diff --git "a/clean/10M/gutenberg.txt" "b/clean/10M/gutenberg.txt"
--- "a/clean/10M/gutenberg.txt"
+++ "b/clean/10M/gutenberg.txt"
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ it was done at once for this city and fifty miles round.
 no parcel was put in last week.
 the warning has since been extended to the whole of the united kingdom.
 we may get our man this week, or at least a messenger of his, but no news has yet come to me.
-i will lunch with you, as you so kindly suggest, and afterwards i want you to come with me to see the draughtsman in the lockup.
 you may be able to shake his confounded obstinacy.
 run the pathetic stunt.
 say if he keeps silent that you will be arrested, your home broken up, your family driven into the workhouse, and you yourself probably shot.
@@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ for the second time that day poor dawson blushed.
 he must have regretted many times that he had mentioned to me those unfortunate darbies.
 now amid much laughter he was compelled to draw forth a pretty shining pair of steel wristlets and permit jane to put them on.
 they were much too large for her; she could slip them on and off without unlocking; but as toys they were a delight.
-"i shouldn't mind being a prisoner," she declared, "if dear colonel dawson took me up."
 we were sitting upon the fire-guard after luncheon, dallying over our coffee, when jane demanded to be shown a real arrest.
 "show me how you take up a great big man like daddy."
 then came a surprise, which for a moment had so much in it of bitter realism that it drove the blood from my wife's cheeks.
@@ -150,17 +148,14 @@ i cried.
 "my time is at your disposal, dawson.
 we shall now get full light."
 he sat down and scribbled a reply wire directing the parcel and its bearer to be brought to him with all speed.
-"they should arrive in two or three hours," said he, "and in the meantime we will tackle the draughtsman who made that plan of the battleship.
 good-bye mrs. copplestone, and thank you very much for your hospitality.
 your husband goes with me."
 my wife shook hands with dawson, and politely saw him off the premises.
 she has said little to me since about his visit, but i do not think that she wishes ever to meet with him again.
 little jane, who kissed him once more at parting, is still attached to the memory of her colonel.
-*       *       *       *       *
 dawson led me to the private office at the central police station, which was his temporary headquarters, and sent for the dossier of the locked up draughtsman.
 "i have here full particulars of him," said he, "and a verbatim note of my examination."
 i examined the photograph attached, which represented a bearded citizen of harmless aspect; over his features had spread a scared, puzzled look, with a suggestion in it of pathetic appeal.
-he looked like a human rabbit caught in an unexpected and uncomprehended trap.
 it was a police photograph.
 then i began to read the dossier, but got no farther than the first paragraph.
 in it was set out the man's name, those of his wife and children, his employment, record of service, and so on.
@@ -201,7 +196,6 @@ men are never so interesting as when they talk shop, and as a talker of shop daw
 if not, i will pull a drag net through this place which will bring him up within a day or two.
 what a fool the man is to think that he could escape the eye of bill dawson."
 a policeman entered, laid a packet upon the table before us, and announced that the prisoner had been placed in cell no.
-2. dawson sprang up.
 "we will have a look at him through the peephole, and if it is our man--" one glance was enough.
 before me i saw him whom i had expected to see.
 he and his cargo of whisky bottles had reached the last stage of their long journey; at one end had been peace, reasonable prosperity, and a happy home; at the other was, perhaps, a rope or a bullet.
@@ -289,7 +283,6 @@ he does it; how i don't know.
 he alters the shape of his nose, his cheeks, and his chin.
 i suppose that he pads them out with little rubber insets.
 he alters his voice, and his figure, and even his height.
-he can be stiff and upright like a drilled soldier, or loose-jointed and shambling like a tramp.
 he is a finished artist, and employs the very simplest means.
 he could, i truly believe, deceive his wife or his mother, but he will never again deceive me.
 i am not a specially observant man; still one can make a shot at most things when driven to it, and i object to being the subject of dawson's ribaldry.
@@ -404,7 +397,6 @@ it is a beautiful system, mr. copplestone, and you have had the unusual privileg
 the principal will go out suddenly early some morning.
 he is a jew of uncertain central european origin, pole or czech, a natural born british subject, a shining light of a local anti-german society, an 'indispensable' in his job and exempted from military service.
 he will give no more trouble.
-menteith will spend anything from seven to ten years in p.s., learn to do without his daily whisky bottle, and possibly come out a decent citizen.
 the draughtsman, i expect, will be let off with eighteen months of the jug.
 we are just, but not harsh.
 my birds don't interest me much once they have been caught; it is the catching that i enjoy.
@@ -432,7 +424,6 @@ a cruiser which had come in for repair was due to go out this morning.
 she was ready for sea the night before, the officers and crew had all come back from short leave, and the working parties had cleared out.
 then in the middle watch, when the torpedo lieutenant was testing the circuits, it was discovered that all the cables leading to the guns had been cut.
 dawson has been called in, and bids me say that, if you can come down, now is the chance of your life.
-i will put you up."
 the telegram was from dawson himself.
 it ran: "they say i'm beaten.
 but i'm not.
@@ -522,12 +513,9 @@ come off the roof and get back to this most interesting affair of the antinous.
 i presume one of dawson's men was working, unknown to his fellows, with the care and maintenance party, and another, equally unknown, with the engineers who were busy upon the gearing of the turbines.
 many of the regular ship's officers and men would also have been on board.
 had our remarkable friend his agents among them too?
-everything is possible with dawson; i should not be surprised to hear that he had police officers in the fleet flagship."
 "you are almost right.
-one of his men, a temporary petty officer of r.n.v.r., was certainly on board, and he tells me that down in the engine room was another--a civilian fitter.
 they were both first-class men.
 the electric wires, as you know, are carried about the ship under the deck beams, where they are accessible for examination and repairs.
-they are coiled in cables from which wires are led to the switch room, and thence to all parts of the ship.
 there are thousands of wires, and no one who did not know intimately their purpose and disposition could venture to tamper with them, for great numbers are always in use.
 if any one cut the lighting wires, for instance, the defects would be obvious at once; so with the heating or telephone wires.
 nothing was touched except the lines to the guns, of which there are eight disposed upon the deck.
@@ -581,7 +569,6 @@ the man's father and grandfather were in the english merchant service, and thoug
 besides, my experience is that an englishman with an inherited german name is the very last man to have any truck with the enemy.
 he is too much ashamed of his forbears for one thing; and for another he is too dead set on living down his beastly name.
 so we will rule out the lieutenant r.n.r.
-my own man, who is a petty officer r.n.v.r., and has worked on a lot of ships which have come in for repairs, says that the temper among the workmen in the yards is good now.
 it was ugly when dilution of labour first came in, but the wages are so high that all that trouble has settled down.
 i have had what you call sabotage in the shell and gun shops, but never yet in the king's ships.
 we have had every possible cutter of the wires on the mat before the captain and me.
@@ -607,7 +594,6 @@ the responsibility rests on me, and it is rather crushing."
 dawson spoke with less than his usual cheery confidence.
 i fancy that the thinness and whiteness of his face were not wholly due to disguise.
 he had not been to bed since he had been called up in the middle watch of the night before last, and the man was worn out.
-"if you take my poor advice, dawson," i said, "you will cut off now and get some sleep.
 even your brain cannot work continuously without rest.
 the country needs you at your best, and needs you very badly indeed."
 his dull, weary eyes lighted as if under the stimulus of champagne, and he turned upon me a look which was almost affectionate.
@@ -615,13 +601,11 @@ i really began to believe that dawson likes me, that he sees in me a kindred spi
 he jumped up and gripped my hand.
 "you are right.
 i will put in a few hours' sleep and then to work once more.
-this time i am up against a man who is nearly as smart as i am myself, and i can't afford to carry any handicap."
 i led him to the door and put him out, and then turned to cary with a laugh.
 "and i, too, will follow dawson's example.
 it is past one, and my head is buzzing with queer ideas.
 perhaps, after all, the germans have more imagination than we usually credit them with.
 i wonder--" but i did not tell to cary what i wondered.
-*       *       *       *       *
 we were sitting after breakfast in cary's study, enjoying the first sweet pipe of the day, when the telephone bell rang.
 cary took off the earpiece and i listened to a one-sided conversation somewhat as follows:--
 "what!
@@ -644,7 +628,6 @@ she has been in dry dock for the past fortnight and was floated out yesterday.
 her full complement joined her last night.
 dawson says that he was called up at eight-o'clock by the news that her gun-wires have been cut exactly like those of the antinous and in the same incomprehensible way.
 he seems, curiously enough, to be quite cheerful about it."
-"he has had a few hours sleep.
 and, besides, he sees that this second case, so exactly like the first, makes the solution of his problem very much more easy.
 i am glad that he is cheerful, for i feel exuberantly happy myself.
 i was kept awake half the night by a persistent notion which seemed the more idiotic the more i thought all round it.
@@ -675,7 +658,6 @@ the man i met up north wasn't the least bit like the one down here."
 "a deal younger, i expect," said the chief assistant, grinning.
 "he shifts about between thirty and sixty.
 the old man is no end of a cure, and tries to take us in the same as he does you.
-there's an inspector at the yard who was at school with him down hampshire way, and ought to know what he is really like, but even he has given dawson up.
 he says that the old man does not know his own self in the looking-glass; and as for mrs. dawson, i expect she has to take any one who comes along claiming to be her husband, for she can't, possibly tell t'other from which."
 "one might make a good story out of that," i observed to cary.
 "i don't understand," said he.
@@ -763,7 +745,6 @@ said i.
 "still," i persisted, passing over the snub, "you have a theory?"
 "no, thanks," said dawson contemptuously.
 "i have no use for theories.
-when they are wrong they mislead you, and when they are right they are no help.
 i believe in facts--facts brought out by constant vigilance.
 unsleeping watchfulness and universal suspicion, those are the principles i work on.
 the theory business makes pretty story books, but the force does not waste good time over them."
@@ -871,7 +852,6 @@ i promised to read the proofs and criticise them with severity, but as for the m
 poor cary needed all his sweet patience to put up with me.
 by eleven o'clock we had become unendurable to one another, and i gladly welcomed his suggestion to adjourn to his club, have lunch there, and try to inveigle the commander of the malplaquet into our net.
 "i know him," said cary.
-"he is a fine fellow; and though he must be pretty busy, he will be glad to lunch somewhere away from the ship.
 if we have luck we will go back with him and look over the malplaquet ourselves."
 "if you can manage that, cary, you will have my blessing."
 he did manage to work the luncheon part by telephoning to the yard where the malplaquet was fitting out, and we left the rest to our personal charms.
@@ -954,7 +934,6 @@ no, thank you, mrs. cary, i have had my breakfast, but if i might trouble you fo
 many thanks."
 dawson sat down, and cary moved about inspecting him from every angle.
 "no," declared he at last, "i cannot see the smallest resemblance, not the smallest.
-you were thin; now you are distinctly plump.
 your hair was nearly white.
 your cheeks had fallen in as if your back teeth were missing.
 your lower lip stuck out."
@@ -971,7 +950,6 @@ since sunday i have only been twice to bed."
 we filled him up with coffee and flattery--as one fills a motor car with petrol and oil--but asked him no questions until we were safely in cary's study and mrs. cary had gone about her household duties.
 "your good lady," remarked dawson to cary, "is as little curious as any woman i have met, and we will leave her at that if you don't mind.
 the best thing about our women is that they don't care tuppence about naval and military details.
-if they did, and once started prying with that keen scent and indomitable persistence of theirs, we might as well chuck up.
 even my own bright team of charmers never know and never ask the meaning of the information that they ferret out for me.
 their curiosity is all personal--about men and women, never about things.
 women--"
@@ -1000,7 +978,6 @@ when a man has done one job successfully, and repeated it almost successfully, h
 besides, if one is out to delay a ship, cutting wires is as good a way as any.
 i had an idea that my man was not a bomber."
 "i thought that you scorned theories," i put in dryly.
-"when they are wrong they mislead you, and when they are right they are no help."
 dawson frowned.
 "shut up, copplestone," snapped cary.
 "we were in no danger from the lighting, heating, and telephone wires, for any defect would have been visible at once.
@@ -1020,7 +997,6 @@ says i.
 "one moment, dawson," i put in.
 "if the shore party had all gone, how was it that i saw petty officer trehayne in the ship?"
 "he had orders to stay and keep watch--though he didn't know i was on board myself.
-two pairs of police eyes are better than one pair, and fifty times better than all the navy eyes in the ship.
 of all the simple-minded, unsuspicious beggars in the world, give me a pack of naval ratings!
 i wouldn't have one of them for sentries--that is why the fifty emergency marines were sent for."
 dawson's limitless pride in his old service, and deep contempt for the mere sailor, had come back in full flood with the uniform of his corps.
@@ -1036,7 +1012,6 @@ i did my duty, but it's a sick and sorry man that i am this day."
 i watched and watched, never feeling a bit like sleep though my eyes burned something cruel and my feet--they were lumps of prickly wood, not feet.
 dull lumps with every now and then a stab as if a tin tack had been driven into them.
 beyond me in the open alley-way the light was strong, and i could see men pass frequently, but no one came into my corner till the end, and no one saw me.
-i heard six bells go in the first watch ('eleven p.m.,' whispered cary) on friday evening, though there was a good bit of noise of getting ready to go out in the early morning, and i was beginning to think that all my trouble might go for naught, when a man in a navy cap and overalls stopped just opposite my dark hole between two bulkheads.
 his face was turned from me, as he looked carefully up and down the lighted way.
 he stood there quite still for some seconds, and then stepped backwards towards me.
 i could see him plain against the light beyond.
@@ -1072,11 +1047,9 @@ i am chief inspector dawson.'
 he showed no surprise nor doubt of my word--if you want to understand discipline, gentlemen, get the marines to teach you--he asked no questions.
 with one word he called the guard to attention, and himself saluted me--me a private!
 i handed him my rifle--there was an inch of blood at the point of the bayonet--and hobbled off to the nearest ladder.
-my word, i could scarcely walk, and as for climbing a ship's ladder--i could never have done if some one hadn't given me a boost behind and some one else a hand at the top.
 the commander and the major of marines were both in the wardroom; i walked in, saluted them as a self-respecting private should do, and told them the whole story."
 "it was petty officer trehayne," said i calmly--and waited for a sensation.
 "of course," replied dawson, greatly to my annoyance.
-he might have shown some astonishment at my wonderful intuition; but he didn't, not a scrap.
 even cary was at first disappointing, though he warmed up later, and did me full justice.
 "trehayne a spy!"
 cried cary.
@@ -1114,7 +1087,6 @@ when i had quite finished, and was basking in the respectful admiration emanatin
 why did i send trehayne to the antigone?"
 "why?
 how can i tell?
-you said it was to make sure that the shore party were all off the ship."
 "i said!
 what does it matter what i say!
 what i do matters a heap, but what i say--pouf!
@@ -1125,7 +1097,6 @@ how did i guess?
 i don't guess; i watch.
 the more valuable a man is to me, the more i watch him, for he might be even more valuable to somebody else.
 trehayne was an excellent man, but he had not been with me a month before i was watching him as closely as any cat.
-i hadn't been a marine and served ashore and afloat without knowing a born gentleman when i see one, and knowing, too, the naval stamp.
 trehayne was too much of a gentleman to have become a workman in the vernon and at greenock without some very good reason.
 he said that he was an orphan--yes; he said his parents left him penniless, and he had to earn his living the best way he could--yes.
 quite good reasons, but they didn't convince me.
@@ -1163,12 +1134,9 @@ he was their enemy by accident of birth, but though he might and did love his fo
 i could understand why dawson--that strange human bloodhound, in whom the ruthless will continually struggled with and kept under the very tender heart--would allow no one to slander trehayne.
 cary was watching me eagerly, waiting for me to read the letter.
 dawson's head was resting on one hand, and his face was turned away, so that i could not see it.
-he could not wholly conceal his emotion, but he would not let us see more of it than he could help.
 he did not move once during my reading.
-*       *       *       *       *
 to chief inspector william dawson, c.i.d.
 sir,
-will you be surprised, my friend, when you read this that i have left for you, to learn that i, your right-hand man in the unending spy hunt, i whom you have called your bright jewel of a pupil, petty officer john trehayne, r.n.v.r., am at this moment upon the books of the austrian navy as a sub-lieutenant, seconded for secret service?
 have you ever been surprised by anything?
 i don't know.
 you have said often in my hearing that you suspect every one.
@@ -1188,13 +1156,11 @@ never while i have been in your pay and service have i had any communication dir
 i have taken my orders from vienna, i have communicated always direct with vienna.
 i am an austrian naval officer.
 i am no traitor to england.
-*       *       *       *       *
 i spring from an old italian family which has long been settled in trieste.
 for many generations we have served in the austrian navy.
 with modern italy, with the italy above all which has thrown the holy father into captivity and stripped the holy see of the dominions bestowed upon it by god, we have no part or lot.
 yet when i have met italian officers, and those too of france, as i have frequently done during my cruises afloat, i have felt with them a harmony of spirit which i have never experienced in association with german-austrians and with prussians.
 i do not wish to speak evil of our allies, the prussians, but to one of my blood they are the most detestable people whom god ever had the ill-judgment to create.
-*       *       *       *       *
 i was born in trieste, and lived there with my parents until i was eight years old.
 in our private life we always spoke italian or french, german was our official language.
 i know that language well, of course, but it is not my mother tongue.
@@ -1206,7 +1172,6 @@ my story to you of my origin was true in one particular--i really was educated a
 whenever--and it has happened more than once--i have met as trehayne old schoolfellows of blundell's they have accepted without comment or inquiry my tale that i had become an englishman, and had anglicised my name.
 among the peoples which exist on earth to-day, you english are the most nobly generous and unsuspicious.
 the prussians laugh at you; i, an austrian-italian, love and respect you.
-*       *       *       *       *
 when i was sixteen, after i had spent eight years in devon, and four of those years at an english public school, i was in speech and almost in the inner fibres of my mind an englishman.
 your naval authorities at plymouth and devonport, as serenely trustful and heedless of espionage as the mass of your kindly people, allowed my father--whom i often accompanied--to see the dockyards, the engine shops, the training schools, and the barracks.
 they knew that he was an austrian naval officer, and they took him to their hearts as a brother, of the common universal brotherhood of the sea.
@@ -1230,14 +1195,10 @@ although i did not know it, i had already been marked out by my superiors for th
 my perfect acquaintance with english, my education at blundell's, my knowledge of your thoughts and your queer ways, and twists of mind, had equipped me conspicuously for secret service work in your midst.
 as a youth of twenty, in the first flush of manhood, i was seconded for service here, and i returned to england.
 that was five years ago.
-*       *       *       *       *
-[i paused, for my throat was dry, and looked up.
 cary was leaning forward intent upon every word.
 dawson's face was still turned away; he had not moved.
 it seemed to me that to our party of three had been added a fourth, the spirit of trehayne, and that he anxiously waited there yonder in the shadows for the deliverance of our judgment.
 had he, an english public school boy, played the game according to the immemorial english rules?
-i went on.]
-*       *       *       *       *
 it was extraordinarily easy for me to obtain employment in the heart of your naval mysteries.
 few questions were asked; you admitted me as one of yourselves.
 i took the broad open path of full acceptance of your conditions.
@@ -1334,7 +1295,6 @@ at the maid's garter
 notwithstanding my vows not to see betty, i was compelled to go with frances as her body-guard.
 i even went so far in my feeble effort to keep my resolution as to suggest churchill as a body-guard, but frances objected, and the quality of my good intent was not enduring.
 so i went with my cousin, and the joy in betty's eyes whenever we entered her room was not the sort that would come because she was glad to see frances.
-*       *       *       *       *
 during the first week of bettina's illness she was too sick to talk, therefore we did not remain long with her.
 but as she grew better our visits lengthened, and my poor resolutions grew weaker day by day because my love for the girl was growing stronger and stronger hour by hour.
 on one occasion while frances's back was turned, betty impulsively snatched up my hand and kissed it, dropping it instantly, blushing intensely and covering her tracks by humming the refrain of a french lullaby.
@@ -1422,7 +1382,6 @@ that being the case, george was in danger, and should he be found by the king's
 george knew the risk he ran by remaining in england, but it was a part of his reckless courage to take delight in it.
 later on this recklessness of disposition induced him to take a far greater risk.
 but of that in its turn.
-*       *       *       *       *
 after supper, i found hamilton in his bedroom, which was connected by a hidden stairway with the room of the sinking floor.
 he wore his quaker's disguise, and on the table beside him were the bible and a few theological works dear to the hearts of his sect.
 i gave him the box, telling him its history.
@@ -1517,7 +1476,6 @@ had he attempted to board a vessel, he would have been seized and examined; ther
 the dutch sea captains were fanatics almost to a man, and the exiled exhorters found them always willing to help their persecuted brethren of the faith.
 and so it happened with george in sheerness.
 he was on the dock exhorting vehemently against the evils of the time, laying great stress on the wickedness of the king and denouncing the vileness of the court.
-two of the king's officers tried to silence him, but failing, ordered him to leave england by a certain dutch boat then waiting in the harbor with its pennant up.
 he protested and struggled, but at last was forced aboard, raving against those godless balaamites, the clergy of the established church, who, with the devil, he declared, were behind his persecution.
 so well did george play his part that a collection was taken up among the passengers of the dutch boat to help the good man so vilely put upon.
 there was a sweet bit of irony in the fact, learned afterwards, that the officers who forced george aboard the dutch ship were at sheerness for the purpose of winning the two hundred pounds reward offered for his capture.
@@ -1595,7 +1553,6 @@ betty ran to her father, sat on his knee, twined her arm about his neck, and kis
 "you see how she does it," said pickering.
 "no hammer and tongs for betty; just oil and honey."
 "and lots and lots of love, father," interrupted betty.
-*       *       *       *       *
 well, our journey was soon arranged on a grand scale.
 pickering lent us his new coach, just home from the makers in cow street.
 it was cushioned and curtained and had springs in place of thorough-braces.
@@ -1860,7 +1817,6 @@ there was nothing i would not have given at that time to be able to take her as
 i should have been glad to give my title, estates, and position--everything--to be a simple tradesman or an innkeeper so that i might take bettina with happiness to her and without the damning sin of losing caste to me.
 it was true the king's brother had made a marriage of comparatively the same sort, but it is almost as impossible for a prince to lose caste as it is difficult for a mere baron to keep it.
 bettina would not be happy in my sphere of life, nor could i live in hers, so what was there for me to do but to keep my engagement with mary hamilton and, if i could, lose my love for bettina.
-*        *        *        *        *
 the queen's ball was to be held that night at st. james's palace, and i was glad to have the walk from whitehall across the park.
 the night was perfect.
 a slim moon hung in the west, considerately withholding a part of her light that the stars might twinkle the brighter in their vain effort to rival bettina's eyes.
@@ -1894,7 +1850,6 @@ when i spoke to mary, she turned and gave me her hand.
 i had not expected the least display of emotion on her part; therefore i was not disappointed when the smile with which she greeted me was the same she would have given to any other man.
 but mary was mary.
 nature and art had made her what she was--charming, quiescent, and calm, not cold, simply lukewarm.
-"i have seen little of you this last month," said mary, taking my arm and walking with me away from de grammont's group.
 she might have remarked with equal emotion that cromwell was dead or the weather fine.
 she did not wait for an explanation of my absence, but continued with a touch of eager hesitancy and a fluttering show of anxiety, "have you had news recently of my brother george?"
 of course i could not tell her the truth, so i answered evasively: "i suppose you have heard the news spread throughout the court that he has gone to canada?
@@ -2066,7 +2021,6 @@ she paused for a moment, then continued hesitatingly, "do you suppose it possibl
 but i do not know men, and i fear it is possible that he will doubt me after i have succeeded.
 let us go to see betty.
 she is restful to me, and always soothes my nerves.
-but besides, i want to have her help.
 i'll introduce her to the king--"
 "no, by god, you'll not introduce her to the king!
 i'll explode the whole affair, and dunkirk may go to the devil before you shall introduce betty to the king," i answered.
@@ -2124,7 +2078,6 @@ the count's remark seemed to settle the question of the abbé's identity, and i
 she assured me that she was ready to die of fright, but showed no outward sign of dissolution, and when i complimented her on her power of self-control, said:--
 "fortunately, i am part hypocrite, and can easily act a part."
 "you have a hard one ahead of you," i returned, "and will need all your strength before it is played to the end."
-*       *       *       *       *
 i was on hand early at de grammont's supper, but found several gentlemen ahead of me, awaiting, with the count in his parlor, the arrival of the king.
 soon after i entered the room, de grammont presented me to the abbé.
 i was convinced at once that he was not george hamilton.
@@ -2283,7 +2236,6 @@ i want the world in that hour, because, you see, i'm afraid the door of this lit
 "go long!
 you go to grass!"
 returned the girl with a nervous little laugh.
-johnson made one more effort and won out; that is, he succeeded, at last, in getting her in his grasp.
 "listen," said the determined lover, pleading for a kiss as he would have pleaded for his very life.
 it was at this juncture that wowkle, silently, stealthily, emerged from the cupboard and made her way over to the door.
 her feet were heavily moccasined and she was blanketed in a stout blanket of gay colouring.
@@ -2459,7 +2411,6 @@ with a shrug she straightened the curtains at the windows and started for the do
 her action seemed to quicken his decision, for, presently, with a gesture of resignation, he threw down his hat and coat on the table and said as if speaking to himself:
 "well, it is fate--my fate that has always made the thing i shouldn't do so easy."
 and then, turning to the girl, he added: "come, girl, as you say, if i can't go, i can't.
-but i know as i stand here that i'll never give you up."
 the girl looked puzzled.
 "why, what do you mean?"
 "i mean," began johnson, pacing the floor slowly.
@@ -2496,7 +2447,8 @@ take me--ah, take me i don't care where as long as it is with you!"
 cried the girl in an ecstasy of delight.
 "so help me, god, i'm going to .
 .
-.!"
+.
+!"
 promised johnson, his voice strained, tense.
 "you're worth something better than me, girl," he added, a moment later, "but they say love works miracles every hour, that it weakens the strong and strengthens the weak.
 with all my soul i love you, with all my soul i--" the man let his voice die out, leaving his sentence unfinished.
@@ -2517,7 +2469,6 @@ laughed johnson.
 presently, he saw her quietly closet herself in the cupboard, only to emerge a few minutes later dressed for the night.
 over her white cambric gown with its coarse lace trimming showing at the throat, she wore a red woollen blanket robe held in at the waist by a heavy, twisted, red cord which, to the man who got a glimpse of her as she crossed the room, made her prettier, even, than she had seemed at any time yet.
 quietly, now, the girl began to put her house in order.
-all the lights, save the quaintly-shaded lamp that was suspended over the table, were extinguished; that one, after many unsuccessful attempts, was turned down so as to give the right minimum of light which would not interfere with her lover's sleep.
 then she went over to the door to make sure that it was bolted.
 outside the wind howled and shrieked and moaned; but inside the cabin it had never seemed more cosey and secure and peaceful to her.
 "now you can talk to me from your bunk an' i'll talk to you from mine," she said in a sleepy, lazy voice.
@@ -2555,14 +2506,12 @@ whereupon the girl fell back on her pillows and called out contentedly a final "
  xiii.
  there was no mistaking then--no need to contrast her feeling of anxiety of a few moments ago lest some other woman had preceded her in his affections, with her indifference on former occasions when her admirers had proved faithless, to make the girl realise that she was experiencing love and was dominated by a passion for this man.
 so that, with no reason whatever in her mind to question the sincerity of johnson's love for her, it would seem as if nothing were wanting to make the girl perfectly happy; that there could be no room in her heart for any feeling other than elation.
-and yet, curiously enough, the girl could not doze off to sleep.
 some mysterious force--a vague foreboding of something about to happen--impelled her to open her eyes again and again.
 it was an odd and wholly new sensation, this conjuring up of distressing spectres, for no girl was given less to that sort of thing; all the same, it was with difficulty that she checked an impulse to cry out to her lover--whom she believed to be asleep--and make him dissipate, by renewed assurances, the mysterious barrier which she felt was hemming her in.
 as for johnson, the moment that his head had touched the pillows, he fell to thinking of the awkward situation in which he was placed, the many complications in which his heart had involved him and, finally, he found himself wondering whether the woman whom he loved so dearly was also lying sleepless in her rug on the floor.
 and so it was not surprising that he should spring up the moment that he heard cries from outside.
 "who's that knockin', i wonder?"
 although her voice showed no signs of distress or annoyance, the question coming from her in a calm tone, the girl was upon her feet almost before she knew it.
-in a trice she removed all evidences that she had been lying upon the floor, flinging the pillows and silk coverlet to the wardrobe top.
 in that same moment johnson was standing in the parting of the curtains, his hand raised warningly.
 in another moment he was over to the door where, after taking his pistols from his overcoat pockets, he stood in a cool, determined attitude, fingering his weapons.
 "but some one's ben callin'," the girl was saying, at the very moment when above the loud roaring of the wind another knock was heard on the cabin door.
@@ -2611,7 +2560,8 @@ soon afterwards, however, the girl made out that nick was endeavouring to convey
 she cried.
 "yes, ramerrez .
 .
-.!"
+.
+!"
 "what?
 say that again?"
 "ramerrez is on the trail--"
@@ -2830,7 +2780,8 @@ and now--well, it's all over--i have finished."
 questioned the girl with averted face.
 "no--yes--what's the use .
 .
-.?"
+.
+?"
 the girl's anger blazed forth again.
 "but there's jest one thing you've overlooked explainin', mr. johnson.
 it shows exactly what you are.
@@ -2888,7 +2839,8 @@ climb up there to the loft you're the man that's got my first kiss an' i'm goin'
 she cried reproachfully, trying to lift him to his feet.
 "oh, hurry, hurry .
 .
-.!"
+.
+!"
 with the utmost difficulty johnson rose to his feet and catching the rounds of the ladder he began to ascend.
 but after going up a few rounds he reeled and almost fell off, gasping:
 "i can't make it--no, i can't .
@@ -3056,7 +3008,6 @@ johnson neither moved nor groaned, as the edge slid from beneath his nerveless a
 i'll take you up," he said, seating himself.
 "your word," demanded the girl, leaning over the table, but still standing.
 "i can lose like a gentleman," returned rance curtly; then, with a swift seizure of her hand, he continued tensely, in tones that made the girl shrink and whiten, "i'm hungry for you, min, and if i win, i'll take it out on you as long as i have breath."
-a moment later, the girl had freed her hand from his clasp, and was saying evenly, "fix the lamp."
 and while the sheriff was adjusting the wick that had begun to flare up smokily, she swiftly left the room, saying casually over her shoulder that she was going to fetch something from the closet.
 "what you goin' to get?"
 he called after her suspiciously.
@@ -3147,7 +3098,6 @@ here he halted and wished her a polite good-night--so ceremoniously polite that
 pale as death and almost on the point of collapse, the girl staggered back to the table where the wounded road agent was half-sitting, half-lying.
 thrusting her hand now into the stocking from which she had obtained the winning, if incriminating, cards, she drew forth those that remained and scattered them in the air, crying out hysterically:
 "three aces an' a pair an' a stockin' full o' pictures--but his life belongs to me!"
- xiv.
  conscious-stricken at the fraud that she had imposed upon the gambler, the girl lived a lifetime in the moments that followed his departure.
 with her face buried in her hands she stood lost in contemplation of her shameful secret.
 a sound--the sound of a man in great pain checked her hysterical sobs.
@@ -3194,7 +3144,6 @@ a half hour passed and the man began to grow restless.
 he had, of course, no idea whatever of the length of time he had been in the cabin, and he knew that he must be thinking of an immediate escape.
 in desperation, he tried to get out of bed, but the task was beyond his power.
 at that a terrible feeling of hopelessness assailed him.
-his only chance was to reach the valley where he had little fear of capture; but wounded, as he was, that seemed out of the question, and he saw himself caught like a rat in a trap.
 in an access of rage at the situation in which he was placed he made another effort to raise himself up on his elbow and peer through the window at the sierras.
 the noise that he made, slight though it was, awoke the girl.
 in an instant she was at his bedside drawing the curtain over the window.
@@ -3220,7 +3169,8 @@ but if you keep still no one'll suspect that you're here."
 "i remember nothing after i came down the ladder.
 the sheriff--rance-- what's become .
 .
-.?"
+.
+?"
 the girl chided him with gentle authority.
 "you keep perfectly still--you mustn't say nothin' 'til you've rested.
 everythin's all right an' you needn't worry a bit."
@@ -3328,7 +3278,6 @@ it was decided, too, that there was not a moment to be lost in putting their pla
 in consequence, castro immediately took his departure.
 the hour that passed before the time set for johnson to leave the cabin was a most trying one for both of them.
 it was not so hard on the man, of course, for he was excited over the prospect of escaping; but the girl, whose mind was filled with the dread of what might happen to him, had nothing to sustain her.
-despite his objection, she had stipulated that, with jackrabbit as a companion, she should accompany him to the outskirts of the camp.
 and so, at the moment of departure, throwing about her a cloak of some rough material, she went up to her lover and said with a quiver in her voice:
 "i'm ready, dick, but i'm a-figurin' that i can't let you go alone--you jest got to take me below with you, an' that's all there is to it."
 the man shook his head.
@@ -3378,7 +3327,6 @@ prompted by a different motive, yet not far removed in actual effect from the po
 it is quite impossible to read such a play as the pardoner and the friar and believe that its author wrote under any such earnest and sober inspiration as did the author of new custom.
 his intention was frankly to amuse, and to paint life as he saw it without the intrusion of unreal personages of highly virtuous but dull ideas.
 yet he swung the lash of satire as cuttingly and as merrily about the flanks of ecclesiastical superstition as ever did the creator of perverse doctrine.
-[47]
 the simplest plot sufficed heywood, and the minimum of characters.
 the pardoner and the friar (possibly as early as 1520) demands only four persons, while the plot may be summed up in a few sentences, thus: a pardoner and a friar, from closely adjoining platforms, are endeavouring to address the same crowd, the one to sell relics, the other to beg money for his order.
 by a sort of stichomythic alternation each for a time is supposed to carry on his speech regardless of the other, so that to follow either connectedly the alternate lines must be read in sequence.
@@ -3411,21 +3359,16 @@ friar.
 that for none other thing they will cark.--
 pardoner.
 drive him hence, therefore, in the twenty-devil way!--
-the four p.p.
-(?
 1540), similarly, requires no more than a palmer, a pardoner, a 'pothecary and a pedlar, and for plot only a single conversation, devoid even of the rough play which usually enlivened discussions on the stage.
 in the debate arises a contest as to who can tell the biggest lie--won by the palmer's statement that he has never seen a woman out of patience--and that is the sole dramatic element.
 nevertheless, by sheer wit interest is maintained to the end, every one smiling over the rival claims of such veteran humbugs as the old-time pardoner and apothecary; scant reverence does 'pothecary vouchsafe to pardoner's potent relics, his 'of all hallows the blessed jaw-bone', his 'great toe of the trinity', his 'buttock-bone of pentecost', and the rest.
 one of the raciest passages occurs in the pardoner's relation of the wonders he has performed in the execution of his office.
 amongst other deeds of note is the bringing back of a certain woman from hell to earth.
 for this purpose the pardoner visited the lower regions in person--so he says--and brought her out in triumph with the full and joyful consent of lucifer.
-[the pardoner has entered hell and secured a guide.]
 pardoner.
 this devil and i walked arm in arm so far, till he had brought me thither, where all the devils of hell together stood in array in such apparel as for that day there meetly fell.
-their horns well-gilt, their claws full clean, their tails well-kempt, and, as i ween, with sothery[48] butter their bodies anointed; i never saw devils so well appointed.
 the master-devil sat in his jacket, and all the souls were playing at racket.
 none other rackets they had in hand, save every soul a good firebrand, wherewith they played so prettily that lucifer laughed merrily, and all the residue of the fiends did laugh thereat full well like friends.
-[he interviews lucifer and asks if he may take away margery corson.]
 now, by our honour, said lucifer, no devil in hell shall withhold her; and if thou wouldest have twenty mo, wert not for justice, they should go.
 for all we devils within this den have more to-do with two women than with all the charge we have beside; wherefore, if thou our friend will be tried, apply thy pardons to women so that unto us there come no mo.
 johan johan, or, at greater length, the merry play between johan johan the husband, tyb his wife, and sir jhon the priest (printed 1533), contains only the three characters mentioned, but possesses a theme more nearly deserving the name of plot than do the other two, namely, the contriving and carrying out of a plan by tyb for exposing her boastful husband's real and absolute subjection to her rule.
@@ -3449,24 +3392,8 @@ yet they continued to flourish long after heywood had set another example, and w
 in johan johan is simple comedy, the comedy of laughter-raising dialogue and 'asides'.
 we do not say it is perfect comedy, far from it; but it is comedy cleared of its former alloys.
 it is the comedy which shakespeare refined for his own use in twelfth night and elsewhere.
-[footnote 34: translation by w.c. robinson, ph.d. (bohn's standard library).]
-[footnote 35: aright.]
-[footnote 36: world's.]
-[footnote 37: company.]
-[footnote 38: wealth.]
-[footnote 39: know.]
-[footnote 40: know not.]
-[footnote 41: solace.]
-[footnote 42: stealing.]
-[footnote 43: lying.]
-[footnote 44: fright.]
-[footnote 45: glad.]
-[footnote 46: alehouse sign.]
-[footnote 47: the reader is warned against chronological confusion.
 in order to follow out the various dramatic contributions of the interludes one must sometimes pass over plays at one point to return to them at another.
 care has been taken to place approximate dates against the plays, and these should be duly regarded.
-the treatment of so early an interlude writer as heywood (his three best known productions may be dated between 1520 and 1540) thus late is justified by the fact that he is in some ways 'before his time', notably in his rejection of the morality abstractions.]
-[footnote 48: sweet.]
  chapter iv
 rise of comedy and tragedy
  no great discernment is required to see that, after the appearance of johan johan, all that was needed for the complete development of comedy was the invention of a well-contrived plot.
@@ -3477,7 +3404,6 @@ but here, again, originality was limited; the dénouement was more or less a for
 clearly, one of two things was wanted: either a man of genius to perceive the need and to supply it, or the study of new models outside the field of english drama.
 the man of genius was not then forthcoming, but by good fortune the models were stumbled upon.
 we say stumbled upon, because the absence of tentative predecessors and of anything approaching an eager band of successors, suggests an unpreparedness for the discovery when it came.
-thus calisto and melibaea (1530), an imitation of a spanish comedy of the same name, though it contained a definitely evolved plot, sent barely a ripple over the surface of succeeding authorship.
 it represents the steadfastness of the maiden melibaea against the entreaties of her lover calisto and the much more crafty, indeed almost successful, wiles of the procuress, celestine.
 true, the play is dull enough.
 but if dramatists had been awake to their defects, the value of the new importation from a foreign literature would have been noticed.
@@ -3511,13 +3437,10 @@ with all its improvements it has no suggestion of the alien about it, as has the
 perhaps that is why it had to wait fifteen years for a successor.
 quite possibly its spectators regarded it as merely a better interlude than usual, without recognizing the precise qualities which made it different from johan johan.
 two quotations will be sufficient to illustrate the opposing characters.
-(1)
 merrygreek (alone).
 but now of roister doister somewhat to express, that ye may esteem him after his worthiness, in these twenty towns, and seek them throughout, is not the like stock whereon to graff a lout.
-all the day long is he facing and craking[49] of his great acts in fighting and fray-making; but when roister doister is put to his proof, to keep the queen's peace is more for his behoof.
 if any woman smile, or cast on him an eye, up is he to the hard ears in love by and by: and in all the hot haste must she be his wife, else farewell his good days, and farewell his life!
  (2)
-[tristram trusty, a good friend and counsellor to dame custance, is consulted by her on the matter of the sea-captain's (suresby's) misunderstanding of her attitude towards ralph roister doister.]
 t. trusty.
 nay, weep not, woman, but tell me what your cause is.
 as concerning my friend is anything amiss?
