung now l from the glooms and trials of the daily routine in this prosaic home, with its faithful but narrow-souled mistress, who knew not what was passing in her husband’s mind, nor at what cost he had made her happy, and who would not even agree to live in some beautiful country spot which would have softened life for him--from this depressing household, with its unsprightly children, its cheerless pensioner, its querulous cripple resenting the very hand that fed him, he escaped to the little whitewashed studio to find in his art oblivion of the burden of life. and now, at last, his true life--work was begun. removed from the sapping cynicism of the club conscience, from the drought of drawing-room disbelief, from the miasma of fashionable conversation, from the confusing cackle of critics; saved from the intrigue with mrs. wyndwood, that would have distracted his soul and imposed an extra need for money-making; withdrawn from the feverish rush of fashion and the enervating consumption of superfluous food and drink; exempted from keeping up a luxurious position purchased by scamped, soulless pictures; able to work without the whims of sitters or patrons, without regard to prices--for rosina’s income, augmented by her very considerable hoardings and by his balance, supplemented by the proceeds of the sale of his studio effects and -[illustration: “something in the scene thrilled him with a sense of restful kinship”] ancient pictures, the whole doubled by rosina’s economic administration, was amply sufficient for every rational need--matthew strang began at last, without underthought of anything but art, in this homely environment to which his soul was native, to express his own inmost individuality, to produce faithfully and finely the work it was in him to do. solitary, silent, sorrowful, strong; not chattering about his ideas and his aims, indifferent to fame or the voice of posterity, striving for self-approbation and rarely obtaining it, touching and retouching, breaking the rules of the schools in obedience to his own genius, he toiled on in his humble studio, seeking the highest, with no man and no woman to inspire, encourage, or praise. he had been saved from love and happiness, and sent back into sympathy with all that works and suffers. @@ -13694,10 +12311,7 @@ and yet his life is not all unhappy--work is his anodyne, and there is an inner but life is too long for ideals; the unending procession of the days depresses the finest enthusiasm. sometimes when the domestic horizon is dark, or when his body is racked with pain, he rebels against the rôle thrust upon him in the world’s workshop, and against the fate that mocked at his free-will, and made of him a voluntary instrument for the happiness of rosina and herbert, turning his every action to undreamed-of issues; and then he longs for the life that he had found so hollow, the life of gay talk, and rustling dresses, and wine, and woman, and song. and in such moments as these--when the natural human instinct for happiness, yearning sunward, breaks through all the strata of laborious philosophy and experience--he remembers that men call him “the master,” and then he seems to hear the sardonic laughter of mad peggy, as he asks himself what master he has followed in his sacrifice, or what master, working imperturbably, moulds human life at his ironic, inscrutable will. -* * * * * typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber: -miss o’reilly’s hair chamelon-colored=> miss o’reilly’s hair chameleon-colored {pg} -painter always trod giugerly=> painter always trod gingerly {pg 400} blacky the crow by thornton w. burgess chapter i: blacky the crow makes a discovery @@ -13958,7 +12572,6 @@ if they are trying to do a wrong thing, very likely all their plans fail, as the now blacky the crow knows all about the value of trying and trying. he isn't easily discouraged. sometimes it is a pity that he isn't, because he plans so much mischief. -but the fact remains that he isn't, and he tries and tries until he cannot think of another plan and just has to give up. when he invited all his relatives to join him in tormenting hooty the owl, he thought he had a plan that just couldn't fail. he felt sure that mrs. hooty would leave her nest and help hooty try to drive away his tormentors. but mrs. hooty didn't do anything of the kind, because hooty was smart enough and thoughtful enough to lead his tormentors away from the nest into the darkest part of the green forest where their noise wouldn't bother mrs. hooty. @@ -14015,7 +12628,6 @@ he snapped his bill angrily and then more angrily. “i guess mrs. hooty is quite able to take care of herself,” he grumbled, “but she ought not to be disturbed while she is sitting on those eggs. i hate to go back there in that bright sunshine. it hurts my eyes, and i don't like it, but i guess i'll have to go back there. -mrs. hooty needs my help. i'd rather stay here, but--” he didn't finish. instead, he spread his broad wings and flew back towards the nest and mrs. hooty. @@ -14045,7 +12657,6 @@ i've tried every way i can think of, and those eggs are still there. my, my, my, how i would like one of them right now!” then blacky the crow did a thing which disappointed scamps often do,--began to blame the ones he was trying to wrong because his plans had failed. to have heard him talking to himself, you would have supposed that those eggs really belonged to him and that hooty and mrs. hooty had cheated him out of them. -yes, sir, that is what you would have thought if you could have heard him muttering to himself there in the tree-top. in his disappointment over not getting those eggs, he was so sorry for himself that he actually did feel that he was the one wronged,--that hooty and mrs. hooty should have let him have those eggs. of course, that was absolute foolishness, but he made himself believe it just the same. at least, he pretended to believe it. @@ -14108,14 +12719,11 @@ then he caught sight of hooty the owl. “ha, so that's it!” he exclaimed. “those scamps have discovered hooty and have been having no end of fun tormenting him. i wonder what he's doing there.” -he no longer tried to keep out of sight, but walked right up to the foot of the tree, all the time looking up. hooty saw him, but instead of flying away, he snapped his bill just as he had at the crows and hissed. “that's funny,” thought farmer brown's boy. “if i didn't know that to be the old nest of redtail the hawk, and if it weren't still the tail-end of winter, i would think that was hooty's nest.” -he walked in a circle around the tree, looking up. suddenly he gave a little start. was that a tail sticking over the edge of the nest? -he found a stick and threw it up. it struck the bottom of the nest, and out flew a great bird. it was mrs. hooty! blacky the crow chuckled. @@ -14267,10 +12875,8 @@ judge no one by his style of dress; your ignorance you thus confess. “caw, caw, caw, caw.” there was no need of looking to see who that was. peter rabbit knew without looking. mrs. quack knew without looking. -just the same, both looked up. just alighting in the top of a tall tree was blacky the crow. “caw, caw, caw, caw,” he repeated, looking down at peter and mrs. quack and mr. quack and the six young quacks. -“i hope i am not interrupting any secret gossip.” “not at all,” peter hastened to say. “mrs. quack was just telling me of the troubles and clangers in bringing up a young family in the far north. @@ -14374,7 +12980,6 @@ but blacky long ago learned that it isn't wise or wholly safe to depend altogeth “she wouldn't take care to protect the corn that way and not do as much for other things. there must be other signs, if i am smart enough to find them.” he lifted one black wing and began to set in order the feathers beneath it. -suddenly he made a funny little hop straight up. “well, i never!” he exclaimed, as he spread his wings to regain his balance. “i never did!” “is that so?” piped a squeaky little voice. @@ -14499,11 +13104,9 @@ i'll keep watch of this place and see what happens.” all the way to his favorite perch in a certain big hemlock-tree in the green forest, blacky kept thinking about that corn and the man who had seemed to be generous with it, and the more he thought, the more suspicious he became. he didn't like the looks of it at all. “i'll warn the quacks to keep away from there. -i'll do it the very first thing in the morning,” he muttered, as he prepared to go to sleep. “if they have any sense at all, they will stay in the pond of paddy the beaver. but if they should go over to the big river, they would be almost sure to find that corn, and if they should once find it, they would keep going back for more. it may be all right, but i don't like the looks of it.” -and still full of suspicions, blacky went to sleep. chapter xix: blacky makes more discoveries little things you fail to see may important prove to be. --blacky the crow. @@ -14663,7 +13266,6 @@ it is the duty of each one who sees a common danger to warn his neighbors. if something dreadful should happen to dusky because you were afraid of the dark, you never would be comfortable in your own mind. stay a little while and keep watch.” not five minutes later blacky saw something that made him, oh, so glad he had kept watch. -it was a swiftly moving black line just above the water far down the big river, and it was coming up. he knew what that black line was. he looked over at the hunter hiding behind some bushes close to the edge of the water. the hunter was crouching with his terrible gun in his hands and was peeping over the bushes, watching that black line. @@ -14831,7 +13433,6 @@ there he sat until the black shadows warned him that it was high time for him to he had to hurry, for it was later than usual, and he was afraid to be out after dark. just as he reached the green forest he heard a faint “bang, bang” from over by the big river, and he knew that it came from the place where farmer brown's boy was hiding in the rushes. “it is true,” croaked blacky. -“farmer brown's boy has turned hunter.” it was such a dreadful shock to blacky that it was a long time before he could go to sleep. chapter xxvi: why the hunter got no ducks the hunter who had come down the big river in a boat and landed near the place where dusky the black duck and his flock had found nice yellow corn scattered in the rushes night after night saw blacky the crow leave the top of a certain tree as he approached. “it is well for you that you didn't wait for me to get nearer,” said the hunter. @@ -14931,7 +13532,6 @@ at last, early one morning, he found dusky and his flock in the rushes and wild eagerly he counted them. there were nine. not one was missing. -blacky sighed with relief and dropped down on the shore close to where dusky was taking a nap. “hello!” said blacky. dusky awoke with a start. “hello, yourself,” said he. @@ -15010,7 +13610,6 @@ so he spread his black wings and flew away as silently as he had come. as he was flying away he saw those eggs. you see, as he rose into the air, he managed to pass that open door in such a way that he could glance in. that one glance was enough. -you know blacky's eyes are very sharp. he saw the hay in the box and the two eggs in the hay, and that was enough for him. from that instant blacky the crow began to scheme and plan to get one or both of those eggs. it seemed to him that he never, never, had wanted anything quite so much, and he was sure that he would not and could not be happy until he succeeded in getting one. @@ -15109,7 +13708,6 @@ the other, the larger of the two, was white and also very good to look at. in fact, blacky thought it the better of the two to look at, for it was very smooth and shiny. so, partly on this account, and partly because it was the largest, blacky chose the white egg. he seized it in his claws and started to fly with it, but somehow he could not seem to get a good grip on it. -he fluttered to the ground just outside the door, and there he got a better grip. just as old attracted the attention of that nobleman, who took him from the gang of convicted malefactors, with whom, under strict supervision, he hoed and delved under the blazing sun, and befriended him. it did not pay to befriend william parsons. he stole one of the best horses belonging to his benefactor, and, going upon those early colonial roads, soon accumulated, as a highwayman, a sufficient sum to buy himself a passage back to old england. @@ -15118,7 +13716,6 @@ a scheme for plundering his sister, who by this time had succeeded to her aunt's he hatched a plot with a discharged footman, for that man to pose as a gentleman of fortune, and to make advances to her, and even to forcibly carry her off and marry her against her will, if needs were. some women servants were also in the plot, and were even given duly signed bonds in £500 and lesser sums, to lend their aid. the footman and parsons were, in the event of this scheme proving successful, to share the £25,000 in equal parts. -[illustration: william parsons.] by a mere accident, the plot was discovered in a milliner's shop in the west end, where a lady friend of miss parsons had pointed out to her a finely dressed gentleman, "who was going to marry miss parsons." this led to enquiries, and an exposure of the whole affair. the last resource of this thorough-paced scoundrel was the road. @@ -15163,10 +13760,8 @@ his aim was not good, but he hit somebody: none other, indeed, than his own post then said page, "consider, sir, what a rash action you have been guilty of. you have killed this poor fellow, which i would not have done for the world. and now, sir, i repeat my orders, and if you refuse any longer to comply, i will actually fire upon you." -[illustration: william page.] the captain then snapped his second pistol at him, but it missed fire. page then swore he would shoot the lady; intending to do nothing of the kind, but only to alarm the captain the more. -but in captain jasper our highwayman had met sterner stuff than common, and the gallant soldier, the better to protect her, forthwith sat himself in her lap. on page continuing to declare he would shoot him, the captain leapt out of the chaise at him, and at that moment page fired, but with intention to miss, and the shot passed harmlessly by. again the captain pulled the trigger of his pistol, and again it missed fire. then page declared his ultimatum: "you must now surrender, or i absolutely will shoot you." @@ -15306,11 +13901,8 @@ indeed, the full-length portrait of him engraved in caulfield's remarkable chara perhaps the artist does him an injustice, but none of the several artists and engravers who have handed down to us their respective versions of his features have succeeded in imparting the slightest inkling of good looks to him, and few of the portraits agree with one another. he was tall above the average, as the various prints show; and he wore fine clothes. it was these exceedingly fine feathers, and the fashionable resorts he affected, that gave him the distinction of "gentleman" highwayman; and it is to be feared that his exquisite dress, in larger measure than the quality of his manners, influenced the ladies of 1750, who wept over his fate just as the equally foolish women of 1670 had wept over the hanging of du vall. -[illustration: james maclaine. -from a contemporary portrait.] the ordinary of newgate saw nothing remarkable in maclaine. he speaks of him as "in person of the middle-size, well-limbed, and a sandy complexion, a broad, open countenance pitted with the small-pox, but though he was called the gentleman highwayman, and in his dress and equipage very much affected the fine gentleman, yet to a man acquainted with good breeding, and that can distinguish it from impudence and affectation, there was very little in his address or behaviour that could entitle him to the character." -[illustration: maclaine, the ladies' hero.] archibald, the elder brother of this fashionable hero, was an entirely respected and blameless person, who entered the church, and was pastor of the english community at the hague for forty-nine years, from 1747 to 1796. james, the future knight of the road, was intended by his father for a merchant; but that pious father died when james was eighteen years of age, and so the youthful "perfect master of writing and accompts," as he is styled, instead of proceeding, as intended, to a scottish merchant in rotterdam, received a modest inheritance, with which he immediately took himself off to dublin, where he lost or expended it all inside twelve months, in dissipation, after the example of the prodigal son in the scriptures. only, unfortunately for him, when the money was gone, and he would, given the opportunity, perhaps have returned, like that illustrious exemplar, from his husks and his harlots, to partake of the fatted calf, there was no father, no home, and no fatted calf to which he might return. @@ -15323,7 +13915,6 @@ in this extremity he found a gentleman of cork, a "colonel f——n," who was co but he apparently did not make a good butler; and was, moreover, discovered making away with his master's property, and discharged. we next find him in london, thinking of joining the irish brigade in the french service; but abandoning the idea from conscientious scruples against being employed in popish surroundings. maclaine had a very tender conscience and a timid nature, and what with his religious scruples and the fear of being shot (to which he does not allude, but which was very vivid to him), he had to abandon the notion of wearing a fine uniform, which we may suspect had originally given him the impulse to a military life. -[illustration: james maclaine.] maclaine did not at this period keep very reputable society; but was in 1746 again occupying a position with the forgiving "colonel f——n." the colonel seems to have, on this second occasion, found him an undesirable servant; whereupon, "being prepossessed with the perfections of his person," he proposed to enlist in lord albemarle's troop of horseguards. the colonel, as an old soldier, thought this, no doubt, the best thing, and, with an advance of ten pounds, bade him go where glory waited him. @@ -15405,7 +13996,6 @@ here, at any rate, is a faint sweet relic of an older courtesy. as an afterthought, maclaine went back for two or three of the portmanteaux stored away in the hoot. they then, riding off westward, met the earl of eglinton, travelling in his post-chaise. he had an escort of two mounted servants, but as they were over half a mile behind at the time, he might equally well have been travelling alone. -[illustration: maclaine and plunkett robbing the earl of eglinton on hounslow heath.] maclaine, riding up to the postboy, threatened him with a pistol and told him to stop instantly; but, at the same time, was sufficiently cautious to so place himself that the occupant of the post-chaise would be unable to fire at him without hitting the postboy. the highwaymen were, as a rule, exceedingly well-informed persons; and maclaine knew perfectly well that lord eglinton carried a blunderbuss with him, and had the reputation of always being ready and willing to use it. but in the strategic position he had taken up, he was quite safe, and meanwhile plunkett had advanced from the rear and taken his lordship completely by surprise. @@ -15433,7 +14023,6 @@ heavily fettered, with his laced hat under his left arm. one hand holds his lengthy written defence, the other is affectedly spread over his breast, in gentlemanly protestation of his being an injured person. his is a tall, upstanding figure; but he appears, by the evidence of the print, to have had a face like a pudding: and the majority of the counsel seated at a table in front of him are shown regarding it with easily understood curiosity and astonishment. one of the dignified persons on the bench is represented addressing lady caroline: "what has your ladyship to say in favour of the prisoner at y^e bar?" -[illustration: maclaine in the dock.] with a dramatic gesture, she replies: "my lord, i have had the pleasure to know him well: he has often been about my house, and i never lost anything." in spite of this cloud of witness, our gentleman was convicted, and that with the utmost dispatch, for the jury returned their verdict of "guilty" without leaving the box. the time between his condemnation and execution was spent in an affectation of repentance, that does not read very pleasantly. @@ -15475,7 +14064,6 @@ mourn not my fate; your friendships have been kind, which i in tears shall own, oh! may the indulgence of such friendly love, that's been bestowed on me, be doubled from above. thus fortified, and giving his blessing, for what it might be worth, he went to tyburn diligently conning his prayer-book all the way, and not once glancing at the crowds. -[illustration: newgate's lamentation; or, the ladies' farewell to maclaine.] to the constable who had arrested him, and who now came to beg his forgiveness, he replied earnestly: "i forgive you, and may god bless you, and your friends; may he forgive my enemies and receive my soul." and then he was turned off, and died quite easily. there was a great sale for the many more or less truthful lives of him hawked round the gallows. @@ -15614,7 +14202,6 @@ the messenger must have been phenomenally speedy, for he is said to have returne paul lewis, who was, like nicholas horner, the son of a clergyman, was born at hurst-monceaux, in sussex, and was originally put to the profession of arms, and became an officer of artillery. the usual career of gambling and debauchery, so productive of highwaymen, led him first into difficulties with his creditors, and then caused him to desert from the army. he left one service only to enter another, for he joined the navy, and rose from the rank of midshipman to that of lieutenant. -[illustration: paul lewis.] none doubted his courage, nor, on the other hand, was there any mistaking his depravity. he robbed his brother officers of the small sum of three guineas, and made off with that meagre amount to begin the life of the road in the neighbourhood of newington butts. he levied contributions from a gentleman travelling in a chaise on this spot, but this, his initial effort, resulted in his capture. @@ -15699,7 +14286,6 @@ the officers of the law were not remiss in the chase, and were at the "red lion" once in london, the brothers separated; joseph taking another post-chaise, and george a hackney-coach. they were traced to london bridge, but there all track of them vanished. meanwhile, the post office had issued a long and detailed notice of the robbery, and had offered a reward of two hundred pounds for the apprehension of the guilty person, or persons: -[illustration: [++] post office logo.] "general post office, jan. 29th, 1781. "the postboy bringing the bristol mail this morning from maidenhead was stop't between two and three o'clock by a single highwayman with a crape over his face between the 11th and 12th milestones, near to cranford bridge, who presented a pistol to him, and after making him alight, drove away the horse and cart, which were found about 7 o'clock this morning in a meadow field near farmer lott's at twyford, when it appears that the greatest part of the letters were taken out of the bath and bristol bags, and that the following bags were entirely taken away:— pewsy. @@ -15769,7 +14355,6 @@ mr. clark, the officer sent to arrest them, met mrs. clements at the entrance an she said she would see, and went and warned them. down they came, and, with pistols cocked and presented at him, walked past as he was standing in the passage, and, without a word, into the street. once out of the house, they ran swiftly up wardour street, into oxford street, and then doubled into dean street and into richmond buildings. -unfortunately for them, this proved to be a blind alley, and an unpremeditated trap. they hurried out again, but already the mob was coming down the street after them, and they had only reached broad street when they were overtaken. both fired recklessly upon the crowd; no one but a butcher-boy being hit, and he only slightly grazed under the left ear. george was then knocked down by a carpenter, with a piece of wood. @@ -15796,7 +14381,6 @@ wright had no sooner gone about this business than they slipped off their fetter then they calmly awaited the return of wright, with the bowl. it was too large to go through the hatch of their locked and bolted door, as they had foreseen, and wright was persuaded to unlock and open the door and bring it in. when he had done so, the jovial highwaymen hospitably invited him to take the first drink, and while he was engaged in thus pleasing himself and themselves at the same time, they made suddenly at him and pushed him violently over; then slamming the door and fastening it securely upon him. -[illustration: the westons escaping from newgate.] an old woman who sold porter and such-like plebeian drinks to the meaner prisoners, was at the head of the stone stairs up which they then rushed, and stood still with amazement at sight of them, whereupon they overset her and her cans, and then, by a short passage-way, came to the outer door. they were each armed with a pistol, which their thoughtful girls had smuggled into their cell. escaping with them were also one lepierre, a suspected spy, and a certain francis storey. @@ -15871,7 +14455,6 @@ so far from paying attention to this well-meant discourse, rann put in an appear they drove thither in a carriage and dressed—in the slang phrase—"up to the nines." jack was splendid in a scarlet coat, tambour waistcoat, white silk stockings, and a laced hat. of course there flew at his knees the already famous sixteen strings. -[illustration: jack rann.] he was by nature boastful, and when the drink was in him bragged without restraint or ordinary prudence. on this occasion he drank freely, and, with an oath, declared himself a highwayman. rather more of a pickpocket, perhaps. @@ -15890,7 +14473,6 @@ he was arrested for a debt of £50, and thrown into the marshalsea prison; but s the sheriff's officers he affected to regard as low, churlish fellows, but they would not be denied. his creditors were soon after him again, and he was arrested when drinking in an alehouse in the then suburban tottenham court road. he shrank with horror from the touch of the two "vulgar" bailiffs, but there was little help for it. -he must pay up, or be taken up. his drinking-companions found between them three guineas, and he gave up his watch. together, these involuntary contributions made up more than the amount due. the bailiffs, on their part, agreed to refund the balance when rann was sufficiently in funds to redeem the ticker; and cordiality then reigned. @@ -15919,7 +14501,6 @@ cordy was a suspicious man. he communicated with the watchmaker, grigman by name, of russell street, covent garden, who had made it for dr. bell, who, when called upon, told how he had parted with it. the next day, jack rann and his doxy were arrested, and with them collier and ellen roche's servant, christian stewart. they all figured in bow street dock, and later appeared on trial at the old bailey. -[illustration: "sixteen-string jack" and ellen roche in the dock.] handsome jack was no less a dandy on this occasion than he had been on others, and he took the centre of the stage in his drama with a fine air. to be sure, there were none who envied him the principal part. he was dressed in pea-green coat and waistcoat, with unblemished white buckskin breeches, and again his hat was silver-laced. @@ -15954,7 +14535,6 @@ at this time he was close upon twenty years of age. described as being by no means handsome, he was of a cheerful and obliging temperament, and might have long retained the post, had his employer not discovered him in a discreditable love-affair with one of the maid-servants. he was dismissed, but soon found another situation: but he never afterwards kept a place for any length of time. roystering companions unsettled him and made him undesirable as a postilion. -[illustration: "galloping dick."] coming up to london, he found employment in a livery-stable in piccadilly, but presently his father died and he found himself the owner of his savings, amounting to £57. alas! poor robert. @@ -16011,7 +14591,6 @@ this was the hollow of putney bottom, through which the portsmouth road runs on the little beverley brook trickles by, to this day, in the hollow; and combe wood, whose thickets formed so convenient a lair for abershaw, and a rallying-place for his gang, is still very much what it was then. abershaw was not, of course, the first to see the strategic value of the heath, and of such woody tangles as these, bordering the road for quite three miles; for we read in ogilby's great book on the roads, published in 1675, of kingston hill, hard by as "not rarely infested with robbers"; and a gibbet long stood near at hand, to remind those robbers, and others who succeeded them, of their own probable fate. but, if by no means the first, or even the last, who practised here, he is easily the most famous, even though it be merely a pervasive fame, not crystallised into many anecdotes. -[illustration: jerry abershaw on putney heath.] the "bald faced stag," that then stood, a lonely tavern, by the roadside near the beverley brook, was a favourite meeting-place of abershaw and his fellows. it was afterwards rebuilt, as a superior hostelry, in the days when the growth of travel and of coaching had rendered the old roadside accommodation insufficient. this later house may still be seen, standing nowadays as a private residence, with imposing pillared portico, by the way. @@ -16087,7 +14666,6 @@ at the end of this week they procured a horse and gig and left london, saying th meanwhile, the loss of so many bank-notes had been widely advertised and the good faith of persons who presented any of them for payment enquired into. the movements of the men who had stopped the driver of the mail-cart and robbed him were traced, and soon the holyhead road was lively with the pursuit of them. they arrived at knutsford, in cheshire, only a short time before the coming of the mail-coach bringing particulars of the robbery. -before that, however, they had attracted a considerable deal of notice by their singular behaviour at the "george" inn, where they had put up. to draw attention by peculiarities of dress or demeanour is obviously the grossest folly in fugitive criminals, whose only chance of safety lies in unobtrusive manners and appearance. that would appear to be obvious to the veriest novices in crime. but the beatsons were no doubt by this time agitated by the serious position in which they had irretrievably placed themselves, and in so nervous a state that they really had not full command of their actions. @@ -16112,7 +14690,6 @@ the elder beatson was seventy years of age and the younger but twenty-seven. the accursed shears of fate—or, to be more exact, a rope dangling from a beam—ended them before experience had come to revise their methods and fit them out with the artistry of the expert. but few were so summarily ended as the unfortunate robert snooks. this person, a native of hungerford, was in the year 1800 living at hemel hempstead, in hertfordshire, in the immediate neighbourhood of boxmoor. -he had often observed the postboy carrying the well-filled mail-bags across the lonely flat of boxmoor, and (he is described as having been of remarkably fine physical proportions) thought how easy a thing it would be to frighten him into giving them up. accordingly, on one sufficiently dark night, he waited upon the moor for the postboy, stopped him, and, adopting a threatening demeanour, instructed him to carry the bags to a solitary spot and then go about his business. the frightened official immediately hurried off to the postmaster of the district: one mr. page, of the "king's arms," berkhamstead, and told his tale; leaving snooks to ransack the bags and take what he thought valuable. the bags, turned inside out, were found, the next morning, with a heap of letters, torn open and fluttering in all directions across the fields. @@ -16143,12 +14720,10 @@ i envied him, and with most reason, for his happiness and contentment. i can assure you there is no happiness but in doing good. i justly suffer for my offences, and hope it will be a warning to others. i die in peace with god and all the world." -[illustration: snooks addressing the crowd at his execution.] the horse was then whipped up, the cart drawn away from beneath the gallows-tree, and robert snooks had presently paid the harsh penalty of his crime. he had behaved with remarkable courage, and, espying an acquaintance in the crowd, offered him his watch if he would promise to see that his body received christian burial. but the man, unwilling to be recognised as a friend of the criminal, made no response, and snooks's body was buried at the foot of the gallows. a hole was dug there, and a truss of straw divided. -half was flung in first; the body upon that, and the second half on top. the hangman had half-stripped the body, declaring the clothes to be his perquisite, and would have entirely stripped it, had not the high constable interfered, insisting that some regard should be had to decency. a slow-moving feeling of compassion for the unhappy wretch took possession of some of the people of hemel hempstead, who on the following day procured a coffin, reopened the grave, and, placing the body in the coffin, thus gave it some semblance of civilised interment; but, those being the times of the body-snatchers, doubts have been expressed of the body being really there. it is thought that the body-snatchers may afterwards have visited the lonely spot and again resurrected it. @@ -16159,13 +14734,11 @@ opposite this, on the right-hand side of the road, and between this road and the at a point, a hundred and fifty yards past the inn, look out sharply for a clump of five young horse-chestnut trees growing on the moor. close by them is a barren space of reddish earth, with a grassy mound, a piece of conglomerate, or "pudding-stone," and a newer stone inscribed "robert snooks, 11 march, 1802." this has been added since 1905, and duly keeps the spot in mind. -[illustration: snooks's grave.] huffum white the decay of the highwayman's trade and its replacement by that of the burglar and the bank-robber is well illustrated by the career of huffum, or huffy, white, who was first sentenced for burglary in 1809. transportation for life was then awarded him, and we might have heard no more of his activities, had not his own cleverness and the stupidity of the authorities enabled him to escape from the hulks at woolwich. thus narrowly missing the long voyage to botany bay, he made direct for london, then as now the best hiding-place in the world. he soon struck up an acquaintance with one james mackcoull, and they proposed together to enter upon a course of burglary; but at the very outset of their agreement they were arrested. mackcoull, as a rogue and vagabond, was sent to prison for six months, and white was sentenced to death as an escaped convict, the extreme penalty being afterwards reduced to penal servitude for life. -[illustration: huffum white escaping from the hulks.] on january 20th, 1811, mackcoull was released, and at once, like the faithful comrade he was, set about the task of securing white's escape from the convict ship to which he had again been consigned. dropping overboard in the fog and darkness that enshrouded the lower reaches of the thames on that winter's evening into the boat that mackcoull had silently rowed under the bows of the ship, white was again free. an astonishing enterprise now lay before white, mackcoull, and a new ally: a man named french. @@ -16206,7 +14779,6 @@ he declared kendall to be innocent. when the chaplain asked him earnestly if he could administer any comfort to him at that solemn moment, he replied: "only by getting some other man to be hanged for me." kendall was then brought to the gallows, declaring himself to be innocent, and a murdered man. mackcoull, the earlier associate of white, disappeared for years, but was arrested for a robbery in 1820, and died in prison soon after receiving sentence. -[illustration: [++] gibbet.] index abershaw, jeremiah, i. 104; ii. @@ -16409,7 +14981,6 @@ knightsbridge, i. 110 lewis, paul, ii. 316-319 -lorrain, rev. paul, i. 132-134 low, richard, ii. @@ -16483,7 +15054,6 @@ pressing to death, i. 249-254 price, james, i. 211 -pureney, rev. thos., i. 132, 133, 135-139, 142; ii. 117, 143, 147 @@ -16537,7 +15107,6 @@ smith, capt. alexander, historian of highwaymen, i. 11-14, 75, 124, 235, 270, 335, 339, 391; ii. 41, 81-83 -smith, rev. samuel, i. 132, 367 smithfield, i. @@ -16615,27 +15184,14 @@ withers, john, ii. wright, —, i. 231 printed and bound by hazell, watson & viney, ld., london and aylesbury. - ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ transcriber's note: │ │ │ │ minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. -│ │ │ │ ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. -│ │ │ │ punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant │ │ form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. -│ │ │ │ mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs │ │ and some illustrations have been moved closer to the text that │ │ references them. -the list of illustrations was changed │ │ accordingly. -│ │ │ │ [++] indicates a caption added by the transcriber. -│ │ │ │ italicized words are surrounded by underline characters, like │ │ this. -words in bold characters are surrounded by equal signs, │ │ =like this=. -│ │ │ │ footnotes were moved to the end of chapters and numbered in one │ │ continuous sequence. -│ │ │ │ in the index the numbers i. and ii. refer to volumes i. and ii. -│ │ │ │ other notes: │ │ page 191: "... three several times;" changed to "... several │ │ times;" │ │ in this text edgware is spelled edgeware. │ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ - online distributed proofreading team at http://www.pgdp.net (this file was produced from images generously made available by the internet archive) anthropological papers of the american museum of natural history vol. xxiv, part ii myths and tales from the white mountain apache by pliny earle goddard -[illustration: the american museum of natural history science education] new york published by order of the trustees 1919 myths and tales from the white mountain apache. by pliny earle goddard. @@ -16655,25 +15211,9 @@ pliny earle goddard. january, 1919. contents. page. -introduction 89 -creation myth 93 -naiyenezgani 115 -the placing of the earth 119 -the adolescence ceremony 123 -the migration of the gans 124 -releasing the deer 126 -deer woman 127 -the gambler who secured the water-ceremony 128 the man who visited the sky with the eagles 132 -he who became a snake 135 -the hunter who secured the bear ceremony 136 -the cannibal owl 137 -the doings of coyote 138 -bibliography 139 creation myth. -[1] there were many houses there. -a maiden went from the settlement to the top of a high mountain[2] and came where the rays of the rising sun first strike. she raised her skirt and the “breath” of the sun entered her. she went up the mountain four mornings, and four times the breath of the sun penetrated her. this girl who had never been married became pregnant and the people were making remarks about it. @@ -16687,7 +15227,6 @@ his mother went again to the east and lay down under a place where water was dri the water fell into her as it dripped from the hanging algæ. she did this four times and became pregnant. after four days they all saw that her abdomen was enlarged and when she had been in that condition four days, eight days in all, she gave birth to another child. -[3] when it was four days old it stood up and was able to walk well. its appearance was like that of the first child. it had webbed hands and feet and was without hair. it had round ears with holes only. @@ -16717,10 +15256,8 @@ what have you to go with?” she had a brown fly and she gave it to the boys, th the fly was to show them the way and tell them where the dangerous ones lived. she told them they were to start at midday. they remained there until the sun reached the sky hole. -[4] they then went four times around the trees on top of the mountain. the woman started home and the boys set out on their journey. the boys went toward the east but the sun was going in the opposite direction. -[5] the boys sat down and cried. a raven, spreading out his wings, alighted nearby and asked the boys why they were crying. the boys replied that their father lived over there and that they were going to visit him. the raven asked if they were carrying anything in the way of food with them. @@ -16749,11 +15286,9 @@ eagle then said they would set out, for he knew the trail. he requested them to put meat in his mouth as he flew with them, indicating the amount which would be sufficient, for the trail. when they were seated on the eagle he started down with them, circling around as he flew. a storm of hail fell on them, the hailstones being large with thirty-two points. -[6] the eagle protected the boys by covering them with his wings which were rolled back over them. when they had passed through the storm eagle asked that meat be put in his mouth. when he had been fed he flew away with the boys and went through a hole which was there for him. when he came to the trail he alighted and pointing out the path told them that it led to the house of the sun. -[7] he said that he himself would now turn back home. the boys went forward until they crossed a shallow valley beyond which was the house, which had projections running out in four directions. when they walked with their eyes closed the house went out of sight, but when they opened their eyes the house settled down again. it did this four times and then it stood firmly. @@ -16770,7 +15305,6 @@ the woman told them that their father would soon return and asked them to be sea when they were seated, the chair kept whirling around with them. when the chair would lift up the woman would make it come down again. when the woman saw the chair come down again she announced herself as nearly convinced they had spoken the truth. -saying that the sun was now coming close, she took four silk blankets[8] of different colors which had been sewed together projecting in four directions and rolled the boys up in them. she put them into an inside room. they heard the sun come back and heard him speak. “old woman, where are the two men who came here?” he asked. @@ -16781,7 +15315,6 @@ they must have come, for here are their tracks,” the sun replied. you say you travel over this broad earth and that you do not visit anyone. you must have been deceiving me about it for two men came in from that trail saying they are your children,” his wife said. the sun asked that they be brought in, and the woman opened the door, brought in the roll of blankets, and threw it down. -the sun shook the blankets and two men stood up. the sun spoke: “hesh, do you consider these to be my children? they do not look like me.” he stood by them and repeated his question, calling attention to their webbed hands and feet and their round ears. “are you really my children?” he asked them. @@ -16812,7 +15345,6 @@ he made their ears, their eyelashes, and their eyebrows, their noses, their mout he fixed every part of their bodies as it should be. the sun went out of the bath with the boys and sat with them on the seat where his wife usually sat. they were just like men. -[9] when the wife of the sun came and stood in front of them she looked at them closely, but could not distinguish one from the other. “move, husband,” she said. the one sitting in the middle moved himself. “you told me you had not been with any woman but you fooled me. @@ -16827,7 +15359,6 @@ the sun said he would not go, but would talk to his children. “my boys, shall i give you names?” “yes, it is not well to be without names,” they replied. then the sun said he would name them. he told the older his name would be naiyenezgani and that he must behave well. -[10] he told the other one that he would be named tobatc'istcini. “when you are upon the earth you will be called so and you will tell them that your father named you that. you shall say, 'he made my name naiyenezgani.' but you, 'tobatc'istcini he made my name,' you must tell them.” @@ -16846,7 +15377,6 @@ the yard was so full of black bears that the mass of their moving backs occupied “these are my horses,” the sun insisted and mounted one of them and rode around on it. the fly informed the boys that they were being deceived. the sun proposed that they should go in another direction to another enclosure. -inside this yard were white-tail deer, mule deer, elk, and mountain-sheep. the sun announced that these were his horses and told the boys to choose any one they liked and catch it. “which is the largest?” he asked them. “these are not horses,” the boys replied, “they are named deer. @@ -16893,7 +15423,6 @@ the sun said he did not know what they meant by horse trappings. the younger boy said, “well, if you do not know what horse trappings are, do not again put them on these horses in the corral.” the sun asked who it was who had made them as smart as he was himself. they replied that he, the sun, had made them smart and had made them speak wisely. they then asked by name for bridle, halter, saddle blanket, and saddle. -[11] turning his back to the boys he walked away and opened a door, bidding the boys enter. they went in and saw saddles lying there with bridles hanging on the saddle horns. the blankets were lying beneath. before they went in the fly flew in and selected two out of all the saddles. @@ -16911,7 +15440,6 @@ the sun started to walk toward the horses. their fly had told them not to touch the saddles, that the sun himself would fix them. “they belong to you,” the fly said. “everything is alive; the rope on the horse moves about of itself. -the saddle will jump on of itself.”[12] the fly told them this. the halter was gone, the bridle and saddle blanket which had been lying on the saddle were gone. the halter, bridle, and saddle blanket that had been with the blue saddle were also gone. the sun called them to come where he was standing. @@ -16920,8 +15448,6 @@ they went to the sun, who was standing between the two horses so that their head they started away, the boys walking in front of the sun as he directed them to do. they passed through the four doors to a post standing in front of the sun's house. he led the horses to the post where they stood without being tied. -[13] there were four chairs standing inside the sun's house; and one by itself for the woman. -[14] his children sat on the chairs and his wife sat on the one which was hers. the sun addressed them as follows:— “my boys, i will instruct you about the dangerous places you will come to. the horses know the dangerous places on the way back. @@ -16946,13 +15472,11 @@ she shall be like me. because of this i have treated you well. she shall be the same as i. i become an old woman and at other times i am as if i were two years old. she shall be the same way. -[15] you shall tell her this before the sun travels far. i am the one telling you; he did not tell you. i will name my sister. your father will give you names.” the sun picked something up and was still holding it. “wait, i will tell you something and after that he will give you a name. i name her nigostsanbikayo. -[16] every one will call her that. she will come to me. you, too, will come to me. i give a name to your mother. @@ -16960,7 +15484,6 @@ she will be called ests'unnadlehi and she will help you. i make a name for her, ests'unnadlehi, and with that she will help you. when she has children again they will be two girls. these girls will belong to the people for there will be people. -[17] she will help them. i, too, will help them when they come to me. he, too, will help his children. that is why i am telling you and you must remember it well. @@ -16982,7 +15505,6 @@ the sun's wife gave the elder one a spotted belt with a yellow fringe hanging fr when they had finished the meal, the sun said he did not know how the visitors were to return. they went where the horses stood and the sun said, “children, this stallion will go well in the lead. now mount the horses.” he held the stirrup and saddle horn and told the boys to get on. -they did so and rode away from the sun's house where towards the east a post stands up with white hair[18] which reaches to the ground and turns up again. the rain falls on it. they rode their horses around this post four times and came back where they were standing before, as the sun directed them to do. when they had finished, the sun's wife came up to them and told her husband to count for his sons the two saddle blankets, two halters, two bridles, two ropes, and two saddles. @@ -16993,7 +15515,6 @@ when they returned where their mother lived he told them to stake the horses out the sorrel was to be staked toward the east and the gray to the west. having ridden the horses among the people they were to unsaddle them in some good place. a white saddle blanket was to be placed toward the east, a black one to the south, a yellow one to the west, and a blue one to the north. -[19] the bridles, halters, ropes, and saddles were to be brought to the camp. he charged them to keep in mind what he was telling, for he was telling them this that they might be good men. he divided his property between his boys. he told them after the horses had been running loose four days to go to them early in the morning. @@ -17013,7 +15534,6 @@ there is food for you on the earth the same as here.” he addressed the gray ho he told the boys not to look at the horses' feet nor to look behind them, but to keep their eyes fixed on the tips of their ears. they started; before they knew it the horses had changed places, and the sorrel was leading. they thought the earth was far off but they soon found the horses were trotting along on the earth. -now the horses were running with them toward their camp. they rode up slowly where the people were walking about. they rode to the camp side by side, and the people all ran out to look at them. their mother was standing outside watching them and they rode up one on each side of her. @@ -17023,7 +15543,6 @@ the woman, laughing, ran her hand over the horses saying, “your father gave yo they all called her by that name. the older boy said they were to call him naiyenezgani. the younger one said they were to call him tobatc'istcini. -[20] they addressed them saying, “when we were here before you used to laugh at us because we were poor. we used to walk because we were poor. we have visited our father where he lives. the sun's wife named our mother. @@ -17055,7 +15574,6 @@ they were all mingled together with the colors mixed. the men approached the horses but they stopped before they got to them. they extended their hands with pollen on the palms and the horses whinneyed. then two horses trotted up to them and licked the pollen from the hands of their owners who caught them while they did it. -[21] they led these horses back to the camp where the saddles, etc., were lying. when they led these two horses all the others followed. their fly told them all about the two horses, what they had done, and that they had made many horses for them. four days from now it would come about that the broad earth would be covered with horses. @@ -17071,10 +15589,8 @@ if they see you they may stampede. these horses will be of great value to you.” the brothers rode the two horses and the others all followed. when the two horses whinneyed, the others all answered. -they took off the ropes and went back to camp. they asked their mother to put up two posts and to put a smooth pole across their tops. she was asked to put the saddles on this pole with their horns toward the east. -[22] the bridles were to be hung on the saddle horns and the saddle blankets spread over the saddles. they asked her to think about the saddles where they were lying during the night. she kept her mind on the saddles during the night and in the early morning she went out to them. there were four saddles on the pole where there had been only two. @@ -17091,7 +15607,6 @@ leaving the place where the halters were lying they went where the ropes were. the space was level full of horses. “fine, my son,” the sun said to naiyenezgani, “with ropes and halters you made a fence so the horses cannot get out. you have this broad world for a corral.” -they went on and came where the halters were piled up. “these halters will round up the wild horses for you and you will put them on their heads.” they went on and came where the rope hung. “these ropes will drive the horses together for you. they will drive the wild horses close to camp for you.” they started back and came where naiyenezgani had met the sun. @@ -17103,7 +15618,6 @@ you will give your people two horses apiece. give each of them one stallion and one mare. distribute them from noon until sunset. these horses are mares and stallions in equal numbers. -tonight two saddles are to be placed on the pole you put up. you shall keep three saddles and give away seven. when you give away the horses give away seven saddles. now my son, we separate. @@ -17146,20 +15660,15 @@ when they led them to the camp their mother asked tobatc'istcini why he had caug she said the gray and sorrel horses were made for them and that they were well trained the day before. she told them to hurry and drive the horses in. tobatc'istcini rode the sorrel horse back and unsaddled it. -he then caught a white horse and drove the gray horses back to the camp. -[23] “let us go,” he said to his brother. they mounted the horses and rode along. their mother spoke to them, “my boys, take off that yellow saddle and put on a white one.” when they came riding back where their mother was, a horse whinneyed. it sounded like the voice of the gray stallion that used to be his horse. another horse whinneyed in this direction and the voice was like that of the sorrel mare. -they knew their horses when they whinneyed and one said to the other, “brother, those are our horses whinneying but we cannot do anything about it.”[24] “let us hurry,” the other said. -they rode toward the herd of horses but the horses started to run and the herd broke up. while they were looking they ran where their horses whinneyed. their fly told them that the horses had already run into the enclosure and that the four doors were shut. they heard them whinneying far away. their fly said the horses were already in their stable, but they still whinneyed. -they drove the other horses near the camp. the older brother told the people to form in a line around the horses. he said they were going to stake out horses for them. the people replied that they had no ropes, that only the two brothers had them. @@ -17172,7 +15681,6 @@ he told his brother to go back where he had been staying. he directed him also to take the bridle off and to leave the rope as it was, tied to the saddle. “when the sun is in the middle of the sky we will drive the horses back. although it is late the sun will be in the same place. -[25] he (the sun) may give us something,” he said. the fly returned and reported: “your horse was standing behind him. he sat watching where the stallions were fighting each other. he kept looking at them and then he went a little way.” @@ -17186,7 +15694,6 @@ both saddles were that way. they both mounted together and their horses pawed the ground and snorted. he rode back to the camp, loping, and the other horses strung out behind him. the other brother was running his horse on the other side. -they stopped near the camp. the horses were all lined up facing him. he called to the one on horseback, “come here.” he rode up to him and he asked how many ropes there were. the other replied he did not know for he had not counted them, and inquired of the other how many ropes he had. @@ -17209,9 +15716,7 @@ they would also know the colts when they were foaled. if they turned their horses loose they might not know them. the ropes he said would guard their horses for them. they would now drive back the other horses while those who had received horses staked theirs out. -he drove the horses away and hung his bridle up. the other one he laid in another direction. -he took the saddle and everything else back to the camp. they came back to the camp in the middle of the night but they did not know it was night because the sun had not moved. when two days had passed two men came. there were many horses where they had passed. @@ -17279,7 +15784,6 @@ naiyenezgani said, “well, he has been killing you.” when they came out the f they ate and after the meal the brothers told them all to remain there while they went to yonder white mountain ridge to look beyond. he looked at the sun. they landed far away on the mountain ridge. -[26] beyond that mountain they went to another. there was a plain on which a mountain was standing. they landed next on that mountain. tobatc'istcini said, “brother, is the dangerous thing feared by you? @@ -17312,7 +15816,6 @@ then one of them ran around in front of him and shot him in the heart. this time his flesh flew apart and was scattered over considerable space. the flesh was quivering. that which they killed was called naiye'. -“that is why he named you naiyenezgani,”[27] their fly said. “because you and tobatc'istcini both will kill dangerous beings your father named you that.” “you did this in his presence. he was looking at you and prevented the monster's making any move against you. he gave you the weapons with which you killed him. @@ -17320,11 +15823,9 @@ he did it for the good of mankind. turn the head over and look at its face,” their fly told them. they turned him over and looked at his face. his face was like anyone's but he also had eyes in the back of his head. -[28] no one could attack him from in front, and he had eyes to see behind himself also. his knife was sharp and the handle was good. “let us take the knife to convince the people. if we do not have the knife, they will not believe us if we claim we have killed the naiye' which used to kill people,” one of them said. -on their return they landed on the white mountain ridge and returned to the camp. when they had returned, naiyenezgani directed that all the people, including the children, should come together. he asked his mother, because the people were assembling, to spread down a buckskin and to place on it the arrows, his own weapon, and that of the slain naiye'. he asked the people to gather around it. @@ -17341,9 +15842,7 @@ he had killed all the people except the two who are sitting over there. we killed him.” “you, naiyenezgani, speak to them again,” he said to his brother. “we started from here and we went up to the top of yonder mountain. we went on to the top of a mountain standing beyond that. -a small mountain[29] stands beyond that and we went up to its top. there we saw a man walking in a valley. -he[30] went to him for us and returned. 'when he walks he is blind, but he has eyes in the back of his head,' he reported to us. 'he kills the people who are slipping up behind him.' now he will not kill anyone. @@ -17360,7 +15859,6 @@ they went with them where the horses were. “catch the sorrel gelding when you want to. you can tell it by the white spot on its shoulder,” he told one of them. to the other he said, “you may catch this black one with a white spot on its forehead. -if we are away anywhere saddle them and ride them around among the horses and through the camp. the horses look as if they were mean, as if they had never had a rope on them, but they will not misbehave, they are not mean and will not shy.” they started back and when they came to the camp again they ate. two days after they had killed the naiye' they said they were going in a certain direction and that it might be late when they returned. they went up to the top of a small sharp-topped mountain. @@ -17368,7 +15866,6 @@ they looked at the sun and, when it came up, yellow beams streamed out from the his breath took the shape of a rainbow. the sunbeams fell to the ground over them. “it must be there,” he said. -they started and landed on a mountain top. from there they went to another and from that one to a projecting ridge. beyond that was a plain on which stood a blue mountain. they landed on that. @@ -17378,7 +15875,6 @@ the two brothers stood on the mountain side by side. they were made like their father. you could hardly see their bodies. they were killing out the naiye'. -“fly over the country and hunt him up. he is living somewhere,” one of them said to the fly. it flew off and went around them in a circle. the next time it went around in a smaller circle. @@ -17396,7 +15892,6 @@ he flew between the man's legs and returned where the brothers were sitting. you have come to a dangerous place,” the fly said to them. “as he walks along he looks carefully behind himself. when he stops he looks up and he can see the people who are below. -[31] he carries a long, crooked object with which he makes a sweep at people he sees in the distance and catches them with his hook.” the fly was sent again to find out from which point the monster could be attacked with the best chances for success. they saw him walking in the distance and then they saw him standing where he was accustomed to come up the ridge. the fly reported that was a good place for the attack. @@ -17432,8 +15927,6 @@ i have done well by them. get ready, brother, we will go back. we will take the weapon with which he has been killing people.” he rolled this weapon up into a coil and put it in his blanket. “come, we will go back,” he said. -they came back in the manner they went, landing on the successive mountains until they reached the camp. -they danced a war dance near the camp. they danced, holding up the weapon they had taken. “mother, we are hungry, hurry and cook for us,” they said to her. when they had eaten they asked their mother to assemble the people and to ask the visitors also to come. @@ -17445,7 +15938,6 @@ if he had been alone he too could have done it by himself,” naiyenezgani said. “we both attacked him because we could do it quickly. we killed him quickly because our father helped us. if it had been one of you, you could have done nothing with this one that we call naiye'. -he would have killed you right away and eaten you up. he had killed all the people who lived with these two men, and just now he was coming for you. before we had known it, he would have killed us all. there are no people living on the edges of the earth. @@ -17455,7 +15947,6 @@ suppose that person should come on you, he would kill you this way.” he threw it went around the tree and it was as if it had been cut off. “he was killing people thus. now we will live well and no one will bother us. -a man is going around the earth in one day and he will tell us about it.”[32] tobatc'istcini started away and his mother spoke to him. “my son, put on this belt,” she said, offering him the one the sun's wife had given her. “i am going around from here but today it is late, i will go tomorrow,” he said. they went to bed. @@ -17466,7 +15957,6 @@ when it was daylight their mother prepared a meal for them and they ate. he started, telling them to watch for him on a certain mountain point. “i will be back about noon.” he started away, traveling with a blue flute which had wings. -[33] he went with this from place to place and was back home before long. he went entirely around the border of the world on which people were living. the belt was a blue flute. he thought with it four ways and looked into it four ways. @@ -17477,14 +15967,12 @@ that cleared off and then he came laughing. “have you collected everything that is ours? tomorrow we will give out the horses, one apiece to each of you. we shall not give out horses again. -bring the horses near to the camp.” they brought the saddles, the bridles, the halters, the ropes, and the blankets. they two went where the horses were. they caught some of the horses and saddled them, and drove the other horses near the camp where they herded them. they called the people to assemble and when they came caught horses for them. he gave away ten horses in all. “i will give you no more horses,” he said. -“tomorrow we will go different ways.”[34] he drove the horses back where they stayed. “stake out our horses nearby and leave the saddles on them all night,” he said. “this is all. you may go in any direction you like.” “this way,” pointing to the east; “this way,” south; “this way,” west; or “this way,” north. @@ -17513,7 +16001,6 @@ we will live here,” he said. they talked together. “you unsaddle over there, you over there, and you over there. we will watch the horses.” -“you may have my yucca fruit which lies on the face of turnbull mountain.”