@@ -3569,12 +3492,9 @@ but in the other scale may be placed a very fair claim to greater naturalness.
 taking the scenes and characters in turn, mischief-maker, churchman and all, there is none so open to the charge of being impossible, and therefore farcical, as the battle between the forces of ralph and dame custance, or the incredibly self-deceived ralph himself.
 in accompanying ralph through his adventures we seem to be moving through a fantastic world in which sir andrew aguecheek and malvolio might feel at home; but with dame chat, gammer gurton and hodge we feel the solid earth beneath our feet and around us the strong air which nourished the peasantry and yeomen of tudor england.
 the first extract is a verse from this comedy's one and famous song; the second is taken from act i, scene 4.
-(1)
 i cannot eat but little meat, my stomach is not good; but sure i think that i can drink with him that wears a hood.
 though i go bare, take ye no care, i am nothing a-cold; i stuff my skin so full within of jolly good ale and old.
 back and side go bare, go bare, both foot and hand go cold: but belly, god send thee good ale enough, whether it be new or old.
-(2)
-[hodge hears of the loss of the needle on his return home from the fields.]
 hodge.
 your nee'le lost?
 it is pity you should lack care and endless sorrow.
@@ -3586,8 +3506,6 @@ now god and good saint sithe, i pray to send it home again.
 hodge.
 whereto served your hands and eyes, but this your nee'le to keep?
 what devil had you else to do?
-ye keep, ich wot, no sheep.
-cham[50] fain abroad to dig and delve, in water, mire and clay, sossing and possing in the dirt still from day to day.
 a hundred things that be abroad cham set to see them well: and four of you sit idle at home and cannot keep a nee'le!
 gammer.
 my nee'le, alas, ich lost it, hodge, what time ich me up hasted to save milk set up for thee, which gib our cat hath wasted.
@@ -3613,7 +3531,6 @@ gammer.
 nay, tarry, hodge, till thou hast light, and then we'll seek each one.
 ralph roister doister and gammer gurton's needle mark the end of the interlude stage and the commencement of comedy proper.
 leaving the latter at this point for the present, we shall return in the next chapter to study its fortunes at the hands of lyly.
-*       *       *       *       *
 morality plays, though theoretically quite as suitable for tragic effect as for comic, since the former only required that mankind should sometimes fail to reach heaven, seem nevertheless to have developed mainly the lighter side, setting the hero right at the finish and in the meantime discovering, to the relief of otherwise bored spectators, that wickedness, in some unexplained way, was funny.
 as long as propriety forbade that good should be overcome by evil it is hard to see how tragedy could appear.
 had humankind, in the castell of perseverance, been fought for in vain by the virtues, or had everyman found no companion to go with him and intercede for him, there had been tragedy indeed.
@@ -3662,7 +3579,6 @@ nature enforceth me, alas, in this wise to deplore, to wring my hands, o wel-awa
 thy mother yet will kiss thy lips, silk-soft and pleasant white, with wringing hands lamenting for to see thee in this plight.
 my lording dear, let us go home, our mourning to augment.
 the second play, appius and virginia (1563), by r.b.
-(not further identified), is, in some respects, weaker; though, by avoiding the crowded plot which spoilt cambyses, it attains more nearly to tragedy.
 the low characters, mansipulus and mansipula, the vice (haphazard), and the abstractions, conscience, comfort and their brethren, reappear with as little success.
 but the singleness of the theme helps towards that elevation of the main figures and intensifying of the catastrophe which tragic emotion demands.
 unfortunately, from the start the author seems to have been obsessed with the notion that the familiar rant of herod was peculiarly suited to his subject.
@@ -3738,7 +3654,6 @@ the duke of albany, however, thinks to snatch power to himself from this opportu
 scene 2.--report is made of the suppression of the rebellion, but this news is immediately followed by a report of albany's attempted usurpation of the throne.
 coalition for his defeat is agreed upon, and the play ends with the mournful soliloquy of that aged counsellor who first opposed the division of the throne and now sees, as the consequence of that fatal act, his country, torn to pieces by civil strife, left an easy prize for an ambitious conqueror.
 hereto it comes when kings will not consent to grave advice, but follow wilful will.
-this is the end, when in fond princes' hearts flattery prevails, and sage rede[51] hath no place: these are the plagues, when murder is the mean to make new heirs unto the royal crown.... and this doth grow, when lo, unto the prince, whom death or sudden hap of life bereaves, no certain heir remains, such certain heir, as not all only is the rightful heir, but to the realm is so made known to be; and troth thereby vested in subjects' hearts, to owe faith there where right is known to rest.
 this last quotation, interesting in itself as containing a recommendation to queen elizabeth to marry, or at least name her successor, will also serve as a specimen of the new verse, blank verse, which here, for the first time, finds its way into english drama.
 meeting with small favour from writers skilful in the stringing together of rhymes, it suffered comparative neglect for some years until marlowe taught its capacities to his own and future ages.
 with sackville's stiff lines before us we shall be better able to appreciate the later playwright's genius.
@@ -3780,7 +3695,6 @@ sophocles puts into the mouth of oedipus, at the moment of his departure into bl
 but my poor maidens, hapless and forlorn, who never had a meal apart from mine, but ever shared my table, yea, for them take heedful care; and grant me, though but once, yea, i beseech thee, with these hands to feel, thou noble heart!
 the forms i love so well, and weep with them our common misery.
 oh, if my arms were round them, i might seem to have them as of old when i could see.
-[52]
 shakespeare, too, knew well how to kindle the soft radiance which, fading again, makes the ensuing darkness darker still.
 ophelia, the sleeping duncan, cordelia rise to our minds.
 nor need we quote the famous words of webster's ferdinand.
@@ -3926,7 +3840,6 @@ for an account of his career, see captain nelson.
 of jamaica.
 one of major stede bonnet's crew.
 hanged at white point, charleston, south carolina, on november 8th, 1718, and buried in the marsh below low-water mark.
- morton, philip.
 gunner on board "blackbeard's" ship, the queen ann's revenge.
 killed on november 22nd, 1718, in north carolina, during the fight with lieutenant maynard.
  mullet, james, alias millet.
@@ -4063,7 +3976,6 @@ odell received no less than seventy wounds in the fight, but recovered, and was
  oughterlauney, thomas.
 acted as pilot in the royal fortune.
 took an active part in taking and plundering the king solomon on the west coast of africa in 1721.
-was tried for piracy with the rest of roberts's crew, when one witness, captain trahern, deposed that the prisoner dressed himself up in the captain's best suit of clothes, his new tye wig, and called loudly for a bottle of wine, and then, very arrogantly, gave orders as to the steering of the captured ship.
 hanged at cape coast castle in 1722.
  pain, captain.
 a bahaman privateer who in 1683 turned pirate and attacked st. augustine in florida under french colours.
@@ -4109,7 +4021,6 @@ a low down, latter-day south sea pirate.
 arrived in an armed ship with a malay crew at apia in samoa in june, 1870, and rescued the pirate bully hayes, who was under arrest of the english consul.
 he pleased the british inhabitants of the island by his display of loyalty to queen victoria by firing a salute of twenty-one guns on her majesty's birthday.
  pell, ignatius.
-boatswain of the royal james, major stede bonnet's ship.
 turned king's evidence at trial of bonnet and his crew at charleston, carolina, in 1718.
  penner, major.
 we have been able to find out nothing of this pirate except that he was at new providence island in 1718 and took the king's pardon for pirates.
@@ -4142,7 +4053,6 @@ in 1634 was in command of le ruze, crew of forty men and four guns.
  petty, william.
 born at deptford.
 a sailmaker in captain roberts's royal fortune when the king solomon was taken and plundered in west africa.
-petty, as sailmaker, had to see that all the sails and canvas aboard the prizes were removed to the pirate ship.
 hanged at the age of 30.
  phelipp, captain william.
 in 1533 a portuguese merchant, peter alves, engaged phelipp to pilot his ship, the santa maria desaie, from tenby to bastabill haven.
@@ -4163,7 +4073,6 @@ swallow, philips seized a lighted match and attempted to blow up the ship, swear
 hanged at the age of 35.
  phillips, john.
 a carpenter by trade, he sailed from the west country for newfoundland in a ship that was captured by the pirate anstis in the good fortune.
-phillips soon became reconciled to the life of a pirate, and, being a brisk fellow, he was appointed carpenter to the ship.
 returning to england he soon found it necessary to quit the country again, and he shipped himself on board a vessel at topsham for newfoundland.
 on arriving at peter harbour he ran away, and hired himself as a splitter to the newfoundland cod fishery.
 on the night of august 29th, 1723, with four others, he stole a vessel in the harbour and sailed away.
@@ -4187,9 +4096,7 @@ one of teach's crew.
 hanged in virginia in 1718.
  phillips, william.
 born at lower shadwell.
-boatswain in the king solomon, a guinea merchant ship.
 this ship, while lying at anchor in january, 1721, was attacked by a boatful of pirates from bartholomew roberts's ship, the royal fortune.
-the captain of the king solomon fired a musket at the approaching boat, and called upon his crew to do the same, but phillips called for quarter and persuaded the rest of the crew to lay down their arms and surrender the ship.
 phillips eagerly joined the pirates and signed the articles, and was "very forward and brisk" in helping to rob his own ship of provisions and stores.
 at his trial at cape coast castle, he pleaded, as nearly all the prisoners did, that he was compelled to sign the pirates' articles, which were offered to him on a dish, on which lay a loaded pistol beside the copy of the articles.
 found guilty and hanged in april, 1722, within the flood marks at cape coast castle, in his 29th year.
@@ -4226,7 +4133,6 @@ the pirate was discovered in tarpaulin cove, and a fierce and bloody fight took
 the prisoners were cast into boston gaol to await their trial.
 pound had been wounded, being shot in the arm and side.
 the trial took place on january 13th, 1690. pound was found guilty, but reprieved, and was sent to england, but was later on liberated.
-afterwards he got command of a ship.
 he died in england in 1703.
  powell, thomas.
 of connecticut, new england.
@@ -4342,11 +4248,7 @@ tried for piracy with gow's crew at newgate in 1725, and acquitted.
 of londonderry, ireland.
 one of captain harris's crew.
 was hanged at newport, rhode island, in 1723, at the age of 35.
- readhead, philip.
 one of captain heidon's crew of the pirate ship john of sandwich, wrecked on alderney island in 1564. was arrested and hanged at st. martin's point, guernsey, in the same year.
-[illustration: ann bonny and mary read, convicted of piracy, november 28, 1720, at a court of vice-admiralty held at st. jago de la vega in the island of jamaica.
-to face p.
-256.]
  rhoade, captain john.
 a dutch coasting pilot of boston.
 in 1674 appointed chief pilot to the curacao privateer flying horse, and sailed along the coast of maine and as far north as the st. john river.
@@ -4372,7 +4274,6 @@ john, tiring of the trade of cooper, to which he was apprenticed, ran away to se
 for many years he served both in men-of-war and in merchant ships.
 although an unmitigated blackguard, he did not commit piracy nor murder until some years later, when, being at ancona, he met a captain benjamin hartley, who had come there with a loading of pilchards.
 richardson was taken on board to serve as ship's carpenter, and sailed for leghorn.
-with another sailor called coyle, richardson concocted a mutiny, murdered the captain in the most brutal manner, and was appointed mate in the pirate ship.
 as a pirate richardson was beneath contempt.
 his life ended on the gallows at execution dock on january 25th, 1738.
  richardson, nicholas.
@@ -4426,7 +4327,6 @@ roberts, like many other successful pirates, was born in wales, not far from hav
 he is described as being "a tall black man," and was about 40 years of age at the time of his death.
 he was remarkable, even among his remarkable companions, for several things.
 first of all, he only drank tea--thus being the only total abstainer known to the fraternity.
-also he was a strict disciplinarian, and on board his ships all lights had to be extinguished by 8 p.m., any of the crew who wished to continue drinking after that hour had to do so on the open deck.
 but try as he would this ardent apostle of abstemiousness was unable to put down drinking.
 if roberts had lived to-day, no doubt he would have been on the council of the local vigilance committee.
 he would allow no women aboard his ships, in fact he made it a law that any man who brought a woman on board disguised as a man was to suffer death.
@@ -4435,7 +4335,6 @@ he was a strict sabbatarian, and allowed the musicians to have a rest on the sev
 this was as well, for the post of musician on a pirate ship was no sinecure, as every pirate had the right to demand a tune at any hour of the day or night.
 he used to place a guard to protect all his women prisoners, and it is sadly suspicious that there was always the greatest competition amongst the worst characters in the ship to be appointed sentinel over a good-looking woman prisoner.
 all quarrels had to be settled on shore, pirate fashion, the duellists standing back to back armed with pistol and cutlass.
-roberts would have no fighting among the crew on board his ship.
 bartholomew must have looked the very part of a pirate when dressed for action.
 a tall, dark man, he used to wear a rich damask waistcoat and breeches, a red feather in his cap, a gold chain round his neck with a large diamond cross dangling from it, a sword in his hand, and two pairs of pistols hanging at the end of a silk sling flung over his shoulders.
 we first hear of roberts as sailing, in honest employ, as master of the princess (captain plumb), from london in november, 1719, bound for the coast of guinea to pick up a cargo of "black ivory" at anamaboe.
@@ -4445,12 +4344,8 @@ on the death of davis there were several candidates for the post of commander, a
 one of these "lords," dennis, concluded an eloquent harangue over a bowl of punch with a strong appeal for roberts to be the new chief.
 this proposal was acclaimed with but one dissenting voice, that of "lord" sympson, who had hopes of being elected himself, and who sullenly left the meeting swearing "he did not care who they chose captain so it was not a papist."
 so roberts was elected after being a pirate only six weeks; thus was true merit quickly appreciated and rewarded amongst them.
-[illustration: captain bartholomew roberts.
-to face p.
-262.]
 roberts's speech to his fellow-pirates was short but to the point, saying "that since he had dipped his hands in muddy water, and must be a pyrate, it was better being a commander than a common man," not perhaps a graceful nor grateful way of expressing his thanks, but one which was no doubt understood by his audience.
 roberts began his career in a bright manner, for to revenge the perfectly justifiable death of their late captain he seized and razed the fort, bombarded the town, and setting on fire two portuguese ships so as to act as torches, sailed away the same night.
-sailing to brazil they found in the bay of bahia a fleet of forty-two portuguese ships ready laden and on the point of leaving for lisbon, and roberts, with the most astounding boldness, sailed right in amongst them until he found the deepest laden, which he attacked and boarded, although his was a much smaller ship.
 he sailed away with his prize from the harbour.
 this prize, amongst the merchandise, contained 40,000 moidors and a cross of diamonds designed for the king of portugal.
 he then took a dutch ship, and two days later an english one, and sailed back to brazil, refitting and cleaning at the island of ferdinando.
@@ -4589,7 +4484,6 @@ and they allowed us but halfe a pound of bread a man in a day without any other
 buccaneer.
 we know little of the early career of this remarkable buccaneer.
 he was loved by his crew, and had great influence over them.
-it is recorded that one sunday morning, finding some of his men gambling, he threw the dice overboard, saying "he would have no gambling aboard his ship."
 we know that on one occasion he was caught in his vessel by h.m.s.
 success and brought to port royal, jamaica, and that on december 1st, 1679, he was in prison awaiting trial for piracy.
 apparently he got off, for this brilliant young buccaneer is soon afterwards heard of as commanding a small vessel of sixteen tons, armed with but one gun and a crew of thirty-five men.
@@ -4601,7 +4495,6 @@ meeting with the spanish fleet of eight ships, the buccaneers attacked it, and,
 this was one of the most gallant episodes in the whole history of the "brethren of the coast," and was afterwards known as the battle of perico.
 sawkins fought in the most brave and desperate manner, and took a large share in the successful enterprise.
 after this action some quarrelling took place, which ended by captain coxon going off with some seventy men, to return across the isthmus on foot.
-the company that remained in the pacific elected sawkins to be their leader, as captain sharp, a much older man, was away in his ship.
 the buccaneers, ever since they defeated the spanish fleet, had blockaded the harbour, and a correspondence took place between the governor of panama and sawkins, the former wishing to know what the pirates had come there for.
 to this message sawkins sent back answer "that we came to assist the king of darien, who was the true lord of panama and all the country thereabouts.
 and that since we were come so far, there was no reason but that we should have some satisfaction.
@@ -4631,9 +4524,7 @@ tried for piracy in april, 1722, at cape coast castle, west africa, after the gr
 swallow.
 on this occasion no less than 267 pirates were accounted for.
 the finding of the honourable the president and judges of the court of admiralty for trying of pirates was as follows:
-acquitted                                 74 executed                                  52 respited                                   2 to servitude                              20 to the marshallsea                        17 for tryal
 the rest were accounted for as follows:
-killed { in the ranger                  10 { in the fortune                  3 dy'd { in the passage to cape corso     15 { afterwards in the castle          4 negroes in both ships                     70 ---- 267 ----
 a number of the prisoners signed a "humble petition" begging that, as they, being "unhappily and unwisely drawn into that wretched and detestable crime of piracy," they might be permitted to serve in the royal african company in the country for seven years, in remission of their crimes.
 this clemency was granted to twenty of the prisoners, of which scot was one.
 a very impressive indenture was drawn up, according to which the prisoners were to become the slaves of the company for seven years, and this was signed by the prisoners and by the president.
@@ -4835,11 +4726,9 @@ one of william coward's crew which stole the ketch elinor in boston harbour.
 condemned to be hanged on january 27th, 1690, but afterwards reprieved.
  st. quintin, richard.
 a native of yorkshire.
-one of m'kinlie's crew that murdered captain glass and his family in the canary ship.
 afterwards arrested at cork and hanged in chains near dublin on march 19th, 1765.
  sturges, captain.
 an elizabethan pirate, who had his headquarters at rochelle.
-in company with the notorious pirate calles, he in one year pillaged two portuguese, one french, one spanish, and also a scotch ship.
 his end is not known.
  o'sullivan, lord.
 receiver of pirate plunder.
@@ -4898,7 +4787,6 @@ in 1717, hornigold and teach sailed together from providence towards the america
 after careening their vessels on the coast of virginia, the pirates took a fine french guineaman bound to martinico; this ship they armed with forty guns, named her the queen ann's revenge, and blackbeard went aboard as captain.
 teach now had a ship that allowed him to go for larger prizes, and he began by taking a big ship called the great allen, which he plundered and then set fire to.
 a few days later, teach was attacked by h.m.s.
-scarborough, of thirty guns, but after a sharp engagement lasting some hours, the pirate was able to drive off the king's ship.
 the next ship he met with was the sloop of that amateur pirate and landsman, major stede bonnet.
 teach and bonnet became friends and sailed together for a few days, when teach, finding that bonnet was quite ignorant of maritime matters, ordered the major, in the most high-handed way, to come aboard his ship, while he put another officer in command of bonnet's vessel.
 teach now took ship after ship, one of which, with the curious name of the protestant cæsar, the pirates burnt out of spite, not because of her name, but because she belonged to boston, where there had lately been a hanging of pirates.
@@ -4973,7 +4861,6 @@ this welsh pirate was one of major stede bonnet's crew of the royal james.
 hanged at charleston, south carolina, in 1718.
  thompson, captain.
 a renegade pirate who joined the barbary corsairs, becoming a mohammedan.
-commanded a pirate vessel, and was taken prisoner off the coast of ireland by an elizabethan ship.
 hanged at wapping.
  thurbar, richard.
 tried for piracy at boston in 1704.
@@ -5073,7 +4960,6 @@ tiring of this, vane stole a vessel and ranged up and down the coast from florid
 on one occasion vane met the famous blackbeard, whom he saluted with his great guns loaded with shot.
 this compliment of one pirate chief to another was returned in like kind, and then "mutual civilities" followed for several days between the two pirate captains and their crews, these civilities taking the form of a glorious debauch in a quiet creek on the coast.
 vane soon had a change of fortune, when, meeting with a french man-of-war, he decided to decline an engagement and to seek safety in flight, greatly to the anger of his crew.
-for this he was obliged to stand the test of the vote of the whole crew, who passed a resolution against his honour and dignity, and branded him a coward, deprived him of his command, and packed him off with a few of his adherents in a small sloop.
 vane, not discouraged by this reverse of fortune, rose again from the bottom rung of the ladder to success, and quickly increased in strength of ships and crew, until one day, being overcome by a sudden tornado, he lost everything but his life, being washed up on a small uninhabited island off the honduras coast.
 here he managed to support life by begging food from the fishermen who occasionally came there in their canoes.
 at last a ship put in for water, commanded by one captain holford, who happened to be an old friend of vane's.
@@ -5081,7 +4967,6 @@ vane naturally was pleased at this piece of good fortune, and asked his dear old
 no promises of good behaviour from vane would prevail on his friend to rescue him; in fact, captain holford's parting remark was that he would be returning in a month, and that if he then found vane still on the island he would carry him to jamaica to be hanged.
 soon after holford's departure another ship put in for water, none of the crew of which knew vane by sight, and he was too crafty to let them find out the notorious pirate he was.
 they consented to take off the shipwrecked mariner, when, just as all seemed to be going well, back came the ship of friend holford.
-holford, who seems to have been a sociable kind of man, was well acquainted with the captain who was befriending vane, and holford was invited to dine on board his ship.
 as the guest was passing along the deck of his host's ship on his way to the great cabin he chanced to glance down the open hold, and there who should he see but his dear old friend vane hard at work; for he had already won his new master's good graces by being a "brisk hand."
 holford at once informed his host that he was entertaining a notorious pirate, and with his consent clapped vane in irons, and removed him to his own ship, and when he arrived in jamaica handed his old friend to the justices, who quickly tried, to the relative frequency of occurrence of hæmothorax i should have placed it at about 30 per cent.
 the patients in these early battles needed little wagon transport, and when sent down to the base travelled in comfortable ambulance trains.
@@ -5090,8 +4975,6 @@ of these patients, at least 90 per cent.
 suffered with hæmothorax of varying degrees of severity.
 in some cases, the least common, signs of considerable intra-pleural hæmorrhage immediately followed the wound; in others, the accumulation of blood was gradual, and only manifest in any degree at the end of three or four days, when it became stationary if the patient was kept at rest.
 in a second series the hæmorrhage was of the recurrent variety; these cases differing little in character from those of slight continuous hæmorrhage.
-in a third, the bleeding was definitely of a secondary character, corresponding with one of the classes of secondary hæmorrhage described in chapter iv., and occurring on the eighth or tenth day from giving way of an imperfectly closed wounded vessel.
-in either of the two latter classes the development of the hæmothorax often corresponded with a journey, or with allowing the patient to get up.
 the general course of these effusions was towards spontaneous absorption and recovery.
 coagulation of the blood took place early, the fluid serum separated, and tended to undergo absorption with some rapidity, leaving a small amount of coagulum at the base, which evidenced its presence for many weeks by a persistence of a certain degree of dulness on percussion.
 early coagulation, i think, accounted for the usual absence of gravitation ecchymosis as a sign.
@@ -5113,9 +4996,7 @@ the latter was most common in instances in which multiple fracture of the ribs e
 83).
 i think the rarity of the last sign must have been due to the early coagulation of the blood, and its retention by the pleura, as i saw well-marked gravitation ecchymosis in one or two cases of mediastinal hæmorrhage.
 the above complex of symptoms was common to all the cases, but in the slighter ones they gave rise to little trouble, and cleared up with great rapidity.
-[illustration: fig.
 83.--gravitation ecchymosis in a case of hæmothorax, accompanying fracture of three ribs from within.
-the influence of the fractures on the development of the ecchymosis is shown by the linear arrangement of the discoloration]
 the most interesting feature was offered by the temperature, as this was very liable to lead one astray.
 a primary rise always occurred with the collection of blood in the pleura, this reaching its height on the third or fourth day, usually about 102° f. in well-marked cases; it then fell, and in favourable instances remained normal.
 in a large number of cases, however, where the amount of blood was considerable, this was not the case, the primary fall not reaching the normal, and a second rise occurred which reached the same height as before or higher.
@@ -5131,7 +5012,6 @@ the explanation of the recurrent hæmorrhages is, i think, to be found in the re
 in many of these cases a pleural rub was audible at the upper margin of the dulness with the development of the fresh symptoms.
 whether this was due to actual pleurisy or to the rubbing of surfaces rough from the breaking down of slight recent adhesions which had formed a barrier to the effusion, i am unable to say, but the signs were fairly constant.
 in some instances the increase in the amount of fluid was, no doubt, due to pleural effusion resulting from irritation from the presence of blood-clot, or perhaps the shifting of the latter; in these the secondary rise of temperature may well be ascribed to the development of pleurisy.
-i am inclined to believe, however, that the primary rise of temperature was similar to that seen when blood accumulates in the peritoneal cavity as the result of trauma, and the secondary rises in most cases to those which we saw so frequently accompanying the interstitial secondary hæmorrhages spoken of in chapter iv., and are to be explained on the theory of absorption of a blood ferment.
 the secondary rises always occurred with a fresh effusion, often of blood, occasioning an extension, which broke down probable light adhesions and exposed a fresh area of normal pleural membrane to act as a surface for absorption.
 it is, of course, manifest that the fever might also be ascribed to the infection of the clot or serum from without, and in the first cases i saw i was inclined to take this view, since we had in every case the primary wounds of chest-wall, and possibly of lung, and in some the addition of a puncture by an exploring needle between the first and second rise.
 after a wider experience, however, i abandoned the infection theory, as it seemed opposed by the very infrequent sequence of suppuration.
@@ -5143,10 +5023,7 @@ in the majority of the patients when they left the hospitals, at the end of six
 that such adhesions do form in the majority of cases i feel certain, as, although these patients when they left the hospital were to all intents and purposes apparently well, few of them could undertake sustained exertion without getting short of breath, and sometimes suffering from transitory pain, and for this reason it became customary to invalid them home.
 in a small proportion of the cases empyema followed; but i never saw this in any case that had neither been tapped nor opened, and i saw only one patient die from a chest wound uncomplicated by other injuries.
 this case was an interesting one of recurrent hæmorrhage followed by inflammatory troubles:--
-[illustration: temperature chart 2.--secondary hæmorrhages in a case of hæmothorax.
 case no.
-151]
-(151) the wound was received at short range, probably at from 100 to 200 yards.
 entry, 1 inch from the left axillary margin in the first intercostal space; exit, at the back of the right arm 1-1/2 inch below the acromial angle; both pleuræ were therefore crossed.
 the patient expectorated at first fluid, then clotted, blood in considerable quantity.
 when brought into the advanced base hospital on the third day, there were signs of blood in the left pleura, cellular emphysema over the right side of the chest, and signs of collapse of the right lung.
@@ -5159,14 +5036,12 @@ the track in the lung was almost healed, and although a part of it allowed the i
 empyema.--i may here add the little that i have to say on this subject.
 during the whole campaign the single case of primary empyema that i saw was the one recorded below, which deserves special mention as illustrating the disadvantage of extracting bullets on the field.
 under the conditions which necessarily accompanied this operation the ensurance of asepsis was impossible, and the additional wound no doubt proved the source of infection.
-(152) entry, at the posterior margin of the sterno-mastoid muscle, 2 inches above the clavicle; the bullet came to the surface beneath the skin over the fifth rib, in the nipple line of the right side.
 there was never any hæmoptysis, but the patient suffered with some dyspnoea throughout.
 after a three days' stay in the field hospital, where the subcutaneous bullet was removed, the patient was transported by wagon and train to the base, a journey of about 600 miles.
 on the fifth day pus escaped from the extraction wound, and when the case was examined at the base, the temperature was 101°, the pulse over 100, the respirations 30, and the whole side of the chest was dull, with the exception of a patch of boxy resonance over the apex anteriorly.
 on the following day the chest was drained, and a considerable amount of pus evacuated, which was mixed with breaking-down blood-clot.
 a fortnight later a second operation had to be performed to improve the drainage, and the patient made a tedious recovery.
 the following case well illustrates the symptoms in a severe case of hæmothorax, and empyema following aspiration:--
-(153) the patient was wounded at paardeberg at a range of from 500 to 700 yards.
 entry, just to the left of the episternal notch; exit, in the fifth left interspace posteriorly, midway between the spine and vertebral margin of the scapula.
 a quantity of bright blood was brought up at once, and later blood was coughed up in clots.
 there was no great pain at the moment of the injury; the man again got up to the firing line, and later walked two miles to the field hospital without aid.
@@ -5193,13 +5068,10 @@ abscess of the lung i only saw once, and that in a case in which the injury to t
 diagnosis.--no difficulties special to small-calibre wounds were experienced, except such as have been already dealt with.
 the only class of case which frequently gave rise to difficulty was hæmothorax.
 here two points especially needed consideration.
-(1) the source of the hæmorrhage as parietal or visceral.
 as has been already foreshadowed, this was mainly to be decided by the amount and persistence of the hæmoptysis, but naturally free hæmoptysis did not negative concurrent parietal bleeding.
 then the actual source of the bleeding other than from the lung had to be considered; in the great majority of cases the intercostal vessels were responsible, and attention to the course of the tracks often allowed this to be definitely decided upon.
 a case included in the chapter on injuries to the blood vessels (no.
-5, p. 127) is of great interest in this particular; in that instance feebleness of the radial pulse, together with the position of the wound, was a valuable indication of injury to the subclavian artery, but weakened somewhat by the fact of retention of the bullet, and hence uncertainty as to the exact course that it had taken, and as to whether the bullet itself was not responsible for pressure on the vessel.
 such indications, however, should make one very chary of interference with a hæmothorax, even with extremely urgent symptoms, in the light of our present knowledge of the nature of the lesions to the great vessels produced by small-calibre bullets, and their tendency to be incomplete.
-(2) the imminence of suppuration or its actual occurrence.--in most cases it sufficed to preserve an expectant attitude, and in the persistence or increase of symptoms, to have recourse to an exploratory puncture as the best means of solution of the difficulty.
 prognosis.--the prognosis both as to life and as to subsequent ill-effects was remarkably good; in many cases of uncomplicated injury to the lung the patients rejoined their regiments at the end of a month or six weeks.
 in the more serious cases complicated by the collection of blood in the pleura, convalescence was more prolonged, and an average time of six to eight weeks often elapsed before the patients could be safely discharged from hospital.
 in the more serious a certain amount of dulness always persisted at this time over the base of the lung, and the chest was usually somewhat contracted on the injured side, with evidence in the way of decreased vesicular murmur that the lung was still not free from compression.
@@ -5215,18 +5087,11 @@ beyond simple rest, the administration of opium with a view to checking internal
 the wounds needed simple dressing only.
 the treatment of hæmothorax at a later date, however, was of much interest and difficulty.
 i think the following lines may be laid down for guidance in such cases:--
-(i) hæmothorax, even of considerable severity, will undergo spontaneous cure.
 an early rise of temperature may be disregarded.
-(ii) tapping the chest is indicated when pressure signs on the lung are sufficiently severe to cause serious symptoms, and the removal of the blood undoubtedly shortens the period of recovery, as well as relieves symptoms.
 in such cases the collection of blood has usually been rapid and continuous; hence a fresh hæmorrhage is always probable when the local pressure has been removed.
 tapping therefore should not necessarily mean complete evacuation, and should be followed by careful firm binding up of the chest, the administration of opium, and the most stringent precautions for rest.
-(iii) tapping may be needed as a diagnostic aid, and in such circumstances as much fluid as can be removed should be evacuated with the same precautions as mentioned in the last paragraph.
-(iv) tapping may be indicated for the evacuation of serum expressed from the blood-clot, or due to pleural effusion, on the same lines as in any other collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
-(v) early free incision is, as a rule, to be steadfastly avoided.
 some cases already quoted fully illustrate its disadvantages.
-(vi) cases in which an incision and the ligature of a parietal artery are indicated are very rare.
 i never saw such a one myself.
-(vii) if a hæmothorax suppurates, it must be treated on the ordinary lines of an empyema.
 in view of the constant formation of adhesions and difficulty in drainage, a portion of a rib should always be resected in order to ensure sufficient space for after-treatment.
 the cavities, as a rule, are better irrigated, the usual precautions being taken where there is any reason to fear that the lung is still in communication with the cavity.
 care in carrying out asepsis in tapping, which should be performed with an aspirator, need hardly be more than mentioned.
@@ -5245,12 +5110,9 @@ i saw several cases in which the bullet was lodged in either the lung or bones o
 the great disadvantage of primary removal in inducing an artificial pneumo-thorax and in laying open a hæmothorax is obvious.
 in case of lodgment of the bullet in the lung, bearing in mind the infrequency of untoward symptoms, the latter should be watched for prior to interference.
 the following cases illustrate some typical instances of wound of chest accompanied by the development of hæmothorax:--
-[illustration: temperature chart 3.--primary hæmothorax, with rise of temperature.
 secondary rise, with fresh effusion and pneumonia.
 spontaneous recovery.
 case no.
-154]
-(154) severe hæmothorax.
 spontaneous recovery.--wounded at modder river at a distance of 30 yards.
 entry, at the junction of the left anterior axillary fold with the chest-wall; exit, immediately to the left of the seventh dorsal spinous process.
 the patient arrived at the base with signs of an extensive hæmothorax, accompanied by a temperature which reached 102° on the fourth day, and on the evening of the tenth 103°.
@@ -5261,12 +5123,9 @@ after the preliminary puncture, the man refused any further operative treatment,
 the further treatment of the patient consisted in the ensurance of rest and the alleviation of pain.
 a steady fall in the temperature extended over another three weeks, together with diminution in the signs of fluid in the pleura.
 at the end of seventy-four days the man was sent home, some slight dulness at the left base, and contraction of the chest sufficient to influence the spine in the way of lateral curvature, being the only remaining signs.
-[illustration: temperature chart 4.--primary hæmothorax.
 secondary rise of temperature, with increase in the effusion.
 spontaneous recovery.
 case no.
-155]
-(155) severe hæmothorax.
 secondary effusion.
 spontaneous recovery.--wounded at koodoosberg drift, at a distance of 200 yards.
 entry, at angle of the right scapula; exit, at the junction of the left anterior axillary fold with the chest-wall.
@@ -5279,11 +5138,7 @@ on the tenth day after admission a pleural rub was detected at the upper margin
 meanwhile, there was no further hæmoptysis, respiration was fairly easy, 24 per minute, but accompanied by slight dilatation of the alæ nasi, and the temperature, which had been ranging from 99° to 100°, began to rise steadily, on the fifteenth day reaching 102.5°.
 the patient refused even an exploratory puncture, and was treated on the expectant plan.
 the temperature slowly subsided, with a steady improvement in the physical signs, and at the end of about ten weeks he left for home with only slight dulness and incapacity for active exertion remaining.
-(now again on active service.)
-[illustration: temperature chart 5.--hæmothorax, primary and secondary rises of temperature, on each occasion falling on the evacuation of the blood.
 case no.
-156]
-(156) severe hæmothorax.
 recurrent secondary effusion.
 tapping on two occasions.
 cure.--the patient was wounded at paardeberg, and arrived at the base on the eighteenth day.
@@ -5296,11 +5151,8 @@ the temperature dropped to normal the third day after evacuation of the fluid, b
 on the twenty-sixth day a second aspiration resulted in the evacuation of 35 ounces of bloody fluid in which flakes of lymph were found.
 three days later the temperature became normal.
 the respirations fell to 22, and the patient made an uninterrupted recovery.
-[illustration: temperature chart 6.--wound of lung.
 secondary development of hæmothorax, with rise of temperature.
 spontaneous recovery.
-case no 157]
-(157) moderate hæmothorax.
 secondary effusion at the end of twenty days.
 spontaneous recovery.--wounded at paardeberg; range from 700 to 1,000 yards.
 entry, in the centre of the second right intercostal space, anteriorly; exit, at the level of the sixth rib posteriorly, through the scapula, close to its vertebral margin.
@@ -5336,36 +5188,28 @@ see case 160.
 fig.
 84 illustrates an example where the limitation to the abdominal wall was evident on inspection.
 here the division of the thick muscles of the abdominal wall had led to the formation of a swelling exactly similar to that seen after the subcutaneous rupture of a muscle, and two soft fluctuating tumours bounded by contracted muscle existed in the substance of the oblique and rectus muscles.
-[illustration: fig.
 84.--wound of abdominal wall (lee-metford).
 division of fibres of external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles.
-case 159]
 the cases which presented the most serious diagnostic difficulty in this relation were those in which the wound was situated in the thicker muscular portions of the lower part of the abdominal and pelvic walls.
 such a case is illustrated in the chapter on fractures (see fig.
-55, p. 191).
 i saw one or two such instances, in which only the exploration necessary for treatment of the fracture decided the point.
 in many of the wounds affecting the lateral portion of the abdominal wall the question of penetration could never be definitely cleared up, as wounds of the colon sometimes gave rise to absolutely no symptoms.
 in a certain proportion of the injuries the peritoneal cavity was no doubt perforated without the infliction of any further visceral injury, and in these also the doubt as to the occurrence of penetration was never solved.
-(158) wound of belly wall.--wounded at modder river.
 entry (mauser), 2 inches below the centre of the left iliac crest; exit, 1-1/2 inch above and internal to the left anterior superior iliac spine.
 the patient was on horseback at the time of the injury and did not fall; he got down, however, and lay on the field an hour, whence he was removed to hospital.
 probably the track pierced the ilium, and remained confined to the abdominal wall.
 there were no signs of visceral injury.
-(159) cape boy.
 wounded at modder river.
 entry (lee-metford), immediately above and outside right anterior superior spine; exit, 1-1/2 inch below and to right of umbilicus.
 a well-marked swelling corresponded with division of the fibres of the oblique muscles and of the rectus, and on palpation a hollow corresponding with the track was felt.
 the abdominal muscles were exceptionally well developed (fig.
 84).
-(160) wounded at magersfontein while lying prone.
 entry, irregular, oblique, and somewhat contused, over the eighth left rib, in the anterior axillary line; exit, a slit wound immediately above and to the left of the umbilicus.
 the bullet struck a small circular metal looking-glass before entering, hence the irregularity of the wound.
 the patient developed a hæmothorax, but no abdominal signs; the former was probably parietal in origin, secondary to the fractured rib, and the whole wound non-penetrating as far as the abdominal cavity was concerned.
-(161) wounded at magersfontein.
 entry (mauser), 1-1/2 inch external to and 1/2 inch below the left posterior superior iliac spine; exit, 1 inch internal horizontally to the left anterior superior spine.
 no signs of intra-peritoneal injury were noted, but free suppuration occurred in left loin; the ilium was tunnelled.
 the same patient was wounded by a jeffrey bullet in the hand; the third metacarpal was pulverised, although the bullet, which was longitudinally flanged, was retained.
-(162) wounded outside heilbron.
 entry, below the eighth right costal cartilage; exit, below the eighth cartilage of the left side.
 the wound of entry was slightly oval; that of exit continued out as a 'flame'-like groove for 2 inches.
 a week later the wound track could be palpated as an evident hard continuous cord.
@@ -5385,11 +5229,8 @@ beyond the clinical evidence offered above, certain pathological observations su
 most of my knowledge on this subject was derived from the limited number of abdominal sections i performed on cases of injury to the small intestine, and may be summed up as follows.
 the small intestine may present evidence of lateral contusion in the shape of elongated ecchymoses, either parallel, oblique, or transverse to its long axis.
 these ecchymoses resemble in extent and outline those which ordinarily surround a wound of the intestinal wall produced by a bullet (see fig.
-87, p. 418).
 the wall of the small intestine may be wounded to an extent short of perforation, either the peritoneal coat alone being split, or the wound implicating the muscular coat and producing an appearance similar to that seen when the intestine is dragged upon during an operation, but without so much gaping of the edges (see fig.
-85, p. 416).
 i met with these conditions in association with co-existing complete perforations of the small intestine, and in one case of intra-peritoneal hæmorrhage in which no complete perforation was discoverable (no.
-169, p. 432).
 the implication and perforation of the small intestine are to some extent influenced by the direction of the wound.
 a striking case is included below, no.
 201, in which a bullet passed from the loin to the iliac fossa on each side of the body, approximately parallel to the course of the inner margin of the colon, and i also saw some other wounds in this direction in which no evidence of injury to the small intestine was detected, and which got well.