[35] ----- footnote 1: told by a white mountain apache called noze, at rice, arizona, in january. @@ -17534,22 +16021,16 @@ and therefore the boys were not seen by the sun. footnote 6: the sacred numbers are 4, 12, and 32. footnote 7: -this method of making the journey has not been encountered before in this connection, but is an incident in a european story secured from the san carlos, p. 82, above. the usual account includes a series of obstacles some of which resemble the incidents of a european story. -see p. 116 below. footnote 8: -clouds according to the navajo account, matthews, 111; and below, p. 117. footnote 9: thus far the myth seems chiefly to deal with the adolescence ceremony of the boys. the san carlos account brings in the sun's father and brothers of the sun's father as performers of this ceremony, while the navajo account mentions the daughters of the sun. -see p. 11 above, and matthews, 112. footnote 10: other versions make this the second naming of the elder brother. -his boyhood name was “whitehead,” p. 31. still other names are known to the navajo. matthews, 263-264. footnote 11: to know by name things or animals hitherto unknown is often mentioned as a great feat. -p. 24. footnote 12: it is seldom that the apache conception of animism is so plainly stated. songs however abound in the designation of objects as “living.” @@ -17575,7 +16056,6 @@ the reference may be to moss, especially as rain falling on it is mentioned belo footnote 19: the narrator said it was true that horses would not pass a blanket so placed in a narrow canyon. this order of the colors and their assignment varies from the one more generally found of black for the east and white for the south. -p. 7, and matthews, 215. footnote 20: this announcing of names is probably to be explained as ceremonial. ordinarily, it is improper, probably because immodest to call one's own name. @@ -17608,13 +16088,11 @@ the bringing of trophies and the narratives remind one of counting coup in the p the navajo versions also mention the bringing back of trophies. footnote 33: one of the recognized methods of rapid locomotion. -p. 20 above. footnote 34: the dispersion of the tribes, a common incident in origin myths. footnote 35: the formula for the completion of a narrative. naiyenezgani. -[36] long ago the sun set and, there in the west, he became the son-in-law of toxastinhn (water-old-man) whose daughter he married. she, who was to become the wife of the sun, built a house with its door facing the sunrise. she sat in the doorway facing the rising sun from which the red rays streamed toward her. @@ -17636,7 +16114,6 @@ a female rain fell for him and the wings of the mosquitoes became damp; then he from there he went on where the mountains moved up and down toward each other. he jumped away from them and then toward them, but in no way could he get through. black-measuring-worm, whose back is striped with lightning, bent over it with him. -[37] he walked on toward the house of the sun. as he was going along, near sundown, a spider drew its thread across below the boy's knee and tripped him. he got up and went back, but fell again at the same place. @@ -17652,17 +16129,14 @@ they lay with the head of one toward the feet of the next. spider-woman asked what was the piece of cloth tied to his shirt. he gave it to her and she worked with it all night; and the next morning each girl had a shirt and a skirt. she made them from the young man's piece of cloth. -[38] when the sun rose, spider-old-woman went out-of-doors. “it is not yet time, my grandson,” she said. she held up five fingers horizontally and said it would be time when the sun shone over them. -[39] when the time came to go, they set out toward the house of the sun. he came to the front of the house where there were twelve doors and all of them were shut. without anyone opening a door for him, he came to sun's wife. “what sort of a person are you?” she asked. he replied he had come to see his father. the woman warned him that no one was allowed around there. -she rolled him up in a blanket,[40] which she tied with lightning, and hid him by the head of the bed. when the sun set, he heard the noise of the sun's arrival. the sun came inside his house. “i do not see anyone,” he said, “but from the mountain where i go down some man had gone along.” “you tell me you do not have love affairs where you go around. @@ -17697,7 +16171,6 @@ after sighting the gun, he concluded he did not like it. he put the quiver over his shoulder and took out two arrows. when he tried these, he hit the target in the center. he chose the panther-skin quiver saying he liked it. -[41] all the other sons of the sun had guns. the sun had them shoot at each other in fun. those who had guns beat the boy who had arrows and drove him off. on one side, horses were being made and on the other deer. @@ -17764,7 +16237,6 @@ the word caziz ought to mean “sun-sack.” footnote 41: had naiyenezgani taken the gun indians would have been armed as white men are. the placing of the earth. -[42] they did not put this large one (the earth) that lies here in place before my eyes. the wind blew from four directions. when there was no way to make the earth lie still, gopher, who lives under the earth, put his black ropes under the earth. @@ -17802,7 +16274,6 @@ the fourth morning after he was born, the child returned with her. he was dressed in buckskin, shoes and all. she had given birth to two children. the latter one she named tobate'isteini and the first one bilnajnollije. -[43] they were the children of this one (the sun). a black water vessel by the door of the sun's house was flecked with sunshine. he caused dark lightning to dart under it from four directions. he caused it to thunder out of it in four directions. @@ -17849,7 +16320,6 @@ the sun directed that they should come to him. they sat facing him. he had tobacco hanging in sacks in four places. it was black tobacco which grew on stalks of becdiłxił. -he had a turquoise pipe with thirty-two[44] holes for the tobacco to burn in. with this tobacco, he killed those who were not really his children. they heard him draw on the pipe once and then he tapped it on something and the ashes rolled out. “fix me a smoke, that is why i came,” one of the boys said. @@ -17864,7 +16334,6 @@ when the other kinds, yellow, and white had been tried from the remaining world- “why did you not tell me before that you had tobacco?” the sun said. he had chairs placed and took a seat between the two boys. the three looked just alike. -“come, djingona'ai,[45] move yourself,” the sun's wife said, so that she might distinguish him from the others. “they are surely my children,” the sun declared. “what do you desire?” he asked them. the boys said they had come to hear him ask that. @@ -17892,7 +16361,6 @@ he charged the two boys that they should not lie to each other. “thank you, ests'unnadlehi, my mother, thanks.” “thank you, djingona'ai, my father. it is true that it is fortunate for us. it was for that reason you raised us,” they said. -[46] ----- footnote 42: told in 1910 by a very dignified man, c. g. 2, of about sixty years. @@ -17906,7 +16374,6 @@ footnote 45: footnote 46: this fragment of the culture-hero story having been told, the narrator refused to proceed, perhaps because he knew it had already been several times recorded. the adolescence ceremony. -[47] the sun was the one who arranged the ceremony for unclean women. she (ests'unnadlehi) sat thus on her knees and the red light from the sun shone into her. she was living alone. @@ -17960,7 +16427,6 @@ time after time the lancastrians rolled up the southern slope of towtondale and each time that an attacking column was repelled, newly-rallied troops took its place, and the push of pike never ceased. we catch one glimpse of warwick in the midst of the tumult. waurin tells how "the greatest press of the battle lay on the quarter where the earl of warwick stood," and whethamsted describes him "pressing on like a second hector, and encouraging his young soldiers;" but there is little to be gathered about the details of the fight. -[5] there cannot have been much to learn, for each combatant, lost in the mist and drifting snow, could tell only of what was going on in his own immediate neighbourhood. they have only left us vague pictures of horror, "the dead hindered the living from coming to close quarters, they lay so thick," "there was more red than white visible on the snow," are the significant remarks of the chronicler. king henry, as he heard his palm-sunday mass in york minster ten miles away--"he was kept off the field because he was better at praying than at fighting," says the yorkist chronicler--may well have redoubled his prayers, for never was there to be such a slaughter of englishmen. at length the object for which warwick's stubborn billmen had so long maintained their ground against such odds was attained. @@ -17998,7 +16464,6 @@ the uphill fight which the yorkists had to wage during the earlier hours of the but the leaders had come off fortunately; only sir john stafford and robert horne, the kentish captain, had fallen. so long indeed as the fight ran level, the knights in their armour of proof were comparatively safe; it was always the pursuit which proved so fatal to the chiefs of a broken army. footnotes: -[footnote 5: there is nothing authentic to be discovered of the story mentioned by monstrelet, and popularised in warwickshire tradition, that the earl slew his charger at towton to show his men that he would not fly.] chapter xi the triumph of king edward on the evening of that bloody palm sunday, king edward, warwick, and the other yorkist chiefs, slept in the villages round the battlefield. @@ -18107,7 +16572,6 @@ accordingly he sent back his army and went himself to dumfries, where he met mar they concluded an armistice to last till st. bartholomew's day, and then set to work to discuss terms of peace. the common report ran that the scots were ready not only to give up the lancastrian cause, but even to deliver over the person of king henry. moreover, there was talk of an alliance by marriage between the english king and a scotch princess. -this new departure, mainly brought about by the queen-dowager's influence,[6] was not without its effect on the lancastrian partisans, who found themselves left unsupported to resist warwick's army, which was, during the negotiations, put under the command of his brother montagu and set to reduce the northumbrian fortresses. king henry fled from the scotch court and took refuge in one of the castles of the archbishop of st. andrews, the chief member of the regency who opposed peace with england. lord dacre, brother of the peer who fell at towton, surrendered himself to montagu, and was sent to london, where king edward received him into grace. even somerset himself, the chief of the party, lost heart, and began to send secret letters to warwick to ascertain whether there was any hope of pardon for him. @@ -18177,7 +16641,6 @@ warwick's last siege, however, was not destined to come to such an uneventful cl lord hungerford and the younger de brézé made no signs of surrender, and protracted their defence till january 6th 1463. on that day, at five o'clock in the dusk of the winter morning, a relieving army suddenly appeared in front of warwick's entrenchments. though it was mid-winter, queen margaret had succeeded in stirring up the earl of angus--the most powerful noble in scotland and at that moment practical head of the douglases--to lead a raid into england. -fired by the promise of an english dukedom, to be given when king henry should come to his own again, angus got together twenty thousand men, and slipping through the central marches, and taking to the watling street, presented himself most unexpectedly before the english camp. with him was peter de brézé, anxious to save his beleaguered son, and the queen's french mercenaries. for once in his life warwick was taken by surprise. the scots showed in such force that he thought himself unable to maintain the whole of his lines, and concentrated his forces on a front facing north-west between the castle hill and the river. @@ -18225,7 +16688,6 @@ warwick was much pleased with the frenchman's pluck, bade him be taken gently an the moment that warwick was actually across the tweed, the scotch regents offered him terms of peace. to prove their sincerity they agreed to send off queen margaret. such pressure was accordingly put upon her that "she with all her council, and sir peter with the frenchmen, fled away by water in four balyngarys, and they landed at sluis in flanders, leaving all their horses and harness behind them, so sorely were they hasted by the earl and his brother the lord montagu. -"[7] with the horses and harness was left poor king henry, who for the next two years wandered about in an aimless way on both sides of the border, a mere meaningless shadow now that he was separated from his vehement consort. now at last the civil war seemed at an end. with margaret over-sea, somerset a liegeman of york, the northumbrian castles cut off from any hope of succour, and the scots suing humbly for peace, warwick might hope that his three years' toil had at last come to an end. that, after all, the struggle was to be protracted for twelve months more, was a fact that not even the best of prophets could have predicted. @@ -18306,10 +16768,6 @@ the prisoner was sentenced to be beheaded, and only spared degradation from his his head was sent to join the ghastly collection standing over the gate on london bridge. with the fall of bamborough the first act of king edward's reign was at an end. footnotes: -[footnote 6: queen mary had, so the story runs, shown overmuch favour to the duke of somerset. -he openly boasted of his success in love, and the queen was ever after his deadly enemy.] -[footnote 7: the famous story of the robber and queen margaret, placed by so many writers after the battle of hexham, seems quite impossible. -if the incident took place at all, it happened on the other side of the channel.] chapter xiii the quarrel of warwick and king edward with hedgeley moor and hexham and the final surrender of the northumbrian castles ended the last desperate attempt of the lancastrians to hold their own in the north. @@ -18327,7 +16785,6 @@ it was from king louis that the lancastrians had been accustomed to draw their s accordingly the earl urged on the conclusion of a treaty, and finally procured the appointment of himself and his friend and follower wenlock as ambassadors to louis. the second point of his schemes was connected with the first. it was high time, as all england had for some time been saying, that the king should marry. -[8] edward was now in his twenty-fourth year, "and men marvelled that he abode so long without any wife, and feared that he was not over chaste of his living." those, indeed, who were about the king's person knew that some scandal had already been caused by his attempts, successful and unsuccessful, on the honour of several ladies about the court. rumour had for some time been coupling edward's name with that of various princesses of a marriageable age among foreign royal families. some had said that he was about to marry mary of gueldres, the queen dowager of scotland, and others had speculated on his opening negotiations for the hand of isabel of castile, sister of the reigning spanish king. @@ -18405,7 +16862,6 @@ warwick's nephew george neville, the heir of his brother john, had been affiance this blow struck the nevilles in their tenderest point; even the marriages which had made their good fortune were for the future to be frustrated by royal influence. the next slight which warwick received at the hands of his sovereign touched him even more closely. his eldest daughter isabel, who had been born in 1451, was now in her sixteenth year, and already thoughts about her marriage had begun to trouble her father's brain. -the earl counted her worthy of the highest match that could be found in the realm, for there was destined to go with her hand such an accumulation of estates as no subject had ever before possessed--half of the lands of neville, montacute, despenser, and beauchamp. the husband whom warwick had hoped to secure for his child was george duke of clarence, the king's next brother, a young man of eighteen years. clarence was sounded, and liked the prospect well enough, for the young lady was fair as well as rich. but they had not reckoned with the king. @@ -18440,7 +16896,6 @@ but the real object of the bastard's visit was to negotiate an english alliance but warwick had not merely to learn that the king had stultified his negotiations with france by making an agreement with burgundy behind his back. he was now informed that, only two days before his arrival, edward had gone, without notice given or cause assigned, to his brother the archbishop of york, who lay ill at his house by westminster barrs, and suddenly dismissed him from the chancellorship and taken the great seal from him. open war had been declared on the house of neville. -[9] but bitterly vexed though he was at his sovereign's double dealing, warwick proceeded to carry out the forms of his duty. he called on the king immediately on his arrival, announced the success of his embassy, and craved for a day of audience for the french ambassadors. "when the earl spoke of all the good cheer that king louis had made him, and how he had sent him the keys of every castle and town that he passed through, he perceived from the king's countenance that he was paying no attention at all to what he was saying, so he betook himself home, sore displeased." @@ -18467,10 +16922,6 @@ there he held much deep discourse with his brothers, george the dispossessed cha at christmas the king summoned him to court; he sent back the reply that "never would he come again to council while all his mortal enemies, who were about the king's person, namely, lord rivers the treasurer, and lord scales and lord herbert and sir john woodville, remained there present." the breach between warwick and his master was now complete. footnotes: -[footnote 8: there seems to be no foundation for the theory that warwick wished the king to marry his daughter isabel. -the earl moved strongly in favour of the french marriage, and his daughter was too young, being only thirteen years of age, for a king desirous of raising up heirs to his crown.] -[footnote 9: it seems impossible to work out to any purpose the statement of polidore vergil and others that warwick's final breach with the king was caused by edward's offering violence to a lady of the house of neville. -lord lytton, of course, was justified in using this hint for his romance, but the historian finds it too vague and untrustworthy.] chapter xiv playing with treason great ministers who have been accustomed to sway the destinies of kingdoms, and who suddenly find themselves disgraced at their master's caprice, have seldom been wont to sit down in resignation and accept their fall with equanimity. @@ -18513,7 +16964,6 @@ a word of summons from warwick would call rioters out of the ground in half the already in january 1468 a french ambassador reports: "in one county more than three hundred archers were in arms, and had made themselves a captain named robin, and sent to the earl of warwick to know if it was time to be busy, and to say that all their neighbours were ready. but my lord answered, bidding them go home, for it was not yet time to be stirring. if the time should come, he would let them know. -"[10] it was not only discontented yorkists that had taken the news of the quarrel between warwick and his master as a signal for moving. the tidings had stirred the exiled lancastrians to a sudden burst of activity of which we should hardly have thought them capable. queen margaret borrowed ships and money from louis, and lay in force at harfleur. @@ -18535,7 +16985,6 @@ warwick came, but it is to be feared that he came fully resolved to have his rev he was also induced to join the company which escorted the princess margaret to the coast, on her way to her marriage in flanders. after this warwick paid a short visit to london, where he sat among the judges who in july tried the lancastrian conspirators of the city. clarence accompanied him, and sat on the same bench. -he had spent the last few months in moving the pope to grant him a disposition to marry isabel neville,[11] for they were within the prohibited degrees; but under pressure from king edward the curia had delayed the consideration of his request. the autumn of 1468 and the spring of 1469 passed away quietly. warwick made no movement, for he was still perfecting his plans. he saw with secret pleasure that the french, with whom peace would have been made long ago if his advice had been followed, kept the king fully employed. @@ -18611,7 +17060,6 @@ next day--it was july 27th--the brave earl of pembroke and his brother richard h their blood lies without doubt on warwick's head, for though neither he nor clarence was present, the rebels were obviously acting on his orders, and if he had instructed them to keep all their captives safe, they would never have presumed to slay them. several chroniclers indeed say that warwick and clarence had expressly doomed herbert for death. this slaughter was perfectly inexcusable, for herbert had never descended to the acts of the woodvilles; he was an honourable enemy, and warwick had actually been reconciled to him only a year before. -[12] the execution of the herberts was not the only token of the fact that the great earl's hand was pulling the strings all over england. his special aversions, rivers and john woodville, were seized a week later at chepstow by a band of rioters--probably retainers from the despenser estates by the severn--and forwarded to coventry, where they were put to death early in august. even if pembroke's execution was the unauthorised work of coniers and fitzhugh, this slaying of the woodvilles must certainly have been warwick's own deed. stafford the earl of devon, whose desertion of the welsh had been the principal cause of the defeat at edgecott, fared no better than the colleague he had betrayed. @@ -18639,7 +17087,6 @@ it was not merely that the whole kingdom had been thrown into a state of disturb these troubles might be put down by the strong arm of warwick; but the problem of real difficulty was to arrange a modus vivendi with the king. edward was no coward or weakling to be frightened into good behaviour by a rising such as had just occurred. how could he help resenting with all his passionate nature the violence of which he had been the victim? -his wife, too, would always be at his side; and though natural affection was not elizabeth woodville's strong point,[13] still she was far too ambitious and vindictive to pardon the deaths of her father and brother. warwick knew edward well enough to realise that for the future there could never be true confidence between them again, and that for the rest of his life he must guard his head well against his master's sword. but the earl was proud and self-reliant; he determined to face the danger and release the king. no other alternative was before him, save, indeed, to slay edward and proclaim his own son-in-law, clarence, for king. @@ -18660,12 +17107,7 @@ by october the king was back in london, which he entered in great state, escorte "the king himself," writes one of the pastons that day, "hath good language of my lords of clarence, warwick, and york, saying they be his best friends; but his household have other language, so that what shall hastily fall i can not say." no more, we may add, could any man in england, the king and warwick included. footnotes: -[footnote 10: letter of william monipenny to louis the eleventh. he calls it le pays de surfiorkshire, a cross between suffolk and yorkshire. -but the latter must be meant, as warwick had no interest in suffolk, and the captain is obviously robin of redesdale.] -[footnote 11: clarence's mother was isabel's great aunt.] -[footnote 12: it is fair to say that herbert was universally disliked; he was called the spoiler of the church and the commons.] -[footnote 13: as witness her dealings with richard the third after he had murdered her sons.] chapter xv warwick for king henry the peace between warwick and king edward lasted for a period even shorter than might have been expected; seven months, from september 1469 to march 1470, was the term for which it was destined to endure. @@ -18673,7 +17115,6 @@ yet while it did hold firm, all was so smooth outwardly that its rupture came as nothing, indeed, could have looked more promising for lovers of quiet times than the events of the winter of 1469-70. a parliament ratified all the king's grants of immunity to the insurgents of the last year, and while it sat the king announced a project which promised to bind york and neville more firmly together than ever. edward, though now married for six years, had no son; three daughters alone were the issue of his union with elizabeth woodville. he now proposed to marry his eldest daughter, and heiress presumptive, to the male heir of the nevilles, the child george, son of montagu. -[14] to make the boy's rank suitable to his prospects, edward created him duke of bedford. montagu had not joined with his brothers in the rising, and had even fought with robin of redesdale, so it was all the easier for the king to grant him this crowning honour. in february warwick was at warwick castle, montagu in the north, while clarence and king edward lay at london. all was quiet enough, when suddenly there came news of troubles in lincolnshire. @@ -18699,7 +17140,6 @@ the army was at once directed to march on chesterfield, but when the proclamatio this series of events is the most puzzling portion of the whole of warwick's life. the chroniclers help us very little, and the only two first-hand documents which we possess are official papers drawn up by king edward. these papers were so widely spread that we meet them repeated word for word and paragraph for paragraph even in the french writers,--with the names, of course, horribly mangled. -[15] edward said that down to the very moment of welles' capture he had no thought but that warwick and clarence were serving him faithfully: it was welles' confession, and some treasonable papers found on the person of a squire in the duke of clarence's livery who was slain in the pursuit, that revealed the plot to him. the second document which the king published was welles' confession, a rambling effusion which may or may not fully represent the whole story. why welles should confess at all we cannot see, unless he expected to save his life thereby; and if he expected to save his life he would, of course, insert in his tale whatever names the king chose. welles' narrative relates that all lincolnshire was afraid that the king would visit it with vengeance for joining robin of redesdale last year. @@ -18755,7 +17195,6 @@ no sooner was the idea formed than louis proceeded to send for queen margaret ou the scheme was at first sight revolting to both parties. there was so much blood and trouble between them that neither could stomach the proposal. if margaret could bring herself to forget that warwick had twice driven her out of england, and had led her husband in ignominy to the tower, she could not pardon the man who, in his moment of wrath, had stigmatised herself as an adulteress and her son as a bastard. -[16] warwick, on the other hand, if he could forgive the plot against his own life which the queen had hatched in 1459, could not bear to think of meeting the woman who had sent his gray-haired father to the scaffold in cold blood on the day after wakefield. king louis asked each party to forget their whole past careers, and sacrifice their dearest hatreds to the exigencies of the moment. if warwick and queen margaret had been left to themselves, it is most improbable that they would ever have come to an agreement. but between them louis went busily to and fro, for his unscrupulous mind was perfectly unable to conceive that passion or sentiment could override an obvious political necessity. @@ -18771,14 +17210,12 @@ what he had done had been done solely in his own defence. but now the new king had broken faith with him, and he was bound to him no longer. if margaret would forgive him, he would be true to her henceforth; and for that the king of france would be his surety. louis gave his word, praying the queen to pardon the earl, to whom, he said, he was more beholden than to any other man living. -[17] the queen so pressed, and urged beside by the counsellors of her father king réné, agreed to pardon warwick. louis then broached the second point in his scheme. the new alliance, he urged, should be sealed by a marriage; the prince of wales was now seventeen and the lady anne, warwick's younger daughter, sixteen. what match could be fairer or more hopeful? but to this the queen would not listen. she could find a better match for her son, she said; and she showed them a letter lately come from edward offering him the hand of the young princess elizabeth. -[18] louis, however, was quietly persistent, and in the end the queen yielded this point also. on august 4th she met warwick in the church of st. mary at angers, and there they were reconciled; the earl swearing on a fragment of the true cross that he would cleave to king henry's quarrel, the queen engaging to treat the earl as her true and faithful subject, and never to make him any reproach for deeds gone by. the earl placed his daughter in the queen's hands, saying that the marriage should take place only when he had won back england for king henry, and then departed for the coast to make preparations for getting his fleet to sea. one person alone was much vexed at the success of louis' scheme. @@ -18811,7 +17248,6 @@ in a few days warwick had ten thousand men, and could march on london; the king a little later warwick's own midland and wiltshire tenants joined him, the earl of shrewsbury raised the severn valley in his aid, and all western england was in his hands. meanwhile king edward, who had up to this moment mismanaged his affairs most hopelessly, moved south by doncaster and lincoln, with montagu and many other lords in his train. on october 6th he lay in a fortified manor near nottingham with his bodyguard, while his army occupied all the villages round about. -there, early in the morning, while he still lay in bed, alexander carlisle, the chief of his minstrels, and master lee, his chaplain, came running into his chamber, to tell him there was treachery in his camp. montagu and other lords were riding down the ranks of his army crying, "god save king henry!" the men were cheering and shouting for warwick and lancaster, and no one was showing any signs of striking a blow for the cause of york. edward rose in haste, drew up his bodyguard to defend the approach of the manor where he lay, and sent scouts to know the truth of the report. @@ -18821,15 +17257,7 @@ they reached lynn about eight hundred strong, seized some merchantmen and two du buffeted by storms and chased by hanseatic pirates, they ran their ships ashore near alkmaar, and sought refuge with louis of gruthuyse, governor of holland. king, lords, and archers alike had escaped with nothing but what they bore on their backs; edward himself could only pay the master of the ship that carried him by giving him the rich gown lined with martens' fur that he had worn in his flight. footnotes: -[footnote 14: this plan, as lingard astutely observes, may have two meanings. -either, as we said above, it was a ratification of peace with the nevilles, or--and this is quite possible--it was intended to draw montagu apart from his brothers, by giving him a special interest in edward's prosperity.] -[footnote 15: e.g. -waurin makes ranby howe, the muster-place of the insurgents, into tabihorch, and lancashire into lantreghier.] -[footnote 16: foreign writers record that warwick used this language to the legate coppini in 1460.] -[footnote 17: all this comes from the invaluable "manner of the dealing of the earl of warwick at angiers," printed in the chronicle of the white rose.] -[footnote 18: this is a not impossible tale. edward, fearing warwick's alliance to the queen, might hope to separate them by offering margaret's son the ultimate succession to the throne. -for he himself having no male heir, the crown would go with his eldest daughter elizabeth.] chapter xvi the return of king edward the expulsion of king edward had been marvellously sudden. @@ -18979,7 +17407,6 @@ then edward, for the first time since his landing, paused for a moment to take s meanwhile the news of his march had run like wild-fire all over england, and in every quarter men were arming for his aid or his destruction. warwick had hoped at first that montagu and northumberland would stay the invader, but when he heard that edward had slipped past, he saw that he himself must take the field. accordingly he left london on the 22nd, and rode hastily to warwick to call out his midland retainers. -the guard of the city and the person of king henry was left to his brother the archbishop. simultaneously somerset departed to levy troops in the south-west, and clarence set forth to raise gloucestershire and wiltshire. oxford had already taken the field, and on the 22nd lay at lynn with four thousand men, the force that the not very numerous lancastrians of norfolk, suffolk, and cambridge could put in arms. from thence he directed his march on newark, hoping to fall on edward's flank somewhere near nottingham. @@ -18997,7 +17424,6 @@ his missives ran east and west to call in all the knights of the midlands who ha one of these letters was found in 1889, among other treasures, in the lumber room of belvoir castle. it was addressed to henry vernon, a great derbyshire landholder. the first part, written in a secretary's hand, runs as follows: -right trusty and wellbeloved--i grete you well, and desire and heartily pray you that, inasmuch as yonder man edward, the king our soverain lord's great enemy, rebel, and traitor, is now arrived in the north parts of this land, and coming fast on south, accompanied with flemings, easterlings, and danes, not exceeding the number of two thousand persons, nor the country as he cometh not falling to him, ye will therefore, incontinent and forthwith after the sight hereof, dispose you to make toward me to coventry with as many people defensibly arranged as ye can readily make, and that ye be with me in all haste possible, as my veray singular heart is in you, and as i may do thing [sic] to your weal or worship hereafter. and may god keep you.--written at warwick on march 25th. then in the earl's own hand was written the post-script, appealing to vernon's personal friendship: "henry, i pray you ffayle me not now, as ever i may do for you." sad to say, this urgent appeal, wellnigh the only autograph of the great earl that we possess, seems to have failed in its purpose. @@ -19039,7 +17465,6 @@ all were prepared to rise at the first signal. when news came that edward had reached st. albans, the archbishop mounted king henry on horseback and rode with him about london, adjuring the citizens to be true to him and arm in the good cause. but the sight of the frail shadow of a king, with bowed back and lack-lustre eyes, passing before them, was not likely to stir the people to enthusiasm. only six or seven hundred armed men mustered in st. paul's churchyard beneath the royal banner. -[19] such a force was obviously unequal to defending a disaffected city. next day, when the army of edward appeared before the walls, urswick the recorder of london, and certain aldermen with him, dismissed the guard at aldersgate and let edward in, no man withstanding them. the archbishop of york and king henry took refuge in the bishop of london's palace; they were seized and sent to the tower. @@ -19068,15 +17493,12 @@ so, with the cannon booming all night above them, the two hosts lay down in thei next day it was obvious that a decisive battle must occur; for the king, whose interest it was to fight at once, before warwick could draw in his reinforcements from kent and from the north and west, had placed himself so close to the earl that there was no possibility of the lancastrian host withdrawing without being observed. the morrow would settle, once for all, if the name of richard neville or that of edward plantagenet was to be all-powerful in england. footnotes: -[footnote 19: the arrival of king edward says "only six or seven thousand" in the printed text. -this must be a scribe's blunder, being not a small number but a large one; and waurin, who copies the arrival verbatim, has "600 or 700."] chapter xvii barnet the easter morning dawned dim and gray; a dense fog had rolled up from the valley, and the two hosts could see no more of each other than on the previous night. only the dull sound of unseen multitudes told each that the other was still before them in position. of the two armies each, so far as we can judge, must have numbered some twenty-five thousand men. it is impossible in the conflict of evidence to say which was the stronger, but there cannot have been any great difference in force. -[20] each had drawn itself up in the normal order of a medieval army, with a central main-battle, the van and rear ranged to its right and left, and a small reserve held back behind the centre. both sides, too, had dismounted nearly every man, according to the universal practice of the english in the fifteenth century. even warwick himself,--whose wont it had been to lead his first line to the charge, and then to mount and place himself at the head of the reserve, ready to deliver the final blow,--on this one occasion sent his horse to the rear and fought on foot all day. he wished to show his men that this was no common battle, but that he was risking life as well as lands and name and power in their company. @@ -19116,10 +17538,8 @@ this mistake had the most cruel results. the old and the new lancastrians had not been without suspicions of each other. assailed by his own friends, oxford thought that some one--like grey de ruthyn at northampton--had betrayed the cause. raising the cry of treason, he and all his men fled northward from the field. -[21] the fatal cry ran down the labouring lines of warwick's army and wrecked the whole array. the old lancastrians made up their minds that warwick--or at least his brother the marquis, king edward's ancient favourite--must have followed the example of the perjured clarence. -many turned their arms against the nevilles,[22] and the unfortunate montagu was slain by his own allies in the midst of the battle. many more fled without striking another blow; among these was somerset, who had up to this moment fought manfully against king edward in the centre. warwick's wing still held its ground, but at last the earl saw that all was lost. his brother was slain; exeter had been struck down at his side; somerset and oxford were in flight. @@ -19230,18 +17650,12 @@ cast into the godless times of the wars of the roses, he was doomed to spend in even after his death his misfortune has not ended. popular history has given him a scanty record merely as the kingmaker or the last of the barons, as a selfish intriguer or a turbulent feudal chief; and for four hundred and ten years he has lacked even the doubtful honour of a biography. footnotes: -[footnote 20: the yorkist author of the arrival of king edward says that his patron had only nine thousand men. but we can account for many more. edward landed with two thousand; at least six hundred joined at nottingham, at least three thousand at leicester; clarence brought seven thousand, essex and the other bourchiers seven thousand more. this makes nineteen thousand six hundred, and many more must have joined in small parties. on the other side warwick had at coventry six thousand men; oxford met him with four thousand, montagu with three thousand, somerset with seven thousand, and he too must have drawn in many small, unrecorded reinforcements. the yorkists called his army thirty thousand strong--probably overstating it by a few thousands. -their own must have been much the same.] -[footnote 21: compare this with an incident at waterloo. -ziethen's prussian corps, coming upon the field to the left rear of the english line, took the brigade of the prince of saxe-weimar for french owing to a similarity in uniform, attacked them, and slew many ere the mistake was discovered.] -[footnote 22: there seems no valid reason for accepting warkworth's theory that montagu was actually deserting to king edward. but there is every sign that the lancastrians imagined that he was doing so. -if he had wished to betray his brother, he could have done it much better at an earlier hour in the battle.] the end printed by r. & r. clark, limited, edinburgh. english men of action series. @@ -19271,7 +17685,6 @@ warren hastings. by sir a. lyall. sir henry havelock. by archibald forbes. -henry v. by the rev. a.j. church. lord lawrence. @@ -19384,7 +17797,6 @@ cloth, 1s. sewed, 1s. each. pocket edition. -fcap. 8vo. special cover design. cloth, 1s. @@ -19402,7 +17814,6 @@ froude. burke. by viscount morley. burns. -by prof. j.c. shairp. byron. by professor j. nichol. carlyle. @@ -19529,8 +17940,6 @@ chatham. by frederic harrison. st. james's gazette.--"it comes near the model of what such a book should be." macmillan and co., ltd., london. - [illustration: “go for batten. -i’m right here, and i’ll look after bill”] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ mark tidd his adventures and strategies @@ -19573,7 +17982,6 @@ but it isn’t short at all, for it’s merely what’s left of marcus aurelius mark tidd was the last of us four boys to move to wicksville. i was born there, and so was plunk smalley, but binney jenks moved over from sunfield when he was five. mark he didn’t come to town until a little over a year ago, and plunk and me saw him get off the train at the depot. -i guess the car must have been glad when he did get off, for he looked like he almost filled it up. yes, sir, when he came out of the door he had to squeeze to get through. he was the fattest boy i ever saw, or ever expect to see, and the funniest-looking. his head was round and ’most as big as a pretty good-sized pumpkin, and his cheeks were so fat they almost covered up his eyes. @@ -19680,7 +18088,6 @@ the way he said it sort of made me mad. “come on, plunk,” i says; “lets show this here hippopotamus whether we kin carry it or not.” and we went running across the street. “where d’you want it put?” i says. “no use you tryin’. -you couldn’t g-git it up.” “git holt,” i says to plunk. “now, mister what’s-your-name, where’s it go?” “up-stairs in the hall; but you b-b-better not try. @@ -19725,7 +18132,6 @@ mark’s mother called him. plunk and me sat still quite a while. i began to think about it and think about it, and i could see plunk was thinking, too. in about fifteen minutes i looked over at him and he looked over at me. -[illustration: plunk and me was good and mad] “how many things did that fat kid carry in?” i says. “i didn’t see him carry anythin’.” “neither did i.” @@ -19776,7 +18182,6 @@ we’d seen him tinkering around it, and he’d told us about it, so we were int us fellers could say all the rest of our lives that we knew intimate a inventor that was as big as edison.” we never had thought about that part of it before; but what binney said was so, and we got more anxious than ever for things to turn out right. “if it does,” says plunk, “mark’ll be rich, and maybe live to the hotel. -think of bein’ able to spend a dollar ’n’ a half every day for nothin’ but meals and a place to sleep.” mark he didn’t say anything, because he was drowsy and his head was nodding. “mr. tidd says it’ll reverlutionize the world,” binney put in. @@ -19812,7 +18217,6 @@ just then mark seemed to wake up sudden he grunted and interrupted what i was go what do you watch in the barn? the horses?” “no. -ain’t no h-h-horses.” then he half shut his eyes like he was going to take another nap. the man didn’t say anything for a spell. “i was always interested in machines when i was a boy,” he says, at last. “any kind of a machine or engine got me all excited. @@ -19931,7 +18335,6 @@ we all went down the hill, three of us running, and mark panting along behind an “expectin’ any visitors?” uncle ike asked of mark. “no,” said mark, and sat down. “um!” grunted uncle ike. -he pulled out his pipe and fussed at it with his jack-knife before he filled it and lighted up. “looks kinder like you was goin’ to have some,” he said. mark didn’t answer anything or ask questions, because if you do uncle ike is apt to shut up like a clam and not tell you another thing. he waited, knowing ike’d tell on if there was anything to say. @@ -20008,7 +18411,6 @@ it don’t matter what happens, you can find the answer to it in gibbon.... yes, “i agree with you entirely, mr. tidd, entirely. it has been some time since i read the book, sir, but i have been promising myself that pleasure—and profit—for several months. i shall read it again, sir, as soon as i get home.” -“you will never regret it,” said mr. tidd, and patted the book in his lap. somehow the stranger’s face seemed familiar to me, but for a while i couldn’t place him. then all of a sudden it came to me: he was the man we saw on the depot platform who asked about turbines. i almost yelled out loud to mark. @@ -20171,7 +18573,6 @@ but she was never short with mr. tidd and never exasperated with him, no matter all four of us—that is, mark and plunk and binney and me—went out to mr. tidd’s shop to ask if mark could come with us and camp friday night and saturday and saturday night and sunday at our cave. the rest of us had asked and could go if we wanted to. we wanted to, but we didn’t want to without mark. -mr. tidd was tinkering and filing and fussing around with some little parts of his turbine, and we had to speak two or three times before he heard us; then he turned around surprised-like and said, “bless my soul, bless my soul,” as if we had just come from a thousand miles away in an airship. he laid down his tools and leaned his arm on his bench and stared at us a minute. then he said “bless my soul” again and reached for his handkerchief. “you’ve got it tied around your neck,” binney told him. @@ -20395,7 +18796,6 @@ it is against such discreditable conduct that we have now to be on our guard. at the threshold of this new era to which we have come, with our old civilisation so broken and shattered about us by our own civilising hands, the guiding spirit of man’s destiny has its new word to say, to which we must listen with brave ears. and first and foremost it is this, “stand upon thy feet--and i will speak with thee.” what is womanly? -(1911) the title of my lecture has, i hope, sent a good many of you here--the women of my audience, i mean--in a very bristling and combative frame of mind, ready to resent any laying down of the law on my part as to what is or what is not “womanly.” i hope, that is to say, that you are not prepared to have the terms of your womanliness dictated to you by a man--or, for that matter, by a woman either. for who can know either the extent or the direction of woman’s social effectiveness until she has secured full right of way--a right of way equal to man’s--in all directions of mental and physical activity, or, to put it in one word, the right to experiment? there are, i have no doubt, many things which women might take it into their heads to do, which one would not think womanly at their first performance, but which one would think womanly when one saw their results at long range. @@ -20514,7 +18914,6 @@ i do not suggest that whistling is a necessary ingredient for the motherhood of let us pass now to a much more serious instance of those artificial divisions between masculine and feminine habits of thought and action which have in the past seemed so absolute, and are, in fact, so impossible to maintain. for you can have no code or standard of manhood that is not intimately bound up with a corresponding code or standard of womanhood. what raises the one, raises the other, what degrades the one degrades the other; and if there is in existence, anywhere in our social system, a false code of manliness, there alongside of it, reacting on it, depending on it, or producing it, is a false code of womanliness. -take, for example, that matter of duelling already referred to, in relation to the male code of honour, and the manliness which it is supposed to encourage and develop. you might be inclined to think that it lies so much outside the woman’s sphere and her power of control, as to affect very little either her womanliness or her own sense of honour. but i hope to show by a concrete example how very closely womanliness and woman’s code of honour are concerned and adversely affected by that “manly” institution of duelling--how, in fact, it has tended to deprive women of a sense of honour, by taking it from their own keeping and not leaving to them the right of free and final judgment. here is what happened in germany about seven years ago. @@ -20529,7 +18928,6 @@ the child was prematurely born to a poor mother gone crazed with grief. there, then, we get a beautiful economic product of the male code of honour and its criminal effects on society; and if traced to its source we shall see that such a code of honour is based mainly on man’s claim to possession and proprietorship in woman--for, had the woman not been one whom he looked upon as his own property, that officer would have regarded the offence very lightly indeed. but because she was his betrothed the woman’s honour was not her own, it was his; she was not to defend it in her own way--though her own way had proved sufficient for the occasion--he must interfere and defend it in his. and we get for result, a man killed for a petty offence--the offence itself a direct product of the way in which militarism has trained men to look on women--a woman widowed and driven to the untimely fulfilment of her most important social function in anguish of mind, and a child born into the world under conditions which probably handicapped it disastrously for the struggle of life. -[1] now, obviously, if women could be taught to regard such invasions of their right to pardon offence in others as a direct attack upon their own honour and liberty--a far worse attack than the act of folly which gave occasion for this tragedy--and if they would teach these possessive lovers of theirs that any such intrusion on their womanly prerogative of mercy was in itself an unforgivable sin against womanhood--then such invasions of the woman’s sphere would quickly come to an end. they might even put an end to duelling altogether. see, on the other hand, how acceptance of such an institution trains women to give up their own right of judgment, to think even that honour, at first hand, hardly concerns them. @@ -20544,12 +18942,9 @@ to be quite sure of attaining to full womanliness, let her first make sure that in the past men have set a barrier to her right of knowledge, her right of action, her right of independent being; and in the light of that history it seems probable that she will best discover her full value by insisting on right of knowledge, on right of way, and on right of economic independence. so long as convention lays upon women any special and fundamental claim of control--a claim altogether different in kind and extent from the claim it lays upon men--so long may it be the essentially womanly duty of every woman to have quick and alive within her the spirit of criticism, and latent within her blood the spirit of revolt. footnote: -[1] it may be noted that the war has caused a recrudescence of this brutal “code of honour” in our own country. but here it has not troubled to resume the obsolete form of the duel. the “defender of his wife’s honour” simply commits murder, and the jury acquits. use and ornament -(or the art of living) -(1915) i suppose you would all be very much surprised if i said that not use but ornament was the object of life. i refrain from doing so because so definite a statement makes an assumption of knowledge which it may always be outside man’s power to possess. the object of life may for ever remain as obscure to us as its cause. @@ -20765,7 +19160,6 @@ our modern civilization derives many of its present comforts from conditions suc so long as we base our ideal of wealth on individual aggrandisement, and on monetary and commercial prosperity, and not (as we should do) upon human nature itself--making it our chief aim that every life should be set free for self-realisation in ornament and delight--so long will these things be inevitable. but when we, as men and women, and as nations, realise that human nature is the most beautiful thing on earth (in its possibilities, i mean) then surely our chief desire will be to make that our wealth here and now, and out of it rear up our memorial to the ages that come after. art and citizenship -(1910) the most hardened advocate of “art for art’s sake,” will hardly deny that art, for all its “sacred egoism,” is a social force. the main question is where does your art-training begin? the conditions of the home, the workshop, and of social industries do more than the schools and the universities to educate a nation; and more especially, perhaps, to educate it toward a right or a wrong feeling about art. @@ -20877,7 +19271,6 @@ we buy cheaply because we think cheaply, and because we have lost our sense of h i have seen in london a comic music-hall “turn” in which the comedy largely consisted in a continuous breakage of piles of plates by a burlesque waiter, who, in the course of his duties, either drops them, falls against them, sits on them, or kicks them. during the turn i should say some thirty or forty plates get broken. they were cheap plates, no doubt; but it seems to me that if there is any fun in this monotonous repetition of destruction, then the greater the cost and waste of human labour the more irresistibly comic should the situation appear; and the management which provided worcester or dresden china for its low-comedy wits to play upon would have logical grounds for considering that it was thereby supplying its audience with livelier entertainment more satisfying to its taste. -[2] now what i want you to see is that such a production would not be entertaining to an audience which had not come to regard the labour of man’s hands with a licentious indifference--which had not developed the gambler’s contempt for the true relations between labour and value. and here i want to put before you a proposition which may at first shock you, but which i hope to prove true. and that is that labour in itself, apart from its justification in some useful result, is bad and degrading; the man who is put to work which he knows is to have no result comes from that work more degraded and crushed in spirit than the man who merely “loafs” and lives “naturally.” @@ -20955,10 +19348,8 @@ but until a nation does honour to the human hand as the most perfect and beautif you can do honest and good work as designers and illustrators and architects, as workers in wood and metal and stone; but you are hampered and bound by the conditions of your day, and you cannot by your best efforts make art national till you have established joy in labour. no great school of art can ever arise in our midst in such a form as to carry with it through all the world its national character, until the nation itself has found that voice (which to-day seems so conspicuously absent, even when we close our shops to make holiday); i mean the voice of joy. footnote: -[2] by that reckoning we in europe are to-day the best comedians the world has ever seen. out of peace-conditions nations produce their wars. conscious and unconscious immortality. -(1915.) we are frequently told (more especially by those whose profession it is to preach belief in a revealed religion), that if man be not endowed with an immortal soul, then the game of life is not worth the candle. incidentally we are warned that if the bottom were knocked out of that belief, morals would go to pieces and humanity would become reprobate. now i can imagine a similar sort of claim put forward in other departments of life for other pursuits which seem to their advocate to make life more appetising. @@ -21123,8 +19514,6 @@ the reformer might know that his motives would be aspersed, that his name would that is human nature at its best; and you will not change it or endanger it through any increased doubt thrown by modern thought or science on the prospect of conscious immortality after death. for whether we recognise it or not, a subconscious spirit, not perhaps of immortality but of unity, permeates us all; and for furtherance and worship of that which his soul desires, the spirit of man will ever be ready to work and strive, and to pass unconditionally into dust--if that indeed be the condition on which he holds his birthright in a life worth living. w. h. smith & son, the arden press, stamford street, london, s.e.1 - +-------------------------------------------------+ |transcriber’s note: | | | |obvious typographic errors have been corrected. -| | | +-------------------------------------------------+ lambkin’s remains by h. b. author of “the bad child’s book of beasts,” etc @@ -21133,18 +19522,14 @@ at j. vincent’s 96, high street oxford 1900 lambkin on “sleep” appeared in “the isis.” it is reprinted here by kind permission of the proprietors. the majority of the remaining pieces were first published in “the j. c. r.” -[all rights reserved.] dedication to the republican club i am determined to dedicate this book and nothing shall turn me from my purpose. dedicatory ode. i mean to write with all my strength (it lately has been sadly waning), a ballad of enormous length-- some parts of which will need explaining. -[1] because (unlike the bulk of men, who write for fame and public ends), i turn a lax and fluent pen to talking of my private friends. -[2] for no one, in our long decline, so dusty, spiteful and divided, had quite such pleasant friends as mine, or loved them half as much as i did. -* * * * * the freshman ambles down the high, in love with everything he sees, he notes the clear october sky, he sniffs a vigorous western breeze. “can this be oxford? this the place” (he cries), “of which my father said the tutoring was a damned disgrace, the creed a mummery, stuffed and dead? @@ -21157,18 +19542,12 @@ what a great surprise. “o! dear undaunted boys of old, would that your names were carven here, for all the world in stamps of gold, that i might read them and revere. “who wrought and handed down for me this oxford of the larger air, laughing, and full of faith, and free, with youth resplendent everywhere.” -then learn: thou ill-instructed, blind, young, callow, and untutored man, their private names were----[3] their club was called republican. -* * * * * where on their banks of light they lie, the happy hills of heaven between, the gods that rule the morning sky are not more young, nor more serene than were the intrepid four that stand, the first who dared to live their dream, and on this uncongenial land to found the abbey of theleme. -we kept the rabelaisian plan:[4] we dignified the dainty cloisters with natural law, the rights of man, song, stoicism, wine and oysters. the library was most inviting: the books upon the crowded shelves were mainly of our private writing: we kept a school and taught ourselves. we taught the art of writing things on men we still should like to throttle: and where to get the blood of kings at only half-a-crown a bottle. -* * * * * eheu fugaces! postume! -(an old quotation out of mode); my coat of dreams is stolen away, my youth is passing down the road. -* * * * * the wealth of youth, we spent it well and decently, as very few can. and is it lost? i cannot tell; and what is more, i doubt if you can. @@ -21177,22 +19556,18 @@ they say that in the unchanging place, where all we loved is always dear, we mee they say, (and i am glad they say), it is so; and it may be so: it may be just the other way, i cannot tell. but this i know: from quiet homes and first beginning, out to the undiscovered ends, there’s nothing worth the wear of winning, but laughter and the love of friends. -* * * * * but something dwindles, oh! my peers, and something cheats the heart and passes, and tom that meant to shake the years has come to merely rattling glasses. and he, the father of the flock, is keeping burmesans in order, an exile on a lonely rock that overlooks the chinese border. and one (myself i mean--no less), ah!--will posterity believe it-- not only don’t deserve success, but hasn’t managed to achieve it. not even this peculiar town has ever fixed a friendship firmer, but--one is married, one’s gone down, and one’s a don, and one’s in burmah. -* * * * * and oh! the days, the days, the days, when all the four were off together: the infinite deep of summer haze, the roaring boast of autumn weather! -* * * * * i will not try the reach again, i will not set my sail alone, to moor a boat bereft of men at yarnton’s tiny docks of stone. but i will sit beside the fire, and put my hand before my eyes, and trace, to fill my heart’s desire, the last of all our odysseys. the quiet evening kept her tryst: beneath an open sky we rode, and mingled with a wandering mist along the perfect evenlode. the tender evenlode that makes her meadows hush to hear the sound of waters mingling in the brakes, and binds my heart to english ground. a lovely river, all alone, she lingers in the hills and holds a hundred little towns of stone, forgotten in the western wolds. -* * * * * i dare to think (though meaner powers possess our thrones, and lesser wits are drinking worser wine than ours, in what’s no longer austerlitz) that surely a tremendous ghost, the brazen-lunged, the bumper-filler, still sings to an immortal toast, the misadventures of the miller. the vasty seas are hardly bar to men with such a prepossession; we were? @@ -21205,42 +19580,21 @@ you know the way the words were hurled, to break the worst of fortune’s rub? i give the toast across the world, and drink it, “gentlemen: the club.” contents. page -dedicatory ode v -preface xv -i. introductory 1 ii. -lambkin’s newdigate 14 iii. -some remarks on lambkin’s prose style 22 -iv. -lambkin’s essay on “success” 28 -v. lambkin on “sleep” 37 vi. -lambkin’s advice to freshmen 42 vii. -lambkin’s lecture on “right” 51 viii. -lambkin’s special correspondence 58 ix. lambkin’s address to the league of progress 72 -x. lambkin’s leader 83 xi. -lambkin’s remarks on the end of term 88 xii. -lambkin’s article on the north-west corner of the mosaic pavement of the roman villa at bignor 95 xiii. -lambkin’s sermon 104 -xiv. -lambkin’s open letter to churchmen 114 -xv. -lambkin’s letter to a french friend 123 xvi. -interview with mr. lambkin 132 preface the preparation of the ensuing pages has been a labour of love, and has cost me many an anxious hour. “of the writing of books,” says the learned psalmist (or more probably a syro-chaldæic scribe of the third century) “there is no end”; and truly it is a very solemn thought that so many writers, furnishing the livelihood of so many publishers, these in their turn supporting so many journals, reviews and magazines, and these last giving bread to such a vast army of editors, reviewers, and what not--i say it is a very solemn thought that this great mass of people should be engaged upon labour of this nature; labour which, rightly applied, might be of immeasurable service to humanity, but which is, alas! so often diverted into useless or even positively harmful channels: channels upon which i could write at some length, were it not necessary for me, however, to bring this reflection to a close. -a fine old arabic poem--probably the oldest complete literary work in the world--(i mean the comedy which we are accustomed to call the book of job)[5] contains hidden away among its many treasures the phrase, “oh! that mine enemy had written a book!” this craving for literature, which is so explicable in a primitive people, and the half-savage desire that the labour of writing should fall upon a foeman captured in battle, have given place in the long process of historical development to a very different spirit. there is now, if anything, a superabundance of literature, and an apology is needed for the appearance of such a work as this, nor, indeed, would it have been brought out had it not been imagined that lambkin’s many friends would give it a ready sale. animaxander, king of the milesians, upon being asked by the emissary of atarxessus what was, in his opinion, the most wearying thing in the world, replied by cutting off the head of the messenger, thus outraging the religious sense of a time to which guests and heralds were sacred, as being under the special protection of ζεύς (pronounced “tsephs”). @@ -21251,7 +19605,6 @@ my gratitude is especially due to mr. binder, who helped in part of the writing; i must also thank the bishop of bury for his courteous sympathy and ever-ready suggestion; i must not omit from this list m. hertz, who has helped me with french, and whose industry and gentlemanly manners are particularly pleasing. i cannot close without tendering my thanks in general to the printers who have set up this book, to the agencies which have distributed it, and to the booksellers, who have put it upon their shelves; i feel a deep debt of gratitude to a very large number of people, and that is a pleasant sensation for a man who, in the course of a fairly successful career, has had to give (and receive) more than one shrewd knock. the chaplaincy, burford college, oxford. -p.s.--i have consulted, in the course of this work, liddell and scott’s larger greek lexicon, smith’s dictionary of antiquities, skeats’ etymological dictionary, le dictionnaire franco-anglais, et anglo-français, of boileau, curtis’ english synonyms, buffle on punctuation, and many other authorities which will be acknowledged in the text. lambkin’s remains being the unpublished works of j. a. lambkin, m.a. sometime fellow of burford college @@ -21268,9 +19621,7 @@ the world knows nothing of its greatest men! josiah lambkin! from whatever cypress groves of the underworld which environs us when on dark winter evenings in the silence of our own souls which nothing can dissolve though all attunes to that which nature herself perpetually calls us, always, if we choose but to remember, your name shall be known wherever the english language and its various dialects are spoken. the great all-mother has made me the humble instrument, and i shall perform my task as you would have desired it in a style which loses half its evil by losing all its rhetoric; i shall pursue my way and turn neither to the right nor to the left, but go straight on in the fearless old english fashion till it is completed. -josiah abraham lambkin was born of well-to-do and gentlemanly parents in bayswater[6] on january 19th, 1843. his father, at the time of his birth, entertained objections to the great public schools, largely founded upon his religious leanings, which were at that time opposed to the ritual of those institutions. in spite therefore of the vehement protestations of his mother (who was distantly connected on the maternal side with the cromptons of cheshire) the boy passed his earlier years under the able tutorship of a nonconformist divine, and later passed into the academy of dr. whortlebury at highgate. -[7] of his school-days he always spoke with some bitterness. he appears to have suffered considerably from bullying, and the headmaster, though a humane, was a blunt man, little fitted to comprehend the delicate nature with which he had to deal. on one occasion the nervous susceptible lad found it necessary to lay before him a description of the treatment to which he had been subjected by a younger and smaller, but much stronger boy; the pedagogue’s only reply was to flog lambkin heartily with a light cane, “inflicting,” as he himself once told me, “such exquisite agony as would ever linger in his memory.” doubtless this teacher of the old school thought he was (to use a phrase then common) “making a man of him,” but the object was not easily to be attained by brutal means. @@ -21278,7 +19629,6 @@ let us be thankful that these punishments have nearly disappeared from our moder when josiah was fifteen years of age, his father, having prospered in business, removed to eaton square and bought an estate in surrey. the merchant’s mind, which, though rough, was strong and acute, had meanwhile passed through a considerable change in the matter of religion; and as the result of long but silent self-examination he became the ardent supporter of a system which he had formerly abhorred. it was therefore determined to send the lad to one of the two great universities, and though mrs. lambkin’s second cousins, the crumptons, had all been to cambridge, oxford was finally decided upon as presenting the greater social opportunities at the time. -[8] here, then, is young lambkin, in his nineteenth year, richly but soberly dressed, and eager for the new life that opens before him. he was entered at burford college on october the 15th, 1861; a date which is, by a curious coincidence, exactly thirty-six years, four months, and two days from the time in which i pen these lines. of his undergraduate career there is little to be told. @@ -21288,7 +19638,6 @@ he took a good second-class in greats in the summer of 1864, and was immediately it was not known at the time that his father had become a bankrupt through lending large sums at a high rate of interest to a young heir without security, trusting to the necessity under which his name and honour would put him to pay. in the shipwreck of the family fortunes, the small endowment was a veritable godsend to josiah, who but for this recognition of his merits would have been compelled to work for his living. as it was, his peculiar powers were set free to plan his great monograph on “being,” a work which, to the day of his death, he designed not only to write but to publish. -there was not, of course, any incident of note in the thirty years during which he held his fellowship. he did his duty plainly as it lay before him, occasionally taking pupils, and after the royal commission, even giving lectures in the college hall. he was made junior dean in october, 1872, junior bursar in 1876, and bursar in 1880, an office which he held during the rest of his life. in this capacity no breath of calumny ever touched him. @@ -21312,7 +19661,6 @@ by a genial observance of such canons he became one of the most respected among he was the guest and honoured friend of the duke of cumberland, the duke of pembroke, the duke of limerick (“mad harry”), and the duke of lincoln; he had also the honour of holding a long conversation with the duke of berkshire, whom he met upon the top of an omnibus in piccadilly and instantly recognised. he possessed letters, receipts or communications from no less than four marquises, one marquess, ten barons, sixteen baronets and one hundred and twenty county gentlemen. i must not omit lord grumbletooth, who had had commercial dealings with his father, and who remained to the end of his life a cordial and devoted friend. -[9] his tact in casual conversation was no less remarkable than his general savoir faire in the continuous business of life. thus upon one occasion a royal personage happened to be dining in hall. it was some days after the death of mr. hooligan, the well-known home rule leader. @@ -21333,25 +19681,19 @@ such was the man, such the gentleman, the true ‘hglaford,’ the modern ‘god lambkin’s newdigate poem written for “newdigate prize” in english verse by j. a. lambkin, esq., of burford college -n.b.--[the competitors are confined to the use of rhymed heroic iambic pentameters, but the introduction of lyrics is permitted] subject: “the benefits conferred by science, especially in connection with the electric light” for the benefit of those who do not care to read through the poem but desire to know its contents, i append the following headings: invocation to the muse hail! happy muse, and touch the tuneful string! -the benefits conferred by science[10] i sing. his theme: the electric light and its benefits -under the kind examiners’[11] direction i only write about them in connection with benefits which the electric light confers on us; especially at night. these are my theme, of these my song shall rise. -my lofty head shall swell to strike the skies,[12] and tears of hopeless love bedew the maiden’s eyes. second invocation to the muse descend, o muse, from thy divine abode, osney to osney, on the seven bridges road; for under osney’s solitary shade the bulk of the electric light is made. here are the works, from hence the current flows which (so the company’s prospectus goes) power of works there -can furnish to subscribers hour by hour no less than sixteen thousand candle power,[13] all at a thousand volts. -(it is essential to keep the current at this high potential in spite of the considerable expense.) statistics concerning them the energy developed represents, expressed in foot-tons, the united forces of fifteen elephants and forty horses. but shall my scientific detail thus clip the dear wings of buoyant pegasus? @@ -21374,10 +19716,8 @@ we warn him of the gesture all too late; oh, heartless jove! oh, adamantine fate! his awful fate some random touch--a hand’s imprudent slip-- the terminals--a flash--a sound like “zip!” a smell of burning fills the startled air-- the electrician is no longer there! -* * * * * he changes his theme but let us turn with true artistic scorn from facts funereal and from views forlorn of erebus and blackest midnight born. -[14] fourth invocation to the muse arouse thee, muse! and chaunt in accents rich the interesting processes by which the electricity is passed along: these are my theme, to these i bend my song. @@ -21385,7 +19725,6 @@ and chaunt in accents rich the interesting processes by which the electricity is it runs encased in wood or porous brick through copper wires two millimetres thick, and insulated on their dangerous mission by indiarubber, silk, or composition, here you may put with critical felicity the following question: “what is electricity?” difficulty of determining nature of electricity “molecular activity,” say some, others when asked say nothing, and are dumb. -whatever be its nature: this is clear, the rapid current checked in its career, baulked in its race and halted in its course[15] transforms to heat and light its latent force: conservation of energy. proofs of this: no experiment needed it needs no pedant in the lecturer’s chair to prove that light and heat are present there. @@ -21425,7 +19764,6 @@ truly it may be said that the green wood of lambkin’s early years as an underg it is not my purpose to add much to the reader’s own impressions of this tour de force, or to insist too strongly upon the skill and breadth of treatment which will at once make their mark upon any intelligent man, and even upon the great mass of the public. but i may be forgiven if i give some slight personal memories in interpretation of a work which is necessarily presented in the cold medium of type. lambkin’s hand-writing was flowing and determined, but was often difficult to read, a quality which led in the later years of his life to the famous retort made by the rural dean of henchthorp to the chaplain of bower’s hall. -[16] his manuscript was, like lord byron’s (and unlike the famous codex v in the vatican), remarkable for its erasures, of which as many as three may be seen in some places super-imposed, ladderwise, en échelle, the one above the other, perpendicularly to the line of writing. this excessive fastidiousness in the use of words was the cause of his comparatively small production of written work; and thus the essay printed below was the labour of nearly three hours. his ideas in this matter were best represented by his little epigram on the appearance of liddell and scott’s larger greek lexicon. “quality not quantity” was the witty phrase which he was heard to mutter when he received his first copy of that work. @@ -21446,32 +19784,21 @@ i remember little else of moment with regard to his way of writing, but i make n i read once that the sum of fifty pounds was paid for the pen of charles dickens. i wonder what would be offered for a similar sacred relic, of a man more obscure, but indirectly of far greater influence; a relic which i keep by me with the greatest reverence, which i do not use myself, however much at a loss i may be for pen or pencil, and with which i never, upon any account, allow the children to play. but i must draw to a close, or i should merit the reproach of lapsing into a sentimental peroration, and be told that i am myself indulging in that rhetoric which lambkin so severely condemned. - iv. lambkin’s essay on “success” on “success:” its causes and results -[sidenote: difficulty of subject] in approaching a problem of this nature, with all its anomalies and analogues, we are at once struck by the difficulty of conditioning any accurate estimate of the factors of the solution of the difficulty which is latent in the very terms of the above question. we shall do well perhaps, however, to clearly differentiate from its fellows the proposition we have to deal with, and similarly as an inception of our analysis to permanently fix the definitions and terms we shall be talking of, with, and by. -[sidenote: definition of success] -success may be defined as the successful consummation of an attempt or more shortly as the realisation of an imagined good, and as it implies desire or the wish for a thing, and at the same time action or the attempt to get at a thing,[17] we might look at success from yet another point of view and say that success is the realisation of desire through action. -indeed this last definition seems on the whole to be the best; but it is evident that in this, as in all other matters, it is impossible to arrive at perfection, and our safest definition will be that which is found to be on the whole most approximately the average mean[18] of many hundreds that might be virtually constructed to more or less accurately express the idea we have undertaken to do. so far then it is evident that while we may have a fairly definite subjective visual concept of what success is, we shall never be able to convey to others in so many words exactly what our idea may be. “what am i? -, . . . . an infant crying for the light that has no language but a cry” -[sidenote: method of dealing with problem] it is, however, of more practical importance nevertheless, to arrive at some method or other by which we can in the long run attack the very serious problem presented to us. our best chance of arriving at any solution will lie in attempting to give objective form to what it is we have to do with. -for this purpose we will first of all divide all actions into (א) successful and (ב) non-successful[19] actions. these two categories are at once mutually exclusive and collectively universal. nothing of which success can be truly predicated, can at the same time be called with any approach to accuracy unsuccessful; and similarly if an action finally result in non-success, it is quite evident that to speak of its “success” would be to trifle with words and to throw dust into our own eyes, which is a fatal error in any case. we have then these two primary catēgories what is true of one will, with certain reservations, be untrue of the other, in most cases (we will come to that later) and vice-versâ. -(1) success. -(2) non-success. -[sidenote: first great difficulty] but here we are met at the outset of our examination by a difficulty of enormous dimensions. there is not one success; there are many. there is the success of the philosopher, of the scientist, of the politician, of the argument, of the commanding officer, of the divine, of the mere unthinking animal appetite, and of others more numerous still. @@ -21482,28 +19809,22 @@ we must abandon here as everywhere the immoral and exploded cant of mediæval de shall we towards the end of this essay truly know anything with regard to success? who can tell! but at least let us not cheat ourselves with the axioms, affirmations and dogmas which are, in a certain sense, the ruin of so many; let us, if i may use a metaphor, “abandon the à priori for the chiaro-oscuro.” -[sidenote: second much greater difficulty] but if the problem is complex from the great variety of the various kinds of success, what shall we say of the disturbance introduced by a new aspect of the matter, which we are now about to allude to! aye! what indeed! an aspect so widespread in its consequences, so momentous and so fraught with menace to all philosophy, so big with portent, and of such threatening aspect to humanity itself, that we hesitate even to bring it forward! -[20] success is not always success: non-success (or failure) is an aspect of success, and vice-versâ. this apparent paradox will be seen to be true on a little consideration. for “success” in any one case involves the “failure” or “non-success” of its opposite or correlative. thus, if we bet ten pounds with one of our friends our “success” would be his “non-success,” and vice-versâ, collaterally. -again, if we desire to fail in a matter (e.g., any man would hope to fail in being hanged[21]), then to succeed is to fail, and to fail is to succeed, and our successful failure would fail were we to happen upon a disastrous success! and note that the very same act, not this, that, or another, but the very same, is (according to the way we look at it) a “successful” or an “unsuccessful” act. success therefore not only may be, but must be failure, and the two catēgories upon which we had built such high hopes have disappeared for ever! -[sidenote: solemn considerations consequent upon this] terrible thought! a thing can be at once itself and not itself--nay its own opposite! the mind reels, and the frail human vision peering over the immense gulf of metaphysical infinity is lost in a cry for mercy and trembles on the threshold of the unseen! what visions of horror and madness may not be reserved for the too daring soul which has presumed to knock at the doors of silence! let us learn from the incomprehensible how small and weak a thing is man! -[sidenote: a more cheerful view] but it would ill-befit the philosopher to abandon his effort because of a kind of a check or two at the start. the great hand of time shouts ever “onward”; and even if we cannot discover the absolute in the limits of this essay, we may rise from the ashes of our tears to better and happier things. -[sidenote: the beginning of a solution] a light seems to dawn on us. we shall not arrive at the full day but we shall see “in a glass darkly” what, in the final end of our development, may perhaps be more clearly revealed to us. it is evident that we have been dealing with a relative. @@ -21511,49 +19832,29 @@ how things so apparently absolute as hanging or betting can be in any true sense our error came from foolish self-sufficiency and pride. we thought (forsooth) that our mere human conceptions of contradiction were real. it has been granted to us (though we are but human still), to discover our error--there is no hot or cold, no light or dark, and no good or evil, all are, in a certain sense, and with certain limitations (if i may so express myself) the aspects---- -at this point the bell rang and the papers had to be delivered up. lambkin could not let his work go, however, without adding a few words to show what he might have done had time allowed. he wrote:-- “no time. had intended examples--success, academic, acrobatic, agricultural, aristocratic, bacillic ... yaroslavic, zenobidic, etc. -historical cases examined, biggar’s view, h. unity, univ. -consciousness, amphodunissa,[22] setxm [illustration].” - v. lambkin on sleep - [this little gem was written for the great monograph on “being,” which lambkin never lived to complete. it was included, however, in his little volume of essays entitled “rictus almae matris.” the careful footnotes, the fund of information, and the scholarly accuracy of the whole sketch are an example--(alas! the only one)--of what his full work would have been had he brought it to a conclusion. -it is an admirable example of his manner in maturer years.] in sleep our faculties lie dormant. -[23] we perceive nothing or almost nothing of our surroundings; and the deeper our slumber the more absolute is the barrier between ourselves and the outer world. -the causes of this “cessation of consciousness” (as it has been admirably called by professor m‘obvy)[24] lie hidden from our most profound physiologists. -it was once my privilege to meet the master of physical science who has rendered famous the university of kreigenswald,[25] and i asked him what in his opinion was the cause of sleep. he answered, with that reverence which is the glory of the teutonic mind, “it is in the dear secret of the all-wise nature-mother preserved.” i have never forgotten those wise and weighty words. -[26] perhaps the nearest guess as to the nature of sleep is to be discovered in the lectures of a brilliant but sometimes over-daring young scholar whom we all applaud in the chair of psychology. “sleep” (he says) “is the direct product of brain somnolence, which in its turn is the result of the need for repose that every organism must experience after any specialised exertion.” i was present when this sentence was delivered, and i am not ashamed to add that i was one of those who heartily cheered the young speaker. -[27] we may assert, then, that science has nearly conquered this last stronghold of ignorance and superstition. -[28] as to the muses, we know well that sleep has been their favourite theme for ages. with the exception of catullus (whose verses have been greatly over-rated, and who is always talking of people lying awake at night), all the ancients have mentioned and praised this innocent pastime. -everyone who has done greats will remember the beautiful passage in lucretius,[29] but perhaps that in sidonius apollinaris, the highly polished bishop of gaul, is less well known. -[30] to turn to our own literature, the sonnet beginning “to die, to sleep,” etc.,[31] must be noted, and above all, the glorious lines in which wordsworth reaches his noblest level, beginning-- “it is a pleasant thing to go to sleep!” lines which, for my part, i can never read without catching some of their magical drowsy influence. -[32] all great men have slept. george iii. -frequently slept,[33] and that great and good man wycliffe was in the habit of reading his scriptural translations and his own sermons nightly to produce the desired effect. -[34] the duke of wellington (whom my father used to call “the iron duke”) slept on a little bedstead no larger than a common man’s. as for the various positions in which one may sleep, i treat of them in my little book of latin prose for schools, which is coming out next year. -[35] vi. lambkin’s advice to freshmen - mr. lambkin possessed among other great and gracious qualities the habit of writing to his nephew, thomas ezekiel lambkin,[36] who entered the college as an undergraduate when his uncle was some four years a fellow. of many such communications he valued especially this which i print below, on account of the curious and pathetic circumstances which surrounded it. some months after thomas had been given his two groups and had left the university, mr. lambkin was looking over some books in a second-hand book shop--not with the intention of purchasing so much as to improve the mind. -it was a favourite habit of his, and as he was deeply engaged in a powerful romance written under the pseudonym of “marie corelli”[37] there dropped from its pages the letter which he had sent so many years before. it lay in its original envelope unopened, and on turning to the flyleaf he saw the name of his nephew written. it had once been his! the boy had so treasured the little missive as to place it in his favourite book! @@ -21578,37 +19879,28 @@ but the third is of a vital and practical importance. occasional drunkenness is a matter for private judgment, its rightness or wrongness depends upon our ethical system; but debt is fatal to any hope of public success. “i hesitate a little to mention one further point; but--may i say it?