@@ -5428,7 +5269,6 @@ in this relation the question will naturally be raised as to how far the explosi
 i am disinclined from my general experience to believe that explosive injuries of the soft parts were to be thus explained.
 on the other hand, i believe that the possession of a low degree of velocity very greatly increased the danger in abdominal wounds.
 i believe that the bowel was, under these circumstances, less likely to escape by displacement, and was more widely torn when wounded; again, that inexact impact led to increase of size in the external apertures, and the bullet was of course more often retained.
-mr. watson cheyne[19] published a very remarkable instance of one of the dangers of an injury from a spent bullet, in which, in spite of non-penetration of the abdominal cavity, the small intestine was ruptured in two places.
 i believe the majority of the wounds designated as explosive were the result of the passage of large leaden bullets, either of the martini-henry or express type.
 the small opportunity of observing such injuries in the hospitals of course depended on the fact that the majority were rapidly fatal.
 nature of the anatomical lesion in wounds of the intestine.--the openings in the parietal peritoneum tended to assume the slit or star forms, probably on account of the elasticity of the membrane.
@@ -5439,10 +5279,8 @@ in some cases the gut was merely contused by lateral contact of the passing bull
 the result of this was evidenced later by the presence of localised oval patches of ecchymosis.
 these were identical in appearance with the patches shown surrounding the wounds in fig.
 87.
-[illustration: fig.
 85.--lateral slit in small intestine produced by passage of bullet.
 slit somewhat obscured by deposition of inflammatory lymph.
-(st. thomas's hospital museum)]
 more forcible lateral impact produced a split of the peritoneum, or of this together with the muscular coat.
 such a lateral slit is shown in fig.
 85, although the clearness of outline is somewhat impaired by the presence of a considerable amount of inflammatory lymph.
@@ -5450,11 +5288,9 @@ fig.
 86 exhibits a lateral injury of a more pronounced form.
 the bullet here struck the most prominent portion of the under surface of the bowel, and produced a circular perforation not very unlike one produced by rectangular impact, except in the lesser degree of eversion of the mucous membrane.
 here again the appearance is somewhat altered by the presence of a considerable amount of lymph, but this is of less importance in this figure because the lymph is localised to the portion of the bowel in the immediate neighbourhood of the opening which had suffered contusion and erasion.
-[illustration: fig.
 86.--gutter wound of small intestine caused by lateral impact.
 position of shallow portion of gutter indicated by deposition of inflammatory lymph.
 circular perforation.
-(st. thomas's hospital museum)]
 fig.
 87, a b, illustrates a symmetrical perforation of the small intestine; the aperture of entry (a) is roughly circular, and a ring of mucous membrane protrudes and partially closes the opening.
 the aperture of exit is a curved slit, again partially occluded by the mucous membrane.
@@ -5465,12 +5301,10 @@ the localised ecchymosis surrounding the apertures is quite characteristic of th
 fig.
 88 shows the interior of the same segment of bowel, as fig.
 87. it shows the localised ecchymosis as seen from the inner surface, here rather more extensive from the fact that the blood spreads more readily in the submucous tissue.
-[illustration: fig.
 87.--perforating wounds of small intestine.
 a. entry; note circular outline and eversion of mucous membrane.
 b. wound of exit; curved slit-like character, eversion of mucous membrane.
 note the localised ecchymosis, more abundant round exit aperture.
-(st. thomas's hospital museum)]
 it will be noted that the main feature of the form of injury is the regular outline and the small size of the wounds.
 another feature not illustrated by the figures should also be mentioned.
 in the ruptures of intestine with which we are acquainted in civil practice the wound in the gut is almost without exception situated at the free border of the bowel, but in these injuries it was just as frequently at the mesenteric margin.
@@ -5478,16 +5312,13 @@ the importance of this factor is considerable, since wounds near the mesenteric
 beyond these more or less pure perforations, long slits or gutters were occasionally cut.
 i saw instances of these in the case of the ascending colon, and in the small curvature of the stomach.
 the comparative fixity of the portion of bowel struck is a matter of great importance in the production of this form of injury.
-[illustration: fig.
 88.--the same piece of intestine as that shown in fig.
 87, laid open to show the ecchymosis on the inner aspect of the bowel.
 the two indicating lines lead to the openings, which appear slit-like, and are sunk at the bottom of folds.
-(st. thomas's hospital museum)]
 it may be well to add that, although the figures inserted are all taken from small-intestine wounds, the nature of the wounds of the peritoneum-clad part of the large intestine in no way differed from them, except in so far as fixity of the bowel exposed it to a more extensive wound when the bullet took a parallel course to its long axis.
 a more important point in the injuries to the large intestine was the possibility of an extra-peritoneal wound.
 i saw several such lesions of the colon, every one of which ended fatally.
 i became still more fully convinced of the greater seriousness of extra- to intra-peritoneal rupture of this portion of the gut than i was when i expressed a similar opinion in a former paper.
-[20] it will be seen later that the results of intra- and extra-peritoneal wounds of the bladder fully confirm this view, as all extra-peritoneal injuries died, while many intra-peritoneal perforations recovered spontaneously.
 wounds of the mesentery.--i had little experience of this injury; in fact, case 169, on which i operated, was my sole observation.
 it stands to reason, however, that injuries to the mesentery would be much more frequent proportionately to wounds of the gut than is the case in the ruptures seen in civil practice, since the whole area of the mesentery is equally open to injury.
 viewing the extreme danger of hæmorrhage into the peritoneal cavity in these injuries, i should be inclined to expect that a considerable proportion of those deaths from abdominal wounds which took place on the field of battle were due to this source.
@@ -5502,9 +5333,7 @@ at the autopsy a portion of the omentum was found adherent in the wound of exit,
 the chief interest of the observation lies in the light it throws on the mechanism of these injuries.
 it is impossible to conceive that a small-calibre bullet coming into direct contact with the omentum could do anything but perforate it.
 it, therefore, appears clear that in a displacement like that figured, only lateral impact occurred with the omentum, which was carried along by the spin and rush of the bullet into the canal of exit, where it lodged.
-[illustration: fig.
 89.--great omentum carried by the bullet into an exit track leading from the abdominal cavity.
-a. outline of opening in the peritoneum]
 results of injury to the intestine.
 1. escape of contents and infection of the peritoneal cavity.--i think there is little special to be said on this subject.
 the escape of contents into the peritoneal cavity was by no means free, unless the injury was multiple.
@@ -5529,11 +5358,9 @@ hence i should ascribe the difference mainly to the extent of the primary infect
 this is perhaps a suitable place to further discuss the explanation of the escape of a considerable number of the patients who received wounds of the abdomen, possibly implicating the bowel.
 although this was not, i think, so common an occurrence as has been sometimes assumed, yet many examples were met with.
 several reasons have been advanced.
-(1) great importance has been given to the fact that many of the men were wounded while in a state of hunger, no food having been taken for twelve or more hours before the reception of the injury.
 in view of the well-proved fact in these, as in other intestinal injuries, that free intestinal escape does not occur, and that it is usually a mere question of infection, this explanation, in my opinion, is of small importance.
 it might with far more justice be pointed out that many of these wounded men were for them in the happy position of not having friends freely dosing them with brandy and water after the reception of the injury, and this was possibly an element of some importance.
 some of the men did, however, drink freely, and in one case which terminated fatally a comrade gave a man wounded through the belly an immediate dose of beecham's pills.
-(2) mr. treves has suggested that the effect of the severe trauma on the muscular coat of the bowel is to cause a cessation of peristaltic movement.
 this, as in the case of 'local shock' elsewhere, may no doubt be of importance, and to it should be added the simultaneous cessation of abdominal respiratory movements in the segment of the belly wall covering the injured part.
 the occurrence of general cessation of peristaltic movement is, however, to some extent opposed by the fact that in a certain number of the cases early passage of motions was seen just as happens in the intestinal ruptures seen in civil practice.
 i should be inclined to ascribe the escape from serious infection in these injuries to the same cause which accounts for their comparative insignificance in other regions--namely, the small calibre of the bullet and consequent small size of the lesion: in point of fact to the minimal nature of the primary infection.
@@ -5551,10 +5378,8 @@ the second case was a surgical disappointment.
 no doubt the fatal issue was mainly dependent on the fact that the external wound had to be kept open to allow of the escape of the abundant discharge from the wounded liver.
 in the absence of the hepatic wound, however, i believe it would have been possible for this patient to have got well spontaneously, in view of the firm adhesions which had formed around the opening in the stomach, and the consequent localisation which had been effected.
 another unfortunate element in this case was the comminuted fracture of the seventh costal cartilage, which maintained the patency of the aperture of exit.
-the latter point, however, was of doubtful importance from this aspect, as the vent provided for the gastric and biliary secretions may have been the safety-valve that had allowed localisation to develop.
 i believe that the secondary hæmorrhage was the main element in robbing us of a success in this case, and that this depended on the digestion of the wound by the gastric secretion.
 the early troubles which arose in the treatment of this patient well illustrate the difficulties by which the military surgeon is at times met; but the patient was admirably attended to and nursed by my friend mr. pershouse, and an orderly who was specially put on duty for the purpose.
-(163) wounded at rensburg.
 entry (mauser), in ninth left intercostal space in posterior axillary line; exit, a transverse slit 1/2 an inch in length to left of xiphoid appendage.
 patient was retiring when struck; he did not fall, but ran for about 1,000 yards, whence he was conveyed to hospital.
 he vomited half an hour after the injury (last meal bread and 'bully beef,' taken two hours previously), and during the evening three times again, the vomit consisting mainly 'of dark thick blood.'
@@ -5564,7 +5389,6 @@ the pulse averaged 80. the abdomen, meanwhile, moved fairly well, respirations 1
 resonance throughout.
 ordinary diet was now resumed, and beyond slight epigastric pain on deep inspiration, no further symptoms were observed, and the patient left for england at the end of the month.
 the spleen may have been traversed in this patient, as well as the lower margin of the right lung.
-(164*) wounded at enslin.
 entry (mauser), 3/4 of an inch from the spine, opposite the eighth intercostal space; exit, through the seventh left costal cartilage, 1 inch from the median line.
 the patient was lying in the prone position when shot: he vomited blood freely, and the bowels acted three times before he was seen forty hours after the accident, each motion containing dark blood.
 on the commencement of the third day the patient's expression was extremely anxious, and he was suffering great pain.
@@ -5578,7 +5402,6 @@ a rugged furrow was found on the under surface of the left lobe of the liver; th
 the transverse colon was much distended.
 on separating the stomach a slit wound was found at the lesser curvature, immediately to the right of the oesophagus.
 this wound was closed with some difficulty with two tiers of sutures; the cavity was mopped out, and then irrigated with boiled water; a plug was introduced along the line of the furrow in the liver, and the lower part of the abdominal incision closed.
-the patient stood the operation well, and was removed to his tent; during the day, however, two thunder showers occurred during each of which water, several inches if not a foot deep, rushed through the camp.
 after the second flood he was removed to the operating room, the only house we had, and slept there.
 the pulse rose to 120, and respiration to 26, and there was pain, which was subdued by 1/3 grain of morphia, administered subcutaneously.
 a fair amount of urine was passed, and the bowels acted once, the motion containing blood.
@@ -5618,11 +5441,9 @@ a good quantity of urine was passed.
 as to the local signs, these again were of a limited nature; distension did not occur, or was slight; movement of the abdominal wall was only restricted in the neighbourhood of the wound, the affected area amounted to a quarter, or at most half, the abdominal wall, and rigidity was localised to a similar segment.
 local tenderness usually existed; but, as a rule, there was little or no dulness to point to the occurrence either of fluid effusion or a considerable deposition of lymph.
 again many of the patients suffered with very slight symptoms of constitutional shock, although there was considerable variation in this particular.
-(165*) wounded at graspan, sustaining a compound fracture of the fibula.
 while being carried off the field, a second bullet (lee-metford) entered immediately outside the left posterior superior iliac spine, perforated the pelvis, and emerged 1-1/2 inch within the left anterior superior spine.
 the patient was then put down and left on the field ten hours; later he was carried to shelter for the night, and arrived at orange river on the second day.
 he suffered with some pain in the abdomen, especially during the journey in the train, but was not sick; the bowels were confined.
-when seen on the third day at 6 p.m., some pain was complained of in the abdomen, which moved freely in the upper part, but was motionless below the umbilicus.
 no distension.
 tenderness around wound of exit and some rigidity.
 the bowels had acted four times during the day; motions loose, dark brown, and containing no blood.
@@ -5645,7 +5466,6 @@ the belly was then washed out with boiled water and closed.
 the delay in finding the wounds due to the mistaken impression that they would be found in the pelvis materially prolonged the operation, which lasted an hour and a half.
 the patient never rallied, and died seventeen hours later.
 it is possible that a wound in the sigmoid flexure was present which had already closed at the time of operation.
-(166*) wounded at magersfontein.
 entry (mauser), opposite central point of left ilium; exit, 1-1/2 inch above the centre of the right poupart's ligament.
 vomiting commenced soon after the injury, and this was continuous until the patient's arrival in the stationary hospital on the fourth day, when the condition was as follows:--
 face extremely anxious in expression.
@@ -5654,7 +5474,6 @@ pulse 110, fair strength.
 tongue moist.
 abdomen much distended, rigid, motionless, tympanitic throughout.
 bowels confined.
-no urine had been passed for twenty-four hours, [symbol: ounce]ij in bladder on catheterisation, clear, and containing no blood.
 abdominal section.
 median incision.
 a considerable quantity of bloody effusion was evacuated.
@@ -5667,7 +5486,6 @@ the bowel was punctured in two places to relieve distension, and then returned i
 four pints of saline solution were infused into the median basilic vein, and 1/30 grain strychnine sulph.
 was injected hypodermically.
 the patient did not rally, and died twelve hours after the operation.
-(167*) wounded at graspan.
 entry (lee-metford), midway between the umbilicus and pubes; exit, 1 inch to the left of the fifth lumbar spine.
 the patient was seen on the third day in the following condition: in great pain, expression extremely anxious, vomiting constantly.
 pulse 150 running, respirations 48. temperature 100°, sweating freely.
@@ -5682,9 +5500,7 @@ he was lucid at times, although for the most part wandering, and was so restless
 vomiting was continuous, so that no nourishment could be retained; the bowels acted frequently involuntarily, and little or no urine was passed.
 meanwhile, the abdomen became flat, then sunken, an area of induration and tenderness about 6 inches in diameter developing around the wound of entry.
 slight variations in the pulse, and from normal to subnormal in the temperature, were noted, and death eventually occurred from septicæmia and inanition.
-(168*) wounded at driefontein.
 entry (mauser), above the posterior third of the left iliac crest, at the margin of the last lumbar transverse process (probably through ilio-lumbar ligament); exit, 1 inch below and to the left of the umbilicus.
-the patient was wounded at 3 p.m., but not brought into the field hospital until 9 p.m., when the temperature of the tents was below 28°f.
 he was considerably collapsed, suffering much pain, and vomited freely.
 the abdomen was flat, but very tender.
 bowels confined.
@@ -5699,7 +5515,6 @@ the wounds which were situated in the lower part of the jejunum and ileum were m
 considerable ecchymosis surrounded these latter.
 the clean perforations were circular, less than 1/4 inch in diameter, and for the most part closed by eversion of the mucous membrane.
 intestinal contents were not apparent, but escaped freely on manipulation of the bowel.
-(169*) wounded at magersfontein.
 entry (mauser), over the eighth rib in the anterior axillary line; exit, 1 inch to the left of second lumbar spinous process, just below the last rib.
 vomiting commenced almost immediately after reception of the injury, and the bowels acted frequently.
 this condition persisted until the fourth day, when the patient was brought down to orange river, and the signs were as follows.
@@ -5714,20 +5529,16 @@ the peritoneal cavity was sponged free of all blood and irrigated with boiled wa
 the next morning the patient was comfortable; temperature 100.2°, pulse 100. tongue clean and moist; he vomited once during the night.
 some bloody discharge had collected in the dressing, and at the lower angle of wound there was a local swelling, apparently in the abdominal wall.
 the flank was resonant.
-during the afternoon the patient became faint, and when seen at 6 p.m. was in a state of collapse, in which he shortly died.
 death was apparently due to renewal of the previous hæmorrhage.
 no post-mortem examination was made.
-(170*) wounded at magersfontein.
 entry (mauser), 1/2 inch to the left of the second sacral spine; exit, immediately below the left anterior superior iliac spine; the patient was kneeling at the time, and the same bullet traversed his left thigh in the lower third.
 when seen on the third day, the lower part of the abdomen was motionless, tumid, and tender.
 the bowels had been confined for three days; there had been no sickness, and the tongue was moist and clean.
 temperature 100°, pulse 90, fair strength, respirations 38. the patient had once had an attack of acute appendicitis, and he himself said he was sure he now had 'peritonitis,' as he had pain exactly similar in the belly to that he had suffered in his previous illness.
 no further signs, however, developed under an expectant treatment, and he remained some two months in hospital, while the wound in the thigh and a third injury to the elbow-joint were healing.
-(171) entry (mauser), at the highest point of the left crista ilii; exit, through the right ilium, 2 inches horizontally anterior to the posterior superior spine.
 absolutely no abdominal symptoms followed.
 the bowels were confined five days, and then opened by enema.
 the patient complained of some stiffness in the lumbo-sacral region, but the right synchondrosis was no doubt implicated in the track.
-(172) wounded at paardeberg (range 800 yards).
 entry (mauser), 2 inches diagonally below and to the right of the umbilicus; exit, not discoverable.
 for the first two days the patient had to lie out with the regiment; on the fourth he was removed to the field hospital.
 during the first three days the patient vomited (green matter) frequently, and the belly was hard and painful; as biscuit was the only available food, no nourishment was taken.
@@ -5735,13 +5546,11 @@ the bowels acted on the second night.
 at the end of a week the patient was sent by bullock wagon (three days and nights) to modder river, and then down to capetown, where he walked into the hospital on the thirteenth day, apparently well.
 two days later the temperature rose to 104°, and enteric fever was diagnosed, no local signs pointing to the injury existing.
 the patient made a good recovery.
-(173) wounded at colenso.
 entry (mauser), at junction of outer 2/5 with inner 3/5 of line from right anterior superior iliac spine to umbilicus; exit, at upper part of right great sacro-sciatic foramen, in line of posterior superior iliac spine.
 advancing on foot when struck; he then fell and crept fifty yards to behind a rock, where he remained seven and a half hours.
 for two days subsequently he vomited freely; the bowels acted nine hours after the injury, and then became constipated.
 no further symptoms were noted, and at the end of three weeks the abdomen was absolutely normal.
 the man is now again on active service.
-(174*) wounded at modder river while retiring on foot.
 entry (mauser), at highest point of right iliac crest; exit, 2-1/2 inches to right of and 1/2 inch above level of umbilicus.
 the injury was not followed by sickness, and the bowels remained confined.
 during the first two days 'pain struck across the abdomen' when micturition was performed.
@@ -5752,13 +5561,11 @@ no dulness, no distension.
 the temperature rose to 99.5° at night.
 on the fourth day the bowels acted freely, the pulse fell to 60, the respirations were 24, and the temperature normal.
 tenderness and rigidity persisted in the right flank to the end of a week, after which time no further signs persisted.
-(175*) wounded at modder river while lying on right side.
 range 500 yards.
 walked 400 yards after injury.
 entry (mauser), at the junction of the posterior and middle thirds of the right iliac crest; exit, 3 inches to right of and 1/2 inch below the level of the umbilicus.
 the injury was followed by no signs of intra-abdominal lesion; on the third day the temperature was normal, pulse 80, and the tongue clean and moist.
 some soreness at times and tenderness on pressure were complained of, but the man was discharged well at the end of one month.
-(176*) wounded while doubling in retirement at modder river.
 entry (mauser), immediately above the junction of the posterior and middle thirds of the left iliac crest; exit, 1 inch below costal margin (eighth rib), 3 inches to the right of the median line.
 the bullet was lying in the anterior wound, whence it was removed by the orderly who applied the first dressing on the field.
 the patient remained on the field seven and a half hours, and when brought into hospital at once commenced to vomit.
@@ -5773,7 +5580,6 @@ he slept fairly last night.
 abdomen soft, moving well with respiration, no distension, slight tenderness below and to the right of the umbilicus, and local dulness in right flank.
 the next day the pulse fell to 60 and the bowels acted, but there was no change in the local condition.
 the man looked somewhat ill until the end of a week, but was then sent to the base, and at the expiration of a month was sent home well.
-(177*) wounded at modder river.
 two apertures of entry (mauser); (a) below cartilage of eighth rib in left nipple line; (b) 2 inches below and 4-1/2 inches to the left of the median line.
 no exit wound discovered, and no track could be palpated between the two openings, which were both circular and depressed.
 when seen on fourth day there was tenderness in the lower half of the abdomen, and the left thigh was held in a flexed position.
@@ -5782,18 +5588,15 @@ pulse 70, temperature 99°.
 tongue moist, covered with white fur; bowels confined since the accident; no sickness.
 the patient remained under observation thirteen days, during which time pain and difficulty in movement of the left thigh persisted, also slight tenderness in the lower part of the abdomen; but at the end of a month he was sent to england well, but unfit to take further part in the campaign.
 i thought the bullet might be in the left psoas, but it was not localised.
-(178*) wounded at modder river.
 entry (mauser), 3-1/2 inches above and 1-1/2 inch within the left anterior superior iliac spine; exit, 1-1/2 inch to the right of the tenth dorsal spinous process.
 the same bullet had perforated the forearm just above the wrist prior to entering the abdomen.
 no local or constitutional signs indicated either bowel injury or perforation of liver.
 the man, however, was suffering from a slight attack of dysentery, passing blood and mucus per rectum with great tenesmus.
 he was sent to the base at the end of a week, and returned to england well three weeks later.
 he attributed his dysentery to the wound, as the symptoms did not exist prior to its reception; but as the disease coincided exactly with what was very prevalent amongst the troops at the time, i do not think there was any connection between it and the injury.
-(179) wounded near thaba-nchu.
 entry, over the centre of the sacrum at the upper border of fourth segment; exit, 1-1/2 inch above left poupart's ligament, 2 inches from the median line.
 aperture of entry oval, with long vertical axis.
 exit wound a transverse slit, with slight tendency to starring (see fig.
-19, p. 58).
 one hour after being shot the patient vomited once.
 there was some evidence of shock and considerable pain.
 the bowels acted involuntarily simultaneously with the vomiting, and incontinence of fæces and retention of urine persisted for four days.
@@ -5801,7 +5604,6 @@ the vomit was bilious in appearance; no blood was seen either in it or the motio
 forty-six hours after the injury the condition was as follows: face slightly anxious and pale; skin moist, temperature 100.4°; pulse 116, regular and of fair strength; respirations 24; abdomen slightly tumid; tenderness over lower half, especially on left side; the lower half moves little with respiration.
 twenty-four hours later the patient had improved.
 he was comfortable and hopeful; slept well with morphia 1/3 grain hypodermically.
-tongue moist, covered with white fur; has been taking milk only, [symbol: ounce]ij every half-hour.
 no sickness.
 temperature
 99°.
@@ -5833,7 +5635,6 @@ secondly, in neither were any peritoneal signs observed.
 thirdly, in each the exit wound communicated with the pleura, and the patients died from septicæmia mainly due to absorption from the surface of that membrane (pleural septicæmia).
 no.
 190 is a most striking instance of spontaneous cure, since no doubt can exist that both rectum and bladder were perforated.
-(180*) injury to the cæcum and ascending colon.--boer, wounded at graspan while sheltering behind a rock, lying on his back.
 entry (lee-metford), in right thigh, 3 inches below and 1 inch within anterior superior spine of ilium; exit, in back, on a level with the fourth lumbar spinous process and 3 inches from that point.
 half an hour after the wound the patient commenced to suffer severe stabbing pain; he lay on the field one hour; later he was taken to a field hospital, and on the second day was sent by train a distance of twenty-five miles.
 when seen at the end of fifty hours the condition was as follows.
@@ -5849,7 +5650,6 @@ incision in right linea semilunaris.
 great omentum adherent to ascending colon, which was covered with plastic lymph.
 gas and intestinal contents escaped from an opening at the line of reflexion of the peritoneum from the ascending colon; retro-peritoneal extravasation and emphysema extended the whole length of the ascending colon and around duodenum, the wall of the colon itself exhibiting subperitoneal emphysema.
 the colon was freed and the rent sewn up with interrupted sutures.
-about [symbol: ounce] iv of foul fæcal fluid were evacuated from loin, and a free counter-opening made.
 the opening in the ilium by which the bullet had entered the abdomen was found at the brim of the pelvis; the loin and peritoneal cavity were sponged dry and flushed with boiled water; no lymph was seen on the small intestine.
 a large gauze plug was inserted into the posterior wound, one end of the plug being brought out of the operation incision.
 during the succeeding six days progress was not unsatisfactory: the abdomen became soft, moved with respiration, there was no sickness, and the bowels acted.
@@ -5857,7 +5657,6 @@ the pulse fell to 90, respirations to 20, and the temperature did not exceed 102
 on the seventh day the patient suddenly commenced to fail rapidly; vomiting was almost continuous--at first curdled milk, later frothy watery fluid--and on the eighth day he died.
 the abdomen remained soft, sunken, and flaccid, and death no doubt resulted from general septicæmia rather than from peritoneal infection, absorption taking place from the large foul cavity behind the colon.
 as the cavity in part surrounded the descending duodenum, this possibly accounted for the attack of vomiting which preceded death.
-(181*) ascending colon.--wounded at graspan while lying in prone position.
 entry (mauser), over ninth rib in line of right linea semilunaris; exit, in right buttock, just below and behind the top of the great trochanter.
 the injury was followed by little abdominal pain, but a strange sensation of local gurgling was noted.
 the bowels acted as soon as the patient reached camp, some hours after being wounded.
@@ -5873,7 +5672,6 @@ dulness, tenderness, and rigidity in right iliac region, marked to outer side of
 entry wound nearly and exit quite healed.
 cannot flex right thigh.
 the following operation was performed.
-appendix incision, about [symbol: ounce]j of fæcal fluid and fæces in a localised cavity on outer and anterior aspect of cæcum evacuated; adhesions very firm.
 cavity sloughy throughout and cæcum covered with dull grey lymph.
 the opening in the bowel was not localised, and it was considered wiser to treat the case like one of perforation from appendicitis than to run the risk of breaking down adhesions.
 a small awl-like opening was found in the ilium with powdered bone at its entrance leading to the wound of exit.
@@ -5883,7 +5681,6 @@ a counter-incision was needed in the loin to drain the suppurating cavity three
 no further escape of fæces occurred, and he left for england with a small sinus only.
 no extension of inflammation into the original wound track ever occurred, both openings and the canal healing by primary union.
 the sinus remained open, and occasionally discharged for a further period of six months, and then healed firmly; since when the patient has been in perfect health.
-(182*) splenic flexure, descending colon.--wounded at magersfontein.
 entry (mauser), in sixth left intercostal space in mid-axillary line; exit, in left loin, below last rib, at outer margin of erector spinæ.
 the patient remained in the field hospital three days, during which time he exhibited no serious abdominal symptoms, but during the journey to orange river (53-1/2 miles) he was sick.
 he remained at orange river two days, and while there an enema was administered, producing a normal motion.
@@ -5896,18 +5693,15 @@ fluid fæces escaping in abundance from the wound in loin.
 redness of skin and swelling below level of wound, and cellular emphysema above.
 fæcal-smelling fluid was also escaping from the thoracic wound.
 the wound was enlarged, but the patient rapidly sank, and died of septicæmia on the seventh day.
-(183*) an exactly similar case came under observation from the battle of modder river, except that the opening in the loin was somewhat larger, and earlier and freer escape of fæces took place from it.
 in this also fæcal matter passed freely into the left pleural cavity, and fæcal matter was expectorated, while there was an almost complete absence of abdominal symptoms.
 death occurred on the fourth day.
 no post-mortem examination was made in either case, but i believe in both the extra-peritoneal aspect of the colon was implicated and that the septicæmia was in great part due to absorption from the pleural rather than the peritoneal cavity, since in neither case were the abdominal symptoms a prominent feature.
-(184) possible wound of cæcum.--wounded at spion kop.
 bullet (mauser) perforated the right forearm, then entered belly.
 entry, 3 inches from the right anterior superior iliac spine, in the line of the supra-pubic fold of the belly wall (a transverse slit); exit, in right buttock, on a level with the tip of the great trochanter and 2 inches within it.
 the wound was received immediately after breakfast had been eaten.
 there was retention of urine and constipation for three days, but no sickness.
 local pain and tenderness were severe, and at the end of three weeks there was still local tenderness, slight induration, and dragging pain on defæcation.
 the patient returned to england at the end of a month well, except for slight local tenderness.
-(185) possible wound of colon.--wounded at paardeberg; range 200 yards.
 walking at time.
 the bullet (mauser) perforated the left forearm, just below the elbow-joint.
 entry, into belly 1 inch anterior to the tip of the left eleventh costal cartilage; no exit.
@@ -5915,7 +5709,6 @@ the injury was followed by pain in the left half of the abdomen and vomiting, wh
 the bowels acted on the third day; no nourishment was taken for two days, but a small quantity of water was allowed.
 no further symptoms were noted, and at the end of a fortnight the patient was well, except for slight local tenderness.
 the bullet could not be detected with the x-rays.
-(186) wound of cæcum.--wounded at paardeberg.
 entry (mauser), 2 inches diagonally above and within right anterior superior iliac spine; exit, immediately to the right of the fifth lumbar spinous process; the patient was lying on his left side when struck.
 a burning pain down the right thigh immediately followed the accident, and lasted some days.
 there was no sickness, the bowels were confined three days, and there was pain across the back and down the thigh.
@@ -5928,7 +5721,6 @@ the right thigh was kept flexed.
 during the next few days the pus disappeared from the urine, and with this change the induration in the right iliac fossa increased.
 an incision (mr. gairdner) was made into the fluctuating spot behind, and pus evacuated.
 the patient recovered.
-(187) possible wound of cæcum.--wounded outside heilbron.
 entry (mauser), in the right loin, 2-1/2 inches above the iliac crest, at the margin of the erector spinæ; exit, 1-1/2 inch above and within the right anterior superior spine of the ilium.
 there was little shock.
 the patient was brought six miles in a wagon into camp, and slept comfortably with a small morphia injection.
@@ -5989,7 +5781,6 @@ at the present recruitment in the indian educational service is made in england
 such racial preference is in my opinion, prejudicial to the interest of education.
 the best man available, english or indian should be selected impartially, and high scholarship should be the only test.
 it has been said that the present standard of indian universities is not as high as that of british universities, and that the work done by the former is more like that of a sixth form of public schools in england.
-it is therefore urged that what is required for an educational officer is the capacity to manage classes rather than high scholarship.
 i do not agree with these views: (1) there are universities in great britain whose standards are not higher than ours; i do not think that the pass degree even of oxford or cambridge is higher than the corresponding degree here; (2) the standard of the indian universities is being steadily raised; (3) the standard will depend upon what the men entrusted with educational work will make it.
 for these reasons it is necessary that the level of scholarship represented by the indian educational service should be maintained very high.
 in paragraph 83,631 i have stated that even these indians who have distinguished themselves in european universities have little chance of entering the higher educational service.
@@ -5998,7 +5789,6 @@ as regards graduates of indian universities, i have known men among them whose w
 if promising indian graduates are given the opportunity of visiting foreign universities, i have no doubt that they would stand comparison with the best recruits that can be obtained from the west.
  dr. j. c. bose called and examined
 83,635.
-(chairman).
 the witness favoured an arrangement by which indians would enter the higher ranks of the service, either through the provincial service or by direct recruitment in india.
 the latter class of officers, after completing their education in india, should ordinarily go to europe with a view to widening their experience.
 by this he did not wish to decry the training given in the indian universities, which produced some of the very best men, and he would not make the rule absolute.
@@ -6031,37 +5821,31 @@ this feeling would remain even if the pay was the same, but an additional grant
 all workers in the field of education should feel a sense of solidarity, because they were all serving one great cause, namely, education.
 83,644. the term "professor", as at present used in india, was undoubtedly a comprehensive one, but it was equally comprehensive in the west.
 83,645.
-(sir murray hammick).
 the witness did not wish to recruit definite proportions of the service in england and in india respectively.
 he would for various reasons prefer a large number of indians engaged in education.
 83,646. even in calcutta he would not make any difference between the pay of the indian and the pay of the european.
 83,647.
-(sir valentine chirol).
 the witness attached great value to the influence of the teacher upon the student in the earlier stages of his education, and it was in these stages that that influence could best be exercised.
 at the same time he desired to limit the appointment of non-indians to men of very great distinction.
 83,648. if a foreign professor would not come and serve in india for the same remuneration as he obtained in his own country, the witness would certainly not force him to come.
 83,649.
-(mr. abdur rahim).
 recruitment for the educational service should be made in the first place in india, if suitable men were available; but if not then he would allow the best outsiders to be brought in.
 in the present state of the country it would be very easy to fill up many of the chairs by selecting the best men in india.
 83,650. the aim of the universities should be to promote two classes of work--first, research; and secondly, an all-round sound education.
 men of different types would be required for these two duties.
 83,651.
-(mr. madge).
 any idea that the educational system of india was so far inferior to that of england, that indians, who had made their mark, had done so, not because of the educational system of the country, but in spite of it, was quite unfounded.
 the standard of education prevailing in india was quite up to the mark of several british universities.
 it was as true of any other country in the world as of india that education was valued as a means for passing examinations, and not only for itself, and there was no more cramming in india than elsewhere.
 83,652. the west certainly brought to the east a modern spirit, which was very valuable, but it would be dearly purchased by the loss of an honorable career for competent indians in their own country.
 83,653. the educational system in india had in the past been too mechanical, but a turn for the better was now taking place and the universities were recognising the importance of research work, and were willing to give their highest degrees to encourage it.
 83,654.
-(mr. macdonald).
 the witness did not think it was necessary to have a non-indian element in the service in order to stiffen it up, but he accepted the principle that there should be a certain small proportion of non-indians.
 83,655. the title of professor at a college or university should carry with it dignity and honour, and ought not to be so freely used as at present.
 all he asked was that it should not be abolished at the expense of such indians as were doing as good work as their european colleagues.
 83,656. if the calcutta university continued to develop its teaching side, there would be no objection to recruiting university professors from aided colleges.
 this would have certain advantages.
 83,657.
-(mr. fisher).
 the witness desired to secure for india europeans who had european reputations in their different branches of study.
 if it was necessary to go outside india or england to procure good men, he would prefer to go to germany.
 this was the practice in america where they were annexing all the great intellects of europe.
@@ -6073,11 +5857,9 @@ besides, on retirement they would live in india and their life experience would
 83,659. there was very little in the complaint made in certain quarters that the work of the professors in the colleges in india was hampered by the government regulations as to curricula.
 a good teacher was not troubled by such matters.
 83,660.
-(mr. sly).
 there was no scope for the employment of non-indians in the high schools as apart from the colleges.
 it was in the professorial line that more help from the west was required.
 83,661.
-(mr. gokhale).
 the witness knew of three instances in which the colonies had secured distinguished men on salaries which were lower than these given to officers of the indian educational service.
 one was at toronto, another was in new zealand and the third at yale university.
 the salaries on the two latter cases were £600 and £500 a year.
@@ -6094,14 +5876,12 @@ the royal society became specially interested in his work and desired to give hi
 it was after this that the government of bengal came forward and offered him facilities for research.
 83,663. in the educational service he would take men of achievement from anywhere; but men of promise he would take from his own country.
 83,664.
-(mr. chaubal).
 he did not know whether the salaries he had mentioned as having been paid in japan, new zealand and yale were on an incremental scale or not.
 83,665. there was a difference of kind between the way in which students were taught in schools and the way in which they were taught in colleges.
 he did not agree with the witnesses who had said that during the first year or two years at college the instruction given was similar to that given in a school.
 it was very difficult to disprove or to prove such statements.
 there would be no advantage in keeping boys to a school course up the intermediate standard and making the colleges deal with only those students who had passed the intermediate examination.
 83,666.
-(sir theodore morison).
 there should be one scale of pay for all persons in the higher educational department.
 the rate of salary, rs.
 200 rising to rs.
@@ -6119,11 +5899,9 @@ india was now becoming a great country for biological research.
 again, the physical and chemical laboratories at the presidency college were finer than many in england.
 if young men of science in england thought they obtained better opportunities in pursuing their subjects in new zealand and toronto than in india, the india office ought to remove that impression at once.
 83,670.
-(lord ronaldshay).
 when an indian graduate under the witnesses' scheme was appointed direct to the higher service in india he would not compel him to go to england for a period of training.
 the person who would be appointed in india directly from the indian universities would have to have previously served with distinction in subordinate positions; a visit to europe would be an advantage but not absolutely necessary.
 83,671.
-(mr. biss).
 the cost of living in calcutta to an indian professor or lecturer would all depend as the style in which he lived.
 in each service there is always a standard of living to which every member is expected to conform.
 an indian professor had to go to europe from time to time to keep himself in touch with the developments of his subject.
@@ -6136,7 +5914,6 @@ it was a mystery to him.
 he thought it was either sheer ignorance or the spread of the commercial spirit.
 83,673. all the students coming to his side of the university, were, as a rule, keen and anxious to learn; he could not wish for better students.
 83,674.
-(mr. gupta).
 he desired one service, because he thought it was most degrading that certain men, although they were doing the same work, should be classed in a provincial service, while others should be classed in an imperial service.
 the prospect of the members of the provincial service were not at all what they ought to be, and that was the reason why the best men were not attracted to it.
  prof. j. c. bose at madura
@@ -6180,13 +5957,10 @@ it is a problem which appeals to every thoughtful indian.
 it is by the effort of the people and by their generosity that all these mighty temples arose; and now are we to worship the dead stones or are we to erect living temples so that the knowledge that has been made in india shall be perpetuated in india?
 i received requests from the different universities in america and germany to allow students from those countries to come and learn the science that has been initiated in india.
 now, is this knowledge to pass beyond our boundaries to that again in future time we may have to go to the west to get back this knowledge or are we to keep this flame of learning burning all the time?
-(modern review, vol.
-xviii, p. 22-23).
  dr. j. c. bose entertained
 party at ram mohan library
  on saturday, 24th july, 1915, the members of the ram mohan library and reading room received dr. j. c. bose, the president of the library in a right royal fashion, on his return to india from his scientific deputation to the west.
 there was a large and influential gathering, and the spacious hall was tastefully decorated.
-dr. j. c. bose arrived at 6:15 p.m. and was received at the gate by mr. d. n. pal, secretary.
 dr. bose then went round the hall accompanied by the members of the executive committee while the bharati musical association played excellent jaltaranga orchestra.
 babu bhupendra nath bose, vice-president of the library, made a brilliant speech welcoming dr. bose and detailing the great services done to the country by him.
  dr. bose's reply
@@ -6251,7 +6025,6 @@ for himself, however he was certain that as soon as he would cast off his worn o
 there can be no doubt that there must be salvation for a country which can count on sons as devoted as gopal krishna gokhale.
 --amrita bazar patrika, 26-7-1915.
  history of a discovery
- substance of a lecture delivered by prof. j. c. bose on the 20th november 1915, at the ram mohan library, under the presidency of the hon'ble mr. p. c. lyon, and published at p. 693, vol.
 xviii, of the "modern review" (july to december, 1915).
 at the tournament held before the court at hastinapur, more than twenty-five centuries ago, karna, the reputed son of a charioteer, had challenged the supremacy of prince arjuna.
 to this challenge arjuna had returned a scornful answer; a prince could not cross swords with one who could claim no nobility of descent.
@@ -6450,7 +6223,6 @@ and indeed a capacity to endure through infinite transformations must be innate
 xix, pages 277, 278.
  the history of a failure that was great
  at the invitation of the president and the committee of the faridpore industrial exhibition, dr. j. c. bose gave a lecture on the life of his father, the late babu bhugwan chunder bose, who founded the exhibition at faridpore, where he was the sub-divisional officer, 50 years ago.
-it was published in the modern review for february 1917--volume xxi, p. 221. in course of his address, said dr. bose:--
 it is the obvious, the insistent, the blatant that often blinds us to the essential.
 and in solving the mystery that underlies life, the enlightenment will come not by the study of the complex man, but through the simpler plant.
 it is the unsuspected forces, hidden to the eyes of men,--the forces imprisoned in the soil and the stimuli of alternating flash of light and the gloomings of darkness these and many others will be found to maintain the ceaseless activity which we know as the fulness of throbbing life.
@@ -6468,7 +6240,6 @@ as a concrete example, i shall relate the history of a noble failure which had i
 and if some of the audience thought that the speaker has been blessed with life that has been unusually fruitful, they will soon realise that the power and strength that nerved me to meet the shocks of life were in reality derived at this very place, where i witnessed the struggle which overpowered a far greater life.
  stimulus of contact with western culture
 an impulse from outside reacts on impressionable bodies in two different ways, depending on whether the recipient is inert or fully alive.
-the inert is fashioned after the pattern of the impression made on it, and this in infinite repetition of one mechanical stamp.
 but when an organism is fully alive, the answering reaction is often of an altogether different character to the impinging stimulus.
 the outside shocks stir up the organism to answer feebly or to utmost in ways as multitudinous and varied as life itself.
 so the first impetus of western education impressed itself on some in a dead monotony of imitation of things western; while in others it awakened all that was greatest in the national memory.
@@ -6552,7 +6323,6 @@ and it is on the wreck of a life like his and of many such lives there will be b
 we do not know why it should be so, but we do know that the earth mother is hungry for sacrifice.
  quest of truth and duty
  sir jagadis chandra bose delivered the following address, on the 25th february 1917, to the students of the presidency college on receiving their arghya and congratulations on the occasion of his knighthood.
-it was published in the modern review for march 1917--volume xxi, p. 343.
 in your congratulations for the recent honour, you have overlooked a still greater that came to me a year ago, when i was gazetted as your perpetual professor, so that the tie which binds me to you is never to be severed.
 thirty-two years ago i sought to be your teacher.
 for the trust that you imposed on me could i do anything less than place before you the highest that i knew?
@@ -6593,11 +6363,9 @@ proclaim what you think right.
  ideal of kingship
 the indian ideal of kingship will be clear to you if i recite the invocation with which we crowned our kings from the vedic times:
 "be with us.
-we have chosen thee let all the people wish for thee stand steadfast and immovable be like a mountain unremoved and hold thy kingship in thy grasp."
 we have chosen thee, our prayers have consecrated thee, for all the wishes of the people went with thee.
 thou art to stand as mountain unremoved, for thy throne is planted secure on the hearts of thy people.
 stand steadfast then, for we have endowed thee with power irresistible.
-fall therefore not away; but let thy sceptre be held firmly in thy grasp.
 which is more potent, matter or spirit?
 is the power with which the people endow their king identical with the power of wealth with which we enrich him by paying him his royal dues?
 we make him irresistible not by wealth but by the strength of our lives, the strength of our mind, may, we have to pay him more according to our ancient lawgivers, in as much as the eighth part of our deeds and virtues, and the merit we have ourselves acquired.
@@ -6683,7 +6451,6 @@ the response grows with the strength of external force.
 in the other it is quite different--here it is an all-or-none principle.
 it either responds to the utmost or nothing at all.
 this is also illustrated in the different racial characteristics.
-the anglo saxon has even by his rights by struggle, step by step.
 the insignificant little has, by accumulation, became large, and which has been gained, has been gained for all time.
 but in the indian the ideal and the emotional are the only effective stimulus.
 the ideal of his king is rama, who renounced his kingdom and even his beloved for an idea.
@@ -6866,7 +6633,6 @@ he stayed during the remainder of 1516 and the first half of 1517 at antwerp, br
 in february 1517, there came tempting offers from france.
 budaeus, cop, étienne poncher, bishop of paris, wrote to him that the king, the youthful francis i, would present him with a generous prebend if he would come to paris.
 erasmus, always shy of being tied down, only wrote polite, evasive answers, and did not go.
-*       *       *       *       *
 in the meantime he received the news of the papal absolution.
 in connection with this he had, once more, to visit england, little dreaming that it would be the last time he should set foot on british soil.
 in ammonius's house of saint stephen's chapel at westminster on 9 april 1517, the ceremony of absolution took place, ridding erasmus for good of the nightmare which had oppressed him since his youth.
@@ -6889,7 +6655,6 @@ but it was only to be for a few months.
 'i have removed to louvain', he writes to the archbishop of canterbury, 'till i shall decide which residence is best suited to old age, which is already knocking at the gate importunately.'
 as it turned out, he was to spend four years (1517-21) at louvain.
 his life was now becoming more stationary, but because of outward circumstances rather than of inward quiet.
-he kept deliberating all those years whether he should go to england, germany or france, hoping at last to find the brilliant position which he had always coveted and never had been able or willing to grasp.
 the years 1516-18 may be called the culmination of erasmus's career.
 applauding crowds surrounded him more and more.
 the minds of men were seemingly prepared for something great to happen and they looked to erasmus as the man!
@@ -6963,9 +6728,7 @@ we may congratulate the age, it will be a golden one.
 but erasmus does not sound this note long.
 it is heard for the last time in 1519; after which the dream of universal happiness about to dawn gives place to the usual complaint about the badness of the times everywhere.
 footnotes:
-[13] for a full translation of this important letter see pp.
 212-18.
-[14] the name grunnius may have been taken from jerome's epistles, where it is a nickname for a certain ruffinus, whom jerome disliked very much.
 it appears again in a letter of 5 march 1531, lb.
 x 1590 a.
  chapter xii
@@ -7002,8 +6765,6 @@ the individualist erasmus never understood what it meant to offend the honour of
 erasmus's conception of the church was no longer purely catholic.
 of that glorious structure of medieval-christian civilization with its mystic foundation, its strict hierarchic construction, its splendidly fitting symmetry he saw hardly anything but its load of outward details and ornament.
 instead of the world which thomas aquinas and dante had described, according to their vision, erasmus saw another world, full of charm and elevated feeling, and this he held up before his compatriots.
-[illustration: xv.
-the hands of erasmus]
 it was the world of antiquity, but illuminated throughout by christian faith.
 it was a world that had never existed as such.
 for with the historical reality which the times of constantine and the great fathers of the church had manifested--that of declining latinity and deteriorating hellenism, the oncoming barbarism and the oncoming byzantinism--it had nothing in common.
@@ -7012,8 +6773,6 @@ could it be a union?
 not really.
 in erasmus's mind the light falls, just as we saw in the history of his career, alternately on the pagan antique and on the christian.
 but the warp of his mind is christian; his classicism only serves him as a form, and from antiquity he only chooses those elements which in ethical tendency are in conformity with his christian ideal.
-[illustration: xvi.
-erasmus at the age of 57]
 and because of this, erasmus, although he appeared after a century of earlier humanism, is yet new to his time.
 the union of antiquity and the christian spirit which had haunted the mind of petrarch, the father of humanism, which was lost sight of by his disciples, enchanted as they were by the irresistible brilliance of the antique beauty of form, this union was brought about by erasmus.
 what pure latinity and the classic spirit meant to erasmus we cannot feel as he did because its realization does not mean to us, as to him, a difficult conquest and a glorious triumph.
@@ -7026,7 +6785,6 @@ in the advocates of tradition he saw only obscurantism, conservatism, and ignora
 of the rise of that higher culture erasmus had already formed the conception which has since dominated the history of the renaissance.
 it was a revival, begun two or three hundred years before his time, in which, besides literature, all the plastic arts shared.
 side by side with the terms restitution and reflorescence the word renascence crops up repeatedly in his writings.
-'the world is coming to its senses as if awaking out of a deep sleep.
 still there are some left who recalcitrate pertinaciously, clinging convulsively with hands and feet to their old ignorance.
 they fear that if bonae literae are reborn and the world grows wise, it will come to light that they have known nothing.'
 they do not know how pious the ancients could be, what sanctity characterizes socrates, virgil, and horace, or plutarch's moralia, how rich the history of antiquity is in examples of forgiveness and true virtue.
@@ -7187,7 +6945,6 @@ but in that sense it is closely allied to the idea of the renaissance as a histo
 the worldly and pagan sides of the renaissance have nearly always been overrated.
 erasmus is, much more than aretino or castiglione, the representative of the spirit of his age, one over whose christian sentiment the sweet gale of antiquity had passed.
 and that very union of strong christian endeavour and the spirit of antiquity is the explanation of erasmus's wonderful success.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the mere intention and the contents of the mind do not influence the world, if the form of expression does not cooperate.
 in erasmus the quality of his talent is a very important factor.
 his perfect clearness and ease of expression, his liveliness, wit, imagination, gusto and humour have lent a charm to all he wrote which to his contemporaries was irresistible and captivates even us, as soon as we read him.
@@ -7279,7 +7036,6 @@ he is highly sensitive, among other things very susceptible to cold, 'the schola
 early in life already the painful malady of the stone begins to torment him, which he resisted so bravely when his work was at stake.
 he always speaks in a coddling tone about his little body, which cannot stand fasting, which must be kept fit by some exercise, namely riding, and for which he carefully tries to select a suitable climate.
 he is at times circumstantial in the description of his ailments.
-[15] he has to be very careful in the matter of his sleep; if once he wakes up, he finds it difficult to go to sleep again, and because of that has often to lose the morning, the best time to work and which is so dear to him.
 he cannot stand cold, wind and fog, but still less overheated rooms.
 how he has execrated the german stoves, which are burned nearly all the year through and made germany almost unbearable to him!
 of his fear of illness we have spoken above.
@@ -7412,7 +7168,6 @@ they are aimed at friends and enemies, budaeus, lypsius, as well as hutten and b
 occasionally we are struck by the expression of coarse pleasure at another's misfortune.
 but in all this, as regards malice, we should not measure erasmus by our ideas of delicacy and gentleness.
 compared with most of his contemporaries he remains moderate and refined.
-*       *       *       *       *
 erasmus never felt happy, was never content.
 this may perhaps surprise us for a moment, when we think of his cheerful, never-failing energy, of his gay jests and his humour.
 but upon reflection this unhappy feeling tallies very well with his character.
@@ -7424,7 +7179,6 @@ how can anyone envy me?'
 to no one has fortune been so constantly hostile as to him.
 she has sworn his destruction, thus he sang in his youth in a poetical complaint addressed to gaguin: from earliest infancy the same sad and hard fate has been constantly pursuing him.
 pandora's whole box seems to have been poured out over him.
-this unhappy feeling takes the special form of his having been charged by unlucky stars with herculean labour, without profit or pleasure to himself:[16] troubles and vexations without end.
 his life might have been so much easier if he had taken his chances.
 he should never have left italy; or he ought to have stayed in england.
 'but an immoderate love of liberty caused me to wrestle long with faithless friends and inveterate poverty.'
@@ -7491,10 +7245,7 @@ in the man who had to swallow them there was a puny erasmus who deserved those r
 in him was also a great erasmus who knew how, under the passion and infatuation with which the parties combated each other, the truth he sought, and the love he hoped would subdue the world, were obscured; who knew the god whom he professed too high to take sides.
 let us try ever to see of that great erasmus as much as the petty one permits.
 footnotes:
-[15] cf.
-the letter to beatus rhenanus, pp.
 227-8.
-[16] ad.
 2001 lb.
 ii, 717b, 77 c. 58a.
 on the book which erasmus holds in his hand in holbein's portrait at longford castle, we read in greek: the labours of hercules.
@@ -7572,8 +7323,6 @@ his friend dorp and james latomus, also one of the chief divines, had expressed
 only a young englishman, edward lee, who was studying greek at louvain, had summarized a number of criticisms into ten conclusions.
 erasmus had got rid of the matter by writing to lee that he had not been able to get hold of his conclusions and therefore could not make use of them.
 but his youthful critic had not put up with being slighted so, and worked out his objections in a more circumstantial treatise.
-[illustration: xvii.
-view of basle, 1548]
 thus erasmus set out for basle once more in may 1518. he had been obliged to ask all his english friends (of whom ammonius had been taken from him by death in 1517) for support to defray the expenses of the journey; he kept holding out to them the prospect that, after his work was finished, he would return to england.
 in a letter to martin lypsius, as he was going up the rhine, he answered lee's criticism, which had irritated him extremely.
 in revising his edition he not only took it but little into account, but ventured, moreover, this time to print his own translation of the new testament of 1506 without any alterations.
@@ -7586,8 +7335,6 @@ it might be the pestilence, and erasmus, ever much afraid of contagion himself,
 he avoided his quarters in the college of the lily, and found shelter with his most trusted friend, dirck maertensz, the printer.
 but in spite of rumours of the plague and his warnings, first dorp and afterwards also ath came, at once, to visit him.
 evidently the louvain professors did not mean so badly by him, after all.
-[illustration: xviii.
-title-page of the new testament printed by froben in 1520]
 but the differences between erasmus and the louvain faculty were deeply rooted.
 lee, hurt by the little attention paid by erasmus to his objections, prepared a new critique, but kept it from erasmus, for the present, which irritated the latter and made him nervous.
 in the meantime a new opponent arose.
@@ -7671,7 +7418,6 @@ when in december 1517, erasmus answered the archbishop, luther's propositions ag
 they were levelled at the same abuses which erasmus combated, the mechanical, atomistical, and juridical conception of religion.
 but how different was their practical effect, as compared with erasmus's pacific endeavour to purify the church by lenient means!
 'lives of saints?'
-erasmus asked replying to the archbishop.
 'i have tried in my poor way to add a little light to the prince of saints himself.
 for the rest, your endeavour, in addition to so many difficult matters of government, and at such an early age, to get the lives of the saints purged of old women's tales and disgusting style, is extremely laudable.
 for nothing should be suffered in the church that is not perfectly pure or refined,' and he concludes with a magnificent eulogy of the excellent prelate.
@@ -7723,7 +7469,6 @@ this is also the wish of pope leo, who has nothing more at heart than that innoc
 at this same time erasmus does his best to keep froben back from publishing luther's writings, 'that they may not fan the hatred of the bonae literae still more'.
 and he keeps repeating: i do not know luther, i have not read his writings.
 he makes this declaration to luther himself, in his reply to the latter's epistle of 28 march.
-this letter of erasmus, dated 30 may 1519, should be regarded as a newspaper leader[17], to acquaint the public with his attitude towards the luther question.
 luther does not know the tragedies which his writings have caused at louvain.
 people here think that erasmus has helped him in composing them and call him the standard bearer of the party!
 that seemed to them a fitting pretext to suppress the bonae literae.
@@ -7786,7 +7531,6 @@ against his intention they were printed at once.
 erasmus's hesitation in those days between the repudiation and the approbation of luther is not discreditable to him.
 it is the tragic defect running through his whole personality: his refusal or inability ever to draw ultimate conclusions.
 had he only been a calculating and selfish nature, afraid of losing his life, he would long since have altogether forsaken luther's cause.
-it is his misfortune affecting his fame, that he continually shows his weaknesses, whereas what is great in him lies deep.
 at cologne erasmus also met the man with whom, as a promising young humanist, fourteen years younger than himself, he had, for some months, shared a room in the house of aldus's father-in-law, at venice: hieronymus aleander, now sent to the emperor as a papal nuncio, to persuade him to conform his imperial policy to that of the pope, in the matter of the great ecclesiastical question, and give effect to the papal excommunication by the imperial ban.
 it must have been somewhat painful for erasmus that his friend had so far surpassed him in power and position, and was now called to bring by diplomatic means the solution which he himself would have liked to see achieved by ideal harmony, good will and toleration.
 he had never trusted aleander, and was more than ever on his guard against him.
@@ -7829,12 +7573,7 @@ so far as the church was concerned, erasmus would at almost any point be more da
 it was this contingency, as dr. allen has correctly pointed out, which he feared and evaded.
 not for his bodily safety did he emigrate; erasmus would not have been touched--he was far too valuable an asset for such measures.
 it was his mental independence, so dear to him above all else, that he felt to be threatened; and, to safeguard that, he did not return to louvain.
-[illustration: xix.
-the house at anderlecht where erasmus lived from may to november 1521]
-[illustration: xx.
-erasmus's study at anderlecht]
 footnotes:
-[17] translation on pp.
 229 ff.
  chapter xvii
 erasmus at basle
@@ -7939,7 +7678,6 @@ there are cobras and keraits, but the most dreaded is the russell's viper.
 he is a snake that averages from three to four feet long, and is very thick, with a big head and a stumpy tail.
 his body is marked very prettily with spots and blurs of light on a dark, grayish green, and he is so like the shadows of the grass and weeds in a dusty road, that you can walk on him quite unsuspectingly.
 then he will bite you, and you die.
-he comes out usually in the evening before dark, and lies about on footpaths to catch the home-coming ploughman or reaper, and, contrary to the custom of other snakes, he will not flee on hearing a footstep.
 when anyone approaches he lies more still than ever, not even a movement of his head betraying him.
 he is so like the colour of the ground, he hopes he will be passed unseen; and he is slow and lethargic in his movements, and so is easy to kill when once detected.
 as a burman said, 'if he sees you first, he kills you; if you see him first, you kill him.'
@@ -8011,7 +7749,6 @@ coming from half-starved, over-driven india, it is a revelation to see the anima
 the village ponies and cattle and dogs in india are enough to make the heart bleed for their sordid misery, but in burma they are a delight to the eye.
 they are all fat, every one of them--fat and comfortable and impertinent; even the ownerless dogs are well fed.
 i suppose the indifference of the ordinary native of india to animal suffering comes from the evil of his own lot.
-he is so very poor, he has such hard work to find enough for himself and his children, that his sympathy is all used up.
 he has none to spare.
 he is driven into a dumb heartlessness, for i do not think he is actually cruel.
 the burman is full of the greatest sympathy towards animals of all kinds, of the greatest understanding of their ways, of the most humorously good-natured attitude towards them.
@@ -8021,7 +7758,6 @@ his ponies are pictures of fatness and impertinence and go.
 they never have any vice because the burman is never cruel to them; they are never well trained, partly because he does not know how to train them, partly because they are so near the aboriginal wild pony as to be incapable of very much training.
 but they are willing; they will go for ever, and are very strong, and they have admirable constitutions and tempers.
 you could not make a burman ill-use his pony if you tried, and i fancy that to break these little half-wild ponies to go in cabs in crowded streets requires severe treatment.
-at least, i never knew but one hackney-carriage driver either in rangoon or mandalay who was a burman, and he very soon gave it up.
 he said that the work was too heavy either for a pony or a man.
 i think, perhaps, it was for the safety of the public that he resigned, for his ponies were the very reverse of meek--which a native of india says a hackney-carriage pony should be--and he drove entirely by the light of nature.
 so all the drivers of gharries, as we call them, are natives of india or half-breeds, and it is amongst them that the work of the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals principally lies.
@@ -8040,7 +7776,6 @@ for burmans are always free with their money, and the road was long and hot and
 i often passed that coach as i rode.
 i noticed that the ponies were poor, very poor, and were driven a little hard, but i saw no reason for interference.
 it did not seem to me that any cruelty was committed, nor that the ponies were actually unfit to be driven.
-i noticed that the driver used his whip a good deal, but then some ponies require the whip.
 i never thought much about it, as i always rode my own ponies, and they always shied at the coach, but i should have noticed if there had been anything remarkable.
 towards the end of the year it became necessary to renew the contract, and the contractor was approached on the subject.
 he said he was willing to continue the contract for another year if the mail subsidy was largely increased.
@@ -8426,7 +8161,6 @@ about two or three years after this it became necessary for the husband to take
 the journey was a very long one, and they were unduly delayed; and so it happened that while still in the forest the wife fell ill, and could not go on any further.
 so the husband built a hut of branches and leaves, and there, in the solitude of the forest, was born to them another little son.
 the mother recovered rapidly, and in a little time she was well enough to go on.
-they were to start next morning on their way again; and in the evening the husband went out, as was his custom, to cut firewood, for the nights were cold and damp.
 ma pa da waited and waited for him, but he never came back.
 the sun set and the dark rose out of the ground, and the forest became full of whispers, but he never came.
 all night she watched and waited, caring for her little ones, fearful to leave them alone, till at last the gray light came down, down from the sky to the branches, and from the branches to the ground, and she could see her way.
@@ -8496,7 +8230,6 @@ father or mother, son or brother, daughter or wife, there was always a gap somew
 from house to house throughout the city she went, till at last the new hope faded away, and she learned from the world, what she had not believed from the buddha, that death and life are one.
 so she returned, and she became a nun, poor soul!
 taking on her the two hundred and twenty-seven vows, which are so hard to keep that nowadays nuns keep but five of them.
-[1]
  this is the teaching of the buddha, that death is inevitable; this is the consolation he offers, that all men must know death; no one can escape death; no one can escape the sorrow of the death of those whom he loves.
 death, he says, and life are one; not antagonistic, but the same; and the only way to escape from one is to escape from the other too.
 only in the great peace, when we have found refuge from the passion and tumult of life, shall we find the place where death cannot come.
@@ -8647,7 +8380,6 @@ so what buddhism has to offer to the dying believer is this, that if he live acc
 he shall have perfect peace, perfect rest, perfect happiness, he and his, in that heaven where his teacher went before him long ago.
 and if we should say that this deliverance from life, this great peace, is death, what matter, if it be indeed peace?
 footnote:
-[1] these five vows are:
 1. not to take life.
 2. to be honest.
 3. to tell the truth.
@@ -8813,7 +8545,6 @@ when it dies, so do these affections.
 new affections arise from the new body.
 the flesh of the son, being of one with his father, of course loves him; but as his present flesh has no sort of connection with his former one, he does not love those to whom he was related in his other lives.
 these affections are as much a part of the body as the hand or the eyesight; with one you put off the other.'
-thus all love, to the learned, even the purest affection of daughter to mother, of man to his friend, is in theory a function of the body--with the one we put off the other; and this may explain, perhaps, something of what my previous chapter did not make quite clear, that in the hereafter[2] of buddhism there is no affection.
 when we have put off all bodies, when we have attained nirvana, love and hate, desire and repulsion, will have fallen from us for ever.
 meanwhile, in each life, we are obliged to endure the affections of the body into which we may be born.
 it is the first duty of a monk, of him who is trying to lead the purer life, to kill all these affections, or rather to blend them into one great compassion to all the world alike.
@@ -8889,7 +8620,6 @@ such a story is the very cry of the agony of humanity.
 'love is strong as death; many waters cannot quench love;' ay, and love is stronger than death.
 not any dogmas of any religion, not any philosophy, nothing in this world, nothing in the next, shall prevent him who loves from the certainty of rejoining some time the soul he loves.
 footnote:
-[2] the hereafter = the state to which we attain when we have done with earthly things.
  chapter xxiv
 the forest of time
 'the gate of that forest was death.'
@@ -9022,32 +8752,6 @@ london: leonard smithers effingham house: arundel street strand: mdcccxcvi
 to katherine willard, now katherine baldwin.
  paris: may, 1892. london: february, 1896.
  contents.
-*preface: being a word on behalf of patchouli:     p. xiii.
-at dieppe: after sunset:     p. 3. on the beach:     p. 4. rain on the down:     p. 5. before the squall:     p. 6. under the cliffs:     p. 7. requies:     p. 8.
-masks and faces: pastel:     p. 11. her eyes:     p. 12. morbidezza:     p. 13. maquillage:     p. 14.
-*impression:     p. 15. an angel of perugino:     p. 16. at fontainebleau:     p. 17. on the heath:     p. 18. in the oratory:     p. 19. pattie:     p. 20. in an omnibus:     p. 21. on meeting after:     p. 22. in bohemia:     p. 23. emmy:     p. 24. emmy at the eldorado:     p. 26.
-*at the cavour:     p. 27. in the haymarket:     p. 28. at the lyceum:     p. 29. the blind beggar:     p. 30. the old labourer:     p. 31. the absinthe drinker:     p. 32. javanese dancers     p. 33.
-love’s disguises: love in spring:     p. 37. gipsy love     p. 38. in kensington gardens:     p. 39.
-*rewards:     p. 40. perfume:     p. 41. souvenir:     p. 42.
-*to mary:     p. 43. to a great actress:     p. 44. love in dreams:     p. 45. music and memory:     p. 46.
-*spring twilight:     p. 47. in winter:     p. 48.
-*quest:     p. 49. to a portrait:     p. 50.
-*second thoughts:     p. 51. april midnight:     p. 52. during music:     p. 53. on the bridge:     p. 54.
-“i dream of her”:     p. 55.
-*tears:     p. 56.
-*the last exit:     p. 57. after love:     p. 58. alla passeretta bruna:     p. 59.
-nocturnes: nocturne:     p. 63. her street:     p. 64. on judges’ walk:     p. 65. in the night:     p. 66.
-fêtes galantes: *mandoline:     p. 69.
-*dans l’allée     p. 70.
-*cythère:     p. 71.
-*les indolents:     p. 72.
-*fantoches:     p. 73.
-*pantomine:     p. 74.
-*l’amour par terre:     p. 75.
-*a clymène:     p. 76. from romances sans parole     p. 71.
-moods and memories: city nights:     p. 81. a white night:     p. 82. in the valley:     p. 83. peace at noon:     p. 84. in fountain court:     p. 85. at burgos:     p. 86. at dawn:     p. 87. in autumn:     p. 88. on the roads:     p. 89.
-*pierrot in half-mourning:     p. 90. for a picture of watteau:     p. 91.
-* the preface, and the nineteen poems marked with an asterisk, were not contained in the first edition.
 one poem has been omitted, and many completely rewritten.
  preface:
 being a word on behalf of patchouli.
@@ -9099,7 +8803,6 @@ i cannot think or dream: the grey unending waste of sea and night, dull, impoten
  night, and the down by the sea, and the veil of rain on the down; and she came through the mist and the rain to me from the safe warm lights of the town.
 the rain shone in her hair, and her face gleamed in the rain; and only the night and the rain were there as she came to me out of the rain.
  before the squall.
- the wind is rising on the sea, white flashes dance along the deep, that moans as if uneasily it turned in an unquiet sleep.
 ridge after rocky ridge upheaves a toppling crest that falls in spray where the tormented beach receives the buffets of the sea’s wild play.
 on the horizon’s nearing line, where the sky rests, a visible wall.
 grey in the offing, i divine the sails that fly before the squall.
@@ -9383,7 +9086,6 @@ yet one escape of souls may yield relief to many weary seasons’ wrong.
 “o last for ever!” my heart cried; it ended: heaven was done.
 i had been dreaming by her side that heaven was but begun.
  her street.
-(in absence.)
  i passed your street of many memories.
 a sunset, sombre pink, the flush of inner rose-leaves idle fingers crush, died softly, as the rose that dies.
 all the high heaven behind the roof lay thus, tenderly dying, touched with pain a little; standing there i saw again the sunsets that were dear to us.
@@ -9543,7 +9245,6 @@ koch, 470.
 koran, the, 304, 310.
  labor, social economics of, 496.
 lake dwellings, 78.
-lamarck, j. p., 467.
 land, use of, determines social life, 145.
 language, origin of, 121; a social function, 123; development of, 126-129; an instrument of culture, 129.
 latin language and literature, 261.
@@ -9605,7 +9306,6 @@ pithecanthropus erectus, 29.
 plato, 222.
 political ideas, spread of, 486-488.
 political liberty in xviii century.
-[transcriber's note: no page number in source]
 polygenesis, monogenesis, 66.
 popular government, expense of, 328, 414.
 power manufacture, 437.
@@ -9714,7 +9414,6 @@ for its index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that section.
 in the html version of this book, page numbers are placed in the left margin.
 footnote numbers are enclosed in square brackets.
 each chapter's footnotes have been renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of that chapter.
- online distributed proofreading team at https://www.pgdp.net (this file was produced from images generously made available by the kentuckiana digital library)
 transcriber's note:
 inconsistencies in the hyphenation and variations in spelling have been retained as in the original.
 wings of the wind
@@ -9725,62 +9424,31 @@ author of "toby," "sunlight patch," "where the souls of men are calling," etc.
  copyright, 1920 by small, maynard & company (incorporated)
  to s. thruston ballard with whom the author has shared many a pleasant camp-fire this book is affectionately dedicated
  contents
- chapter                                page
 i.
 "to adventure and romance!"
 9
 ii.
-the mysterious monsieur          16
 iii.
-the girl in the café             29
-iv.
-nirvana                          43
-v. "to the very end!"
 54
 vi.
-a voice from the water           70
 vii.
-a bomb and a discovery           80
 viii.
-the chase begins                 94
 ix.
-a shot from the dark            104
-x. a silent enemy                  117
 xi.
-a strange find                  129
 xii.
-the hurricane                   140
 xiii.
 on to death river!
 153
-xiv.
-smilax brings news              161
-xv.
-efaw kotee's den                174
 xvi.
-the cave man sets forth         190
 xvii.
-the rescue                      202
 xviii.
-doloria                         212
 xix.
-enlightening a princess         228
 xx.
-sleeping beneath god's tent     238
 xxi.
-planting a memory               249
 xxii.
-i love you                      266
 xxiii.
-the attack                      275
-xxiv.
-german cruelty                  289
-xxv.
-a flying throne                 304
 xxvi.
-a treasure box                  319
 xxvii.
-the final hocus-pocus           330
 wings of the wind
  chapter i
 "to adventure and romance!"
@@ -9874,7 +9542,6 @@ he's a corking fellow!
 i didn't write you how the battalion started calling him 'rebel' till he closed up half a dozen eyes, did i?
 you see, in the beginning, when we were rookies, the sergeant had us up in formation to get our names, and when he came to tommy that innocent drawled: 'mr.
 thomas jefferson davis, suh, of loui'ville, jefferson county, kentucky, suh.'
-you could have heard a pin drop.
 the sergeant, as hard-boiled as they come, stood perfectly still and let a cold eye bore into him for half a minute, then gasped: 'gawd!
 what a wicked little rebel!'"
 they laughed.
@@ -9911,7 +9578,6 @@ fact is, we're wanting to be told how you and mr. thomas, here, licked those ger
 we came down here to lose the last eighteen months of our lives, gates, not keep 'em green.
 maybe you don't know it, but we're after the big adventure!"
 his eyes twinkled as he said this, and his face was lighted by a rare smile that no one possessed more engagingly than tommy.
-while he treated the probability of an adventure with tolerant amusement, such was his inherent love of it and so developed was his capacity for "playing-true," that he sometimes made me think almost anything might turn up.
 i was quite unaware that my mother had written him, or that he, in return, had promised to keep her fully advised of my improvement--a state which was already beginning.
 "i carn't see how you help talking of it, sir--all that gas, and liquid fire, and bursting shells," gates stared at him in perplexity.
 "it's an effort, but i refuse to turn phonograph like some of the old timers--not that i love 'em any less for it, lord knows!"
@@ -10153,7 +9819,6 @@ not that it made any serious difference, gates explained, nor were we impertinen
 so he felt uncomfortable about it, while at the same time being reluctant to hoist anchor and foul our decks with the bottom of havana bay.
 to be on the safe side he determined to megaphone apologies and consult her wishes.
 twice he hailed, receiving no answer.
-two sailors were seated forward playing cards--a surlier pair of ruffians would have been hard to find--but neither of them so much as glanced up.
 "let the professor try in spanish," tommy said.
 monsieur took the megaphone and did so, but with no better success.
 then to our profound admiration he called in half a dozen languages; finally growling: "lascars, likely!"
@@ -10295,7 +9960,6 @@ the girl had leaned forward watching them intently.
 then with a peremptory order the old one sent him away and sank back into his chair; but a moment later, clutching the tablecloth, he spoke a few words that made her recoil in evident horror.
 i did not know what to do or what to think, so i merely watched with every sense alert.
 i saw him call the waiter for his settlement, i saw him take out a large roll of money and with trembling fingers peel off the outside bill--a new and crinkly fifty-dollar note.
-i saw the girl idly marking on the winecard with a small gold pencil, though her eyes were veiling an intense excitement; and when the waiter returned with a pile of change which the old man began to count, i saw her furtively slip the winecard to her lap.
 a moment later it fell to the floor as she arose to leave.
 together they started toward the exit, but having taken a few steps she left him with a brief word and returned, presumably for her glove.
 partially free from his eternal vigilance, she raised her eyes without dissimulation and looked quickly, appealingly into mine; then down at her hand, on which she leaned, whose fingers were unfolding from a little ball of paper.
@@ -10322,7 +9986,6 @@ the watch forward called in a guarded voice: "all right, sir?"
 to which i answered, "all right," then went cautiously across deck and crept down the companionway stairs.
 the cabin was dark so i felt for my stateroom, passed in and closed the door.
 somehow my fingers could not locate the light jet, but what matter?
-in three minutes i had undressed and was fast asleep.
  chapter iv
 nirvana
  a pleasant sense of motion came over me that suggested cradling waves, and i was sleepily wondering why we had gone out on a day that portended storms, when a tapping at my stateroom door was followed by someone whispering:
@@ -10447,7 +10110,6 @@ without, the owls circled and cried.
 a dog barked in the village above, provoking a far-reaching chorus of his kind.
 then blows fell, and he fled yelping out of earshot.
 rollo was not wholly comfortable on his couch of grain.
-the bonds about his feet galled him, having been more tightly drawn than those of his companions in virtue of his chiefship.
 nevertheless he got a good deal of sleep, and each time that he awoke it seemed to him that el sarria was staring harder at the sentry and that the man had moved a little nearer.
 at last, turning his head a little to one side, he heard distinctly the low murmur of voices.
 "do you remember pancorbo?"
@@ -10469,7 +10131,6 @@ he had no paper, but catching the sentry's eye, he nodded across to where etienn
 "alcoy?"
 he whispered.
 the sentry shouldered his piece and took a turn or two across the floor, keeping his eye vigilantly on his fellow guard, who, having seated himself in the window-sill, had dozed off to sleep, the cigarette still drooping from the corner of his mouth.
-yes, he was certainly asleep.
 he held out his hand to etienne, who readily gave him the last he had rolled.
 the sentry thanked him with a quick martial salute, and after a turn or two more, deftly dropped the crumbled tobacco upon the floor and let the leaf drop on rollo's knees with a stump of pencil rolled up in it.
 then the young man, turning his back upon the dozing guard in the stone window-sill, wrote with some difficulty the following note, lying on his breast and using the uneven floor of the granary for a desk.
@@ -10479,13 +10140,10 @@ otherwise we are to be shot at day-break.--rollo blair."
 there was still a little space left upon the leaf of alcoy paper, and with a half shamefaced glance at el sarria, he added, "and in any case do not wholly forget r.
 b."
 he passed the note to the outlaw, who folded it to the size of a postage stamp and apparently gave directions where and to whom it was to be delivered.
-"in half an hour we shall be relieved and i will go," said the carlist ex-miguelete, and resumed his steady tramp.
 presently he awoke his comrade so that he might not be found asleep at the change of guard.
-*       *       *       *       *
 there was nothing more to be done till day-break.
 they had played their last card, and now they must wait to see what cards were out against them, and who should win the final trick at the hour of sunrise.
 rollo fell asleep again.
-and so soundly this time, that he only woke to consciousness when a soldier in a white boina pulled roughly at his elbow, and ordered him to get up.
 all about the granary the carlists were stamping feet, pulling on boots, and flapping arms.
 "it's a cold morning to be shot in," said the man, with rough kindliness; "but i will get you some hot chocolate in a moment.
 that will warm your blood for you, and in any case you will have a quick passage.
@@ -10511,7 +10169,6 @@ nothing like it for strengthening the knee-joints at a time like this.
 i've seen men die on wine and on rum and on brandy; but for me, give me a cup of chocolate as good as that, when my time comes!"
 rollo drank the thick sweet strength-giving stuff to the accompaniment of clattering hoofs and jingling accoutrements.
 "come!"
-said a voice again, "give me the cup.
 do not keep the general waiting.
 he is in no good temper this morning, and we are to march immediately."
 the young man stepped out of the mill-door into the crisp chill of the dawn.
@@ -10619,7 +10276,6 @@ he cried.
 "why have you not obeyed your instructions?
 why are these men not yet dead?"
 the officer trembled, and began an explanation, pointing to concha and la giralda, both of whom stood for a moment motionless.
-then flinging herself over the low wall of the garden as if her years had more nearly approached seventeen than seventy, la giralda caught the great man by the stirrup.
 "little ramon, ramon cabrera," she cried, "have you forgotten your old nurse, la giralda of sevilla, your mother's gossip, your own playmate?"
 the general turned full upon her, with the quick indignant threat of one who considers himself duped, in his countenance.
 it had gone ill with la giralda if she had not been able to prove her case.
@@ -10721,7 +10377,6 @@ and he pointed to the lane down which the firing party was defiling.
 rollo bowed, but did not reply, awaiting the general's pleasure.
 presently cabrera, recollecting the sealed letter in his hand, gave it unopened to the youth.
 "there," he said, "that, i see, is to be opened in the camp of general cabrera.
-well--where cabrera is, there is his camp.
 open it, and let us see what it contains."
 "i will, general," said the young scot, "in so far, that is, as it concerns your excellency."
 the carlist general sat watching rollo keenly as he broke the seal and discovered a couple of enclosures.
@@ -10835,7 +10490,6 @@ between them the four had made up a purse to be sent by concha to the mother sup
 but concha had refused point-blank.
 "the babe came through the wicket.
 the mother arrived by night, a fugitive asking pity, like the virgin fleeing down to egypt in the pictures," said concha.
-"the convent needs no alms, nor does the lady superior sell her help.
 keep the money, lads.
 if i am not a fool you will need it more than the sisterhood of the holy innocents before you come to your journey's end."
 and with that she blew them each a dainty kiss, distinguishing no one above the other, dropped a curtsey to the general, whose eyes followed her with more than usual interest, leaped on her white mare and rode off, attended by la giralda riding astride like a man, in the same fashion in which she had arrived.
@@ -11042,7 +10696,6 @@ only a lame lad, furtively plundering, had leaped backward upon his crutch with
 he had first of all warned the sergeant to keep off at his peril, but had afterwards changed his tone and confessed to him that the plague was abroad in the valley of the duero, and that he was the only being left alive in the village save the vulture and the prowling dog.
 "the plague!"
 sergeant cardono had gasped, like every spaniard stricken sick at the very sound of the word.
-"yes, and i own everything in the village," asserted the imp.
 "if you want anything here you must pay me for it!"
 the sergeant found it even as the cripple had said.
 there was not a single living inhabitant in the village.
@@ -11072,7 +10725,6 @@ then you will die, both of you.
 and there will be no one to bury you, like those in the houses back there.
 then all you possess shall be mine, ha, ha!"
 and he laughed and danced till a fit of coughing came upon him so that he actually crowed in a kind of fiendish exaltation.
-but rollo blair was not a man to be jested with, either by devil or devil's imp.
 he drew a pistol from his belt, looked carefully to the priming, and with the greatest coolness in the world pointed it at the misshapen brat.
 "now listen," he said, "you are old enough to know the meaning of words; i give you one minute to betake yourself to your own place and leave us alone!
 there is no contagion in a pistol bullet, my fine lad, but it is quite as deadly as any plague.
@@ -11098,7 +10750,6 @@ they cannot supply themselves with victuals where they are.
 the very guards forsake them.
 and the gitanos of the hills--but i have no right to tell that to the foreigner--the gorgio.
 for am not i also a gitana?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 the village where rollo's command first stumbled upon this dreadful fact was called frias, in the district of la perla, and lies upon the eastern spurs of the guadarrama.
 it was, therefore, likely enough then that the boy spoke truth, and that within a few miles of them the court of spain was enduring privations in its aerial palace of la granja.
 but even when interrogated by el sarria the old woman remained obstinately silent as to the news concerning her kinsfolk which she had heard from the crippled dwarf.
@@ -11169,7 +10820,6 @@ it goes to my heart to make her a prisoner!"
 the sergeant uttered a guttural grunt which intimated that in his opinion the influence of the petticoat on the career of a soldier might be over-done.
 otherwise he maintained his gravity, speaking only when he was directly appealed to and giving his judgment with due submission to his superiors.
 finally it was judged that they should make a night march over the mountains, find some suitable place to lie up in during the day, and in the morning send in la giralda and the sergeant to san ildefonso in the guise of fagot sellers to find out if the gipsy boy of baza had spoken the truth.