--will you do your best to avoid drinking neat spirits in the early morning--especially brandy? of course a governor and tutor, whatever his abilities, gets removed in his sympathies from the younger men. -[38] the habit may have died out, and if so i will say no more, but in my time it was the ruin of many a fair young life. “now as to your day and its order. first, rise briskly when you are called, and into your cold bath, you young dog! -[39] no shilly-shally; into it. don’t splash the water about in a miserable attempt to deceive your scout, but take an honest british cold bath like a man. soap should never be used save on the hands and neck. as to hot baths, never ask for them in college, it would give great trouble, and it is much better to take one in the town for a shilling; nothing is more refreshing than a good hot bath in the winter term. “next you go out and ‘keep’ a mosque, synagogue, or meeting of the brethren, though if you can agree with the system it is far better to go to your college chapel; it puts a man right with his superiors and you obey the apostolic injunction. -[40] “then comes your breakfast. eat as much as you can; it is the foundation of a good day’s work in the vineyard. but what is this?--a note from your tutor. -off you go at the appointed time, and as you may be somewhat nervous and diffident i will give you a little paradigm,[41] as it were, of a freshman meeting his tutor for the first time. -“[the student enters, and as he is half way through the door says:--] “st.--good morning! -have you noticed what the papers say about--[here mention some prominent subject of the day.] -“[the tutor does not answer but goes on writing in a little book; at last he looks up and says:--] “tut.--pray, what is your name? “st.--m. or n. “tut.--what have you read before coming up, mr. ----? “st.--the existing latin authors from ennius to sidonius apollinaris, with their fragments. the greek from sappho to origen including bacchylides. -[the tutor makes a note of this and resumes....] “tut.--have you read the gospels? “st.--no, sir. “tut.--you must read two of them as soon as possible in the greek, as it is necessary to the passing of divinity, unless indeed you prefer the beautiful work of plato. come at ten to-morrow. good morning. “st.--i am not accustomed to being spoken to in that fashion. -[the tutor will turn to some other student, and the first student will leave the room.] “i have little more to say. you will soon learn the customs of the place, and no words of mine can efficiently warn you as experience will. put on a black coat before hall, and prepare for that meal with neatness, but with no extravagant display. @@ -21631,12 +19923,9 @@ you are a gentleman, and that you may, like a gentleman, be always at your ease, lambkin’s lecture on “right” of the effects of mr. lambkin’s lectures, the greatest and (i venture to think) the most permanent are those that followed from his course on ethics. the late dean of heaving-on-the-marsh (the honourable albert nathan-merivale, the first name adopted from his property in rutland) told me upon one occasion that he owed the direction of his mind to those lectures (under providence) more than to any other lectures he could remember. -very much the same idea was conveyed to me, more or less, by the bishop of humbury, who turned to me in hall, only a year ago, with a peculiar look in his eyes, and (as i had mentioned lambkin’s name) said suddenly, like a man who struggles with an emotion:[42] “lambkin(! -)[43] ... did not he give lectures in your hall ... on ethics?” “some,” i replied, “were given in the hall, others in lecture room no. 2 over the glory-hole.” his lordship said nothing, but there was a world of thought and reminiscence in his eyes. may we not--knowing his lordship’s difficulties in matters of belief, and his final victory--ascribe something of this progressive and salutary influence to my dear friend? on “right” -[being lecture v. in a course of eight, delivered, in the autumn term of 1878.] we have now proceeded for a considerable distance in our journey towards the solution. of eight lectures, of which i had proposed to make so many milestones on the road, the fifth is reached, and now we are in measurable distance of the great answer; the understanding of the relations of the particular to the universal. it is an easy, though a profitable task to wander in what the late sir reginald hawke once called in a fine phrase “the flowery meads and bosky dells of positive knowledge.” it is in the essence of any modern method of inquiry that we should be first sure of our facts, and it is on this account that all philosophical research worthy of the name must begin with the physical sciences. @@ -21670,21 +19959,17 @@ now to such a fundamental proposition i add a second. “the sentiment of right is the inversion of the subconscious function in its relation to the indeterminate ego.” this also i take to be admitted by all european philosophers in germany. now i will not go so far as to say that a major premiss when it is absolutely sound, followed by a minor equally sound, leads to a sure conclusion. god fulfils himself in many ways, and there are more things in heaven and earth, horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy. -but i take this tentatively: that if these two propositions are true (and we have the word of herr waldteufel,[44] who lives in the woodstock road, that it is true) then it follows conclusively that no certainty can be arrived at in these matters. i would especially recommend you on this point (here mr. lambkin changed his lecturing voice for a species of conversational, interested and familiar tone) to read the essay by the late dr. barton in shots at the probable: you will also find the third chapter of mr. mendellsohn’s history of the soul very useful. -remember also, by the way, to consult the footnote on p. 343, of renan’s anti-christ. the master of st. dives’ little journeys in the obvious is light and amusing, but instructive in its way. there is a kind of attitude (this was lambkin’s peroration, and he was justly proud of it) which destroys nothing but creates much: which transforms without metamorphosis, and which says “look at this, i have found truth!” but which dares not say “look away from that--it is untrue.” such is our aim. let us make without unmaking and in this difficult question of the origin of right, the grand old anglo-saxon sense of “ought,” let us humbly adopt as logicians, but grimly pursue as practical men some such maxim as what follows: -“right came from nothing, it means nothing, it leads to nothing; with it we are nothing, but without it we are worse than nothing.”[45] next thursday i shall deal with morality in international relations. viii. lambkin’s special correspondence lambkin was almost the first of that great band of oxford fellows who go as special correspondents for newspapers to places of difficulty and even of danger. on the advantages of this system he would often dilate, and he was glad to see, as he grew to be an older, a wealthier, and a wiser man, that others were treading in his footsteps. “the younger men,” he would say, “have noticed what perhaps i was the first to see, that the press is a power, and that men who are paid to educate should not be ashamed to be paid for any form of education.” he was, however, astonished to see how rapidly the letters of a correspondent could now be issued as a book, and on finding that such publications were arranged for separately with the publishers, and were not the property of the newspapers, he expressed himself with a just warmth in condemnation of such a trick. -“sir” (said he to the chaplain), “in my young days we should have scorned to have faked up work, well done for a particular object, in a new suit for the sake of wealth”; and i owe it to lambkin’s memory to say that he did not make a penny by his “diary on the deep,”[46] in which he collected towards the end of his life his various letters written to the newspapers, and mostly composed at sea. the occasion which produced the following letter was the abominable suppression by italian troops of the catholic riots at rome in 1873. englishmen of all parties had been stirred to a great indignation at the news of the atrocities. “as a nation” (to quote my dear friend) “we are slow to anger, but our anger is terrible.” and such was indeed the case. a great meeting was held at hampstead, in which mr. ram made his famous speech. @@ -21699,23 +19984,16 @@ for, understand me, that though these poor wretches are roman catholics, i hold he left me with a parting grip of the hand, promising to bring me back photographs from the museum at naples. if the letter that follows appears to be lacking in any full account of the italian army and its infamies, if it is observed to be meagre and jejune on the whole subject of the riots, that is to be explained by the simple facts that follow. when lambkin sailed, the british fleet had already occupied a deep and commodious harbour on the coast of apulia, and public irritation was at its height; but by the time he landed the quirinal had been forced to an apology, the vatican had received monetary compensation, and the piedmontese troops had been compelled to evacuate rome. -he therefore found upon landing at leghorn[47] a telegram from the newspaper, saying that his services were not required, but that the monetary engagements entered into by the proprietors would be strictly adhered to. partly pleased, partly disappointed, lambkin returned to oxford, taking sketches on the way from various artists whom he found willing to sell their productions. these he later hung round his room, not on nails (which as he very properly said, defaced the wall), but from a rail;--their colours are bright and pleasing. he also brought me the photographs i asked him for, and they now hang in my bedroom. this summary must account for the paucity of the notes that follow, and the fact that they were never published. -[there was some little doubt as to whether certain strictures on the first mate in mr. lambkin’s letters did not affect one of our best families. until i could make certain whether the estate should be credited with a receipt on this account or debited with a loss i hesitated to publish. mr. lambkin left no heirs, but he would have been the first to regret (were he alive) any diminution of his small fortune. -i am glad to say that it has been satisfactorily settled, and that while all parties have gained none have lost by the settlement.] - * * * * * the letters s.s. borgia, gravesend, sunday, sept. 27th, 1873 whatever scruples i might have had in sending off my first letter before i had left the thames, and upon such a day, are dissipated by the emotions to which the scenes i have just passed through give rise. -[48] what can be more marvellous than this historic river! -all is dark, save where the electric light on shore, the river-boats’ lanterns on the water, the gas-lamps and the great glare of the town[49] dispel the gloom. -and over the river itself, the old tamesis, a profound silence reigns, broken only by the whistling of the tugs, the hoarse cries of the bargemen and the merry banjo-party under the awning of our ship. all is still, noiseless and soundless: a profound silence broods over the mighty waters. it is night. it is night and silent! @@ -21725,10 +20003,7 @@ i wonder whether it has ever occurred to the readers of the sunday englishman to would they know of what my thoughts were full? they were full of those poor romans, insulted, questioned and disturbed by a brutal soldiery, and i thought of this: that we who go out on a peculiarly pacific mission, who have only to write while others wield the sword, we also do our part. pray heaven the time may soon come when an english protectorate shall be declared over rome and the hateful rule of the lombard foreigners shall cease. -[50] there is for anyone of the old viking blood a kind of fascination in the sea. -the screw is modern, but its vibration is the very movement of the wild white oars that brought the northmen[51] to the field of senlac. -[52] now i know how we have dared and done all. i could conquer sicily to-night. as i paced the deck, an officer passed and slapped me heartily on the shoulder. it was the first mate. @@ -21751,7 +20026,6 @@ the sea was smooth last night, and yet i awoke this morning with a feeling of un i fancy the very slight oscillation of the boat has something to do with it, though the lady sitting next to me tells me that one only feels it in steamboats. she said her dear husband had told her it was “the smell of the oil”--i hinted that at breakfast one can talk of other things. the first mate sits at the head of our table. -i do not know how it is, but there is a lack of social reaction on board a ship. a man is a seaman or a passenger, and there is an end of it. one has no fixed rank, and the wholesome discipline of social pressure seems entirely lost. thus this morning the first mate called me “the parson,” and i had no way to resent his familiarity. @@ -21762,7 +20036,6 @@ he is coming over the side. he is not in the least like a sailor, but small and white. he wears a bowler hat, and looks more like a city clerk than anything else. when i asked the first mate why this was, he answered “it’s the brains that tell.” a very remarkable statement, and one full of menace and warning for our mercantile marine. -* * * * * thursday, oct. 1, 1873. i cannot properly describe the freshness and beauty of the sea after a gale. i have not the style of the great masters of english prose, and i lack the faculty of expression which so often accompanies the poetic soul. @@ -21782,7 +20055,6 @@ i went up on the bridge to speak to him. i find his name is arnssen. he has risen from the ranks, his father having been a large haberdasher in copenhagen and a town councillor. i wish i could say the same of the first mate, who is the scapegrace son of a great english family, though he seems to feel no shame. -arnssen and i would soon become fast friends were it not that his time is occupied in managing the ship. he is just such an one as makes the strength of our british mercantile marine. he will often come and walk with me on the deck, on which occasions i give him a cigar, or even sometimes ask him to drink wine with me. he tells me it is against the rules for the captain to offer similar courtesies to his guests, but that if ever i am in ernskjöldj, near copenhagen, and if he is not absent on one of his many voyages, he will gratefully remember and repay my kindness. @@ -21801,7 +20073,6 @@ the fleet has retreated from apulia. england--let posterity note this--has not an inch of ground in all the italian peninsula. well, we are worsted, and we must bide our time; but this i will say: if that insolent young fool the first mate thinks that his family shall protect him he is mistaken. the press is a great power and never greater than where (as in england) a professor of a university or the upper classes write for the papers, and where a rule of anonymity gives talent and position its full weight. -[53] ix. lambkin’s address to the league of progress everybody will remember the famous meeting of the higher spinsters in 1868; a body hitherto purely voluntary in its organisation, it had undertaken to add to the houses of the poor and wretched the element which reigns in the residential suburbs of our great towns. @@ -21830,9 +20101,7 @@ it was a lesson in gentlemanly irony to see my friend take his place above large my dear friends, i shall attempt to put before you in a few simple, but i hope well-chosen words, the views of a plain man upon the great subject before us to-day. i shall attempt with the greatest care to avoid any personal offence, but i shall not hesitate to use the knife with an unsparing hand, as is indeed the duty of the pastor whosoever he may be. -i remember a late dear friend of mine [who would not wish me to make his name public but whom you will perhaps recognise in the founder and builder of the new cathedral at isaacsville in canada[54]]. i remember his saying to me with a merry twinkle of the eye that looms only from the free manhood of the west: “lambkin,” said he, “would you know how i made my large fortune in the space of but three months, and how i have attained to such dignity and honour? -it was by following this simple maxim which my dear mother[55] taught me in the rough log-cabin[56] of my birth: ‘be courteous to all strangers, but familiar with none.’”[57] my friends, you are not strangers, nay, on the present solemn occasion i think i may call you friends--even brethren!--dear brothers and sisters! but a little bird has told me.... (here a genial smile passed over his face and he drank a draught of pure cold water from a tumbler at his side.) a little bird has told me, i say, that some of you feared a trifle of just harshness, a reprimand perhaps, or a warning note of danger, at the best a doubtful and academic temper as to the future. @@ -21842,7 +20111,6 @@ i shall pursue a far different course, and however courteous i may be i shall in why the very words are drawn from our anglo-saxon mother-tongue deftly mingled with a few expressions borrowed from the old dead language of long-past greece and rome. what is education? the derivation of the word answers this question. -it is from “e” that is “out of,” “duc-o” “i lead,” from the root duc--to lead, to govern (whence we get so many of our most important words such as “duke”; “duck” = a drake; etc.) and finally the termination “-tio” which corresponds to the english “-ishness.” we may then put the whole phrase in simple language thus, “the threefold showings of twofold led-out-of-ishness among the needy.” the needy! the poor! @@ -21861,16 +20129,13 @@ show me his wife or daughter at a cookery school or engaged in fretwork, and i w a man and a woman--solemn thought! a noble subject indeed and one to occupy the whole life of a man! this “education,” this “leading-out-of,” is the matter of all our lives here in oxford except in the vacation. -[58] and what an effect it has! let me prove it in a short example. at a poor lodging-house in lafayette, pa., u.s.a., three well-educated men from new england who had fallen upon evil times were seated at a table surrounded by a couple of ignorant and superstitious irishmen; these poor untaught creatures, presuming upon their numbers, did not hesitate to call the silent and gentlemanly unfortunates “dommed high-faluthing fules”; but mark the sequel. a fire broke out in the night. the house was full of these irishmen and of yet more repulsive italians. some were consumed by the devouring element, others perished in the flames, others again saved their lives by a cowardly flight. -[59] but what of those three from massachusetts whom better principles had guided in youth and with whom philosophy had replaced the bitter craft of the priest? they were found--my dear friends--they were found still seated calmly at the table; they had not moved; no passion had blinded them, no panic disturbed: in their charred and blackened features no trace of terror was apparent. such is the effect, such the glory of what my late master and guide, the professor of tautology, used to call the “principle of the survival of the fittest.” -(applause, which was only checked by a consideration for the respect due to the sacred edifice.) go forth then! again i say go forth! go forth! @@ -21881,16 +20146,13 @@ for without the mind the human intellect is nothing. x. lambkin’s leader mr. solomon was ever determined to keep the sunday englishman at a high level. -“we owe it” (he would say) “first to the public who are thereby sacrificed--i mean satisfied--and to ourselves, who secure thereby a large and increasing circulation.” [���ourselves” alluded to the shareholders, for the sunday englishman was a limited company, in which the shares (of which mr. solomon held the greater number) were distributed in the family; the tiniest toddler of two years old was remembered, and had been presented with a share by his laughing and generous parent.] in this laudable effort to keep “abreast of the times” (as he phrased it), the editor and part proprietor determined to have leaders written by university men, who from their position of vantage enjoy a unique experience in practical matters. he had formed a very high opinion of lambkin’s journalistic capacity from his unpublished letters as a special correspondent. indeed, he was often heard to say that “a man like him was lost at oxford, and was born for fleet street.” he wrote, therefore, to mr. lambkin and gave him “carte blanche,” as one french scholar to another, sending him only the general directions that his leader must be “smart, up-to-date, and with plenty of push,” it was to be “neither too long nor too short,” and while it should be written in an easy familiar tone, there should be little or no seriously offensive matter included. mr. lambkin was delighted, and when at his request the article had been paid for, he sent in the following: -* * * * * the leader. “the english-speaking race has--if we except the dutch, negro, and irish elements--a marvellous talent for self-government. from the earliest origins of our anglo-saxon forefathers to the latest parish council, guided but not controlled by the modern ‘mass thegen’ or local ‘gesithcund man,’ this talent, or rather genius, is apparent. -we cannot tell why, in the inscrutable designs of providence, our chosen race should have been so specially gifted, but certain it is that wherever plain ordinary men such as i who write this and you who read it,[60] may be planted, there they cause the desert to blossom, and the waters to gush from the living rock. who has not known, whether among his personal acquaintance or from having read of him in books, the type of man who forms the strength of this mighty national organism? and who has not felt that he is himself something of that kidney? we stand aghast at our own extraordinary power, and it has been finely said that nelson was greater than he knew. @@ -21924,7 +20186,6 @@ but you’d better be careful about taking in any more niggers.” she drove slowly on up the hill and they brought their horses’ heads together for a conference. she was trembling with anxiety lest it might occur to them to search the woodland on the west of the road, and she wanted to know what they were going to do before she would have to pass out of sight down the other side of the hill. to gain time she dropped her whip, and jumped out to get it. -then she adjusted a buckle in the harness and examined a thill strap. a stolen glance let her see that they were starting back toward the town. but now a new anxiety filled her. did they know of the cave? @@ -22045,7 +20306,6 @@ i remember, i picked up several sheets together that i didn’t want, and burned still, for a moment, the uneasy fear persisted that perhaps she had put it into her letter. she burned with shame at the thought that her lover might read those words. then with a sudden vault her mind faced about and she felt herself almost exulting that at last he might know how much she cared, that at last, in spite of herself she had surrendered. -“if i did send it,” she thought as she sat at her window, in the dark, “he will come and i shall have to give up.” her mother’s words recurred to her: “you see that it is possible for husband and wife to live together in love and trust and happiness, even though they do hold opposite opinions about slavery.” they would be happy--ah, no doubt about that! and perhaps, if they were married and constantly together, she could make jeff see the wrongs of slavery. she could point out to him specific instances of injustice and rouse that side of his conscience which now seemed to be dead. @@ -22091,7 +20351,6 @@ he laughed again and exclaimed aloud, “yes, indeed, i’m coming, and if there then he bethought him of the other letter. it was without date line or signature and with puzzled eyes he read its few lines, in the middle of the page: “when true hearts pine and gallants stay away, then what can ladies do? alas the day, they can but pine when cruel gallants come no more!” -he looked the sheet all over and examined the envelope inside and out to find some clue to its authorship. but there was not the least sign, and the postmark was indistinct. it was written upon the same kind of paper and inclosed in the same kind of envelope as rhoda always used, but the handwriting was not rhoda’s, and it seemed so unlike her to send such an indirect, silly little message that he said at once, “no, it’s not from rhoda.” but who could there be among his friends or acquaintance likely to take such interest in his courtship, of which so few of them knew, and send him this sort of romantic hint? of course, it might be from some friend of rhoda’s in whom she had confided. @@ -22224,7 +20483,6 @@ his voice trembled and rhoda saw in his eyes the tears of an old man whose deare she was conscious of a remorseful shame, as though she herself had been in some measure responsible for his grief and despair. for had she not, was her swift, self-accusing thought, been ready to compromise with this monster? “no, no, mr. kimball, you mustn’t give up like that,” hardaker was exclaiming, “not while there’s one of us left to die fighting. -and the election last fall showed that there are more than a million of us, who at least are ready to help. rhoda’s got the right idea,” and he looked at her with smiling approval. again she blushed and turned her eyes away, feeling acutely that she did not deserve this praise and miserably wondering if they would despise her were she to tell them that she had been willing, only an hour before, to become a slaveholder’s wife. “it seem to me,” horace went on, “that we’ve got to go right on with the popular propaganda against slavery. @@ -22398,7 +20656,6 @@ i shall not let you ruin both our lives and break both our hearts, after that gl she steadied herself for the struggle she knew must come, and suddenly felt her nerves grow firm and her brain clear, as they always did when she faced great need. she was calmer than he and more mistress of herself as she said: “i can’t say anything different to what i’ve always said, and said in that letter, that i feel to the bottom of my heart that slavery is such a wrong, such a curse, such a horrible thing that i can’t marry you because you believe in it and are a part of it.” -[illustration: “‘don’t, jeff, please don’t!’ she pleaded.”] he gazed at her silently a moment, and the love in his face, that had but just now been more of the body than of the soul, was transfused with admiration of her spirit. “and you can still say that to me,” he marveled in hushed accents, “after your heart has ached as it must have when you wrote those lines?” she dropped her eyes lest he see the sudden start of tears. @@ -22572,7 +20829,6 @@ immediately and enthusiastically, and perhaps not in strict accord with parliame surprised and embarrassed, she tried to decline the honor. but the women, crowding around her with praise and caresses, would not let her refuse. at home she said nothing of the affair to her mother or sister, to neither of whom did she ever make mention of any of her anti-slavery activities. -all that portion of her life, which, indeed, had come to be the major part, had as little community with them as if there had been between them no bond of love and use and relationship. to her father she related the bare facts of the occasion. but he soon heard from horace hardaker, whose mother had told him all about it, a full and enthusiastic account of what had taken place. rhoda grieved much over the growing alienation between herself and her mother and sister. @@ -22698,7 +20954,6 @@ they had to get rid of me quick. i’d been sold to a trader from new orleans and he’d brought me and a lot of others to louisville to take us on the steamboat. i knew he’d paid a big price for me, and from that and the way he talked me over i knew what he’d bought me for. i made up my mind i’d rather die, or do anything. -a chance happened to come, on the street in louisville, as he was taking us to the boat, and in a crowd i give him the slip. “i didn’t know what i’d do or where i’d go, but i just hurried along down another street, and then i saw the man who’d been at master’s plantation last year and told us about going to canada if we wanted to try it.” “yes--mr. wilson,” dr. ware interrupted. “i knew him right away, though he looked different, and i spoke to him and told him what i wanted. @@ -22881,7 +21136,6 @@ let her go, i say!” the man laughed and pushed on. “no, she ain’t. she’s lear white and she’s a slave and belongs to william h. burns. -i’m his agent and i was with him when he bought her and helped to take her and the rest of his gang to louisville, where she give him the slip. i come up through this black abolition country to watch for her, and i knew her the minute i set eyes on her, though you have got her fixed up so fine.” with one sweep of his handkerchief across her cheek, he exposed a broad stripe of browner skin. he laughed contemptuously, and a number of others who had gathered round them on the landing laughed also. @@ -22890,7 +21144,6 @@ she knew well that if the crowd’s sympathies were with him there was no tellin gripping his arm with both hands and bracing herself against his effort to move on, she faced about, head high and eyes flashing, and cried: “is there no one here who will help me to save this poor girl?” then she was aware that from the back of the concourse some men were pushing their way toward her. -she struggled against the efforts of mary ellen’s captors to go on and would not release her hold of the one next her, thinking that here might be deliverance, or, at least, help. as they came nearer she saw that one was in quaker garb, and her hopes rose. in the matter of a runaway slave there was no doubting on which side would be the active sympathy and assistance of a friend. in response to his inquiry she told him her own and her father’s name. @@ -23228,7 +21481,6 @@ softly rhoda came near, hesitatingly put forth one hand and let it rest for an i at her touch he straightened up and unconsciously one hand sought the place upon his arm where hers had lain. “i don’t believe, dear, it will be forever. i don’t believe it will be very much longer.” -“what do you mean, rhoda?” he cried, springing up. “do you really think there is hope for us?” “yes, jeff, i do. but i don’t suppose you’ll see it as i do. @@ -23643,7 +21895,6 @@ and when she tries to leave the union the upheaval will come.” not long after the election hardaker sought rhoda in more buoyant mood than ever, to tell her that he and marcia were to be married. she assured him that she was heartily glad, and really felt all that she said, and even more. but her sincere rejoicing did not prevent her from looking sadly out of her window that night and feeling that something very dear and pleasant had gone out of her life beyond all recovery. -she would not, if she could, have held hardaker’s love in fruitless thrall, but it had been so comforting, so gratifying, to know how surely it was hers and she had so grown to expect one of his recurrent proposals every year or so that it cost her a little wrench now to give it all up. “he’ll make marcia a good, loving husband,” she thought, “and with his talent and ambition he’ll succeed. oh, they’ll be happy, and i’m glad.” her eyes grew sad and the lines of her face drooped as she sat beside her window. @@ -23665,7 +21916,6 @@ rhoda busied herself with these duties, the ordering of her father’s household gradually the thought grew up in her breast that she would like to study medicine. she talked the matter over with her father and he offered, if she wished, to send her to one of the medical colleges that within a few years had been opened for women. but she would not leave him alone and so, under his guidance, she spent her leisure time reading in his medical library, discussing his cases with him, and often going with him upon his visits. -dr. ware received an occasional brief letter from john brown in which his scheme was referred to with cautious phrasing as a speculation in sheep. toward midsummer he wrote that he was getting his shepherds together and expected to collect a band of sheep in the virginia mountains, where he thought there would be good pasturage, about the middle of october. “he is bound to come into collision with the federal government very soon,” said dr. ware to his daughter as they talked this letter over together. “of course he knows that will be the end of his enterprise and of him too.” @@ -23679,7 +21929,6 @@ now and then a letter passed between rhoda and jefferson delavan, a letter of in once only did he touch upon the slavery question, which formerly they had argued with such earnestness, and then he filled a long letter with an endeavor to prove to her that the negro race had been benefited by slavery, that in taking it from its barbarous state and bringing it in contact with civilization the slaveholders had lifted it to a higher plane of moral and intellectual life. when she replied she said merely, “no more of that, please, if you still love me! each of us knows that the other’s convictions are honest and deeply rooted. -we can’t agree, so let’s not argue, but just enjoy our friendship.” nor was there in their correspondence any mention of love, or of possible or impossible marriage. but toward the end of summer, when a little band of men was warily gathering in a maryland farmhouse, one of jeff’s letters set rhoda’s heart to fluttering. there was in it, save for some terms of endearment which seemed to have flowed unconsciously from his pen, no putting into words of a lover’s hopes. @@ -23861,7 +22110,6 @@ you have made me understand what determination there is at the bottom of all thi “it’s a war between two ideals,” she said, “whatever else they may say it is. but it’s really that, between two ideals of civilization.” “and men,” he added quickly, “always fight for their ideals as they do for nothing else. -it will be to the last gasp.” she looked away and shuddered. “oh, it is all so horrible, even to think of! but it is a long and horrible iniquity that has caused it and must now be paid for. @@ -23891,7 +22139,6 @@ and it will always tell me, as plainly as if with your own dear lips, to fight t again she lifted her head proudly. “yes, to the uttermost, jeff! for that way only can your eyes be opened!” -* * * * * he was gone, and she sat alone in the arbor, with her lilacs pressed to her bosom, and listened as the strains of martial music came to her ears. it was a band playing, downtown, where volunteers were being drilled. she could hear the tramp of feet, the rattle of musketry, and the words of command. @@ -23907,11 +22154,8 @@ obvious typographical errors have been corrected. inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. archaic or variant spelling has been retained. the cover image for this ebook was created by the transcriber using the original cover and is entered into the public domain. -and gramarye *** tedious brief tales of granta and gramarye. -[illustration: e. joyce shillington scales 1919. -entrance gateway, jesus college.] tedious brief tales of granta and gramarye by “ingulphus” (arthur gray, master of jesus college) @@ -23923,53 +22167,23 @@ a midsummer night’s dream. for permission to reprint these tales, which originally appeared in the cambridge review, the gownsman and chanticlere (the jesus college magazine), the writer thanks the editors and proprietors of those papers. contents page -i. to two cambridge magicians viii ii. -the everlasting club 1 iii. -the treasure of john badcoke 9 -iv. -the true history of anthony ffryar 19 -v. the necromancer 28 vi. -brother john’s bequest 37 vii. -the burden of dead books 48 viii. -thankfull thomas 67 ix. -the palladium 76 -x. the sacrist of saint radegund 84 list of illustrations - i. entrance gateway, jesus college frontispiece ii. -doorway, cow lane 5 iii. -oriel window of hall and entrance to “k” staircase 11 -iv. -old hall, master’s lodge 17 -v. north-west corner of cloisters 20 vi. -the master’s stall 23 vii. -main gateway and porter’s lodge 31 viii. -on “a” staircase 33 ix. -fireplace in master’s lodge 41 -x. a corner of the library 51 xi. -chapel doorway in master’s garden 57 xii. -norman gallery, north transept 71 xiii. -south-west pier of tower 74 -xiv. -in the fens 83 -xv. -entrance to chapter house 87 xvi. -the chancel squint 90 to two cambridge magicians in london lanes, uncanonized, untold by letter’d brass or stone, apart they lie, dead and unreck’d of by the passer-by. here still they seem together, as of old, to breathe our air, to walk our cambridge ground, here still to after learners to impart hints of the magic that gave faustus art to make blind homer sing “with ravishing sound to his melodious harp” of oenon, dead for alexander’s love; that framed the spell of him who, in the friar’s “secret cell,” made the great marvel of the brazen head. @@ -24022,7 +22236,6 @@ the supper was given in the house of the physician. one member, henry davenport, the former fellow-commoner of trinity, was absent from the entertainment, as he was then serving in germany, in the dettingen campaign. the minutes contain an entry, “mulctatus propter absentiam per presidentem, hen. davenport.” an entry on the next page of the book runs, “henry davenport by a cannon-shot became an incorporeal member, november 3, 1743.” -[illustration: doorway, cow lane.] the minutes give in their own handwriting, under date november 2, the names and addresses of the six other members. first in the list, in a large bold hand, is the autograph of “alan dermot, president, at the court of his royal highness.” now in october dermot had certainly been in attendance on the young pretender at paris, and doubtless the address which he gave was understood at the time by the other everlastings to refer to the fact. but on october 28, five days before the meeting of the club, he was killed, as i have already mentioned, in a duel. @@ -24043,7 +22256,6 @@ the same day this book was delivered to me, james harvey.” harvey lived only a then, on may 18, charles bellasis writes that on that day, being the date of catherston’s decease, the minute book has come to him as the last surviving corporeal of the club. as it is my purpose to record fact only i shall not attempt to describe the feelings of the unhappy secretary when he penned that fatal record. when witherington died it must have come home to the three survivors that after twenty-three years’ intermission the ghastly entertainment must be annually renewed, with the addition of fresh incorporeal guests, or that they must undergo the pitiless censure of the president. -i think it likely that the terror of the alternative, coupled with the mysterious delivery of the minute book, was answerable for the speedy decease of the two first successors to the secretaryship. now that the alternative was offered to bellasis alone, he was firmly resolved to bear the consequences, whatever they might be, of an infringement of the club rules. the graceless days of george ii. had passed away from the university. @@ -24071,17 +22283,14 @@ i cannot learn that the occupants of the adjoining rooms have ever been disturbe indeed, it is plain from the minutes that owing to their improvident drafting no provision was made for the perpetuation of the all souls entertainment after the last everlasting ceased to be corporeal. such superstitious belief must be treated with contemptuous incredulity. but whether for that cause or another the rooms were shut up, and have remained tenantless from that day to this. -[illustration] the treasure of john badcoke as this narrative of an occurrence in the history of jesus college may appear to verge on the domain of romance, i think it proper to state by way of preface, that for some of its details i am indebted to documentary evidence which is accessible and veracious. other portions of the story are supplied from sources the credibility of which my readers will be able to estimate. on the 8th of november, 1538, the priory of st. giles and st. andrew, barnwell, was surrendered to king henry viii. by john badcoke, the prior, and the convent of that house. the surrender was sealed with the common seal, subscribed by the prior and six canons, and acknowledged on the same day in the chapter house of the priory, before thomas legh, doctor of laws. -[1] dr. legh and his fellows, who had been deputed by cromwell to visit the monasteries, had too frequent occasion to deplore the frowardness of religious households in opposing the king’s will in the matter of their dissolution. among many such reports i need only cite the case of the prior of christ church, canterbury, mentioned in a letter to cromwell from one of his agents, christopher leyghton. -[2] he tells cromwell that in an inventory exhibited by the prior to dr. leyghton, the king’s visitor, the prior had “wilfullye left owte a remembraunce of certayne parcells of silver, gold and stone to the value of thowsandys of poundys”; that it was not to be doubted that he would “eloyne owt of the same howse into the handys of his secret fryndys thowsandes of poundes, which is well knowne he hathe, to hys comfort hereafter”; and that it was common report in the monastery that any monk who should open the matter to the king’s advisers “shalbe poysenyde or murtheryde, as he hath murthredde diverse others.” far different from the truculent attitude of this murderous prior was the conduct on the like occasion of prior john badcoke. dr. legh reported him to be “honest and conformable.” he furnished an exact inventory of the possessions of his house, and quietly retired on the pittance allowed to him by the king. he prevailed upon the other canons to shew the same submission to the royal will, and they peaceably dispersed, some to country incumbencies, others to resume in the colleges the studies commenced in earlier life. @@ -24093,7 +22302,6 @@ lived, and the rites of the old religion were tolerated, he seems to have minist more than twelve months elapsed before the demolition of the canons’ house was taken in hand, and, for so long, in the empty church the prior still offered mass on ceremonial days for the repose of the souls of the peverels and peches who had built and endowed the house in long bygone days, and were buried beside the high altar. in the porter’s lodge remained the only occupant of the monastery--a former servant of the house, who, from the circumstance that in his secular profession he was a mason, had the name of adam waller. occasional intruders on the solitude of the cloister or the monastic garden sometimes lighted on the ex-prior pacing the grass-grown walks, as of old, and generally in company with a younger priest. -[illustration: oriel window of hall & entrance to ‘k’ staircase] this companion was named richard harrison. he was not one of the dispossessed canons, but came from the priory of christ church, canterbury, of which mention has been made. he was the youngest and latest professed of the monks there, a nephew of the prior, as also of john badcoke. @@ -24133,11 +22341,9 @@ to the master, dr. reston, and the fellows, whose religious sympathies were with but trouble came upon the college in 1549, when it was visited by king edward’s protestant commissioners. it stands on record, that on may 26th “they commanded six altars to be pulled down in the church,” and in a chamber, which may have been badcoke’s, “caused certayn images to be broken.” mr. badcoke “had an excommunicacion sette uppe for him,” and was dismissed from the office, whatever it was, that he held in the college. worse still for his happiness, his companion of many years, richard harrison, was “expulsed his felowshippe” on some supposition of trafficking with the court of rome. -[3] he went overseas, as it was understood, to the catholic university of louvain in flanders. in 1549 badcoke must have been, as age went in the sixteenth century, an old man. his deprivation of office, the loss of his friend, and the abandonment of long treasured hopes for the restitution of the religious system to which his life had been devoted, plunged him in a settled despondency. the fellows, who showed for him such sympathy as they dared, understood that between him and harrison there passed a secret correspondence. -but in course of years this source of consolation dried up. harrison was dead, or he had travelled away from louvain. with the other members of the college badcoke wholly parted company, and lived a recluse in his unneighboured room. by the wood-yard gate, of which he still had a key, he could let himself out beyond the college walls, and sometimes by day, oftener after nightfall, he was to be seen wandering beneath his window in the nuns’ graveyard, his old feet, like friar laurence’s, “stumbling at graves.” an occasional visitor, who was known to be his pensioner, was adam waller. @@ -24176,9 +22382,7 @@ et dixi, quis dabit pennas mihi sicut columbae, et volabo et requiescam.” (my and i said, o that i had wings like a dove: for then would i fly away, and be at rest.) then, in lettering of the same kind, came a portion of deuteronomy xxviii. 12: “aperiet dominus thesaurum suum, benedicetque cunctis operibus tuis.” (the lord will disclose his treasure, and will bless all the works of thy hands.) -under this, in smaller letters, were the words, “vide super hoc ezechielis cap. xl.” -[illustration: old hall, master’s lodge.] if in the same volume the chapter in question is referred to, a singular fact discloses itself. certain words in the text are underscored in red pencil, and fingers, inked in the margin, are directed to the lines in which they occur. taken in their consecutive order these words run: “ecce murus forinsecus ... ad portam quae respiciebat viam orientalem ... mensus est a facie portae extrinsecus ad orientem et aquilonem quinque cubitorum ... hoc est gazophylacium.” this may be taken to mean, “look at the outside wall ... at the gate facing towards the eastern road ... he measured from the gate outwards five cubits (7¹⁄₂ feet) towards the north-east ... there is the treasure.” @@ -24188,10 +22392,6 @@ but the message never reached harrison, and it is quite certain that no treasure if the canterbury or any other treasure was deposited there by badcoke it rests there still. to those who are curious to know more of this matter i would say: first, ascertain minutely from loggan’s seventeenth-century plan of the college the position of the wood-yard gate; and, secondly, which indeed should be firstly, make absolutely certain that john badcoke was not mystifying posterity by an elaborate jest. footnotes: -[1] cooper, annals, i., p. 393. -[2] the suppression of the monasteries (camden society’s publications), p. 90. -[3] cooper, annals, ii. -p. 29. the true history of anthony ffryar the world, it is said, knows nothing of its greatest men. in our cambridge microcosm it may be doubted whether we are better informed concerning some of the departed great ones who once walked the confines of our colleges. @@ -24209,7 +22409,6 @@ dr. reston was master of the college during the whole of his tenure of a fellows the chamber which ffryar occupied as a fellow was on the first floor of the staircase at the west end of the chapel. the staircase has since been absorbed in the master’s lodge, but the doorway through which it was approached from the cloister may still be seen. at the time when ffryar lived there the nave of the chapel was used as a parish church, and his windows overlooked the graveyard, then called “jesus churchyard,” which is now a part of the master’s garden. -[illustration: north west corner of cloisters.] ffryar was of course a priest, as were nearly all the fellows in his day. but i do not gather that he was a theologian, or complied more than formally with the obligation of his orders. he came to cambridge when the six articles and the suppression of the monasteries were of fresh and burning import: he became a fellow in the harsh protestant days of protector somerset: and in all his time the master and the fellows were in scarcely disavowed sympathy with the rites and beliefs of the old religion. @@ -24254,7 +22453,6 @@ at all hazards his research, now on the eve of realisation, must proceed; withou besides, he had an absolute assurance of his own immunity if the experiment answered his confident expectations, and his fancy was elated with the thought of standing, like another aaron, between the living and the dead, and staying the pestilence with the potent magisterium. until then he would bar his door even against laycock, and his supplies of food should be left on the staircase landing. solitude for him was neither unfamiliar nor terrible. -[illustration: the master’s stall.] so for three days ffryar and laycock inhabited the cloister, solitary and separate. for three days, in the absorption of his research, ffryar forgot fear, forgot the pestilence-stricken world beyond the gate, almost forgot to consume the daily dole of food laid outside his door. august 12 was the day, so fateful to humanity, when his labours were to be crowned with victory: before midnight the secret of the magisterium would be solved. @@ -24431,7 +22629,6 @@ the little cup that is made to hold so much can hold so much and no more, though there is no error more common than that of thinking that those who are the causes or occasions of great tragedies share in the feelings suitable to the tragic mood: no error more fatal than expecting it of them. the martyr in his 'shirt of flame' may be looking on the face of god, but to him who is piling the faggots or loosening the logs for the blast the whole scene is no more than the slaying of an ox is to the butcher, or the felling of a tree to the charcoal burner in the forest, or the fall of a flower to one who is mowing down the grass with a scythe. great passions are for the great of soul, and great events can be seen only by those who are on a level with them. -* * * * * i know of nothing in all drama more incomparable from the point of view of art, nothing more suggestive in its subtlety of observation, than shakespeare's drawing of rosencrantz and guildenstern. they are hamlet's college friends. they have been his companions. @@ -24460,14 +22657,12 @@ they never die. horatio, who in order to 'report hamlet and his cause aright to the unsatisfied,' 'absents him from felicity a while, and in this harsh world draws his breath in pain,' dies, but guildenstern and rosencrantz are as immortal as angelo and tartuffe, and should rank with them. -they are what modern life has contributed to the antique ideal of friendship. he who writes a new de amicitia must find a niche for them, and praise them in tusculan prose. they are types fixed for all time. to censure them would show 'a lack of appreciation.' they are merely out of their sphere: that is all. in sublimity of soul there is no contagion. high thoughts and high emotions are by their very existence isolated. -* * * * * i am to be released, if all goes well with me, towards the end of may, and hope to go at once to some little sea-side village abroad with r--- and m---. the sea, as euripides says in one of his plays about iphigeneia, washes away the stains and wounds of the world. i hope to be at least a month with my friends, and to gain peace and balance, and a less troubled heart, and a sweeter mood. @@ -24501,7 +22696,6 @@ by b. m. bower (b. m. sinclair) author of “the lure of the dim trails,” “her prairie knight,” “the lonesome trail,” etc. illustrations by charles m. russell list of contents - i the old man's sister ii over the “hog's back” iii silver iv an ideal picture v in silver's stall vi the hum of preparation vii love and a stomach pump viii prescriptions ix before the round-up x what whizzer did xi good intentions xii “the last stand” xiii art critics xiv convalescence xv the spoils of victory xvi weary advises xvii when a maiden wills xviii dr cecil granthum xix love finds its hour list of illustrations came down with not a joint in his legs and turned a somersault “the last stand.” @@ -24553,7 +22747,6 @@ he hurried back up the hill to the mess house, performed hasty ablutions in the they've got them coons engaged to play. the hotel's fixing for a big crowd, if the weather holds like this. chip, old man wants you to catch up the creams, after supper; you've got to meet the train to-morrow.” -“which train?” demanded chip, looking up. “is old dunk coming?” “the noon train. no, he didn't say nothing about dunk. @@ -24569,15 +22762,12 @@ be here to-morrow, he said.” is she pretty?” this from cal emmett. “hope she ain't over fifty.” this from jack bates. “hope she ain't one of them four-eyed school-ma'ams,” added happy jack--so called to distinguish him from jack bates, and also because of his dolorous visage. -“why can't some one else haul her out?” began chip. “cal would like that job--and he's sure welcome to it.” “cal's too dangerous. he'd have the old girl dead in love before he got her over the first ridge, with them blue eyes and that pretty smile of his'n. it's up to you, splinter--old man said so.” -“she'll be dead safe with chip. he won't make love to her,” retorted cal. “wonder how old she is,” repeated jack bates, half emptying the syrup pitcher into his plate. -patsy had hot biscuits for supper, and jack's especial weakness was hot biscuits and maple syrup. “as to her age,” remarked shorty, “it's a cinch she ain't no spring chicken, seeing she's the old man's sister.” “is she a schoolma'am?” happy jack's distaste for schoolma'ams dated from his tempestuous introduction to the a b c's, with their daily accompaniment of a long, thin ruler. “no, she ain't a schoolma'am. @@ -24613,14 +22803,12 @@ either kind's bad enough.” “i'll bet she's a skinny old maid with a peaked nose and glasses, that'll round us up every sunday and read tracts at our heads, and come down on us with both feet about tobacco hearts and whisky livers, and the evils and devils wrapped up in a cigarette paper. i seen a woman doctor, once--she was stopping at the t down when i was line-riding for them--and say, she was a holy fright! she had us fellows going south before a week. -i stampeded clean off the range, soon as my month was up.” “say,” interrupted cal, “don't yuh remember that picture the old man got last fall, of his sister? she was the image of the old man--and mighty near as old.” chip, thinking of the morrow's drive, groaned in real anguish of spirit. “you won't dast t' roll a cigarette comin' home, chip,” predicted happy jack, mournfully. “yuh want t' smoke double goin' in.” “i don't think i'll smoke double going in,” returned chip, dryly. -“if the old girl don't like my style, why the walking isn't all taken up.” “say, chip,” suggested jack bates, “you size her up at the depot, and, if she don't look promising, just slack the lines on antelope hill. the creams 'll do the rest. if they don't, we'll finish the job here.” @@ -24631,7 +22819,6 @@ the boys liked shorty; he believed in the old adage about wisdom being bliss at he knew the happy family would stop inside the limit--at least, they always had, so far. “what's the game?” demanded cal, when the door closed behind their indulgent foreman. “why, it's this. -(pass the syrup, happy.) t'morrow's sunday, so we'll have time t' burn. we'll dig up all the guns we can find, and catch up the orneriest cayuses in our strings, and have a real, old lynching bee--sabe?” “who yuh goin' t' hang?” asked slim, apprehensively. @@ -24642,17 +22829,13 @@ we ain't going to build no derrick,” said jack, witheringly. “we'll have a dummy rigged up in the bunk house. when chip and the doctor heave in sight on top of the grade, we'll break loose down here with our bronks and our guns, and smoke up the ranch in style. we'll drag out mr. strawman, and lynch him to the big gate before they get along. -we'll be 'riddling him with bullets' when they arrive--and by that time she'll be so rattled she won't know whether it's a man or a mule we've got strung up.” -“you'll have to cut down your victim before i get there,” grinned chip. “i never could get the creams through the gate, with a man hung to the frame; they'd spill us into the washout by the old shed, sure as fate.” “that'd be all right. the old maid would sure know she was out west--we need something to add to the excitement, anyway.” -“if the old man's new buggy is piled in a heap, you'll wish you had cut out some of the excitement,” retorted chip. “all right, splinter. we won't hang him there at all. that old cottonwood down by the creek would do fine. it'll curdle her blood like dutch cheese to see us marching him down there--and she can't see the hay sticking out of his sleeves, that far off.” -“what if she wants to hold an autopsy?” bantered chip. “by golly, we'll stake her to a hay knife and tell her to go after him!” cried slim, suddenly waking up to the situation. the noon train slid away from the little, red depot at dry lake and curled out of sight around a hill. the only arrival looked expectantly into the cheerless waiting room, gazed after the train, which seemed the last link between her and civilization, and walked to the edge of the platform with a distinct frown upon the bit of forehead visible under her felt hat. @@ -24691,7 +22874,6 @@ if he meant to confuse her, he failed--for she only smiled and said to herself: miss whitmore had suspected that he was painfully bashful, after the manner of country young men. she now decided that he was not; he was passively antagonistic. “of course you know that i'm della whitmore,” she said. -chip carefully brushed a fly off polly's flank with the whip. “i took it for granted. i was sent to meet a miss whitmore at the train, and i took the only lady in sight.” “you took the right one--but i'm not--i haven't the faintest idea who you are.” @@ -24714,7 +22896,6 @@ chip gave her a quick, measuring glance. the coyote had halted and was squatting upon his haunches, his sharp nose pointed inquisitively toward them. chip slowed the creams to a walk, raised the gun and laid it across his knees, threw a shell into position and adjusted the sight. “here, you can try, if you like,” he said. -“whenever you're ready i'll stop. you had better stand up--i'll watch that you don't fall. ready? whoa, pet!” @@ -24726,7 +22907,6 @@ he turned the creams from the road, filled with the spirit of the chase. miss whitmore will long remember that mad dash over the hilltops and into the hollows, in which she could only cling to the rifle and to the seat as best she might, and hope that the driver knew what he was about--which he certainly did. “there he goes, sneaking down that coulee! he'll get into one of those washouts and hide, if we don't head him off. -i'll drive around so you can get another shot at him,” cried chip. he headed up the hill again until the coyote, crouching low, was fully revealed. “that's a fine shot. throw another shell in, quick! @@ -24763,7 +22943,6 @@ you began early.” “my uncle john is a doctor. i helped him in the office till he got me into the medical school. i was brought up in an atmosphere of antiseptics and learned all the bones in uncle john's 'boneparte'--the skeleton, you know--before i knew all my letters.” she dragged the coyote close to the wheel. -“let me get hold of the tail.” chip carefully pinched out the blaze of his match and threw it away before he leaned over to help. with a quick lift he landed the animal, limp and bloody, squarely upon the top of miss whitmore's largest trunk. the pointed nose hung down the side, the white fangs exposed in a sinister grin. the girl gazed upon him proudly at first, then in dismay. @@ -24782,7 +22961,6 @@ a small creek, bordered with cottonwoods and scraggly willows, wound aimlessly a g. doesn't seem to have much method,” remarked miss whitmore, after a critical survey. “what are all those log cabins scattered down the hill for? they look as though j. g. had a handful that he didn't want, and just threw them down toward the stable and left them lying where they happened to fall.” -“it does, all right,” conceded chip. “they're the bunk house--where us fellows sleep--and the mess house, where we eat, and then come the blacksmith shop and a shack we keep all kinds of truck in, and--” “what--in--the world--” a chorus of shouts and shots arose from below. @@ -24799,7 +22977,6 @@ all at once it struck him as mean and cowardly to frighten a lady who had travel it wasn't a fair game; it was cheating. only for his promise to the boys, he would have told her the truth then and there. miss whitmore was not a stupid young woman; his very indifference told her all that she needed to know. -she tore her eyes from the confused jumble of gesticulating men and restive steeds to look sharply at chip. he met her eyes squarely for an instant, and the horror oozed from her and left only amused chagrin that they should try to trick her so. “hurry up,” she commanded, “so i can be in at the death. remember, i'm a doctor. @@ -24828,7 +23005,6 @@ now the captive was riding dizzily, head downward, frightening banjo half out of what he had started as a grim jest, he now continued in deadly earnest; what was this uncanny semblance of a cow-puncher which he could not unseat, yet which clung so precariously to the saddle? he had no thought now of bucking in pure devilment--he was galloping madly, his eyes wild and staring. of a sudden, chip saw danger lurking beneath the fun of it. -he leaned forward a little, got a fresh grip on the reins and took the whip. “hang tight, now--i'm going to beat that horse to the hog's back.” miss whitmore, laughing till the tears stood in her eyes, braced herself mechanically. chip had been laughing also--but that was before banjo struck into the hill road in his wild flight from the terror that rode in the saddle. @@ -24860,7 +23036,6 @@ there was something back of it all, he knew. he had been asleep when the uproar began, and had reached the door only in time to see the creams come down the grade like a daylight shooting star. “i guess they was breaking a bronk,” he said, carelessly; “you've got enough baggage for a trip round the world, dell. i hope it ain't all dope for us poor devils. -tell shorty i want t' see him, chip.” chip took the reins from the old man's hands, sprang in and drove back down the hill to the stables. the “reception committee,” as chip sarcastically christened them, rounded up the runaway and sneaked back to the ranch by the coulee trail. with much unseemly language, they stripped the saddle and a flapping pair of overalls off poor, disgraced banjo, and kicked him out of the corral. @@ -24974,7 +23149,6 @@ there were a couple of plain, iron bedsteads and two wooden ones made of rough p there was a funny-looking table made of an inverted coffee box with legs of two-by-four, and littered with a characteristic collection of bachelor trinkets. there was a glass lamp with a badly smoked chimney, a pack of cards, a sack of smoking tobacco and a box of matches. there was a tin box with spools of very coarse thread, some equally coarse needles and a pair of scissors. -there was also--and miss whitmore gasped when she saw it--a pile of much-read magazines with the latest number of her favorite upon the top. she went closer and examined them, and glanced around the room with doubting eyes. there were spurs, quirts, chaps and queer-looking bits upon the walls; there were cigarette stubs and burned matches innumerable upon the rough, board floor, and here in her hand--she turned the pages of her favorite abstractedly and a paper fluttered out and fell, face upward, on the floor. she stooped and recovered it, glanced and gasped. @@ -25001,7 +23175,6 @@ miss whitmore was frequently at odds with her conscience; at this time she stood when he drew a huge, murderous-looking revolver from its scabbard and proceeded calmly to insert cartridge after cartridge, miss whitmore was constrained to speech. “are you--going to--shoot something?” the question struck them both as particularly inane, in view of his actions. -“i am,” replied he, without looking up. he whirled the cylinder into place, pushed the bundle back under the bed and rose, polishing the barrel of the gun with a silk handkerchief. miss whitmore hoped he wasn't going to murder anyone; he looked keyed up to almost any desperate deed. “who--what are you going to shoot?” really, the question asked itself. @@ -25061,7 +23234,6 @@ with much coaxing and soothing words it was accomplished, and it did not take lo miss whitmore stood up and smiled into the young man's eyes, conscious of a desire to bring the curve back into his lips. “it's very simple,” she declared, cheerfully. “i know i can cure him. -we had a colt at home with his leg broken the same way, and he was entirely cured--and doesn't even limp. of course,” she added, honestly, “uncle john doctored him--but i helped.” chip drew the back of his gloved hand quickly across his eyes and swallowed. “miss whitmore--if you could save old silver--” @@ -25080,7 +23252,6 @@ i can't understand why you wanted to shoot--you must have known this bone could a forty-dollar cow-puncher can't expect any better for his own horse.” “he'll get better, whatever he may expect. i'm just spoiling for something to practice on, anyway--and he's such a beauty. -if you can get him up, lead him to the stable while i go and tell j. g. and get some one to help.” she started away. “whom shall i get?” she called back. “weary, if you can--and slim's a good hand with horses, too.” “slim--is that the tall, lanky man?” @@ -25103,7 +23274,6 @@ as he dodged he threw his rope with the peculiar, back-hand twist of the practic straight across the corral he shot to the end of a forty-foot rope tied fast to the saddle horn. the red cow flopped with a thump which knocked all desire for trouble out of her for the time. shorty slipped the rope off and climbed the fence, but the cow only shook her aching sides and limped sullenly away to the far side of the corral. -j. g. and the boys had shinned up the fence like scared cats up a tree when the trouble began, and perched in a row upon the top. the old man looked across and espied his sister, wide-eyed and undignified, watching the outcome. “dell! what in thunder the you doing on that fence?” he shouted across the corral. @@ -25155,7 +23325,6 @@ dell! give him that truck you've been pouring down me for the last week. maybe he'll relish the taste of the doggone stuff--i don't.” “i suppose you've labeled that a 'joke--please laugh here,'” sighed miss whitmore, plaintively, climbing gingerly down. - chapter iv. -- an ideal picture. “i guess i'll go down to denson's to-day,” said j. g. at the breakfast table one morning. “maybe we can get that grass widow to come and keep house for us.” @@ -25231,9 +23400,7 @@ then appeared the countess, tall, gaunt and muscular, with sallow skin and a ner they'll give yuh twenty-five dollars a month an' keep yuh all summer, an' as much longer as his sister stays. i guess yuh might as well go, fer they can't git anybody else that'll keep things up in shape an' be comp'ny fer his sister, an' i b'lieve in helpin' a neighbor out when yuh can. you go right an' pack up yer trunk, an' don't worry about me--i'll git along somehow, now the house-cleanin's most done.” -louise had been talking also, but her sister seemed to have a stronger pair of lungs, for her voice drowned that of the countess, who retreated to “pack up.” the minutes dragged by, to the tune of several chapters of family history as voluminously interpreted by mrs. denson. -miss whitmore had always boasted the best-behaved of nerves, but this day she developed a genuine case of “fidgets.” once she saw chip's face turned inquiringly toward the window, and telegraphed her state of mind--while mrs. denson's back was turned--so eloquently that chip was swept at once into sympathetic good-fellowship. he arranged the cushion on the front seat significantly, and was rewarded by an emphatic, though furtive, nod and smile. whereupon he leaned comfortably back, rolled a cigarette and smoked contentedly, at peace with himself and the world--though he did not in the least know why. “an' as i told louise, folks has got t' put up with things an' not be huntin' trouble with a club all the time, if they expect t' git any comfort out uh this life. @@ -25299,7 +23466,6 @@ it might as well be adolphus or regie or--what does a man want to pack around a probably he was the kind of man that the name sounded like; a dude with pink cheeks. chip knew just how he looked. inspiration suddenly seizing upon him, he sat down upon the manger, drew his memorandum book out of his inner coat pocket, carefully sharpened a bit of lead pencil which he found in another pocket, tore a leaf from the book, and, with silver looking over his shoulder, drew a graphic, ideal picture of dr. cecil granthum. - chapter v. -- in silver's stall. “oh, are you here? it's a wonder you don't have your bed brought down here, so you can sleep near silver. how has he been doing since i left?” @@ -25334,7 +23500,6 @@ i shall keep this, i think, as a companion to 'the old maid's credential card. '” “are you in the habit of keeping other folk's property?” inquired chip, with some acerbity. “nothing but personal caricatures--and hearts, perhaps,” returned the little doctor, sweetly. -“i hardly think your collection of the last named article is very large,” retorted chip. “still, i added to the collection to-day,” pursued miss whitmore, calmly. “i shared my seat in the train with j. g.'s silent partner (i did not find him silent, however), mr. duncan whitaker. he hired a team in dry lake and we came out together, and i believe--please don't mention dr. cecil granthum to him, will you?” @@ -25491,7 +23656,6 @@ the wedge of cake was immediately pounced upon by an investigative hen and carri “dell, who in thunder put that stuff there? you're a little too doggoned anxious for somebody t' practice on, seems t' me.” a tiny trickle of blood showed in the thin spot on his head. “are you hurt, j. g.? -we--i spilled the soap.” the little doctor gazed solicitous, from the doorway. “huh! i see yuh spilled the soap, all right enough. i'm willin' to believe yuh did without no affidavit. @@ -25516,7 +23680,6 @@ you didn't see dell's license, did yuh, chip? go and get it an' show it to him, dell. it's good fer everything but gitting married--there ain't any cure for that complaint.” chapter vii. --- love and a stomach pump. an electrical undercurrent of expectation pervaded the very atmosphere of flying u ranch. the musicians, two supercilious but undeniably efficient young men from great falls, had arrived two hours before and were being graciously entertained by the little doctor up at the house. the sandwiches stood waiting, the coffee was ready for the boiling water, and the dining-room floor was smooth as wax could make it. @@ -25524,7 +23687,6 @@ for some reason unknown to himself, chip was “in the deeps.” he even threate he hated dick brown, anyway, for his cute, little yellow mustache that curled up at the ends like the tail of a drake. he had snubbed him all the way out from town and handled dick's guitar with a recklessness that invited disaster. and the way dick smirked when the old man introduced him to the little doctor--a girl with a fellow in the east oughtn't to let her eyes smile that way at a pin-headed little dude like dick brown, anyway. -and he--chip--had given, her a letter postmarked blatantly: “gilroy, ohio, 10:30 p. m.”