-*       *       *       *       *
 san ildefonso and la granja are two of the most strangely situated places in spain.
 a high and generally snow-clad sierra divides them from madrid and the south.
 the palace is one of the most high-lying upon earth, having originally been one of the mountain granges of the monks of segovia to which a king of spain took a fancy, and, what is more remarkable, for which he was willing to pay good money.
@@ -11296,7 +10946,6 @@ yet, strange as it may seem, the young man missed several opportunities of arous
 he said not a word about peggy ramsay, nor did he mention the broken heart which he had come so far afield to curé.
 and as for concha, nothing could have been more nunlike and conventual than the expression with which she listened.
 it was as if one of the lady superior's "holiest innocents" had flown over the nunnery wall and settled down to listen to rollo's tale in that wild gorge among the mountains of guadarrama.
-*       *       *       *       *
 meantime the sergeant and his gipsy companion pursued their way with little regard to the occupations or sentiments of those they had left behind them.
 cardono's keen black eyes, twinkling hither and thither, a myriad crows' feet reticulating out from their corners like spiders' webs, took in the landscape, and every object in it.
 the morning was well advanced when, right across their path, a well-to-do farmhouse lay before them, white on the hillside, its walls long-drawn like fortifications, and the small slit-like windows counterfeiting loopholes for musketry.
@@ -11410,7 +11059,6 @@ who is la giralda that she should mutter the simplest prayer?
 but when the master of life awakes the little one, and when he sees the look she will cast on her poor puppet of wood, he will take her to his bosom even as la giralda, the mother of many, would have taken her!
 god, the good one, cannot be more cruel than a woman of the heathen!"
 and so with the broken pottery for a monument, and the clasp of infant hands about the wooden doll for a prayer to god, the dead babe was left alone, unblessed and unconfessed--but safe.
-*       *       *       *       *
 meanwhile we must go over the hill with sergeant cardono.
 whatever his thoughts may have been as he trudged up the barren glens, seamed and torn with the winter rains, no sign of them appeared upon his sunburnt weather-beaten face.
 steadily and swiftly, yet without haste, he held his way, his eyes fixed on the ground, as though perfectly sure of his road, like a man on a well-beaten track which he has trod a thousand times.
@@ -11543,7 +11191,6 @@ the gipsies smiled at the gay wave of his hand with which cardono uttered this t
 cards were produced, and in a few minutes half a score of games were in progress at different points of the quarry-like cauldron which formed the outlaws' rendezvous.
 at once the humour of the child changed.
 "they obeyed you," she said; "i like you for that.
-i mean to have many men obey me when i grow up.
 then i will kill many--thousands and thousands.
 now i can do nothing--only i have it in my head--here!"
 the elf tapped her forehead immediately underneath the red sash which was tied about it.
@@ -11652,7 +11299,6 @@ it was a great deed which they designed and one worthy of his best days.
 he was now old, he said, and must needs choose easier courses.
 he did not desire twice to feel the grip of the collar of iron.
 but young blood--oh, it would have its way and run its risks!
-here the sergeant smiled and raised his montera cap.
 the men as courteously bade him good-day, preserving, however, a certain respectful distance, and adding nothing to the information he had already obtained.
 but chica, seated on her stone, with her scarlet-bound head on her hand, neither looked up nor gave him any greeting as his feet went slowly down the rocky glen and crunched over the begrimed patches of last year's snow, now wide-pored and heavy with the heat of noonday.
  chapter xxix
@@ -11856,7 +11502,6 @@ but among this little band which stole so quietly along the mountain-paths of th
 each member of the party possessed a character definite and easily to be distinguished from all the others.
 it was an army of officers without any privates.
 still, since our firebrand, rollo the scot, held the nominal leadership, and his quick imperious character made that chieftainship a reality, there was at least a chance that they might bring to a successful conclusion the complex and difficult task which was before them.
-*       *       *       *       *
 they now drew near to the palace, which, as one descends the mountains, is approached first.
 the town of san ildefonso lay further to the right, an indistinguishable mass of heaped roofs and turrets without a light or the vestige of a street apparent in the gloom.
 it seemed to rollo a strange thing to think of this stricken town lying there with its dead and dying, its empty tawdry lodgings from which the rich and gay of the court had fled so hastily, leaving all save their most precious belongings behind, the municipal notices on the door, white crosses chalked on a black ground, while nearer and always nearer approached the fell gipsy rabble intent on plunder and rapine.
@@ -11917,7 +11562,6 @@ she asked, her poor hand shaking so that she could scarcely fit the key in the l
 "now we are all within, pray give me the key and show us the road to the queen's apartments."
 "two women!"
 grumbled the poor old creature, whose mind appeared to be somewhat unhinged; "that will never suit her royal highness the regent, especially if they are young and well-looking.
-she loves not such, any more than i love the hussy of the pork-shop.
 though, indeed, my man hath not the roving eye in his head as her señor muñoz hath.
 ah, the saints have mercy on all poor deserted women!
 but what am i saying?
@@ -12036,7 +11680,6 @@ we have only old eugenio and a couple of lads in the whole palace since the depa
 we will muster them; perhaps they will be able to load and fire a musket apiece!
 if i mistake not, the fighting will be at very short range!"
 it was upon this occasion that señor fernando muñoz showed his first spark of interest.
-"i will go and awake them," he said; "i know where the servants are wont to sleep."
 but on this occasion his fond wife would not permit him to stir.
 "the wicked murderers may have already penetrated to that part of the castle," she palpitated, her arms still about his neck, "and you must not risk your precious life.
 let susana go and fetch them.
@@ -12087,7 +11730,6 @@ you do not know by whom they are led.
 you do not know the oaths of death and torture they have sworn----"
 "by whom are they led?"
 said muñoz, still playing carelessly with the rifle.
-"i thought such fellows were mere savages from the hills, and might be slaughtered like sheep."
 "perhaps--at any rate they are led by your own daughter!"
 said rollo, briefly, growing nettled at the parvenu grandee's seeming indifference.
 "my daughter!"
@@ -12151,7 +11793,6 @@ it was strange.
 the girl's inevitable instinct on such matters seemed to have deserted her.
 in a somewhat wide experience concha could always tell to a second when an attempt of this kind was due.
 most women can, and if they are kissed it is because they want to be.
-(in which, sayeth the wise man, is great wisdom!)
 a fire-alarm rings in their brain with absolute certainty, giving them time to evite the conflagration by a healthy douche of cold water.
 but rollo the firebrand again proved himself the masterly incalculable.
 or else--but who could suspect concha?
@@ -12362,7 +12003,6 @@ yuri andreevich androv stood facing the bulkhead that sealed the forward avionic
 as in all high-security facilities, the access doors were controlled electronically.
 since the final retrofits were now completed, the japanese maintenance crews were only working two shifts; nobody was around at this hour except the security guards.
 he'd told them he'd thought of something and wanted to go up and take a look at the heavy-duty en-15 turbo pumps, which transferred hydrogen to the scramjets after it was converted from liquid to gaseous phase for combustion.
-he'd been worrying about their pulse rating and couldn't sleep.
 he'd gone on to explain that although static testing had shown they would achieve operating pressure in twenty milliseconds if they were fully primed in advance, that was static testing, not flight testing, and he'd been unable to sleep wondering about the adhesive around the seals.
 it was just technical mumbo-jumbo, although maybe he should be checking them, he thought grimly.
 but he trusted the engineering team.
@@ -12407,7 +12047,6 @@ the portside bay, on the left, contained electronics for the multimode phased ar
 he knew; he'd checked the engineering diagrams.
 he also knew the starboard equipment bay, the one on the right, contained signal processors for the inertial navigation system (ins), the instrument landing system (ils), the foreplane hydraulic actuator, the structural mode control system (smcs), station controller, and the pilot's liquid-oxygen tanks and evaporator.
 the third forward bay, located beneath the other two and down a set of steel stairs, was the one he needed to penetrate.
-it contained all the computer gear: flight control, navigation, and most importantly, the artificial intelligence (ai) system for pilot interface and backup.
 he suddenly found himself thinking a strange thought.
 since no air- breathing vehicle had ever flown hypersonic, every component in this plane was, in a sense, untested.
 to his mind, though, that was merely one more argument for shutting down the damned ai system's override functions before he went hypersonic.
@@ -12506,7 +12145,6 @@ he felt like a child again, caught with his hand in his pants.
 what should he do?
 tell the truth?
 "i'm--i'm checking over the consoles, passing the time.
-i couldn't sleep."
 "don't lie to me."
 andrei androv's ancient eyebrows gathered into the skeptical furrow yuri knew so well.
 "you're up to something, another of your tricks."
@@ -12514,7 +12152,6 @@ yuri stared at him a moment.
 how had he known?
 a sixth sense?
 "moi otyets, why are you here?
-you should be getting your sleep."
 "i'm an old man.
 an old man worries.
 i had a feeling you might be in here tonight, tinkering with the vehicle.
@@ -12623,7 +12260,6 @@ how would michael play it?
 admittedly it was smart to keep everything close to the chest, but still.
 he would have felt better if michael vance, jr., had favored him with a little more trust.
 on the other hand, keeping the details of the operation under wraps as long as possible was probably wise.
-it minimized the chance for some inadvertent slip-up.
 yes, it was definitely best.
 because he was staring across his desk at four of tanzan mino's tokyo kobun, all dressed in shiny black leather jackets.
 they'd arrived at the docklands office just after dawn, announcing they were there to hand-deliver the money to tokyo.
@@ -12654,7 +12290,6 @@ that is the schedule."
 he was feeling nervous, which was unusual and he didn't like it.
 whenever he got that way, things always started going off the track.
 they were now in the paneled elevator, heading up to the sixth floor of the moscow narodny bank.
-the hundred million had been held overnight in the vault of victoria courier service limited, which was scheduled to deliver the satchels this morning at ten-thirty sharp.
 the location for the delivery, however, was known only to him and to michael vance.
 he wanted to be sure and arrive there ahead of the money.
 he also would have much preferred being without the company of vera karanova.
@@ -12691,7 +12326,6 @@ they moved as a group down the long carpeted hallway leading to the counting roo
 on this floor everything was high-security, with uniformed guards at all the doorways.
 negotiable instruments weren't handled casually.
 wednesday 10:30 a.m.
-an armoured van with v.c.s., ltd. lettered on its side pulled up to the black marble front of moscow narodny bank's financial trading branch on saint swithins lane.
 everything was on schedule.
 "they're here."
 eva was watching from the narrow window.
@@ -12796,7 +12430,6 @@ but who in the room is going to help her?
 that huddled group of russian bankers now staring terrified at novosty's 9mm?
 not damned likely.
 she's improvising, on her own.
-but her little stunt could well end up sinking the ship.
 the two couriers were now spread against the brown textured fabric of the wall, legs apart.
 he walked over and reached into the leather holsters at their hips, drawing out their revolvers.
 they were snub- nosed smith & wesson bodyguards, .38 caliber.
@@ -13177,7 +12810,6 @@ now the room was growing serene, a slow-motion phantasmagoria of pastel colors a
 he tried to reach out, but there was nothing.
 instead he heard faint music, dulcet beckoning tones.
 the world had entered another dimension, a seamless void.
-he wanted to be part of its emptiness, to swathe himself in the cascade of oblivion lifting him up.
 a perfect repose was drifting through him, a wave of darkness.
 he heard his own breathing as he was buoyed into a blood-red mist.
 he was floating, on a journey he had long waited to take, to a place far, far away.
@@ -13186,7 +12818,6 @@ he was floating, on a journey he had long waited to take, to a place far, far aw
 .
 book three
 chapter seventeen
-thursday 2:28 p.m.
 "the hypersonic test flight must proceed as scheduled," tanzan mino said quietly.
 "now that all the financial arrangements have been completed, the coordinating committee of the ldp has agreed to bring the treaty before the diet next week.
 a delay is unthinkable."
@@ -13256,7 +12887,6 @@ ikeda bowed, then turned and hurriedly made his way toward the door.
 he didn't like last-minute improvisations, but the ceo was now fully in command.
 preparations for two additional life-support systems would have to be started immediately.
 after tanzan mino watched him depart, he reached down and activated a line of personal video monitors beside his desk.
-thursday 2:34 p.m.
 vance recognized the sound immediately.
 it was the harp-like plucking of a japanese koto, punctuated by the tinkling of a wind chime.
 without opening his eyes, he reached out and touched a hard, textured surface.
@@ -13295,7 +12925,6 @@ this door was real, and he shoved it open.
 a suite of rooms lay beyond, and there on a second futon, still in a drugged sleep, lay eva.
 he moved across, bent down, and shook her.
 she jerked away, her dreaming disrupted, and turned over, but she didn't come out of it.
-"wake up."
 he shook her again.
 "the party just got moved.
 wait'll you get a load of the decor."
@@ -13350,7 +12979,6 @@ he kicked off his tabi and walked on out.
 she pulled off his yukata, then picked up one of the pails and began filling it from a spigot on the wall.
 "okay, exalted male," she laughed, "i'm going to scrub you.
 that's how they do it, right?"
-she stood up and reached for a sponge and soap.
 "they know how to live.
 here, let me."
 he picked up a second sponge and began scrubbing her back in turn.
@@ -13371,7 +12999,6 @@ as they lay soaking, the koto music around them abruptly stopped, its poignant t
 "are you finding the accommodations adequate?"
 the voice was coming from a speaker carefully integrated into the raw cypress ceiling.
 "all things considered, we'd sooner be in philadelphia."
-vance looked up.
 "i'm sorry to hear that," the voice continued.
 "no expense has been spared.
 my own personal quarters have been placed at your disposal."
@@ -13433,7 +13060,6 @@ and the voice was gone.
 there's a game going on here, and we have to stay in.
 everybody's got a score to settle.
 we're about to see who settles up first."
-thursday 3:29 p.m.
 "zero minus eighteen hours."
 yuri andreevich androv stared at the green screen, its numbers scrolling the computerized countdown.
 "eighteen fucking hours."
@@ -13480,7 +13106,6 @@ and she is important.
 you can tell just by looking."
 "nikolai, there's never been a woman in this facility."
 he laughed and continued on toward security.
-"it's worse than a goddam troop ship.
 you've finally started hallucinating from lack of pezdyonka."
 "yuri andreevich, she's here and she's soviet."
 the chief mechanic followed him.
@@ -13530,7 +13155,6 @@ you've got to see her."
 he shrugged and moved on toward the hangar security station, at the end of the long corridor.
 when he flashed his a-level priority id for the two japanese guards, he noticed they nervously made a show of scrutinizing it, even though they both knew him perfectly well, before saluting and authorizing entry.
 that nails it, he told himself.
-out of nowhere we suddenly have all this rule-book crap.
 these guys are nervous as hell.
 no doubt about it, the big nachalnik is on the scene.
 great.
@@ -13540,7 +13164,6 @@ as he walked into the glare of neon, the cavernous space had never seemed more v
 he'd seen a lot of hangars, flown a lot of experimental planes over the years, but nothing to match this.
 still, he always reminded himself, daedalus was only hardware, just more fancy iron.
 what really counted was the balls of the pilot holding the flight stick.
-that's when he saw them, clustered around the vehicle and gazing up.
 he immediately recognized colonel-general of aviation anatoly savitsky, whose humorless face appeared almost weekly in soviet military review; major- general igor mikhailov, whose picture routinely graced the pages of air defense herald; and also colonel-general pavel ogarkov, a marshal of the soviet air force before that rank was abolished by the general secretary.
 what are those air force neanderthals doing here?
 they're all notorious hardliners, the "bomb first, ask questions later" boys.
@@ -13548,14 +13171,12 @@ and daedalus is supposed to be for space research, right?
 guess the bullshit is about to be over.
 we're finally getting down to the real scenario.
 and there in the middle, clearly the man in charge, was a tall, silver- haired japanese in a charcoal silk suit.
-he was showing off the vehicles as though he owned them, and he carried himself with an authority that made all the hovering soviet generals look like bellboys waiting for a tip.
 well, yuri andreevich thought, for the time being he does own them.
 they're bought and paid for, just like us.
 "tovarisch, major androv, kak pazhavatye," came a voice behind him.
 he turned and realized it belonged to general valentin sokolov, commander of the mig 31 wing at the dolinsk air base on sakhalin.
 sokolov was three star, top man in all the soviet far east.
 flanking him were half a dozen colonels and lieutenant colonels.
-"comrade general sokolov."
 he whipped off a quick salute.
 brass.
 brass everywhere.
@@ -13577,7 +13198,6 @@ then tanzan mino patted a colonel-general on the shoulder and headed over.
 "yuri andreevich androv, i presume," he said in flawless russian, bowing lightly.
 "a genuine pleasure to meet you at last.
 there's a most urgent matter we have to discuss."
-thursday 4:00 p.m.
 at the precise hour, the tokonoma alcove off vance's bedroom rotated ninety degrees, as though moved by an unseen hand, and what awaited beyond was a traditional japanese sand-and-stone garden.
 it was, of course, lit artificially, but the clusters of green shrubs seemed to be thriving on the fluorescents.
 through the garden's grassy center was a curving pathway of flat stepping stones placed artfully in irregular curves, and situated on either side of the walkway were towering rocks nestled in glistening sand that had been raked to represent ocean waves.
@@ -13609,7 +13229,6 @@ those things, vance knew, were what this was really about.
 as was traditional and proper, not a word was spoken.
 this was the zen equivalent of high mass, and tanzan mino was silently letting him know he was a true master--of himself, of his world.
 then the oyabun reached over and formally presented the bowl, placing it on the tatami  in front of his guest.
-vance lifted it up, rotated it a half turn in his hand, and took a reserved sip.
 as the bitter beverage assaulted his mouth, he found himself thinking this was probably intended to be his last supper.
 he hoped he remembered enough to get the moves right.
 he sipped one more time, then wiped the rim, formally repositioned the bowl on the tatami, and leaned back.
@@ -13661,7 +13280,6 @@ has a lot of style."
 "you always thought big."
 vance sipped again at his sake, warm and soothing.
 "it's kind of you to have remembered."
-mino drank once more, then settled his saucer on the tatami and looked up.
 "of course, any questions you have, i would be--"
 "okay, how's this.
 what do you expect to get out of me?"
@@ -13680,7 +13298,6 @@ you are a man of insatiable intellectual appetite."
 "it wasn't necessarily meant to be.
 sometimes curiosity needs to be curbed.
 but if we can agree on certain matters, i shall enjoy providing you a personal tour, to satisfy that curiosity.
-you are a man who can well appreciate both my technological achievement and my strategic coup."
 the old boy's finally gone off the deep end, vance told himself.
 megalomania.
 "incidentally, by 'strategic coup' i suppose you're referring to the fact you've got them exactly where you want them.
@@ -13726,7 +13343,6 @@ you prove this marvel can work and the rest is merely laundering your profits."
 "then i guess it's time i heard the bottom line."
 "most assuredly."
 he leaned back.
-"dr. vance, you have just caused me considerable hardship.
 nor is this the first occasion you have done so.
 yet, i have not achieved what i have to date without becoming something of a judge of men.
 the financial arrangements you put together in london demonstrated, i thought, remarkable ingenuity.
@@ -13769,7 +13385,6 @@ these women have to look out for themselves, keep their own back-bone stiff and
 man is going to be male lord if he can.
 and woman isn't going to give him too much of his own way, either.
 so there you have it, the fine old martial split between the sexes.
-it is tonic and splendid, really, after so much sticky intermingling and backboneless madonna-worship.
 the sardinian isn't looking for the "noble woman nobly planned."
 no, thank you.
 he wants that young madam over there, a young stiff-necked generation that she is.
@@ -13780,7 +13395,6 @@ so the meeting has a certain wild, salty savour, each the deadly unknown to the
 and at the same time, each his own, her own native pride and courage, taking the dangerous leap and scrambling back.
 give me the old, salty way of love.
 how i am nauseated with sentiment and nobility, the macaroni slithery-slobbery mess of modern adorations.
-*       *       *       *       *
 one sees a few fascinating faces in cagliari: those great dark unlighted eyes.
 there are fascinating dark eyes in sicily, bright, big, with an impudent point of light, and a curious roll, and long lashes: the eyes of old greece, surely.
 but here one sees eyes of soft, blank darkness, all velvet, with no imp looking out of them.
@@ -13794,8 +13408,6 @@ but what?
 sometimes velasquez, and sometimes goya gives us a suggestion of these large, dark, unlighted eyes.
 and they go with fine, fleecy black hair--almost as fine as fur.
 i have not seen them north of cagliari.
-*       *       *       *       *
-the q-b spies some of the blue-and-red stripe-and-line cotton stuff of which the peasants make their dress: a large roll in the doorway of a dark shop.
 in we go, and begin to feel it.
 it is just soft, thickish cotton stuff--twelve francs a metre.
 like most peasant patterns, it is much more complicated and subtle than appears: the curious placing of the stripes, the subtle proportion, and a white thread left down one side only of each broad blue block.
@@ -13808,8 +13420,6 @@ he shows us also cashmeres, orange, scarlet, sky-blue, royal blue: good, pure-wo
 so he says.
 fifty francs a metre--very, very wide.
 but they are too much trouble to carry in a knapsack, though their brilliance fascinates.
-*       *       *       *       *
-so we stroll and look at the shops, at the filigree gold jewelling of the peasants, at a good bookshop.
 but there is little to see and therefore the question is, shall we go on?
 shall we go forward?
 there are two ways of leaving cagliari for the north: the state railway that runs up the west side of the island, and the narrow-gauge secondary railway that pierces the centre.
@@ -13835,7 +13445,6 @@ it costs about thirty francs for the two of us, third class to mandas, which is
 in we crowd with the joyful saddle-bags, into the wooden carriage with its many seats.
 and, wonder of wonders, punctually to the second, off we go, out of cagliari.
 en route again.
- iv.
 mandas.
  the coach was fairly full of people, returning from market.
 on these railways the third class coaches are not divided into compartments.
@@ -13867,7 +13476,6 @@ it is the inevitable exclamation.
 "much good."
 and they both nodded complacently.
 they were going home.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the train was running over the malarial-looking sea-plain--past the down-at-heel palm trees, past the mosque-looking buildings.
 at a level crossing the woman crossing-keeper darted out vigorously with her red flag.
 and we rambled into the first village.
@@ -13876,7 +13484,6 @@ in the enclosures were dark orange trees.
 but the clay-coloured villages, clay-dry, looked foreign: the next thing to mere earth they seem, like fox-holes or coyote colonies.
 looking back, one sees cagliari bluff on her rock, rather fine, with the thin edge of the sea's blade curving round.
 it is rather hard to believe in the real sea, on this sort of clay-pale plain.
-*       *       *       *       *
 but soon we begin to climb to the hills.
 and soon the cultivation begins to be intermittent.
 extraordinary how the heathy, moor-like hills come near the sea: extraordinary how scrubby and uninhabited the great spaces of sardinia are.
@@ -13899,7 +13506,6 @@ it cases the tiny children in stiff and neutral frocks and coats, it covers thei
 it is symbolic of the universal grey mist that has come over men, the extinguishing of all bright individuality, the blotting out of all wild singleness.
 oh democracy!
 oh khaki democracy!
-*       *       *       *       *
 this is very different from italian landscape.
 italy is almost always dramatic, and perhaps invariably romantic.
 there is drama in the plains of lombardy, and romance in the venetian lagoons, and sheer scenic excitement in nearly all the hilly parts of the peninsula.
@@ -13924,7 +13530,6 @@ our old fat friend stands up and tucks his shirt-tail comfortably in his trouser
 so the train sits comfortably for five or ten minutes, in the way the trains have.
 at last we hear whistles and horns, and our old fat friend running and clinging like a fat crab to the very end of the train as it sets off.
 at the same instant a loud shriek and a bunch of shouts from outside.
-we all jump up.
 there, down the line, is the long brown stork of a wife.
 she had just walked back to a house some hundred yards off, for a few words, and has now seen the train moving.
 now behold her with her hands thrown to heaven, and hear the wild shriek "madonna!"
@@ -13937,7 +13542,6 @@ then she realizes it is not going to stop for her.
 and then, oh horror, her long arms thrown out in wild supplication after the retreating train: then flung aloft to god: then brought down in absolute despair on her head.
 and this is the last sight we have of her, clutching her poor head in agony and doubling forward.
 she is left--she is abandoned.
-the poor fat husband has been all the time on the little outside platform at the end of the carriage, holding out his hand to her and shouting frenzied scolding to her and frenzied yells for the train to stop.
 and the train has not stopped.
 and she is left--left on that god-forsaken station in the waning light.
 so, his face all bright, his eyes round and bright as two stars, absolutely transfigured by dismay, chagrin, anger and distress, he comes and sits in his seat, ablaze, stiff, speechless.
@@ -13974,7 +13578,6 @@ yes, we chimed, it was a shame.
 whereupon a self-important miss who said she came from some collegio at cagliari advanced and asked a number of impertinent questions in a tone of pert sympathy.
 after which our fat friend, left alone, covered his clouded face with his hand, turned his back on the world, and gloomed.
 it had all been so dramatic that in spite of ourselves we laughed, even while the q-b shed a few tears.
-*       *       *       *       *
 well, the journey lasted hours.
 we came to a station, and the conductor said we must get out: these coaches went no further.
 only two coaches would proceed to mandas.
@@ -13990,7 +13593,6 @@ and over my head, on the little rack, was her bercola, her saddle-bag.
 fat soldiers laughed at her good-naturedly, but she fluttered and flipped like a tart, featherless old hen.
 since she had another seat and was quite comfortable, we smiled and let her chunter.
 so she clawed her bread bundle from under my legs, and, clutching it and a fat child, sat tense.
-*       *       *       *       *
 it was getting quite dark.
 the conductor came and said that there was no more paraffin.
 if what there was in the lamps gave out, we should have to sit in the dark.
@@ -14002,11 +13604,9 @@ at a station we saw our fat friend go by, bitterly, like a betrayed soul, his bu
 the pea of light from the paraffin lamp grew smaller.
 we sat in incredible dimness, and the smell of sheeps-wool and peasant, with only our fat and stoic young man to tell us where we were.
 the other dusky faces began to sink into a dead, gloomy silence.
-some took to sleep.
 and the little train ran on and on, through unknown sardinian darkness.
 in despair we drained the last drop of tea and ate the last crusts of bread.
 we knew we must arrive some time.
-*       *       *       *       *
 it was not much after seven when we came to mandas.
 mandas is a junction where these little trains sit and have a long happy chat after their arduous scramble over the downs.
 it had taken us somewhere about five hours to do our fifty miles.
@@ -14070,7 +13670,6 @@ not satisfied by this, another flame suddenly began to whip round the bottom of
 unnerved, we made room: the q-b cried again: in came the host with a subtle smile and a pin and an air of benevolence, and tamed the brute.
 what else was there to eat?
 there was a piece of fried pork for me, and boiled eggs for the q-b.
-as we were proceeding with these, in came the remainder of the night's entertainment: three station officials, two in scarlet peaked caps, one in a black-and-gold peaked cap.
 they sat down with a clamour, in their caps, as if there was a sort of invisible screen between us and them.
 they were young.
 the black cap had a lean and sardonic look: one of the red-caps was little and ruddy, very young, with a little mustache: we called him the maialino, the gay little black pig, he was so plump and food-nourished and frisky.
@@ -14086,7 +13685,6 @@ she told them--beef-steaks of pork.
 whereat they pulled faces.
 or bits of boiled pork.
 they sighed, looked gloomy, cheered up, and said beef-steaks, then.
-and they fell on their soup.
 and never, from among the steam, have i heard a more joyful trio of soup-swilkering.
 they sucked it in from their spoons with long, gusto-rich sucks.
 the maialino was the treble--he trilled his soup into his mouth with a swift, sucking vibration, interrupted by bits of cabbage, which made the lamp start to dither again.
@@ -14129,7 +13727,6 @@ the black-cap said to me, like a threat.
 "yes!
 oh cagliari pleases me--cagliari is beautiful!"
 cried the q-b, who travels with a vial of melted butter ready for her parsnips.
-"yes--cagliari is so-so--cagliari is very fair," said the black cap.
 "cagliari è discreto."
 he was evidently proud of it.
 "and is mandas nice?"
@@ -14212,9 +13809,7 @@ we were really touched.
 such delicate little generosities have almost disappeared from the world.
 it was a queer little bread--three-cornered, and almost as hard as ships biscuit, made of starch flour.
 not strictly bread at all.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the night was cold, the blankets flat and heavy, but one slept quite well till dawn.
-at seven o'clock it was a clear, cold morning, the sun not yet up.
 standing at the bedroom window looking out, i could hardly believe my eyes it was so like england, like cornwall in the bleak parts, or derbyshire uplands.
 there was a little paddock-garden at the back of the station, rather tumble-down, with two sheep in it.
 there were several forlorn-looking out-buildings, very like cornwall.
@@ -14231,7 +13826,6 @@ before the curtains of history lifted, one feels the world was like this--this c
 but perhaps it is not celtic at all: iberian.
 nothing is more unsatisfactory than our conception of what is celtic and what is not celtic.
 i believe there never were any celts, as a race.--as for the iberians--!
-[illustration: tonara]
 wonderful to go out on a frozen road, to see the grass in shadow bluish with hoar-frost, to see the grass in the yellow winter-sunrise beams melting and going cold-twinkly.
 wonderful the bluish, cold air, and things standing up in cold distance.
 after two southern winters, with roses blooming all the time, this bleakness and this touch of frost in the ringing morning goes to my soul like an intoxication.
@@ -14245,7 +13839,6 @@ but granite!
 granite is my favorite.
 it is so live under the feet, it has a deep sparkle of its own.
 i like its roundnesses--and i hate the jaggy dryness of lime-stone, that burns in the sun, and withers.
-*       *       *       *       *
 after coming to a deep well in a grassy plot in a wide space of the road, i go back, across the sunny naked upland country, towards the pink station and its out-buildings.
 an engine is steaming its white clouds in the new light.
 away to the left there is even a row of small houses, like a row of railway-mens' dwellings.
@@ -14255,7 +13848,6 @@ i think of our sicilian host.
 the brown woman gives us coffee, and very strong, rich goats' milk, and bread.
 after which the q-b and i set off once more along the road to the village.
 she too is thrilled.
-she too breathes deep.
 she too feels space around her, and freedom to move the limbs: such as one does not feel in italy and sicily, where all is so classic and fixed.
 the village itself is just a long, winding, darkish street, in shadow, of houses and shops and a smithy.
 it might almost be cornwall: not quite.
@@ -14301,11 +13893,9 @@ the q-b goes to thank the black-cap for the white bread, whilst i settle the bil
 the brown woman fishes out from a huge black pot in the background sundry hunks of coarse boiled pork, and gives me two of these, hot, with bread and salt.
 this is the luncheon.
 i pay the bill: which amounts to twenty-four francs, for everything.
-(one says francs or liras, irrespective, in italy.)
 at that moment arrives the train from cagliari, and men rush in, roaring for the soup--or rather, for the broth.
 "ready, ready!"
 she cries, going to the black pot.
- v.
 to sorgono.
  the various trains in the junction squatted side by side and had long, long talks before at last we were off.
 it was wonderful to be running in the bright morning towards the heart of sardinia, in the little train that seemed so familiar.
@@ -14336,7 +13926,6 @@ and truck-loads of grain.
 at every station we were left ignominiously planted, while the little engines--they had gay gold names on their black little bodies--strolled about along the side-lines, and snuffed at the various trucks.
 there we sat, at every station, while some truck was discarded and some other sorted out like a branded sheep, from the sidings and hitched on to us.
 it took a long time, this did.
-*       *       *       *       *
 all the stations so far had had wire netting over the windows.
 this means malaria-mosquitoes.
 the malaria climbs very high in sardinia.
@@ -14368,7 +13957,6 @@ but alas, most of the men are still khaki-muffled, rabbit-indistinguishable, ign
 the italians look curiously rabbity in the grey-green uniform: just as our sand-colored khaki men look doggy.
 they seem to scuffle rather abased, ignominious on the earth.
 give us back the scarlet and gold, and devil take the hindmost.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the landscape really begins to change.
 the hillsides tilt sharper and sharper.
 a man is ploughing with two small red cattle on a craggy, tree-hanging slope as sharp as a roof-side.
@@ -14389,18 +13977,15 @@ a fig tree come forth in its nudity gleaming over the dark winter-earth is a sig
 like some white, tangled sea anemone.
 ah, if it could but answer!
 or if we had tree-speech!
-*       *       *       *       *
 yes, the steep valley sides become almost gorges, and there are trees.
 not forests such as i had imagined, but scattered, grey, smallish oaks, and some lithe chestnuts.
 chestnuts with their long whips, and oaks with their stubby boughs, scattered on steep hillsides where rocks crop out.
-the train perilously winding round, half way up.
 then suddenly bolting over a bridge and into a completely unexpected station.
 what is more, men crowd in--the station is connected with the main railway by a post motor-omnibus.
 an unexpected irruption of men--they may be miners or navvies or land-workers.
 they all have huge sacks: some lovely saddle-bags with rose-coloured flowers across the darkness.
 one old man is in full black-and-white costume, but very dirty and coming to pieces.
 the others wear the tight madder-brown breeches and sleeved waistcoats.
-some have the sheepskin tunic, and all wear the long stocking cap.
 and how they smell!
 of sheep-wool and of men and goat.
 a rank scent fills the carriage.
@@ -14503,7 +14088,6 @@ then she gradually came to her senses; but not until long afterward was she alto
 he took her straight back to the village with him, and so that they need fear no such deviltry in the future, they celebrated their wedding while she was still clad in the bridal outfit of the underground folk.
 the crown and all the ornaments were hung up in melbustad and it is said that they hang there to this very day.
  note
-black jugglery and deception are practiced upon the poor dairy-maid in "the troll wedding" (asbjörnsen, huldreeventyr, i, p. 50. from hadeland, told by a signekjarring, a kind of wise woman or herb doctress).
 characteristic is the belief that troll magic and witchery may be nullified if a gun be fired over the place where it is supposed to be taking place.
 then all reverts to its original form.
 curious, also, is the belief that trolls like to turn into skeins of yarn when disturbed, and then roll swiftly away.
@@ -14535,7 +14119,6 @@ and then his wife saw him; but at the same moment the hat of the huldres disappe
 now the man saw how everything had come about, and went back to the wedding-feast.
 and this time he was received in right friendly fashion, and was asked to drink, and to seat himself at the table.
  note
-a favorite jewel among the treasures of the underground world plays the leading part of the tale: "the hat of the huldres" (asbjörnsen, huldreeventyr, i, p. 157; from the vicinity of eidsvold, told by an old peasant woman).
 often appearing in legend proper as the tarn-cap, it here finds a more humble place in everyday life, neither ennobled by legendary dignity, nor diversified by the rich incident of fairy-tale.
 the entertaining picture here afforded of its powers shows them all the more clearly.
  x
@@ -14570,7 +14153,6 @@ but when the girl again began to cry bitterly, and pleaded with such grace that
 after this the foster-mother wished to take another journey, and she told the girl, who was now more than half-grown, that she must take her request not to go, or even so much as peep into the third room, seriously to heart.
 but when the foster-mother had been away for some time, and the girl was all alone and bored, she could at last resist no longer.
 "o," thought she, "how pleasant it would be to take a peep into that third room!"
-it is true, that at first she thought she would not do it, because of her foster-mother; yet when the thought returned to her, she could not hold back, after all; but decided that she should and must by all means take a peep.
 so she opened the door the least little bit--and swish!
 out flew the sun.
 when the foster-mother then returned, and saw that the sun had flown out, she grieved greatly, and told the girl that now she could positively stay with her no longer.
@@ -14580,7 +14162,6 @@ the foster-daughter cried and pleaded even more touchingly than before; but all
 but you must leave this place."
 the girl said: "then i would rather be the most beautiful of maidens without the power of speech"--and such she became, but from that time on she was dumb.
 now when the girl had left her foster-mother, and had wandered for a time, she came to a large, large wood, and no matter how far she went she could not reach its end.
-when evening came, she climbed into a high tree that stood over a spring, and sat down in its branches to sleep.
 not far from it stood a king's castle, and early the next morning a serving-maid came from it, to get water from the spring for the prince's tea.
 and when the serving-maid saw the lovely face in the spring, she thought it was her own.
 at once she threw down her pail and ran back home holding her head high, and saying: "if i am as beautiful as all that, i am too good to carry water in a pail!"
@@ -14595,8 +14176,6 @@ when, after a time, heaven bestowed a child upon the queen, the prince set a str
 but suddenly they all fell asleep, and her foster-mother came, cut the child's little finger, rubbed some of the blood over the mouth and hands of the queen, and said: "now you shall grieve just as i did when you let the star slip out!"
 and with that she disappeared with the child.
 when those whom the prince had set to keep guard opened their eyes again, they thought that the queen had devoured her child, and the old queen wanted to have her burned; but the prince loved her so very tenderly, that after much pleading he succeeded in having her saved from punishment, though only with the greatest difficulty.
-[illustration: "and so he saw the lovely maiden who was seated among its branches."
---page 59]
 when heaven gave her a second child, a guard of twice as many men as had first stood watch was again set about her; yet everything happened as before, only that this time the foster-mother said to her: "now you shall grieve as i did when you let the moon slip out!"
 the queen wept and pleaded--for when the foster-mother was there she could speak--but without avail.
 now the old queen insisted that she be burned.
@@ -14612,18 +14191,14 @@ now you have been punished for that which you did, and from now on the power of
 the happiness which then filled the prince and princess may be imagined, but cannot be described.
 they lived happily together ever after, and from that time forward even the prince's mother was very fond of the young queen.
  note
-"the child of mary" (asbjörnsen, and moe, n.f.e., p. 34, no.
-8, taken from the bresemann translation [1847]), is a pious fairy-tale, which is also current in germany; a good fairy often takes the place of the virgin mary.
  xi
 storm magic
  the cabin-boy had been traveling around all summer long with his captain; but when they began to prepare to set sail in the fall, he grew restless and did not want to go along.
 the captain liked him, for though he was no more than a boy, he was quite at home on deck, was a big, tall lad, and did not mind lending a hand when need arose; then, too, he did as much work as an able seaman, and was so full of fun that he kept the whole crew in good humor.
 and so the captain did not like to lose him.
 but the youth said out and out that he was not minded to take to the blue pond in the fall; though he was willing to stay on board till the ship was loaded and ready to sail.
-one sunday, while the crew was ashore, and the captain had gone to a farm-holding near the forest, in order to bargain for small timber and log wood--presumably on his own account--for a deck load, the youth had been left to guard the ship.
 but you must know that he was a sunday child, and had found a four-leaf clover; and that was the reason he had the second sight.
 he could see those who are invisible, but they could not see him.
-and as he was sitting there in the forward cabin, he heard voices within the ship.
 he peered through a crack, and there were three coal-black crows sitting inside the deck-beams, and they were talking about their husbands.
 all three were tired of them, and were planning their death.
 one could see at once that they were witches, who had assumed another form.
@@ -14651,7 +14226,6 @@ said the wives of the quartermasters; "but there is no one who knows it," they c
 when it came time to sail, the cabin-boy would not go along for anything in the world; and all the captain's coaxing, and all his promises were useless, nothing would tempt him to go.
 at last they asked him whether he were afraid, because fall was at hand, and said he would rather hide behind the stove, hanging to mother's apron strings.
 no, said the youth, he was not afraid, and they could not say that they had ever seen him show a sign of so land-lubberly a thing as fear; and he was willing to prove it to them, for now he was going along with them, but he made it a condition that three cords of birch-wood were to be bought, full measure, and that on a certain day he was to have command, just as though he himself were the captain.
-the captain asked what sort of nonsense this might be, and whether he had ever heard of a cabin-boy's being entrusted with the command of a ship.
 but the boy answered that was all one to him; if they did not care to buy the three cords of birch-wood, and obey him, as though he were captain, for the space of a single day--the captain and crew should know which day it was to be in advance--then he would set foot on the ship no more, and far less would he ever dirty his hands with pitch and tar on her again.
 the whole thing seemed strange to the captain, yet he finally gave in, because he wanted to have the boy along with him and, no doubt, he also thought that he would come to his senses again when they were once under way.
 the quartermaster was of the same opinion.