--and she had been so taken up with those cussed musicians that she couldn't even thank him, and only just glanced at the letter before she stuck it inside her belt. probably she wouldn't even read it till after the dance. he wondered if dr. cecil granthum cared--oh, hell! of course he cared--that is, if he had any sense at all. @@ -25537,7 +23699,6 @@ he didn't see, for the life of him, how the little doctor could laugh at that li girls are--well, they're easy pleased, most of them. down in the bunk house the boys were hurrying into their “war togs”--which is, being interpreted, their best clothes. there was a nervous scramble over the cracked piece of a bar mirror--which had a history--and cries of “get out!” “let me there a minute, can't yuh?” and “get up off my coat!” were painfully frequent. -happy jack struggled blindly with a refractory red tie, which his face rivaled in hue and sheen--for he had been generous of soap. weary had possessed himself of the glass and was shaving as leisurely as though four restive cow-punchers were not waiting anxiously their turn. “for the lord's sake, weary!” spluttered jack bates. “your whiskers grow faster'n you can shave 'em off, at that gait. @@ -25578,7 +23739,6 @@ brace up and take all there is going, my son.” weary prepared to finish his in if that dry lake gang comes loaded down with whisky, like they generally do, we ought to get hold of it and cache every drop, weary.” weary turned clear around to stare his astonishment. “when did the w. c. t. u. get you by the collar?” he demanded. -“aw, don't be a fool, weary,” retorted chip. “you can see it wouldn't look right for us to let any of the boys get full, or even half shot, seeing this is the little doctor's dance.” weary meditatively scraped his left jaw and wiped the lather from the razor upon a fragment of newspaper. “splinter, we've throwed in together ever since we drifted onto the same range, and i'm with you, uh course. @@ -25591,7 +23751,6 @@ if it had been anyone else i'd punch his face for him.” “why, yes--an' i'd help you, too.” weary, his mouth very much on one side of his face that he might the easier shave the other, spoke in fragments. “you don't take it amiss from--me, though. i can see--” -the door slammed with extreme violence, and weary slashed his chin unbecomingly in consequence, but he felt no resentment toward chip. he calmly stuck a bit of paper on the cut to stop the bleeding and continued to shave. a short time after, the little doctor came across chip glaring at dick brown, who was strumming his guitar with ostentatious ease upon an inverted dry-goods box at one end of the long dining room. “i came to ask a favor of you,” she said, “but my courage oozed at the first glance.” @@ -25632,7 +23791,6 @@ yes, i'll send the countess--but don't you think she's a mighty poor hand to kee “i can't help it--i need her. hurry, please.” awed by the look in her big, gray eyes and the mysterious summoning of help, the luckless seven were marched silently through the outer door, around the house, through the coal shed and so into the back bedroom, without being observed by the merrymakers, who shook the house to its foundation to the cheerful command: “gran' right 'n' left with a double elbow-w!” “chasse by yer pardner--balance--swing!” -“what under the shinin' sun's the matter, dell?” the countess, breathless from dancing, burst in upon the little group. “nothing very serious, louise, though it's rather uncomfortable to be called from dancing to administer heroic remedies by wholesale. can you hold josephine--whichever one that is? she ate the most, as nearly as i can find out.” @@ -25763,7 +23921,6 @@ the little doctor, puzzled as well as piqued, went straight to the point. “y--e-s?” the little doctor gave the reins an impatient twitch. “yes, yes--yes!” -no answer from chip. he could think of nothing to say that was not more or less profane. “i think he's a very nice, amiable young man”--strong emphasis upon the second adjective. “i like amiable young men.” @@ -25807,7 +23964,6 @@ he had been angry with the little doctor for coming, but it was nothing to the r he did not own to himself that he wanted her beside him to taunt and to hurt with his rudeness, but it was a fact, for all that. and it was a very surly young man who rode into the denson corral and threw a loop over the head of the runaway. chapter ix. --- before the round-up. “the little doctor wants us all to come up t' the white house this evening and have some music,” announced cal, bursting into the bunk house where the boys were sorting and packing their belongings ready to start with the round-up wagon in the morning. jack bates hurriedly stuffed a miscellaneous collection of socks and handkerchiefs into his war bag and made for the wash basin. “i'll just call her bluff,” he said, determinedly. @@ -25840,7 +23996,6 @@ weary studied chin and lips curiously, and whatever he read there, he refrained he knew chip so much better than did anyone else. “aw, what's the matter with yuh, splinter! come on; don't be a chump,” cried cal, from the doorway. -“i guess you'll let a fellow do as he likes about it, won't you?” queried chip, without looking up. he was very busy, just then, shading the shoulders of a high-pitching horse so that one might see the tense muscles. “what's the matter? you and the little doctor have a falling out?” @@ -25866,7 +24021,6 @@ lined up alongside dr. cecil granthum--damn him!--he would cut a sorry figure, n he had never seen the outside of a college, let alone imbibing learning within one. he had learned some of the wisdom which nature teaches those who can read her language, and he had read much, lying on his stomach under a summer sky, while the cattle grazed all around him and his horse cropped the sweet grasses within reach of his hand. he could repeat whole pages of shakespeare, and of scott, and bobbie burns--he'd like to try dr. cecil on some of them and see who came out ahead. -still, he was ignorant--and none realized it more keenly and bitterly than did chip. he rested his chin in his hand and brooded over his comfortless past and cheerless future. he could just remember his mother--and he preferred not to remember his father, who was less kind to him than were strangers. that was his past. @@ -25940,7 +24094,6 @@ he shot through the big gate, lifting his heels viciously at the old man as he p i wouldn't have given in like that--but you gave them a chase, didn't you, my beauty?” the boys flung themselves off their tired horses and went up to the house to beg the countess for a lunch, and della turned resolutely to her sketching again. she was just beginning to forget that the world held aught but soft shadows, mellow glow and hazy perspective, when a subdued uproar reached her from below. -she drew an uncertain line or two, frowned and laid her pencil resignedly in her lap. “it's of no use. i can't do a thing till those cow-punchers take themselves and their bronchos off the ranch--and may it be soon!” she told herself, disconsolately and not oversincerely. the best of us are not above trying to pull the wool over our own eyes, at times. @@ -26119,7 +24272,6 @@ whom do you want?” but if you could get johnny beckman to come--” “oh, i will--i'll go myself, to make sure of him. which one is johnny?” -“johnny's the red-headed one,” said chip. “but--they're all--” “yes, but his head is several shades redder than any of the others,” interrupted he, quite cheerfully. the little doctor, observing the twinkle in his eyes, felt her spirits rise wonderfully. @@ -26127,7 +24279,6 @@ she could not bear that hurt, rebellious, lonely look which they had worn. “i'll bring him--but i may have to chloroform the countess to get him into the house. you must try to sleep, while i'm gone--and don't fret--will you? you'll get well all the quicker for taking things easily.” -chip smiled faintly at this wholesome advice, and the little doctor laid her hand shyly upon his forehead to test its temperature, drew down the shade over the south window, and left him in dim, shadowy coolness to sleep. she came again before she started for johnny, and found him wide awake and staring hungrily at the patch of blue sky visible through the window which faced the east. “you'll have to learn to obey orders better than this,” she said, severely, and took quiet possession of his wrist. “i told you not to fret about being hurt. @@ -26181,7 +24332,6 @@ i'd like to hear weary or anybody else stand up and tell me that i got bucked of i may be pretty badly smashed up, but i'd come pretty near showing him where he stood.” “oh, well, yuh needn't go t' work an' git mad about it,” remonstrated the countess, dropping her thread in her perturbation at his excitement. the spool rolled under the bed and she was obliged to get down upon her knees and claw it back, and she jarred the bed and set chip's foot to hurting again something awful. -when she finally secured the spool and resumed her chair, chip's eyes were tightly closed, but the look of his mouth and the flush in his cheeks, together with his quick breathing, precluded the belief that he was asleep. the countess was not a fool--she saw at once that fever, which the little doctor had feared, was fast taking hold of him. she rolled her half yard of “edging” around the spool of thread, jabbed the hook through the lump and went out and told the old man that chip was getting worse every minute--which was the truth. the old map knocked the ashes out of his pipe and went in to look at him. @@ -26191,8 +24341,6 @@ i didn't think weary'd do me dirt like that--i thought he'd stand by me if anybo he knows i wasn't throwed. i--” “here, young fellow,” put in the old man, calmly, “don't yuh git t' rampagin' around over nothin'! -you turn over there an' go t' sleep.” -“i'll be hanged if i will!” retorted chip. “if weary's taken to lying about me i'll have it out with him if i break all the rest of my bones doing it. do you think i'm going to stand a thing like that? i'll see--” @@ -26278,7 +24426,6 @@ she was to spend a long day with miss satterly, the schoolma'am, and started off “i hope you'll find something to keep you out of mischief while i'm gone,” she remarked, with a pretty, authoritative air. “make him take his medicine, johnny, and don't let him have the crutches. well, i think i shall hide them to make sure.” -“i wish to goodness you had that picture done,” grumbled chip. “it seems to me you're doing a heap of running around, lately. why don't you finish it up? those lonesome hills are getting on my nerves.” @@ -26459,7 +24606,6 @@ the old man lighted his pipe and followed her into the parlor with the others, a there was some nervousness in the little doctor's manner as she set the easel to her liking and drew aside the curtain. she did not mean to be theatrical about it, but chip, watching through the open door, fancied so, and let his lip curl a trifle. he was not in a happy frame of mind just then. -a silence fell upon the group. the old man took his pipe from his mouth and stared. the cheeks of the little doctor paled and grew pink again. she laughed a bit, as though she would much rather cry. @@ -26524,7 +24670,6 @@ but yuh can't expect t' have grass an' sky like that in the winter, an' this is it looks awful cold an' lonesome, somehow, an' it makes yuh want t' cry, if yuh look at it long enough.” the critics stampeded, as they always did when the countess began to talk. “you better let dunk take it with him, dell,” was the parting advice of the old man. - chapter xiv. -- convalescence. “you don't mind, do you?” the little doctor was visibly uneasy. “mind what?” chip's tone was one of elaborate unconsciousness. @@ -26534,7 +24679,6 @@ it's yours, you know.” “i think you have some interest in it yourself,” she said, without looking at him. “you don't think i mean to--to--” “i don't think anything, except that it's your picture, and i put in a little time meddling with your property for want of something else to do. -all i painted doesn't cover one quarter of the canvas, and i guess you've done enough for me to more than make up. i guess you needn't worry over that cow and calf--you're welcome to them both; and if you can get a bounty on those five wolves, i'll be glad to have you. just keep still about my part of it.” chip really felt that way about it, after the first dash of wounded pride. @@ -26573,7 +24717,6 @@ do they think, back east, that spurs grow on a man's heels out here and won't co do they think we sleep in 'em, i wonder?” he drew a match along the arm of the chair where the varnish was worn off. “they think all a cow-puncher has to do is eat and sleep and ride fat horses. i'd like to tell some of them a few things that they don't--” -“i've brought you a caller, chip. aren't you glad to see him?” it was the little doctor at the window, and the laugh he loved was in her voice and in her eyes, that it hurt him to meet, lately. the color surged to his face, and he leaned from the window, his thin, white hand outstretched caressingly. “i'd tell a man!” he said, and choked a little over it. @@ -26601,7 +24744,6 @@ has she got to have you, too?” his voice grew wistfully rebellious. come back here, you little fool--she doesn't care.” silver stopped at the corner, swung his head and looked back at chip, beckoning, coaxing, swearing under his breath. his eyes sought for sign of his goddess, who had disappeared most mysteriously. -throwing up his head, he sent a protest shrilling through the air, and looked no more at chip. “i'm coming, now be still. oh, don't you dare paw with your lame leg! why didn't you stay with your master?” @@ -26617,7 +24759,6 @@ she stayed a long half hour, and was so gay that it seemed like old times to lis chip forgot that he had a quarrel with fate, and he also forgot dr. cecil granthum, of gilroy, ohio--until slim rode up and handed the little doctor a letter addressed in that bold, up-and-down writing that chip considered a little the ugliest specimen of chirography he had ever seen in his life. “it's from cecil,” said the little doctor, simply and unnecessarily, and led silver back down the hill. chip, gazing at that tiresome bluff across the coulee, renewed his quarrel with fate. - chapter xv. -- the spoils of victory. “i wish, while i'm gone, you'd paint me another picture. will you, please?” @@ -26736,7 +24877,6 @@ he went out, and he shut the door. the little doctor was swinging leisurely in the hammock. “it's about the picture,” he added, smiling. “the picture? -oh, let me see!” the little doctor stopped the hammock with her toe and sat up. the wind had tumbled her hair about her face and drawn extra color to her cheeks, and she looked very sweet, dunk thought. he held out the paper, pointing a well-kept finger at the place he wished her to read. there was a rather large headline, for news was scarce just then and every little thing was made the most of. @@ -26778,7 +24918,6 @@ he pulled the saddle off glory, also, travelworn and sweat-grimed, and gave him “how is the old ranch, anyhow? splinter up, yet?” “you must think i'm a feeble excuse for a doctor,” retorted she. -“of course he's up. he walks all around the house and yard with a cane; i promoted him from crutches yesterday.” “good shot! that was sure a bad foot he had on him, and i didn't know--what's he been putting in the time at? @@ -26820,11 +24959,9 @@ and now the picture has made a hit and brought a good price, and he must own it. dunk will be furious, of course, but that doesn't matter to me--it's chip that i can't seem to manage.” weary smiled queerly down at his spurs. “it's a cinch you could manage him, easy enough, if you took the right way to do it,” he said, quietly. -“probably the right way would be too much trouble,” said the little doctor, with her chin well up. “once i get this picture deal settled satisfactorily, i'm quite willing to resign and let him manage himself. senator blake is coming to-morrow, and i'm so glad you will be here to help me.” “i'd sure like to see yuh through with the deal. -old blake won't be hard to throw--i know him, and so does chip. didn't he tell yuh about it?” “tell me!” flashed the little doctor. “i told him senator blake was coming, and that he wanted to buy the picture, and he just made him a cigarette and said, 'ye--e-es?' @@ -27027,7 +25164,6 @@ the austrian government would be extremely satisfied if the washington cabinet s then, as regards the circular verbal note of february 10 of this year concerning the treatment of armed enemy merchant vessels, the austrian government must in any case declare itself to be, as indicated in the foregoing, of the opinion that the arming of trading ships, even when only for the purpose of avoiding capture, is not justified in modern international law. the rules provide that a warship is to approach an enemy merchant vessel in a peaceable manner; it is required to stop the vessel by means of certain signals, to interview the captain, examine the ship's papers, enter the particulars in due form and, where necessary, make an inventory, etc. but in order to comply with these requirements it must obviously be understood that the warship has full assurance that the merchant vessel will likewise observe a peaceable demeanour throughout. -and it is clear that no such assurance can exist when the merchant vessel is so armed as to be capable of offering resistance to a warship. a warship can hardly be expected to act in such a manner under the guns of an enemy, whatever may be the purpose for which the guns were placed on board. not to speak of the fact that the merchant vessels of the entente powers, despite all assurances to the contrary, have been proved to be armed for offensive purposes, and make use of their armament for such purposes. it would also be to disregard the rights of humanity if the crew of a warship were expected to surrender to the guns of an enemy without resistance on their own part. @@ -27041,7 +25177,6 @@ throughout the whole proceedings of the second peace conference, which was occup only on one occasion was a casual observation made with any bearing on this question, and it is characteristic that it should have been by a british naval officer of superior rank, who impartially declared: "lorsqu'un navire de guerre se propose d'arrêter et de visiter un vaisseau marchand, le commandant, avant de mettre une embarcation à la mer, fera tirer un coup de canon. le coup de canon est la meilleure garantie que l'on puisse donner. les navires de commerce n'ont pas de canons à bord." -(when a warship intends to stop and board a merchant vessel the commander, before sending a boat, will fire a gun. the firing of a gun is the best guarantee that can be given. merchant vessels do not carry guns.) nevertheless, austria-hungary has in this regard also held by its assurance; in the circular verbal note referred to neutrals were cautioned beforehand against entrusting their persons or their goods on board any armed ship; moreover, the measures announced were not put into execution at once, but a delay was granted in order to enable neutrals already on board armed ships to leave the same. @@ -27061,7 +25196,6 @@ to sum up, the austrian government may point out that the assurance given to the if in the pursuit of this aim--which it may take for granted has the full sympathy of the washington cabinet itself--it should find itself compelled to impose restrictions on neutral traffic by sea in certain areas, it will not need so much to point to the behaviour of its opponents in this respect, which appears by no means an example to be followed, but rather to the fact that austria-hungary, through the persistence and hatred of its enemies, who are determined upon its destruction, is brought to a state of self-defence in so desperate extreme as is unsurpassed in the history of the world. the austrian government is encouraged by the knowledge that the struggle now being carried on by austria-hungary tends not only toward the preservation of its own vital interests, but also towards the realisation of the idea of equal rights for all states; and in this last and hardest phase of the war, which unfortunately calls for sacrifices on the part of friends as well, it regards it as of supreme importance to confirm in word and deed the fact that it is guided equally by the laws of humanity and by the dictates of respect for the dignity and interests of neutral peoples. 3 -=speech by dr. helfferich, secretary of state, on the submarine warfare= the norddeutsche allgemeine zeitung of may 1, 1917, gives the following speech by dr. helfferich, secretary of state, on the economic effects of the submarine warfare delivered in the principal committee of the reichstag on april 28. the speech is here given verbatim, with the exception of portions containing confidential statements: "in the sitting of yesterday a member rightly pointed out that the technical and economic results of the submarine warfare have been estimated with caution. in technical respects the caution observed in estimating the results is plain; the sinkings have, during the first month, exceeded by nearly a quarter, in the second by nearly half, the estimated 600,000 tons, and for the present month also we may fairly cherish the best expectations. @@ -27136,8 +25270,6 @@ a correct judgment will, then, only be possible when we take into consideration "january, 1917, 512,000 tons; february, 1917, 508,000 tons. "here again comparison with the peace year 1913 shows for the months of january and february a not inconsiderable decrease, though the imports, especially in february, 1917, were in excess of those for the same month in 1916. "timber imports, 1913, 10.1 million loads. " -" 1916, 5.9 " " " february, 1913, 406,000 loads. " -" 1916, 286,000 " " " 1917, 167,000 " "as regards mining timber especially, the import of which fell from 3.5 million loads in 1913 to 2.0 million in 1916, we have here december, 1916, and january, 1917, with 102,000 and 107,000 loads as the lowest import figures given since the beginning of 1913; a statement for the import of mining timber is missing for february. "before turning to the import of foodstuffs a word may be said as to the export of coal. "the total export of coal has decreased from 78 million tons in 1913 to 461/2 million tons in 1915; in 1916 only about 42 million tons were exported. @@ -27222,7 +25354,6 @@ the winter wheat is estimated at only 430 million bushels, as against 492 millio "the prospects, then, for the next year's harvest are poor indeed, and offer no hope of salvation to our enemies. "as to our own outlook, this is well known to those present: short, but safe--for we can manage by ourselves. and to-day we can say that the war of starvation, that crime against humanity, has turned against those who commenced it. -we hold the enemy in an iron grip. no one can save them from their fate. not even the apostles of humanity across the great ocean, who are now commencing to protect the smaller nations by a blockade of our neutral neighbours through prohibition of exports, and seeking thus to drive them, under the lash of starvation, into entering into the war against us. "our enemies are feeling the grip of the fist that holds them by the neck. @@ -27240,9 +25371,7 @@ if we remain true to ourselves, keeping our own house in order, maintaining inte everything is at stake. the german people is called upon now, in these weeks heavy with impending decision, to show that it is worthy of continued existence." 4 -=speech by count czernin to the austrian delegation, january 24, 1918.= "gentlemen, it is my duty to give you a true picture of the peace negotiations, to set forth the various phases of the results obtained up to now, and to draw therefrom such conclusions as are true, logical and justifiable. -"first of all it seems to me that those who consider the progress of the negotiations too slow cannot have even an approximate idea of the difficulties which we naturally had to encounter at every step. i will in my remarks take the liberty of setting forth these difficulties, but would like first to point out a cardinal difference existing between the peace negotiations in brest-litovsk and all others which have ever taken place in the history of the world. never, so far as i am aware, have peace negotiations been conducted with open windows. it would be impossible that negotiations of the depth and extent of the present could from the start proceed smoothly and without opposition. @@ -27319,7 +25448,6 @@ the accredited representatives of the ukrainian workers' and peasants' governmen joffe.' "this is at any rate a new difficulty, since we cannot and will not interfere in the internal affairs of russia. "this once disposed of, however, there will be no further difficulties to encounter here; we shall, in agreement with the ukrainian republic determine that the old boundaries between austria-hungary and the former russia will also be maintained as between ourselves and the ukraine. - =poland= "as regards poland, the frontiers of which, by the way, have not yet been exactly determined, we want nothing at all from this new state. free and uninfluenced, the population of poland shall choose its own fate. for my part i attach no great weight to the form of the people's vote in this respect; the more surely it expresses the general wish of the people, the better i shall be pleased. @@ -27329,7 +25457,6 @@ if, after peace is arrived at, poland should wish to approach us, we will not re "i should have been glad if the polish government had been able to take part in the negotiations, since in my opinion poland is an independent state. the petersburg government, however, takes the attitude that the present polish government is not entitled to speak in the name of the country, and does not acknowledge it as competent to represent the country, and we therefore gave way on this point in order to avoid possible conflict. the question is certainly one of importance, but it is more important still in my opinion to set aside all difficulties likely to delay the negotiations. - =german-russian differences as to the occupied areas= "the second difficulty to be reckoned with, and one which has been most widely echoed in the press, is the difference of opinion between our german allies and the petersburg government anent the interpretation of the right of self-determination among the russian peoples; that is to say, in the areas occupied by german troops. germany maintains that it does not aim at any annexation of territory by force from russia, but, briefly stated, the difference of opinion is a double one. "in the first place, germany rightly maintains that the numerous expressions of desire for independence on the part of legislative corporations, communal representations, etc., in the occupied areas should be taken as the provisional basis for the will of the people, to be later tested by plebiscite on a broader foundation, a point of view which the russian government at first was indisposed to agree to, as it did not consider the existing administrations in courland and lithuania entitled to speak for those provinces any more than in the case of poland. @@ -27344,7 +25471,6 @@ the sudden withdrawal of all this apparatus would, in fact, create a condition o i have learned that some are unable to understand why i stated in my first speech after the resumption of negotiations that it was not now a question at brest of a general peace, but of a separate peace with russia. this was the necessary recognition of a plain fact, which herr trotski also has admitted without reserve, and it was necessary, since the negotiations would have been on a different footing--that is to say, in a more limited sphere--if treating with russia alone than if it were a case of treating for a general peace. "though i have no illusions in the direction of expecting the fruit of general peace to ripen in a single night, i am nevertheless convinced that the fruit has begun to ripen, and that it is now only a question of holding out whether we are to obtain a general honourable peace or not. - =wilson's message= "i have recently been confirmed in this view by the offer of peace put forward by the president of the united states of america to the whole world. this is an offer of peace, for in fourteen points mr. wilson sets forth the principles upon which he seeks to establish a general peace. obviously, an offer of this nature cannot be expected to furnish a scheme acceptable in every detail. @@ -27388,7 +25514,6 @@ in my speech at budapest some months back i ventured to express the same idea; i "with regard to italy, serbia, roumania and montenegro, i can only repeat my statement already made in the hungarian delegation. "i am not disposed to effect any insurance on the war ventures of our enemies. "i am not disposed to make any one-sided concessions to our enemies, who still obstinately adhere to the standpoint of fighting on until the final victory; to prejudice permanently the monarchy by such concessions, which would give the enemy the invaluable advantage of being able to carry on the war indefinitely without risk. -(applause.) "let mr. wilson use the great influence he undoubtedly possesses among his allies to persuade them on their part to declare on what conditions they are willing to treat; he will then have rendered the enormous service of having set on foot the general peace negotiations. i am here replying openly and freely to mr. wilson, and i will speak as openly and freely to any who wish to speak for themselves, but it must necessarily be understood that time, and the continuation of the war, cannot but affect the situations here concerned. "i have already said this once before; italy is a striking example. @@ -27401,9 +25526,7 @@ and if the president crowns his proposals with the idea of a universal league of "the differences remaining do not appear to me so great but that a discussion of these points might lead to a clearer understanding and bring us closer still. "the situation, then, seems to be this: austria-hungary on the one hand, and the united states of america on the other, are the two great powers in the hostile groups of states whose interests are least opposed one to the other. it seems reasonable, then, to suppose that an exchange of opinion between these two powers might form the natural starting point for a conciliatory discussion between all those states which have not yet entered upon peace negotiations. -(applause.) so much for wilson's proposals. - =petersburg and the ukraine= "and now, gentlemen, i hasten to conclude. but this conclusion is perhaps the most important of all i have to say; i am endeavouring to bring about peace between the ukraine and petersburg. "the conclusion of peace with petersburg alters nothing in our definitive situation. @@ -27418,7 +25541,6 @@ but i know my duty, and my duty bids me do all that can be done to lighten the b such a peace takes time and cannot be concluded in a day. for such a peace must definitely state whether, what and how the russian party will deliver to us, for the reason that the ukraine on its part wishes to close the business not after, but at the signing of peace. "i have already mentioned that the unsettled conditions in this newly established state occasion great difficulty and naturally considerable delay in the negotiations. - =appeal to the country= "if you fall on me from behind, if you force me to come to terms at once in headlong fashion, we shall gain no economic advantage at all, and our people will then be forced to renounce the alleviation which they should have gained from the peace. "a surgeon conducting a difficult operation with a crowd behind him standing watch in hand may very likely complete the operation in record time, but in all probability the patient would not thank him for the manner in which it had been carried out. "if you give our present opponents the impression that we must have peace at once, and at any price, we shall not get so much as a single measure of grain, and the result will be more or less platonic. @@ -27449,7 +25571,6 @@ you have this confidence or you have not. you must assist me or depose me; there is no other way. i have no more to say." 5 -=report of the peace negotiations at brest-litovsk= the austro-hungarian government entered upon the peace negotiations at brest-litovsk with the object of arriving as quickly as possible at a peace compact which, if it did not, as we hoped, lead to a general peace, should at least secure order in the east. the draft of a preliminary peace was sent to brest containing the following points: 1. cessation of hostilities; if general peace should not be concluded, then neither of the present contracting parties to afford any support to the enemies of the other. @@ -27547,7 +25668,6 @@ in the ceremonial final sitting, on february 11, herr von kühlmann adopted the nevertheless, a few days later, as general hoffmann had said, germany declared the armistice at an end, ordered the german troops to march on petersburg, and brought about the situation which led to the signing of the peace treaty. austria-hungary declared that we took no part in this action. 6 -=report of the peace negotiations at bucharest= the possibility of entering upon peace negotiations with roumania was considered as soon as negotiations with the russian delegations at brest-litovsk had commenced. in order to prevent roumania itself from taking part in these negotiations germany gave the roumanian government to understand that it would not treat with the present king and the present government at all. this step, however, was only intended to enable separate negotiations to be entered upon with roumania, as germany feared that the participation of roumania in the brest negotiations would imperil the chances of peace. @@ -27616,15 +25736,12 @@ when, later, bulgaria expressed a desire to interpret the wording of the prelimi this decision again led to bad feeling in bulgaria, but was unavoidable, as further demands here would probably have upset the preliminary peace again. the proceedings had reached this stage when count czernin resigned his office. 7 -=wilson's fourteen points= i. open covenants of peace openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind, but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. ii. absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas outside territorial waters alike in peace and in war except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. iii. the removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. -iv. adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. -v. a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. vi. the evacuation of all russian territory, and such a settlement of all questions affecting russia as will secure the best and freest co-operation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy, and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and more than a welcome assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. the treatment accorded russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. @@ -27643,10 +25760,8 @@ xii. the turkish portions of the present ottoman empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. xiii. an independent polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. -xiv. a general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 8 -=ottokar czernin on austria's policy during the war= speech delivered december 11, 1918 gentlemen,--in rising now to speak of our policy during the war it is my hope that i may thereby help to bring the truth to light. we are living in a time of excitement. @@ -27761,7 +25876,6 @@ those very people who worshipped ludendorff when he spoke of a victorious peace the peace of mutual understanding which i wished for was rejected on the thames and on the seine just as by ludendorff himself. i have said this already. according to the treaty it was our undoubted duty to carry on a defensive war to the utmost and reciprocally to defend the integrity of the state. -it is therefore perfectly obvious that i could never publicly express any other view, that i was throughout forced to declare that we were fighting for alsace-lorraine just as we were for trentino, that i could not relinquish german territory to the entente so long as i lacked the power to persuade germany herself to such a step. but, as i will show, the most strenuous endeavours were made in this latter direction. and i may here in parenthesis remark that our military men throughout refrained from committing the error of the german generals, and interfering in politics themselves. it is undoubtedly to the credit of our emperor that whenever any tendency to such interference appeared he quashed it at once. @@ -27769,9 +25883,6 @@ but in particular i should point out that the archduke frederick confined his ac he has rendered most valuable service in this, as also in his endeavours to arrive at favourable relations with germany. very shortly after taking up office i had some discussions with the german government which left those gentlemen perfectly aware of the serious nature of the situation. in april, 1917--eighteen months ago--i sent the following report to the emperor charles, which he forwarded to the emperor william with the remark that he was entirely of my opinion. -[this report is already printed in these pages. -see p. -146.] this led to a reply from the german government, dated may 9, again expressing the utmost confidence in the success of the submarine campaign, declaring, it is true, their willingness in principle to take steps towards peace, but reprehending any such steps as might be calculated to give an impression of weakness. as to any territorial sacrifice on the part of germany, this was not to be thought of. as will be seen from this report, however, we did not confine ourselves to words alone. @@ -27834,7 +25945,6 @@ the austrian armies went forth in the hour of war to save austria. they have not availed to save it. but if out of this ocean of blood and suffering a better, freer and nobler world arise, then they will not have died in vain, all those we loved who now lie buried in cold alien earth; they died for the happiness, the peace and the future of the generations to come. footnotes: -[11] translated from the german text given by count czernin, no english text being available. index adler, dr. victor, a discussion with, 27 and the socialist congress at stockholm, 168 and trotski, 234, 235 adrianople, cession of, 268 @@ -27866,7 +25976,6 @@ austro-hungarian army, general staff of, 22 inferiority of, 21 austro-hungarian monarchy, the, and foreign policy, 134 peace idea of, 174 austro-polish question, the, and the ukrainian demands, 242 no bar to peace, 331 solution of, 200 et seq. avarescu, interview with, 263 retirement of, 323 - =b= baernreither, his views of a separate peace, 230 balkan wars, the, 6 balkans, the, troubles in: attitude of german emperor, 68 @@ -27913,7 +26022,6 @@ bulgarian representatives at brest, 223 bülow, prince, exposes william ii., 54 burian, count, 106, 200 and the division of galicia, 244 draws up a peace proposal, 139 his red book on roumania, 98, 114 succeeded by author, 114 visits german headquarters, 210 busche, von dem, and territorial concessions, 107 - =c= cachin, his attitude at french socialist congress, 214 cambon, m., attends the london conference, 275 capelle and u-boats, 132 @@ -27942,7 +26050,6 @@ czernin, count ottokar, a candid chat with franz ferdinand, 43 a hostile power's ambassador to roumania, 7 an appeal for confidence, 310 and american intervention, 123 and the reinstatement of archduke joseph ferdinand, 61 and the ukrainian question (see ukrainian) answers explanation of an american request, 128 appeals to germany for food, 238, 239, 329 appointed ambassador to bucharest, 77 apprises berchtold of decision of cabinet council, 12 attends conference on u-boat warfare, 121 avoided by pan-germans, 160 becomes minister for foreign affairs, 114 breakfasts with kühlmann, 230 confers with tisza, 27, 28 conflicts with the kaiser, 335 conversation with trotski, 248 converses with crown prince, 74 criticises michaelis, 160 decorated by king carol, 88 disapproves of u-boat warfare, 115 dismissal of, 183, 194, 266 extracts bearing on a trip to western front, 72 friction with the emperor, 210, 215 his hopes of a peace of understanding, 20 et seq., 174, 209, 217, 331, 333 imparts peace terms to marghiloman, 266 informs emperor of proceedings at brest, 229 interviews king ferdinand, 264 issues passports for stockholm conference, 168, 333 journeys to brest-litovsk, 218 learns of the assassination of franz ferdinand, 86 loss of a dispatch-case, 98 loyalty to germany, 327 lunches with prince of bavaria, 222 meets the emperor william ii., 54 misunderstandings resulting from a speech by, 19, 23 nominated to the herrenhaus, 46 note to american government, 279 obtains a direct statement from william ii., 57 on a separate peace, 327 on austria's policy during war, 325 on bolshevism, 216, 221 on president wilson's programme, 192 on u-boat warfare, 148, 179, 334 passages of arms with ludendorff, 247 peace programme of, 299 persecution of, 208 polish leaders and, 205 president wilson on, 193 private talk with the emperor, 124 sends in his resignation, 23 sets interned prisoners at liberty, 95, 96 speech to austrian delegation, 298 et seq. threatens a separate peace with russia, 228 unfounded charges against, 162 urges sacrifice of alsace-lorraine, 71 william ii. 's gift to, 64 with emperor charles visits eastern front, 57 - =d= danube monarchy, the, a vital condition for existence of hungarian state, 202 dangers of a political structure for, 202 debruzin, sensational crime at, 88 declaration of london, the, 280 @@ -27953,7 +26060,6 @@ disarmament, negotiations respecting, 4 international, 171, 176, 177, 308 questi divorces in roumania, 85 dobrudsha, the, acquisition of, 82 assigned to bulgaria, 268, 269 cession of, at peace with roumania, 323 king ferdinand and, 265 marghiloman's view on, 266 question discussed with avarescu, 263 turkish attitude concerning, 268 dualism, the curse of, 137 - =e= east galicia, cession of, demanded by ukrainians, 240 et seq. "echinstvo" group, the, 211 edward vii., king, and emperor francis joseph, 1, 2 and william ii., 63 encircling policy of, 1, 63 @@ -27971,7 +26077,6 @@ esthonia demanded by germany, 249, 317 eugen, archduke, 22 europe after the war, 175 european tension, beginnings of, 1 - =f= fasciotti, baron, and austro-hungarian action in belgrade, 12 fellowes, sir ailwyn, admits success of u-boats, 295 ferdinand, king of roumania, author's interview with, 264 german opinion of, 260 queen elizabeth's fondness for, 93 @@ -27990,12 +26095,10 @@ freyburg, baron von, attends conference on u-boat question, 121 friedrich, archduke, a tribute to, 22 tact of, 72 frontier rectifications, hungary and, 258, 266, 319, 330 fürstenberg, karl, a request of, refused at vienna, 112 report on roumanian question by, 77 - =g= galicia, proposed cession of, 20, 75, 145, 159, 173, 332 partition of, 209 tisza and, 135 gas attacks, reason for germany's use of, 16 gautsch, baron, a code telegram from, 229 at nordbahnhof, 219 george, lloyd, admits grave state of grain supplies, 295 and the peace of versailles, 272 author in agreement with, 177-8 confers with orlando, 164 dr. helfferich's allusions to, 290 his desire to crush germany, 186 influence of, 184 on disarmament, 184 -george v., king, his telegram to prince henry of prussia, 9 german army, the general staff, 22 german-austria, 179 population of, 31 german empire, the, creation of, 15, 66 @@ -28014,7 +26117,6 @@ gratz, dr., a good suggestion by, 248 author's discussion with, 219 on austro-po great-roumania, question of, 80 great war, the, psychology of various cities, 197 (see world war) grey, sir edward, an interview with lichnowsky, 7 at london conference, 275 proposes negotiations, 8 - =h= habsburgs, empire of, the treaty of london and, 21, 29, 33 hadik, apathetic attitude of, 238 hague convention, the, 280 @@ -28035,7 +26137,6 @@ holtzendorff, admiral, and submarine campaign, 149 arrives in vienna, 121 guaran hungarian ruthenians, wekerle on, 243 social democrats, 168 hungary and cession of her territory, 106 and roumanian intervention, 77, 106, 107 and the alliance with roumania, 77 et seq. demands of, at bucharest, 319 frontier rectification question, 258, 266, 319, 330 her influence on the war, 138 indignation in, at author's appointment to bucharest, 77 "just punishment" of, 97 opposes economical alliance with roumania, 266, 320 question of a separate peace, 27 repellent attitude of, 107 struggle for liberty in, 202 why her army was neglected, 22 - =i= imperiali, marchese, points submitted to london conference by, 275 international arbitration (see arbitration) international disarmament, 171, 176, 177 @@ -28044,13 +26145,11 @@ internationalists, russian, 211 ischl, an audience with emperor francis joseph at, 12 iswolsky, 11 italy, allied defeat in, 183 and albania, 6 and the peace of versailles, 272 czernin on, 308 declares a blockade, 281 points submitted to london conference, 275 stands in way of a peace of understanding, 188 ultimatum to, 12 why she entered the war, 3 - =j= jaczkovics, vicar michael, tragic death of, 89 jagow, herr von, a frank disclosure by, 14 joffe, herr, a circular letter to allies, 300 conversation with, at brest, 220 criticisms on the tsar, 227 jonescu, take, and the sarajevo tragedy, 86 joseph ferdinand, archduke, 22 appointed chief of air force, 62 reinstatement of, 61 relinquishes his command, 62 the luck episode, 61 - =k= kameneff at brest, 220, 316 karachou, leo, secretary of peace delegation, 303 karl, emperor, peace proposals to the entente, 20 @@ -28066,7 +26165,6 @@ konopischt and its history, 34 et seq. kreuznach, a conference at, 145 kriegen, dr. bogdan, a fulsome work by, 64 kühlmann, dr., and the food shortage, 238, 239 author's talk with, 222 difficult position of, 313 high words with hoffman, 235 his influence, 198, 199 informed of roumanian peace overtures, 260 on the kaiser, 228 returns to brest, 230 - =l= lamezan, captain baron, at brest-litovsk, 233 landwehr, general, and the food shortage, 238, 240 lansdowne, lord, conciliatory attitude of, 184 @@ -28086,7 +26184,6 @@ luck episode, the, 22, 106 archduke joseph ferdinand and, 61 ludendorff and belgium, 186 and the polish question, 207 candid admission by, 247 compared with enemy statesmen, 19 confident of success of u-boat warfare, 126 congratulates hoffmann, 237 displays "a gleam of insight", 230 dominating influence of, 79, 115, 126 german hero-worship of, 17 his independent nature, 60 how he captured liége, 22 personality of, 331 lueger and franz ferdinand, 50 luxembourg, german invasion of, 16 - =m= mackensen, a fleet of zeppelins at bucharest, 101 failure at maracesci, 261 headquarters at bucharest, 105 magyars, the, and franz ferdinand, 38, 50 author and, 78 majorescu and austria's policy, 330 and territorial concessions, 97, 206 forms a ministry, 81 @@ -28107,21 +26204,17 @@ michaelis, dr., appointed imperial chancellor, 156 defines germany's views regar "might before right," bismarckian principle of, 15 miklossy, bishop stephan, marvellous escape of, 89 militarism, german faith in, 17 england's idea of german, 166 -monarchists v. republicans, 52 monarchs, hypnotic complacency of, 58 et seq. moutet, attitude of, at french socialist conference, 214 - =n= nationality, problem of, 190 franz ferdinand and, 191 naval disarmament, negotiations on, 4 nicholas, grand duke, and the military party in russia, 2 nicolai, tsar, joffe on, 227 north sea, the, blockade of, 280 noxious gas, why used by germany, 16 - =o= odessa, in danger of a food crisis, 252 orlando confers with ribot and lloyd george, 164 otto, archduke, brother of franz ferdinand, 36 - =p= pallavicini, markgraf, discusses the political situation with author, 5 pan-germans, 330 conditions on which they would conclude peace, 160 pan-russian congress, the, 212, 213, 214 @@ -28145,15 +26238,12 @@ polish question, and the central-european project, 209 difficulties of, 200 popow, bulgarian minister of justice, 223 pro-roumanian party and its head, 77 prussian militarism, england's idea of, 166 extermination of, 273 fear of, 174 (see also german military party) - =q= quadruple alliance, the, dissension in, 250 germany as shield of, 183 peace terms to roumania, 262 - =r= radek, a scene with a chauffeur, 237 radoslawoff, ignorant of negotiations with entente, 162 randa, lieut.-col. baron, a telling remark by, 104 and roumanian peace overtures, 260, 262, 319 reichstag, the, a peace resolution passed in, 156 demands peace without annexation, 156, 160 renner and the stockholm congress, 168 -republicans v. monarchists, 52 ressel, colonel, 264 revertera negotiates for peace, 164, 169 revolution, danger of, 147 @@ -28171,7 +26261,6 @@ enters the war, 7 francis joseph's inquiry as to a possible revolution in, 105 h russian revolution, the, 142, 147, 211 et seq. russians, their fear of trotski, 237 ruthenian districts of hungary, ukrainian demands, 242 - =s= sacharow, general, murder of, 220 st. mihiel, author at, 73 st. privat, reminiscences of, 74 @@ -28207,13 +26296,11 @@ stumm, von, on ukrainian claims, 241 sturdza, lieut.-col., extraordinary behaviour of, 83 stürgkh, count, 18 (note) recollections of, 46 submarine warfare, author's note to american government on, 279 czernin on, 334 destruction without warning justified, 283 enemy losses in, 290 enemy's "statistical smoke-screens" as to, 289 question of safety of passengers and crew, 282 speech by dr. helfferich on, 288 why adopted by central powers, 281 et seq. -(see also u-boats) südekum, herr, and austria-hungary's peace proposals, 155, 333 supreme military and naval command, conditions of, for peace negotiations, 159 switzerland, reported disturbances in: author's disclaimer, 335 sycophancy in high places, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64 sylvester, dr., and the german-austrian national assembly, 26 - =t= talaat pasha arrives at brest, 233 influence of, 143 threatens to resign, 269 talleyrand, a dictum of, 174 tarnowski, count, author's opinion of, 110 german ambassador to washington, 127 @@ -28234,7 +26321,6 @@ turkey, a dispute with bulgaria, 268 asks for munitions, 95 how the sultan was d turkish grand vizier arrives at brest, 233 turks, a reported advance by a hostile power for a separate peace, 143 at brest conference, 223 tyrol, the, german troops in, 24 - =u= u-boat warfare, 114 et seq. a conference in vienna on, 121 "a terrible mistake", 126 and america's entry into the war, 126 and why adopted by germany, 16 czernin on, 148 political arguments against, 117, 118 what it achieved, 178 (see also submarine warfare) ugron, herr von, and the "tripartite" solution of polish question, 201 @@ -28242,11 +26328,9 @@ ukraine and petersburg, 309 bolshevik destruction in, 252 food supplies from, 25 ukrainian army general committee appointed, 214 delegates at brest, 231, 300 workers' and peasants' government, a declaration from, 301 ukrainians and their demands, 208, 240, 314 dictatorial attitude of, 241 negotiations with, 315 united states, the, scarcity of supplies in, 294 (see also america) - =v= versailles, opening of peace congress at, 196 the council of four at, 271 the peace of, 18, 19, 271 terrible nature of, 273 triumph of entente at, 186 vienna, a council in, 121 differences of opinion in, 77 disastrous effects of troubles in, 250 disturbances in, 58 food shortage and strikes in, 238, 239, 241, 314 politicians' views on peace proposals, 230 psychology of, 197 warlike demonstrations at, after sarajevo tragedy, 33 vredenburch, herr von, dutch ambassador to roumania, 104 - =w= wales, prince of (see edward vii., king) wallachia, occupation of, 99, 105 wallhead, mr., 295 @@ -28271,17 +26355,11 @@ author's impressions and reflections on, 195 et seq., 271 et seq. by whom started, 18 (note) causes of, 3 president wilson and, 188 et seq. questions of responsibility for outbreak of, 2 world war, the, u-boat warfare in, 114 et seq. -(see also submarine warfare and u-boat) violent measures adopted by germany in, 16 - =z= zeppelin raids on bucharest, 100 zimmermann, herr, and author's peace proposals, 146 opposes unrestricted u-boat warfare, 115, 120 zimmerwalder (russian internationalists), 211 printed by cassell & company, limited, la belle sauvage, london, e.c. 4 -* * * * * -+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | typographical errors corrected in text: | | | | table of contents: appendix is listed as 257, changed to 275 | | page 47: 'and and in doing so' replaced with 'and in doing so' | | page 81: 'to made room' replaced with 'to make room' | | page 107: session replaced with cession | | page 196: perdera replaced with perdra | | page 201: nr 63 replaced with nr. -63 | | page 251: official replaced with officials | | page 286: 'les navir' replaced with 'les navires' | | page 293: persumably replaced with presumably | | page 333: sudekum replaced with südekum | | page 334: 'would have have been' replaced with 'would have been' | | page 343: gouluchowski replaced with goluchowski | | page 344: gorlitz replaced with görlitz | | page 346: lubin replaced with lublin | | | | the surname colloredo-mannsfield/colloredo-mannsfeld appears | | once each way, on page 121, and in the index | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ -* * * * * amateurs may produce the plays in this volume without charge. professional actors must apply for acting rights to the author, in care of the publishers. preface @@ -28412,7 +26490,6 @@ carries a staff from which floats the stars and stripes. princess pocahontas chief powhatan captain john smith eight young indian braves eight young indian maidens two indian women two old and withered squaws six or seven little indian children other followers of powhatan time: mid-afternoon on a mild day in 1609. place: virginia. scene: an open glade showing a small indian encampment. -[transcriber's note: all stage directions appear in italics in the original] at the opening of the scene the glade is deserted, the men of the tribe being engaged in a skirmish with the white men, while the women and children have gone foraging. there are two teepees, one at right, and one at left, their doors closed. by the side of teepee at left a pile of fagots, and a wooden block. @@ -28440,22 +26517,18 @@ cries aloud delightedly: "pocahontas!" the indian maidens and the squaws rise and fall back before the entrance of pocahontas with gestures of salutation and respect. all (clearly and enthusiastically). pocahontas! -[pocahontas comes down center with a basket filled with branches that bear small red berries. the children and two of the maidens gather about her, and then fall back as she begins speaking, so that she has the center of the stage. greatest interest is evinced in all she does. pocahontas (speaking slowly, as one does in an unfamiliar tongue, yet clearly and deliberately). i--pocahontas--daughter of powhatan, great chief,--speak--language of--paleface. powhatan teach me. -(points to way from which she has come.) yonder--i--went. prayed to river god. -[makes gesture of worship, raising basket above her head. the semicircle about her widens respectfully. a maiden then approaches and takes basket. pocahontas smiles in sudden childlike delight, and holding out chain of beads that fall from her neck to her waist, says with pretty intonation: beads. jamestown. -[watches them for a moment as they glimmer in the sun. then with sudden laugh seizes the indian maiden nearest her, and by gesture summons the other indian maidens. one of the very old squaws with a half-wry, half-kindly smile begins a swift tapping on the drum that has in it the rhythm of dance music. the indian children withdraw to the doors of the teepees, and pocahontas and the indian maidens dance. @@ -28498,7 +26571,6 @@ how! pocahontas(touching herself lightly). pocahontas. daughter of powhatan. -[touches smith questioningly. smith (answering her). smith. john smith. @@ -28508,7 +26580,6 @@ smith. from jamestown. pocahontas (nods, says slowly). pocahontas likes paleface. -[meantime the pantomimic discussion held by powhatan and his braves is drawing near its close. there comes a shout of triumphant acclaim "wah! wah! wah!" @@ -28523,7 +26594,6 @@ a brave holds aloft the hatchet. pocahontas (looking from smith to her father, and then running towards the latter with a cry). no! no! -[powhatan regards his daughter gravely, yet unrelentingly. pocahontas, center, stretches out her arms in pleading. powhatan shakes his head. pocahontas then goes towards smith, and again with animated pantomime, indicating first smith and then the way by which he has come, pleads for him. @@ -28536,7 +26606,6 @@ for a moment they are still as statues. then pocahontas takes from her neck her string of beads, and, by gesture, offers it as a ransom for smith. pocahontas (speaking slowly). pocahontas, daughter of great chief, asks of great chief john smith's life. -[tense pause. powhatan, with arms folded, considers deeply. then makes sign of assent, but gives back necklace to pocahontas, who rises with pantomime of joy. powhatan makes sign to braves to release smith. @@ -28545,13 +26614,10 @@ his weapons are given back to him. he chafes his wrists and presents his compass to powhatan. smith. great chief! -(turns first to powhatan, and then to pocahontas.) great princess! john smith grateful! -[powhatan touches him on shoulder. powhatan (grunting). umph! -[indicates by gesture peace-pipe which has been lit at fire. all braves sit in semicircle facing audience, and pass it (not too slowly!) from one to another, including smith and powhatan. then all rise. @@ -28564,15 +26630,12 @@ braves (all together). wah! wah! wah! -[exit smith, right. smith is watched by the indians in silence deep and respectful. pocahontas (to powhatan). great chief safely returned. captive set free. shall we go yonder? -(points.) pray to river god? -[powhatan nods gravely. he and pocahontas exeunt left. the braves follow next. the indian maidens, women, and children form the end of the procession. @@ -28607,7 +26670,6 @@ a huge head-dress of black feathers that hangs down his back almost to his knees it should be the largest and most magnificent of all the indian head-dresses, as it is the insignia of chiefdom. tan stockings and tan moccasins. the material of his costume may be cotton khaki. -(the imitation khaki is best, as the real material is too heavy.) the medicine-man. the medicine-man is old. he wears a wig of long, white, coarse hair. @@ -28683,7 +26745,6 @@ for a band: "tomahawk dance," by andrew herman. "the sun dance," by leo friedman. pilgrim interlude pilgrim chant -(tune: oxford. to be sung off stage by the puritan maidens before they enter to take part in the episode.) gone is now the sullen winter, gone the famine and the snow; in the forest, like a promise, see the first white mayflowers blow. fresh hope thrills us with their coming, they, too, braved the winter long; then at springtime took new leafage, frail yet steadfast, small but strong. @@ -28699,7 +26760,6 @@ then she calls back over her shoulder to her companions, diantha and lettice. anne (calling). come quickly, diantha. here is a fair spot for our corn-shelling, and not a prowling indian in sight. -[diantha, slender, dark, and somewhat older than anne, enters with lettice. they carry between them an indian basket of capacious size, in which are dried ears of corn. diantha (clearly). nay, we need have no fear; for on one side captain miles standish keeps watch, and on the other john alden; so as for indians---- @@ -28715,7 +26775,6 @@ these forests--! oh, my heart! as night draws on how dark and fearsome they appear! and now that spring is in the land it sets me longing for english hedgerows. -[sits on ground, left, and begins to shell corn. lettice (joining anne in her work). do you remember the spring in leyden, diantha? diantha (looking upward as she stands). @@ -28728,7 +26787,6 @@ a quiet hour--! hither come patience and miriam and ruth, the greatest clatter-tongues in plymouth. see! they have been gathering wild plum blossoms! -[enter miriam, patience, and ruth from background. they hasten towards diantha. the exquisite white of the blossoms they carry makes them look like heralds of the spring. miriam (excitedly). @@ -28746,25 +26804,20 @@ priscilla (as they emerge from background). stumble not, john billington. john billington (sturdily). not while i bear such a burden. -[they set down the spinning-wheel, center. priscilla. i thank you. will you come for me when the shadows o' the pines grow long across my doorway? -[the pilgrim lads nod, and exeunt, left background. priscilla (to pilgrim maidens). well, and have you no word of greeting? why, they are dumb with astonishment! and is it so strange a thing to bring one's wheel outdoors? 'twas out of doors that this wood first grew! -(touches wheel.) all day i have longed to be out in these wide spaces--and yet there was work to do. but see--now i weld heart's desire and work together! -[she begins to spin. meantime pilgrim maidens group about her. tableau. miriam. you are ever one to see the bright side of things, priscilla, and------look, priscilla--an indian! -[at sound of that dread word all the maidens draw near to priscilla. from the woods in right background appears star-of-spring, the little indian maiden. she carries a basket of shell-fish on her head, steadying it with her hand. she is so intent on walking carefully that she does not see the group of pilgrims until she is nearly upon them. @@ -28784,7 +26837,6 @@ she means we should accept it. is that not truly generous! diantha (reassured). it must be star-of-spring, the little indian maid of whom squanto has so often told us. -[diantha takes up basket. pantomime of delight on part of star-of-spring. she draws near to anne, and with a quaint grace touches anne's cap and kerchief. tries on anne's cap, and looks at herself in a barbaric bit of looking-glass that dangles from one of her many chains of beads. @@ -28797,7 +26849,6 @@ priscilla! she wishes to spin! anne. thou hast done many strange things in this new land, priscilla; but i doubt not that the strangest of all is to give an indian maiden her first lesson in spinning! -[priscilla rises. star-of-spring seats herself. business of priscilla's teaching her to spin. haltingly and somewhat fumblingly she does at length manage to compass the first rudiments of her lesson. @@ -28805,7 +26856,6 @@ the pilgrim maidens stand grouped about her. tableau. degory (from background). the shadows of the pines lengthen across your door-sill, priscilla! -[at sound of the new voice star-of-spring rises, and hastily retreats, right. degory martin and john billington enter from background. diantha. only think, degory, star-of-spring, an indian maid, hath had a spinning lesson! @@ -28813,7 +26863,6 @@ degory. the shadows are lengthening. twilight comes apace here in the forest. 'tis time you all came home. -[the maidens of plymouth follow him as he and john billington take the spinning-wheel and spinning-stool with them. they make their exit at center background. star-of-spring, who has lingered at edge of trees, right, steals out to look after her departing playmates. stands at place where spinning-wheel was. @@ -28831,7 +26880,6 @@ heron's wing and forest flower carry between them a birch-bark canoe. behind them trudges natiqua, bent beneath a double pile of fagots. they pass, in picturesque silhouette, back of the spot where priscilla had been seated with her spinning-wheel. then they and star-of-spring become aware of each other. -they stop. natiqua frowns. star-of-spring points to place where priscilla sat with her spinning-wheel, and by animated gestures portrays what has taken place. but neither natiqua, forest flower, nor heron's wing is in the least interested. @@ -28854,7 +26902,6 @@ she and the indian maidens wear their hair in braids. they also have a gay strip of cheesecloth--red, green, or yellow--bound about their brows, and a quill stuck upright in the back. heron's wing has a head-dress of blue-gray heron's feathers. all wear moccasins. -(see description of indian costumes in "princess pocahontas.") ferry farm episode characters lord fairfax mary ball washington george washington plantation hands aunt rachel sambo lucy dinah peter nelly susy uncle ned @@ -29040,40 +27087,9 @@ the macmillan company writings of f. marion crawford 12 mo. cloth - corleone $1.00 casa braccio. -2 vols 2.00 -taquisara 1.50 -saracinesca 1.00 -sant' ilario 1.00 -don orsino 1.50 -mr. isaacs 1.00 -a cigarette-maker's romance, and khaled 1.50 -marzio's crucifix 1.00 -an american politician 1.00 -paul patoff 1.00 -to leeward 1.00 -dr. claudius 1.50 -zoroaster 1.50 -a tale of a lonely parish 1.00 -with the immortals 1.00 -the witch of prague 1.00 -a roman singer 1.50 -greifenstein 1.00 -pietro ghisleri 1.00 -katherine lauderdale 1.00 -the ralstons 1.00 -children of the king 1.00 -the three fates 1.00 -adam johnstone's son, and a rose of yesterday 1.50 -marion darche 1.50 -love in idleness 2.00 -via crucis 1.50 -in the palace of the king 1.50 ave roma immortalis. -2 v. $6.00 net rulers of the south: sicily, calabria, malta. -2 vols $6.00 net corleone a tale of sicily the last of the famous saracinesca series "it is by far the most stirring and dramatic of all the author's italian stories.... the plot is a masterly one, bringing at almost every page a fresh surprise, keeping the reader in suspense to the very end." @@ -29175,7 +27191,6 @@ like all mr. crawford's work, this novel is crisp, clear, and vigorous, and will the witch of prague "the artistic skill with which this extraordinary story is constructed and carried out is admirable and delightful.... mr. crawford has scored a decided triumph, for the interest of the tale is sustained throughout.... a very remarkable, powerful, and interesting story." --new york tribune. -[illustration: cover art] my brave and gallant gentleman a romance of british columbia by @@ -29210,7 +27225,6 @@ as i thought what the finish might be, i threw up my hands, for it was a most in lady rosemary granton! who had not heard the stories of her conquests and her daring? they were the talk of the clubs and the gossip of the drawing-rooms. -masculine london was in ecstasies over them and voted lady rosemary a trump. the ladies were scandalised, as only jealous minded ladies can be at lavishly endowed and favoured members of their own sex. personally, i preferred to sit on the fence. being a lover of the open air, of the agile body, the strong arm and the quick eye, i could not but admire some of this extraordinary young lady's exploits. @@ -29224,7 +27238,6 @@ as i was thus ruminating, the library door opened and my noble sire came in, spi "good morning, dad." he rubbed his hands together. "gad, youngster! -(i was twenty-four) everything is going like clockwork. the house is all in order; supplies on hand to stock an hotel; all london falling over itself in its eagerness to get here. harry will arrive this afternoon and lady rosemary to-morrow." i raised my eyebrows, nodded disinterestedly and started in again to my reading. @@ -29290,7 +27303,6 @@ he looked up at me and his face brightened once more. "'gad, boy,--i'm glad to hear you say it. i know you did not mean anything by your bruskness. you are an impetuous, headstrong young devil though,--with a touch of your mother in you,--and, 'gad, if i don't like you the more for it. -"but, but," he went on, looking in front of him, "you must remember that although granton and i were mere boys at the time our vow was made,--he was a granton and i a brammerton, whose vows are made to keep. it seems like yesterday, george; it was a few hours after he saved my life in the fighting before sevastopol. we were sitting by the camp-fire. the chain-shot was still flying around. @@ -29637,7 +27649,6 @@ i could see a hundred conflicting emotions working in his expressive face. "you would be friends after what i have done?" he asked. "i want your hand, jim," i said again. -in a moment, both his were clasped over mine, in his vicelike grip. "george,--george!" he cried. "we've always been friends,--chums. @@ -29645,10 +27656,8 @@ i have always known you were not like the rest of them." he drew his forearm across his brow. "i am not myself, george. you'll forgive me for what i did, won't you?" -"man, jim,--there is nothing done that requires forgiving;--only, you have the devil's own grip. i don't suppose i shall be able to swallow decently for a week. "but you are in trouble: what is it, jim? -tell me; maybe i can help." "ay,--it's trouble enough,--god forbid. it's peggy, george,--my dear little sister, peggy, that has neither mother nor father to guide her;--only me, and i'm a blind fool. oh!--i can't speak about it. @@ -29770,7 +27779,6 @@ i turned suddenly, and,--there he was, seated on a brass-studded oak chest almos through his narrow-slitted eyes, he was examining me from top to toe in apparent disgust: tall, thin, perfectly groomed, handsome, cynical, devil-may-care. i tried to speak calmly, but my anger was greater than i could properly control. poor little peggy darrol was uppermost in my thoughts. -"'gad, george,--you look like a tramp. why don't you spruce up a bit? hobnailed boots, home-spun breeches; ugh! it's enough to make your noble ancestors turn in their coffins and groan. @@ -29849,7 +27857,6 @@ bit of a dreamer, though!" "who set her dreaming?" i asked, pushing my anger back. "hanged if i know; born in her i suppose. -it is part of every woman's make-up. pretty little thing, though; by gad! she is." "yes! @@ -29860,7 +27867,6 @@ what's your game?" "oh! give over this rotten hypocrisy," i shouted, pushing him back. "hit you on the raw, did it?" -he drew himself up. "no! it didn't. but i have had more than enough of your impertinences. @@ -29875,7 +27881,6 @@ how do you know i have? her word for it, i suppose? a fine state of affairs it has come to, when any girl who gets into trouble with her clod-hopper sweetheart, has simply to accuse some one in a higher station than she, to have all her troubles ended." he flicked some dust from his coat-sleeve. -"'gad,--we fellows would never be out of the soup." "no! not her word," i retorted. "little peggy darrol is not that sort of girl and well you know it. @@ -29930,7 +27935,6 @@ he bent forward, in the attitude of fence with which he was so familiar. 'gad! then, is this fooling?" he turned the rapier against my breast, ripping my shirt and lancing my flesh to the bone. -i staggered back with a gasp. it was the act of a madman; and i knew in that moment that i was face to face with death by violence for the second time in a few hours. i slowly backed from him, but he followed me, step for step, as i came up against and sought the wall behind me for support, my hand came in contact with something hard. @@ -30008,7 +28012,6 @@ i asked. "go!" he reiterated. "i have nothing more to say to such an unnatural son, such an unnatural brother as you are." -i bowed, pulled my jacket together with a shrug and buttoned it up. after all,--what mattered it? i was in the right and i knew it. "all right, father! @@ -30075,7 +28078,6 @@ tears came to those pretty eyes of hers; so, to please her, i consented. she did not understand my meaning, but she left me and was back in a moment with a basin of hot water, a sponge, balsam and bandages. i slipped off my coat and rolled up my sleeve, then, as maisie's gentle fingers sponged away the congealed blood and soothed the throb, i began to discover, from the intense relief, how painful had been the hurt, mere superficial thing as it was. she poured on some balsam and bound up the cut; all gentleness, all tenderness, like a mother over her babe. -"there is a little jag here, maisie, that aches outrageously now that the other has been lulled to sleep." i pointed to my breast. she undid my shirt, and, as she surveyed the damage, she cried out in anxiety. it was a raw, jagged, angry-looking wound, but nothing to occasion concern. @@ -30187,7 +28189,6 @@ why didn't you knock the bully down?" i asked, pitying his wobegone appearance. "mister,--whatever your name is,--i'm a man o' peace; and, forby i'm auld enough to ken it's no' wise to fight on an empty stomach. i havena had a bite since i saw ye last." -"never mind, donald,--cheer up. i am going to have some bread and cheese, and a glass of ale, so you can have some with me, at my expense." his face lit up like a roman candle. "man,--i'm wi' ye. @@ -30330,7 +28331,6 @@ he was nowhere in sight. asked the bar-tender excitedly. "yes, yes!" "he's gone. -he slunk out with his tin cans, through the back way, as soon as you got started in this scrap." i did not wait for anything more, for some one was unlocking the front door. i darted out the back exit and into the lane. down the lane, in the darkness, i tore like a hurricane, then along the waterfront until there was a mile between me and the scene of my late encounter. @@ -30370,7 +28370,6 @@ i yawned drowsily once more, but the hint did not stop him. "if you'll excuse my inquisitiveness, sor,--or rather, what ye might call my natural insight,--i judge you're on either a moighty short tour, or a devil av a long one got up in a hurry." the little clatterbag's uncanny guessing harried me. "how do you arrive at your conclusions?" -i asked, taking off my jacket and hanging it up. "och! shure it's by the size av your wardrobe. no man goes on a well-planned, long trip with a knapsack and a bag av golfsticks." @@ -30407,7 +28406,6 @@ i looked across at him. bhoy,--i've been there. i know what i'm talkin' about." he sighed. -"but i'm gettin' old and i've been too long on the sea to give it up." he pulled himself together suddenly. owing to his stature, that was not a very difficult task. "man!--ye're tired. @@ -30796,7 +28794,6 @@ i'll show you over the proposition and leave you there. phone for any little personal articles you may want. i'll attend to the bedding and all that sort of thing. have the boy call you at six a. m. -sharp." nothing was overlooked by the masterly mind of my new, my first employer. we breakfasted early. an automobile was standing waiting for us at the hotel entrance; while, at a down-town slip, a trig little launch, already loaded up with our immediate necessities, was in readiness to shoot out through the narrows as soon as we got aboard. @@ -30805,7 +28802,6 @@ as soon as the ropes were cast from the wharf, a glorious feeling of exhilaratio whether or not it would come up to my expectations was a question of conjecture, but i was not in a mood to trouble conjecturing. the swift little boat fought the tide rip in the narrows like a lonely explorer defending his life against a horde of surging savages; and, gradually, she nosed her way through, past prospect point, then, inclining to the north shore, but heading forward all the time, past the lighthouse which stands sentinel on the rock at point atkinson; and away up the coast, leaving the city, with its dizzying and light-blotting sky-scrapers far and still farther behind, until nothing of that busy terminal remained to the observer but a distant haze. the edgar allan poe threaded her way rapidly and confidently among the rocks and fertile little islands, up, up northward, ever northward, amid lessening signs of life and habitation; through the beautiful strait of georgia. -from eight o'clock in the morning till three o'clock in the afternoon we sailed on, amid a prodigality of scenic beauty,--sea, mountains and islands; islands, mountains and sea,--enjoying every mile of that beautiful trip. we conversed seldom, although there was much to discuss and our time was short. at last, we sped past a great looming rock, which stood almost sheer out of the sea, then we ran into a glorious bay, where the sea danced and glanced in a fairy ecstasy. "golden crescent bay," broke in mr. horsfal. @@ -30813,12 +28809,9 @@ at last, we sped past a great looming rock, which stood almost sheer out of the "it is paradise," i exclaimed, in breathless admiration. and never have i had reason to change that first impression and opinion. we ran alongside a rocky headland close to the shore, on which stood two little wooden sheds bearing the numbers one and two. -we clambered up. "number one is for gasoline; two for oil," volunteered my ever informing employer. the rock was connected to the shore by a well-built, wooden wharf on piles, which ran directly into what i rightly guessed had been the summer home of mrs. horsfal. -it was a plainly built cottage and trim as a warship. it bore signs of having been recently painted, while, all around, the grass was trim and tidy. -on the right of this, about fifty yards across, on the same cleared area, but out on a separate rocky headland, stood another well-built cottage, the windows of which were boarded up. "my property starts ten yards to the south of the wharf here, george, and runs around the bay as far, almost, as it goes, and back to the hills quite a bit. that over there is the other house i spoke to you about. it, and the property to the south, is owned by some one in the western states. @@ -30886,7 +28879,6 @@ he put his hand on my shoulder. i turned to remonstrate. "now,--don't say a word," he hurried on. "you can't bluff me with your self-defamatory remarks. -you are not a jake meaghan, or one of his stamp. you are of the kind that appreciates a home like this to the extent of taking care of it. "come and have a look at the other apartments. "this is the kitchen. @@ -30964,7 +28956,6 @@ why, man, you'll go batty in the winter time, for it's lonely as hell." "not you. once it's goin', it'll be easy's rollin' off'n a log. what'll you do o' nights, 'specially winter nights,--if you don't drink?" -he sat down and began to empty his cup of liquor by the gulp. his dog, which had been lying sullenly on the floor near the stove, got up and ambled leisurely to jake's feet. it looked up at him as he drank, then it put its two front paws on jake's knees, as if to attract his attention. meaghan stopped his imbibing and stroked the dog's head. @@ -31075,7 +29066,6 @@ i had an abundance of time, the sea was warm, the island looked pretty,--so on i i reached it at last, a trifle blown, but in good condition. it had not been by any means a record swim for me. i had not intended that it should. -all the way, it had been a pleasure trip. i made for a sandy beach, between two rocky headlands. soon, i got my footing and waded ashore. after a short rest, i set out to survey the island. @@ -31151,7 +29141,6 @@ her voice changed. "you're trying to be smart," she reprimanded. "sorry," i said, in a tone of contrition, "for i am not a bit smart in spite of my trying. well,--i swam across from the wharf over there." -she looked up. "being smart some more." "no!--it is true." she measured the distance from the island to the wharf with her eye. @@ -31191,7 +29180,6 @@ i shall be more or less of a common country storekeeper after to-day." "heard about that store from old jake. granddad over home was talking about it, too. it'll be convenient for the camps and a fine thing for the settlers up here." -she jumped up. "well,--i guess i got to beat it, mister----" "george bremner," i put in. "my name's rita;--rita clark. @@ -31349,7 +29337,6 @@ i hunted out a hammock and slung it comfortably from the posts on the front vera late in the afternoon, when i was beginning to grow tired of my indolence, i heard the thud, thud of a gasoline launch as it came up the bay. it passed between rita's isle and the wharf, and held on, turning in to jake meaghan's cove. i wondered who the visitor could be, then i went back to my reading. -not long after, a shadow fell across my book and i jumped up. "pray, don't let me disturb you, my son," said a soft, well-modulated, masculine voice. "stay where you are. enjoy your well-earned rest." @@ -31397,7 +29384,6 @@ while i busied with the table things,--washing some dishes as a usual preliminar my employer, mr. horsfal, has given me a free hand regarding credit to the settlers. i know none of them and i am afraid that, without guidance, i may offend some or land the business in trouble with others. will you help me, sir?" -"why--of course, i'll help." he took a sheet of paper from his pocket and commenced to write, talking to me as he did so. "you know, if times are at all good, you can trust the average man who owns the ranch he lives on to pay his grocery bills sooner or later. still, if i were you, i wouldn't let any of them get into debt more than sixty or seventy dollars, for they do not require to, and, once they get in arrears, they have difficulty in getting out. @@ -31475,7 +29461,6 @@ i was deeply interested as the old minister told the story, and it was like brin i had no idea how fast the time had been passing. well i could understand now why this rita clark intuitively hated the ghoul rock. who, in her place, would feel otherwise? -the rev. william auld rose from the table. "i must go now, my son, for the way is long. thanks so much for the rest and for your hospitality. @@ -31536,11 +29521,9 @@ with the advent of monday morning, the golden crescent trading company, in charg i was not overburdened with customers, for which i was not sorry, as i had lots to do fixing the prices of my stock and setting it to rights. but the arrival of the mail by the tuesday steamer brought neil andrews, doolan, gourlay and the stern, but honest-faced old scot, andrew clark, all at different times during the afternoon. not one of them could resist the temptation and go away without making some substantial purchases. -i held religiously to the rev. william auld's list, but i found, in most cases, that my customers were prepared to pay for their first orders, at any rate, in cash; and, of course, i did not discourage them. on wednesday, a launch, with three men in her, put in from no. 1 camp at susquahamma, bearing an order as long as my arm, duly endorsed in a business-like way and all according to requirements. -it took me most of the afternoon to put that order up. the men did not seem to mind, as they reckoned the going and returning to camp a well-nigh all-day job for them. they made jake's shack their headquarters, spending all of the last two hours of their time in his cabin. thursday brought another launch, this time from camp no. @@ -31550,7 +29533,6 @@ in an ordinary case, i would have been beginning to fear that that shack had bec a few days later came a repeat order from no. 1 camp, then a request from the cannery, which i was able to fill only in part, as many things required by them had not been included in the original orders given to the vancouver wholesalers. i was beginning to wonder where camp no. -2 was getting its supplies from, when, one day, about two weeks after my opening, they showed up. two men came over in a fast-moving launch of a much better type than those in use by the other camps. the men were big and burly fellows. one of them was unmistakably irish; the other looked of swedish extraction. @@ -31610,7 +29592,6 @@ the boss wrote this." i retorted. "damned if i know," he returned, scratching his forelock. "but it'll be merry hell to pay if we go back without this bunch of dope." -"and it might be the devil to pay, if i gave you the goods without a proper order," i followed up. "some of this stuff's for to-morrow's grubstake," put in the swede, "and most of the hardware's wanted for a job first crack out of the box in the morning." "sorry to disoblige you, fellows," i said sincerely, "but your boss should not have run so close to the wind. further, i am going to work this store right and that from the very beginning." @@ -31682,7 +29663,6 @@ but eustace was dead tired and the shelter and solitude were more than welcome t the curdled milk and mealies were both refreshing and satisfying. having finished his meal he lighted his pipe, for his captors had deprived him of nothing but his weapons, and proceeded to think out the situation. but nature asserted herself. -before he had taken a dozen whiffs he fell fast asleep. how long he slept he could not tell, but it must have been some hours. he awoke with a start of bewilderment, for his slumber had been a heavy and dreamless one: the slumber of exhaustion. opening his eyes to the subdued gloom of the hut he hardly knew where he was. @@ -31843,7 +29823,6 @@ eustace accordingly was marched a sufficient distance from the debating group, a many of the latter amused themselves by going through a wordless, but highly suggestive performance illustrative of the fate they hoped awaited him. one would imitate the cutting out of a tongue, another the gouging of an eye, etc., all grinning the while in high glee. even eustace, strong-nerved as he was, began to feel the horrible strain of the suspense. -he glanced towards the group of chiefs and amapakati much as the prisoner in the dock might eye the door of the room where the jury was locked up. he began talking to his guards by way of diversion. "who is that with hlangani, who has just joined the amapakati?" he asked. @@ -31901,7 +29880,6 @@ shrewd and intelligent as they are in ordinary matters, kafirs are given to the in their minds the experiment was likely to prove a thing worth seeing. "ewa! ewa!" -["yes--yes"] they cried emphatically. "let ngcenika be called." "so be it," assented kreli. "let the witch-doctress be sought." @@ -32025,11 +30003,9 @@ the answer seemed rather to amuse than irritate her. "he does not fear me!" she repeated. "ha! -inyoka, [serpent], does he fear thee!" she cried, darting the serpent's head within a couple of inches of the prisoner's face. the reptile hissed hideously, but eustace, who knew that it had been rendered harmless, and that it must long since have spat its venom glands empty, did not allow himself to be disconcerted by this. a murmur of wonder arose from the spectators. -[the rinkhaal, a variety of cobra, has the faculty of being able, when angry, to eject an acrid, venomous saliva, to a distance of about six feet.] "he is not afraid! the white wizard is not afraid!" they cried. @@ -32056,7 +30032,6 @@ his lips moved. thou repeatest thy charm, o white wizard," said ngcenika. "is it stronger than mine? is it stronger than mine?" -one might have heard a pin drop. that fierce, excitable crowd, bending forward, straining their eyes upon this unwonted scene, held their very breath as they gazed. the prisoner stood with chest expanded--erect--facing the witch-doctress. there was a flash of light through the air, and the spear descended. @@ -32089,7 +30064,6 @@ i love war. hau! i have struck more than one enemy, but have never struck him twice. hau! -i struck this white man and my weapon broke, my strong umkonto [the broad headed close-quarter assegai] that has drunk the heart's blood of five fingo dogs. the weapon is bewitched. he who has done this thing must be found. the wizard must be found. @@ -32107,20 +30081,17 @@ chapter thirty one. the "smelling out." "he must be killed! he must be killed!" -the cry was taken up. the bloodthirsty shout rolled through the ranks fiercer and fiercer till the wild roaring chorus was deafening. that crouching, armed multitude, a moment before so motionless and silent, sprang erect, swaying to and fro, frenzied with uncontrollable excitement; a legion of dark demons roaring and howling under the promptings of superstition and ferocity; bellowing for blood--blood, blood, no matter whose. weapons waved wildly in the air, and the deep-throated shout volleyed forth. "he must be killed!" the warriors were seated in an immense double semicircle. -gliding with her half-dancing step to the upper end of this, the witch-doctress began chanting an incantation in a high nasal key, an invocation to the great inyoka [serpent] who held the kraal and its inhabitants under its especial favour. as she commenced her round, the shouting of the warriors was hushed. all stood upright and silent. different emotions held sway in each grim, dark countenance. the hearts of many were sinking with deadly fear, yet each strove to meet the eye of the terrible witch-doctress boldly and without quailing. they knew that that fatal round would prove of deadly import to one or more of them ere it was completed. "ho--inyoka 'nukulu!" -[great serpent] chanted the hag, with a significant shake of the body of the hideous reptile, which she held by the neck. "find the wizard! find the wizard!" "find the wizard!" @@ -32236,7 +30207,6 @@ hau! the ants are hungry!" a noosed reim was thrown round the doomed man's neck, and another made fast to each of his wrists, and thus, with the whole crowd surging and yelling around him, he was dragged into the adjoining forest. "hamba-ke, umlungu!" -["go on, white man"] said several of the warriors guarding eustace, motioning him to proceed. "we are going to show you a sight. quick, or we shall be late!" by no means free from apprehension on his own account, eustace obeyed. @@ -32610,7 +30580,6 @@ the hag pointed to the retreating group with a mocking leer. hau!" "where will he wake, ngcenika?" asked eustace, in a voice which he strove to render unconcerned. -"kwa, zinyoka," [at the home of the serpents] replied the hag with a brutal laugh. "and where is that?" "where is it? ha, ha!" @@ -32625,7 +30594,6 @@ thou hast seen the last of yon white man, ixeshane; thou and these standing arou ha, ha! better for him that he had never been born." and with a satanic laugh she turned away and left him. -strong-nerved as he was, eustace felt his flesh creep. the hag's parting words hinted at some mysterious and darkly horrible fate in store for his unfortunate cousin. his own precarious position brought a sense of this doubly home to him. he remembered how jubilant poor tom had been over the outbreak of the war. @@ -32796,7 +30764,6 @@ not by a hair's-breadth. "where our hearts first met--there they meet again. look up, my sweet one. i am here." -she does look up. in the red and boding glare of those ominous war-fires she sees him as she saw him that night. she springs to her feet--and a loud and thrilling cry goes forth upon the darkness. "eustace--eustace! @@ -32895,7 +30862,6 @@ then eustace took in the situation in a moment. the savages were beginning to fire the deserted homesteads of the settlers. "inspan the buggy quickly, josane," he said. "and, ncanduku, come inside for a moment. -i will find basela [best rendered by the familiar term `backshish'] for you and nteya." but the voice which had conveyed such timely warning responded not. the messenger had disappeared. the whole condition of affairs was patent to eustace's mind. @@ -32912,7 +30878,6 @@ is there any time to lose now?" eustace realised that assuredly there was not. but inspanning a pair of horses was, to his experienced hand, the work of a very few minutes indeed. "who is their chief?" -he asked, tugging at the last strap. "sigcau?" "no. ukiva." @@ -33020,7 +30985,6 @@ standing up in his seat, regardless of prudence, he pointed his revolver at the a horrible, shrill, piercing scream, showed that they had told with widespread and deadly effect. "ha! bulala abelungu!" -[death to the whites] howled the exasperated barbarians. and dropping flat on the ground they poured another volley into the retiring vehicle. but the latter had gained some distance now. the horses, panic-stricken and well-nigh unmanageable, were tearing up the hill on the other side of the drift, and it was all their driver could do in the darkness to keep them in the track. @@ -33097,7 +31061,6 @@ an experienced sergeant and twenty-five men had been immediately ordered out--ar "look at my old place, what a flare-up it's making. and the hotel at draaibosch! it's making a bigger blaze than all." -"that's mcdonald's `cape smoke,'" [an inferior quality of cape brandy is thus popularly termed] laughed the police sergeant. it was a weird and awesome sight. the whole country was literally in a blaze--the murk of the reddened smoke of burning homesteads obliterating the stars. and ever and anon the fierce, tumultuous thunder of a distant war-dance was borne upon the air, with the vengeful shouts of excited savages, beginning their orgy of torch and assegai. @@ -33184,7 +31147,6 @@ true, he was tempted, on one or two occasions, to follow his friend's advice--an but he remembered that you cannot strangle a widespread slander by force, and that short of the direst necessity the association in an ordinary row of any woman's name is justifiable neither by expediency nor good taste. but he resolved to get her to move down to swaanepoel's hoek at the very earliest opportunity. chapter thirty six. -a row in the camp. there was just this much to bear out the ill-natured comments of the scandal-mongers, in that the re-appearance of the missing cousin had gone very far towards consoling the young widow for the loss of the dead husband. the fact was that where her strongest, deepest feelings were concerned, eanswyth, like most other women, was a bad actress. the awful poignancy of her suffering had been too real--the subsequent and blissful revulsion too overpowering--for her to be able to counterfeit the one or dissemble the other, with anything like a satisfactory result. @@ -33231,7 +31193,6 @@ on the outskirts of the crowd was a sprinkling of natives, representing divers r "au!" exclaimed a tall gaika, as the crowd dispersed. "that will be a hard stone for kreli to try and crush. -if it was the amapolise [police] he could knock them to pieces with a stick. mere boys!" "what's that you say, johnny?" said a hard-fisted individual, turning threateningly upon the speaker. @@ -33292,7 +31253,6 @@ which sally provoked a blatant guffaw from several of the hearers. the keen, biting sarcasm told. the group, which mainly consisted of the low element, actually did begin to look a trifle ashamed of itself. the better element composing it gave way and took itself off, as eustace deliberately walked his horse up to the fallen native. -there were a few muttered jeers about "the nigger's friend" and getting into the assembly on the strength of "blanket votes," [the native franchise, derisively so termed] and so forth, but none offered any active opposition except one, however, and that was the man who had originated the disturbance. "look here," he shouted savagely. "i don't know who you are and i don't care. but if you don't take yourself off out of this mighty quick, i'll just about knock you into a jelly; you see if i don't." @@ -33316,7 +31276,6 @@ he shouted. all right. i'll soon make you." a stirrup-iron, wielded by a clever hand, is a terribly formidable weapon. -backing his horse a pace or two eustace wrenched loose his stirrup. quick as lightning, it whirled in the air, and as his assailant sprang wildly at him down it came. the aggressive bully went to earth like a felled ox. "any more takers for the tar-and-feather line of business?" @@ -33344,7 +31303,6 @@ nothing much, though. i've only been reminding our valiant friends there that fair play is a jewel even when its only a kafir that's concerned." --"which unsavoury ethiop seems to have been knocked about a bit, however," rejoined the other, sticking his glass into his eye to examine the fallen native. the kafir, who had raised himself to a sitting posture, was now staring stupidly about him as though half dazed. -blood was issuing from his nose and mouth, and one of his eyes was completely closed up. his assailants had all slunk away by now, the arrival upon the scene of this unwelcome ally having turned the scale against any plan they might have entertained of showing further unpleasantness toward the solitary intervener. some three or four of the gaika's countrymen, who had held aloof, now came up to the assistance of their friend. these gave their version of the story. @@ -33366,7 +31324,6 @@ dismounting he raised the fallen man's head and poured some of the contents into the fellow revived--gradually, stupidly. he had received a bad blow, which only a thick slouch hat and a thicker skull had saved from being a worse one. "who the hell are you?" -he growled surlily, as he sat up. "oh, i know you," he went on as his glance lit upon eustace. "all right, my fine feller, wait a bit, till i'm all right again. you'll be sorry yet for that damned coward's whack you've given me. @@ -33384,7 +31341,6 @@ how would that pan out for an idea in fighting old kreli, for instance?" you and milne have had a bit of a scrimmage and you've got the worst of it. it might easily have been the other way. so don't let us have any grudge-bearing over it. -take another drink, man," pouring out a liberal modicum of whiskey into the cup of the flask, "and shake hands and make it up." the man, who was not a bad fellow at bottom, gave a growl as he tossed off the tendered potion. then he held out his hand to eustace. "well, mister, i don't bear no grudge. @@ -33397,13 +31353,11 @@ i'm all right now. besides i ain't going your way. my waggon's outspanned yonder on the flat. good-night." -"i stand very much indebted to you, errington, for two services rendered," said eustace as they rode towards the township. "and i'm not sure that the last isn't by far the most important." "pooh! not at all, my dear fellow. that howling rabble wouldn't have come within twenty yards of you." "i don't know about that. -the vagabonds were rather beginning to realise that twenty to one meant long odds in favour of the twenty, when you came up. but the deft way in which you smoothed down our friend with the broken head was diplomatic to a degree. i hate rows, and the knowledge that some fellow is going about day and night seeking an opportunity of fastening a quarrel upon you unawares is tiresome. besides, i'm nothing of a boxer, and if i were should hate a shindy just as much." @@ -33487,7 +31441,6 @@ we are alone now, and--" well, eanswyth, it is really a most remarkable coincidence--in fact, almost makes a man feel superstitious." it was near sundown. a soft, golden light rested upon the great slopes, and the cooing of doves floated melodiously from the mealie lands in the valley. -the mountain stream roared through its rocky bed at their feet, and among the crannies and ledges of a profusion of piled up boulders forming miniature cliffs around, a whole colony of bright eyed little dasjes [the "rock rabbit"--really a species of marmot] were disporting themselves, scampering in and out with a boldness which augured volumes in favour of the peaceable aspect of the two human intruders upon their sequestered haunt. "as you say, the time and place are indeed fitting," said eustace, sitting down upon a boulder and taking the box from its place of concealment. "now, my darling, look at this. the assegai point is broken short off, driven with such force that it has remained embedded in the lid." @@ -33619,9 +31572,7 @@ the actual mode of his death might forever remain a mystery, but that he was dea any suspicion to the contrary he resolved to dismiss effectually from his mind. eanswyth would often accompany her lover during his rides about the veldt looking after the stock. she would not go with him, however, when he was on sporting intent, she had tried it once or twice, but the bucks had a horrid knack of screaming in the most heart-rending fashion when sadly wounded and not killed outright, and eustace's assurance that this was due to the influence of fear and not of pain, entirely failed to reconcile her to it. -[a fact. the smaller species of antelope here referred to, however badly wounded, will not utter a sound until seized upon by man or dog, when it screams as described. -the same holds good of the english hare.] but when on more peaceful errand bent, she was never so happy as when riding with him among the grand and romantic scenery of their mountain home. she was a first-rate horsewoman and equally at home in the saddle when her steed was picking his way along some dizzy mountain path on the side of a grass slope as steep as the roof of a house with a series of perpendicular krantzes below, or when pursuing some stony and rugged bush track where the springy spekboem boughs threatened to sweep her from her seat every few yards. "we are partners now, you know, dearest," she would say gaily, when he would sometimes urge the fatigue and occasionally even the risk of these long and toilsome rides. @@ -33752,7 +31703,6 @@ once the idea got firmly rooted in her mind that the dead had appeared to her th and she had been rather depressed of late. very anxiously he re-entered the house to report the utter futility of his search. "at all events we'll soon make it impossible for you to get another schrek in the same way, mrs carhayes," said the overseer cheerily. -"we'll fasten the shutters up." it was long before the distressed, scared look faded from her eyes. "eustace," she said--bentley having judiciously left them together for a while--"when you were--when i thought you dead--i wearied heaven with prayers to allow me one glimpse of you again. i had no fear then, but now--o god! @@ -33786,7 +31736,6 @@ he was alone in the shearing-house when the overseer had handed him his letters. his coat was off, and he was doing one or two odd carpentering jobs. the time was about midday. nobody was likely to interrupt him here. -something has come to my knowledge [went on the letter] which you, of all men, ought to be the one to investigate. to come to the point, there is some reason to suppose that poor tom carhayes may still be alive. you remember that kafir on whose behalf you interfered when jackson and a lot of fellows were giving him beans? he is my informant. @@ -33908,11 +31857,9 @@ many of us crossed into the gcaleka country and fought at the side of our brethr many of us did not return. hau!" "then you became a `loyal'?" -"ihuvumente [the government] was very strong. we could not stand against it. ha! amasoja--amapolisi--bonke. -[soldiers--police-- all] i thought of all the men who had crossed the kei with me. i thought of the few who had returned. then i thought, `art thou a fool, xalasa? is thy father's son an ox that he should give himself to be slain to make strength for sarili's fighting men?' @@ -33920,7 +31867,6 @@ hau! i came home again and resolved to `sit still.'" "but your eyes and ears were open among the ama-gcaleka. they saw--they heard of my brother, umlilwane?" -"thy brother, umlilwane, was alive at the time the white amagcagca [rabble] knocked me down and kicked me. he is alive still." "how do you know he is alive still?" said eustace, mastering his voice with an effort, for his pulses were beating like a hammer as he hung upon the other's reply. @@ -33982,8 +31928,6 @@ he spoke hurriedly now and in an altered tone--even as a man who has said too mu he seemed anxious to depart, and seeing that nothing more was to be got out of him for the present, the two made no objection. hardly had he departed than josane appeared. he had noted the arrival of xalasa, though xalasa was under the impression that he was many miles distant. -he had waited until the amakosi [literally "chiefs." -in this connection "masters"] had finished their indaba [talk] and here he was. he was filled with delight at the sight of ixeshane and his eyes felt good. his "father" and his "friend" had been away for many moons, but now he was back again and the night was lighter than the day. his "father" could see, too, how he had kept his trust, the old man went on. @@ -34303,7 +32247,6 @@ similarly the floor and sides of the cavern, which before they reached the outle "hand us your flask, shelton," said hoste. "upon my soul i feel as if i was going to faint. faugh!" -the odour was becoming more and more sickening with every step. musky, rank, acreous--it might almost be felt. each man required a pull at something invigorating, if only to neutralise the inhalation of so pestilential an atmosphere. smoking was suggested, but this josane firmly tabooed. @@ -34344,13 +32287,11 @@ more than once they thought to detect the sound of that slow, crawling glide--to "this is `the home of the serpents'!" chanted josane, taking up once more his weird refrain. "this is the home of the serpents, the abode of the spirit-dead. -o inyoka 'nkulu [great serpent] do us no hurt! o snake of snakes, harm us not! "the shades of thy home are blacker than blackest night. "we tread the dark shades of thy home in search of the white man's friend. "give us back the white man's friend, so may we depart in peace-- "in peace from the home of the serpents, the abode of the spirit-dead. -"into light from the awe-dealing gloom, where the shades of our fathers creep. "so may we return to the daylight in safety with him whom we seek. "harm us not, o snake of snakes! do us no hurt, o inyoka 'nkulu!" @@ -34535,7 +32476,6 @@ the listeners held their very breath. "no! show no light--not a glimmer. hold on to each other's shoulder-- you, ixeshane, hold on to mine--quick--hamba-ke." -[go on.] this precaution, dictated by the double motive of keeping together in the darkness, and also to avoid any one of the party accidentally falling into the pit--being observed, the kafir led the way some little distance within the shaft. "heavens!" whispered hoste. @@ -34632,7 +32572,6 @@ and now thou hast only just begun to live--alone in the darkness-- alone with th thou wilt never see the light of day again. whau! the sun is shining like gold outside. -and thy wife, umlilwane--thy beautiful wife--tall and graceful, like the stem of the budding umbona [maize]--dost thou never think of her? ha! there is another who does--another who does. i have seen him--i have seen them both--him and thy beautiful wife--" @@ -34651,8 +32590,6 @@ again the "yap" was heard, now several times in rapid succession. so perfect was the imitation that the watchers themselves were for a moment taken in. "iza, inja! injane, izapa!" -["come, dog! -little dog--come here!"] cried the witch-doctress coaxingly, advancing into the lateral gallery, holding her lantern in front of her. josane, with his mouth to the ground was emitting a perfect chorus of yaps. "now," he whispered, under cover of the echoes produced, as the width of the gallery left a clear chance at hlangani, without endangering the witch-doctress. @@ -34738,7 +32675,6 @@ then they advanced to the pit's brink. the lunatic, crouched on the ground gnawing a bone, stared stupidly at them. "don't you know me, tom?" said eustace, speaking quietly. -"we are come to get you away from here, old chap. you know me? come now!" but the poor wretch gave no sign of intelligence, as he went on munching his revolting food. @@ -34773,7 +32709,6 @@ more than ever, then, did they endeavour to dissuade him. "i must try and get him round against this side of the hole. then, while i hold his attention, josane must drop his blanket over his head. then i'll fling the noose round him, and you must all man the reim, and haul him up like a sack. -only it must be done sharp. directly i sing out `trek,' you must haul away for dear life." "but how about yourself, old chap?" "never mind about me. @@ -34809,7 +32744,6 @@ not to overdo the thing, eustace waited a moment, then advanced a step or two ne it had the desired effect. the madman shuffled away as before. he must be in the right place now. -still eustace dared not look up. "he's all right now, if you're ready," whispered a voice from above. "ready!" was the quick reply. @@ -34848,7 +32782,6 @@ so they started on their return track, longing with a greater longing than words the armies of the philistines, and fighting over again the battles of israel's kings! many a tale he stored away in his busy brain to be repeated to the children gathered around the public fountain in the cool of the evening. it mattered not what character he told them of,--priest or prophet, judge or king,--the picture was painted in life-like colors by this patriotic little hero-worshipper. -here and at home he heard so many discussions about what was lawful and what was not, that he was constantly in fear of breaking one of the many rules, even in as simple a duty as washing a cup. so he watched his host closely till the meal was over, finding that in the observance of many customs, he failed to measure up to his uncle's strict standard. phineas went back to his work after dinner. he was greatly interested in joel, and, while he sawed and hammered, kept a watchful eye on him. @@ -34866,7 +32799,6 @@ she only pities me. i hate to be pitied. there is not a single one in the world who really loves me." his lips quivered, but he winked back the tears. -phineas seemed lost in thought a few minutes; then he looked up. "you are a levite," he said slowly, "so of course you could always be supported without needing to learn a trade. still you would be a great deal happier, in my opinion, if you had something to keep you busy. if you like, i will teach you to be a carpenter. @@ -35084,7 +33016,6 @@ joel shrunk away timidly to the edge of the crowd, fearful that his friend phine in a few minutes he saw him coming with a staff in one hand, and a small bundle swinging from the other. joel had one breathless moment of suspense as he was helped on to the back of the kneeling camel; one desperate clutch at the saddle as the huge animal plunged about and rose to its feet. then he looked down at phineas, and smiled blissfully. -[illustration: "he looked down at phineas, and smiled blissfully"] oh, the delight of that slow easy motion! the joy of being carried along without pain or effort! who could realize how much it meant to the little fellow whose halting steps had so long been taken in weariness and suffering? @@ -35265,11 +33196,9 @@ cried joel, in amazement. did you never go to a synagogue?" buz shook his bushy head. "they don't have synagogues in these parts. -the master calls us in and reads to us on the sabbath; but i always get sleepy when i sit right still, and so i generally get behind somebody and go to sleep. the shepherds talk to each other a good deal about such things, i am never with them though. i spend all my time running errands." shocked at such ignorance, joel began to tell the shepherd king's life with such eloquence that buz stopped short in the road to listen. -seeing this the donkey stood still also, wagged its one ear, and went to sleep. but buz listened, wider awake than he had ever been before in his life. the story was a favorite one with joel, and he put his whole soul into it. "who told you that?" @@ -35335,7 +33264,6 @@ he exclaimed. joel heard only the shivering of the wind in the tree-tops; but the man's trained ear caught the bleating of a stray lamb, far off and very faint. "i was afraid i was mistaken in my count; they jostled through the gate so fast i could not be sure." going to a row of pegs along the wall, he took down a lantern hanging there and lit it; then wrapping his coat of skins more closely around him, and calling one of the dogs, he set out into the gathering darkness. -joel watched the fitful gleam of the lantern, flickering on unsteadily as a will-o'-the-wisp. a moment later he heard the man's deep voice calling tenderly to the lost animal; then the storm struck with such fury that they had to stand with their backs against the door of the hut to keep it closed. flash after flash of lightning blinded them. the wind roared down the mountain and beat against the house till joel held his breath in terror. @@ -35452,7 +33380,6 @@ he tells it over and over, whether he has a listener or not." they led him gently out, the white-haired, white-souled old shepherd heber. it seemed to joel that the wrinkled face was illuminated by some inner light, not of this world, and that he lingered among men only to repeat to them, over and over, his one story. that strange sweet story of bethlehem's first christmas-tide. - chapter iv. next morning a goodly train set out from the gates of nathan ben obed. it was near the time of the feast of the passover, and he, with many of his household, was going down to jerusalem. the family and guests went first on mules and asses. @@ -35499,7 +33426,6 @@ wrench his limbs on the rack! brand his eyelids with hot irons! let him suffer all that man can suffer and live! thus shall it be done unto the man on whom the king delighteth to take vengeance!" -joel was childish enough to take a real satisfaction in this scene he conjured up. but as it faded away, he was man enough to realize it could never come to pass, save in his imagination; he could never be in such a position for revenge, unless,-- that moment a possible way seemed to open for him. phineas would probably see his friend of nazareth at the passover. @@ -35547,7 +33473,6 @@ he had learned to make sandal-wood jewel-boxes, and fancifully wrought cups to h several times, during the following months, he begged a sail in some of the fishing-boats that landed at the town of tiberias. having gained the favor of the keeper of the gates, by various little gifts of his own manufacture, he always found a ready admittance to the palace. to the ladies of the court, the sums they paid for his pretty wares seemed trifling; but to joel the small bag of coins hidden in the folds of his clothes was a little fortune, daily growing larger. - chapter v. it was sabbath morning in the house of laban the pharisee. joel, sitting alone in the court-yard, could hear his aunt talking to the smaller children, as she made them ready to take with her to the synagogue. from the upper chamber on the roof, came also a sound of voices, for two guests had arrived the day before, and were talking earnestly with their host. @@ -35700,7 +33625,6 @@ joel sat down suddenly on a ledge projecting from the stone-wall. he echoed drearily. it was as if he had been starving, and the life-giving food held to his famished lips had been suddenly snatched away. both his heart and his feet felt like lead when he got up after awhile, and dragged himself slowly along to the carpenter's house. -[illustration: "'i peeped out 'tween 'e wose--vines'"] it was such a bitter disappointment to be so near the touch of healing, and then to miss it altogether. no cheerful tap of the hammer greeted him. the idle tools lay on the deserted workbench. @@ -35932,12 +33856,10 @@ his face and hands were burning hot. "come!" said phineas. he picked him up in his strong arms, and carried him down the beach to abigail's motherly care and comforting. -"he will be a long time getting over the shock of this," she said to her husband, when he was at last soothed to sleep. "ah, loyal little heart!" he answered, "he has suffered much for the sake of his friendship with us!" poor little storm-tossed bark! in the days that followed he had reason to bless the boisterous winds, that blew him to such a safe and happy harbor! -* * * * * over on the horns of mount hattin, the spring morning began to shine. the light crept slowly down the side of the old mountain, till it fell on a little group of men talking earnestly together. it was the preacher of galilee, who had just chosen twelve men from among those who followed him to help him in his ministry. @@ -35993,7 +33915,6 @@ at last when the cock-crowing commenced at dawn, and the stars were beginning to "father in heaven," he prayed softly, "bless mine enemy rehum, and forgive all my sins,--fully and freely as i now forgive the wrong he has done to me." a feeling of light-heartedness and peace, such as he had never known before, stole over him. he could not settle himself to sleep, though worn out with his night's long vigil. -[illustration: "not a word was said"] hastily slipping on his clothes, he tiptoed down the stairs, and limped, bare-headed, down to the beach. the lake shimmered and glowed under the faint rose and gray of the sky like a deep opal. the early breeze blew the hair back from his pale face with a refreshing coolness. @@ -36051,7 +33972,6 @@ but we must hasten! our time is limited." they had much to tell of the outside world. pilate had just given special offence, by appropriating part of the treasure of the temple, derived from the temple tax, to defray the cost of great conduits he had begun, with which to supply jerusalem with water. -stirred up by the priests and rabbis, the people besieged the government house, crying loudly that the works be given up. armed with clubs, numbers of soldiers in plain clothes surrounded the great mob, and killed so many of the people that the wildest excitement prevailed throughout all judea and galilee. there was a cry for a national uprising to avenge the murder. "they only need a leader!" @@ -36071,7 +33991,6 @@ they had had a weary journey over rough hills and rocky by-paths. "what did he say?" demanded the prisoner, eagerly. "go and tell john what ye saw and heard: that the blind receive sight; the lame walk; the lepers are cleansed; the deaf hear; the dead are raised; and the poor have the gospel preached unto them." -the man stood up, his long hair hanging to his shoulder, his hand uplifted, and his eyes dilated like a startled deer that has caught the sound of a coming step. "the fulfilment of the words of isaiah!" he cried. "for he hath said, 'your god will come and save you. @@ -36094,7 +34013,6 @@ they were timeus and benjamin. silently they lifted the body of their beloved master, and carried it away for burial; and if a tear or two found an unaccustomed path down their bearded cheeks, no one knew it, under cover of the darkness. so, out of the black castle of macherus, out of the prison-house of a mortal body, the white-souled prophet of the wilderness went forth at last into liberty. for him, the kingdom was indeed at hand. -* * * * * meanwhile in the upper country, phineas was following his friend from village to village. he had dropped his old familiar form of address, so much was he impressed by the mysterious power he saw constantly displayed. now when he spoke of the man who had been both friend and playfellow, it was almost reverently that he gave him the title of master. @@ -36147,7 +34065,6 @@ then he fell asleep himself. from its situation in the basin of the hills, the galilee is subject to sudden and furious storms. the winds, rushing down the heights, meet and clash above the water, till the waves run up like walls, then sink again into seething whirlpools of danger. joel, falling asleep in a dead calm, awoke to find the ship rolling and tossing and half-full of water. -the lightning's track was followed so closely by the crash of thunder, there was not even pause enough between to take one terrified gasp. still the master slept. joel, drenched to the skin, clung to the boat's side, expecting that every minute would be his last. it was so dark and wild and awful! @@ -36156,8 +34073,6 @@ as wave after wave beat in, some of the men could no longer control their fear. "master!" they called to the sleeping man, as they bent over him in terror. "carest thou not that we perish?" -he heard the cry for help. -the storm could not waken him from his deep sleep of exhaustion, but at the first despairing human voice, he was up, ready to help. looking up at the midnight blackness of the sky, and down at the wild waste of waters, he stretched out his hand. "peace!" he commanded in a deep voice. @@ -36195,7 +34110,6 @@ joel looked perplexed; it was such an unheard of thing for phineas to miss going "john baptist has just been beheaded. the master has many enemies among those in high places. it would be like walking into a lion's den for him to go up to jerusalem. -"even here he is not safe from the hatred of antipas, and after a little rest will pass over into the borders of the tetrarch philip. we have no wish to leave him!" "oh, why should he be persecuted so?" asked joel, looking with tear-dimmed eyes at the man walking in advance of them, and talking in low earnest tones to john, who walked beside him. @@ -36304,7 +34218,6 @@ the year of popularity was at an end. chapter x. abigail sat just inside the door, turning the noisy hand-mill that ground out the next day's supply of flour. the rough mill-stones grated so harshly on each other that she did not hear the steps coming up the path. -a shadow falling across the door-way made her look up. "you are home early, my phineas," she said, with a smile. "well, i shall soon have your supper ready. joel has gone to the market for some honey and--" @@ -36339,7 +34252,6 @@ he does not seem to know how to sway the popular feeling. i believe he might have had the support of the foremost men of the nation, if he had approached them differently. "he shocks them by setting aside laws they would lay down their lives rather than violate. he associates with those they consider unclean; and all his miracles cannot make them forget how boldly he has rebuked them for hypocrisy and unrighteousness. -they never will come to his support now; and i do not see how a new government can be formed without their help." abigail laid her hand on his, her dark eyes glowing with intense earnestness, as she answered: "what need is there of armies and human hands to help? "where were the hosts of pharaoh when our fathers passed through the red sea? was there bloodshed and fighting there? @@ -36405,7 +34317,6 @@ it was one of the largest in bethany, and seemed like a palace to the children, joel only looked around with admiring eyes; but jesse walked about, laying curious little fingers on everything he passed. the bright oriental curtains, the soft cushions and the costly hangings, he smoothed and patted. even the silver candlesticks and the jewelled cups on the side table were picked up and examined, when his mother happened to have her back turned. -[illustration: "'we talked late'"] there were no pictures in the house; the law forbade. but there were several mirrors of bright polished metal, and jesse never tired of watching his own reflection in them. ruth stayed close beside her mother. @@ -36429,7 +34340,6 @@ they may have had something to do with the package the good man carried home tha asked joel, the morning after their arrival. "two old friends of mine," answered abigail. "they came to see me last night as soon as they heard i had arrived. -you children were all asleep. we talked late, for they wanted to hear all i could tell them of rabbi jesus. he was here last year, and martha said he and her brother lazarus became fast friends. ah, there is lazarus now!--that young man just coming out of the house. @@ -36739,10 +34649,8 @@ when once more a little band of fugitives followed their master across the jorda the winter wore away, and they still tarried. day by day, they were listening to the simple words that dropped like seeds into their memories, to spring up in after months and bear great truths. now they heard them as half understood parables,--the good samaritan, the barren fig-tree, the prodigal son, the unjust steward. -there was one story that thrilled joel deeply,--the story of the lost sheep. for he recalled that stormy night in the sheepfold of nathan ben obed, and the shepherd who searched till dawn for the straying lamb. it was only long afterwards that he realized it was the good shepherd himself who told the story, when he was about to lay down his own life for the lost sheep of israel. -* * * * * meanwhile in bethany, rabbi reuben and his wife rejoiced that their daughter's visit stretched out indefinitely. jesse openly declared that he intended to stay there always, and learn to be a goldsmith like his grandfather. ruth, too, was happy and contented, and seemed to have forgotten that she ever had any other home. @@ -36759,7 +34667,6 @@ he opened his eyes and smiled languidly, as he caught sight of her slipping nois her mother, sewing by the window, looked out and saw her running across the street. jesse was out in front of the house, playing with a ball. "who is that boy talking to jesse?" -asked abigail of rebecca, who stood in the doorway, holding out her arms as ruth came up. "why, that is little joseph, the only son of simon the leper. poor child!" "simon the leper," repeated abigail. @@ -36984,7 +34891,6 @@ he exclaimed. "shall i run and tell joseph what you are going to do?" "no, do not say a word to any one," answered joel. "i shall be back in a very short time." - chapter xiv. simon the leper sat at the door of his cave. he held a roll of vellum in his unsightly fingers; it was a copy of the psalms that lazarus had once made for him in happier days. many a time he had found comfort in these hope-inspiring songs of david; but to-day he was reading a wail that seemed to come from the depths of his own soul: @@ -37016,7 +34922,6 @@ i have sat here ever since in sackcloth and ashes." "but lazarus lives again!" exclaimed joel, simply. he had seen so many miracles lately, that he forgot the startling effect such an announcement would have on one not accustomed to them. -[illustration: "'you but mock me, boy'"] the man stood petrified with astonishment. at last he said bitterly, "you but mock me, boy; at least leave me to my sorrow in peace." "no!" @@ -37155,7 +35060,6 @@ exclaimed simon. "to god be the glory, who hath sent him into this sin-cursed world! henceforth all that i have, and all that i am, shall be dedicated to his service!" kneeling there in the dying daylight, with his arms around the wife and child so unexpectedly given back to him, such a heart-felt prayer of gratitude went upward to the good father that even the happiest angels must have paused to listen, more glad because of this great earth-gladness below. - chapter xv. "i think there will be an unusual gathering of strangers at the passover this year," said rabbi reuben to lazarus, as they came out together from the city, one afternoon. "the number may even reach three millions. a travelling man from rome was in my shop to-day. @@ -37174,7 +35078,6 @@ responded reuben. "how i would rejoice to see his enemies laid low in the dust!" already, on the borders of galilee, the expected king had started toward his coronation. many of the old friends and neighbors from capernaum had joined their band, to go on to the paschal feast. -they made slow progress, however, for at every turn in the road they were stopped by outstretched hands and cries for help. nearly every step was taken to the sound of some rejoicing cry from some one who had been blessed. joel could not crowd all the scenes into his memory; but some stood with clear-cut distinctness. there were the ten lepers who met them at the very outset; and there was blind bartimeus begging by the wayside. @@ -37208,7 +35111,6 @@ news of their coming had been brought several hours before by a man riding down his swift-footed beast had overtaken and passed the slow procession far back on the road. there was a joyful welcome for the master in the home of lazarus. the cool, vine-covered arbor was a refreshing change from the dusty road. -here were no curious throngs and constant demands for help. away from the sights that oppressed him, away from the clamor and the criticism, here was a place where heart and body might find rest. the peace of the place, and the atmosphere of sympathy surrounding him, must have fallen like dew on his thirsty soul. here, for a few short days, he who had been so long a houseless wanderer was to know the blessedness of a home. @@ -37255,7 +35157,6 @@ that anointing, to his priesthood at the beginning of his ministry; this anointi no one spoke as the fragrance rose and spread itself like the incense of a benediction. it seemed a fitting close to this hour of communion with the master. across this eloquent silence that the softest sound would have jarred upon, a cold, unfeeling voice broke harshly. -[illustration: "a dark figure went skulking out into the night"] it was judas iscariot who spoke. "why was all this ointment wasted?" he asked. @@ -37314,7 +35215,6 @@ he exclaimed, as he caught sight of an old man in the door of a house across the "certainly!" answered reuben. "you know your way so well about the streets that it makes no difference if we do get separated. -jesse and i will walk on down to the shop. you can meet us there." rabbi amos gave joel a cordial greeting. "i am about to go back to the damascus gate," he said. @@ -37365,7 +35265,6 @@ then for awhile he was so full of his new plans and ambitions, he could think of all that busy week he was separated from the master and his disciples; for it was the first passover he had ever taken part in. after it was over, he was to break the ties that bound him to the carpenter's family and the simple life in galilee, and go to live in simon's luxurious home in bethany. so he stayed closely with phineas and abigail, taking a great interest in all the great preparations for the feast. -* * * * * reuben chose, from the countless pens, a male lamb a year old, without blemish. about two o'clock the blast of two horns announced that the priests and levites in the temple were ready, and the gates of the inner courts were opened, that all might bring the lambs for examination. the priests, in two long rows, caught the blood in great gold and silver vessels, as the animals were killed, and passed it to others behind, till it reached the altar, at the foot of which it was poured out. @@ -37510,7 +35409,6 @@ still he stumbled resolutely on, but with his face turned away from the sight he at last he reached the place, and, shrinking back as if from an expected blow, he slowly raised his eyes till they rested on the face of the dead body hanging there. the agonized shriek on his lips died half uttered, as he fell unconscious at the foot of the cross. a long time after, one of the soldiers happening to notice him, turned him over with his foot, and prodded him sharply with his spear. -it partially aroused him, and in a few moments he sat up. then he looked up again into the white face above him; but this time the bowed head awed him into a deep calm. the veil of the temple was rent indeed, and through this pierced body there shone out from its holy of holies the shekinah of god's love for a dying world. it uplifted joel, and drew him, and drew him, till he seemed to catch a faint glimpse of the father's face; to feel himself folded in boundless pardon, in pity so deep, and a love so unfathomed, that the lowest sinner could find a share. @@ -37538,7 +35436,6 @@ but not of this is he thinking now. it is of thy life's unselfish pilgrimage; of the dust and travel stains of the feet he bears; of the many steps, taken never for self, always for others; of the cure and the comfort they have daily carried; of the great love that hath made their very passing by to be a benediction. it seemed strange to joel that, in the midst of such overpowering sorrow, trivial little things could claim his attention. years afterward he remembered just how the long streaks of yellow sunshine stole under the trees of the garden; he could hear the whirr of grasshoppers, jumping up in the path ahead of them; he could smell the heavy odor of lilies growing beside an old tomb. -the sorrowful little group wound its way to a part of the garden where a new tomb had been hewn out of the rock; here joseph of arimathea motioned them to stop. they laid the open bier gently on the ground, and joel watched them with dry eyes but trembling lips, as they noiselessly prepared the body for its hurried burial. from time to time as they wound the bands of white linen, powdered with myrrh and aloes, they glanced up nervously at the sinking sun. the sabbath eve was almost upon them, and the old slavish fear of the law made them hasten. @@ -37576,7 +35473,6 @@ a watch-fire was kindled near by; then the roman sentinels began their steady tr tramp! as they paced back and forth. high overhead the stars began to set their countless watch-fires in the heavens; then the white full moon of the passover looked down, and all night long kept its silent vigil over the forsaken tomb of the sleeping christ. -* * * * * abigail had found shelter for the night with friends, in a tent just outside the city; but joel and phineas took their way back to bethany. little was said as they trudged along in the moonlight. joel thought only of one thing,--his great loss, the love of which he had been bereft. @@ -37731,12 +35627,10 @@ there was no sign of jean, but constance crossed the velvety turf to the stable “good! i will be there in just a minute. i’m hunting for jean.” a moment later she turned the corner of the stable and came upon jean and old baltie. -to say that old baltie had become almost human during the four years spent in this home conveys very little idea of the mutual understanding existing between him and his friends, jean and mammy were, of course, his joint owners; but since his marriage to mammy, charles also claimed ownership. no one would have recognized the old horse for the one rescued by jean. his coat was now as sleek as satin, his old body round and plump, his manners those of a thoroughly spoiled thoroughbred horse. it had not required all the four years spent with the carruths to blot out the effects of jabe’s harsh treatment, or to revive in baltie the memory of his earlier days as grandfather raulsbury’s pet. the interval in which he had fallen upon evil days had vanished as an ugly dream, and with nobility’s inherent qualities, whether manifested in man or beast, he had dismissed the memory, risen above it, and with all of his noblesse oblige was helping others to do likewise. -his wonderfully attuned ears were quick to catch the sound of constance’s footfalls upon the soft turf, and he greeted her with a stifled nicker, for his position made a gentlemanly greeting well-nigh impossible: he was lying at full length upon a bed of sweet clover, his head in jean’s lap. these two were never in the positions or situations of their kind if they could possibly achieve others. “hello!” called jean, glancing up from pressing her cheek against one large satiny ear which she held against it. “thought i’d find you here, honey; but i’ve got to hustle you off to school. @@ -37751,7 +35645,6 @@ off at the edge of the paddock a cricket shrilled his monotonous little song of “you really must go now, dear,” urged constance, rising to her feet after a final caress. “oh, dear, and he is so big and so warm and so soft and so good,” protested jean. “but i s’pose i must. -come, baltie, you’ve got to get up. now! all together!” and placing her arms beneath the great neck jean gave the preliminary heave-ho! necessary to start the old horse. @@ -37806,7 +35699,6 @@ ah, the eternal feminine! who says she must waive all claim to her womanly instincts, merge them in the coarser, less refined ones of the hurrying, struggling world around her when she sets out to be a bread-winner among her masculine contemporaries? if some do this, constance carruth was not to be numbered among them, and no better proof of it could have been offered than the “fifth wheel to her business wagon,” as she laughingly called room number five. that little room is worthy of minute description. -to begin with, the walls were tinted a soft ivory white, with a delft blue frieze running around the top. the floor was of hard wood, with a pretty blue and white rug spread in the center. on this stood a white enameled table, with snowy linen cover, a reading lamp, the several books and magazines testifying to its primal use. four or five comfortable wicker chairs, with cushions of pretty figured japanese crepe, stood about. @@ -37950,7 +35842,6 @@ mrs. carruth pursed up her lips into a derisive pucker, and looked into the merr “and if i am, what then?” she asked. “i knew it!” was the triumphant retort. “but i dare not waste time bringing you to order now. -yes, you may help wrap. if anything will wheedle you into being good, letting you get busy will,” ended constance, turning to the table and deftly lifting the squares to the flat pans upon which they were to be carried to the packing room. “shoo along in there and get busy if you must, and while you are getting sticky enough to satisfy even yourself, you will tell me what is simmering. and mind, mary can hear, too; so if it is too anarchistic she will come to the rescue. @@ -37975,7 +35866,6 @@ i’ll call you if i see signs,” was called back. a brand new fall bonnet, too! it’s outrageous to so misuse it after all the trouble i’ve been put to to induce you to indulge in it at all, and not sneak off to madame elsie with a lot of old finery to be made over into a creation warranted (by her) to deceive the keenest eye. oh, i know your sly ways, and have to lie awake nights to think how to thwart them. -you sly, wicked woman, to deprive me of my sorely needed rest and beauty sleep. why, i’m growing thin—” “alas for consistency!” interrupted mrs. carruth, derisively. “a moment ago you assured me you were growing fat. @@ -38031,7 +35921,6 @@ the woman’s exchange, you know.” i’ll tell you what you may do, all against the coming climax, for it is coming, you mark my words: you begin right now and make dozens of the daintiest pieces of underwear imaginable—” “oh, constance!” cried mrs. carruth, reproachfully, the softest rose creeping into her cheeks. “can’t help it!” protested constance. -“i know that co-ed plan will develop. my heart! do you think i’m blind as a bat? when a man bids a girl good-bye at a railway station and helps her on board the smoking-car instead of the pullman, and neither of them knows the difference—well. @@ -38103,7 +35992,6 @@ devon,” of the firm of “blairsdale & devon.” at the cottage mammy still cooks, bakes, preserves and concocts with all her wonderful skill, assisted by a little colored girl, the eldest of those whom jean impressed upon mammy’s wedding day. oh, mammy is a most important personage these days. breakfast over in the little cottage, and it was a breakfast fit for a king, mammy began issuing her orders like a general, and charles lived only to obey. -“now hike in dar an’ git de furnace a-goin’ good, an’ den go ’long ter de gre’t house an’ have it good an’ warm befo’ dem chillern wakes up. i cyant have em’ ketchin’ cold, an’ de mawnin’s right snappy,” she said, as dish-towel in hand she looked out of her kitchen door at the glistening world, for a heavy hoar frost covered lawn and foliage, prophesying a storm before many days. “here, put on yo’ coat! what’s de use ob my rubbin’ yo’ shoulder wid linnimint ef yo’ gwine right spang out dis here warm kitchen inter de chill ob de mawnin’ widout wroppin’ up? @@ -38189,7 +36077,6 @@ forbes was nearly petrified. confound it, what took you up there, anyway?” he cried, with no little asperity, as the others hurried across the lawn to the trapeze performer’s rescue. “my feet took me up and my hands are keeping me here. stand from under! -i’m going to drop.” “drop nothing!” was the very un-savant like retort. “you’ll break both your legs. hold on till i can get up there,” and the would-be rescuer darted within the stable. @@ -38216,7 +36103,6 @@ there were other children older and other children younger; in fact, there seeme this fact had always disturbed jean greatly. “if there only would come an end to the hodgesons,” she lamented to her mother. “the trouble is, we no sooner get settled down and think we’ve reached the end than we have to begin all over again. -those babies keep things terribly stirred up. don’t you think you could make mrs. hodgeson understand that she could get on with fewer of them, mother? you see, the clothes never do hold out, and as for that last baby carriage you managed to get for her, why, it’s just a wreck already. the other day, when i went by there on my way to the irving school, i saw billy hodgeson riding the newest and the next newest, and the third newest in it, and the third newest had a puppy in his arms. @@ -38461,7 +36347,6 @@ i’ll have all this batch made, and the rest can wait until the morning; we’v “so the business is expanding?” exclaimed mr. porter, heartily, when constance had explained to him her wish to rent an arch for her christmas trade. “good! i knew it would. -couldn’t possibly help it with such candy as that to back it up. but mind, you are not to forget my christmas order in all your bustle and hurry for other people. twenty pounds——” “what!” cried constance, aghast at the recklessness of her oldest customer. @@ -38799,7 +36684,6 @@ forbes insisted there was one in which he caught his skate; but there certainly as the enthusiast came within ten feet of his spellbound audience, a pair of very long legs came up, and a very loosely-hung body came down with dispatch. the legs flew apart until the figure resembled an ice-boat under full headway, nor did its momentum perceptibly lessen as it sped past its audience, the light snow piling up in front of it and flying over its shoulders as it flies back from a snow-plow. for fully thirty feet the wild figure slid along before it lost its impetus. -then it came to a dazed stop. only one of the audience was prepared to go to its aid; the others were entirely helpless, and were hanging upon each other’s necks—let us hope in tears of sympathy. “can—can i help you?” stammered hadyn, as he bent over to raise the prone one. “you—you rather came a cropper that time, and—and—” @@ -38811,7 +36695,6 @@ yes? thanks, i’ll take it, and i don’t care a hang if you freeze;” and scrambling to his feet forbes sped for the boathouse, and the world saw him not again that day. scarcely had forbes left the party on the pond when a new member was added to it, or, at least, arrived upon the scene with a very firmly fixed intention of being added to it if he could contrive to be. he was arrayed, from his standpoint of a proper toilet for the occasion, in a costume altogether irresistible, and which it had cost him no little time and outlay to procure. -heavy tan shoes, a plaided scotch tweed suit, a sweater of gorgeous red, and a sealskin cap. with many a curve and flourish, for the man could skate, he came up to the group, and with a most impressive bow to constance, raised the fur cap, and, standing uncovered, said: “good-morning, miss carruth. fine sport, ain’t it? @@ -39168,7 +37051,6 @@ mrs. carruth laid her arms caressingly about her shoulders, and rested her cheek “my little woman,” she said, very tenderly. “if i truly am, then let me do a little woman’s part. you are tired and terribly worried about charles. -let me come in and help.” “there is so little we can do, jean. we have done practically all we know how to do, and dr. black asked me to ’phone if there seemed to be any pronounced change. i haven’t said anything to mammy, because i do not want to alarm her more than i must; but i would give anything to communicate with him, and the wires are down.” @@ -39325,7 +37207,6 @@ if little jean had been able to do so, and when he had failed her had undertaken and these friends had done so much for him! true, no harm had come to jean or to the others, but hadyn shuddered when he pictured what might have happened in those ninety minutes. coax and urge as he would he could not induce jean to admit that she had signalled to the house for aid, albeit he felt as certain that she had done so as if he had seen the electric light flashed. -when he urged she simply closed her lips and shook her head, and as no one else, not even constance, could enlighten him, he had to let the matter drop. in the course of the next week baltie came hobbling back to his home. in spite of all the care given him at dr. black’s, the old horse showed the effects of his exposure and the terrible tax upon his strength that wild night; yet none who loved him so well dreamed that the great summons had really come to the animal which had given more than thirty years of faithful service to his friends. from little colthood he had been grandfather raulsbury’s pet until the old man’s death. @@ -39385,7 +37266,6 @@ speak to me,” she begged. the eyelids fluttered, and the faintest possible nicker was breathed through the nostrils as he strove to raise his head. too late! the angel of death was about to claim one of his most faithful creatures, and, let us hope, the recording angel was already checking off the deeds of a devoted life and a disposition which many of his friends claiming immortality might emulate. -“oh, my baltie, my baltie!” sobbed jean, slipping into a sitting position and lifting the horse’s head into her lap. “must you leave me? must your life end now? i love you so, baltie, i love you so! @@ -39453,7 +37333,6 @@ amy is away and connie up to her eyes in the month’s accounts. so i’m adrift.” “how would you like to come for a walk in the woods with me? i am not going back to the office this afternoon, for the fever is on me. -the call of the woods gets into my blood sometimes, and then i’ve got to tramp. only trouble is, i can’t always get a tramping companion. will you come?” “i’d love to, but i must let mother know, she might worry.” @@ -39854,7 +37733,6 @@ lige dropped katherine’s arm and made a dash for constance’s sanctum, but ma now, sah, yo’ set yo’sef right spang down on dat ar’ cheer t’will i ax yo’ a few ques’ions, wha’ massa po’tah gwine hyar, an’ dat po’ li’l fool out yonder gwine ’splain ef we ses-so. yas, massa po’tah, i’se runnin’ t’ings just now, an’, please, sah, keep yo’ eye on dat skunk, fo’ i tells yo’ he ain’t nothin’ in de roun’ worl’ else. now, miss sniffins, yo’ please, ma’am, come on hyar, too, fo’ yo’s needed p’intedly.” -in spite of the serious side of the question, mr. porter could not help smiling at mammy’s generalship. sniffins stood in the middle of the room, glowering like a trapped animal, and katherine entered it trembling like a leaf. notwithstanding her righteous wrath, mammy could not help pitying the shrinking little figure, and, placing a chair for her, she said kindly: “dar, dar, chile, don’ yo’ git so pannicky. @@ -40081,7 +37959,6 @@ the best-drawn plans, etc., and this plan was printed upon the stiffest of archi now, if anyone reading this is solely and entirely dependent upon a pair of glasses to see anything ten inches beyond her own nose, she will understand how forbes felt at that particular moment—maybe. they bounded to their feet and inanely rushed for the wrecked glasses, knowing perfectly well that only bits of scattered crystal lay upon that merciless rock. eleanor dropped upon her knees and began frantically to gather up the fragments, forbes towering above her and blinking like an owl which has suddenly been routed out of a hollow tree into the glaring sunshine. -a fragment, about two-thirds, of the lense of the right eye still held to the nose-clip. eleanor pounced upon this, crying: “ah, here is a little piece, a very little piece! do you think you can see with that? @@ -40150,7 +38027,6 @@ wha’ yo’ gwine do wid all dat blue stuff, anyway? yo’ ain’ tell me one single t’ing ’bout it, an’ i ain’ know wha’ ’tis. an’ i wants fer ter know, too, if yo’ gwine be home ter lunch ter day.” mammy’s sharp eye scrutinized the rosy face before her. “o, you needn’t bother about me, mammy. -mr. forbes will be over shortly and we are going for a tramp.” “tromp! tromp!” echoed mammy. “tromp on sich a hot day as dis hyar wid de fermom’ter jist nachelly climbin’ cl’ar out er sight? @@ -40324,7 +38200,6 @@ accept what her majesty's government intends shall be, and what you will soon fi two other proclamations were also issued, one notifying the assumption of the office of administrator of the government by sir t. shepstone, and the other repealing the war-tax, which was doubtless an unequal and oppressive impost. i have in the preceding pages stated all the principal grounds of the annexation and briefly sketched the history of that event. in the next chapter i propose to follow the fortunes of the transvaal, under british rule. - chapter iv. the transvaal under british rule. the news of the annexation was received all over the country with a sigh of relief, and in many parts of it with great rejoicings. at the gold fields, for instance, special thanksgiving services were held, and "god save the queen" was sung in church. @@ -40345,8 +38220,6 @@ the day was a general festival, and the ceremony was attended by a large number at mid-day, amidst the cheers of the crowd, the salute of artillery, and the strains of "god save the queen," the union jack was run up a lofty flagstaff, and the transvaal was formally announced to be british soil. the flag was hoisted by colonel brooke, r.e., and the present writer. speaking for myself, i may say that it was one of the proudest moments of my life. -could i have foreseen that i should live to see that same flag, then hoisted with so much joyous ceremony, within a few years shamefully and dishonourably hauled down and buried,[8] i think it would have been the most miserable. -[8] the english flag was during the signing of the convention at pretoria formally buried by a large crowd of englishmen and loyal natives. the annexation was as well received in england as it was in the transvaal. lord carnarvon wrote to sir t. shepstone to convey "the queen's entire approval of your conduct since you received her majesty's commission, with a renewal of my own thanks on behalf of the government for the admirable prudence and discretion with which you have discharged a great and unwonted responsibility." it was also accepted by parliament with very few dissentient voices, since it was not till afterwards, when the subject became useful as an electioneering howl, that the liberal