@@ -14661,7 +14235,6 @@ when the day came on which the cabin-boy was to take command, the weather was fa
 the captain and crew laughed at him, and said: "that shows the sort of a captain we have now.
 don't you want us to reef that last bit of sail this very minute?"
 "not yet," answered the cabin-boy, "but before long."
-suddenly a squall struck them, struck them so heavily that they thought they would capsize, and had they not reefed the sails they would undoubtedly have foundered when the first breaker roared down upon the ship.
 the boy ordered them to throw the first cord of birch-wood overboard, billet by billet, one at a time and never two, and he did not let them touch the other two cords.
 now they obeyed him to the letter, and did not laugh; but cast out the birch-wood billet by billet.
 when the last billet fell they heard a groaning, as though some one were wrestling with death, and then the squall had passed.
@@ -14672,7 +14245,6 @@ the second squall hit them with even greater force than the first, and was so vi
 while it was at its worst, the boy told them to throw overboard the second cord; and they threw it over billet by billet, and took care not to take any from the third cord.
 when the last billet fell, they again heard a deep groan, and then all was still.
 "now there will be one more squall, and that will be the worst," said the boy, and sent every one to his station.
-there was not a hawser loose on the whole ship.
 the last squall hit them with far more force than either of the preceding ones, the ship laid over on her side so that they thought she would not right herself again, and the breaker swept over the deck.
 but the boy told them to throw the last cord of wood overboard, billet by billet, and no two billets at once.
 and when the last billet of wood fell, they heard a deep groaning, as though some one were dying hard, and when all was quiet once more, the whole sea was the color of blood, as far as eye could reach.
@@ -14686,7 +14258,6 @@ asked the quartermasters.
 "no, all of us together did away with them," answered the boy, and told them what he had heard and seen that sunday afternoon when he was on watch on the ship; while the crew was ashore, and the captain was buying his deckload of wood.
 and when they sailed home they learned that their wives had disappeared the day of the storm, and that since that time no one had seen or heard anything more of them.
  note
-a weird tale of the sea and of witches is that of "storm magic" (asbjörnsen, huldreeventyr, i, p. 248. from the vicinity of christiania, told by a sailor, rasmus olsen).
 in the "fritjof legend" the hero has a similar adventure at sea with two witches, who call up a tremendous storm.
 it would be interesting to know the inner context of the cabin-boy's counter magic, and why it is that the birch-wood, cast into the sea billet by billet, had the power to destroy the witches.
  xii
@@ -14781,14 +14352,12 @@ for now the scullion was as rich as the merchant himself and richer, and thereaf
 and he took in his mother and treated her kindly.
 "for i do not believe that charity begins at home," said the youth.
  note
-"the honest four-shilling piece" (asbjörnsen and moe, n.f.e., p. 306, no.
 59) stands for the idealization of childish simplicity and honesty, which after much travail, and despite the ill-will of the "experienced," comes into its deserved own.
  xiii
 the magic apples
  once upon a time there was a lad who was better off than all the others.
 he was never short of money, for he had a purse which was never empty.
 he never was short of food, for he had a table-cloth on which, as soon as he spread it, he found all he wanted to eat and drink.
-and, besides, he had a magic wishing cap.
 when he put it on he could wish himself wherever he wanted, and there he would be that very moment.
 there was only one thing that he lacked: he had no wife, and he was gradually coming into the years when it would be necessary for him to make haste.
 as he was walking sadly along one fine day, it occurred to him to wish himself where he would find the most beautiful princess in the world.
@@ -14811,7 +14380,6 @@ he could sit down at the royal table and eat the finest food, and drink the fine
 and there stood a table covered with the best one might wish; and the king himself ate no better.
 after they had eaten, the king's daughter said: "o, do look at the handsome apples up there on the tree!
 if you were really kind, you would fetch me down a couple of them!"
-the youth was not lazy, and climbed up.
 but he had forgotten his table-cloth and his purse, and these she took.
 and while he was shaking down the apples his cap fell off.
 she at once put it on and wished herself back in her own room, and there she was that minute.
@@ -14860,7 +14428,6 @@ then there was great joy in the castle.
 they prepared for the wedding with baking and brewing, and invited people from east and west to come to it.
 and they ate and drank, and were merry and of good cheer, and if they have not stopped, they are merry and of good cheer to this very day!
  note
-"the magic apples" (norske eventyr og sagn, optegnet av sophus bugge og rikard berge, christiania, 1909, p. 61) is probably a somewhat original version of one of the cycles of tales in which people acquire asses' ears, long noses, humped backs and other adornments, through eating some enchanted fruit.
 the british isles are believed to be the home-land of this tale, and it is thought to have emigrated to scandinavia by way of france and germany.
  xiv
 self did it
@@ -14890,7 +14457,6 @@ self burned me!"
 "nonsense, if self did it, then self must suffer for it!"
 came the answer from below the hill.
  note.
-"self did it" (asbjörnsen, huldreeventyr, i, p. 10. from the vicinity of sandakar, told by a half-grown boy) belongs to the cycle of the polyphemus fairy-tales, with a possible glimmer of the old belief that beings low in the mythological scale are most easily controlled by fire.
  xv
 the master girl
  once upon a time there was a king who had several sons; i do not just know how many there were, but the youngest was not content at home, and insisted on going out into the world to seek his fortune.
@@ -15032,10 +14598,8 @@ said the first drop of blood on the bench.
 then the giant turned around, went to sleep again, and went on sleeping for quite some time.
 then he again turned around a little.
 "is dinner not ready yet?"
-he said, but did not open his eyes--nor had he done so the first time--for he was still half asleep.
 "it is half ready!"
 called out the second drop of blood, and then the giant thought it was the master girl.
-he turned around on the bench and took another nap.
 after he had slept a couple of hours longer, he once more began to move about and stretch: "is dinner still not ready?"
 said he.
 "ready!"
@@ -15048,7 +14612,6 @@ when he noticed this he began to see a light, and realize how matters had come t
 in a short time he came to the sea, and could not cross.
 "but i know how to help myself," said he.
 "i will fetch my sea-sucker."
-so the sea-sucker came, and lay down and took two or three swallows, and thus lowered the water so that the giant could see the king's son and the master girl out on the ship.
 "now you must throw the lick-stone overboard," said the master girl, and the king's son did so.
 it turned into a tremendous large rock square across the sea, and the giant could not get over, and the sea-sucker could drink up no more of the sea.
 "i know quite well what i must do," said the giant.
@@ -15087,7 +14650,6 @@ but coal, he had found, had risen to a ruinous price in consequence of a recent
 credit of any sort was not to be had.
 his portage-bill bade fair to swamp his insufficient cash resources--even although three of his now scanty crew had already deserted.
 and who could foretell what might happen to him if they should get wagging their tongues too freely in some wine-shop ashore!
-while, as if for climax, the customs' authorities had been displaying a most suspicious interest in him and his ship.
 under such circumstances, even a saint might have been pardoned, as he pointed out, for showing a temper something short of seraphic.
 "and you've been doing me good turns--by your way of it--for some time past," he continued, in a stifled, vehement whisper lest his voice should still reach the receding boat.
 "though--" he waved a claw-like hand about him, words again failing him to describe adequately his sufferings in consequence, as who should say, "see the result for yourself."
@@ -15397,7 +14959,6 @@ for captain dove emerged from his cabin got up for shore-going in a guise at sig
 "i'm all ready now," captain dove announced.
 "will you pay for a cab if i call one?"
 "my car's waiting," slyne returned, and, as the old man whistled amazedly over that further and unexpected proof that his former accomplice's fortunes had changed for the better, "you look like a fool in that outfit," said slyne.
-"the right rig-out for motoring is a tweed suit and a soft cap."
 captain dove was very visibly annoyed.
 he had been at particular pains to array himself properly.
 "you want to be the only swell in the party, of course!"
@@ -15594,7 +15155,6 @@ at every turn slyne was ready to balk him, and, but for his native self-conceit
 he managed to break in at last.
 slyne had turned to give a departing waiter some order.
 "i don't know," sallie answered again, since she could say nothing else.
-"hope to goodness you are," declared his lordship.
 "stay for a week or two, anyhow: and,"--he lowered his voice to a husky whisper, leaning toward her--"let me trot you about a bit, eh?
 you'll maybe see more than enough of him by and by!"
 he indicated slyne with an eloquent elbow, and further expressed his sentiments by means of an ardent sigh.
@@ -15743,7 +15303,6 @@ he asked, in genuine surprise.
 "you can't very well leave her lying in genoa!"
 "i'll attend to my own end of the business," said captain dove with angry decision.
 "if you're going to london by train to-night, so am i. if you like to come back on board with me, i'll sail you round.
-but i'm not the only man on the olive branch who can sail a ship.
 why, i've half a dozen broken captains--and most of 'em with extra masters' certificates, too--among my crew.
 "i've left brasse and da costa in charge, and they'll work her across the bay if i tell them to.
 i've only to send them a wire.
@@ -15757,7 +15316,6 @@ jobling and i must get to london with sal--lady josceline at the earliest possib
 if you insist on travelling with us to-night--so be it.
 all i want you to understand is that there's to be no more drinking, and that you must be advised by me in every other particular.
 this isn't really the sort of game you're liable to shine in.
-it would be far better for all of us if you'd stay on board your ship."
 captain dove's weather-beaten countenance was turning slowly purple.
 he was striving after speech.
 slyne, outwardly cool and contemptuous of his visible fury, stood gazing down at him, hands in pockets.
@@ -15931,7 +15489,6 @@ but when captain dove, growing restless, would have glanced over his shoulder to
 growled captain dove, menacing mr. jobling with a clenched fist; and the lawyer, after an appealing, impotent glance at slyne, had no recourse but to comply with that peremptory order.
 "are you quite sure of your figures?"
 slyne asked, with a scowl.
-he seemed conscious that he, in his haste, had made a false step.
 and mr. jobling nodded with nervous assurance.
 "i have inside sources of information as to the revenue of the estates," he replied, "and a note of all the investments.
 i've allowed a wide margin for all sorts of incidentals.
@@ -16043,7 +15600,6 @@ he had overheard.
 and, as he in turn caught the duchess's eyes, he lay back laughing, a little ruefully.
 but the man opposite him, the master of armies, was not amused.
 "i'd like to know who and what those three fellows with miss harris may be," said he.
-*       *       *       *       *
 at their table in the corner, they seemed to be thoroughly enjoying themselves.
 the three men were toasting sallie and each other with equal good-will.
 and even sallie had dismissed from her mind the last of her lingering doubts as to the reality and endurance of her part in that most amazing new life, had put the past with all its horrors resolutely behind her, was too much interested in the entertaining present to trouble about the future at the moment.
@@ -16214,7 +15770,6 @@ thereof the abbot sipped understandingly.
 "vestrae salubritati bibo!"
 the duke raised his goblet.
 "waes hael!"
-and he drained its contents with a huge gulp.
 "i would chant twenty psalms for that beverage," he mused after a while.
 the abbot suggested "attendite populi!"
 --"it is one of the longest," he said, with meaning.
@@ -16496,7 +16051,6 @@ the abyss below was ready to welcome them to perdition if their feet slipped.
 after a brief respite they continued, the duke's men scrambling up behind them, looking like so many ants on the white chalk-cliffs.
 the air was hot to suffocation; the storm roared, the thunder bellowed in deafening echoes through the skies, and the heavens seemed one blazing cataract of fire, reflected in the throbbing mirror of the sea.
 they had reached a seam in the rock, where they paused for a moment to let their brains rest.
-there was hardly room for the duke and francesco on the ledge, so narrow was the rocky shelf, and the latter was pushing close against the wall when he was suddenly forced to look up.
 he heard the din of the encounter above.
 the pisans, having attacked the frangipani from the south, were driving them out at the north.
 suddenly two bodies whizzed by him, thrust over the ramparts in the fierceness of the assault.
@@ -16505,7 +16059,6 @@ these fell clear of the scaling party, and were impaled on the broken tops of th
 one came so near the duke that his flight downward almost blew him off his narrow perch.
 his head struck the ledge, while his body caught in the bushes, hung a moment, then dashed after its comrades below.
 just then the end of a rope fell dangling by their side, let down from the ramparts above.
-the duke tried to grasp it, but it shifted beyond the gap.
 down the rope came a man, then another; they both gained a foothold on the narrow ledge.
 no sooner were their feet on it, than the duke sent them headlong to the bottom.
 then grasping the rope without waiting to see if a third or fourth were coming down, he shouted to francesco to follow.
@@ -16556,8 +16109,6 @@ their swords flashed, yelped, twisted in the air.
 a down cut hewed the dexter cantrel from the frangipani's shield.
 his face with a gashed cheek glared at the duke from under his upreared arm.
 so close were they that blood spattered in the duke's face as the frangipani blew the red stream from his mouth and beard.
-[illustration: "'they lied,' he cried.
-'give me but life.'"]
 the duke broke away, wheeled and came again.
 he lashed home, split the frangipani's collar-bone even through the rags of his hauberk.
 the frangipani yelped like a gored hound.
@@ -16662,7 +16213,6 @@ noiselessly as a ghost out of the door came the form of a woman.
 she was tall, exquisitely proportioned, and young.
 for a moment she paused on the threshold and looked out into the night.
 almost immediately a second form followed, and paused near the first: that of a man.
-the woman seemed to stare blindly at the duke, with wide, unseeing eyes, as one who walks in a sleep.
 with a choked, inarticulate outcry the duke snatched bow and arrow from the nearest sentry, and ere the pisan could grasp the meaning of what he saw, or prevent, he set and sped the bolt.
 a moan died on the stillness.
 a form collapsed, shuddered and lay still.
@@ -16764,7 +16314,6 @@ let me live and die,--nothing more!
 why curse one's life with a 'to be?'"
 francesco sighed heavily.
 "it is a kind of fate to me!"
-he said, "inevitable as the setting of the sun, natural as sleep.
 not for myself do i fear it alone,--but i should not like to think that i should never see her again."
 the duke's eyes had caught life on the distant hillside, life surging from the valleys, life and the glory of it.
 harness, helm and shield shone in the sun.
@@ -16959,7 +16508,6 @@ his soul leaped voiceless and inarticulate into the darkened shrine of prayer.
 the voice came to him clearer in the forest calm.
 the gulf had narrowed, the words flew as over the waters of death.
 they were pure, yet meaningless, passionate, yet void; words barbed with an utter pathos, that silenced desire.
-for an hour francesco roamed in the woods, drawing ever nearer, the fear in him increasing with every step.
 anon the voice failed him by a little stream that quivered dimly through the grass.
 a stillness that was ghostly held the woods.
 the moonlight seemed to shudder on the trees.
@@ -16993,7 +16541,6 @@ the heather crackled beneath his knees.
 he held his breath, crept nearer, and knelt so near that he could have kissed ilaria's face.
 her head lay pillowed on her arm.
 her hair spread as in a dusky halo beneath it.
-her bosom moved with the rhythmic calm of dreamless sleep.
 her lips were parted in a smile.
 one hand was hid in the dark folds of her robe.
 francesco knelt with upturned face, his eyes shut to the sky.
@@ -17024,7 +16571,6 @@ a shudder seemed to shake the universe.
 the great vault kindled.
 the sky grew luminous with gold.
 it was the dawn.
-ilaria stirred in her sleep.
 her mouth quivered, her hair stirred sudden under the heather, like tendrils of gold shivering in the sun.
 even as the light increased, francesco knelt and looked down upon her.
 hope and life, glorious, sudden, seemed to fall out of the east, a radiant faith begotten of spirit-power.
@@ -17085,7 +16631,6 @@ are not you with me?"
 the sky burned azure above the tree-tops.
 transient sunshafts quivered through the vaulted dome of breathless leaves, as slowly francesco and ilaria strode towards the camp of the duke of spoleto on the sun-bathed hillock above the nera.
  the end.
- *       *       *       *       *
  pollyanna
 by eleanor h. porter
 author of "miss billy," "miss billy's decision," etc.
@@ -17110,7 +16655,6 @@ well, that's the very praise one gives 'miss billy.'"
 --boston globe.
 "you cannot help but love dear 'billy;' she is winsome and attractive and you will be only too glad to introduce her to your friends."
 --brooklyn eagle.
- *       *       *       *       *
  the career of dr. weaver
 by mrs. henry w. backus
 12mo, cloth decorative, illustrated, net $1.25; postpaid $1.40
@@ -17123,7 +16667,6 @@ perhaps the most important character, not even excepting dr. weaver and dr. jim,
 --boston journal.
 "the story is well-written, unique, quite out of the usual order, and is most captivating."
 --christian intelligencer.
- *       *       *       *       *
  the hill of venus
 by nathan gallizier
 author of "castel del monte," "the sorceress of rome," "the court of lucifer," etc.
@@ -17146,7 +16689,6 @@ it belongs to the class of bulwer-lytton's romances; carefully studied, well wro
 --cleveland enquirer.
 "romance at its best."
 --boston herald.
- *       *       *       *       *
  the what-shall-i-do girl
 or, the career of joy kent
 by isabel woodman waitt
@@ -17158,7 +16700,6 @@ in reply come letters from the milliner, the stenographer, the librarian, the sa
 real friendly girl letters they are, too, not of the type that preach, but of the kind which give sound and helpful advice in a bright and interesting manner.
 of course there is a splendid young man who also gives advice.
 any "what-shall-i-do" young girl can read of the careers suggested for joy kent with profit and pleasure, and, perhaps, with surprise!
- *       *       *       *       *
  the harbor master
 by theodore goodridge roberts
 author of "comrades of the trails," "rayton: a backwoods mystery," etc.
@@ -17183,7 +16724,6 @@ the characters are admirable each in his own or her own way, and the author has
 "its ease of style, its rapidity, its interest from page to page, are admirable; and it shows that inimitable power--the story-teller's gift of verisimilitude.
 its sureness and clearness are excellent, and its portraiture clear and pleasing."
 --the reader.
- *       *       *       *       *
  at the sign of the town pump
 the further adventures of peggy of spinster farm
 by helen m. winslow
@@ -17209,7 +16749,6 @@ on "peggy at spinster farm" the press opinions are as follows:
 "this is a thoroughly enjoyable story.
 mary wilkins at her best was never more interesting, and she has never produced a book more normal and as wholesome as this."
 --journal of education.
- *       *       *       *       *
  selections from l. c. page and company's list of fiction
  works of robert neilson stephens
 each one vol., library 12mo, cloth decorative $1.50
@@ -17226,37 +16765,29 @@ we thank him heartily.
 the story is nothing if not spirited and entertaining, rational and convincing."
 --boston transcript.
  the mystery of murray davenport
-(40th thousand.)
 "this is easily the best thing that mr. stephens has yet done.
 those familiar with his other novels can best judge the measure of this praise, which is generous."
 --buffalo news.
  captain ravenshaw
 or, the maid of cheapside.
-(52d thousand.)
 a romance of elizabethan london.
 illustrations by howard pyle and other artists.
 not since the absorbing adventures of d'artagnan have we had anything so good in the blended vein of romance and comedy.
  the continental dragoon
 a romance of philipse manor house in 1778.
-(53d thousand.)
 illustrated by h. c. edwards.
 a stirring romance of the revolution, with its scenes laid on neutral territory.
  philip winwood
-(70th thousand.)
 a sketch of the domestic history of an american captain in the war of independence, embracing events that occurred between and during the years 1763 and 1785 in new york and london.
 illustrated by e. w. d. hamilton.
  an enemy to the king
-(70th thousand.)
 illustrated by h. de m. young.
-an historical romance of the sixteenth century, describing the adventures of a young french nobleman at the court of henry iii., and on the field with henry iv.
  the road to paris
 a story of adventure.
-(35th thousand.)
 illustrated by h. c. edwards.
 an historical romance of the eighteenth century, being an account of the life of an american gentleman adventurer.
  a gentleman player
 his adventures on a secret mission for queen elizabeth.
-(48th thousand.)
 illustrated by frank t. merrill.
 the story of a young gentleman who joins shakespeare's company of players, and becomes a protégé of the great poet.
  clementina's highwayman
@@ -17274,72 +16805,36 @@ with frontispiece by frank t. merrill.
  the sword of bussy
 by robert neilson stephens and herman nickerson.
 with frontispiece by edmund h. garrett.
-(2) any person, being a british subject, who, without the license of her majesty, is about to quit her majesty's dominions with the intent to accept any commission or engagement in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with a friendly state:
-(3) any person who has been induced to embark under a misrepresentation or false representation of the service in which such person is to be engaged, with the intent or in order that such person may accept or agree to accept any commission or engagement in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with a friendly state:
 such master or owner shall be guilty of an offence against this act, and the following consequences shall ensue; that is to say,--
-(1) the offender shall be punishable by fine and imprisonment, or either of such punishments, at the discretion of the court before which the offender is convicted; and imprisonment, if awarded, may be either with or without hard labour: and
-(2) such ship shall be detained until the trial and conviction or acquittal of the master or owner, and until all penalties inflicted on the master or owner have been paid, or the master or owner has given security for the payment of such penalties to the satisfaction of two justices of the peace, or other magistrate or magistrates having the authority of two justices of the peace: and
-(3) all illegally enlisted persons shall immediately on the discovery of the offence be taken on shore, and shall not be allowed to return to the ship.
  illegal shipbuilding and illegal expeditions.
-[sidenote: penalty on illegal shipbuilding and illegal expeditions.]
 8. if any person within her majesty's dominions, without the license of her majesty, does any of the following acts; that is to say,--
-(1) builds or agrees to build, or causes to be built any ship with intent or knowledge, or having reasonable cause to believe that the same shall or will be employed in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state: or
-(2) issues or delivers any commission for any ship with intent or knowledge, or having reasonable cause to believe that the same shall or will be employed in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state: or
-(3) equips any ship with intent or knowledge, or having reasonable cause to believe that the same shall or will be employed in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state: or
-(4) despatches, or causes or allows to be despatched, any ship with intent or knowledge, or having reasonable cause to believe that the same shall or will be employed in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state:
 such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence against this act, and the following consequences shall ensue:
-(1) the offender shall be punishable by fine and imprisonment or either of such punishments, at the discretion of the court before which the offender is convicted; and imprisonment, if awarded, may be either with or without hard labour.
-(2) the ship in respect of which any such offence is committed, and her equipment, shall be forfeited to her majesty.
 provided that a person building, causing to be built, or equipping a ship in any of the cases aforesaid, in pursuance of a contract made before the commencement of such war as aforesaid, shall not be liable to any of the penalties imposed by this section in respect of such building or equipping if he satisfies the conditions following; (that is to say,)
-(1) if forthwith upon a proclamation of neutrality being issued by her majesty he gives notice to the secretary of state that he is so building, causing to be built, or equipping such ship, and furnishes such particulars of the contract and of any matters relating to, or done, or to be done under the contract as may be required by the secretary of state:
-(2) if he gives such security, and takes and permits to be taken such other measures, if any, as the secretary of state may prescribe for ensuring that such ship shall not be despatched, delivered, or removed without the license of her majesty until the termination of such war as aforesaid.
-[sidenote: presumption as to evidence in case of illegal ship.]
 9. where any ship is built by order of or on behalf of any foreign state when at war with a friendly state, or is delivered to or to the order of such foreign state, or any person who to the knowledge of the person building is an agent of such foreign state, or is paid for by such foreign state or such agent, and is employed in the military or naval service of such foreign state, such ship shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been built with a view to being so employed, and the burden shall lie on the builder of such ship of proving that he did not know that the ship was intended to be so employed in the military or naval service of such foreign state.
-[sidenote: penalty on aiding the warlike equipment of foreign ships.]
 10. if any person within the dominions of her majesty, and without the license of her majesty,--
 by adding to the number of guns, or by changing those on board for other guns, or by the addition of any equipment for war, increases or augments, or procures to be increased or augmented, or is knowingly concerned in increasing or augmenting the warlike force of any ship which at the time of her being within the dominions of her majesty was a ship in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state,--
 such person shall be guilty of an offence against this act, and shall be punishable by fine and imprisonment, or either of such punishments, at the discretion of the court before which the offender is convicted; and imprisonment, if awarded, may be either with or without hard labour.
-[sidenote: penalty on fitting out naval or military expeditions without license.]
 11. if any person within the limits of her majesty's dominions, and without the license of her majesty,--
 prepares or fits out any naval or military expedition to proceed against the dominions of any friendly state, the following consequences shall ensue:
-(1) every person engaged in such preparation or fitting out, or assisting therein, or employed in any capacity in such expedition, shall be guilty of an offence against this act, and shall be punishable by fine and imprisonment, or either of such punishments, at the discretion of the court before which the offender is convicted; and imprisonment, if awarded, may be either with or without hard labour.
-(2) all ships, and their equipments, and all arms and munitions of war, used in or forming part of such expedition, shall be forfeited to her majesty.
-[sidenote: punishment of accessories.]
 12. any person who aids, abets, counsels, or procures the commission of any offence against this act shall be liable to be tried and punished as a principal offender.
-[sidenote: limitation of term of imprisonment.]
 13. the term of imprisonment to be awarded in respect of any offence against this act shall not exceed two years.
  illegal prize.
-[sidenote: illegal prize brought into british ports restored.]
 14. if during the continuance of any war in which her majesty may be neutral, any ship, goods, or merchandize captured as prize of war within the territorial jurisdiction of her majesty, in violation of the neutrality of this realm, or captured by any ship which may have been built, equipped, commissioned, or despatched, or the force of which may have been augmented, contrary to the provisions of this act are brought within the limits of her majesty's dominions by the captor, or any agent of the captor, or by any person having come into possession thereof with the knowledge that the same was prize of war so captured as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the original owner of such prize, or his agent, or for any person authorised in that behalf by the government of the foreign state to which such owner belongs, to make application to the court of admiralty for seizure and detention of such prize, and the court shall, on due proof of the facts, order such prize to be restored.
 every such order shall be executed and carried into effect in the same manner, and subject to the same right of appeal as in the case of any order made in the exercise of the ordinary jurisdiction of such court; and in the meantime and until a final order has been made on such application the court shall have power to make all such provisional and other orders as to the care or custody of such captured ship, goods, or merchandize, and (if the same be of perishable nature, or incurring risk of deterioration) for the sale thereof, and with respect to the deposit or investment of the proceeds of any such sale, as may be made by such court in the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction.
  general provision.
-[sidenote: license by her majesty, how granted.]
 15. for the purpose of this act, a license by her majesty shall be under the sign manual of her majesty, or be signified by order in council or by proclamation of her majesty.
  legal procedure.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction in respect of offences by persons against act.]
 16. any offence against this act shall, for all purposes of and incidental to the trial and punishment of any person guilty of any such offence, be deemed to have been committed either in the place in which the offence was wholly or partly committed, or in any place within her majesty's dominions in which the person who committed such offence may be.
-[sidenote: venue in respect of offences by persons.
 24 & 25 vict.
 c.
-97.]
 17. any offence against this act may be described in any indictment or other document relating to such offence, in cases where the mode of trial requires such a description, as having been committed at the place where it was wholly or partly committed, or it may be averred generally to have been committed within her majesty's dominions, and the venue or local description in the margin may be that of the county, city, or place in which the trial is held.
-[sidenote: power to remove offenders for trial.]
 18. the following authorities, that is to say, in the united kingdom any judge of a superior court, in any other place within the jurisdiction of any british court of justice, such court, or, if there are more courts than one, the court having the highest criminal jurisdiction in that place, may, by warrant or instrument in the nature of a warrant in this section included in the term "warrant," direct that any offender charged with an offence against this act shall be removed to some other place in her majesty's dominions for trial in cases where it appears to the authority granting the warrant that the removal of such offender would be conducive to the interests of justice, and any prisoner so removed shall be triable at the place to which he is removed, in the same manner as if his offence had been committed at such place.
 any warrant for the purposes of this section may be addressed to the master of any ship or to any other person or persons, and the person or persons to whom such warrant is addressed shall have power to convey the prisoner therein named to any place or places named in such warrant, and to deliver him, when arrived at such place or places, into the custody of any authority designated by such warrant.
 every prisoner shall, during the time of his removal under any such warrant as aforesaid, be deemed to be in the legal custody of the person or persons empowered to remove him.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction in respect of forfeiture of ships for offences against act.]
 19. all proceedings for the condemnation and forfeiture of a ship, or ship and equipment, or arms and munitions of war, in pursuance of this act shall require the sanction of the secretary of state or such chief executive authority as is in this act mentioned, and shall be had in the court of admiralty, and not in any other court; and the court of admiralty shall, in addition to any power given to the court by this act, have in respect of any ship or other matter brought before it in pursuance of this act all powers which it has in the case of a ship or matter brought before it in the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction.
-[sidenote: regulations as to proceedings against the offender and the ship.]
 20. where any offence against this act has been committed by any person by reason whereof a ship, or ship and equipment, or arms and munitions of war, has or have become liable to forfeiture, proceedings may be instituted contemporaneously or not, as may be thought fit, against the offender in any court having jurisdiction of the offence, and against the ship, or ship and equipment, or arms and munitions of war, for the forfeiture in the court of admiralty; but it shall not be necessary to take proceedings against the offender because proceedings are instituted for the forfeiture, or to take proceedings for the forfeiture because proceedings are taken against the offender.
-[sidenote: officer authorised to seize offending ships.]
 21. the following officers, that is to say,--
-(1) any officer of customs in the united kingdom, subject nevertheless to any special or general instructions from the commissioners of customs or any officer of the board of trade, subject nevertheless to any special or general instructions from the board of trade;
-(2) any officer of customs or public officer in any british possession, subject nevertheless to any special or general instructions from the governor of such possession;
-(3) any commissioned officer on full pay in the military service of the crown, subject nevertheless to any special or general instructions from his commanding officer;
-(4) any commissioned officer on full pay in the naval service of the crown, subject nevertheless to any special or general instructions from the admiralty or his superior officer, may seize or detain any ship liable to be seized or detained in pursuance of this act, and such officers are in this act referred to as the "local authority"; but nothing in this act contained shall derogate from the power of the court of admiralty to direct any ship to be seized or detained by any officer by whom such court may have power under its ordinary jurisdiction to direct a ship to be seized or detained.
-[sidenote: powers of officers authorised to seize ships.]
 22. any officer authorised to seize or detain any ship in respect of any offence against this act may, for the purpose of enforcing such seizure or detention, call to his aid any constable or officers of police, or any officers of her majesty's army or navy or marines, or any excise officer or officers of customs, or any harbour-master or dock-master, or any officers having authority by law to make seizures of ships, and may put on board any ship so seized or detained any one or more of such officers to take charge of the same, and to enforce the provisions of this act, and any officer seizing or detaining any ship under this act may use force, if necessary, for the purpose of enforcing seizure or detention, and if any person is killed or maimed by reason of his resisting such officer in the execution of his duties, or any person acting under his orders, such officer so seizing or detaining the ship, or other person, shall be freely and fully indemnified as well against the queen's majesty, her heirs and successors, as against all persons so killed, maimed, or hurt.
-[sidenote: special power of secretary of state or chief executive authority to detain ship.]
 23. if the secretary of state or the chief executive authority is satisfied that there is a reasonable and probable cause for believing that a ship within her majesty's dominions has been or is being built, commissioned, or equipped contrary to this act, and is about to be taken beyond the limits of such dominions, or that a ship is about to be despatched contrary to this act, such secretary of state or chief executive authority shall have power to issue a warrant stating that there is reasonable and probable cause for believing as aforesaid, and upon such warrant the local authority shall have power to seize and search such ship, and to detain the same until it has been either condemned or released by process of law, or in manner herein-after mentioned.
 the owner of the ship so detained, or his agent, may apply to the court of admiralty for its release, and the court shall as soon as possible put the matter of such seizure and detention in course of trial between the applicant and the crown.
 if the applicant establish to the satisfaction of the court that the ship was not and is not being built, commissioned, or equipped or intended to be despatched contrary to this act, the ship shall be released and restored.
@@ -17348,78 +16843,42 @@ the court may in cases where no proceedings are pending for its condemnation rel
 the secretary of state or the chief executive authority may likewise release any ship detained under this section on the owner giving security to the satisfaction of such secretary of state or chief executive authority that the ship shall not be employed contrary to this act, or may release the ship without such security if the secretary of state or chief executive authority think fit so to release the same.
 if the court be of opinion that there was not reasonable and probable cause for the detention, and if no such cause appear in the course of the proceedings, the court shall have power to declare that the owner is to be indemnified by the payment of costs and damages in respect of the detention, the amount thereof to be assessed by the court, and any amount so assessed shall be payable by the commissioners of the treasury out of any moneys legally applicable for that purpose.
 the court of admiralty shall also have power to make a like order for the indemnity of the owner, on the application of such owner to the court, in a summary way, in cases where the ship is released by the order of the secretary of state or the chief executive authority, before any application is made by the owner or his agent to the court for such release.
-nothing in this section contained shall affect any proceedings instituted or to be instituted for the condemnation of any ship detained under this section where such ship is liable to forfeiture subject to this provision, that if such ship is restored in pursuance of this section all proceedings for such condemnation shall be stayed; and where the court declares that the owner is to be indemnified by the payment of costs and damages for the detainer, all costs, charges, and expenses incurred by such owner in or about any proceedings for the condemnation of such ship shall be added to the costs and damages payable to him in respect of the detention of the ship.
 nothing in this section contained shall apply to any foreign non-commissioned ship despatched from any part of her majesty's dominions after having come within them under stress of weather or in the course of a peaceful voyage, and upon which ship no fitting out or equipping of a warlike character has taken place in this country.
-[sidenote: special power of local authority to detain ship.]
 24. where it is represented to any local authority, as defined by this act, and such local authority believes the representation, that there is a reasonable and probable cause for believing that a ship within her majesty's dominions has been or is being built, commissioned, or equipped contrary to this act, and is about to be taken beyond the limits of such dominions, or that a ship is about to be despatched contrary to this act, it shall be the duty of such local authority to detain such ship, and forthwith to communicate the fact of such detention to the secretary of state or chief executive authority.
 upon the receipt of such communication the secretary of state or chief executive authority may order the ship to be released if he thinks there is no cause for detaining her, but if satisfied that there is reasonable and probable cause for believing that such ship was built, commissioned, or equipped or intended to be despatched in contravention of this act, he shall issue his warrant stating that there is reasonable and probable cause for believing as aforesaid, and upon such warrant being issued further proceedings shall be had as in cases where the seizure or detention has taken place on a warrant issued by the secretary of state without any communication from the local authority.
 where the secretary of state or chief executive authority orders the ship to be released on the receipt of a communication from the local authority without issuing his warrant, the owner of the ship shall be indemnified by the payment of costs and damages in respect of the detention upon application to the court of admiralty in a summary way in like manner as he is entitled to be indemnified where the secretary of state having issued his warrant under this act releases the ship before any application is made by the owner or his agent to the court for such release.
-[sidenote: power of secretary of state or executive authority to grant search warrant.]
-25. the secretary of state or the chief executive authority may, by warrant, empower any person to enter any dockyard or other place within her majesty's dominions and inquire as to the destination of any ship which may appear to him to be intended to be employed in the naval or military service of any foreign state at war with a friendly state, and to search such ship.
-[sidenote: exercise of powers of secretary of state or chief executive authority.]
 26. any powers or jurisdiction by this act given to the secretary of state may be exercised by him throughout the dominions of her majesty, and such powers and jurisdiction may also be exercised by any of the following officers, in this act referred to as the chief executive authority, within their respective jurisdictions; that is to say,
-(1) in ireland by the lord lieutenant or other the chief governor or governors of ireland for the time being, or the chief secretary to the lord lieutenant:
-(2) in jersey by the lieutenant governor:
-(3) in guernsey, alderney, and sark, and the dependent islands by the lieutenant governor:
-(4) in the isle of man by the lieutenant governor:
-(5) in any british possession by the governor:
 a copy of any warrant issued by a secretary of state or by any officer authorised in pursuance of this act to issue such warrant in ireland, the channel islands, or the isle of man shall be laid before parliament.
-[sidenote: appeal from court of admiralty.]
 27. an appeal may be had from any decision of a court of admiralty under this act to the same tribunal and in the same manner to and in which an appeal may be had in cases within the ordinary jurisdiction of the court as a court of admiralty.
-[sidenote: indemnity to officers.]
 28. subject to the provisions of this act providing for the award of damages in certain cases in respect of the seizure or detention of a ship by the court of admiralty no damages shall be payable, and no officer or local authority shall be responsible, either civilly or criminally, in respect of the seizure or detention of any ship in pursuance of this act.
-[sidenote: indemnity to secretary of state or chief executive authority.]
 29. the secretary of state shall not, nor shall the chief executive authority, be responsible in any action or other legal proceedings whatsoever for any warrant issued by him in pursuance of this act, or be examinable as a witness, except at his own request, in any court of justice in respect of the circumstances which led to the issue of the warrant.
  interpretation clause.
-[sidenote: interpretation of terms.]
 30. in this act, if not inconsistent with the context, the following terms have the meanings herein-after respectively assigned to them; that is to say,
-[sidenote: "foreign state:"]
 "foreign state" includes any foreign prince, colony, province, or part of any province or people, or any person or persons exercising or assuming to exercise the powers of government in or over any foreign country, colony, province, or part of any province or people:
-[sidenote: "military service:"]
 "military service" shall include military telegraphy and any other employment whatever, in or in connection with any military operation:
-[sidenote: "naval service:"]
 "naval service" shall, as respects a person, include service as a marine, employment as a pilot in piloting or directing the course of a ship of war or other ship when such ship of war or other ship is being used in any  military or naval operation, and any employment whatever on board a ship of war, transport, store ship, privateer or ship under letters of marque; and as respects a ship, include any user of a ship as a transport, store ship, privateer or ship under letters of marque:
-[sidenote: "united kingdom:"]
 "united kingdom" includes the isle of man, the channel islands, and other adjacent islands:
-[sidenote: "british possessions:"]
 "british possession" means any territory, colony, or place being part of her majesty's dominions, and not part of the united kingdom, as defined by this act:
-[sidenote: "the secretary of state:"]
 "the secretary of state" shall mean any one of her majesty's principal secretaries of state:
-[sidenote: "governor:"]
 "the governor" shall as respects india mean the governor general or the governor of any presidency, and where a british possession consists of several constituent colonies, mean the governor general of the whole possession or the governor of any of the constituent colonies, and as respects any other british possession it shall mean the officer for the time being administering the government of such possession; also any person acting for or in the capacity of a governor shall be included under the term "governor":
-[sidenote: "court of admiralty:"]
 "court of admiralty" shall mean the high court of admiralty of england or ireland, the court of session of scotland, or any vice-admiralty court within her majesty's dominions:
-[sidenote: "ship:"]
 "ship" shall include any description of boat, vessel, floating battery, or floating craft; also any description of boat, vessel, or other craft or battery, made to move either on the surface of or under water, or sometimes on the surface of and sometimes under water:
-[sidenote: "building:"]
 "building" in relation to a ship shall include the doing any act towards or incidental to the construction of a ship, and all words having relation to building shall be construed accordingly:
-[sidenote: "equipping:"]
 "equipping" in relation to a ship shall include the furnishing a ship with any tackle, apparel, furniture, provisions, arms, munitions, or stores, or any other thing which is used in or about a ship for the purpose of fitting or adapting her for the sea or for naval service, and all words relating to equipping shall be construed accordingly:
-[sidenote: "ship and equipment:"]
 "ship and equipment" shall include a ship and everything in or belonging to a ship:
-[sidenote: "master:"]
-"master" shall include any person having the charge or command of a ship.
 repeal of acts, and saving clauses.
-[sidenote: repeal of foreign enlistment act.
 59 g. 3, c.
-69.]
 31. from and after the commencement of this act, an act passed in the fifty-ninth year of the reign of his late majesty king george the third, chapter sixty-nine, intituled "an act to prevent the enlisting or engagement of his majesty's subjects to serve in foreign service, and the fitting out or equipping, in his majesty's dominions, vessels for warlike purposes, without his majesty's license," shall be repealed: provided that such repeal shall not affect any penalty, forfeiture, or other punishment incurred or to be incurred in respect of any offence committed before this act comes into operation, nor the institution of any investigation or legal proceeding, or any other remedy for enforcing any such penalty, forfeiture, or punishment as aforesaid.
-[sidenote: saving as to commissioned foreign ships.]
 32. nothing in this act contained shall subject to forfeiture any commissioned ship of any foreign state, or give to any british court over or in respect of any ship entitled to recognition as a commissioned ship of any foreign state any jurisdiction which it would not have had if this act had not passed.
-[sidenote: penalties not to extend to persons entering into military service in asia.
 59 g. 3, c. 69, s.
-12.]
 33. nothing in this act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to subject to any penalty any person who enters into the military service of any prince, state, or potentate in asia, with such leave or license as is for the time being required by law in the case of subjects of her majesty entering into the military services of princes, states, or potentates of asia.
  appendix x
 the naval prize act, 1864 27 & 28 vict., chapter 25 an act for regulating naval prize of war.
-[23rd june 1864.]
  whereas it is expedient to enact permanently, with amendments, such provisions concerning naval prize, and matters connected therewith, as have heretofore been usually passed at the beginning of a war:
 be it therefore enacted by the queen's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
 preliminary.
-[sidenote: short title.]
 1. this act may be cited as the naval prize act, 1864.
 2. in this act--
-[sidenote: interpretation of terms.]
 the term "the lords of the admiralty" means the lord high admiral of the united kingdom, or the commissioners for executing the office of lord high admiral:
 the term "the high court of admiralty" means the high court of admiralty of england:
 the term "any of her majesty's ships of war" includes any of her majesty's vessels of war, and any hired armed ship or vessel in her majesty's service:
@@ -17428,219 +16887,133 @@ the term "ship" includes vessel and boat, with the tackle, furniture, and appare
 the term "ship papers" includes all books, passes, sea briefs, charter parties, bills of lading, cockets, letters, and other documents and writings delivered up or found on board a captured ship:
 the term "goods" includes all such things as are by the course of admiralty and law of nations the subject of adjudication as prize (other than ships).
  i.--prize courts.
-[sidenote: high court of admiralty and other courts to be prize courts for purposes of act.]
 3. the high court of admiralty, and every court of admiralty or of vice-admiralty, or other court exercising admiralty jurisdiction in her majesty's dominions, for the time being authorised to take cognizance of and judicially proceed in matters of prize, shall be a prize court within the meaning of this act.
 every such court, other than the high court of admiralty, is comprised in the term "vice-admiralty prize court," when hereafter used in this act.
 high court of admiralty.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of high court of admiralty.]
 4. the high court of admiralty shall have jurisdiction throughout her majesty's dominions as a prize court.
 the high court of admiralty as a prize court shall have power to enforce any order or decree of a vice-admiralty prize court, and any order or decree of the judicial committee of the privy council in a prize appeal.
 appeal; judicial committee.
-[sidenote: appeal to queen in council, in what cases.]
 5. an appeal shall lie to her majesty in council from any order or decree of a prize court, as of right in case of a final decree, and in other cases with the leave of the court making the order or decree.
 every appeal shall be made in such manner and form and subject to such regulations (including regulations as to fees, costs, charges, and expenses) as may for the time being be directed by order in council, and in the absence of any such order, or so far as any such order does not extend, then in such manner and form and subject to such regulations as are for the time being prescribed or in force respecting maritime causes of appeal.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of judicial committee in prize appeals.]
 6. the judicial committee of the privy council shall have jurisdiction to hear and report on any such appeal, and may therein exercise all such powers as for the time being appertain to them in respect of appeals from any court of admiralty jurisdiction, and all such powers as are under this act vested in the high court of admiralty, and all such powers as were wont to be exercised by the commissioners of appeal in prize causes.
-[sidenote: custody of processes, papers, &c.]
 7. all processes and documents required for the purposes of any such appeal shall be transmitted to and shall remain in the custody of the registrar of her majesty in prize appeals.
-[sidenote: limit of time for appeal.]
 8. in every such appeal the usual inhibition shall be extracted from the registry of her majesty in prize appeals within three months after the date of the order or decree appealed from if the appeal be from the high court of admiralty, and within six months after that date if it be from a vice-admiralty prize court.
 the judicial committee may, nevertheless, on sufficient cause shown, allow the inhibition to be extracted and the appeal to be prosecuted after the expiration of the respective periods aforesaid.
 vice-admiralty prize courts.
-[sidenote: enforcement of orders of high court, &c.]
 9. every vice-admiralty prize court shall enforce within its jurisdiction all orders and decrees of the judicial committee in prize appeals and of the high court of admiralty in prize causes.
-[sidenote: salaries of judges of vice-admiralty prize courts.]
 10. her majesty in council may grant to the judge of any vice-admiralty prize court a salary not exceeding five hundred pounds a year, payable out of money provided by parliament, subject to such regulations as seem meet.
 a judge to whom a salary is so granted shall not be entitled to any further emolument, arising from fees or otherwise, in respect of prize business transacted in his court.
 an account of all such fees shall be kept by the registrar of the court, and the amount thereof shall be carried to and form part of the consolidated fund of the united kingdom.
-[sidenote: retiring pensions of judges, as in 22 & 23 vict.
 c.
-26.]
 11. in accordance, as far as circumstances admit, with the principles and regulations laid down in the superannuation act, 1859, her majesty in council may grant to the judge of any vice-admiralty prize court an annual or other allowance, to take effect on the termination of his service, and to be payable out of money provided by parliament.
-[sidenote: returns from vice-admiralty prize courts.]
 12. the registrar of every vice-admiralty prize court shall, on the first day of january and first day of july in every year, make out a return (in such form as the lords of the admiralty from time to time direct) of all cases adjudged in the court since the last half-yearly return, and shall with all convenient speed send the same to the registrar of the high court of admiralty, who shall keep the same in the registry of that court, and who shall, as soon as conveniently may be, send a copy of the returns of each half year to the lords of the admiralty, who shall lay the same before both houses of parliament.
 general.
-[sidenote: general orders for prize courts.]
 13. the judicial committee of the privy council, with the judge of the high court of admiralty, may from time to time frame general orders for regulating (subject to the provisions of this act) the procedure and practice of prize courts, and the duties and conduct of the officers thereof and of the practitioners therein, and for regulating the fees to be taken by the officers of the courts, and the costs, charges, and expenses to be allowed to the practitioners therein.
 any such general orders shall have full effect, if and when approved by her majesty in council, but not sooner or otherwise.
 every order in council made under this section shall be laid before both houses of parliament.
 every such order in council shall be kept exhibited in a conspicuous place in each court to which it relates.
-[sidenote: prohibition of officer of prize court acting as proctor, &c.]
 14. it shall not be lawful for any registrar, marshal, or other officer of any prize court, or for the registrar of her majesty in prize appeals, directly or indirectly to act or be in any manner concerned as advocate, proctor, solicitor, or agent, or otherwise, in any prize cause or appeal, on pain of dismissal or suspension from office, by order of the court or of the judicial committee (as the case may require).
-[sidenote: prohibition of proctors being concerned for adverse parties in a cause.]
 15. it shall not be lawful for any proctor or solicitor, or person practising as a proctor or solicitor, being employed by a party in a prize cause or appeal, to be employed or concerned, by himself or his partner, or by any other person, directly or indirectly by or on behalf of any adverse party in that cause or appeal, on pain of exclusion or suspension from practice in prize matters, by order of the court or of the judicial committee (as the case may require).
  ii.--procedure in prize causes.
 proceedings by captors.
-[sidenote: custody of prize ship.]
 16. every ship taken as prize, and brought into port within the jurisdiction of a prize court, shall forthwith and without bulk broken, be delivered up to the marshal of the court.
 if there is no such marshal, then the ship shall be in like manner delivered up to the principal officer of customs at the port.
 the ship shall remain in the custody of the marshal, or of such officer, subject to the orders of the court.
-[sidenote: bringing in of ship papers.]
 17. the captors shall, with all practicable speed after the ship is brought into port, bring the ship papers into the registry of the court.
 the officer in command, or one of the chief officers of the capturing ship, or some other person who was present at the capture, and saw the ship papers delivered up or found on board, shall make oath that they are brought in as they were taken, without fraud, addition, subduction, or alteration, or else shall account on oath to the satisfaction of the court for the absence or altered condition of the ship papers or any of them.
 where no ship papers are delivered up or found on board the captured ship, the officer in command, or one of the chief officers of the capturing ship, or some other person who was present at the capture, shall make oath to that effect.
-[sidenote: issue of monition.]
 18. as soon as the affidavit as to ship papers is filed, a monition shall issue, returnable within twenty days from the service thereof, citing all persons in general to show cause why the captured ship should not be condemned.
-[sidenote: examinations on standing interrogatories.]
 19. the captors shall, with all practicable speed after the captured ship is brought into port, bring three or four of the principal persons belonging to the captured ship before the judge of the court or some person authorised in this behalf, by whom they shall be examined on oath on the standing interrogatories.
 the preparatory examinations on the standing interrogatories shall, if possible, be concluded within five days from the commencement thereof.
-[sidenote: adjudication by court.]
-20. after the return of the monition, the court shall, on production of the preparatory examinations and ship papers, proceed with all convenient speed either to condemn or to release the captured ship.
-[sidenote: further proof.]
 21. where, on production of the preparatory examinations and ship papers, it appears to the court doubtful whether the captured ship is good prize or not, the court may direct further proof to be adduced, either by affidavit or by examination of witnesses, with or without pleadings, or by production of further documents; and on such further proof being adduced the court shall with all convenient speed proceed to adjudication.
-[sidenote: custody, &c. of ships of war.]
 22. the foregoing provisions, as far as they relate to the custody of the ship, and to examination on the standing interrogatories, shall not apply to ships of war taken as prize.
 claim.
-[sidenote: entry of claim; security for costs.]
 23. at any time before final decree made in the cause, any person claiming an interest in the ship may enter in the registry of the court a claim, verified on oath.
 within five days after entering the claim, the claimant shall give security for costs in the sum of sixty pounds; but the court shall have power to enlarge the time for giving security, or to direct security to be given in a larger sum, if the circumstances appear to require it.
 appraisement.
-[sidenote: power to court to direct appraisement.]
 24. the court may, if it thinks fit, at any time direct that the captured ship be appraised.
 every appraisement shall be made by competent persons sworn to make the same according to the best of their skill and knowledge.
 delivery on bail.
-[sidenote: power to court to direct delivery to claimant on bail.]
 25. after appraisement, the court may, if it thinks fit, direct that the captured ship be delivered up to the claimant, on his giving security to the satisfaction of the court to pay to the captors the appraised value thereof in case of condemnation.
 sale.
-[sidenote: power to court to order sale.]
 26. the court may at any time, if it thinks fit, on account of the condition of the captured ship, or on the application of a claimant, order that the captured ship be appraised as aforesaid (if not already appraised), and be sold.
-[sidenote: sale on condemnation.]
 27. on or after condemnation the court may, if it thinks fit, order that the ship be appraised as aforesaid (if not already appraised), and be sold.
-[sidenote: how sales to be made.]
-28. every sale shall be made by or under the superintendence of the marshal of the court or of the officer having the custody of the captured ship.
-[sidenote: payment of proceeds to paymaster general or official accountant.]
 29. the proceeds of any sale, made either before or after condemnation, and after condemnation the appraised value of the captured ship, in case she has been delivered up to a claimant on bail, shall be paid under an order of the court either into the bank of england to the credit of her majesty's paymaster general, or into the hands of an official accountant (belonging to the commissariat or some other department) appointed for this purpose by the commissioners of her majesty's treasury or by the lords of the admiralty, subject in either case to such regulations as may from time to time be made, by order in council, as to the custody and disposal of money so paid.
 small armed ships.
-[sidenote: one adjudication as to several small ships.]
 30. the captors may include in one adjudication any number, not exceeding six, of armed ships not exceeding one hundred tons each, taken within three months next before institution of proceedings.
 goods.
-[sidenote: application of foregoing provisions to prize goods.]
 31. the foregoing provisions relating to ships shall extend and apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods taken as prize on board ship; and the court may direct such goods to be unladen, inventoried, and warehoused.
 monition to captors to proceed.
-[sidenote: power to court to call on captors to proceed to adjudication.]
 32. if the captors fail to institute or to prosecute with effect proceedings for adjudication, a monition shall, on the application of a claimant, issue against the captors, returnable within six days from the service thereof, citing them to appear and proceed to adjudication; and on the return thereof the court shall either forthwith proceed to adjudication or direct further proof to be adduced as aforesaid and then proceed to adjudication.
 claim on appeal.
-[sidenote: person intervening on appeal to enter claim.]
 33. where any person, not an original party in the cause, intervenes on appeal, he shall enter a claim, verified on oath, and shall give security for costs.
  iii.--special cases of capture.
 land expeditions.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of prize court in case of capture in land expedition.]
 34. where, in an expedition of any of her majesty's naval or naval and military forces against a fortress or possession on land, goods belonging to the state of the enemy or to a public trading company of the enemy exercising powers of government are taken in the fortress or possession, or a ship is taken in waters defended by or belonging to the fortress or possession, a prize court shall have jurisdiction as to the goods or ship so taken, and any goods taken on board the ship as in case of prize.
 conjunct capture with ally.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of prize court in case of expedition with ally.]
 35. where any ship or goods is or are taken by any of her majesty's naval or naval and military forces while acting in conjunction with any forces of any of her majesty's allies, a prize court shall have jurisdiction as to the same as in the case of prize, and shall have power, after condemnation, to apportion the due share of the proceeds to her majesty's ally, the proportionate amount and the disposition of which share shall be such as may from time to time be agreed between her majesty and her majesty's ally.
 joint capture.
-[sidenote: restriction on petitions by asserted joint captors.]
 36. before condemnation, a petition on behalf of asserted joint captors shall not (except by special leave of the court) be admitted, unless and until they give security to the satisfaction of the court to contribute to the actual captors a just proportion of any costs, charges, and expenses or damages that may be incurred by or awarded against the actual captors on account of the capture and detention of the prize.
 after condemnation, such a petition shall not (except by special leave of the court) be admitted unless and until the asserted joint captors pay to the actual captors a just proportion of the costs, charges, and expenses incurred by the actual captors in the case, and give such security as aforesaid, and show sufficient cause to the court why their petition was not presented before condemnation.
 provided, that nothing in the present section shall extend to the asserted interest of a flag officer claiming to share by virtue of his flag.
 offences against law of prize.
-[sidenote: in case of offence by captors, prize to be reserved for crown.]
 37. a prize court, on proof of any offence against the law of nations, or against this act, or any act relating to naval discipline, or against any order in council or royal proclamation, or of any breach of her majesty's instructions relating to prize, or of any act of disobedience to the orders of the lords of the admiralty, or to the command of a superior officer, committed by the captors in relation to any ship or goods taken as prize, or in relation to any person on board any such ship, may, on condemnation, reserve the prize to her majesty's disposal, notwithstanding any grant that may have been made by her majesty in favour of captors.
 pre-emption.
-[sidenote: purchase by admiralty for public service of stores on board foreign ships.]
 38. where a ship of a foreign nation passing the seas laden with naval or victualling stores intended to be carried to a port of any enemy of her majesty is taken and brought into a port of the united kingdom, and the purchase for the service of her majesty of the stores on board the ship appears to the lords of the admiralty expedient without the condemnation thereof in a prize court, in that case the lords of the admiralty may purchase, on the account or for the service of her majesty, all or any of the stores on board the ship; and the commissioners of customs may permit the stores purchased to be entered and landed within any port.
 capture by ship other than a ship of war.
-[sidenote: prizes taken by ships other than ships of war to be droits of admiralty.]
 39. any ship or goods taken as prize by any of the officers and crew of a ship other than a ship of war of her majesty shall, on condemnation, belong to her majesty in her office of admiralty.
- iv.--prize salvage.
-[sidenote: salvage to re-captors of british ship or goods from enemy.]
 40. where any ship or goods belonging to any of her majesty's subjects, after being taken as prize by the enemy, is or are retaken from the enemy by any of her majesty's ships of war, the same shall be restored by decree of a prize court to the owner, on his paying as prize salvage one eighth part of the value of the prize to be decreed and ascertained by the court, or such sum not exceeding one eighth part of the estimated value of the prize as may be agreed on between the owner and the re-captors, and approved by order of the court; provided, that where the re-capture is made under circumstances of special difficulty or danger, the prize court may, if it thinks fit, award to the re-captors as prize salvage a larger part than one eighth part, but not exceeding in any case one fourth part, of the value of the prize.
 provided also, that where a ship after being so taken is set forth or used by any of her majesty's enemies as a ship of war, this provision for restitution shall not apply, and the ship shall be adjudicated on as in other cases of prize.
-[sidenote: permission to re-captured ship to proceed on voyage.]
 41. where a ship belonging to any of her majesty's subjects, after being taken as prize by the enemy, is retaken from the enemy by any of her majesty's ships of war, she may, with the consent of the re-captors, prosecute her voyage, and it shall not be necessary for the re-captors to proceed to adjudication till her return to a port of the united kingdom.
 the master or owner, or his agent, may, with the consent of the re-captors, unload and dispose of the goods on board the ship before adjudication.
 in case the ship does not, within six months, return to a port of the united kingdom, the re-captors may nevertheless institute proceedings against the ship or goods in the high court of admiralty, and the court may thereupon award prize salvage as aforesaid to the re-captors, and may enforce payment thereof, either by warrant of arrest against the ship or goods, or by monition and attachment against the owner.
- v.--prize bounty.
-[sidenote: prize bounty to officers and crew present at engagement with an enemy.]
 42. if, in relation to any war, her majesty is pleased to declare, by proclamation or order in council, her intention to grant prize bounty to the officers and crews of her ships of war, then such of the officers and crew of any of her majesty's ships of war as are actually present at the taking or destroying of any armed ship of any of her majesty's enemies shall be entitled to have distributed among them as prize bounty a sum calculated at the rate of five pounds for each person on board the enemy's ship at the beginning of the engagement.
-[sidenote: ascertainment of amount of prize bounty by decree of prize court.]
 43. the number of the persons so on board the enemy's ship shall be proved in a prize court, either by the examinations on oath of the survivors of them, or of any three or more of the survivors, or if there is no survivor by the papers of the enemy's ship, or by the examinations on oath of three or more of the officers and crew of her majesty's ship, or by such other evidence as may seem to the court sufficient in the circumstances.
 the court shall make a decree declaring the title of the officers and crew of her majesty's ship to the prize bounty, and stating the amount thereof.
 the decree shall be subject to appeal as other decrees of the court.
-[sidenote: payment of prize bounty awarded.]
 44. on production of an official copy of the decree the commissioners of her majesty's treasury shall, out of money provided by parliament, pay the amount of prize bounty decreed, in such manner as any order in council may from time to time direct.
  vi.--miscellaneous provisions.
 ransom.
-[sidenote: power for regulating ransom by order in council.]
 45. her majesty in council may from time to time, in relation to any war, make such orders as may seem expedient, according to circumstances, for prohibiting or allowing, wholly or in certain cases, or subject to any conditions or regulations or otherwise, as may from time to time seem meet, the ransoming or the entering into any contract or agreement for the ransoming of any ship or goods belonging to any of her majesty's subjects, and taken as prize by any of her majesty's enemies.
 any contract or agreement entered into, and any bill, bond, or other security given for ransom of any ship or goods, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the high court of admiralty as a prize court (subject to appeal to the judicial committee of the privy council), and if entered into or given in contravention of any such order in council shall be deemed to have been entered into or given for an illegal consideration.
 if any person ransoms or enters into any contract or agreement for ransoming any ship or goods, in contravention of any such order in council, he shall for every such offence be liable to be proceeded against in the high court of admiralty at the suit of her majesty in her office of admiralty, and on conviction to be fined, in the discretion of the court, any sum not exceeding five hundred pounds.
 convoy.
-[sidenote: punishment of masters of merchant vessels under convoy disobeying orders or deserting convoy.]
 46. if the master or other person having the command of any ship of any of her majesty's subjects, under the convoy of any of her majesty's ships of war, wilfully disobeys any lawful signal, instruction, or command of the commander of the convoy, or without leave deserts the convoy, he shall be liable to be proceeded against in the high court of admiralty at the suit of her majesty in her office of admiralty, and upon conviction to be fined, in the discretion of the court, any sum not exceeding five hundred pounds, and to suffer imprisonment for such time, not exceeding one year, as the court may adjudge.
 customs duties and regulations.
-[sidenote: prize ships and goods liable to duties and forfeiture.]
 47. all ships and goods taken as prize and brought into a port of the united kingdom shall be liable to and be charged with the same rates and charges and duties of customs as under any act relating to the customs may be chargeable on other ships and goods of the like description; and
 all goods brought in as prize which would on the voluntary importation thereof be liable to forfeiture or subject to any restriction under the laws relating to the customs, shall be deemed to be so liable and subject, unless the commissioners of customs see fit to authorise the sale or delivery thereof for home use or exportation, unconditionally or subject to such conditions and regulations as they may direct.
-[sidenote: regulations of customs to be observed as to prize ships and goods.]
 48. where any ship or goods taken as prize is or are brought into a port of the united kingdom, the master or other person in charge or command of the ship which has been taken or in which the goods are brought shall, on arrival at such port, bring to at the proper place of discharge, and shall, when required by any officer of customs, deliver an account in writing under his hand concerning such ship and goods, giving such particulars relating thereto as may be in his power, and shall truly answer all questions concerning such ship or goods asked by any such officer, and in default shall forfeit a sum not exceeding one hundred pounds, such forfeiture to be enforced as forfeitures for offences against the laws relating to the customs are enforced, and every such ship shall be liable to such searches as other ships are liable to, and the officers of the customs may freely go on board such ship and bring to the queen's warehouse any goods on board the same, subject, nevertheless, to such regulations in respect of ships of war belonging to her majesty as shall from time to time be issued by the commissioners of her majesty's treasury.
-[sidenote: power for treasury to remit customs duties in certain cases.]
 49. goods taken as prize may be sold either for home consumption or for exportation; and if in the former case the proceeds thereof, after payment of duties of customs, are insufficient to satisfy the just and reasonable claims thereon, the commissioners of her majesty's treasury may remit the whole or such part of the said duties as they see fit.
 perjury.
-[sidenote: punishment of persons guilty of perjury.]
 50. if any person wilfully and corruptly swears, declares, or affirms falsely in any prize cause or appeal, or in any proceeding under this act, or in respect of any matter required by this act to be verified on oath, or suborns any other person to do so, he shall be deemed guilty of perjury, or of subornation of perjury (as the case may be), and shall be liable to be punished accordingly.
 limitation of actions, &c.
-[sidenote: actions against persons executing act not to be brought without notice, &c.]
 51. any action or proceeding shall not lie in any part of her majesty's dominions against any person acting under the authority or in the execution or intended execution or in pursuance of this act for any alleged irregularity or trespass, or other act or thing done or omitted by him under this act, unless notice in writing (specifying the cause of the action or proceeding) is given by the intending plaintiff or prosecutor to the intended defendant one month at least before the commencement of the action or proceeding, nor unless the action or proceeding is commenced within six months next after the act or thing complained of is done or omitted, or, in case of a continuation of damage, within six months next after the doing of such damage has ceased.
 in any such action the defendant may plead generally that the act or thing complained of was done or omitted by him when acting under the authority or in the execution or intended execution or in pursuance of this act, and may give all special matter in evidence; and the plaintiff shall not succeed if tender of sufficient amends is made by the defendant before the commencement of the action; and in case no tender has been made, the defendant may, by leave of the court in which the action is brought, at any time pay into court such sum of money as he thinks fit, whereupon such proceeding and order shall be had and made in and by the court as may be had and made on the payment of money into court in an ordinary action; and if the plaintiff does not succeed in the action, the defendant shall receive such full and reasonable indemnity as to all costs, charges, and expenses incurred in and about the action as may be taxed and allowed by the proper officer, subject to review; and though a verdict is given for the plaintiff in the action he shall not have costs against the defendant, unless the judge before whom the trial is had certifies his approval of the action.
 any such action or proceeding against any person in her majesty's naval service, or in the employment of the lords of the admiralty, shall not be brought or instituted elsewhere than in the united kingdom.
 petitions of right.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of high court of admiralty on petitions of right in certain cases, as in 23 & 24 vict.
 c.
-34.]
 52. a petition of right, under the petitions of right act, 1860, may, if the suppliant thinks fit, be intituled in the high court of admiralty, in case the subject matter of the petition or any material part thereof arises out of the exercise of any belligerent right on behalf of the crown, or would be cognizable in a prize court within her majesty's dominions if the same were a matter in dispute between private persons.
 any petition of right under the last-mentioned act, whether intituled in the high court of admiralty or not, may be prosecuted in that court, if the lord chancellor thinks fit so to direct.
 the provisions of this act relative to appeal, and to the framing and approval of general orders for regulating the procedure and practice of the high court of admiralty, shall extend to the case of any such petition of right intituled or directed to be prosecuted in that court; and, subject thereto, all the provisions of the petitions of right act, 1860, shall apply, mutatis mutandis, in the case of any such petition of right; and for the purposes of the present section the terms "court" and "judge" in that act shall respectively be understood to include and to mean the high court of admiralty and the judge thereof, and other terms shall have the respective meanings given to them in that act.
 orders in council.
-[sidenote: power to make orders in council.]
 53. her majesty in council may from time to time make such orders in council as seem meet for the better execution of this act.
-[sidenote: order in council to be gazetted, &c.]
 54. every order in council under this act shall be published in the london gazette, and shall be laid before both houses of parliament within thirty days after the making thereof, if parliament is then sitting, and, if not, then within thirty days after the next meeting of parliament.
 savings.
-[sidenote: not to affect rights of crown; effect of treaties, &c.]
 55. nothing in this act shall--
-(1) give to the officers and crew of any of her majesty's ships of war any right or claim in or to any ship or goods taken as prize or the proceeds thereof, it being the intent of this act that such officers and crews shall continue to take only such interest (if any) in the proceeds of prizes as may be from time to time granted to them by the crown; or
-(2) affect the operation of any existing treaty or convention with any foreign power; or
-(3) take away or abridge the power of the crown to enter into any treaty or convention with any foreign power containing any stipulation that may seem meet concerning any matter to which this act relates; or
-(4) take away, abridge, or control, further or otherwise than as expressly provided by this act, any right, power, or prerogative of her majesty the queen in right of her crown, or in right of her office of admiralty, or any right or power of the lord high admiral of the united kingdom, or of the commissioners for executing the office of lord high admiral; or
-(5) take away, abridge, or control, further or otherwise than as expressly provided by this act, the jurisdiction or authority of a prize court to take cognizance of and judicially proceed upon any capture, seizure, prize, or reprisal of any ship or goods, or to hear and determine the same, and, according to the course of admiralty and the law of nations, to adjudge and condemn any ship or goods, or any other jurisdiction or authority of or exerciseable by a prize court.
 commencement.
-[sidenote: commencement of act.]
 56. this act shall commence on the commencement of the naval agency and distribution act, 1864.
  appendix xi
 the prize courts acts, 1894 57 & 58 vict., chapter 39 an act to make further provision for the establishment of prize courts, and for other purposes connected therewith.
-[17th august 1894.]
  be it enacted by the queen's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
-[sidenote: short title.]
 1. this act may be cited as the prize courts act, 1894.
-[sidenote: constitution of prize courts in british possessions.]
 2.--(1) any commission, warrant, or instructions from her majesty the queen or the admiralty for the purpose of commissioning or regulating the procedure of a prize court at any place in a british possession may, notwithstanding the existence of peace, be issued at any time, with a direction that the court shall act only upon such proclamation as herein-after mentioned being made in the possession.
-(2) where any such commission, warrant, or instructions have been issued, then, subject to instructions from her majesty, the vice-admiral of such possession may, when satisfied, by information from a secretary of state or otherwise, that war has broken out between her majesty and any foreign state, proclaim that war has so broken out, and thereupon the said commission, warrant, and instructions shall take effect as if the same had been issued after the breaking out of such war and such foreign state were named therein.
-[sidenote: 53 & 54 vict.
 c.
-27.]
-(3) the said commission and warrant may authorise either a vice-admiralty court or a colonial court of admiralty, within the meaning of the colonial courts of admiralty act, 1890, to act as a prize court, and may establish a vice-admiralty court for that purpose.
-(4) any such commission, warrant, or instructions may be revoked or altered from time to time.
-(5) a court duly authorised to act as a prize court during any war shall after the conclusion of the war continue so to act in relation to, and finally dispose of, all matters and things which arose during the war, including all penalties and forfeitures incurred during the war.
-[sidenote: rules of court for and fees in prize courts.
 27 & 28 vict.
 c.
-25.]
 3.--(1) her majesty the queen in council may make rules of court for regulating, subject to the provisions of the naval prize act, 1864, and this act, the procedure and practice of prize courts within the meaning of that act, and the duties and conduct of the officers thereof, and of the practitioners therein, and for regulating the fees to be taken by the officers of the courts, and the costs, charges, and expenses to be allowed to the practitioners therein.
-(2) every rule so made shall, whenever made, take effect at the time therein mentioned, and shall be laid before both houses of parliament, and shall be kept exhibited in a conspicuous place in each court to which it relates.
-[sidenote: 27 & 28 vict.
 c.
-25.]
-(3) this section shall be substituted for section thirteen of the naval prize act, 1864, which section is hereby repealed.
-[sidenote: 53 & 54 vict c.
-27.]
-(4) if any colonial court of admiralty within the meaning of the colonial courts of admiralty act, 1890, is authorised under this act or otherwise to act as a prize court, all fees arising in respect of prize business transacted in the court shall be fixed, collected, and applied in like manner as the fees arising in respect of the admiralty business of the court under the said act.
-[sidenote: as to vice-admiralty courts.]
 4. her majesty the queen in council may make rules of court for regulating the procedure and practice, including fees and costs, in a vice-admiralty court, whether under this act or otherwise.
-[sidenote: repeal of 39 & 40 geo.
 3, c. 79, s.
-25.]
 5. section twenty-five of the government of india act, 1800, is hereby repealed.
  appendix xii
 naval prize bill of 1911 passed by the house of commons, but thrown out by the house of lords a bill to consolidate, with amendments, the enactments relating to naval prize of war.
@@ -17649,195 +17022,83 @@ and whereas for the purpose aforesaid it is expedient to consolidate the law rel
 be it therefore enacted by the king's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:--
  part i.--courts and officers.
 the prize court in england.
-[sidenote: the high court.
-[54 & 55 vict.
 c. 53, s.
-4.]]
 1.--(1) the high court shall, without special warrant, be a prize court, and shall, on the high seas, and throughout his majesty's dominions, and in every place where his majesty has jurisdiction, have all such jurisdiction as the high court of admiralty possessed when acting as a prize court, and generally have jurisdiction to determine all questions as to the validity of the capture of a ship or goods, the legality of the destruction of a captured ship or goods, and as to the payment of compensation in respect of such a capture or destruction.
 for the purposes of this act the expression "capture" shall include seizure for the purpose of the detention, requisition, or destruction of any ship or goods which, but for any convention, would be liable to condemnation, and the expressions "captured" and "taken as prize" shall be construed accordingly, and where any ship or goods have been so seized the court may make an order for the detention, requisition, or destruction of the ship or goods and for the payment of compensation in respect thereof.
-(2) subject to rules of court, all causes and matters within the jurisdiction of the high court as a prize court shall be assigned to the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the court.
-[sidenote: power of high court to enforce decrees of other courts.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25. s.
-4.]]
 2. the high court as a prize court shall have power to enforce any order or decree of a prize court in a british possession, and any order of the supreme prize court constituted under this act in a prize appeal.
 prize courts in british possessions.
-[sidenote: prize courts in british possessions.
-[57 & 58 vict.
 c. 39. s. 2 (1) and (3).
 53 & 54 vict.
 c. 27, s. 2 (3) and s.
-9.]
 53 & 54 vict.
 c.
-27.]
 3. his majesty may, by commission addressed to the admiralty, empower the admiralty to authorise, and the admiralty may thereupon by warrant authorise, either a vice-admiralty court or a colonial court of admiralty, within the meaning of the colonial courts of admiralty act, 1890, to act as a prize court in a british possession, or may in like manner establish a vice-admiralty court for the purpose of so acting; and any court so authorised shall, subject to the terms of the warrant from the admiralty, have all such jurisdiction as is by this act conferred on the high court as a prize court.
 commissions.
-[57 & 58 vict.
-c. 39, s. 2 (1), (2).]
 4.--(1) any commission, warrant, or instructions from his majesty the king or the admiralty for the purpose of commissioning a prize court at any place in a british possession may, notwithstanding the existence of peace, be issued at any time, with a direction that the court shall act only upon such proclamation as herein-after mentioned being made in the possession.
-(2) where any such commission, warrant, or instructions have been issued, then, subject to instructions from his majesty the vice-admiral of such possession may, when satisfied by information from a secretary of state or otherwise that war has broken out between his majesty and any foreign state, proclaim that war has so broken out, and thereupon the said commission, warrant, and instructions shall take effect as if the same had been issued after the breaking out of such war and such foreign state were named therein.
-(3) any such commission, warrant, or instructions may be revoked or altered from time to time.
-[sidenote: enforcement of orders.]
 5. every prize court in a british possession shall enforce within its jurisdiction all orders and decrees of the high court and of any other prize court in a british possession in prize causes, and all orders of the supreme prize court constituted under this act in prize appeals.
-[sidenote: remuneration of certain judges of prize courts in a british possession.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, ss.
-10, 11.]
 53 & 54 vict.
 c.
-27.]
 6.--(1) his majesty in council may, with the concurrence of the treasury, grant to the judge of any prize court in a british possession, other than a colonial court of admiralty within the meaning of the colonial courts of admiralty act, 1890, remuneration, at a rate not exceeding five hundred pounds a year, payable out of money provided by parliament, subject to such regulations as seem meet.
-(2) a judge to whom remuneration is so granted shall not be entitled to any further emolument, arising from fees or otherwise, in respect of prize business transacted in his court.
-(3) an account of all such fees shall be kept by the registrar of the court, and the amount thereof shall be carried to and form part of the consolidated fund of the united kingdom.
-[sidenote: returns from prize courts in british possessions.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-12.]]
 7. the registrar of every prize court in a british possession shall, on the first day of january and first day of july in every year, make out a return (in such form as the admiralty from time to time direct) of all cases adjudged in the court since the last half-yearly return, and shall with all convenient speed send the same to the admiralty registrar of the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the high court, who shall keep the same in the admiralty registry of that division, and who shall as soon as conveniently may be, send a copy of the returns of each half year to the admiralty, and the admiralty shall lay the same before both houses of parliament.
-[sidenote: fees.
-[57 & 58 vict.
-c. 39 s. 3 (4).]
 53 & 54 vict.
 c.
-27.]
 8. if any colonial court of admiralty within the meaning of the colonial courts of admiralty act, 1890, is authorised under this act or otherwise to act as a prize court, all fees arising in respect of prize business transacted in the court shall be fixed, collected, and applied in like manner as the fees arising in respect of the admiralty business of the court under the first-mentioned act.
 appeals.
-[sidenote: appeals to supreme prize court.
-[54 & 55 vict.
-c. 53, s. 4 (3).]]
 9.--(1) any appeal from the high court when acting as a prize court, or from a prize court in a british possession, shall lie only to a court (to be called the supreme prize court) consisting of such members for the time being of the judicial committee of the privy council as may be nominated by his majesty for that purpose.
-(2) the supreme prize court shall be a court of record with power to take evidence on oath, and the seal of the court shall be such as the lord chancellor may from time to time direct.
-(3) every appeal to the supreme prize court shall be heard before not less than three members of the court sitting together.
-(4) the registrar and other officers for the time being of the judicial committee of the privy council shall be registrar and officers of the supreme prize court.
-[sidenote: procedure on, and conditions of, appeals.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-5.]]
 10.--(1) an appeal shall lie to the supreme prize court from any order or decree of a prize court, as of right in case of a final decree, and in other cases with the leave of the court making the order or decree or of the supreme prize court.
-(2) every appeal shall be made in such manner and form and subject to such conditions and regulations (including regulations as to fees, costs, charges, and expenses) as may for the time being be directed by order in council.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of the supreme prize court in prize appeals.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s. 6; 54 & 55 vict.
-c. 53, s. 4 (3).]]
 11. the supreme prize court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any such appeal, and may therein exercise all such powers as are under this act vested in the high court, and all such powers as were wont to be exercised by the commissioners of appeal or by the judicial committee of the privy council in prize causes.
 rules of court.
-[sidenote: rules of court.
-[57 & 58 vict c. 39, s.
-3.]]
 12. his majesty in council may make rules of court for regulating, subject to the provisions of this act, the procedure and practice of the supreme prize court and of the prize courts within the meaning of this act, and the duties and conduct of the officers thereof, and of the practitioners therein, and for regulating the fees to be taken by the officers of the courts, and the costs, charges, and expenses to be allowed to the practitioners therein.
 officers of prize courts.
-[sidenote: prohibition of officer of prize court acting as advocate, &c. [27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, ss.
-14, 15.]]
 13. it shall not be lawful for any registrar, marshal, or other officer of the supreme prize court or of any other prize court, directly or indirectly to act or be in any manner concerned as advocate, proctor, solicitor, or agent, or otherwise, in any prize appeal or cause.
-[sidenote: protection of persons acting in execution of act.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-51.]]
 14. the public authorities protection act, 1893, shall apply to any action, prosecution, or other proceeding against any person for any act done in pursuance or execution or intended execution of this act or in respect of any alleged neglect or default in the execution of this act whether commenced in the united kingdom or elsewhere within his majesty's dominions.
 continuance of proceedings.
-[sidenote: continuance of proceedings after conclusion of war.
-[57 & 58 vict.
-c. 39, s. 2 (5).]]
 15. a court duly authorised to act as a prize court during any war shall after the conclusion of the war continue so to act in relation to, and finally dispose of, all matters and things which arose during the war, including all penalties, liabilities and forfeitures incurred during the war.
  part ii.--procedure in prize causes.
-[sidenote: custody of ships taken as prize.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-16.]]
 16. where a ship (not being a ship of war) is taken as prize, and is or is brought within the jurisdiction of a prize court, she shall forthwith be delivered up to the marshal of the court, or, if there is no such marshal, to the principal officer of customs at the port, and shall remain in his custody, subject to the orders of the court.
-[sidenote: bringing in of ship papers.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-17.]]
 17.--(1) the captors shall in all cases, with all practicable speed, bring the ship papers into the registry of the court.
-(2) the officer in command, or one of the chief officers of the capturing ship, or some other person who was present at the capture and saw the ship papers delivered up or found on board, shall make oath that they are brought in as they were taken, without fraud, addition, subduction, or alteration, or else shall account on oath to the satisfaction of the court for the absence or altered condition of the ship papers or any of them.
-(3) where no ship papers are delivered up or found on board the captured ship, the officer in command, or one of the chief officers of the capturing ship, or some other person who was present at the capture, shall make oath to that effect.
-[sidenote: examination of persons from captured ship.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-19.]]
 18. the captors shall also, unless the court otherwise directs, with all practicable speed after the captured ship is brought into port, bring a convenient number of the principal persons belonging to the captured ship before the judge of the court or some person authorised in this behalf, by whom they shall be examined on oath.
-[sidenote: delivery of ship on bail.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-25.]]
 19. the court may, if it thinks fit, at any time after a captured ship has been appraised direct that the ship be delivered up to the claimant on his giving security to the satisfaction of the court to pay to the captors the appraised value thereof in case of condemnation.
-[sidenote: power to order sale.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, ss.
-26 & 27.]]
 20. the court may at any time, if it thinks fit, on account of the condition of the captured ship, or on the application of a claimant, or on or after condemnation, order that the captured ship be appraised (if not already appraised), and be sold.
-[sidenote: power to award compensation notwithstanding release of ship.]
-21. where a ship has been taken as prize, a prize court may award compensation in respect of the capture notwithstanding that the ship has been released, whether before or after the institution of any proceedings in the court in relation to the ship.