party, headed by our "powerful popular minister," discovered the deep iniquity that had been perpetrated in south africa. @@ -40490,7 +38363,6 @@ the kafir further described the clothes that his brother had seen on the bodies, and so ended the mission to matabeleland. no public notice was taken of the matter, for the obvious reason that it was impossible to get at lo bengula to punish him; nor would it have been easy to come by legal evidence to disprove the ingenious story of the poisoned water, since anybody trying to reach the spot of the massacre would probably fall a victim to some similar accident before he got back again. it is devoutly to be hoped that the punishment he deserves will sooner or later overtake the author of this devilish and wholesale murder. -the beginning of 1879 was signalised by the commencement of operations in zululand and by the news of the terrible disaster at isandhlwana, which fell on pretoria like a thunderclap. it was not, however, any surprise to those who were acquainted with zulu tactics and with the plan of attack adopted by the english commanders. in fact, i know that one solemn warning of what would certainly happen to him if he persisted in his plan of advance was addressed to lord chelmsford, through the officer in command at pretoria, by a gentleman whose position and long experience of the zulus and their mode of attack should have carried some weight. if it ever reached him, he took, to the best of my recollection, no notice of it whatever. @@ -40509,11 +38381,9 @@ few, luckily for themselves, were brave enough to tempt fortune by refusing to c whatever were the means employed, the result was an armed meeting of about 3000 boers, who evidently meant mischief. just about this time a corps had been raised in pretoria, composed, for the most part, of gentlemen, and known as the pretoria horse, for the purpose of proceeding to the zulu border, where cavalry, especially cavalry acquainted with the country, was earnestly needed. in the emergency of the times officials were allowed to join this corps, a permission of which i availed myself, and was elected one of the lieutenants. -[9] the corps was not, after all, allowed to go to zululand on account of the threatening aspect adopted by the boers, against whom it was retained for service. in my capacity as an officer of the corps i was sent out with a small body of picked men, all good riders and light weights, to keep up a constant communication between the boer camp and the administrator, and found the work both interesting and exciting. my headquarters were at an inn about twenty-five miles from pretoria, to which our agents in the meeting used to come every evening and report how matters were proceeding, whereupon, if the road was clear, i despatched a letter to headquarters; or, if i feared that the messengers would be caught en route by boer patrols and searched, i substituted different coloured ribbons according to what i wished to convey. there was a relief hidden in the trees or rocks every six miles, all day and most of the night, whose business it was to take the despatch or ribbon and gallop on with it to the next station, in which way we used to get the despatches into town in about an hour and a quarter. -[9] it is customary in south african volunteer forces to allow the members to elect their own officers, provided the men elected are such as the government approves. this is done, so that the corps may not afterwards be able to declare that they have no confidence in their officers in action, or to grumble at their treatment by them. on one or two occasions the boers came to the inn and threatened to shoot us, but as our orders were to do nothing unless our lives were actually in danger, we took no notice. the officer who came out to relieve me had not, however, been there more than a day or two before he and all his troopers were hunted back into pretoria by a large mob of armed boers whom they only escaped by very hard riding. @@ -40530,7 +38400,6 @@ the lesson was not lost on them; but they postponed action till a more favourabl sir bartle frere before his departure took an opportunity at a public dinner given him at potchefstroom of assuring the loyal inhabitants of the country that the transvaal would never be given back. meanwhile a new pharaoh had arisen in egypt, in the shape of sir garnet wolseley, and on the 29th june 1879 we find him communicating the fact to sir 0. lanyon in very plain language, telling him that he disapproved of his course of action with regard to secocoeni, and that "in future you will please take orders only from me." as soon as sir garnet had completed his arrangements for the pacification of zululand, he proceeded to pretoria, and having caused himself to be sworn in as governor, set vigorously to work. -i must say that in his dealings with the transvaal he showed great judgment and a keen appreciation of what the country needed, namely, strong government; the fact of the matter being, i suppose, that being very popular with the home authorities he felt that he could more or less command their support in what he did, a satisfaction not given to most governors, who never know but that they may be thrown overboard in emergency to lighten the ship. one of his first acts was to issue a proclamation, stating that, "whereas it appears that, notwithstanding repeated assurances of contrary effect given by her majesty's representatives in this territory, uncertainty or misapprehension exists amongst some of her majesty's subjects as to the intention of her majesty's government regarding the maintenance of british rule and sovereignty over the territory of the transvaal: and whereas it is expedient that all grounds for such uncertainty or misapprehension should be removed once and for all beyond doubt or question: now therefore i do hereby proclaim and make known, in the name and on behalf of her majesty the queen, that it is the will and determination of her majesty's government that this transvaal territory shall be, and shall continue to be for ever, an integral portion of her majesty's dominions in south africa." alas! sir g. wolseley's estimate of the value of a solemn pledge thus made in the name of her majesty, whose word has hitherto been held to be sacred, differed greatly to that of mr. gladstone and his government. @@ -40577,9 +38446,6 @@ on other occasions sir garnet wolseley will probably not be quite so confident a this explicit and straightforward statement of sir garnet's produced a great effect on the loyal inhabitants of the transvaal, which was heightened by the publication of the following telegram from the secretary of state:--"you may fully confirm explicit statements made from time to time as to inability of her majesty's government to entertain any proposal for withdrawal of the queen's sovereignty." on the faith of these declarations many englishmen migrated to the transvaal and settled there, whilst those who were in the country now invested all their means, being confident that they would not lose their property through its being returned to the boers. the excitement produced by mr. gladstone's speeches began to quiet down and be forgotten for the time, arrear taxes were paid up by the malcontents, and generally the aspect of affairs was such, in sir garnet wolseley's opinion, as justified him in writing, in april 1880, to the secretary of state expressing his belief that the agitation was dying out. -[10] indeed, so sanguine was he on that point that he is reported to have advised the withdrawal of the cavalry regiment stationed in the territory, a piece of economy that was one of the immediate causes of the revolt. -[10] in blue-book no. -(c. 2866) of september 1881, which is descriptive of various events connected with the boer rising, is published, as an appendix, a despatch from sir garnet wolseley, dated october 1879. this despatch declares the writer's opinion that the boer discontent a on the increase. its publication thus--apropos des bottes--nearly two years after it was written, is rather an amusing incident. it certainly gives one the idea that sir garnet wolseley, fearing that his reputation for infallibility might be attacked by scoffers for not having foreseen the boer rebellion, and perhaps uneasily conscious of other despatches very different in tenor and subsequent in date: and, mindful of the withdrawal of the cavalry regiment by his advice, had caused it to be tacked on to the blue-book as a documentary "i told you so," and a proof that, whoever else was blinded, he foresaw. it contains, however, the following remarkably true passage:--"even were it not impossible, for many other reasons, to contemplate a withdrawal of our authority from the transvaal, the position of insecurity in which we should leave this loyal and important section of the community (the english inhabitants), by exposing them to the certain retaliation of the boers, would constitute, in my opinion, an insuperable obstacle to retrocession. @@ -40606,7 +38472,6 @@ the "stubborn satrap" is throughout described as a liar, and every bad motive im really, the fact that mr. courtney should encourage such epistles as this is enough to give colour to the boast made by some of the leading boers, after the war, that they had been encouraged to rebel by a member of the british government. at the end of this letter, and on the same page of the blue-book, is printed the telegram recalling sir bartle frere, dated 1st august 1880. it really reads as though the second document was consequent on the first. one thing is very clear, the feelings of her majesty's new government towards sir bartle frere differed only in the method of their expression from those set forth by the boer leaders in their letter to mr. courtney, whilst their object, namely, to be rid of him, was undoubtedly identical with that of the dutch party in south africa. - chapter v. the boer rebellion. when the liberal ministry became an accomplished fact instead of a happy possibility, mr. gladstone did not find it convenient to adopt the line of policy with reference to the transvaal that might have been expected from his utterances whilst leader of the opposition. on the contrary, he declared in parliament that the annexation could not be cancelled, and on the 8th june 1880 we find him, in answer to a boer petition, written with the object of inducing him to act up to the spirit of his words and rescind the annexation, writing thus:--"looking to all the circumstances, both of the transvaal and the rest of south africa, and to the necessity of preventing a renewal of disorders which might lead to disastrous consequences, not only to the transvaal, but to the whole of south africa, our judgment is, that the queen cannot be advised to relinquish her sovereignty over the transvaal; but, consistently with the maintenance of that sovereignty, we desire that the white inhabitants of the transvaal should, without prejudice to the rest of the population, enjoy the fullest liberty to manage their local affairs. @@ -40702,7 +38567,6 @@ the boer loss appears to have been very small. after the fight conductor egerton, with a sergeant, was allowed to walk into pretoria to obtain medical assistance, the boers refusing to give him a horse, or even to allow him to use his own. the boer leader also left dr. ward eighteen men and a few stores for the wounded, with which he made shift as best he could. nobody can read this gentleman's report without being much impressed with the way in which, though wounded himself, he got through his terrible task of, without assistance, attending to the wants of 101 sufferers. -beginning the task at 2 p.m., it took him till six the next morning before he had seen the last man. it is to be hoped that his services have met with some recognition. dr. ward remained near the scene of the massacre with his wounded men till the declaration of peace, when he brought them down to maritzburg, having experienced great difficulty in obtaining food for them during so many weeks. this is a short account of what i must, with reluctance, call a most cruel and carefully planned massacre. @@ -40737,8 +38601,6 @@ as has before been stated, they were devotedly attached to our rule, and, during naturally they were in no hurry to return to the old order of things, in which murder, flogging, and slavery were events of everyday occurrence. nor did the behaviour of the boers on the outbreak of the war tend to reconcile them to any such idea. thus we find that the farmers had pressed a number of natives from waterberg into one of their laagers (zwart koppies); two of them tried to run away, a boer saw them and shot them both. -again, on the 7th january, a native reported to the authorities at pretoria that he and some others were returning from the diamond fields driving some sheep. -a boer came and asked them to sell the sheep. they refused, whereupon he went away, but returning with some other dutchmen fired on the kafirs, killing one. on the 2d january information reached pretoria that on the 26th december some boers fired on some natives who were resting outside potchefstroom and killed three; the rest fled, whereupon the boers took the cattle they had with them. on the 11th january some men, who had been sent from pretoria with despatches for standerton, were taken prisoners. @@ -40753,8 +38615,6 @@ the loyalty of all the native chiefs under very trying circumstances (for the bo the government of pretoria need only have spoken one word to set an enormous number of armed men in motion against the boers, with the most serious results to the latter. any other government in the world would, in its extremity, have spoken that word, but, fortunately for the boers, it is against english principles to set black against white under any circumstances. besides the main garrison at pretoria there were forts defended by soldiery and loyals at the following places:--potchefstroom, rustenburg, lydenburg, marabastad, and wakkerstroom, none of which were taken by the boers. -[11] -[11] colonel winsloe, however, being short of provisions, was beguiled by the fraudulent representations and acts of the boer commander into surrendering the fort at potchefstroom daring the armistice. one of the first acts of the triumvirate was to despatch a large force from heidelberg with orders to advance into natal territory, and seize the pass over the drakensberg known as lang's nek, so as to dispute the advance of any relieving column. this movement was promptly executed, and strong boer troops patrolled natal country almost up to newcastle. the news of the outbreak, followed as it was by that of the bronker's spruit massacre, and captain elliot's murder, created a great excitement in natal. @@ -40770,7 +38630,6 @@ on the day of my start, however, there was a rumour about the town that the gene though i did not believe it, i thought it as well to go and ask the colonial secretary, colonel mitchell, privately, if there was any truth in it, adding that if there was, as i had a pretty intimate knowledge of the boers and their shooting powers, and what the inevitable result of such a move would be, i should certainly prefer, as i had ladies with me, to remain where i was. colonel mitchell told me frankly that he knew no more about sir george's plans than i did; but he added i might be sure that so able and prudent a soldier would not do anything rash. his remark concurred with my own opinion; so i started, and on arrival at newcastle a week later was met by the intelligence that sir george had advanced that morning to attack the nek. -to return was almost impossible, since both horses and travellers were pretty nearly knocked up. also, anybody who has travelled with his family in summer-time over the awful track of alternate slough and boulders between maritzburg and newcastle, known in the colony as a road, will understand that at the time the adventurous voyagers would far rather risk being shot than face a return journey. the only thing to do under the circumstances was to await the course of events, which were now about to develop themselves with startling rapidity. the little town of newcastle was at this time an odd sight, and remained so all through the war. @@ -40816,7 +38675,6 @@ as soon as he passed the ingogo he was surrounded by a body of boers sent after with a break of about two hours, from three to five, the assault was kept up till nightfall, with very bad results so far as we were concerned, seeing that out of a body of about 500 men, over 150 were killed and wounded. the reinforcements sent for from the camp apparently did not come into action. for some unexplained reason the boers did not follow up their attack that night, perhaps because they did not think it possible that our troops could effect their escape back to the camp, and considered that the next morning would be soon enough to return and finish the business. -the general, however, determined to get back, and scratch teams of such mules, riding-horses, and oxen as had lived through the day being harnessed to the guns, the dispirited and exhausted survivors of the force managed to ford the ingogo, now swollen by rain which had fallen in the afternoon, poor lieutenant wilkinson, the adjutant of the 60th, losing his life in the operation, and to struggle through the dense darkness back to camp. on the hill-top they had lately held the dead lay thick. there, too, exposed to the driving rain and bitter wind, lay the wounded, many of whom would be dead before the rising of the morrow's sun. it must indeed have been a sight never to be forgotten by those who saw it. @@ -40864,7 +38722,6 @@ this item of news caused much surprise, as nobody could understand why, now that it was, however, understood that an agreement had been entered into between the two generals that no offensive operations should be undertaken till wood returned. with the exception of occasional scares, there was no further excitement till sunday the 27th february, when, whilst sitting on the verandah after lunch, i thought i heard the sound of distant artillery. others present differed with me, thinking the sound was caused by thunder, but as i adhered to my opinion, we determined to ride into town and see. -on arrival there we found the place full of rumours, from which we gathered that some fresh disaster had occurred; and that messages were pouring down the wires from mount prospect camp. we then went on to camp, thinking that we should learn more there, but they knew nothing about it, several officers asking us what new "shave" we had got hold of. a considerable number of troops had been marched from newcastle that morning to go to mount prospect, but when it was realised that something had occurred, they were stopped, and marched back again. bit by bit we managed to gather the truth. @@ -40872,8 +38729,6 @@ at first we heard that our men had made a most gallant resistance on the hill, m i wish that our subsequent information had been to the same effect. it appears that on the evening of the 26th, sir george colley, after mess, suddenly gave orders for a force of a little over six hundred men, consisting of detachments from no less than three different regiments, the 58th, 60th, 92d, and the naval brigade, to be got ready for an expedition, without revealing his plans to anybody until late in the afternoon; and then without more ado, marched them up to the top of majuba--a great square-topped mountain to the right of, and commanding the boer position at lang's nek. the troops reached the top about three in the morning, after a somewhat exhausting climb, and were stationed at different points of the plateau in a scientific way. -whilst the darkness lasted, they could, by the glittering of the watch-fires, trace from this point of vantage the position of the boer laagers that lay 2000 yards beneath them, whilst the dawn of day revealed every detail of the defensive works, and showed the country lying at their feet like a map. -on arrival at the top, it was represented to the general that a rough entrenchment should be thrown up, but he would not allow it to be done on account of the men being wearied with their marching up. this was a fatal mistake. behind an entrenchment, however slight, one would think that 600 english soldiers might have defied the whole boer army, and much more the 200 or 300 men by whom they were hunted down at majuba. it appears that about 10.15 a.m., colonel stewart and major fraser again went to general colley "to arrange to start the sailors on an entrenchment." @@ -41000,8 +38855,6 @@ those who owned land or had invested money in businesses suffered in the same wa nor were they the only sufferers. the officials, many of whom had taken to the government service as a permanent profession, in which they expected to pass their lives, were suddenly dismissed, mostly with a small gratuity, which would about suffice to pay their debts, and told to find their living as best they could. it was indeed a case of vae victis,--woe to the conquered loyalists. -[12] -[12] the following extract is clipped from a recent issue of the transvaal advertiser. it describes the present condition of pretoria:-- "the streets grown over with rank vegetation; the water-furrows uncleaned and unattended, emitting offensive and unhealthy stenches; the houses showing evident signs of dilapidation and decay; the side paths, in many places, dangerous to pedestrians--in fact, everything the eye can rest upon indicates the downfall which has overtaken this once prosperous city. the visitor can, if he be so minded, betake himself to the outskirts and suburbs, where he will perceive the same sad evidences of neglect, public grounds unattended, roads uncared for, mills and other public works crumbling into ruin. @@ -41069,8 +38922,6 @@ this decision was accepted by all parties at the time, but it has not resulted i the principal chief, montsioa, is an old ally and staunch friend of the english, a fact which the boers are not able to forget or forgive, and they appear to have stirred up rival chiefs to attack him, and to have allowed volunteers from the transvaal to assist them. montsioa has also enlisted some white volunteers, and several fights have taken place, in which the loss of life has been considerable. whether or no the transvaal government is directly concerned it is impossible to say, but from the fact that cannon are said to have been used against montsioa it would appear that it is, since private individuals do not, as a rule, own armstrong guns. -[13] -[13] i beg to refer any reader interested in this matter to the letter of "transvaal" to the standard, which i have republished in the appendix to this book. amongst the questions remaining for the consideration of the commissioners was that of what compensation should be given for losses during the war. of course, the great bulk of the losses sustained were of an indirect nature, resulting from the necessary and enormous depreciation in the value of land and other property, consequent on the retrocession. into this matter the home government declined to enter, thereby saving its pocket at the price of its honour, since it was upon english guarantees that the country would remain a british possession that the majority of the unfortunate loyals invested their money in it. @@ -41137,7 +38988,6 @@ if reports are true, the native chiefs had, many of them personally, and all of sir hercules then went on to explain to them that locations would be allotted to them at some future time; that a british resident would be appointed, whose especial charge they would be, but that they must bear in mind that he was not ruler of the country, but the government, "subject to her majesty's suzerain rights." natives were, no doubt, expected to know by intuition what suzerain rights are. the statement then goes on to give them good advice as to the advantages of indulging in manual labour when asked to do so by the boers, and generally to show them how bright and happy is the future that lies before them. -lest they should be too elated by such good tidings, they are, however, reminded that it will be necessary to retain the law relating to passes, which is, in the hands of a people like the boers, about as unjust a regulation as a dominant race can invent for the oppression of a subject people, and had, in the old days of the republic, been productive of much hardship. the statement winds up by assuring them that their "interests will never be forgotten or neglected by her majesty's government." having read the document the commission hastily withdrew, and after their withdrawal the chiefs were "allowed" to state their opinions to the secretary for native affairs. in availing themselves of this permission, it is noticeable that no allusion was made to all the advantages they were to reap under the convention, nor did they seem to attach much importance to the appointment of the british resident. @@ -41174,9 +39024,7 @@ anybody who has followed the course of affairs with reference to the retrocessio not so, however, the boers themselves. on the 28th september the newly-elected volksraad referred the convention to a general committee to report on, and on the 30th september the report was presented. on the 3d october a telegram was despatched through the british resident to "his excellency w. e. gladstone," in which the volksraad states that the convention is not acceptable-- -(1.) because it is in conflict with the sand river treaty of 1852. -(2.) because it violates the peace agreement entered into with sir evelyn wood, in confidence of which the boers laid down their arms. the volksraad consequently declared that modifications were desirable, and that certain articles must be altered. to begin with, they declare that the "conduct of foreign relations does not appertain to the suzerain, only supervision," and that the articles bearing on these points must consequently be modified. @@ -41299,7 +39147,6 @@ the recent history of the transvaal, now once more a republic, will fortunately it is, so far as england is concerned, very much a history of concession. for an account of the first convention i must refer my readers to the remarks which i have made in the chapter of this book headed "the retrocession of the transvaal." it will there be seen that the transvaal volksraad only ratified the first convention, which was wrung from us (sir evelyn wood, to his honour be it said, dissenting) after our defeats at lang's nek, ingogo, and majuba, as a favour to the british government, which in its turn virtually promised to reconsider the convention, if only the volksraad would be so good as to ratify it. -this convention was ratified in october 1881. in june 1883 the transvaal government[14] telegraphs briefly to lord derby through the high commissioner that the volksraad has "resolved that time has come to reconsider convention." lord derby quickly telegraphs back that "her majesty's government consent to inquire into the working of convention." human nature is frail, and it is impossible to help wishing that lord palmerston or disraeli had been appointed by the fates to answer that telegram. but we have fallen upon different days, and new men have arisen who appear to be suited to them; and so the convention was reconsidered, and on the 27th of february 1884 a new one was signed, which is known as the convention of london. @@ -41310,7 +39157,6 @@ also provides for the security of the amended southwest boundary. the proclamation of 16th september 1884 (afterwards disallowed by the english government), by which the south african republic practically annexed the territories of montsioa and moshette, already for the most part in the possession of its freebooters, very clearly illustrates its anxiety to be bound by this provision. art xii. provides for the independence of the swazis; and by way of illustrating the fidelity with which it has been observed, we shall presently have occasion to remark upon the determined attempts that have continually been made by boer freebooters to obtain possession of swaziland--and so on. -[14] [c. 3659], 1883. in order to make these severe restrictions palatable to the burghers of a free and haughty republic, lord derby recommends her majesty's government to remit a trifling sum of £127,000 of their debt due to the imperial treasury, which was accordingly done. on the whole, the transvaal had no reason to be dissatisfied with this new treaty, though really the whole affair is scarcely worth discussing. convention no. @@ -41323,19 +39169,12 @@ her majesty's government was, rightly or wrongly, so impressed with the injustic this was the upshot of it. in a tone of studied sarcasm, his honour the state president "observes with great satisfaction the great interest in these cases which has been manifested by your honour and her majesty's government." he then goes on to say that, notwithstanding this interest, mampoer will be duly and effectually hung, giving the exact time and place of the event, and njabel imprisoned for life, with hard labour. -finally, he once more conveys "the hearty thanks of the government and the members of the executive council for the interest manifested in these cases,"[15] and remains, &c. -[15] [c. 3841], 1884, p 148. the independence of swaziland was guaranteed by the convention of 1884. yet the blue-books are full of accounts of various attempts made by boers to obtain a footing in swaziland. thus in november 1885 umbandine, the king of swaziland, sends messengers to the governor of natal through sir t. shepstone, in which he states that in the winter piet joubert, accompanied by two other boers and an interpreter, came to his kraal and asked him to sign a paper "to say that he and all the swazis agreed to go over and recognise the authority of the boer government, and have nothing more to do with the english. -"[16] umbandine refused, saying that he looked to and recognised the english government. thereon the boers, growing angry, answered, "those fathers of yours, the english, act very slowly; and if you look to them for help, and refuse to sign this paper, we shall have scattered you and your people, and taken possession of the land before they arrive. why do you refuse to sign the paper? you know we defeated the english at majuba." umbandine's message then goes on to say that he recognises the english government only, and does not wish to have dealings with the boers. -also, in the following month, we find him making a direct application to the colonial office through mr. david forbes,[17] praying that his country may be taken under the protection of her majesty's government. -[16] [c. 4645], 1886, p. 64. -[17] ibid. -p. 70. more than one such attempt to secure informal rights of occupation in swaziland appears to have been made by the transvaal boers. mr. t. shepstone, c.m.g., is at present acting as resident to umbandine, though he has not, it would seem, any regular commission from the home government authorising him to do so, probably because it does not consider that its rights in swaziland are such as to justify such an assumption of formal authority over the swazis. however this may be, umbandine could not have found a better man to protect his interests. @@ -41371,7 +39210,6 @@ these two chiefs have always been devoted friends and adherents of the english g shortly after the retrocession of the transvaal, a rival to mankorane rose up in the person of a certain massou, and a rival to montsioa named moshette. both massou and moshette were supported by boer fillibusters, and what happened to usibepu in zululand happened to these unfortunate chiefs in bechuanaland. they were defeated after a gallant struggle, and two republics called stellaland and goschen were carved out of their territories and occupied by the fillibusters. -fortunately for them, however, they had a friend in the person of the rev. john mackenzie, to whose valuable work, "austral africa," i beg to refer the reader for a fuller account of these events. mr. mackenzie, who had for many years lived as a missionary among the bechuanas, had also mastered the fact that it is very difficult to do anything for south africa in this country unless you can make it a question of votes, or, in other words, unless you can bring pressure to bear upon the government. accordingly he commenced an agitation on behalf of mankorane and montsioa, in which he was supported by various religious bodies, and also by the late mr. forster and the aborigines protection society. @@ -41379,15 +39217,11 @@ as a result of this agitation he was appointed deputy to the high commissioner f he was gladly welcomed by the unfortunate chiefs, who were now almost at their last gasp, and who both of them ceded their rights of government to the queen. hostilities did not, however, cease, for on the 31st july 1884 the fillibusters again attacked montsioa, routed him, and cruelly murdered mr. bethell, his english adviser. meanwhile mr. mackenzie's success was viewed with very mixed feelings at the cape. -to the english party it was most acceptable, but the dutch,[18] and more numerous party, looked on it with alarm and disgust. they did not at all wish to see the imperial power established in bechuanaland; so pressure was put upon sir hercules robinson, and through him on mr. mackenzie, to such an extent indeed as to necessitate the resignation of the latter. thereon the high commissioner despatched a cape politician, mr. cecil rhodes, and his own private secretary, captain bower, r.n., to bechuanaland. these gentlemen at once set to work to undo most of what mr. mackenzie had done, and, generally speaking, did not advance either british or native interests in bechuanaland. at this point, taking advantage of the general confusion, the government of the south african republic issued a proclamation placing both montsioa and moshette under its protection, as usual "in the interests of humanity." -[18] by the dutch party i mean the anti-imperial and retrogressive party. it must be remembered that many of the now educated and progressive boers do not belong to this. -but the agitation in england had, fortunately for what remained of the bechuana people, not been allowed to drop. -her majesty's government disallowed the boer proclamation, under article iv. of the convention of london, and despatched an armed force to bechuanaland, commanded by sir charles warren. this good act, i believe i am right in saying, we owe entirely to the firmness of sir charles dilke and mr. chamberlain, who insisted upon its being done. meanwhile messrs. upington and sprigg, members of the cape government, hastened to bechuanaland to effect a settlement before the arrival of sir charles warren's force. @@ -41414,10 +39248,8 @@ supposing that another five years sees sixty or seventy thousand english diggers is it to be believed, too, that the boers will stop to try and rule them? from such knowledge as i have of their character i should say certainly not. they will trek, anywhere out of the way of the englishman and his english ways, and those who do not trek will be absorbed. -[19] should this happen, it is, of course, possible, and even probable, that for some time the diggers, fearing the vacillations of imperial policy, would prefer to remain independent with a republican form of government. but the englishman is a law-abiding and patriotic creature, and as society settled itself in the new community, it would almost certainly desire to be united to the empire and acknowledge the sovereignty of the queen. so far as a judgment can be formed, if only the gold holds out the transvaal will as certainly fall into the lap of the empire as a green apple will one day drop from the tree--that is, if it is not gathered. -[19] the occupation of rhodesia has now made it impossible for the boers to trek out of reach of the english and their flag.--h. r. h. now it is quite possible that the germans, or some other power, may try to gather the transvaal apple. the boers are not blind to the march of events, and they dislike us and our rule. @@ -41470,14 +39302,12 @@ further, the boers have again and again broken this article of the convention in it has now become necessary to our interests that the swazis should come under our rule, as indeed they are most anxious to do, and a way should be found by which this end can be accomplished. then as to amatongaland, or maputaland, as it is sometimes called, only a month or two ago an embassy from the queen of that country waited on the colonial office, praying for british protection. it is not known what answer they received; let us trust that it was a favourable one. -[20] the protection that should be accorded to the amatongas, both in their interests and our own, is annexation to the british empire upon such terms as might be satisfactory to them. the management of their country might be left to them, subject to the advice of a resident, and the enforcement of the ordinary laws respecting life and property common to civilised states. drink and white men might be strictly excluded from it, unless the amatongas should wish to welcome the latter. but the country, with its valuable but undefined rights over delagoa bay, should belong to england, for whoever owns swaziland and amatongaland will in course of time be almost certain to own the bay also. it must further be remembered that circumstances have already given us certain rights over the amatongas. they regarded cetywayo as their suzerain, and it was, i believe, at his instance that zambila was appointed regent during the minority of her son. as we have annexed what remains of zululand, cetywayo's suzerainty has consequently passed to us. -[20] i understand that the treaty which we have concluded with amatongaland (where, by the way, it is said a new harbour has been discovered) binds the authorities of that country not to cede territory to any other power. but there is nothing in such a treaty to prevent, say portugal or the boers, from taking possession of the land by force of arms. were the country annexed to the crown, or a british protectorate established, they would not dare to do this. note.--this has since been done.--h. @@ -41546,12 +39376,10 @@ she was at the time in a state of pregnancy, and died some days afterwards in gr her little sister was shot through the throat, and several other women and children suffered from bullet wounds, and fever arising from their being obliged to live for months exposed to rain and heat, with insufficient food. the moving spirit of all the potchefstroom atrocities was a cruel wretch of the name of buskes, a well-educated man, who, as an advocate of the high court, had taken the oath of allegiance to the queen. one deponent swears that he saw this buskes wearing captain fall's diamond ring, which he had taken from sergeant ritchie, to whom it was handed to be sent to england, and also that he had possessed himself of the carriages and other goods belonging to prisoners taken by the boers. -[21] another deponent (whose name is omitted in the blue book for precautionary reasons) swears, "that on the next night the patrol again came to my house accompanied by one buskes, who was secretary of the boer committee, and again asked where my wife and daughter were. i replied, in bed; and buskes then said, 'i must see for myself.' i refused to allow him, and he forced me, with a loaded gun held to my breast, to open the curtains of the bed, when he pulled the bedclothes half off my wife, and altogether off my daughter. i then told him if i had a gun i would shoot him. he placed a loaded gun at my breast, when my wife sprang out of bed and got between us." -[21] buskes was afterwards forced to deliver up the ring. i remember hearing at the time that this buskes (who is a good musician) took one of his victims, who was on the way to execution, into the chapel and played the "dead march in saul," or some such piece, over him on the organ. after the capture of the court house a good many englishmen fell into the hands of the boers. most of these were sentenced to hard labour and deprivation of "civil rights." @@ -41587,7 +39415,6 @@ but potchefstroom did not enjoy a monopoly of murder. in december 1880, captain elliot, who was a survivor from the bronker spruit massacre, and captain lambart, who had been taken prisoner by the boers whilst bringing remounts from the free state, were released from heidelberg on parole on condition that they left the country. an escort of two men brought them to a drift of the vaal river, where they refused to cross, because they could not get their cart through, the river being in flood. the escort then returned to heidelberg and reported that the officers would not cross. -a civil note was then sent back to captain elliot and lambart, signed by p. j. joubert, telling them "to pass the vaal river immediately by the road that will be shown to you." what secret orders, if any, were sent with this letter has never transpired; but i decline to believe that, either in this or in barber's case, the boer escort took upon themselves the responsibility of murdering their prisoners, without authority of some kind for the deed. the men despatched from heidelberg with the letter found lambart and elliot wandering about and trying to find the way to standerton, they presented the letter, and took them towards a drift in the vaal. shortly before they got there the prisoners noticed that their escort had been reinforced. @@ -41605,7 +39432,6 @@ in the month of february 1881, two englishmen came to the boer laager at lang's their names were dr. barber, who was well known to the boers, and his assistant, mr. walter dyas, and they came, not from natal, but the orange free state. on arrival at the boer camp they were at first well received, but after a little while seized, searched, and tied up all night to a disselboom (pole of a waggon). next morning they were told to mount their horses, and started from the camp escorted by two men who were to take them over the free state line. -when they reached the free state line the boers told them to get off their horses, which they were ordered to bring back to the camp. they did so, bade good-day to their escort, and started to walk on towards their destination. when they had gone about forty yards dyas heard the report of a rifle, and barber called out, "my god, i am shot!" and fell dead. @@ -41631,10 +39457,8 @@ the actual murderers were put on their trial in the free state, and, of course, in his examination at the trial, allan smith says, "it was a young man who said that joubert had given orders that barber had to be shot.... it was not at night, but in the morning early, when the young man spoke about piet joubert's order." most people will gather, from what i have quoted, that there exists a certain connection between the dastardly murder of dr. barber (and the attempted murder of mr. dyas) and piet joubert, one of that "able" triumvirate of which mr. gladstone speaks so highly. i shall only allude to one more murder, though more are reported to have occurred, amongst them that of mr. malcolm, who was kicked to death by boers,--and that is mr. green's. -mr. green was an english gold-digger, and was travelling along the main road to his home at spitzcop. the road passed close by the military camp at lydenburg, into which he was called. on coming out he went to a boer patrol with a flag of truce, and whilst talking to them was shot dead. -the rev. j. thorne, the english clergyman at lydenburg, describes this murder in an affidavit in the following words:-- "that i was the clergyman who got together a party of englishmen and brought down the body of mr. green who was murdered by the boers and buried it. i have ascertained the circumstances of the murder, which were as follows:--mr. green was on his way to the gold-fields. @@ -41666,7 +39490,6 @@ this epistle seems to me worthy of the study of thinking men. much of it, most of it indeed, is mere brutal vapouring, false in its facts, false in its deductions; remarkable only for the livid hues of hate with which it is coloured. yet in this vile concoction, the work evidently of a half-educated member of the cape dutch party, or perhaps of an afrikander irishman of the stamp of the late notorious fenian aylward, appear statements built upon a basis of truth which we should do well to lay to heart. i allude principally to the question of our food supply and to the possible behaviour of the electorate in the event of a great war under pressure of want and high prices. -(see paragraph 3 of the letter of "p. s.") in a very different work, "a farmer's year," pages 179 and 380, i have attempted to treat of this great matter which elsewhere has been dealt with also by others more able and perhaps better qualified. until it is reasonably certain that under any circumstances which we can conceive the price of food stuffs will not be raised to a prohibitive point, it can never be said that the future of great britain is assured beyond all probable doubt. when will this problem receive the attention it deserves at the hands of our governments and of those over whom they rule? we have received the following letter, appropriately headed "boer ignorance." @@ -41701,13 +39524,10 @@ we know that british soldiers and sailors are immensely inferior as marksmen, no talk no more of the ignorance of the boers or cape dutch; a few days more will prove your ignorance of the british position, and in a short space of time you and your queen will be imploring the good offices of the great german emperor to deliver you from your disasters, for your humiliations are not yet complete. for thirty years the cape dutch have been waiting their chance, and now their day has come; they will throw off their mask and your yoke at the same instant, and 300,000 dutch heroes will trample you under foot. we can afford to tell you the truth now, and in this letter you have got it.--yours, &c., -p. s. october 12. printed by ballantyne, hanson & co. edinburgh & london -team (http://www.pgdp.net) note: project gutenberg also has an html version of this file which includes the original illustrations. see 44659-h.htm or 44659-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44659/44659-h/44659-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44659/44659-h.zip) -[illustration: “if he wanted to fight, he’d hardly be in an office”] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ secret service being the happenings of a night in richmond in the spring of 1865 done into book form from the play by william gillette @@ -41749,14 +39569,9 @@ st. george’s rectory, kansas city, mo., november, 1911. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ contents book i what happened at eight o’clock -i the battery passes 3 ii a commission from the president 18 iii orders to captain thorne 34 iv miss mitford’s intervention 49 v the unfaithful servant 69 vi the confidence of edith varney 86 book ii what happened at nine o’clock -vii wilfred writes a letter 105 viii edith is forced to play the game 133 ix the shot that killed 154 book iii what happened at ten o’clock -x caroline mitford writes a despatch 173 xi mr. arrelsford again interposes 187 xii thorne takes charge of the telegraph 204 xiii the tables are turned 217 xiv the call of the key 229 xv love and duty at the touch 247 book iv what happened at eleven o’clock -xvi the tumult in human hearts 261 xvii wilfred plays the man 271 xviii captain thorne justifies himself 292 xix the drumhead court-martial 301 xx the last reprieve 318 -afterword 330 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ book i what happened at eight o’clock @@ -41856,7 +39671,6 @@ he turned instantly and at the sight of her tears burst out quickly: the woman shook her head. “i am afraid he is. the sound of that passing battery seemed to excite him so. -he thought he was at the front again and wanted to get up.” “poor old howard!” “he’s quieter now, perhaps——” “mother, is there anything i can do for him?” @@ -41919,7 +39733,6 @@ ah, my son, it is on the battlefield, over at seven pines, and upstairs with how “i love you and all that, you know it,—but i can’t stand this. i’ve got to go. i must go.” -mrs. varney recognised from the ring of determination in the boy’s voice that his mind was made up. she could no longer hold him. with or without her consent he would go, and why should she withhold it? other boys as young as hers had gone and had not come back. @@ -41932,15 +39745,12 @@ as he stood there he looked strangely like his father, thought the woman. “well,” she said at last, “i will write to your father and——” “but,” the boy interrupted in great disappointment, “that’ll take because you saved my rice. have you no thanks? -vijaya [sings] sing you of her, o first few stars, whom brahma, touching with his finger, praises, for you hold the van of wandering quiet; ere you be too calm and old, sing, turning in your cars, sing, till you raise your hands and sigh, and from your car heads peer, with all your whirling hair, and drop tear upon azure tear. anashuya. what know the pilots of the stars of tears? vijaya. their faces are all worn, and in their eyes flashes the fire of sadness, for they see the icicles that famish all the north, where men lie frozen in the glimmering snow; and in the flaming forests cower the lion and lioness, with all their whimpering cubs; and, ever pacing on the verge of things, the phantom, beauty, in a mist of tears; while we alone have round us woven woods, and feel the softness of each other’s hand, amrita, while— -anashuya [going away from him]. ah me, you love another, -[bursting into tears] and may some dreadful ill befall her quick! vijaya. i loved another; now i love no other. @@ -41954,13 +39764,10 @@ swear by the parents of the gods, dread oath, who dwell on sacred himalay, on th swear! vijaya. by the parents of the gods, i swear. -anashuya [sings]. i have forgiven, o new star! maybe you have not heard of us, you have come forth so newly, you hunter of the fields afar! -ah, you will know my loved one by his hunter’s arrows truly, shoot on him shafts of quietness, that he may ever keep an inner laughter, and may kiss his hands to me in sleep. farewell, vijaya. nay, no word, no word; i, priestess of this temple, offer up prayers for the land. -[vijaya goes] o brahma, guard in sleep the merry lambs and the complacent kine, the flies below the leaves, and the young mice in the tree roots, and all the sacred flocks of red flamingo; and my love, vijaya; and may no restless fay with fidget finger trouble his sleeping: give him dreams of me. the indian upon god i passed along the water’s edge below the humid trees, my spirit rocked in evening light, the rushes round my knees, my spirit rocked in sleep and sighs; and saw the moorfowl pace all dripping on a grassy slope, and saw them cease to chase each other round in circles, and heard the eldest speak: who holds the world between his bill and made us strong or weak is an undying moorfowl, and he lives beyond the sky. @@ -42000,7 +39807,6 @@ where dips the rocky highland of sleuth wood in the lake, there lies a leafy isl full of berries, and of reddest stolen cherries. come away, o human child! to the waters and the wild with a faery, hand in hand, for the world’s more full of weeping than you can understand. -where the wave of moonlight glosses the dim gray sands with light, far off by furthest rosses we foot it all the night, weaving olden dances, mingling hands and mingling glances till the moon has taken flight; to and fro we leap and chase the frothy bubbles, while the world is full of troubles and is anxious in its sleep. come away, o human child! to the waters and the wild with a faery, hand in hand, for the world’s more full of weeping than you can understand. where the wandering water gushes from the hills above glen-car, in pools among the rushes that scarce could bathe a star, we seek for slumbering trout, and whispering in their ears give them unquiet dreams; leaning softly out from ferns that drop their tears over the young streams. @@ -42035,7 +39841,6 @@ but if when any one died came keeners hoarser than rooks, he bade them give over and these were the works of john, when weeping score by score, people came into coloony; for he’d died at ninety-four. there was no human keening; the birds from knocknarea and the world round knocknashee came keening in that day. the young birds and old birds came flying, heavy and sad; keening in from tiraragh, keening from ballinafad; -keening from inishmurray, nor stayed for bite or sup; this way were all reproved who dig old customs up. the ballad of moll magee come round me, little childer; there, don’t fling stones at me because i mutter as i go; but pity moll magee. my man was a poor fisher with shore lines in the say; my work was saltin’ herrings the whole of the long day. @@ -42047,7 +39852,6 @@ my man grew red and pale, and gave me money, and bade me go to my own place, kin he drove me out and shut the door, and gave his curse to me; i went away in silence, no neighbour could i see. the windows and the doors were shut, one star shone faint and green; the little straws were turnin’ round across the bare boreen. i went away in silence: beyond old martin’s byre i saw a kindly neighbour blowin’ her mornin’ fire. -she drew from me my story— my money’s all used up, and still, with pityin’, scornin’ eye, she gives me bite and sup. she says my man will surely come, and fetch me home agin; but always, as i’m movin’ round, without doors or within, pilin’ the wood or pilin’ the turf, or goin’ to the well, i’m thinkin’ of my baby and keenin’ to mysel’. and sometimes i am sure she knows when, openin’ wide his door, god lights the stars, his candles, and looks upon the poor. @@ -42070,7 +39874,6 @@ the old priest peter gilligan was weary night and day; for half his flock were i once, while he nodded on a chair, at the moth-hour of eve, another poor man sent for him, and he began to grieve. ‘i have no rest, nor joy, nor peace, for people die and die’; and after cried he, ‘god forgive! my body spake, not i!’ -he knelt, and leaning on the chair he prayed and fell asleep; and the moth-hour went from the fields, and stars began to peep. they slowly into millions grew, and leaves shook in the wind; and god covered the world with shade, and whispered to mankind. upon the time of sparrow chirp when the moths came once more, the old priest peter gilligan stood upright on the floor. ‘mavrone, mavrone! @@ -42158,7 +39961,6 @@ aleel, the swineherd, wept and cast him down upon the web-heaped floor, and thus ‘he is the mightiest man in ship or dun.’ ‘nay, he is old and sad with many wars, and weary of the crash of battle cars.’ ‘i only ask what way my journey lies, for god, who made you bitter, made you wise.’ -‘the red branch kings a tireless banquet keep, where the sun falls into the western deep. go there, and dwell on the green forest rim; but tell alone your name and house to him whose blade compels, and bid them send you one who has a like vow from their triple dun.’ between the lavish shelter of a wood and the gray tide, the red branch multitude feasted, and with them old cuchulain dwelt, and his young dear one close beside him knelt, and gazed upon the wisdom of his eyes, more mournful than the depth of starry skies, and pondered on the wonder of his days; and all around the harp-string told his praise, and conchubar, the red branch king of kings, with his own fingers touched the brazen strings. at last cuchulain spake, ‘a young man strays driving the deer along the woody ways. @@ -42257,7 +40059,6 @@ when they are heard upon the wind, and when they shake their wings; alas! thy tender eyes grow all unkind: gaze no more in the bitter glass. to ireland in the coming times know, that i would accounted be true brother of that company, who sang to sweeten ireland’s wrong, ballad and story, rann and song; nor be i any less of them, because the red-rose-bordered hem of her, whose history began before god made the angelic clan, trails all about the written page; for in the world’s first blossoming age the light fall of her flying feet made ireland’s heart begin to beat; and still the starry candles flare to help her light foot here and there; and still the thoughts of ireland brood upon her holy quietude. -nor may i less be counted one with davis, mangan, ferguson, because to him, who ponders well, my rhymes more than their rhyming tell of the dim wisdoms old and deep, that god gives unto man in sleep. for the elemental beings go about my table to and fro. in flood and fire and clay and wind, they huddle from man’s pondering mind; yet he who treads in austere ways may surely meet their ancient gaze. man ever journeys on with them after the red-rose-bordered hem. @@ -42307,7 +40108,6 @@ on! on! and now a hornless deer passed by us, chased by a phantom hound all pearly white, save one red ear; and now a maiden rode like the wind with an apple of gold in her tossing hand, and with quenchless eyes and fluttering hair a beautiful young man followed behind. ‘were these two born in the danaan land, or have they breathed the mortal air?’ -‘vex them no longer,’ niamh said, and sighing bowed her gentle head, and sighing laid the pearly tip of one long finger on my lip. but now the moon like a white rose shone in the pale west, and the sun’s rim sank, and clouds arrayed their rank on rank about his fading crimson ball: the floor of emen’s hosting hall was not more level than the sea, as full of loving phantasy, and with low murmurs we rode on, where many a trumpet-twisted shell that in immortal silence sleeps dreaming of her own melting hues, her golds, her ambers, and her blues, pierced with soft light the shallowing deeps. but now a wandering land breeze came and a far sound of feathery quires; it seemed to blow from the dying flame, they seemed to sing in the smouldering fires. the horse towards the music raced, neighing along the lifeless waste; like sooty fingers, many a tree rose ever out of the warm sea; and they were trembling ceaselessly, as though they all were beating time, upon the centre of the sun, to that low laughing woodland rhyme. @@ -42317,7 +40117,6 @@ they led us by long and shadowy ways where drops of dew in myriads fall, and tan and once a maiden by my side gave me a harp, and bid me sing, and touch the laughing silver string; but when i sang of human joy a sorrow wrapped each merry face, and, patric! by your beard, they wept, until one came, a tearful boy; ‘a sadder creature never stept than this strange human bard,’ he cried; and caught the silver harp away, and, weeping over the white strings, hurled it down in a leaf-hid hollow place that kept dim waters from the sky; and each one said with a long, long sigh, ‘o saddest harp in all the world, sleep there till the moon and the stars die!’ and now still sad we came to where a beautiful young man dreamed within a house of wattles, clay, and skin; one hand upheld his beardless chin, and one a sceptre flashing out wild flames of red and gold and blue, like to a merry wandering rout of dancers leaping in the air; and men and maidens knelt them there and showed their eyes with teardrops dim, and with low murmurs prayed to him, and kissed the sceptre with red lips, and touched it with their finger-tips. -he held that flashing sceptre up. ‘joy drowns the twilight in the dew, and fills with stars night’s purple cup, and wakes the sluggard seeds of corn, and stirs the young kid’s budding horn, and makes the infant ferns unwrap, and for the peewit paints his cap, and rolls along the unwieldy sun, and makes the little planets run: and if joy were not on the earth, there were an end of change and birth, and earth and heaven and hell would die, and in some gloomy barrow lie folded like a frozen fly; then mock at death and time with glances and waving arms and wandering dances. ‘men’s hearts of old were drops of flame that from the saffron morning came, or drops of silver joy that fell out of the moon’s pale twisted shell; but now hearts cry that hearts are slaves, and toss and turn in narrow caves; but here there is nor law nor rule, nor have hands held a weary tool; and here there is nor change nor death, but only kind and merry breath, for joy is god and god is joy.’ with one long glance on maid and boy and the pale blossom of the moon, he fell into a druid swoon. and in a wild and sudden dance we mocked at time and fate and chance, and swept out of the wattled hall and came to where the dewdrops fall among the foamdrops of the sea, and there we hushed the revelry; and, gathering on our brows a frown, bent all our swaying bodies down, and to the waves that glimmer by that slooping green de danaan sod sang, ‘god is joy and joy is god, and things that have grown sad are wicked, and things that fear the dawn of the morrow, or the gray wandering osprey sorrow.’ @@ -42407,7 +40206,6 @@ and over the limbs and the valley the slow owls wandered and came, now in a plac golden the nails of his bird-claws, flung loosely along the dim ground; in one was a branch soft-shining, with bells more many than sighs, in midst of an old man’s bosom; owls ruffling and pacing around, sidled their bodies against him, filling the shade with their eyes. and my gaze was thronged with the sleepers; for nowhere in any clann of the high people of soraca nor in glamour by demons flung, are faces alive with such beauty made known to the salt eye of man, yet weary with passions that faded when the sevenfold seas were young. and i gazed on the bell-branch, sleep’s forebear, far sung by the sennachies. -i saw how those slumberers, grown weary, there camping in grasses deep, of wars with the wide world and pacing the shores of the wandering seas, laid hands on the bell-branch and swayed it, and fed of unhuman sleep. snatching the horn of niamh, i blew a lingering note; came sound from those monstrous sleepers, a sound like the stirring of flies. he, shaking the fold of his lips, and heaving the pillar of his throat, watched me with mournful wonder out of the wells of his eyes. i cried, ‘come out of the shadow, king of the nails of gold! @@ -42424,7 +40222,6 @@ so lived i and lived not, so wrought i and wrought not, with creatures of dreams at times our slumber was lightened. when the sun was on silver or gold; when brushed with the wings of the owls, in the dimness they love going by; when a glow-worm was green on a grass leaf lured from his lair in the mould; half wakening, we lifted our eyelids, and gazed on the grass with a sigh. so watched i when, man of the croziers, at the heel of a century fell, weak, in the midst of the meadow, from his miles in the midst of the air, a starling like them that forgathered ’neath a moon waking white as a shell, when the fenians made foray at morning with bran, sgeolan, lomair. -i awoke: the strange horse without summons out of the distance ran, thrusting his nose to my shoulder; he knew in his bosom deep that once more moved in my bosom the ancient sadness of man, and that i would leave the immortals, their dimness, their dews dropping sleep. o, had you seen beautiful niamh grow white as the waters are white, lord of the croziers, you even had lifted your hands and wept: but, the bird in my fingers, i mounted, remembering alone that delight of twilight and slumber were gone, and that hoofs impatiently stept. i cried, ‘o niamh! o white one! @@ -42456,7 +40253,6 @@ s. patric. where the flesh of the footsole clingeth on the burning stones is their place; where the demons whip them with wires on the burning stones of wide hell, watching the blessed ones move far off, and the smile on god’s face, between them a gateway of brass, and the howl of the angels who fell. oisin. put the staff in my hands; for i go to the fenians, o cleric, to chaunt the war-songs that roused them of old; they will rise, making clouds with their breath innumerable, singing, exultant; the clay underneath them shall pant, and demons be broken in pieces, and trampled beneath them in death. -and demons afraid in their darkness; deep horror of eyes and of wings, afraid their ears on the earth laid, shall listen and rise up and weep; hearing the shaking of shields and the quiver of stretched bowstrings, hearing hell loud with a murmur, as shouting and mocking we sweep. we will tear out the flaming stones, and batter the gateway of brass and enter, and none sayeth ‘no’ when there enters the strongly armed guest; make clean as a broom cleans, and march on as oxen move over young grass; then feast, making converse of eire, of wars, and of old wounds, and rest. s. patric. on the flaming stones, without refuge, the limbs of the fenians are tost; none war on the masters of hell, who could break up the world in their rage; but kneel and wear out the flags and pray for your soul that is lost through the demon love of its youth and its godless and passionate age. @@ -42497,9 +40293,6 @@ meluchra was daughter of cullain; and cullain mr. o’grady calls, upon i know n the people of the waters have been in all ages beautiful and changeable and lascivious, or beautiful and wise and lonely, for water is everywhere the signature of the fruitfulness of the body and of the fruitfulness of dreams. the white hair of fionn may be but another of the troubles of those that come to unearthly wisdom and earthly trouble, and the threats and violence of the fiana against her, a different form of the threats and violence the country people use, to make the aes sidhe give up those that are ‘away.’ bare is now often called an ugly old woman, but in the ‘song of bare,’ which lady gregory has given in her ‘saints and wonders,’ she laments her lost beauty after the withering of seven hundred years; and dr. joyce says that one of her old names was aebhin, which means beautiful. aebhin was the goddess of the tribes of northern leinster; and the lover she had made immortal, and who loved her perfectly, left her, and put on mortality, to fight among them against the stranger, and died on the strand of clontarf. - the poet pleads with the elemental powers (p. 37). -he thinks of his past greatness when a part of the constellations of heaven (p. 40). -he hears the cry of the sedge (p. 28). the rose has been for many centuries a symbol of spiritual love and supreme beauty. the lotus was in some eastern countries imagined blossoming upon the tree of life, as the flower of life, and is thus represented in assyrian bas-reliefs. because the rose, the flower sacred to the virgin mary, and the flower that apuleius’ adventurer ate, when he was changed out of the ass’s shape and received into the fellowship of isis, is the western flower of life, i have imagined it growing upon the tree of life. @@ -42511,7 +40304,6 @@ if the rose was really a symbol of ireland among the gaelic poets, and if ‘ros i have made the seven lights, the constellation of the bear, lament for the theft of the rose, and i have made the dragon, the constellation draco, the guardian of the rose, because these constellations move about the pole of the heavens, the ancient tree of life in many countries, and are often associated with the tree of life in mythology. it is this tree of life that i have put into the ‘song of mongan’ under its common irish form of a hazel; and, because it had sometimes the stars for fruit, i have hung upon it ‘the crooked plough’ and the ‘pilot star,’ as gaelic-speaking irishmen sometimes call the bear and the north star. i have made it an axle-tree in ‘aedh hears the cry of the sedge,’ for this was another ancient way of representing it. - the host of the air (p. 6). some writers distinguish between the sluagh gaoith, the host of the air, and sluagh sidhe, the host of the sidhe, and describe the host of the air as of a peculiar malignancy. dr. joyce says, ‘of all the different kinds of goblins .... air demons were most dreaded by the people. they lived among clouds, and mists, and rocks, and hated the human race with the utmost malignity.’ a very old aran charm, which contains the words ‘send god, by his strength, between us and the host of the sidhe, between us and the host of the air,’ seems also to distinguish among them. @@ -42520,7 +40312,6 @@ they are said to steal brides just after their marriage, and sometimes in a blas a man in galway says, ‘at aughanish there were two couples came to the shore to be married, and one of the newly married women was in the boat with the priest, and they going back to the island; and a sudden blast of wind came, and the priest said some blessed words that were able to save himself, but the girl was swept.’ this woman was drowned; but more often the persons who are taken ‘get the touch,’ as it is called, and fall into a half dream, and grow indifferent to all things, for their true life has gone out of the world, and is among the hills and the forts of the sidhe. a faery doctor has told me that his wife ‘got the touch’ at her marriage because there was one of them wanted her; and the way he knew for certain was, that when he took a pitchfork out of the rafters, and told her it was a broom, she said, ‘it is a broom.’ she was, the truth is, in the magical sleep, to which people have given a new name lately, that makes the imagination so passive that it can be moulded by any voice in any world into any shape. -a mere likeness of some old woman, or even old animal, some one or some thing the sidhe have no longer a use for, is believed to be left instead of the person who is ‘away’; this some one or some thing can, it is thought, be driven away by threats, or by violence (though i have heard country women say that violence is wrong), which perhaps awakes the soul out of the magical sleep. the story in the poem is founded on an old gaelic ballad that was sung and translated for me by a woman at ballisodare in county sligo; but in the ballad the husband found the keeners keening his wife when he got to his house. she was ‘swept’ at once; but the sidhe are said to value those the most whom they but cast into a half dream, which may last for years, for they need the help of a living person in most of the things they do. there are many stories of people who seem to die and be buried—though the country people will tell you it is but some one or some thing put in their place that dies and is buried—and yet are brought back afterwards. @@ -42550,7 +40341,6 @@ men are charming and without a blot there, and love is not forbidden there. o woman, when you come into my powerful country you will wear a crown of gold upon your head. i will give you the flesh of swine, and you will have beer and milk to drink, o beautiful woman. o beautiful woman, come with me!’ - the song of wandering aengus (p. 11). the tuatha de danaan can take all shapes, and those that are in the waters take often the shape of fish. a woman of burren, in galway, says, ‘there are more of them in the sea than on the land, and they sometimes try to come over the side of the boat in the form of fishes, for they can take their choice shape.’ at other times they are beautiful women; and another galway woman says, ‘surely those things are in the sea as well as on land. my father was out fishing one night off tyrone. @@ -42560,10 +40350,8 @@ and then they saw that it was a woman in the sea that had the shining eyes. so my father went to the priest, and he bid him always to take a drop of holy water and a pinch of salt out in the boat with him, and nothing could harm him.’ the poem was suggested to me by a greek folk song; but the folk belief of greece is very like that of ireland, and i certainly thought, when i wrote it, of ireland, and of the spirits that are in ireland. an old man who was cutting a quickset hedge near gort, in galway, said, only the other day, ‘one time i was cutting timber over in inchy, and about eight o’clock one morning, when i got there, i saw a girl picking nuts, with her hair hanging down over her shoulders; brown hair; and she had a good, clean face, and she was tall, and nothing on her head, and her dress no way gaudy, but simple. -and when she felt me coming she gathered herself up, and was gone, as if the earth had swallowed her up. and i followed her, and looked for her, but i never could see her again from that day to this, never again.’ the county galway people use the word ‘clean’ in its old sense of fresh and comely. - he mourns for the change that has come upon him and his beloved, and longs for the end of the world (p. 15). my deer and hound are properly related to the deer and hound that flicker in and out of the various tellings of the arthurian legends, leading different knights upon adventures, and to the hounds and to the hornless deer at the beginning of, i think, all tellings of oisin’s journey to the country of the young. the hound is certainly related to the hounds of annwvyn or of hades, who are white, and have red ears, and were heard, and are, perhaps, still heard by welsh peasants, following some flying thing in the night winds; and is probably related to the hounds that irish country people believe will awake and seize the souls of the dead if you lament them too loudly or too soon. an old woman told a friend and myself that she saw what she thought were white birds, flying over an enchanted place; but found, when she got near, that they had dogs’ heads, and i do not doubt that my hound and these dog-headed birds are of the same family. @@ -42572,12 +40360,10 @@ after the hunting of the hornless deer, that leads him to the seashore, and whil this hound and this deer seem plain images of the desire of man ‘which is for the woman,’ and ‘the desire of the woman which is for the desire of the man,’ and of all desires that are as these. i have read them in this way in ‘the wanderings of usheen’ or oisin, and have made my lover sigh because he has seen in their faces ‘the immortal desire of immortals.’ the man in my poem who has a hazel wand may have been aengus, master of love; and i have made the boar without bristles come out of the west, because the place of sunset was in ireland, as in other countries, a place of symbolic darkness and death. - the cap and bells (p. 22). i dreamed this story exactly as i have written it, and dreamed another long dream after it, trying to make out its meaning, and whether i was to write it in prose or verse. the first dream was more a vision than a dream, for it was beautiful and coherent, and gave me the sense of illumination and exaltation that one gets from visions, while the second dream was confused and meaningless. the poem has always meant a great deal to me, though, as is the way with symbolic poems, it has not always meant quite the same thing. blake would have said, ‘the authors are in eternity,’ and i am quite sure they can only be questioned in dreams. - the valley of the black pig (p. 24). all over ireland there are prophecies of the coming rout of the enemies of ireland, in a certain valley of the black pig, and these prophecies are, no doubt, now, as they were in the fenian days, a political force. i have heard of one man who would not give any money to the land league, because the battle could not be until the close of the century; but, as a rule, periods of trouble bring prophecies of its near coming. a few years before my time, an old man who lived at lisadill, in sligo, used to fall down in a fit and rave out descriptions of the battle; and a man in sligo has told me that it will be so great a battle that the horses shall go up to their fetlocks in blood, and that their girths, when it is over, will rot from their bellies for lack of a hand to unbuckle them. @@ -42595,7 +40381,6 @@ a faery doctor, on the borders of galway and clare, explained it as a battle bet it may once, when the land of the sidhe was the only other world, and when every man who died was carried thither, have always accompanied death. i suggest that the battle between the tuatha de danaan, the powers of light, and warmth, and fruitfulness, and goodness, and the fomor, the powers of darkness, and cold, and barrenness, and badness upon the towery plain, was the establishment of the habitable world, the rout of the ancestral darkness; that the battle among the sidhe for the harvest is the annual battle of summer and winter; that the battle among the sidhe at a man’s death is the battle of life and death; and that the battle of the black pig is the battle between the manifest world and the ancestral darkness at the end of all things; and that all these battles are one, the battle of all things with shadowy decay. once a symbolism has possessed the imagination of large numbers of men, it becomes, as i believe, an embodiment of disembodied powers, and repeats itself in dreams and visions, age after age. - the secret rose (p. 32). i find that i have unintentionally changed the old story of conchubar’s death. he did not see the crucifixion in a vision, but was told about it. he had been struck by a ball, made of the dried brain of a dead enemy, and hurled out of a sling; and this ball had been left in his head, and his head had been mended, the ‘book of leinster’ says, with thread of gold because his hair was like gold. @@ -42626,9 +40411,6 @@ the light was great. it was twice as much as in the other stables.’ the king hears of it, and makes him show him the box. the king says, ‘you must go and bring me the woman to whom the hair belongs.’ in the end, the young man, and not the king, marries the woman. early poems: - ballads and lyrics (p. 89). -‘the rose’ (p. 139). -‘the wanderings of oisin’ (p. 175). when i first wrote i went here and there for my subjects as my reading led me, and preferred to all other countries arcadia and the india of romance, but presently i convinced myself, for such reasons as those in ‘ireland and the arts,’ that i should never go for the scenery of a poem to any country but my own, and i think that i shall hold to that conviction to the end. i was very young; and, perhaps because i belonged to a young ireland society in dublin, i wished to be as easily understood as the young ireland writers, to write always out of the common thought of the people. i have put the poems written while i was influenced by this desire, though with an always lessening force, into those sections which i have called ‘early poems.’ i read certain of them now with no little discontent, for i find, especially in the ballads, some triviality and sentimentality. @@ -42638,7 +40420,6 @@ we have still the same tradition, but i have been like a traveller who, having w when writing i went for nearly all my subjects to irish folklore and legends, much as a young ireland poet would have done, writing ‘down by the salley garden’ by adding a few lines to a couple of lines i heard sung at ballisodare; ‘the meditation of the old fisherman’ from the words of a not very old fisherman at rosses point; ‘the lamentation of the old pensioner’ from words spoken by a man on the two rock mountain to a friend of mine; ‘the ballad of the old foxhunter’ from an incident in one of kickham’s novels; and ‘the ballad of moll magee’ from a sermon preached in a chapel at howth; and ‘the wanderings of oisin’ from a gaelic poem of the eighteenth century and certain middle irish poems in dialogue. it is no longer necessary to say who oisin and cuchulain and fergus and the other bardic persons are, for lady gregory, in her ‘gods and fighting men’ and ‘cuchulain of muirthemne’ has re-told all that is greatest in the ancient literature of ireland in a style that has to my ears an immortal beauty. printed by a. h. bullen, at the shakespeare head press, stratford-on-avon. -* * * * * transcriber’s notes: only the most obvious punctuation errors repaired. repeated section titles were removed. @@ -42651,11 +40432,6 @@ on baile’s strand. deirdre. shadowy waters :: being the second volume of the collected works in verse & prose of william butler yeats :: imprinted at the shakespeare head press stratford-on-avon mcmviii contents - page the king’s threshold 1 on baile’s strand 69 deirdre 125 the shadowy waters 179 -appendix i: acting version of ‘the shadowy waters’ 231 -appendix ii: a different version of deirdre’s entrance 251 -appendix iii: the legendary and mythological foundation of the plays 254 -appendix iv: the dates and places of performance of plays 256 the friends that have it i do wrong when ever i remake a song, should know what issue is at stake: it is myself that i remake. the king’s threshold to frank fay @@ -42704,14 +40480,11 @@ king. make him eat or drink. nor is it all because of my good name i’d have him do it, for he is a man that might well hit the fancy of a king, banished out of his country, or a woman’s, or any other’s that can judge a man for what he is. but i that sit a throne, and take my measure from the needs of the state, call his wild thought that overruns the measure, making words more than deeds, and his proud will that would unsettle all, most mischievous, and he himself a most mischievous man. -[he turns to go, and then returns again. promise a house with grass and tillage land, an annual payment, jewels and silken ware, or anything but that old right of the poets. -[he goes into palace. oldest pupil. the king did wrong to abrogate our right; but seanchan, who talks of dying for it, talks foolishly. look at us, seanchan; waken out of your dream and look at us, who have ridden under the moon and all the day, until the moon has all but come again, that we might be beside you. seanchan. -[half turning round, leaning on his elbow, and speaking as if in a dream.] i was but now in almhuin, in a great high-raftered house, with finn and osgar. odours of roast flesh rose round me, and i saw the roasting-spits; and then the dream was broken, and i saw grania dividing salmon by a stream. oldest pupil. @@ -42740,12 +40513,10 @@ but that’s not all: for when i asked you how a man should guard those images, oldest pupil. i answered—and the word was half your own— that he should guard them as the men of dea guard their four treasures, as the grail king guards his holy cup, or the pale, righteous horse the jewel that is underneath his horn, pouring out life for it as one pours out sweet heady wine.... but now i understand; you would refute me out of my own mouth; and yet a place at table, near the king, is nothing of great moment, seanchan. how does so light a thing touch poetry? -[seanchan is now sitting up. he still looks dreamily in front of him. seanchan. at candlemas you called this poetry one of the fragile, mighty things of god, that die at an insult. oldest pupil. -[to other pupils.] give me some true answer, for on that day we spoke about the court, and said that all that was insulted there the world insulted, for the courtly life, being the first comely child of the world, is the world’s model. how shall i answer him? can you not give me some true argument? @@ -42755,7 +40526,6 @@ o, tell him that the lovers of his music have need of him. seanchan. but i am labouring for some that shall be born in the nick o’ time, and find sweet nurture, that they may have voices, even in anger, like the strings of harps; and how could they be born to majesty if i had never made the golden cradle? youngest pupil. -[throwing himself at seanchan’s feet.] why did you take me from my father’s fields? if you would leave me now, what shall i love? where shall i go? @@ -42776,21 +40546,17 @@ be silent! there is nothing we can do except find out the king and kneel to him, and beg our ancient right. for here are some to say whatever we could say and more, and fare as badly. come, boy, that is no use. -[raises youngest pupil. if it seem well that we beseech the king, lay down your harps and trumpets on the stones in silence, and come with me silently. come with slow footfalls, and bow all your heads, for a bowed head becomes a mourner best. -[they lay harps and trumpets down one by one, and then go out very solemnly and slowly, following one another. enter mayor, two cripples, and brian, an old servant. the mayor, who has been heard, before he came upon the stage, muttering ‘chief poet,’ ‘ireland,’ etc., crosses in front of seanchan to the other side of the steps. brian takes food out of basket. the cripples are watching the basket. the mayor has an ogham stick in his hand. mayor. -[as he crosses.] ‘chief poet,’ ‘ireland,’ ‘townsman,’ ‘grazing land,’ those are the words i have to keep in mind— ‘chief poet,’ ‘ireland,’ ‘townsman,’ ‘grazing land.’ i have the words. they are all upon the ogham. ‘chief poet,’ ‘ireland,’ ‘townsman,’ ‘grazing land.’ but what’s their order? -[he keeps muttering over his speech during what follows. first cripple. the king were rightly served if seanchan drove his good luck away. what’s there about a king, that’s in the world from birth to burial like another man, that he should change old customs, that were in it as long as ever the world has been a world? @@ -42821,9 +40587,7 @@ that died to get it. i have brought out the food, and if my master will not eat of it, i’ll home and get provision for his wake, for that’s no great way off. well, have your say, but don’t be long about it. mayor. -[goes close to seanchan.] chief poet of ireland, i am the mayor of your own town kinvara, and i am come to tell you that the news of this great trouble with the king of gort has plunged us in deep sorrow—part for you, our honoured townsman, part for our good town. -[begins to hesitate; scratching his head. but what comes now? something about the king. brian. @@ -42848,26 +40612,20 @@ seanchan. reason in plenty. yellowy white hair, a hollow face, and not too many teeth. how comes it he has been so long in the world and not found reason out? -[while saying this he has turned half round. he hardly looks at the mayor. brian. -[trying to pull mayor away.] what good is there in telling him what he has heard all day! i will set food before him. mayor. -[shoving brian away.] don’t hurry me! it’s small respect you’re showing to the town! get farther off! -[to seanchan.] we would not have you think, weighty as these considerations are, that they have been as weighty in our minds as our desire that one we take much pride in, a man that’s been an honour to our town, should live and prosper; therefore we beseech you to give way in a matter of no moment, a matter of mere sentiment—a trifle— that we may always keep our pride in you. -[he finishes this speech with a pompous air, motions to brian to bring the food to seanchan, and sits on seat. brian. master, master, eat this! it’s not king’s food, that’s cooked for everybody and nobody. here’s barley-bread out of your father’s oven, and dulse from duras. here is the dulse, your honour; it’s wholesome, and has the good taste of the sea. -[takes dulse in one hand and bread in other and presses them into seanchan’s hands. seanchan shows by his movement his different feeling to brian. first cripple. he has taken it, and there’ll be nothing left! @@ -42875,20 +40633,17 @@ second cripple. nothing at all; he wanted his own sort. what’s honey to a cat, corn to a dog, or a green apple to a ghost in a churchyard? seanchan. -[pressing food back into brian’s hands.] eat it yourself, for you have come a journey, and it may be eat nothing on the way. brian. how could i eat it, and your honour starving! it is your father sends it, and he cried because the stiffness that is in his bones prevented him from coming, and bid me tell you that he is old, that he has need of you, and that the people will be pointing at him, and he not able to lift up his head, if you should turn the king’s favour away; and he adds to it, that he cared you well, and you in your young age, and that it’s right that you should care him now. seanchan. -[who is now interested.] and is that all? what did my mother say? brian. she gave no message; for when they told her you had it in mind to starve, or get again the ancient right of the poets, she said: ‘no message can do any good. he will not send the answer that you want. we cannot change him.’ and she went indoors, lay down upon the bed, and turned her face out of the light. -and thereupon your father said: ‘tell him that his mother sends no message, albeit broken down and miserable.’ [a pause. here’s a pigeon’s egg from duras, and these others were laid by your own hens. seanchan. she has sent no message. @@ -42902,7 +40657,6 @@ go tell them that she knew me. mayor. what is he saying? i never understood a poet’s talk more than the baa of a sheep! -[comes over from seat. seanchan turns away. you have not heard, it may be, having been so much away, how many of the cattle died last winter from lacking grass, and that there was much sickness because the poor have nothing but salt fish to live on through the winter? brian. @@ -42942,28 +40696,20 @@ i say, ‘long live the king! because he does not take our heads from us.’ call out, ‘long life to him!’ brian. call out for him! -[speaking at same time with mayor. there’s nobody’ll call out for him, but smiths will turn their anvils, the millers turn their wheels, the farmers turn their churns, the witches turn their thumbs, ’till he be broken and splintered into pieces. mayor. -[at same time with brian.] he might, if he’d a mind to it, be digging out our tongues, or dragging out our hair, or bleaching us like calves, or weaning us like lambs, but for the kindness and the softness that is in him. -[they gasp for breath. first cripple. i’ll curse him till i drop! -[speaking at same time as second cripple and mayor and brian, who have begun again. the curse of the poor be upon him, the curse of the widows upon him, the curse of the children upon him, the curse of the bishops upon him, until he be as rotten as an old mushroom! second cripple. -[speaking at same time as first cripple and mayor and brian. the curse of wrinkles be upon him! wrinkles where his eyes are, wrinkles where his nose is, wrinkles where his mouth is, and a little old devil looking out of every wrinkle! brian. -[speaking at same time with mayor and cripples.] and nobody will sing for him, and nobody will hunt for him, and nobody will fish for him, and nobody will pray for him, but ever and always curse him and abuse him. mayor. -[speaking at same time with cripples and brian.] what good is in a poet? has he money in a stocking, or cider in the cellar, or flitches in the chimney, or anything anywhere but his own idleness? -[brian seizes mayor. mayor. help! help! @@ -42981,19 +40727,15 @@ help! help! wait till we are in kinvara! first cripple. -[beating mayor on the legs with crutch.] i’ll shake the royalty out of his legs! second cripple. -[burying his nails in mayor’s face.] i’ll scrumble the ermine out of his skin! -[the chamberlain comes down steps shouting, ‘silence! silence! silence!’ chamberlain. how dare you make this uproar at the doors, deafening the very greatest in the land, as if the farmyards and the rookeries had all been emptied! first cripple. it is the chamberlain. -[cripples go out. chamberlain. pick up the litter there, and get you gone! be quick about it! @@ -43006,40 +40748,27 @@ pick up your litter! take your noise away! make haste, and get the clapper from the bell! brian. -[putting last of food into basket.] what do the great and powerful care for rights that have no armies! -[chamberlain begins shoving them out with his staff. mayor. my lord, i am not to blame. i’m the king’s man, and they attacked me for it. brian. we have our prayers, our curses and our prayers, and we can give a great name or a bad one. -[mayor is shoving brian out before him with one hand. he keeps his face to chamberlain, and keeps bowing. the chamberlain shoves him with his staff. mayor. we could not make the poet eat, my lord. -[chamberlain shoves him with staff. -much honoured [is shoved again]—honoured to speak with you, my lord; but i’ll go find the girl that he’s to marry. she’s coming, but i’ll hurry her, my lord. -between ourselves, my lord [is shoved again], she is a great coaxer. much honoured, my lord. o, she’s the girl to do it; for when the intellect is out, my lord, nobody but a woman’s any good. -[is shoved again. -much honoured, my lord [is shoved again], much honoured, much honoured! -[is shoved out, shoving brian out before him. -[all through this scene, from the outset of the quarrel, seanchan has kept his face turned away, or hidden in his cloak. while the chamberlain has been speaking, the soldier and the monk have come out of the palace. the monk stands on top of steps at one side, soldier a little down steps at the other side. court ladies are seen at opening in the palace curtain behind soldier. chamberlain is in the centre. chamberlain. -[to seanchan.] well, you must be contented, for your work has roused the common sort against the king, and stolen his authority. the state is like some orderly and reverend house, wherein the master, being dead of a sudden, the servants quarrel where they have a mind to, and pilfer here and there. -[pause, finding that seanchan does not answer. how many days will you keep up this quarrel with the king, and the king’s nobles, and myself, and all, who’d gladly be your friends, if you would let them? -[going near to monk. if you would try, you might persuade him, father. i cannot make him answer me, and yet if fitting hands would offer him the food, he might accept it. monk. @@ -43047,7 +40776,6 @@ certainly i will not. i’ve made too many homilies, wherein the wanton imagination of the poets has been condemned, to be his flatterer. if pride and disobedience are unpunished who will obey? chamberlain. -[going to other side towards soldier.] if you would speak to him, you might not find persuasion difficult, with all the devils of hunger helping you. soldier. i will not interfere, and if he starve for being obstinate and stiff in the neck, ’tis but good riddance. @@ -43083,14 +40811,11 @@ first girl. do it for my sake, peter. second girl. and for mine. -[each girl as she speaks takes peter’s hand with her right hand, stroking down his arm with her left. while second girl is stroking his arm, first girl leaves go and gives him the dish. soldier. well, well; but not your way. -[to seanchan.] here’s meat for you. it has been carried from too good a table for men like you, and i am offering it because these women have made a fool of me. -[a pause. you mean to starve? you will have none of it? i’ll leave it there, where you can sniff the savour. @@ -43102,20 +40827,16 @@ i lie rolled up under the ragged thorns that are upon the edge of those great wa i am out of life; i am rolled up, and yet, hedgehog although i am, i’ll not unroll for you, king’s dog! go to the king, your master. crouch down and wag your tail, for it may be he has nothing now against you, and i think the stripes of your last beating are all healed. -[the soldier has drawn his sword. chamberlain. -[striking up sword.] put up your sword, sir; put it up, i say! the common sort would tear you into pieces if you but touched him. soldier. if he’s to be flattered, petted, cajoled, and dandled into humour, we might as well have left him at the table. -[goes to one side sheathing sword. seanchan. you must need keep your patience yet awhile, for i have some few mouthfuls of sweet air to swallow before i have grown to be as civil as any other dust. chamberlain. you wrong us, seanchan. there is none here but holds you in respect; and if you’d only eat out of this dish, the king would show how much he honours you. -[bowing and smiling. who could imagine you’d so take to heart being put from the high table? i am certain that you, if you will only think it over, will understand that it is men of law, leaders of the king’s armies, and the like, that should sit there. seanchan. @@ -43138,7 +40859,6 @@ you cannot shake him. i will to the king, and offer him consolation in his trouble, for that man there has set his teeth to die. and being one that hates obedience, discipline, and orderliness of life, i cannot mourn him. first girl. -’twas you that stirred it up. you stirred it up that you might spoil our dancing. why shouldn’t we have dancing? we’re not in lent. @@ -43176,18 +40896,15 @@ seanchan. have you persuaded him to chirp between two dishes when the king sits down to table? monk. let go my habit, sir! -[crosses to centre of stage. seanchan. and maybe he has learnt to sing quite softly because loud singing would disturb the king, who is sitting drowsily among his friends after the table has been cleared. not yet! -[seanchan has been dragged some feet clinging to the monk’s habit. you did not think that hands so full of hunger could hold you tightly. they are not civil yet. i’d know if you have taught him to eat bread from the king’s hand, and perch upon his finger. i think he perches on the king’s strong hand. but it may be that he is still too wild. you must not weary in your work; a king is often weary, and he needs a god to be a comfort to him. -[the monk plucks his habit away and goes into palace. seanchan holds up his hand as if a bird perched upon it. he pretends to stroke the bird. a little god, with comfortable feathers, and bright eyes. @@ -43210,7 +40927,6 @@ are not the ruddy flesh and the thin flanks and the broad shoulders worthy of de go from me! here is nothing for your eyes. but it is i that am singing you away— singing you to the young men. -[the two young princesses come out of palace. while he has been speaking the girls have shrunk back holding each other’s hands. first girl. be quiet! @@ -43222,14 +40938,10 @@ we will go with you, aileen. but we must have some words with seanchan, for we have come to make him eat and drink. chamberlain. i will hold out the dish and cup for him while you are speaking to him of his folly, if you desire it, princess. -[he has taken dish and cup. first princess. -no, finula will carry him the dish and i the cup. we’ll offer them ourselves. -[they take cup and dish. first girl. they are so gracious; the dear little princesses are so gracious. -[princess holds out her hand for seanchan to kiss it. he does not move. although she is holding out her hand to him, he will not kiss it. first princess. @@ -43241,7 +40953,6 @@ he has taken it! he has taken it! the dear princesses! i have always said that nobody could refuse them anything. -[seanchan takes the cup in one hand. in the other he holds for a moment the hand of the princess. seanchan. o long, soft fingers and pale finger-tips, well worthy to be laid in a king’s hand! @@ -43252,26 +40963,21 @@ he lifted up his hand and blessed her hand— i saw it with my own eyes. hold out your hands; i will find out if they are contaminated, for it has come into my thoughts that maybe the king has sent me food and drink by hands that are contaminated. i would see all your hands. you’ve eyes of dancers; but hold out your hands, for it may be there are none sound among you. -[the princesses have shrunk back in terror. first princess. he has called us lepers. -[soldier draws sword. chamberlain. he’s out of his mind, and does not know the meaning of what he said. seanchan. -[standing up.] there’s no sound hand among you—no sound hand. away with you! away with all of you! you are all lepers! there is leprosy among the plates and dishes that you have carried. and wherefore have you brought me leper’s wine? -[he flings the contents of the cup in their faces. there, there! i have given it to you again. and now begone, or i will give my curse to you. you have the leper’s blessing, but you think maybe the bread will something lack in savour unless you mix my curse into the dough. -[they go out hurriedly in all directions. seanchan is staggering in the middle of the stage. where did i say the leprosy had come from? i said it came out of a leper’s hand, @@ -43285,12 +40991,9 @@ seanchan. he’s holding up his hand above them all— king, noblemen, princesses—blessing all. who could imagine he’d have so much patience? first cripple. -[clutching the other cripple.] come out of this! second cripple. -[pointing to food.] if you don’t need it, sir, may we not carry some of it away? -[they cross towards food and pass in front of seanchan. seanchan. who’s speaking? who are you? @@ -43306,26 +41009,19 @@ come away! maybe he’s cursed the food, and it might kill us. other cripple. yes, better come away. -[they go out. seanchan. -[staggering, and speaking wearily.] he has great strength and great patience to hold his right hand there, uplifted, and not wavering about. he is much stronger than i am, much stronger. -[sinks down on steps. enter mayor and fedelm. fedelm. -[her finger on her lips.] say nothing! i will get him out of this before i have said a word of food and drink; for while he is on this threshold and can hear, it may be, the voices that made mock of him, he would not listen. i’d be alone with him. -[mayor goes out. fedelm goes to seanchan and kneels before him. seanchan! seanchan! -[he remains looking into the sky. can you not hear me, seanchan? it is myself. -[he looks at her, dreamily at first, then takes her hand. seanchan. is this your hand, fedelm? i have been looking at another hand that is up yonder. @@ -43344,7 +41040,6 @@ fedelm. but is not the wild middle of the summer a better time to marry? come with me now! seanchan. -[seizing her by both wrists.] who taught you that? for it’s a certainty, although i never knew it till last night, that marriage, because it is the height of life, can only be accomplished to the full in the high days of the year. i lay awake: there had come a frenzy into the light of the stars, and they were coming nearer, and i knew all in a minute they were about to marry clods out upon the ploughlands, to beget a mightier race than any that has been. @@ -43362,17 +41057,12 @@ and therefore let us hurry, and get us home. seanchan. it’s certain that there is some trouble here, although it’s gone out of my memory. and i would get away from it. -give me your help. -[trying to rise. but why are not my pupils here to help me? -go, call my pupils, for i need their help. fedelm. come with me now, and i will send for them, for i have a great room that’s full of beds i can make ready; and there is a smooth lawn where they can play at hurley and sing poems under an apple-tree. seanchan. i know that place: an apple-tree, and a smooth level lawn where the young men can sway their hurley sticks. -[sings.] the four rivers that run there, through well-mown level ground, have come out of a blessed well that is all bound and wound by the great roots of an apple, and all the fowl of the air have gathered in the wide branches and keep singing there. -[fedelm, troubled, has covered her eyes with her hands. fedelm. no, there are not four rivers, and those rhymes praise adam’s paradise. seanchan. @@ -43380,20 +41070,16 @@ i can remember now, it’s out of a poem i made long ago about the garden in the they come before me now, and dig in the fruit with so much gluttony, and are so drunk with that harsh wholesome savour, that their feathers are clinging one to another with the juice. but you would lead me to some friendly place, and i would go there quickly. fedelm. -[helping him to rise.] come with me. he walks slowly, supported by her, till he comes to table. seanchan. but why am i so weak? have i been ill? sweetheart, why is it that i am so weak? -[sinks on to seat. fedelm. -[goes to table.] i’ll dip this piece of bread into the wine, for that will make you stronger for the journey. seanchan. yes, give me bread and wine; that’s what i want, for it is hunger that is gnawing me. -[he takes bread from fedelm, hesitates, and then thrusts it back into her hand. but, no; i must not eat it. fedelm. eat, seanchan. @@ -43410,21 +41096,17 @@ child! child! i must not eat it, though i die. fedelm. -[passionately.] you do not know what love is; for if you loved, you would put every other thought away. but you have never loved me. seanchan. -[seizing her by wrist.] you, a child, who have but seen a man out of the window, tell me that i know nothing about love, and that i do not love you! did i not say there was a frenzy in the light of the stars all through the livelong night, and that the night was full of marriages? but that fight’s over, and all that’s done with, and i have to die. fedelm. -[throwing her arms about him.] i will not be put from you, although i think i had not grudged it you if some great lady, if the king’s daughter, had set out your bed. i will not give you up to death; no, no! and are not these white arms and this soft neck better than the brown earth? seanchan. -[struggling to disengage himself.] begone from me! there’s treachery in those arms and in that voice. they’re all against me. @@ -43434,14 +41116,11 @@ fedelm. o, seanchan! seanchan! seanchan. -[rising.] go where you will, so it be out of sight and out of mind. i cast you from me like an old torn cap, a broken shoe, a glove without a finger, a crooked penny; whatever is most worthless. fedelm. -[bursts into tears.] o, do not drive me from you! seanchan. -[takes her in his arms.] what did i say, my dove of the woods? i was about to curse you. it was a frenzy. @@ -43453,20 +41132,15 @@ i will obey like any married wife. let me but lie before your feet. seanchan. come nearer. -[kisses her. if i had eaten when you bid me, sweetheart, the kiss of multitudes in times to come had been the poorer. -[enter king from palace, followed by the two princesses. king. -[to fedelm.] has he eaten yet? fedelm. no, king, and will not till you have restored the right of the poets. king. -[coming down and standing before seanchan.] seanchan, you have refused low, insolent laughter. maria was at her door instantly. across the court, a man could be seen for one moment, seated on serena’s wash-bench; then behind him the door closed with a bang, shutting off the shaft of firelight. -maria crossed the court, and when she had reached the man’s side he looked up. the moonlight fell upon his face. it was crown. “what yuh doin’ hyuh?” she asked him. @@ -43525,7 +41199,6 @@ he watched it intently. slowly he realized that parts of the little square still showed the moonlit waters of the bay, and that only the centre was blocked out by an intervening mass. then the mass moved, and porgy saw that it was the torso and shoulders of a man. the window was three feet in width, yet the shoulders seemed to brush both sides of it as the form bent forward. -the sash was down, and presently there came a sound as though hands were testing it to see whether it could be forced up. porgy was lying on his back. he reached his left hand over the covers and let the fingers touch ever so lightly the sleeping faces of first the baby, then the woman. his right hand slid beneath his pillow, and his strong, slender fingers closed about the handle of a knife. @@ -43546,7 +41219,6 @@ the faint, not unpleasant rhythm of the snoring came insistently forward. suddenly maria turned, her face quick with apprehension. she drew her wrapper closely about her, and crossed to porgy’s door. with only half of the distance traversed, she heard a sound from the room. -it was more of a muffled thump than anything else, and with it, something very like a gasp. when her hand closed over the knob all was silent again, except that she could hear a long, slightly shuddering breath. then came a sound that caused her flesh to prickle with primal terror. it was so unexpected, there in the chill, silent night. @@ -43574,7 +41246,6 @@ down, down they dropped, reaching low, and yet lower levels, until at last they then gradually they narrowed to a small circle that patrolled the air directly over a shape that lay awash in the rising tide, across the street from catfish row. suddenly from the swinging circle a single bird planed down and lit with an awkward, hopping step directly before the object. for a moment he regarded it with bleak, predatory eyes; then flew back to his fellows. -a moment later the whole flock swooped down, and the shape was hidden by flapping wings and black awkward bodies that hopped about and fought inward to the centre of the group. a negro who had been sleeping under an overturned bateau awoke and rubbed his eyes; then he sprang up and, seizing an oar, beat the birds away with savage blows. he bent over the object for a moment, then turned and raced for the street with eyes showing white. “fuh gawd’ sake, folks,” he cried, “come hyuh quick! @@ -43593,7 +41264,6 @@ she’s livin’ in the row, too. let’s go over and have a look.” the coroner cast an apprehensive glance at the forbidding structure across the way. “can’t be so sure,” he cautioned. -“corpse might have been washed up. tide’s on the flood.” “well, i’m goin’ to have a look at those two women, anyway,” the plain-clothes man announced. “that place is alive with crooks. @@ -43665,7 +41335,6 @@ i want to have a look at the woman, though.” he kicked the door open suddenly. porgy and bess were seated by the stove, eating breakfast from tin pans. on the bed in the corner the baby lay. -porgy paused, with his spoon halfway to his mouth, and looked up. bess kept her eyes on the pan, and continued to eat. the coroner stopped in the doorway, and made a businesslike show of writing in a notebook. “what’s your name?” he asked porgy. @@ -43715,7 +41384,6 @@ they were passing the door of maria’s shop when the detective caught sight of “but i’m going to have a look in here. i have never been able to get anything on this woman; but she is a bad influence in the neighborhood. i’d trust her just as far as i could throw her.” -the coroner heaved a sigh of resignation, and they stepped back, and entered the shop. upon the flooring, directly before the door, and not far from it, was a pool of blood. standing over the pool was a table, and upon it lay the carcass of a shark. maria sat on a bench behind the table. @@ -43798,7 +41466,6 @@ but the cripple had not even his slow glance of thanks for his benefactors on th always he kept veiled, apprehensive eyes directed either up or down the street, or lifted frightened glances to the sky, as though fearing what he might see there. at noon a white man stopped before him. but he did not drop a coin and pass on. -after a moment, porgy brought his gaze back, and looked up. the white man reached forward, and handed him a paper. “dat fuh me?” asked porgy, in a voice that shook. “you needn’t mind takin’ it,” the man assured him with a laugh. @@ -43840,7 +41507,6 @@ then the wagon appeared, a mere speck in the distance, but sending the sound of it grew rapidly until it reached the cheering crowds. then it seemed that even the sedate officers of the law were not above a sly humor of their own, for the vehicle slackened its pace perceptibly and prolonged the final moment of capture. the big buildings had been left behind, and there lay before porgy only the scattered, cheap bungalows of the labor quarters; and beyond, as elusive and desirable as the white man’s heaven, glimmered the far line of the woods, misty and beautiful in the pink autumn haze. -the patrol forged ahead and came to a clanging stop. the officers leapt out and, amid shouts of laughter from the crowd, lifted wagon, goat and man into the vehicle. the driver jerked the horse back into its breechings, swung the wagon with a dramatic snap that was not wasted upon his gallery, and sent it clanging and rocking back in the direction from which it had come. porgy fell forward, with his arms thrown out upon the back of the goat, and buried his face between them in the shaggy, evil-smelling hair. @@ -43904,17 +41570,14 @@ the keen autumn sun flooded boldly through the entrance and bathed the drooping in its revealing light, maria saw that porgy was an old man. the early tension that had characterized him, the mellow mood that he had known for one eventful summer, both had gone; and in their place she saw a face sagged wearily, and the eyes of age lit only by a faint reminiscent glow from suns and moons that had looked into them, and had already dropped down the west. she looked until she could bear the sight no longer; then she stumbled into her shop and closed the door, leaving porgy and the goat alone in an irony of morning sunlight. - the end proofreading team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by internet archive (https://archive.org) note: project gutenberg also has an html version of this file which includes the original lovely illustrations. see 65568-h.htm or 65568-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65568/65568-h/65568-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65568/65568-h.zip) images of the original pages are available through internet archive. see https://archive.org/details/runawaybunny00smit the runaway bunny - * * * * * * books by laura rountree smith bear and bunny book, the bunny boy and grizzly bear bunny bright eyes bunny cotton-tail junior candy-shop cotton-tails, the children’s favorite stories circus book, the circus cotton-tails, the cotton-tail first reader, the cotton-tail primer, the cotton-tails in toyland, the drills and plays for patriotic days games and plays hawk-eye, an indian story reader language lessons from every land little bear little eskimo merry little cotton-tails, the mother goose stories primary song book roly-poly book, the runaway bunny, the seventeen little bears snubby nose and tippy toes tale of bunny cotton-tail, the three little cotton-tails published by a. flanagan company chicago -* * * * * * the runaway bunny by laura rountree smith @@ -43943,13 +41606,11 @@ the tell-the-time rabbit 88 the thanksgiving dinner 101 chapter x christmas at mother bun’s 112 - [illustration: “a very old rabbit peeped out” (page 35)] chapter i time to run away the runaway rabbit has formed the habit of running away, i see. oh, runaway rabbit, please form the habit of staying awhile with me. the runaway rabbit sat on the doorstep of his own little house, saying, “by my cottontail, it is time for me to run away!” he took out his little brown traveling bag and packed it full. -[illustration: “packed it full”] he was in such a hurry to run away that he did not even stop to clear off his breakfast table. he did not even stop to wind his clock or lock his front door! hippety-hop, lippety-lop, he went down the path, carrying his little brown traveling bag. @@ -43968,14 +41629,12 @@ she wanted a little bunny to travel up and down the cellar stairs for her. at this very minute old father bun was saying: “i would pay a mint of money if i had a visiting bunny!” he wanted a little rabbit to bring in wood and water. -[illustration: “took out her field glasses”] suddenly, without any warning whatever, old mother bun took out her field glasses. and as she looked out of the window she remarked, “i think i see a little figure away over in the field coming this way very fast!” old father bun put his long ears close to the window to listen. he had wonderful hearing, and he said, “i think i hear the far-off patter, patter, patter of little feet. some one is coming. he should be here in five minutes.” -[illustration: “father bun took out his watch”] father bun took out his watch and kept looking at it, while he went outdoors to wait. he had not long to wait, for the runaway bunny soon came in sight. he cried: @@ -43991,14 +41650,12 @@ he put it into a chopping bowl and chopped it up for dinner. then he went pitter, patter, clitter, clatter, down to the cellar and brought up many other good things. old mother bun said: “you are such a little treasure, to keep you here will be a pleasure.” -[illustration: “the runaway bunny winked one eye”] at this the runaway bunny winked one eye; for he never stayed anywhere very long. he had formed the habit of running away. he next went with a hop and a skip and a bound, and brought in wood and water. old father bun was delighted. he said: “i swear, by my long and floppy ears, i will keep you here for years and years!” -[illustration: “opened his traveling bag”] the runaway bunny looked cross-eyed; but he had a merry time all day. he said, “grandmother bun, what a fine pantry you have!” and “grandfather bun, what a fine garden you have! will you take me riding in your wheelbarrow?” @@ -44009,7 +41666,6 @@ they said: please say you’ll live with us, little bunny.” the runaway bunny coughed politely and took his little brown traveling bag and went pitter, patter, clitter, clatter, upstairs. he put on his little white nightcap and night robe. -[illustration: “tucked him up snug and warm”] old mother bun tucked him up snug and warm in bed, and old father bun sang: “tra, la, la, la! to sing’s a habit. @@ -44021,9 +41677,7 @@ old father bun remarked: in the morning the runaway bunny was gone! he left his little brown traveling bag, so it looked as though he intended to come back some time. he also left a polite note to thank his grandparents for their kindness. -* * * * * now if you really want to know where the runaway bunny will go, just take this book and read and read; you’ll have a lively time, indeed! -[illustration: the bunny] chapter ii the hungry rabbit the runaway bunny went hippety-hop; he was hungry as could be. oh, runaway bunny, will you stop and take a bite with me? @@ -44033,7 +41687,6 @@ it seems to be time for something to eat.” he decided to ask the first animal he met for some breakfast. he went hopping and skipping along until he met pit-a-pat, the cat. he told her how very hungry he was. -[illustration: “told her how very hungry he was”] she said, “come home with me and i’ll give you a saucer of milk.” the runaway bunny replied: “i don’t drink milk, though you think it funny; i am a peculiar runaway bunny.” @@ -44042,7 +41695,6 @@ pit-a-pat remarked, “i ought to have asked who mother bun is. i might want to know some day.” my, how hungry the runaway bunny was! by and by he met rough coat, the old tramp dog, and asked him for a tiny bite of breakfast. -[illustration: “by and by he met rough coat”] rough coat said, “if you come with me i will give you a fine bone i buried last week.” the runaway bunny bowed politely and said: “i can’t eat bones, though you think it funny; i am a peculiar runaway bunny.” @@ -44077,7 +41729,6 @@ the runaway bunny followed him, muttering: “at the home of good old mother bun, there are plenty of meals for everyone.” they went along until they came to the den. there was a table set with carrots and cabbage and tender green spring-flower shoots and everything else, in fact, that a hungry bunny would like to eat. -[illustration: “waiting their turn to be served”] sure enough, the six little foxy-loxies sat like little gentlemen round the table, waiting their turn to be served. old foxy-lox invited the runaway bunny to eat a good square meal. nodding his head in the direction of the visitor, he whispered to his little foxes: @@ -44101,21 +41752,18 @@ pitter, patter, clitter, clatter, came the sound of two little feet. and another bunny stood in the path before him. this new friend now said: “i went to the side show and took in money, so you may call me a wee circus bunny.” -[illustration: “then he stood on his head”] then he stood on his head and did several circus tricks, as cunning as could be. at any other time the runaway bunny would have laughed. but he only said mournfully: “the world is large, the world is wide, and i am empty quite—inside!” the circus bunny said: “we’re very near a garden plot, we shall find a good meal, like as not.” -[illustration: “they had a fine meal”] they went hippety-hop until they came to the garden. here they ate the tops of some early spring flowers and some bits of tender lettuce. they had a fine meal before they were through with it. the circus bunny said: “let’s live in the garden a night and a day. there’s plenty of lettuce; come, what do you say?” -but the runaway bunny was off with a hop, with his ears and his tail going flippety-flop. the surprised circus bunny remarked, “that is funny! that rabbit is surely the runaway bunny.” chapter iii a load of easter eggs @@ -44138,17 +41786,13 @@ there were easter eggs on the table and easter eggs on the floor, easter eggs on they were painted in gay colors—red, blue, and gold. old mother give-away said: “a messenger i thought i’d borrow; you may help me take the eggs to-morrow.” -[illustration: “painting piles and piles of easter eggs”] then she told him how she and father give-away had spent many days painting piles and piles of easter eggs. she said she wanted every rabbit in the world to have an easter egg on easter morning. she wanted the eggs well hidden, so it would be fun to hunt for them. -[illustration: “splashing the colors upon them”] she went on painting the eggs, dashing and splashing the colors upon them. the runaway bunny planned where he would hide the easter eggs in every wee house he visited. he thought he would put them back of books and in vases and back of clocks and in cups and bowls and baskets. there are so many good places to hide wee easter eggs. -by and by the two bunnies curled up on the rug and fell asleep. -very early next day the runaway bunny woke up. he said: “may i start with the easter eggs today? please let me go, mother give-away.” @@ -44160,7 +41804,6 @@ then he asked again: please let me go, mother give-away.” then the rubbers piped up to answer him: “ask the umbrella in the hall; it may not answer you at all.” -[illustration: “the umbrella was in a very good humor”] the umbrella was in a very good humor and, as the runaway bunny opened it, said: “ask the raincoat what he will say about going out on a rainy day!” the runaway bunny chuckled as he slipped on the raincoat that hung on a nail. @@ -44178,7 +41821,6 @@ the rain cap replied: then the runaway bunny ran out into the yard and said to the wheelbarrow: “let’s start with the easter eggs to-day; come, mr. wheelbarrow, what do you say?” and the wheelbarrow said, “i am ready to start this very minute.” -[illustration: “about 246 easter eggs in the wheelbarrow”] then mother give-away came out and helped the runaway bunny pile about 246 easter eggs in the wheelbarrow. she covered them well to keep them dry. the runaway bunny remarked: @@ -44187,7 +41829,6 @@ the runaway bunny remarked: the wind whistled so hard that the runaway bunny did not hear the question. but he went rolling the wheelbarrow merrily along, singing: “perhaps you may think it very funny that i should be called an easter bunny.” -[illustration: “he left eggs at every rabbit house”] he left eggs at every rabbit house he passed, and by and by the wheel-barrow was empty. he left it in the road and went hippety-hop along, singing: “i wish you all a glad easter day. @@ -44216,7 +41857,6 @@ he knew it paid to advertise in newspapers. so he put on his old felt hat, took his walking stick, and started out to a real newspaper office. he took his notice to chatterbox, the monkey newspaper man. so all the animals soon read in their newspapers about the runaway bunny. -[illustration: “he took his notice to chatterbox”] when pit-a-pat read the notice, she smacked her lips and said: “here is a chance to have some fun, i’ll make a call on old mother bun.” so by and by it happened that old father bun said, “i hear the patter, patter of little feet.” @@ -44225,7 +41865,6 @@ pit-a-pat came to the door and bowed politely, saying: “i long for milk. may i have a drink? i can help you find the rabbit, i think.” -[illustration: “gave her a saucer of warm milk”] they gladly let pit-a-pat in and gave her a saucer of warm milk in their best blue-rimmed saucer. while she was licking her chops, old father bun said: “to inquire of you seems rather funny, but did you meet our runaway bunny?” @@ -44256,8 +41895,6 @@ rough coat said, “did he run as though he would never stop?” “yes, yes,” cried father and mother bun together. rough coat gave himself a great shake, remarking: “i enjoyed my lunch, i do declare; ask your questions of brother bear.” -[illustration: “whisk! -with a bound he was gone!”] whisk! with a bound he was gone! father bun said: @@ -44275,7 +41912,6 @@ the runaway bunny ran on and on until he could run no longer. then he set up a shout, for he had been traveling in a circle, and here he was back at his own little house in the woods! there was his wee spinning wheel in the corner. there were his dishes on the table as he had left them. -[illustration: “then he began to spin furiously”] he hopped into his wee bed and slept a week and a day. then he went down cellar and got a cabbage to eat. he felt very happy. @@ -44289,7 +41925,6 @@ the runaway bunny listened earnestly, for he had known what it was to be cold. pit-a-pat bowed her thanks and the runaway bunny began to spin again in real earnest, saying: “i can spin quite well if i only try, “i’ll buy firecrackers for the fourth of july.” “bowwow,” sounded outside the window. -[illustration: “there stood rough coat, growling”] there stood rough coat, growling, “i need a new collar. i want one with my name and address upon it, so if i get lost some one can lead me home.” the runaway bunny knew how hard it was to want things. @@ -44306,7 +41941,6 @@ when he had given the animals the money they wanted, he said: the runaway bunny dried his eyes, for he was so disappointed he had shed a few tears. and he said: “as long as i can make a rhyme, i’ll run away and have a good time.” -[illustration: “pit-a-pat came with a large flag”] he was just starting to run away when there was a great noise and pit-a-pat came with a large flag as a present, and rough coat brought firecrackers. soon all the animals gathered together for a surprise party and they set off fireworks and drank red lemonade. they all had a happy fourth of july. @@ -44343,7 +41977,6 @@ the circus bunny kept saying a little rhyme over and over: “will you spend a penny and form the habit of calling to see the circus rabbit?” they arrived at the fair. but just as they were going to set up a wee tent of their own and make money for themselves, some one picked them up by their long ears and put them in a wire cage. -[illustration: “picked them up by their long ears”] the circus bunny whispered: “well, this is a pretty how-do-you-do! i don’t know how to get out. @@ -44364,7 +41997,6 @@ he had never done a trick in all his life and was wondering what to do, when the “you were singing a very comical song, as i was coming along, along.” so the runaway bunny sang: “when i am lonesome i’m always singing of a jolly old kite that used to fly at the end of the string i was often swinging, and i said to old earth, ‘good-bye, good-bye!’” -[illustration: “up, up, up he began to sail”] at this very minute the most surprising thing happened! the runaway bunny was so little that he squeezed out through the wires in the cage door! he took hold of the string of a kite that was near, and up, up, up he began to sail, higher and higher, until he soon looked like a speck in the sky. @@ -44390,7 +42022,6 @@ i’m running away!’” all the school bells were ringing. the runaway bunny said: “there is one thing i can remember, school begins in glad september.” -[illustration: “went hippety-hop down the path”] he packed his neat little dinner pail and went hippety-hop down the path, singing happy little songs like this: the runaway bunny, as a rule, likes to run away, the runaway bunny said, “to school i go this september day. “i don’t know the words, i don’t know the tune. @@ -44417,7 +42048,6 @@ he shouted to pit-a-pat, who had gone on ahead: pit-a-pat said she knew nothing about the lost dinner pail. soon the runaway bunny caught up with rough coat and said: “it makes me shake my stubby tail to think i lost my dinner pail.” -[illustration: “brother bear came up and whispered softly”] then brother bear came up and whispered softly: “ask foxy-lox down in his den, and his little gentlemen!” the runaway bunny was very angry to think foxy-lox would take his dinner pail. @@ -44428,7 +42058,6 @@ the runaway bunny saw that brother bear was right. it would never do to go to foxy-lox’s house for his dinner pail. besides, that sly fox would never give it back. so the runaway bunny ran on to school and got there just two minutes late. -[illustration: “all the bunnies were in their seats”] all the bunnies were in their seats, ready for work. the runaway bunny took his seat and began to learn a rhyme the rest were studying. he said it over to himself: @@ -44445,14 +42074,12 @@ he did not wait for the close of school but went hippety-hop out of the window, “long ago i formed the habit of running away. i’m the runaway rabbit.” he stayed in the woods all the rest of september. -[illustration: “learned the names of the flowers”] from old brother bear he learned the names of all the fall fruits and flowers. suddenly he decided to go to town; and he left the wild woods, singing: “the runaway bunny was made for play, i’m running away! i’m running away! soon comes november, but still i’ll remember the things i have learned in happy september.” the runaway bunny was running away toward town. -[illustration: the bunny.] chapter viii the tell-the-time rabbit the runaway bunny could talk in rhyme, but for years and years he couldn’t tell time. one day the runaway bunny woke up in his own little house and sang: @@ -44473,7 +42100,6 @@ the runaway bunny said to himself: “to tell the time’s a convenient habit, for even a funny runaway rabbit.” “tick, tick, tick,” went the little wrist watch and it sang: “to talk a little is my turn, i’ll teach the time, if you want to learn.” -[illustration: “the runaway bunny was surprised”] the runaway bunny was surprised, you may be sure, and put his ear down close to the little watch to listen. the little wrist watch continued: “to learn some things is in your power, the short hand tells us all the hour.�� @@ -44499,11 +42125,9 @@ he wondered where they could be going. don’t you wonder, too? all this time old brother bear was on his way to the home of father and mother bun. when he came in, those two old bunnies were sitting by the fire. -[illustration: “sitting by the fire”] he took off his cap politely and said: “may i come in and warm my paws? its freezing cold until it thaws.” -[illustration: “gave him a plate of cakes”] seeing that old brother bear was friendly, old father bun allowed him to sit in a rocking chair by the fire. old mother bun gave him a plate of cakes, smoking hot, with honey on them. old mother bun said: @@ -44518,7 +42142,6 @@ so saying, he bowed politely and walked out of the door. old mother bun remarked: “i really think it very funny, he would not talk of the runaway bunny.” old father bun’s head went nid-nid-nodding. -[illustration: “up walked old foxy-lox”] up walked old foxy-lox, tapping on the window pane. foxy-lox asked for cookies and honey, but old mother bun would not let him in. he went off, shouting: @@ -44537,7 +42160,6 @@ the little wrist watch said to him: the runaway bunny had really learned to tell the time. but he wanted to tease, so he said: “it is bedtime, bedtime, o’er all the world in every clime.” -then he curled up in a hole in a hollow tree and went to sleep. all the time, his little wrist watch ticked busily on. for all who wanted to hear, it sang: “for hours and hours i tick away, a-telling time by night and day. @@ -44547,7 +42169,6 @@ for all who wanted to hear, it sang: that night the runaway rabbit cried out in his sleep: “it is warm in a hollow tree, i declare; it is dream time, dream time everywhere!” chapter ix the thanksgiving dinner - [illustration: “the market basket cried out”] one day late in november, the runaway rabbit sang: “to grandma bun i’ll hurry away, to help her keep thanksgiving day.” he had gone hippety-hop only a little way when he sat down on a stone to think. @@ -44561,7 +42182,6 @@ he rattled the dimes and quarters. he went hippety-hop to the market and said: “will you sell me a turkey of eighteen pounds? how very grand that order sounds!” -[illustration: “surprised the butcher”] to see such a little fellow with so much money surprised the butcher. but he weighed the turkey and it quite filled the market basket. the runaway bunny was starting merrily down the road, when the basket cried: @@ -44572,9 +42192,7 @@ he measured this, weighed that, and cut up and cooked the pumpkin. he baked a wonderful pumpkin pie and was about ready to set out again, when the basket cried: “fine potatoes are a treat on thanksgiving, if they’re sweet.” the runaway bunny threw his little red cap up in the air, shouting, “sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes!” -[illustration: “he pared them and cut them up”] so, leaving his turkey and pie, he ran hippety-hop to the grocer’s and bought sweet potatoes and took them home. -he pared them and cut them up. he pared some carrots, too. then he put them all on to cook. he sang: @@ -44595,7 +42213,6 @@ so he said: the runaway bunny switched his ears to and fro. but he let the animals help him set the table with turkey, gravy, sweet potatoes, cranberries, and pumpkin pie. and every minute he grew more and more hungry himself. -[illustration: “he grew more and more hungry”] foxy-lox said: “though we do not intend to be impolite, let’s taste to see if the dinner is right.” the runaway bunny enjoyed a joke as well as anyone. @@ -44609,7 +42226,6 @@ and he sang: “i like to travel; i’ve formed the habit; i am well named the runaway rabbit.” he ran off through the woods away, away, away! would he never stop? -[illustration: the bunny.] chapter x christmas at mother bun’s old mother bun was very busy making christmas presents and old father bun was very busy wrapping them up and putting the animals’ names upon them. every once in awhile, old mother bun would say, “did you remember old father chipmunk?” @@ -44618,7 +42234,6 @@ then old father bun would say, “did you remember old grandfather weasel?” one evening old father bun said: “are the stockings ready to hang? because it is almost time for santa claus.” -[illustration: “there were three stockings”] old mother bun got out a big stocking, a little stocking, and a middle-sized stocking, saying: “we’ll hang up three, though it seems so funny; we’ll put one up for the runaway bunny.” so there were three stockings hanging by the fireplace. @@ -44634,7 +42249,6 @@ i’m running away!” he ran on happily. suddenly he stopped and remembered he had no presents for old mother bun and old father bun. so back he went hippety-hop, hippety-hop, to his little house; and up he went into the attic and looked in an old trunk. -[illustration: “looked in an old trunk”] “ha, ha!” he cried. “i call this fun; here is a pipe for grandfather bun.” sure enough, there was a brand new pipe in a red velvet case. @@ -44650,7 +42264,6 @@ sometimes he stopped to rest and cried: it’s cold as ice! i forgot my mittens, so warm and nice.” his little sweater did not keep him warm enough. -[illustration: “he was getting colder every minute”] his little paws were very cold! his long ears were even colder! he was getting colder every minute as he went hippety-hop across the snow! @@ -44663,7 +42276,6 @@ he was singing: “i carry presents, as is my habit, aha! i think i see a rabbit.” he got out of his sleigh and waded into the snowdrift from which the bunny’s ears stuck out. -[illustration: “pulled the runaway bunny out”] then he pulled the runaway bunny out by the ears. the runaway bunny shook the snow from his fur and looked at the funny old man. “why, it’s santa claus!” shouted that surprised bunny. @@ -44679,7 +42291,6 @@ they slid down many chimneys and climbed over many roofs. then away they rode until by and by they came to the home of father and mother bun. they peeped in at the window. there sat old father and mother bun fast asleep in their armchairs. -[illustration: “crept down the chimney”] as santa claus crept down the chimney, he whispered to the runaway bunny, “you may help me, little bunny. you may trim the stockings with holly.” so he took a bunch of holly from his pack and the runaway bunny fastened sprays of it on the stockings. @@ -44699,7 +42310,6 @@ early christmas morning, old mother bun awoke and cried: next old father bun awoke and said: “i see very well—i have formed the habit; those look like the ears of the runaway rabbit.” then father bun took hold of one ear and mother bun took hold of the other ear, and they pulled the runaway bunny out of the stocking. -[illustration: “pulled bunny out by the ears”] they all cried, “merry christmas!” then the runaway bunny gave mother bun her spectacles and father bun his pipe. and they had a merry time with the presents santa claus had brought them. @@ -44707,7 +42317,6 @@ old mother bun gave the runaway bunny a new cap and sweater, and old father bun then the pair kissed him on both cheeks and begged him to live with them always. he said he would. then the runaway bunny put on his new cap and sweater and went coasting downhill on his new sled. -[illustration: “went coasting downhill”] the very last words that i heard him say were, “with grandpa and grandma bun i’ll stay, and if i live a year and a day, i’m entirely cured of running away!” i wonder if he ever ran away after that. i forgot to ask him! @@ -44747,172 +42356,82 @@ simple and compound microscopes and microscopic technic chapter i the simple microscopes page -simple microscopes, forms of 4 chapter ii compound microscopes -compound microscopes, structure of 7 compound microscopes, mechanical parts of 7 compound microscopes, optical parts of 9 compound microscopes, forms of 12 chapter iii microscopic measurements -ocular micrometer 19 stage micrometer 19 mechanical stage 21 micrometer eye-pieces 21 camera lucida 22 drawing apparatus 23 microphotographic apparatus 24 chapter iv how to use the microscope -illumination 26 micro lamp 27 care of the microscope 28 preparation of specimens for cutting 28 paraffin imbedding oven 30 paraffin blocks 31 cutting sections 31 hand microtome 31 machine microtomes 32 chapter v reagents -reagent set 39 measuring cylinder 40 chapter vi how to mount specimens -temporary mounts 41 permanent mounts 41 cover glasses 43 glass slides 44 forceps 45 needles 46 scissors 46 turntable 46 labeling 47 preservation of mounted specimens 48 slide box 48 slide tray 48 slide cabinet 49 part ii tissues, cells and cell contents chapter i the cell -typical cell 53 changes in a cell undergoing division 55 origin of multicellular plants 57 chapter ii the epidermis and periderm -leaf epidermis 59 testa epidermis 63 plant hairs 66 forms of hairs 67 papillæ 67 unicellular hairs 69 multicellular hairs 72 periderm 80 cork periderm 80 stone cell periderm 85 parenchyma and stone cell periderm 85 chapter iii mechanical tissues -bast fibres 89 crystal bearing bast fibres 90 porous and striated bast fibres 92 porous and non-striated bast fibres 96 non-porous and striated bast fibres 96 non-porous and non-striated bast fibres 96 occurrence of bast fibres in powdered drugs 103 wood fibres 104 collenchyma cells 106 stone cells 109 endodermal cells 116 hypodermal cells 118 chapter iv absorption tissue -root hairs 121 chapter v conducting tissue -vessels and tracheids 126 annular vessels 127 spiral vessels 127 sclariform vessels 128 reticulate vessels 131 pitted vessels 131 pitted vessels with bordered pores 131 sieve tubes 136 sieve plate 138 medullary bundles, rays and cells 138 medullary ray bundle 139 the medullary ray 139 the medullary ray cell 141 structure of the medullary ray cells 142 arrangement of the medullary ray cells in the medullary ray 142 latex tubes 142 parenchyma 144 cortical parenchyma 147 pith parenchyma 147 leaf parenchyma 150 aquatic plant parenchyma 150 wood parenchyma 150 phloem parenchyma 150 palisade parenchyma 150 chapter vi aerating tissue -water pores 151 stomata 151 relation of stomata to the surrounding cells 154 lenticels 157 intercellular spaces 158 chapter vii synthetic tissue -photosynthetic tissue 163 glandular tissue 164 glandular hairs 164 secretion cavities 166 schizogenous cavities 168 lysigenous cavities 168 schizo-lysigenous cavities 168 chapter viii storage tissue -storage cells 173 storage cavities 176 crystal cavities 176 mucilage cavities 176 latex cavities 176 oil cavity 178 glandular hairs as storage organs 178 storage walls 179 chapter ix cell contents -chlorophyll 182 leucoplastids 183 starch grains 183 occurrence 184 outline 185 size 185 hilum 185 nature of hilum 188 inulin 194 mucilage 194 hesperidin 196 volatile oil 196 tannin 196 aleurone grains 197 structure of aleurone grains 197 form of aleurone grains 197 description of aleurone grains 198 tests for aleurone grains 198 crystals 200 micro-crystals 200 raphides 200 rosette crystals 202 solitary crystals 205 cystoliths 210 forms of cystoliths 210 tests for cystoliths 215 part iii histology of roots, rhizomes, stems, barks, woods, flowers, fruits and seeds chapter i roots and rhizomes -cross-section of pink root 219 cross-section of ruellia root 219 cross-section of spigelia rhizome 223 cross-section of ruellia rhizome 226 powdered pink root 227 powdered ruellia root 227 chapter ii stems -herbaceous stems 233 cross-section, spigelia stem 233 ruellia stem 235 powdered horehound 237 powdered spurious horehound 237 insect flower stems 241 chapter iii woody stems -buchu stem 242 mature buchu stem 242 powdered buchu stem 245 chapter iv barks -white pine bark 248 powdered white pine bark 250 chapter v woods -cross-section quassia 254 radial-section quassia 254 tangential-section quassia 258 chapter vi leaves -klip buchu 260 powdered klip buchu 262 mountain laurel 264 trailing arbutus 264 chapter vii flowers -pollen grains 270 non-spiny-walled pollen grains 273 spiny-walled pollen grains 273 stigma papillæ 274 powdered insect flowers 278 open insect flowers 280 powdered white daisies 282 chapter viii fruits -celery fruit 285 chapter ix seeds -sweet almonds 289 chapter x arrangement of vascular bundles -types of fibro-vascular bundles 292 radial vascular bundles 292 concentric vascular bundles 295 collateral vascular bundles 295 bi-collateral vascular bundles 298 open collateral vascular bundles 298 index table of illustrations page fig. -1. tripod magnifier 4 fig. -2. watchmaker’s loupe 4 fig. -3. folding magnifier 4 fig. -4. reading glass 4 fig. -5. steinheil aplanatic lens 5 fig. -6. dissecting microscope 5 fig. -7. compound microscope of robert hooke 8 fig. -8. compound microscope 10 fig. -9. abbé condenser 11 fig. 10. 11 fig. 11. 11 fig. -12. objectives 11 fig. 13. 12 fig. 14. 12 fig. 15. eye-pieces. 12 fig. -16. pharmacognostic microscope 12 fig. -17. research microscope 14 fig. -18. special research microscope 14 fig. -19. greenough binocular microscope 15 fig. -20. polarization microscope 16 fig. -21. ocular micrometer 19 fig. -22. stage micrometer 19 fig. -23. micrometer eye-piece 20 fig. -24. micrometer eye-piece 21 fig. -25. mechanical stage 22 fig. -26. camera lucida 22 fig. -27. camera lucida 22 fig. -28. drawing apparatus 23 fig. -29. microphotographic apparatus 24 fig. -30. micro lamp 27 fig. -31. paraffin-embedding oven 30 fig. -32. paraffin blocks 31 fig. -33. hand microtome 31 fig. -34. hand cylinder microtome 34 fig. -35. hand table microtome 34 fig. -36. base sledge microtome 35 fig. -37. minot rotary microtome 36 fig. -38. reagent set 39 fig. -39. measuring cylinder 40 fig. -40. staining dish 40 fig. -41. round cover glass 44 fig. -42. square cover glass 44 fig. -43. rectangular cover glass 44 fig. -44. glass slide 44 fig. -45. histological forceps 45 fig. -46. forceps 45 fig. -47. sliding-pin forceps 45 fig. -48. dissecting needle 46 fig. -49. scissors 46 fig. -50. scalpels 47 fig. -51. turntable 47 fig. -52. slide box 48 fig. -53. slide tray 48 fig. -54. slide cabinet 49 -plate 1 the onion root 56 plate 2 leaf epidermis 60 plate 3 leaf epidermis 61 plate 4 testa epidermal cells 64 plate 5 testa cells 65 plate 6 papillæ 68 plate 7 unicellular solitary hairs 70 plate 8 clustered unicellular hairs 71 plate 9 multicellular uniseriate non-branched hairs 73 plate 10 multicellular multiseriate non-branched hairs 75 plate 11 multicellular uniseriate branched hairs 76 plate 12 non-glandular multicellular hairs 78 plate 13 multicellular multiseriate branched hairs 79 plate 14 multicellular multiseriate branched hairs 81 plate 15 multicellular multiseriate branched hairs 82 plate 16 periderm of cascara sagrada (rhamnus purshiana, d.c.) 84 plate 17 mandrake rhizome and white cinnamon 86 plate 18 periderm of white oak (quercus alba, l.) 87 plate 19 crystal-bearing fibres of barks 91 plate 20 crystal-bearing fibres of barks 93 plate 21 crystal-bearing fibres of leaves 94 plate 22 branched bast fibres 95 plate 23 porous and striated bast fibres 97 plate 24 porous and non-striated bast fibres 98 plate 25 non-porous and striated bast fibres 99 plate 26 non-porous and non-striated bast fibres 101 plate 27 groups of bast fibres 102 plate 28 wood fibres 105 plate 29 catnip stem and motherwort stem 107 plate 30 collenchyma cells 108 plate 31 branched stone cells 110 plate 32 porous and striated stone cells 113 plate 33 porous and non-striated stone cells 114 plate 34 cinnamon, ruella root, cascara and cinnamon 115 plate 35 cross-sections of endodermal cells of 117 plate 36 longitudinal sections of endodermal cells 119 plate 37 hypodermal cells 120 plate 38 cross-section of sarsaparilla root (smilax officinalis, kunth) 123 plate 39 root hairs (fragments) 124 plate 40 annular and spiral vessels 129 plate 41 spiral vessels 130 plate 42 sclariform vessels 132 plate 43 reticulate vessels 133 plate 44 pitted vessels 134 plate 45 vessels 135 plate 46 sieve tube 137 plate 47 radial longitudinal section of white sandalwood (santalum album, l.) 140 plate 48 kava-kava root and white pine bark 143 plate 49 black indian hemp and black indian hemp root 145 plate 50 latex vessels 146 plate 51 parenchyma cells 148 plate 52 grindelia stem (longitudinal) and grindelia stem (cross-section) 149 plate 53 aconite stem and peppermint stem 152 plate 54 types of stoma 153 plate 55 leaf epidermi with stoma 155 plate 56 belladonna leaf, deer tongue leaf and white pine leaf 156 plate 57 elder bark 159 plate 58 intercellular air spaces 160 plate 59 irregular intercellular air spaces 161 plate 60 glandular hairs 165 plate 61 stalked glandular hairs 167 plate 62 calamus rhizome and white pine bark 169 plate 63 canella alba bark and klip buchu leaf 170 plate 64 bitter orance peel and white pine leaf 171 plate 65 cinnamon, calumba, parenchyma, sarsaparilla, leptandra, quebracho, blackberry 174 plate 66 mucilage and resin 175 plate 67 cross-section of skunk-cabbage leaf (symplocarpus fœtidus, [l.] nutt.) -177 plate 68 reserve cellulose 180 plate 69 reserve cellulose 181 plate 70 starch 186 plate 71 starch 187 plate 72 starch 189 plate 73 starch 190 plate 74 starch 191 plate 75 starch grains 192 plate 76 starch masses 193 plate 77 inulin (inula helenium, l.) 195 plate 77a aleurone grains 199 plate 78 micro-crystals 201 plate 79 raphides 203 plate 80 rosette crystals 204 plate 81 inclosed rosette crystals 206 plate 82 solitary crystal 207 plate 83 solitary crystals 208 plate 84 solitary crystals 209 plate 85 solitary crystals 211 plate 86 solitary crystals 212 plate 87 rosette crystals and solitary crystals occurring in 213 plate 88 cystoliths 214 plate 89 cross-section of root of spigelia marylandica, l. 220 plate 90 ruellia root (ruellia ciliosa, pursh.). 222 plate 91 cross-section of rhizome of spigelia marylandica, l. 224 plate 92 cross-section of rhizome of ruellia ciliosa, pursh. -225 plate 93 powdered spigelia marylandica, l. 228 plate 94 powdered ruellia ciliosa, pursh. -229 plate 95 cross-section of stem of spigelia marylandica, l. 234 plate 96 cross-section of stem of ruellia ciliosa, pursh. 236 plate 97 powdered horehound (marrubium vulgare, l). -238 plate 98 spurious horehound (marrubium peregrinum, l.) 239 plate 99 powdered insect flower stems (chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, [trev. -], vis.) -240 plate 100 cross-section of buchu stems (barosma betulina [berg. -], barth, and wendl.) -243 plate 101 buchu stem and leptandra rhizome 244 plate 102 powdered buchu stems (barosma betulina [berg. -], barth. and wendl.). -246 plate 103 cross-section of unrossed white pine bark (pinus strobus, l.) 249 plate 104 powdered white pine bark (pinus strobus, l.) 251 plate 105 cross-section of quassia wood (picræna excelsa [sw.], lindl.) -255 plate 106 tangential section of quassia wood (picræna excelsa [sw.], lindl.) -256 plate 107 radial section of quassia wood (picræna excelsa [sw.], lindl.) -257 plate 108 cross-section of klip buchu just over the vein 261 plate 109 powdered klip buchu 263 plate 110 cross-section mountain laurel (kalmia latifolia, l.) 265 plate 111 cross-section trailing arbutus leaf (epigæa repens, l.) 266 plate 112 powdered insect flower leaves 268 plate 113 smooth-walled pollen grains 271 plate 114 spiny walled pollen grains 272 plate 115 papillæ 275 plate 116 papillæ of stigmas 276 plate 117 papillæ of stigmas 277 plate 118 powdered closed insect flower 279 plate 119 powdered open insect flower 281 plate 120 powdered white daisies (chrysanthemum leucanthemum, l.) 283 plate 121 cross-section of celery fruit (apium graveolens, l.) 286 plate 121 cross-section of celery fruit (apium graveolens, l.) 286 plate 123 cross-section sweet almond seed 290 plate 124 cross-section of a radial vascular bundle of skunk cabbage root 293 plate 125 cross-section of a phloem-centric bundle of calamus rhizome (acorus calamus, l.) 294 plate 126 cross-section of a closed collateral bundle of mandrake stem (podophyllum peltatum, l.) 286 plate 127 bi-collateral bundle of pumpkin stem (curcurbita pepo, l.) 297 part i simple and compound microscopes and microscopic technic chapter i the simple microscopes - the construction and use of the =simple microscope= (magnifiers) undoubtedly date back to very early times. there is sufficient evidence to prove that spheres of glass were used as burning spheres and as magnifiers by people antedating the greeks and romans. the simple microscopes of to-day have a very wide range of application and a corresponding variation in structure and in appearance. simple microscopes are used daily in classifying and studying crude drugs, testing linen and other cloth, repairing watches, in reading, and identifying insects. the more complex simple microscopes are used in the dissection and classification of flowers. -the =watchmaker’s loupe=, the =linen tester=, the =reading glass=, the =engraver’s lens=, and the simplest folding magnifiers consist of a double convex lens. such a lens produces an erect, enlarged image of the object viewed when the lens is placed so that the object is within its focal distance. the focal distance of a lens varies according to the curvature of the lens. the greater the curvature, the shorter the focal distance and the greater the magnification. @@ -44921,39 +42440,21 @@ the double and triple magnifiers consist of two and three lenses respectively. when an object is viewed through three lenses, the magnification is greater than when viewed through one or two lenses, but a smaller part of the object is magnified. forms of simple microscopes tripod magnifier -the =tripod magnifier= (fig. 1) is a simple lens mounted on a mechanical stand. the tripod is placed over the object and the focus is obtained by means of a screw which raises or lowers the lens, according to the degree it is magnified. watchmaker’s loupe -the =watchmaker’s loupe= (fig. 2) is a one-lens magnifier mounted on an ebony or metallic tapering rim, which can be placed over the eye and held in position by frowning or contracting the eyelid. -[illustration: fig. -1.--tripod magnifier] -[illustration: fig. -2.--watchmaker’s loupe] folding magnifier -the =folding magnifier= (fig. 3) of one or more lenses is mounted in such a way that, when not in use, the lenses fold up like the blade of a knife, and when so folded are effectively protected from abrasion by the upper and lower surfaces of the folder. -[illustration: fig. -3.--folding magnifier] -[illustration: fig. -4.--reading glass] reading glasses -=reading glasses= (fig. 4) are large simple magnifiers, often six inches in diameter. the lens is encircled with a metal band and provided with a handle. -[illustration: fig. -5.--steinheil aplanatic lens] steinheil aplanatic lenses -=steinheil aplanatic lenses= (fig. 5) consist of three or four lenses cemented together. the combination is such that the field is large, flat, and achromatic. these lenses are suitable for field, dissecting, and pocket use. when such lenses are placed in simple holders, they make good dissecting microscopes. -[illustration: fig. -6.--dissecting microscope] dissecting microscope -the =dissecting microscope= (fig. 6) consists of a steinheil lens and an elaborate stand, a firm base, a pillar, a rack and pinion, a glass stage, beneath which there is a groove for holding a metal plate with one black and one white surface. the nature of the object under observation determines whether a plate is used. when the plate is used and when the object is studied by reflected light it is sometimes desirable to use the black and sometimes the white surface. @@ -44961,7 +42462,6 @@ the mirror, which has a concave and a plain surface, is used to reflect the ligh the dissecting microscope magnifies objects up to twenty diameters, or twenty times their real size. chapter ii compound microscopes - the =compound microscope= has undergone wonderful changes since 1667, the days of robert hooke. when we consider the crude construction and the limitations of robert hooke’s microscope, we marvel at the structural perfection and the unlimited possibilities of the modern instrument. the advancement made in most sciences has followed the gradual perfection of this instrument. the illustration of robert hooke’s microscope (fig. @@ -44970,45 +42470,27 @@ the illustration of robert hooke’s microscope (fig. the parts of the compound microscope (fig. 8) may be grouped into--first, the mechanical, and, secondly, into the optical parts. the mechanical parts -1. the =foot= is the basal part, the part which supports all the other mechanical and optical parts. the foot should be heavy enough to balance the other parts when they are inclined. most modern instruments have a three-parted or tripod-shaped base. -2. the =pillar= is the vertical part of the microscope attached to the base. the pillar is joined to the limb by a hinged joint. the hinges make it possible to incline the microscope at any angle, thus lowering its height. in this way, short, medium, and tall persons can use the microscope with facility. the part of the pillar above the hinge is called the limb. the limb may be either straight or curved. the curved form is preferable, since it offers a more suitable surface to grasp in transferring from box or shelf to the desk, and vice versa. -[illustration: fig. -7.--compound microscope of robert hooke] -3. the =stage= is either stationary or movable, round or square, and is attached to the limb just above the hinge. the upper surface is made of a composition which is not easily attacked by moisture and reagents. the centre of the stage is perforated by a circular opening. -4. the =sub-stage= is attached below the stage and is for the purpose of holding the iris diaphragm and abbé condenser. the raising and lowering of the sub-stage are accomplished by a rack and pinion. -5. the =iris diaphragm=, which is held in the sub-stage below the abbé condenser, consists of a series of metal plates, so arranged that the light entering the microscope may be cut off completely or its amount regulated by moving a control pin. -6. the =fine adjustment= is located either at the side or at the top of the limb. it consists of a fine rack and pinion, and is used in focusing an object when the low-power objective is in position, or in finding and focusing the object when the high-power objective is in position. -7. the =coarse adjustment= is a rack and pinion used in raising and lowering the body-tube and in finding the approximate focus when either the high- or low-power objective is in position. -8. the =body-tube= is the path traveled by the rays of light entering the objectives and leaving by the eye-piece. to the lower part of the tube is attached the nose-piece, and resting in its upper part is the draw-tube, which holds the eye-piece. on the outer surface of the draw-tube there is a scale which indicates the distance it is drawn from the body-tube. -9. the =nose-piece= may be simple, double, or triple, and it is protected from dust by a circular piece of metal. double and triple nose-pieces may be revolved, and like the simple nose-piece they hold the objectives in position. the optical parts -1. the =mirror= is a sub-stage attachment one surface of which is plain and the other concave. the plain surface is used with an abbé condenser when the source of light is distant, while the concave surface is used with instruments without an abbé condenser when the source of light is near at hand. -[illustration: fig. 8.--compound microscope -eyepiece draw tube body tube coarse adjustment revolving nosepiece for three objectives fine adjustment stage objectives limb abbi condenser iris diaphragm hinge for inclining substage attachment mirror pillar foot] -2. the =abbé condenser= (fig. 9) is a combination of two or more lenses, arranged so as to concentrate the light on the specimen placed on the stage. the condenser is located in the opening of the stage, and its uppermost surface is circular and flat. -[illustration: fig. -9--abbé condenser] 3. -=objectives= (figs. 10, 11, and 12). there are low, medium, and high-power objectives. the low-power objectives have fewer and larger lenses, and they magnify least, but they show more of the object than do the high-power objectives. @@ -45016,37 +42498,21 @@ there are three chief types of objectives: first, dry objectives; second, wet ob the dry objectives are used for most histological and pharmacognostical work. for studying smaller objects the water objective is sometimes desirable, but in bacteriological work the oil-immersion objective is almost exclusively used. the globule of water or oil, as the case may be, increases the amount of light entering the objective, because the oil and water bend many rays into the objective which would otherwise escape. -[illustration: fig. -10.] -[illustration: fig. -11.] -[illustration: fig. 12. -objectives.] 4. -=eye-pieces= (figs. 13, 14, and 15) are of variable length, but structurally they are somewhat similar. the eye-piece consists of a metal tube with a blackened inner tube. in the centre of this tube there is a small diaphragm for holding the ocular micrometer. in the lower end of the tube a lens is fastened by means of a screw. this, the field lens, is the larger lens of the ocular. the upper, smaller lens is fastened in the tube by a screw, but there is a projecting collar which rests, when in position, on the draw-tube. -[illustration: fig. -13.] -[illustration: fig. -14.] -[illustration: fig. 15. -eye-pieces.] the longer the tube the lower the magnification. for instance, a two-inch ocular magnifies less than an inch and a half, a one-inch less than a three-fourths of an inch, etc. the greater the curvature of the lenses of the ocular the higher will be the magnification and the shorter the tube-length. forms of compound microscopes the following descriptions refer to three different models of compound microscopes: one which is used chiefly as a pharmacognostic microscope, one as a research microscope stand, while the third type represents a research microscope stand of highest order, which is used at the same time for taking microphotographs. -[illustration: fig. -16.--pharmacognostic microscope] pharmacognostic microscope -the =pharmacognostic microscope= (fig. 16) is an instrument which embodies only those parts which are most essential for the examination of powdered drugs, bacteria, and urinary sediments. this microscope is provided with a stage of the dimensions 105 × 105 mm. this factor and the distance of 80 mm. @@ -45058,26 +42524,17 @@ the objectives necessary are those of the achromatic type, possessing a focal le and 3 mm. oculars which render the best results in regard to magnification in connection with the two objectives mentioned are the huyghenian eye-pieces ii and iv so that magnifications are obtained varying from 62 to 625. it is advisable, however, to have the microscope equipped with a triple revolving nose-piece for the objectives, so that provision is made for the addition of an oil-immersion objective at any time later should the microscope become available for bacteriological investigations. the research microscope -the =research microscope= used in research work (fig. 17) must be equipped more elaborately than the microscope especially designed for the use of the pharmacognosist. while the simple form of microscope is supplied with the small type of abbé condenser, the research microscope is furnished with a large illuminating apparatus of which the iris diaphragm is mounted on a rack and pinion, allowing displacement obliquely to the optical centre, also to increase resolving power in the objectives when observing those objects which cannot be revealed to the best advantage with central illumination. another iris is furnished above the condenser; this iris becomes available the instant an object is to be observed without the aid of the condenser, in which case the upper iris diaphragm allows proper adjustment of the light. the mirror, one side plane, the other concave, is mounted on a movable bar, along which it can be slid--another convenience for the adjustment of the light. the microscope stage of this stand is of the round, rotating and centring pattern, which permits a limited motion to the object slide: the rotation of the microscope stage furnishes another convenience in the examination of objects in polarized light, allowing the preparation to be rotated in order to distinguish the polarization properties of the objects under observation. -[illustration: fig. -17.--research microscope] -[illustration: fig. -18.--special research microscope] special research microscope -a =special research microscope= of the highest order (fig. 18) is supplied with an extra large body tube, which renders it of special advantage for micro-photography. otherwise in its mechanical equipment it resembles very closely the medium-sized research microscope stand, with the exception that the stand is larger in its design, therefore offering universal application. in regard to the illuminating apparatus, it is advisable to mention that the one in the large research microscope stand is furnished with a three-lens condenser of a numerical aperture of 1.40, while the medium-sized research stand is provided with a two-lens condenser of a numerical aperture of 1.20. the stage of the microscope is provided with a cross motion--the backward and forward motion of the preparation is secured by rack and pinion, while the side motion is controlled by a micrometric worm screw. in cases where large preparations are to be photographed, the draw-tube with ocular and the slider in which the draw-tubes glide are removed to allow the full aperture of wide-angle objectives to be made use of. -[illustration: fig. -19.--greenough binocular microscope] binocular microscope -the =greenough binocular microscope=, as shown in fig. 19, consists of a microscope stage with two tubes mounted side by side and moving on the same rack and pinion for the focusing adjustment. either tube can be used without the other. the oculars are capable of more or less separation to suit the eyes of different observers. @@ -45085,11 +42542,8 @@ in each of the drub-like mountings, near the point where the oculars are introdu this microscope gives most perfect stereoscopic images, which are erect instead of inverted, as in the monocular compound microscopes. the greenough binocular microscope is especially adapted for dissection and for studying objects of considerable thickness. polarization microscope -the =polarization microscope= (fig. 20) is used chiefly for the examination of crystals and mineral sections as well as for the observation of organic bodies in polarized light. it can, however, also be used for the examination of regular biological preparations. -[illustration: fig. -20.--polarization microscope] if compared with the regular biological microscope, the polarization microscope is found characteristic of the following points: it is supplied with a polarization arrangement. the latter consists of a polarizer and analyzer. the polarizer is situated in a rotating mount beneath the condensing system. @@ -45132,17 +42586,11 @@ many types of polarization microscopes have been constructed; those of a more el chapter iii microscopic measurements in making critical examinations of powdered drugs, it is frequently necessary to measure the elements under observation, particularly in the case of starches and crystals. -[illustration: fig. -21.--ocular micrometer] ocular micrometer -microscopic measurements are made by the =ocular micrometer= (fig. 21). this consists of a circular piece of transparent glass on the centre of which is etched a one- or two-millimeter scale divided into one hundred or two hundred divisions respectively. the value of each line is determined by standardizing with a stage micrometer. stage micrometer -[illustration: fig. -22.--stage micrometer] -the =stage micrometer= (fig. 22) consists of a glass slide upon which is etched a millimeter scale divided into one hundred equal parts or lines: each line has a value of one hundredth of a millimeter. standardization of ocular micrometer with low-power objective having placed the ocular micrometer in the eye-piece and the stage micrometer on the centre of the stage, focus until the lines of the stage micrometer are clearly seen. @@ -45152,48 +42600,30 @@ then calculate the value of each line of the ocular. this is done in the following manner: if the one hundred lines of the ocular cover seventy-five lines of the stage micrometer, then the one hundred lines of the ocular micrometer are equivalent to seventy-five one-hundredths, or three-fourths, of a millimeter. one line of the ocular micrometer will therefore be equivalent to one-hundredth of seventy-five one-hundredths, or .0075 part of a millimeter, and as a micron is the unit for measuring microscopic objects, this being equivalent to one one-thousandth of a millimeter, the value of each line of the ocular will therefore be 7.5 microns. -[illustration: fig. -23.--micrometer eye-piece] with the high-power objective in place, ascertain the value of each line of the ocular. if one hundred lines of the ocular cover only twelve lines of the stage micrometer, then the one hundred lines of the ocular are equivalent to twelve one-hundredths of a millimeter, the value of one line being equivalent to one one-hundredth of twelve one-hundredths, or twelve ten-thousandths of a millimeter, or .0012, or 1.2µ. it will therefore be seen that objects as small as a thousandth of a millimeter can be accurately measured by the ocular micrometer. in making microscopic measurements it is only necessary to find how many lines of the ocular scale are covered by the object. the number of lines multiplied by the equivalent of each line will be the size of the object in microns, or micromillimeters. -[illustration: fig. -24.--micrometer eye-piece] micrometer eye-pieces -=micrometer eye-pieces= (figs. 23 and 24) may be used in making measurements. these eye-pieces with micrometer combinations are preferred by some workers, but the ocular micrometer will meet the needs of the average worker. mechanical stages moving objects by hand is tiresome and unsatisfactory, first, because of the possibility of losing sight of the object under observation, and secondly, because the field cannot be covered so systematically as when a mechanical stage is used for moving slides. -the =mechanical stage= (fig. 25) is fastened to the stage by a screw. the slide is held by two clamps. there is a rack and pinion for moving the slide to left or right, and another rack and pinion for moving the slide forward and backward. -[illustration: fig. -25. mechanical stage] camera lucida -the =camera lucida= is an optical mechanical device for aiding the worker in making drawings of microscopic objects. the instrument is particularly necessary in research work where it is desirable to reproduce an object in all its details. in fact, all reproductions illustrating original work should be made by means of the camera lucida or by microphotography. -[illustration: fig. -26.--camera lucida] -[illustration: fig. -27.--camera lucida] a great many different types of camera lucidas or drawing apparatus are obtainable, varying from simple-inexpensive to complex-expensive forms. figs. 26, 27, and 28 show simple and complex forms. -[illustration: fig. -28.--drawing apparatus] microphotographic apparatus -the =microphotographic apparatus= (fig. 29), as the name implies, is an apparatus constructed in such a manner that it may be attached to a microscope when we desire to photograph microscopic objects. it consists of a metal base and a polished metal pillar for holding the bellows, slide holder, ground-glass observation plate, and eye-piece. in making photographs, the small end of the bellows is attached to the ocular of the microscope, the focus adjusted, and the object or objects photographed. more uniform results are obtained in making such photographs if an artificial light of an unvarying candle-power is used. -[illustration: fig. -29.--microphotographic apparatus] there are obtainable more elaborate microphotographic apparatus than the one figured and described, but for most workers this one will prove highly satisfactory. it is possible, by inclining the tube of the microscope, to make good microphotographs with an ordinary plate camera. this is accomplished by removing the lens of the camera and attaching the bellows to the ocular, focusing, and photographing. @@ -45204,8 +42634,6 @@ incline the body so that the ocular is on a level with your eye, if necessary; b in viewing the specimen, keep both eyes open. use one eye for observation and the other for sketching. in this way it will not be necessary to remove the observation eye from the ocular unless it be to complete the details of a sketch. -=learn to use both eyes.= most workers, however, accustom themselves to using one eye; when they are sketching, they use both eyes, although it is not necessary to do so. -=open the iris diaphragm=, and incline the mirror so that white light is reflected on the abbé condenser. place the slide on the centre of the stage, and if the slide contains a section of a plant, move the slide so as to place this specimen over the centre of the abbé condenser. then lower the body by means of the coarse adjustment until the low-power object, which should always be in position when work is begun, is within one-fourth of an inch of the stage. then raise the body by means of the coarse adjustment until the object, or objects, in case a powder is being examined, is seen. @@ -45214,10 +42642,8 @@ then regulate the focus by moving the body up or down by turning the fine adjust when studying cross-sections or large particles of powders, it is sometimes desirable to make low-power sketches of the specimen. in most cases, however, only sufficient time should be spent in studying the specimen to give an idea of the size, structure, and general arrangement or plan or structure if a section of a plant, or, if a powder, to note its striking characters. all the finer details of structure are best brought out with the high-power objective in position. -in =placing the high-power objective in position=, it is first necessary to raise the body by the coarse adjustment; then open the iris diaphragm, and lower the body until the objective is within about one-eighth of an inch of the slide. now raise the tube by the fine adjustment until the object is in focus, then gradually close the iris diaphragm until a clear definition of the object is obtained. now proceed to make an accurate sketch of the object or objects being studied. -in =using the water or oil-immersion objectives= it is first necessary to place a drop of distilled water or oil, as the case may be, immediately over the specimen, then lower the body by the coarse adjustment until the lens of the objective touches the water or the oil. raise the tube, regulate the light by the iris diaphragm, and proceed as if the high-power objectives were in position. the water or oil should be removed from the objectives and from the slide when not in use. after the higher-powered objective has been used, the body should be raised, and the low-power objective placed in position. @@ -45226,8 +42652,6 @@ lastly, clean the mirror with a soft piece of linen. in returning the microscope to its case, or to the shelf, grasp the limb, or the pillar, firmly and carry as nearly vertical as possible in order not to dislodge the eye-piece. illumination the illumination for microscopic work may be from natural or artificial sources. -[illustration: fig. -30.--micro lamp] it has been generally supposed that the best possible illumination for microscopic work is diffused sunlight obtained from a northern direction. no matter from what direction diffused sunlight is obtained, it will be found suitable for microscopic work. in no case should direct sunlight be used, because it will be found blinding in its effects upon the eyes. @@ -45269,15 +42693,12 @@ good workable sections may be cut from specimens embedded by this quick paraffin after a little practice the entire process can be carried out in less than an hour. this method of preparing specimens for cutting will meet every need of the pharmacognosist. long paraffin process -in order to bring out the structure of the =protoplast= (living part of the cell), it will be necessary to begin with the living part of the plant and to use the long paraffin method or the collodion method. small fragments of a leaf, stem, or root-tip are placed in chromic-acid solution, acetic alcohol, picric acid, chromacetic acid, alcohol, etc., depending upon the nature of the specimen under observation. the object of placing the living specimen in such solutions is to kill the protoplast suddenly so that the parts of the cell will bear the same relationship to each other that they did in the living plant, and to fix the parts so killed. after the fixing process is complete, the specimen is freed of the fixing agent by washing in water. from the water-bath the specimens are transferred successively to 10, 20, 40, 60, 70, 80, 90, and finally 100 per cent alcohol. in this 100 per cent alcohol-bath the last traces of moisture are removed. the length of time required to leave the specimens in the different percentages of alcohols varies from a few minutes to twenty-four hours, depending upon the size and the nature of the specimen. -[illustration: fig. -31.--paraffin-embedding oven] after dehydration the specimen is placed in a clearing agent--chloroform or xylol--both of which are suitable when embedding in paraffin. the clearing agents replace the alcohol in the cells, and at the same time render the tissues transparent. from the clearing agent the specimen is placed in a weak solution of paraffin, dissolved xylol, or chloroform. @@ -45288,16 +42709,11 @@ the specimen is now ready to be embedded. first make a mould of cardboard or a lead-embedding frame (fig. 32), melt the paraffin, and then place the specimen in a manner that will facilitate cutting. remove the excess of paraffin and cut when desired. -[illustration: fig. -32.--paraffin blocks] in using the collodion method for embedding fibrous specimens, as wood, bark, roots, etc., the specimen is first fixed with picric acid, washed with water, cleared in ether-alcohol, embedded successively in two, five, and twelve per cent ether-alcohol collodion solution, and finally embedded in a pure collodion bath. cutting sections specimens prepared as described above may be cut with a hand microtome or a machine microtome. hand microtome -in cutting sections by a =hand microtome=, it is necessary to place the specimen, embedded in paraffin or held between pieces of elder pith, carrot, or potato, over the second joints of the fingers, then press the first joints firmly upon the specimen with the thumb pressed against it. if they are correctly held, the specimens will be just above the level of the finger and the end of the thumb, and the joint will be below the level of the finger. -[illustration: fig. -33.--hand microtome] hold the section cutter (fig. 33) firmly in the hand with the flat surface next to the specimen. while cutting the section, press your arm firmly against your chest, and bend the wrist nearly at right angles to the arm. @@ -45307,15 +42723,12 @@ when the examination of drugs is a daily occurrence, the above method will be fo machine microtomes when a number of sections are to be prepared from a given specimen, it is desirable to cut the sections on a machine microtome, particularly when the sections are to be prepared for the use of students, in which case they should be as uniform as possible. great care should be exercised in cutting sections with a machine microtome--first, in the selection of the type of the microtome; and secondly, in the style of knife used in cutting. -for soft tissues embedded in paraffin or collodion, the =rotary microtome= with vertical knife will give best results. the thickness of the specimen is regulated by mechanical means, so that in cutting the sections it is only necessary to turn a crank and remove the specimens from the knife-edge, unless there is a ribbon-carrier attachment. if the sections are being cut from a specimen embedded by the quick paraffin method, it is best to drop the section in a metal cup partly filled with warm water. this will cause the paraffin to straighten out, and the specimen will uncoil. after sufficient specimens have been cut, the cup should be placed in a boiling-water bath until the paraffin surrounding the sections melts and floats on the water. -before removing the specimen from the water-bath, it is advisable to shake the glass vigorously in order to cause as many specimens as possible to settle to the bottom of the cup. the cup is then placed in iced water or set aside until the paraffin has solidified. the cake-like mass is then removed from the cup, and the sections adhering to its under surface are removed by lifting them carefully off with the flat side of the knife and transferring them, together with the sections at the bottom of the cup, to a wide-mouth bottle, and covered with alcohol, glycerine, and water mixture; or if it is desired to stain the specimens, they should be placed in a weak alcoholic solution. -specimens having a hard, woody texture should be cut on a =sliding microtome= by means of a special wood knife, which is especially tempered to cut woody substances. woody roots, wood, or thick bark may be cut readily on this microtome when they have been embedded by the quick paraffin process. the knife in the sliding microtome is placed in a horizontal position, slanting so that the knife-edge is drawn gradually across the specimen. after cutting, the sections are treated as described above. @@ -45329,22 +42742,15 @@ these sections are now stained with water-stains, brought back through alcohol, if alcoholic stains are used, it will not be necessary to dehydrate before staining, and the dehydration after staining will also be eliminated. sections infiltrated with collodion are either stained directly without removing the collodion or after removal. forms of microtomes -the =hand cylinder microtome= (fig. 34) consists of a cylindrical body. the clamp for holding the specimen is near the top below the cutting surface. at the lower end is attached a micrometer screw with a divided milled head. when moved forward one division, the specimen is raised 0.01 mm. this micrometer screw has an upward movement of 10 mm. the cutting surface consists of a cylindrical glass ring. -[illustration: fig. -34.--hand cylinder microtome] -[illustration: fig. -35.--hand table microtome] -the =hand table microtome= (fig. 35) is provided with a clamp, by which it may be attached to the edge of a table or desk. the cutting surface consists of two separated but parallel glass benches. the object is held by a clamp and is raised by a micrometer screw, which, when moved through one division by turning the divided head, raises the specimen 0.01 mm. -the =sliding microtome= has a track of 250 mm. the object is held by a clamp and its height regulated by hand. the disk regulating the micrometer screw is divided into one hundred parts. when this is turned through one division, the object is raised 0.005 mm. @@ -45353,17 +42759,11 @@ if the disk is turned through two divisions, there will be two clicks, etc. in this way is regulated the thickness of the sections cut. when the micrometer screw has been turned through the one hundred divisions, it must be unscrewed, the specimen raised, and the steps of the process repeated. the knife is movable and is drawn across the specimen in making sections. -[illustration: fig. -36.--base sledge microtome] -the =base sledge microtome= (fig. 36) has a heavy iron base which supports a sliding-way on which the object-carrier moves. the object-carrier is mounted on a solid mass of metal, and is provided with a clamp for holding the object. the object is raised by turning a knob which, when turned once, raises the specimen one to twenty microns, according to how the feeding mechanism is set. sections thicker than twenty microns may be obtained by turning the knob two or more times. the knife is fixed and is supported by two pillars, the base of which may be moved forward or backward in such a manner that the knife can be arranged with an oblique or right-angled cutting surface. -[illustration: fig. -37.--minot rotary microtome] -the =minot rotary microtome= (fig. 37) has a fixed knife, held in position by two pillars, and a movable object-carrier. the object is firmly secured by a clamp, and it is raised by a micrometer screw. the screw is attached to a wheel having five hundred teeth on its periphery. @@ -45381,37 +42781,13 @@ reagents a few reagents will be found useful, however, and these few are given, as well as their special use. they are as follows: list of reagents -=distilled water= is used in the alcohol, glycerine, and water mixture as a general mounting medium. it is used when warm as a test for inulin and it is used in preparing various reagents. -=glycerine= is used in preparing the alcohol, glycerine, and water mixture, in testing for aleurone grains, and as a temporary mounting medium. -=alcohol= is used in preparing the alcohol, glycerine, and water mixture, in testing for volatile oils. -=acetic acid=. both dilute and strong solutions are used in testing for aleurone grains, cystoliths, and crystals of calcium oxalate. -=hydrochloric acid= is used in connection with phloroglucin as a test for lignin and as a test for calcium oxalate. -=ferric chloride solution= is used as a test for tannin. -=sulphuric acid= is used as a test for calcium oxalate. -=tincture alkana= is used when freshly prepared by macerating the granulated root with alcohol and filtering, as a test for resin. -=sodium hydroxide=. a five per cent solution is used as a test for suberin and as a clearing agent. -=copper ammonia= is used as a test for cellulose. -=ammonical solution of potash= is used as a test for fixed oils. the solution is a mixture of equal parts of a saturated solution of potassium hydroxide and stronger ammonia. -=oil of cloves= is used as a clearing fluid for sections preparatory to mounting in canada balsam. -=canada balsam= is used as a permanent mounting medium for dehydrated specimens, and as a cement for ringing slides. -=paraffin= is used for general embedding and infiltrating. -=lugol’s solution= is used as a test for starch and for aleurone grains and proteid matters. -=osmic acid=. a two per cent solution is used as a test for fixed oils. -=alcohol, glycerine, and water mixture= is used as a temporary mounting medium and as a qualitative test for fixed oils. -=chlorzinc iodide= is used as a test for suberin, lignin, cellulose, and starch. -=analine chloride= is used as a test for lignified cell walls of bast fibres and of stone cells. -=phloroglucin=. a one per cent alcoholic solution is used in connection with hydrochloric acid as a test for lignin. -=hæmatoxylin-delifields= is used as a test for cellulose. -[illustration: fig. -38.--reagent set] reagent set -each worker should be provided with a set of =reagent bottles= (fig. 38). such a set may be selected according to the taste of the individual, but experience has shown that a 30 c.c. bottle with a ground-in pipette and a rubber bulb is preferable to other types. @@ -45422,19 +42798,13 @@ in order accurately to measure micro-chemical reagents, it is necessary to have cylinder (fig. 39) graduated to c.c.’s. such a cylinder should form a part of the reagent set. -[illustration: fig. -39.--measuring cylinder] staining dishes -[illustration: fig. -40.--staining dish] -there is a great variety of =staining dishes= (fig. 40), but for general histological work a glass staining dish with groves for holding six or more slides and a glass cover is most desirable. chapter vi how to mount specimens the method of procedure in mounting specimens for study varies according to the nature of the specimen, its preliminary treatment, and the character of the mount to be made. as to duration, mounts are either temporary or permanent. temporary mounts -in preparing a =temporary mount=, place the specimen in the centre of a clean slide and add two or more drops of the temporary mounting medium, which may be water, or a mixture of equal parts of alcohol, glycerine, and water, or some micro-chemical reagent, as weak lugol’s solution, solution of chloral hydrate, etc. cover this with a cover glass and press down gently. remove the excess of the mounting medium with a piece of blotting paper. now place the slide on the stage and proceed to examine it. @@ -45449,7 +42819,6 @@ cut a small cube of glycerine jelly and place it in the centre of the powder mix lift up the slide by means of pliers, or grasp the two edges between the thumb and finger and hold over a small flame of an alcohol lamp, or place on a steam-bath until the glycerine jelly has melted. next sterilize a dissecting needle, cool, and mix the powder with the glycerine jelly, being careful not to lift the point of the needle from the slide during the operation. if the mixing has been carefully done, few or no air-bubbles will be present; but if they are present, heat the needle, and while it is white hot touch the bubbles with its point, and they will disappear. -now take a pair of forceps and, after securing a clean cover glass near the edge, pass them three times through the flame of the alcohol lamp. while holding it in a slanting position, touch one side of the powder mixture and slowly lower the cover glass until it comes in complete contact with the mixture. now press gently with the end of the needle-handle, and set it aside to cool. when it is cool, place a neatly trimmed label on one end of the slide, on which write the name of the specimen, the number of the series of which it is to form a part, etc. @@ -45472,19 +42841,11 @@ if the specimen is to be mounted in glycerine, it must first be placed in a mixt lactic acid is another permanent liquid-mounting medium, which is unsatisfactory in the same way as glycerine, but like glycerine, there are certain special cases where it is desirable to use it. when this is used, the slides should be kept in a horizontal position, unless ringed. cover glasses -great care should be used in the selection of =cover glasses=, however, not only as regards their shape but as to their thickness. the standard tube length of the different manufacturers makes an allowance of a definite thickness for cover glasses. it is necessary, therefore, to use cover glasses made by the manufacturer of the microscope in use. cover glasses are either square or round. of each there are four different thicknesses and two different sizes. the standard thicknesses are: the small size is designated three-fourths and the large size seven-eighths. -[illustration: fig. -41.--round cover glass] -[illustration: fig. -42.--square cover glass] -[illustration: fig. -43.--rectangular cover glass] -=cover glasses= are circular (fig. 41), square (fig. 42), or rectangular (fig. 43) pieces of transparent glass used in covering the specimens mounted on glass slides. @@ -45492,23 +42853,13 @@ a few years ago much difficulty was experienced in obtaining uniformly thick and the type of cover glass used depends largely upon the character of the specimen to be mounted. the square and rectangular glasses are selected when a series of specimens are to be mounted, but in mounting powdered drugs and histological specimens the round cover glasses are preferable because they are more sightly and more readily cleaned and rinsed. glass slides -[illustration: fig. -44.--glass slide] -=glass slides= (fig. 44) are rectangular pieces of transparent glass used as a mounting surface for microscopic objects. the slides are usually three inches long by one inch wide, and they should be composed of white glass, and they should have ground and beveled edges. slides should be of uniform thickness, and they should not become cloudy upon standing. slide and cover-glass forceps slides and cover glasses should be grasped by their edges. to the beginner this is not easy. -in order to facilitate holding slides and cover glasses during the mounting process, one may use a slide and a cover-glass =forceps=. the slide forceps consists of wire bent and twisted in such a way that it holds a slide firmly when attached to its two edges. -[illustration: fig. -45.--histological forceps] -[illustration: fig. -46.--forceps] -[illustration: fig. -47.--sliding-pin forceps] there are various forms of cover-glass holders, but only two types as far as the method of securing the cover glass is concerned. first, there are the bacteriological and the histological forceps (fig. 45), which are self-closing. @@ -45519,43 +42870,25 @@ there is a modification of this type of forceps which enables one to lock the bl 47), after the cover glass has been secured. it is well to accustom oneself to one type, for by so doing one may become dexterous in its use. needles -[illustration: fig. -48.--dissecting needle] -two =dissecting needles= (fig. 48) should form a part of the histologist’s mounting set. the handles may be of any material, but the needle should be of tempered steel and about two inches long. scissors -[illustration: fig. -49.--scissors] -almost any sort of =scissors= (fig. 49) will do for histology work, but a small scissors with fine pointed blades, are preferred. scissors are useful in trimming labels and in cutting strips of leaves and sections of fibrous roots that are to be embedded and cut. scalpels -[illustration: fig. -50.--scalpels] -=scalpels= (fig. 50) have steel blades and ebony handles. these vary in regard to size and quality of material. the cheaper grades are quite as satisfactory, however, as the more expensive ones, and for general use a medium-sized blade and handle will be found most useful. turntable -[illustration: fig. -51.--turntable] -much time and energy may be saved by ringing slides on a =turntable= (fig. 51). there is a flat surface upon which to rest the hand holding the brush with cement, and a revolving table upon which the slide to be ringed is held by means of two clips. in ringing slides, it is only necessary to revolve the table, and at the same time to transfer the cement to the edge of the cover glass from the brush held in the hand. labeling -there are many ways of =labeling slides=, but the best method is to place on the label the name of the specimen, the powder number, and the box, the tray or cabinet number. for example: powdered arnica flowers no. 80--box a--600. preservation of mounted specimens -[illustration: fig. -52.--slide box] -[illustration: fig. -53.--slide tray] accurately mounted, labeled, and ringed slides should be filed away for future study and reference. -such =filing= may be done in slide boxes, in slide trays, or in cabinets. slide boxes are to be had of a holding capacity varying from one to one hundred slides. for general use, slide boxes (fig. 52) holding one hundred slides will be found most useful. @@ -45566,37 +42899,24 @@ the cover of the tray is divided into two sections so that, if desired, only one slide cabinets (fig. 54) are particularly desirable for storing large individual collections, particularly when the slides are used frequently for reference. large selections of slides should be numbered and card indexed in order to facilitate finding. -[illustration: fig. -54.--slide cabinet] part ii tissues cells, and cell contents chapter i the cell - the =cell= is the unit of structure of all plants. in fact the cell is the plant in many of the lower forms--so called unicellular plants. all plants, then, consist of one or more cells. while cells vary greatly in size, form, color, contents, and function, still in certain respects their structure is identical. typical cell -the typical vegetable cell is composed of a living portion or =protoplast= and an external covering, or =wall=. the protoplast includes everything within the wall. it is made up of a number of parts, each part performing certain functions yet harmonizing with the work of the cell as a whole. the protoplast (protoplasm) is a viscid substance resembling the white of an egg. the protoplast, when unstained and unmagnified, appears structureless, but when stained with dyes and magnified, it is found to be highly organized. -the two most striking parts of the protoplast are the =cytoplasm= and the =nucleus=. -the part of the protoplast lining the innermost part of the wall is the =ectoplast=, which is less granular and slightly denser than most of the =cytoplasm=. the cytoplasm is decidedly granular in structure. -in the cytoplasm occurs one or more cavities, =vacuoles=, filled with =cell sap=. -embedded in the cytoplasm are numerous =chromatophores=, which vary in color in the different cells, from colorless to yellow, to red, and to green. -the =nucleus= is the seat of the vital activity of the cell, and the seat of heredity. the whole life and activity of the cell centre, therefore, in and about the nucleus. the outer portion of the nucleus consists of a thin membrane or wall. -the membrane encloses numerous granular particles--=chromatin=--which are highly susceptible to organic stains. -among the granules are thread-like particles or =linin=. near the centre of the nucleus are one or more small rounded nucleoli. -the liquid portion of the nucleus, filling the membranes and surrounding the chromatin, linin, and nucleoli, is the =nuclear sap=. other cell contents characteristic of certain cells are crystals, starch, aleurone, oil, and alkaloids. the detailed discussion of these substances will be deferred until a later chapter. -the =cell wall= which surrounds the protoplast is a product of its activity. the structure and composition of the wall of any given cell vary according to the ultimate function of the cell. the walls may be thin or thick, porous or non-porous, and colored or colorless. the composition of cell walls varies greatly. @@ -45612,19 +42932,11 @@ the purpose of cell division is to increase the number of cells of a tissue, an such cell divisions involve, first, an equal division of the protoplast and, secondly, the formation of a wall between the divided protoplasts. the first changes in structure of a cell undergoing division occur in the nucleus. changes in a cell undergoing division -the =linin threads= become thicker and shorter. -the =chromatin granules= increase in size and amount; the threads and chromatin granules separate into a definite number of segments or =chromosomes= (plate 1, fig. 2). -the nuclear membrane becomes invested with a fibrous protoplasmic layer which later separates and passes into either end of the cell, there forming the =polar caps= (plate 1, fig. 3). -the =nuclear membrane= and the =nucleoli= disappear at about this time. two fibres, one from each polar cap, become attached to opposite sides of the individual chromosomes. -other fibres from the two polar caps unite to form the =spindle fibres=, which thus extend from pole to pole. -all these spindle fibres form the =nuclear spindle= (plate 1, fig. 5). -the chromosomes now pass toward the division centre of the cell or =equatorial plane= and form, collectively, the =equatorial plate= (plate 1, fig. 5). -at this point of cell division, the chromosomes are =u=-shaped, and the curved part of the chromosomes faces the equatorial plane. the chromosomes finally split into two equal parts (plate 1, fig. 6). the actual separation of the halves of chromosomes is brought about by the attached polar fibres, which contract toward the polar caps (plate 1, fig. @@ -45636,13 +42948,9 @@ they then separate into linin threads and chromatin granules. nucleoli reappear, and nuclear sap forms. finally, a nuclear membrane develops. the spindle fibres, which still extend from pole to pole, become thickened at the equatorial plane (plate 1, fig. -8), and finally their edges become united to form the =cell-plate= (plate 1, fig. 9), which extends across the cell, thus completely separating the mother cell into two daughter cells. after the formation of the cell-plate, the spindle fibres disappear. -the cell becomes modified to form the =middle lamella=, on either side of which the daughter protoplast adds a cellulose layer. the ultimate composition of the middle lamella and the composition and structure of the cell wall will differ according to the function which the cell will finally perform. -[illustration: plate 1 -nine figures, showing stages in the cell-division common to the onion root (allium cepa, l.)] origin of multicellular plants all multicellular plants are built up by the repeated cell division of one original cell. if the cells formed are similar in structure and function, they form a tissue. @@ -45671,7 +42979,6 @@ the epidermis and periderm the epidermis and its modifications, the hypodermis and the periderm, form the dermal or protective outer layer or layers of the plant. the epidermis of most leaves, stems of herbs, seeds, fruits, floral organs, and young woody stems consists of a single layer of cells which form an impervious outer covering, with the exception of the stoma. leaf epidermis -the cells of the =epidermis= vary in size, in thickness of the side and end walls, in form, in arrangement, in character of outgrowths, in the nature of the surface deposits, in the character of wall--whether smooth or rough--and in size. in cross-sections of the leaf the character of both the side and end walls is easily studied. in surface sections--the view most frequently seen in powders--the side walls are more conspicuous than the end wall (plates 2 and 3). this is so because the light is considerably retarded in passing through the entire length of the side walls, while the light is retarded only slightly in passing through the end wall. @@ -45680,21 +42987,15 @@ the outer walls of epidermal cells are characteristic only when they are striate in the majority of leaves the outer wall of the epidermal cells is not diagnostic in powders, or in surface sections. the thickness of the end and side walls of epidermal cells differs greatly in different plants. as a rule, leaves of aquatic and shade-loving plants, as well as the leaves of most herbs have thinner walled epidermal cells than have the leaves of plants growing in soil under normal conditions, or than have the leaves of shrubs and trees. -[illustration: plate 2 leaf epidermis -1. uva-ursi (arctostaphylos uva-ursi, [l.] spring). 2. boldus (peumus boldus, molina). 3. catnip (nepeta cataria, l.). 4. digitalis (digitalis purpurea, l.). 4-a. -origin of hair.] -[illustration: plate 3 leaf epidermis -1. upper striated epidermis of chirata leaf (swertia chirata, [roxb.] ham.). 2. green hellebore leaf (veratrum viride, ait.). 3. boldus leaf (peumus boldus, molina). -4. under epidermis of india senna (cassia angustifolia, vahl.).] the widest possible range of cell-wall thickness is therefore found in the medicinal leaves, because the medicinal leaves are collected from aquatic plants, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc. the outer wall is always thicker than the side walls. even the side walls vary in thickness in some leaves, the wall next to the epidermis being thicker than the lower or innermost portion of the wall. @@ -45712,7 +43013,6 @@ in other instances the wall is striated in an irregular manner as shown in chira very often an epidermis is rough, but the roughness is not due to striations. in these cases the epidermis is unevenly thickened, the thin places appearing as slight depressions, the thick places as slight elevations. boldus has a rough, but not a striated surface. -=surface deposits= are not of common occurrence in medicinal plants; waxy deposits occur on the stem of sumac, on a species of raspberry, on the fruit of bayberry, etc. resinous deposits occur on the leaves and stems of grindelia species, and on yerba santa. in certain leaves there are two or three layers of cells beneath the epidermis that are similar in structure to the epidermal cells. these are called hypodermal cells, and they function in the same way as the epidermal cells. @@ -45721,7 +43021,6 @@ uva-ursi leaf has a structure typical of leaves with hypodermal marginal cells. uva-ursi, like other leaves with hypodermal cells has a greater number of hypodermal cells at the leaf margin than at any other part of the leaf surface. the cutinized walls of epidermal cells are stained red with saffranin. testa epidermis -=testa epidermal cells= form the epidermal layers of such seeds as lobelia, henbane, capsicum, paprika, larkspur, belladonna, scopola, etc. in surface view the end walls are thick and wavy in outline; frequently the line of union--middle lamella--of two cells is indicated by a dark or light line, while in others the wall between two cells appears as a single wall. the walls are porous or non-porous, and the color of the wall varies from yellow to brown, to colorless. these cells always occur in masses, composed partially of entire and partially of broken fragments. @@ -45734,16 +43033,12 @@ in capsicum seed (plate 4, fig. 1) the cells are very wavy and decidedly porous, the line of union between the cell walls being marked with irregular spaces and lines. in belladonna seed (plate 5, fig. 1) the walls between two adjacent cells are non-striated and non-porous, and extremely irregular in outline. -[illustration: plate 4 testa epidermal cells 1. capsicum seed (capsicum frutescens, l.). 2. lobelia seed (lobelia inflata, l.). -3. henbane seed (hyoscyamus niger, l.).] -[illustration: plate 5 testa cells 1. belladonna seed (atropa belladonna, l.). 2. star-aniseed (illicium verum, hooker). -3. stramonium seed (datura stramonium, l.).] in star-anise seed (plate 5, fig. 2) the walls are irregularly thickened and wavy in outline. in stramonium seed (plate 5, fig. @@ -45769,7 +43064,6 @@ the glandular hairs will be considered under synthetic tissue. each group is again subdivided into a number of secondary groups, depending upon the number of cells present, their form, their arrangement, their size, their color, the character of their walls, whether rough or smooth, whether branched or non-branched, whether curved, twisted, straight, or twisted and straight, whether pointed, blunt, or forked. forms of hairs papillæ -=papillæ= are epidermal cells which are extended outward in the form of small tubular outgrowths. papillæ occur on the following parts of the plant: flower-petals, stigmas, styles, leaves, stems, seeds, and fruits. papillæ occur on only a few of the medicinal leaves. the under surface of both truxillo (plate 6, fig. @@ -45808,7 +43102,6 @@ she can get things ready, and send on to my house for anything she doesn’t hap “no, we don’t want any more kidnapping to-night. we must travel slowly, all of us, but they’ll be safer than with you. feel shaky, miss north? -drink this,” and he handed her a flask-cup. “miss graham is waiting to weep tears of joy over you. what, aren’t you gone yet, milton?” “tell major north to arrest the syce,” fitz shouted after the messenger as he disappeared in the darkness. @@ -45860,7 +43153,6 @@ what could be more likely? she lifted her head for a moment and listened again. surely that was a horse’s tread upon the drive, approaching the door? in reality, the intruder was only one of the patrols, but in the state of ungovernable terror in which mabel was plunged this did not occur to her, and she buried her head under the bed-clothes and screamed. -the ayah, roused from her heavy slumbers by her mistress’s shrieks, came shivering to her side and tried to quiet her, but finding her entreaties of no avail, ran for help. presently georgia glided in, looking like a reproachful ghost herself, in a white dressing-gown, and proffered mabel three tabloids and a glass of water, as sternly as if she had been queen eleanor handing rosamund the poison. “i’ll sit by you till you are asleep,” she whispered; “but you mustn’t make such a noise. you’ll wake the commissioner, and he has only just dropped off to sleep, poor man!” @@ -45868,7 +43160,6 @@ you’ll wake the commissioner, and he has only just dropped off to sleep, poor is poor mr burgrave very bad?” “it was a nasty accident,” replied georgia, with professional caution. “what have you done to him?” -“strapped up the broken ribs, and applied ice to the leg and slung it up.” “ugh, cruel creature! ice this cold night? i suppose it’s because you hate him so much?” @@ -45884,7 +43175,6 @@ when dr tighe told him he had better stay in this house until the splint is take i know,” said mabel, with sleepy sarcasm. “georgie,” she roused herself suddenly, “i want to know--how is----” “now, i will not answer another question to-night,” said georgia resolutely. -“i am going to read to you till you fall asleep.” when mabel awoke in the morning she felt oppressed by an intolerable burden. body and mind seemed to be alike tired out, and it was an effort even to open her eyes. georgia and dr tighe were in the room looking at her, and the sight of them reminded her that there was some question she wanted to ask, but she could not remember what it was. @@ -45943,7 +43233,6 @@ i can’t sleep,” cried mabel. “isn’t it dreadful, my having to identify those men? i can’t bear to think of it. and it brings it all back so vividly--the horrible helplessness--i could do nothing--nothing--to save myself. -i think i should have gone mad in another moment if mr anstruther had not come up. and now to have to go and look at them in cold blood, and say that i recognise them! isn’t there any way out of it? oh, georgie, can’t dick make my syce turn queen’s evidence?” @@ -46108,7 +43397,6 @@ now don’t waste the time of the court.” absolute despair seized upon mabel as she stood in front of the line of men, and looked shrinkingly into their faces. how was it possible that so many natives, differing presumably in origin and circumstances, could be so much alike? not one of them blenched under her timid scrutiny. -some looked stolid and some bored, and one or two even amused, but this gave her no help. at last, however, it struck her that there was something familiar in one or two of the faces. she moved a step or so in order to examine them more carefully, and then looked round at dick and the rest. “this man,” she said, pointing to one, “and that one, and this.” @@ -46226,7 +43514,6 @@ but so far, her enjoyment was incomplete. to be perfect, the bed needed a patient to occupy it, and at last one was brought in by her friends, crippled by some rheumatic affection. rahah herself laid her on the bed, only to behold her leap from it immediately with the strength of perfect health. there was an evil spirit in the bed, she declared. -all other beds sank when you lay down upon them, this one rose up. and in spite of the wonderful cure of this first and only case, the bed was never occupied again. it was talked of all along the frontier, the women came for miles to see it, and watched in shuddering delight while rahah showed them what it could do; but it was only very rarely that a heroine could be found bold enough even to touch it with a finger. meanwhile, the patients continued to sleep on their mats or their charpoys, insisting that the bed should be turned out of the room before they would take up their quarters there, lest the evil spirit should seize upon them during the hours of darkness. @@ -46241,7 +43528,6 @@ at first she was too much appalled to move, as each woman displayed triumphantly the agglomeration of so many miseries was too much for her. rahah, returning at the moment, left the outer door open, and this gave her courage to escape. pressing her hands over her eyes, she burst through the astonished crowd, drank in a draught of pure fresh air, and then fairly ran across the compound and back to the house. -mounting the steps with difficulty, she staggered and caught at the rail to steady herself, only avoiding a fall by a wild clutch at one of the pillars when she reached the top. an exclamation of concern reached her ears, and she became dimly conscious that mr burgrave was making desperate efforts to rise from his couch. “you are ill, miss north! what is it? @@ -46394,7 +43680,6 @@ i could do it myself.” i propose that we call a club meeting and invite subscriptions for the purpose of putting the walls into proper repair. otherwise we shall soon have the place down on our heads.” “but that sort of thing will take a long time to organise.” -“it needn’t, since it’s only to keep the natives from thinking there’s anything up. so far as i can see, there’s no particular reason why you and i shouldn’t head the subscription list with a thousand rupees each--so that the most pressing work may be begun at once--or why that two thousand rupees shouldn’t last out better than such a sum ever did before.” “good! are we to take the young fellows into our confidence?” @@ -46537,7 +43822,6 @@ say the word, and i enrol myself your pupil for ever.” “how you do twist a man’s words! the fault would be on my side, of course. i was going to say the misfortune, but it would be good fortune for me,” fitz added, in a low voice. -(“now, if i don’t keep my head, something will happen!” said mabel to herself, conscious that the atmosphere was becoming electric.) aloud she remarked lightly, “ah, you have given yourself away. do you think i would have anything to do with a pupil who was determined not to learn?” “not if he has learnt all you can teach him?” demanded fitz, rising and coming towards her. @@ -46563,7 +43847,6 @@ he was holding her hands tightly as he spoke, and mabel trembled under the rush was she going to faint, or what was the meaning of that wild throbbing at her heart? clearly she must act decisively and at once, or this tempestuous young man would think he had taken her by storm. she summoned hastily the remnants of her pride. -“please go and sit down over there,” she said, freeing her hands from his grasp. “how can i think properly when you are towering over me like that?” fitz did not offer to move, and by way of redressing the inequality, she rose also, supporting herself by laying a shaking hand upon the writing-table. “i am so very sorry and--and surprised about this. i had no idea----” @@ -46748,7 +44031,6 @@ and though she doesn’t deserve it, i think she ought to have time to get thing “very well. then the deluge will come first, that’s all.” “how soon do you expect it?” -“well, i gather from what the commissioner says that his report is nearly drawn up. as it’s only a pretext for a predetermined move, they won’t take long to consider it. the decision will be intimated to me, and i shall submit my resignation in return.” “and then we shall fold our tents like the arabs, and silently steal away?” @@ -47269,7 +44551,6 @@ tighe will come and sleep in the house these two nights if you are nervous.” “i’m not nervous,” said georgia indignantly. “oh, very well. after all, we shall be between you and nalapur.” -he crossed the hall to the front door, georgia’s strained nerves quivering afresh as his spurs clinked at each step. suddenly she realised that he was gone, and without bidding her farewell. “dick!” she cried faintly, “you are not going--like this?” there was no answer, and she moved slowly to the window, supporting herself by the furniture. @@ -47294,7 +44575,6 @@ her pale reproachful face haunted him, and had there been time he would have tur as he entered the town, he came upon dr tighe. “doctor,” he said, laying a hand on the little man’s shoulder, “look after my wife while i’m away. she’s awfully cut up at my going like this.” -[image: images/img148.jpg caption: “look after my wife while i’m away”] “all right!” said the doctor cheerfully; “and don’t you be frightened about her. mrs north is a sensible woman, and knows better than to go and make herself ill with fretting.” “the memsahib parted from the sahib without kissing him!” said one of the servants wonderingly to the rest. @@ -47455,7 +44735,6 @@ i yearned horribly to disobey orders, but, you see, he left me certain things to we in camp had nothing to do but kick our heels all day, for the major left strict orders against going out of sight of the pass. he meant to get through his work by daylight, so as to sleep at the camp to-night, and come back here in the morning, you see. there were no caravans passing, and the place seemed deserted, which we thought a bad sign. -but about eleven this morning one of our scouts brought in a small boy, who had come tearing down the pass and asked for the english camp. we had the little chap up before us, and i recognised him as a slave-boy i saw at dera gul the day miss north and i were there. he knew me at once, and began to pour out what he had to say so fast that we could scarcely follow him. it seems that the hasrat ali begum had managed in some way to get an inkling of bahram khan’s plot, and she despatched one of her confidential old ladies to warn you and the major. @@ -47467,7 +44746,6 @@ the major’s force was to be attacked in the worst part of the defile, he told it was an awful dilemma for winlock and me. it was no use sending after the major to warn him, for whatever was to happen must have happened by that time, and if we tried to warn the town, bahram khan was safe to intercept the messenger and start on his raid at once, and of course we couldn’t evacuate the camp without orders. we decided to strike the tents and get everything ready for a start at any moment, and we posted our best shots on either side of the entrance to the pass, in case the major’s party should be pursued. -then we waited, and at last the--the force turned up. thanks to the major’s suspicions and precautions, the surprise was a good deal of a fizzle. but as i said, i can’t tell you about that. well, we had to get back here. @@ -47499,7 +44777,6 @@ they were approaching the fort, and the roadway was almost blocked with carts, c several vedettes, to whom winlock gave a countersign, had been passed at various points, and it was evident that the sudden danger had not taken the military authorities, at any rate, by surprise. the space in front of the fort gates was a blaze of light from many torches, and several officers in uniform were resolutely bringing order out of the general chaos. gangs of coolies, bearing sand-bags and loads of furniture, fuel, provisions, and forage, seemed inextricably mixed up with shrill-voiced women and crying children, ponies, camels, and goats; and it needed a good deal of shouting and some diplomacy, with not a little physical force, to separate the various streams and set them flowing in the right directions. -as the dog-cart stopped, woodworth, the adjutant, came up. “we want volunteers to help destroy the buildings round the fort,” he said. “you’ll go, anstruther? what about your servants, mrs north?” @@ -47612,10 +44889,8 @@ oh, dick, my darling, my darling--forgive me!” “poor mab! i forgot you were there. lie down here on my bed. -i can’t sleep.” “i’m sure i can’t,” protested mabel. it was not long before she cried herself to sleep, however, but georgia sat where she was until the morning. - chapter xiv. to keep the flag flying. “mab!” mabel awoke from her uneasy slumbers to wonder where she was, and why georgia was sitting there, her face silhouetted against the square of grey light that represented a window. “mab! @@ -47632,7 +44907,6 @@ he might not be allowed to come.” besides, i know he is alive,” persisted georgia obstinately. “if he was dead, i should feel it.” “georgie dear, you mustn’t go on like this. -you will make yourself ill. come and lie down a little, and try to go to sleep. i will tell you if he comes.” mabel ended with a sob. “if he does, i shall know,” murmured georgia, as she lay down. “thanks, mab; i am so tired.” @@ -47677,7 +44951,6 @@ oh dear, oh dear! if he had gone to the durbar and been killed instead of dick, i believe i should have been glad. how dreadful it is! how can i ever marry him? -but i know i shall never have the courage to tell him i want to give him up. what can i do?” “mabel, my poor little girl!” mr burgrave emerged from the passage, and limped towards her as she stood listlessly on the verandah. “you have slept badly, i fear? @@ -47730,7 +45003,6 @@ the enemy are too close for comfort as it is, but at any rate they have a space “almost as soon as you were out of it. i noticed the fire when i looked round once as we were driving. but i don’t think the enemy can have been as close behind us as that. -i fancy the servants who shirked coming with us were looting, and some one had knocked over a lamp.” “and how are things going with us here?” “so-so. but you know, mrs north, if it hadn’t been for the major and colonel graham, we might as well have taken refuge in a fowl-house as in this place. @@ -47777,7 +45049,6 @@ a wan smile showed itself on georgia’s face. “well, if he intends to interpret his duty very strictly, we may wish he had gone,” she said. “i don’t believe he is even technically in the right, and certainly i think the colonel will have to organise a little mutiny if he insists upon bossing the show. couldn’t you turn on miss north to induce him to moderate his pretensions a bit?” mabel, in the next room, shook her fist unseen at the speaker. -“after all,” said georgia, “it’s most unlikely that they would have kept their promise to protect us, even if he had given himself up.” “very little doubt about that. from what the mullah said, it’s clear that there are two parties in their camp, and i shouldn’t care to say which is the stronger. bahram khan’s following, besides his own men, who did all the looting last night, comprises the more troublesome of the frontier tribes and the chiefs who have grudges against the amir, while ashraf ali has his loyal sardars and the tribes which have always been friendly to us. @@ -47805,7 +45076,6 @@ in the verandah he met mabel. “i wasn’t aware of it.” “perhaps you didn’t know that i could hear you when you were laughing at mr burgrave?” “i certainly didn’t know you were listening, but i was not laughing at him. -i merely said that he hadn’t given himself up. would you wish me to say that he had?” “you hinted that it was wrong and cowardly of him, and that he was saving himself at the expense of every one else here, when you ought to know it was only his strong sense of duty that kept him back. would you have gone?” @@ -47849,7 +45119,6 @@ on the roof of general keeling’s house was now a rough stone breastwork, so co “that sangar makes our walls untenable.” “then we shall have to raise them,” was the laconic reply, as colonel graham passed his field-glass to his companion. “you may not have noticed that though the general’s old stone house is the only one strong enough to support a sangar on the roof, the brick houses on both sides of it have been loop-holed. -the place is a regular death-trap.” “do you mean to say that in this short time they have prepared a position impregnable to our whole force?” asked mr burgrave incredulously. “quite possibly, but that isn’t the question. their numbers are practically unlimited; ours are not. @@ -47914,7 +45183,6 @@ when they looked into each other’s faces once more, they could scarcely believ the water’s getting lower already. we’re safe for to-night, but if they had only had the patience to wait till this rain was over, we could never have stood the force of water they could have turned on. and as it is, a child’s popgun might almost account for this bit of wall now.” - chapter xv. “the old first heroic lessons.” “why, mrs north!” disturbed in his task of supervising the proceedings of a nervous native assistant, whose mind was less occupied with his dispensing than with the bullets which flattened themselves occasionally upon the pavement outside the surgery, dr tighe had turned suddenly to find georgia at his elbow. “can i do anything for you?” he asked kindly, looking with professional disapproval at her pale face and weary eyes. @@ -48069,7 +45337,6 @@ at least, there are two old field-pieces in front of the palace, but that’s al “still, that shows they are safe to work, and here they are. where will they mount them, should you say, woodworth?” “on the hill, sir. -the slope on the far side is comparatively easy for getting them up.” “true, and from the brow there they could knock the place about our ears in a couple of hours. at all costs we must keep them from getting the range to-day. they will have no range-finders, that’s one good thing, and if we can secure a night’s respite, it’ll be a pity if we don’t make good use of it. @@ -48119,7 +45386,6 @@ now he’ll have to disgorge.” “then will you set about the construction of the ferry, runcorn? you can’t begin work on the spot until night, but you can get your materials ready. requisition anything you want, of course.” -“may we make a suggestion, sir?” said fitz anstruther, coming forward with winlock as the council broke up. signals of intelligence had been passing between the two for some time, and they had held a whispered consultation while the ferry was being discussed. “why, what plot have you on hand?” it was winlock who answered. @@ -48195,7 +45461,6 @@ she was walking up and down the verandah outside her room as if for a wager, tur “flora is crying on fred’s--i mean mr haycraft’s--shoulder somewhere,” she said; “and mrs hardy and georgia are having a prayer-meeting with the native christians. they wanted me to come too; but i don’t feel as if i could be quiet, and i shouldn’t understand, either. what is going to happen, really?” -“the colonel proposes to make a sortie and capture the two guns which the enemy have brought up. there is, i trust, every prospect of his succeeding.” mabel stamped her foot. “why can’t you tell me the truth, instead of trying to sugar things over?” she demanded. @@ -48305,7 +45570,6 @@ it doesn’t signify to you, mab; you have your eustace left, but i have lost ev oh, mrs north, you know how it feels. help me to bear it.” “flora dear,” began georgia, with difficulty. -“i--i can’t breathe,” she gasped, struggling to stand up. “please ask mrs hardy to come. i feel so faint. she will understand.” @@ -48347,7 +45611,6 @@ it was the ressaldar who called his attention to it as they stood straining thei “he rides!” went from man to man, until the defenders of the towers looked at one another with glistening eyes, and even the unsympathetic sikhs, who held themselves loftily aloof from the contemptible local superstitions of their khemi comrades, repeated, with something of enthusiasm, “he rides!” “he rides; all is well,” said ismail bakhsh, puffing out his chest with pride, in his temporary guardroom on the clubhouse verandah. “sinjāj kīlin sahib is watching over his house and over his children. the power of the sarkar stands firm.” -[image: images/img198.jpg caption: “he rides”] all unconscious of the moral reinforcement which was doubling the strength of the garrison, mabel and flora sat disconsolately over the charcoal brazier in mrs hardy’s room, listening for the sounds of the attack, which they expected to hear each moment. mrs hardy’s vigorous rebuke had nerved them both to put a brave face on matters, and for some time they vied with one another in discovering reasons for refusing to credit the report of the fugitive, and deciding that all might yet be well. but as time went on, and there was no sign of the triumphant return of colonel graham and his force, their valiant efforts at cheerfulness flagged perceptibly.