-[sidenote: application and effect of part ii.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-31.]]
 22.--(1) the provisions of this part of this act relating to ships shall extend and apply, with the necessary adaptations, to goods taken as prize.
-(2) the provisions of this part of this act shall have effect subject to any rules of court dealing with the subject-matter thereof.
  part iii.--international prize court.
-[sidenote: appointment of british judge and deputy judge of international court.
-[see 39 & 40 vict.
 c. 59, s.
-6.]]
 23.--(1) in the event of an international prize court being constituted in accordance with the said convention or with any convention entered into for the purpose of enabling any power to become a party to the said convention or for the purpose of amending the said convention in matters subsidiary or incidental thereto (hereinafter referred to as the international prize court), it shall be lawful for his majesty from time to time to appoint a judge and deputy judge of the court.
-(2) a person shall not be qualified to be appointed by his majesty a judge or deputy judge of the court unless he has been, at or before the time of his appointment, the holder, for a period of not less than two years, of some one or more of the offices described as high judicial offices by the appellate jurisdiction act, 1876, as amended by any subsequent enactment.
-[sidenote: payment of contribution towards expenses of international prize court.]
 24. any sums required for the payment of any contribution towards the general expenses of the international prize court payable by his majesty under the said convention shall be charged on and paid out of the consolidated fund and the growing proceeds thereof.
-[sidenote: appeals to international prize court.]
 25. in cases to which this part of this act applies an appeal from the supreme prize court shall lie to the international prize court.
-[sidenote: transfer of cases to the international prize court.]
 26. if in any case to which this part of this act applies final judgment is not given by the prize court, or on appeal by the supreme prize court, within two years from the date of the capture, the case may be transferred to the international prize court.
-[sidenote: rules as to appeals and transfers to international prize court.]
 27. his majesty in council may make rules regulating the manner in which appeals and transfers under this part of this act may be made and with respect to all such matters (including fees, costs, charges, and expenses) as appear to his majesty to be necessary for the purpose of such appeals and transfers, or to be incidental thereto or consequential thereon.
-[sidenote: enforcement of orders of international prize court.]
 28. the high court and every prize court in a british possession shall enforce within its jurisdiction all orders and decrees of the international prize court in appeals and cases transferred to the court under this part of this act.
-[sidenote: application of part iii.]
 29. this part of this act shall apply only to such cases and during such period as may for the time being be directed by order in council, and his majesty may by the same or any other order in council apply this part of this act subject to such conditions, exceptions and qualifications as may be deemed expedient.
- part iv.--prize salvage and prize bounty.
 prize salvage.
-[sidenote: salvage to re-captors of british ship or goods from enemy.]
 30. where any ship or goods belonging to any of his majesty's subjects, after being taken as prize by the enemy, is or are retaken from the enemy by any of his majesty's ships of war, the same shall be restored by decree of a prize court to the owner.
-[sidenote: permission to recaptured ship to proceed on voyage and postponement of proceedings.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-41.]]
 31.--(1) where a ship belonging to any of his majesty's subjects, after being taken as prize by the enemy, is retaken from the enemy by any of his majesty's ships of war, she may, with the consent of the re-captors, prosecute her voyage, and it shall not be necessary for the re-captors to proceed to adjudication till her return to a port of his majesty's dominions.
-(2) the master or owner, or his agent, may, with the consent of the re-captors, unload and dispose of the goods on board the ship before adjudication.
-(3) if the ship does not, within six months, return to a port of his majesty's dominions, the re-captors may nevertheless institute proceedings against the ship or goods in the high court, or in any prize court in a british possession, and the court may thereupon award prize salvage as aforesaid to the re-captors, and may enforce payment thereof, either by warrant of arrest against the ship or goods, or in the same manner as a judgment of the court in which the proceedings are instituted may be enforced.
 prize bounty.
-[sidenote: prize bounty to officers and crew present in case of capture or destruction of enemy's ship.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-42.]]
 32. if, in relation to any war, his majesty is pleased to declare, by proclamation or order in council, his intention to grant prize bounty to the officers and crews of his ships of war, then such of the officers and crew of any of his majesty's ships of war as are actually present at the taking or destroying of any armed ship of any of his majesty's enemies shall be entitled to have distributed among them as prize bounty a sum calculated at such rates and in such manner as may be specified in the proclamation or order in council.
-[sidenote: ascertainment of amount of prize bounty.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-43.]]
 33.--(1) a prize court shall make a decree declaring the title of the officers and crew of his majesty's ship to the prize bounty, and stating the amount thereof.
-(2) the decree shall be subject to appeal as other decrees of the court.
- part v.--special cases of jurisdiction.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction in case of capture in land expedition.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-34.]]
 34. where, in an expedition of any of his majesty's naval or naval and military forces against a fortress or possession on land goods belonging to the state of the enemy, or to a public trading company of the enemy exercising powers of government, are taken in the fortress or possession, or a ship is taken in waters defended by or belonging to the fortress or possession, a prize court shall have jurisdiction as to the goods or ships so taken, and any goods taken on board the ship, as in case of prize.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction in case of prize taken in expedition with ally.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-35.]]
 35. where any ship or goods is or are taken by any of his majesty's naval or naval and military forces while acting in conjunction with any forces of any of his majesty's allies, a prize court shall have jurisdiction as to the same as in case of prize, and shall have power, after condemnation, to apportion the due share of the proceeds to his majesty's ally, the proportionate amount and the disposition of which share shall be such as may from time to time be agreed between his majesty and his majesty's ally.
-[sidenote: jurisdiction of high court on petitions of right as under 23 & 24 vict.
 c. 34.
-[27 & 28 vict.
 c. 25, s.
-52.]]
 36.--(1) in any case where a petition of right under the petitions of right act, 1860, is presented and the subject-matter of the petition or any material part thereof arises out of the exercise of any belligerent right on behalf of the crown, or would be cognizable in a prize court within his majesty's dominions if the same were a matter in dispute between private persons, the petition may, if the subject thinks fit, be intituled in the high court as a prize court.
-(2) any petition of right under the last-mentioned act, whether intituled in the high court or not, may be prosecuted in that court if the lord chancellor thinks fit so to direct.
-(3) the provisions of this act relative to appeal, and to the making of orders for regulating the procedure and practice of the high court as a prize court, shall extend to the case of any such petition of right intituled or directed to be prosecuted in that court; and, subject thereto, all the provisions of the petitions of right act, 1860, shall apply with such adaptations as may be necessary in the case of any such petition of right; and for the purposes of this section the terms "court" and "judge" in that act shall respectively be understood to include the high court as a prize court and the judges thereof, and other terms shall have the respective meanings given to them in that act.
  part vi.--offences.
 her eyes.
 it was the first he had ever seen bent on him, and he was struck afresh with the pure unsullied beauty of this girl’s face.
@@ -17869,7 +17130,6 @@ lord sandford good-naturedly yielded his seat to grey, whose sensitive face had
 i am well-nigh stunned by the clamour of tongues, the strife of parties, the bustle of this gay life of fashion."
 "oh, and i too—i too!"
 breathed the girl softly: and he flashed at her a quick, keen glance of sympathy and interest.
-"i was bred in the country; my grandam brought me up.
 i lived with my books, amid silvan solitudes, the songs of birds, the scent of flowers.
 this great glittering world of folly and fashion is like a fiery wheel going round in my head.
 ofttimes i could cry aloud for mercy, the pain and bewilderment are so great.
@@ -17898,10 +17158,6 @@ i must wed her as fast as may be, else shall i find my beaux going from me to he
 we have had enough of the naiads and dryads, and i am tired and hungry.
 who will come home with me to supper—to take pot-luck with us?"
 there was an eager clamour in response; but when the supper-party assembled round lady romaine’s chocolate tables in her favourite private parlour, she noted that geraldine had disappeared to bed, and that sir grey dumaresq had not availed himself of her open invitation.
- *chapter vii.
-*
-*a fair face.
-*
  if grey dumaresq was a man who craved a variety of experiences, and wished to see life under different aspects, he was getting his wish now; for the gay world of fashion, into which he suddenly found himself plunged, differed in toto from any of his former experiences; and so swift was the pace, and so shifting the throng amid which he moved, that he often felt as though his breath were fairly taken away, and as though he had suddenly stepped into a new existence.
 lord sandford had chanced upon the young baronet at a moment when a blank had been made in his own life by the sudden and violent death of one who had been his boon companion and friend.
 the gay young man, who had fallen in a foolish duel a few weeks before, had been the inmate of his house and the companion in all his freaks and follies; so much so, that without him the young nobleman felt for the moment bewildered and lost, and had absented himself from town with a view to "getting over it," as he hoped: for he despised himself for any sign of weakness, and would not for worlds have had his comrades and boon companions know how the loss had affected him.
@@ -18037,7 +17293,6 @@ the song ceased suddenly.
 grey turned in his seat, and drew himself within the sheltering shade; as he did so, a quick exclamation broke from him.
 he dropped his oars as he exclaimed,—
 "the lady geraldine!"
-*      *      *      *      *
 how had it come about?
 grey never could have said.
 but now it was all told—the story of his chequered life.
@@ -18082,10 +17337,6 @@ did we not speak of them all when first we met, and methought you looked such a
 be true to that better self; and so i say farewell again.
 may god be with you!"
 she was gone, and grey stood looking after her as a man who sees a vision.
- *chapter viii.
-*
-*a startling discovery.
-*
  as grey dumaresq drifted downstream with the tide that sunny july morning, he felt as though something new and wonderful had come into his life, as though some great and marvellous change had fallen upon him, which, for good or ill, must leave its mark upon his life.
 he did not try to analyze the strange feelings which possessed him.
 for a time he did not even consciously think.
@@ -18139,7 +17390,6 @@ cried the young bloods, who were at all times ready to follow lord sandford to w
 "will the snow maiden be there in the train of her mother?"
 grey felt himself start, and was glad his face was turned away.
 he would not for worlds that the sharp mocking eyes of lord sandford should see him at this moment, albeit he had no notion of any sort that he had special interest in his spotless lady geraldine.
-[illustration: he stood quite still to watch lord sandford lead away the fair geraldine (page 155).]
 "i trow so," was the carelessly-spoken reply of lord sandford, as he adjusted his wig and suffered his valet to spray some delicate perfume over his person, as a finishing touch to his toilet.
 "the lady geraldine is no longer to lead the life of a nun.
 it has been decreed that she is to show her lovely face abroad, and add thereby a lustre to her mother’s charms."
@@ -18219,7 +17469,6 @@ she seemed struck by the phrase.
 she lifted her bent head and gazed earnestly at him; but the words she spoke seemed strange.
 "you are the friend of lord sandford; is it not so?"
 "i have been his comrade these many weeks.
-he has shown me much kindness and good-fellowship.
 i owe him gratitude."
 "and you must know him well, i doubt not.
 tell me, sir grey—and i pray you deceive me not—what kind of a man is this same lord sandford?
@@ -18325,10 +17574,6 @@ well, ’tis i have made him: i can quickly unmake him.
 let me but think of the way and the means.
 grey dumaresq, you are a pretty fellow and a pleasant comrade; but you shall never be suffered to stand in the light of sandford’s hopes and plans and desires.
 look to yourself, my friend; for evil is abroad for you!"
- *chapter ix.
-*
-*"a mad world, my masters.
-"*
  "master, master, wake up!
 what ails you?
 have you forgot the day, and what has to be done?"
@@ -18466,7 +17711,6 @@ as he lightly vaulted to his seat, and the horse curveted beneath him.
 the stiffer they are, the better you and i will be pleased—eh, my beauty?"
 dick mounted his nag, and rode beside his master to the course, where the horses were to be matched against each other when lord sandford and his friends should have finished their merry meal, and be ready to witness the exhibition.
 it was a fine stretch of ground which had been chosen—nearly a mile in length, and with several natural obstacles, which had been increased in some cases artificially, to test better the strength and skill of horse and rider.
-a stream of water with rather awkward banks ran across the course in one place, and in another was a dip in the ground filled with gorse bushes—a nasty place to get entangled in, if the horse could not be persuaded to clear the whole thing with a flying leap.
 a broken stone wall with a ditch in front was another obstacle; and the last was a barrier entirely artificial, made of hurdles and bushes high enough to tax the mettle of any horse, though not absolutely insurmountable.
 still it was a formidable object enough, and grey looked at it critically, walking don carlos up and down, to let the creature take his own observations with regard to the leap he was to make.
 "it was here they were busy yesterday, but i could not see all they did.
@@ -18483,7 +17727,6 @@ grey could see that the other horses were assembling, their riders decked in eve
 but grey’s taste had always disinclined him to gaudy colours.
 the soft leather, finely chased and stamped in gold, pleased his eye more than rich-hued cloths or velvets.
 his breeches were of white buckskin cut by lord sandford’s own tailor, and he wore long boots fitted with silver spurs, albeit he scarcely ever had need of the latter when he bestrode don carlos.
-his scarf was of white silk fringed with gold, and his only adornment was a cravat of fine lace, fastened with a diamond clasp.
 his cocked hat matched his buff coat, and was adorned with a white plume.
 altogether, as he rode forward to his place, it would have been hard to find a fault with his dress or person; and the ladies behind their fans audibly praised his elegant figure, graceful seat, and distinguished and handsome face.
 grey, all unconscious of the favour bestowed upon him, rode up and saluted courteously the gentlemen who were to meet him and each other in rivalry.
@@ -18520,7 +17763,6 @@ the gallant animal sprang forward like an arrow from a bow, showing how well wit
 the sound of other beating hoofs was fainter now.
 grey looked keenly at the great obstacle looming up in his path, and measured the height at various places, deciding where the leap could best be taken.
 he felt the tension of the muscles beneath him.
-don carlos was gathering himself together for the leap.
 he would not fail, falter, or refuse.
 the great mass seemed rushing up against him.
 he felt the slackening with which don carlos faced his task, the motion of his flanks as he took off and rose.
@@ -18561,10 +17803,6 @@ only tell me where i may find you, and i will be gone, and do what can be done f
 "where i go and how i live, i know not yet; but i will leave word there for you.
 so now, farewell.
 i turn a new page in my life from this day forth."
- *chapter x.
-*
-*"the old lion.
-"*
  grey dumaresq, having settled matters with his servant, and adjusted the disarray of his own dress and person, turned towards a group of men who were standing round lord sandford, making believe to laugh and jest, but showing some vague symptoms of uneasiness as they cast sidelong glances in the direction of their erstwhile comrade.
 grey walked straight up to lord sandford, and looked him full in the eyes.
 did the glance of the other quail ever so little before his?
@@ -18620,10 +17858,7 @@ let him go his own way, and we will think of him no more."
 and lord sandford, with a heavy cloud upon his brow, and a look about the corners of his mouth which warned those about him to say no more, but leave matters as they were, flung away from them, and made his way back alone to the inn, from which he was presently seen to issue forth in his gorgeous chariot, driving furiously along the road which led to st. albans.
 his boon companions, thus left to their own devices, went over to the spot where the strange thing had befallen at the race, and where the country folk had gathered with shakings of the head and questionings beneath their breath; and there, plain for all men to see, was the yawning hole with the open trap hanging down, and the marks of the heavy fall of the good horse, whose escape with whole bones was little short of a miracle.
 an old countryman was holding forth to a knot of eager questioners, now swelled by lord sandford’s friends.
-"i mind well when there was a house here; ’twas pulled down when i were a young chap.
 and the well must ha’ bin hereabouts.
-that old trap has been in the ground ever since i can mind; but there be no water now, and the sand has pretty nigh silted it up.
-i’ve a-looked in many a time, and the hole gets less and less deep.
 when i saw them setting up the brushwood and things here, i made sure they had covered the trap well.
 i walked about it, but never saw sign of it.
 if i’d a thought of danger, i’d ha’ told one of the fine folks.
@@ -18636,7 +17871,6 @@ all knew that something strange had passed upon him of late, and that there was
 "did he know?"
 "was it plot or plan of his?"
 whispered one and another; but none could give the answer.
-*      *      *      *      *
 a wild, wet september day was drawing to its close, amid pelting squalls of cold rain, when a tall young man, gaunt and hollow-eyed, pushed his way into a small coffee-house in an obscure thoroughfare somewhere in the region of drury lane, and took a seat in a dark corner as near to the stove as he could get, for he looked pinched with cold, and his plain and rather threadbare black suit was pretty well wet through.
 as soon as he was seated, he drew from his breast a roll of paper, which he regarded with solicitude.
 that at least was dry, and he heaved a sigh that sounded like one of satisfaction.
@@ -18768,10 +18002,6 @@ again a smile flickered over the old lion’s face; but the tapster was entering
 "set to, my friend, and make a good meal.
 when we have cleared the trenchers, you shall come with me to my lodging.
 i would hear the end of your tale; but that can wait till after supper."
- *chapter xi.
-*
-*the lion’s den.
-*
  "welcome to the lion’s den!"
 spoke the man wylde, as he threw open the door of a room which he had unlocked, and kicking a smouldering log upon the hearth, evoked a cheery blaze, by the aid of which he lighted a lamp that swung over a table littered with books, papers, and quills.
 grey stepped within the threshold, and looked about him with curious eyes.
@@ -18821,7 +18051,6 @@ cried the old lion, rising and pacing up and down the room with his halting stri
 look at swift, with his ’tale of a tub;’ look at de foe, with his crowd of pamphlets—men of talent, i do not doubt or deny, but full of gall and bitterness.
 yet they are read by all the world.
 fame, if not fortune, has come to them, and fortune will doubtless follow.
-the late king, they say, would have made swift a bishop.
 the queen will not: his ribald wit disgusts her; but he has admirers and patrons everywhere.
 it is the bold and unscrupulous who flourish like the grass of the field.
 true poetry and literary beauty are not asked, or even desired.
@@ -18863,7 +18092,6 @@ he humoured the whim of the old actor.
 he was not lacking in the histrionic gift, and threw himself into his part with good will.
 he uttered quick commands, as though to his officers; he threw out his arms, as though directing one man here, another there.
 he recalled numbers of words spoken by the general, and these he reproduced faithfully and with an excellent imitation of marlborough’s polished, courteous, yet commanding air.
-then he let his face soften, and addressed the old man as he himself had been addressed, with words of thanks and with promises of friendship.
 finally, throwing off the mask, he broke into a laugh, and was astonished at the eager change which had come upon the old lion.
 "boy!"
 he cried, with a new access of energy, "i trow i see for both of us a way to fame and fortune."
@@ -18921,7 +18149,6 @@ but first shall you remove hither from that unsavoury lodging of which you did s
 here is money: pay your reckoning, and bring hither any goods and chattels you may value.
 we must dwell together these next weeks.
 we will work hard, and before the week closes i will have some manager here to listen to our rendering of this scene.
-we will have the world crowding to see and hear us yet!—king fortune, i salute thee, and i thank thee from my heart that thou didst send this goodly youth to me, and didst prompt my heart from the first to take note of him and seek his friendship."
 the removal of grey’s simple belongings took but little time, and lucky did he feel himself to be able to call this comfortable abode his home.
 a small attic upon the same floor of the house made him a sleeping chamber at very small cost, and his days were spent in the sunny south garret, which was called the lion’s den; and there they studied, and wrote, and rehearsed this eulogy upon the duke, and the prowess of the english arms, the old man introducing here and there allusions and innuendoes which grey scarcely understood, but which wylde declared would bring down thunders of applause from the house—as, indeed, proved to be the case.
 grey had a faint misgiving at the first that no manager might be forthcoming to admit the dialogue to his boards; but there the old actor knew his ground.
@@ -18948,7 +18175,6 @@ and that life lies before you, my son.
 what the principles of wycliffe have done for england, the principles of savonarola may yet do for italy.
 at any rate, his work for italy is not done yet.
  december 19, 1902.
-[sidenote: pisa's four monuments.]
 the four chief objects of interest at pisa are all in a group at the northern end of the town, and a wonderfully effective group it is: the cloistered cemetery, or camp santo, with its fifty-five shiploads of earth from the holy land; the baptistery, with its remarkable echo; the cathedral, with the pendent lamp in the nave which suggested to galileo the idea of the pendulum; and that wonder of the world, the white marble tower, which leans thirteen feet out of the perpendicular.
 we all tried in vain to stand with heels and back to the inside of the north wall on the ground floor--it cannot be done; one falls forward at once.
 from the top there is a magnificent view of the city and the surrounding plain, of the mountains on the east and the sea on the west, of the city of leghorn and the island of elba.
@@ -18958,23 +18184,19 @@ from the car windows we had some impressive views of the mediterranean by moonli
  chapter xxviii.
 some little adventures by the way.
  december 21, 1902.
-[sidenote: conditions unfavorable to letter-writing abroad.]
 the margin of leisure left to a traveller in europe for the writing of letters is, after all, a very narrow one, as those of my readers who have been abroad will readily remember.
 one generally moves from place to place in such rapid succession that the feeling of being settled, which is essential to the most satisfactory writing, is almost unknown.
 then, when one does stop for a few days in a historic city, each day is so full of interest, and the golden opportunity to see its sights seems so fleeting, that one hesitates to take any part of such time for writing, to say nothing of the weariness and drowsiness of an evening that follows a day of sightseeing.
 add to this the amount of time required of one who acts as general director of the tour, and has to take account of all manner of business details, and the number of questions to be answered when there are three or four young people in the party who have read just enough general history to make their minds bristle with interrogations at every interesting place, and who have to be read to daily en masse on the spot in order to improve the psychological moment of excited curiosity; add also the physician's injunction to take abundance of exercise in the open air, in order to the full recovery of health and the laying up of strength for future work, and his earnest counsel not to linger much at a writing desk or a study table--and it will be seen that if the continuity of this series of letters suffers an occasional break, it is but the natural result of the conditions of tourist life.
-[sidenote: an american baby in europe.]
 it may interest some of my younger readers to know that the member of our party who receives the most attention is a little blue-eyed girl, just two years old to-day, who is the most extraordinary traveller of her age that i ever saw or ever heard of, accepting all the irregularities, inconveniences and discomforts of this migratory mode of life with the serene indifference of a veteran.
 we naturally supposed that, being so young, she would give us more or less trouble on so long a journey, and this proved to be true on the cold and rough sea voyage, but, from the day that we landed on this side of the ocean, she has been a delight to our whole party, a maker of friends wherever we have gone, and an immensely interesting object to the populace of the cities through which we have passed.
 at leyden, in holland, as we passed along the streets, we were followed all over town by an admiring throng of dutch children, just out of school, to whom our baby's bright red coat and cap were no less interesting than their wooden shoes were to us; and so we found out how the elephants and monkeys and musicians and other people who make up the street parade of a circus may be supposed to feel when they pass through a town followed by the motley gang of school boys, ragamuffins, and general miscellanies of humanity.
-[sidenote: something new in venice.]
 at wiesbaden, in germany, we bought one of those odd little german baby carts with two wheels and two handles, like plow handles, between which the person who pushes it walks, the baby really riding backwards, instead of forwards, as in our american baby carriages.
 you will see from this description that german baby carriages are like the german language--all turned the wrong way, though it must be said for this arrangement that the baby is not so likely to be lonesome as when riding face forward, since she always has some one to look at.
 well, at venice, which is almost a dead town now, so far as business is concerned, and which has perhaps as large a leisure class--that is, street loafers--as any city of equal size on this terraqueous planet, a lady of our party essayed to take the baby out for an airing in her german cart.
 it would appear that it was the first time since the foundation of that pile-driven city in the sea that a pair of wheels was ever seen on her streets.
 at any rate, from the moment that the lady and the baby and the cart emerged from the hotel door they were attended by an ever-increasing throng of unwashed venetians, whose interest could not have been keener had santos dumont's air-ship or a japanese jinriksha suddenly appeared in their gondola-ridden town, and who commented in shrill italian on this wheeled apparition.
 the lady is not easily beaten when she decides to do anything, but, after standing that for half a block or so, she made a hasty retreat to the hotel, and wheels disappeared, probably forever, from the streets of venice.
-[sidenote: gondolas and gondoliers.]
 although venice, with its population of one hundred and sixty-three thousand, is seven miles in circumference, and is divided by one hundred and forty-six canals into one hundred and seventeen islands, yet these are so joined together by means of four hundred bridges that it is possible to walk all over the city.
 but the bridges are built in steps, and cannot be used by wheeled vehicles.
 there are no horses or carriages of any kind.
@@ -18985,7 +18207,6 @@ he stands, on a sort of deck platform towards the stern, and to balance his weig
 the gondolier does not pull the oar, he pushes it--there is only one oar--and he does not change it from side to side, as in paddling a canoe, but makes all the strokes on one side, a thing that looks very easy, but is in fact extremely difficult.
 the dexterity of these men with their long single oar is wonderful.
 they glide in and out among scores of gondolas on the crowded canals without collision or jerking, and they turn a corner within an inch.
-[sidenote: baggage smashing in europe.]
 these remarks upon the skill of the gondoliers, and the ease and safety of the gondolas, remind me, by contrast, of the destructive bungling of a porter in cologne, who undertook to cart a load of trunks and handbags and shawl-straps down from our hotel to the rhine steamer, and who, in turning a corner on a down grade, made the turn too short, and hurled the whole lot of our belongings into the muddy street with such violence that many of them were defaced, some permanently damaged, and one valise broken to pieces and utterly ruined.
 that german baby carriage had an exciting adventure also on the night of our arrival in rome.
 as usual, it was made the apex of the pyramid of trunks and grip-sacks which constitute our sign manual, so to speak, on the top of every omnibus that takes us from the station to the hotel; but in this instance it was carelessly left untied, so that as we went steeply down one of the seven hills of rome, the cart tumbled from its high perch to the stone-paved street, snapping off one of the handles, and suffering sundry other shattering experiences.
@@ -19000,7 +18221,6 @@ relics in general, and the iron crown of lombardy in particular.
 i had heard of relics before.
 years ago i had read mark twain's account of the large piece of the true cross which he had seen in a church in the azores; and of another piece which he had seen in the cathedral of notre dame in paris, besides some nails of the true cross and a part of the crown of thorns; and of the marble chest in the cathedral of san lorenzo at genoa, which he was told contained the ashes of st. john, and was wound about with the chain that had confined st. john when he was in prison; and of the interesting collection shown him in the cathedral of milan, including two of st. paul's fingers and one of st. peter's, a bone of judas iscariot (black, not white), and also bones of all the other disciples (presumably of the normal color), a handkerchief in which the saviour had left the impression of his face, part of the crown of thorns, a fragment of the purple robe worn by christ, a picture of the virgin and child painted by st. luke, and a nail from the cross--adding in another place that he thought he had seen in all not less than a keg of these nails.
 but i had hardly taken mark twain seriously in these statements, not knowing at the time that his innocents abroad was, notwithstanding its broad humor, really one of the best guide-books to europe that was ever written.
-[sidenote: the palladium of venice.]
 i had read repeatedly the story of the bringing of st. mark's bones from alexandria, in egypt, to their present resting-place in st. mark's cathedral at venice--a story which is related as follows in that same lively volume:
 "st. mark died at alexandria, in egypt.
 he was martyred, i think.
@@ -19013,8 +18233,6 @@ the commander of the venetian expedition disguised himself, stole the bones, sep
 the religion of mahomet causes its devotees to abhor anything in the nature of pork, and so when the christian was stopped at the gate of the city, they only glanced once into the precious baskets, then turned up their noses at the unholy lard, and let him go.
 the bones were buried in the vaults of the grand cathedral, which had been waiting long years to receive them, and thus the safety and the greatness of venice were secured.
 and to this day there be those in venice who believe that if those holy ashes were stolen away, the ancient city would vanish like a dream, and its foundation be buried forever in the unremembering sea."
-[sidenote: the gift of leo xiii.
-to london.]
 more recently i had read of what has been well called the burlesque enacted at arundel castle no longer ago than in july, 1902, in which the duke of norfolk, cardinal vaughan, and many lesser ornaments and dignitaries of the romish church, took part.
 "pope leo xiii., in order to show his 'good-will to england,' sent from rome the remains of st. edmund to garnish the new roman catholic cathedral at westminster.
 it was an appropriate gift, for such buildings are usually garnished with 'dead men's bones and all uncleanness.'
@@ -19026,19 +18244,14 @@ a procession was formed, and, to the measured tread of the earl marshal of engla
 all went off well, and at last the curtain fell on the finished play, to the satisfaction of every one.
 unfortunately, however, the pope and all concerned had to reckon with english common-sense and with english love of truth, and it was not very long before it was proved to the world that the bones, like most relics of the kind, were counterfeit--whoever else's bones they were, they were not those of st.
 edmund.
-"[7]
-[sidenote: the blood of st.
-januarius.]
 i had read with cordial approval mark twain's animadversions upon the fraud which is regularly practiced on the people of naples by the priests in the cathedral:
 "in this city of naples they believe in and support one of the wretchedest of all religious impostures one can find in italy--the miraculous liquefaction of the blood of st. januarius.
 twice a year the priests assemble all the people at the cathedral, and get out this phial of clotted blood, and let them see it slowly dissolve and become liquid; and every day for eight days this dismal farce is repeated, while the priests go among the crowd and collect money for the exhibition.
 the first day the blood liquefies in forty-seven minutes--the church is full then, and time must be allowed the collectors to get around; after a while it liquefies a little quicker and a little quicker every day, as the houses grow smaller, till on the eighth day, with only a few dozen present to see the miracle, it liquefies in four minutes.
-[8]
 "and here, also, they used to have a grand procession of priests, citizens, soldiers, sailors, and the high dignitaries of the city government, once a year, to shave the head of a made-up madonna--a stuffed and painted image, like the milliner's dummy--whose hair miraculously grew and restored itself every twelve months.
 they still kept up this shaving procession as late as four or five years ago.
 it was a source of great profit to the church that possessed the remarkable effigy, and the public barbering of her was always carried out with the greatest éclat and display--the more the better, because the more excitement there was about it the larger the crowds it drew and the heavier the revenues it produced--but at last the day came when the pope and his servants were unpopular in naples, and the city government stopped the madonna's annual show.
 "there we have two specimens of these neapolitans--two of the silliest possible frauds, which half the population religiously and faithfully believed, and the other half either believed or else said nothing about, and thus lent themselves to the support of the imposture."
-[sidenote: the house of the virgin at loretto.]
 i had read the story of the casa santa, or holy house, the little stone building, thirteen and one-half feet high and twenty-eight feet long, in which the virgin mary had lived at nazareth.
 in 336 the empress helena, mother of constantine the great, made a pilgrimage to nazareth and built a church over the holy house.
 this church fell into decay when the saracens again got the upper hand in palestine, and when the christians lost ptolemais the holy house was carried by angels through the air from nazareth to the coast of dalmatia.
@@ -19049,48 +18262,38 @@ we did not visit loretto, but at bologna we had the satisfaction of seeing a fac
 a large number of women, some of them handsomely dressed, were saying their prayers and counting their beads before the altar that had been erected in front of these images and the holy house, and a few were kneeling in the narrow space behind the altar, close to the fireplace of the house.
 as we passed, one of these women, in plainer garb, interrupted her devotions long enough to hold out her hand to us, begging for pennies, but without rising from her knees.
 there was nothing unusual about this, except that this beggar made her appeal to us while actually on her knees to the image of the virgin, for nothing is more common in italy than for visitors to a roman catholic church to pass through such "an avenue of palms" when leaving it.
-[sidenote: the wonder-working bones of st. anne in canada.]
 i had even seen a few relics, not mere reproductions like that of the casa santa at bologna, but the relics themselves.
 for instance, three summers ago, when in quebec, i had made a special trip to the church of st. anne beaupre, some twenty miles below the city, for the purpose of seeing the wonder-working relics of st. anne, the alleged mother of the virgin mary--a bit of her finger bone and a bit of her wrist bone--which are devoutly kissed and adored by thousands of pilgrims to this magnificent church from all the french and irish portions of canada, and which are said to have wrought miraculous cures of all manner of maladies, cures which are attested by two immense stacks of canes, crutches, wooden legs, and the like, which rise from the floor almost to the roof on either side of the entrance.
 in the store in another part of the church i had got a clue to it all by seeing the poor pilgrims buying all sorts of cheap, tawdry, worthless little images and pictures, and especially little vials of oil of remarkable curative virtue because it had stood for a while before the image of st. anne, and for which they paid probably five times as much as the oil had cost the priests who were selling it.
-[sidenote: the iron crown of lombardy.]
 these, then, are potent bones and images and oils, but by far the most interesting relic i had seen before reaching rome itself was the iron crown of lombardy, at monza, a little town in northern italy.
 this is the place where the good king humbert was assassinated on the 29th of july, 1900, and it is not without interest for other reasons.
 for instance, it has a cathedral built of black and white marble in horizontal stripes, and containing, besides the tomb of queen theodolinda and other interesting objects in the nave and its chapels, a great number of costly articles of gold and silver, set with precious stones, in the treasury, as well as various relics, such as some of the baskets carried by the apostles, a piece of the virgin mary's veil, and one of john the baptist's teeth.
 but we should never have made a special trip to monza in such weather as we were having at the time of our visit, last november, had it not been for our intense desire to see its chief treasure, the iron crown, the most sacred and most celebrated diadem in the world, a relic possessing real historical interest, not because of any probability whatever in the story of its origin, but because of the extraordinary uses and associations of it within the last thousand years.
-[sidenote: a winter trip to monza.]
 so, regardless of the wet, cold, foggy weather that we found in milan, and the rivers of mud and slush that were then doing duty for streets, and the splotches of snow that lay here and there in the forlorn-looking olive orchards, we took the electric tram, which was comfortably heated, and ran out to monza, a distance of some ten miles.
 when we stepped into the chilly cathedral and looked about us, we could not at first see anybody to show us around, though there were a good many poor people saying their prayers there.
 evidently the custodians were not expecting tourists at such a season and in such weather.
 but presently, in an apartment to the left, we found a number of the priests warming their hands over a dish of twig coals covered with a light layer of white ashes, which they kindly stirred a little to make them give forth more heat as they saw us stretch our cold hands also towards the grateful warmth.
-[sidenote: the treasury of the cathedral.]
 when we asked if we could see the iron crown, they said we could; but instead of going at once to the chapel in which it is kept, they got a great bag of keys, large keys, thirty-seven in number, as the observant statistician of our party ascertained, and led us into the treasury and unlocked a great number of doors (one of which had seven locks), and showed us the costly objects and precious relics above mentioned.
 we were only mildly interested in these--even in the apostolic baskets, the virgin's veil, and john the baptist's tooth--partly because we were so cold and partly because of our greater interest in the more famous relic which we had come especially to see.
-[sidenote: the chapel of the great relic.]
 at last one of the priests, attended by an acolyte, took up a censer, placed a little incense on the coals with a teaspoon, and, swinging it in his hand by the chain, led us back into the cathedral, turned to a chapel on the left, unlocked an iron gate in a tall railing which separated this chapel from the body of the building, closed the gate again when our party had come inside, and, while a dozen or so of the people who had been at their devotions crowded up to the railing and peered curiously through, he and his attendant began to kneel repeatedly before the altar and to swing the smoking censer on every side.
 above the altar was a strong, square steel box, over which, in plain view, was suspended a fac-simile of the iron crown, made of cheaper materials, while the real crown was still concealed within the steel safe.
-[sidenote: the great relic itself.]
 handing the censer to his attendant, that it might be kept swinging without intermission, the priest produced another series of keys and proceeded to unlock a succession of small doors in the side of the metal safe, which proved to be a "nest" of caskets, one within another, the last of which was a glass case.
 drawing this out, he brought into full view the venerated crown of the lombard kings, and told us to step up on the stool by the altar so as to see it better.
 it is made of six plates of gold, joined end to end, richly chased, and set with splendid jewels.
 but one would see at a glance that neither the material, nor the workmanship, nor the gems, could account for the unique reverence with which it has been regarded for centuries, and an indication of which we had just seen in the service conducted by the priest.
 among the regalia in the tower of london, and at several other places in europe, we had seen crowns which far surpassed this one in costliness and beauty, but none of which, nor all of which combined, had ever excited a thousandth part of the interest attaching to this old crown in monza.
-[sidenote: why the crown is so sacred.]
 the explanation is this: within that ring of jointed plates of gold runs a thin band of iron, which priestly tradition says was made of one of the spikes that fastened the feet of our lord jesus christ to the cross.
 it was this band of iron that we tiptoed to see, hardly noticing the bejewelled rim of gold around it.
 it was on account of this band of iron that the priest and his attendant swung their censer and performed their ceremony as we entered.
 it was this band of iron that gave to the crown its sacred place above the altar.
 it was for the safe keeping of this band of iron that the steel case, with its numerous locks, was made.
 it was from this band of iron that the diadem received its name, the iron crown of lombardy.
-[sidenote: how it was used by charlemagne and napoleon.]
 and what were the historical uses of it, referred to above, which made it so much more interesting to us than the many other so-called nails of the true cross elsewhere?
 well, this among others: on the last christmas day of the eighth century, while charlemagne was kneeling with uncovered head before the high altar of st. peter's in rome, the pope approached him from behind, and, placing the iron crown of lombardy on his head, hailed him as emperor of the holy roman empire.
 a thousand years later on the 26th of may, 1805, napoleon bonaparte, "watched by an apparently invincible army which adored him and a world which feared him," standing in the vast marble cathedral at milan, with fifteen thousand of his soldiers around him, lifted this same iron crown of lombardy into their view, and placed it upon his brow, saying, "god has given it to me, let him touch it who dares!"
-[sidenote: high reflections and hard cash.]
 that men who, like charlemagne and napoleon, had reached the highest pinnacle of human power, should seek to enhance their influence by crowning their heads with one of the nails which, as their followers believed, had pierced the galilean's foot, is a richly suggestive fact.
 but we must keep our tempted thoughts to another and less edifying line at present.
 when we had examined all the parts of the famous crown to our satisfaction, we stepped to the desk in the ante-room and paid our five francs (one dollar), the regular price for the exhibition of the iron crown, then left the cathedral, bought one or two post-card pictures of the crown, and took the tram through the dreary weather back to milan, well pleased with the results of our first pilgrimage to the shrine of a real roman catholic relic in italy.
-[sidenote: rome caps the climax.]
 but on our arrival at rome, a month later, we found that, interesting as were the relics which we had seen or read of elsewhere, they were nothing to those in the eternal city itself.
 in this, as in everything else except such little matters as cleanliness and morality and truthfulness and honesty, rome outvies all her rivals.
 it is only fair to add, however, that, since the overthrow of the papal sovereignty and the establishment of a capable government, rome has improved immensely in the matter of cleanliness, and even her immorality is not so flaunting as it was.
@@ -19102,8 +18305,6 @@ has this improvement come about because the church is really growing better?
 nothing of the kind.
 it is because the strong arm of the law checks the villainy of the priests."
 that is the testimony of the prime minister of italy.
-*       *       *       *       *
-[sidenote: do american roman catholics believe in the relics?]
 a few weeks after my return from italy, while driving one afternoon with a friend of mine, a lawyer of high intelligence and wide information, our conversation turned to the subject of the recent death of pope leo xiii., and from that drifted to the alleged liquefaction of the blood of st. januarius, and from that to relics in general.
 i mentioned some of the facts above stated concerning the numerous pieces of the true cross and the miracle-working bones and oils to be seen in roman catholic churches in europe.
 "but," he said, "surely the roman catholics in america do not believe in such mediæval superstitions."
@@ -19112,7 +18313,6 @@ i happened to have in hand a couple of copies of a daily newspaper, published in
 also the following passage from his letter of july 12th, written from eichstadt:
 "i remained the guest of prince ahrenberg for the night, and early in the morning, accompanied by some benedictine students, i made a pilgrimage to the shrine of st. walburg.
 above the altar is the large silver receptacle into which flows the miraculous oil from her sacred relics, which is known the world over."
-[sidenote: what america needs is some relics.]
 writing from vienna, july 20, 1903, concerning the imperial palaces, he says, "they are awfully big and grand, and cost a lot of good people's money," but adds that "the pride and glory of vienna" is the cathedral, and then exclaims: "how often have i wished we could have some such church in ----, so that our good people who cannot visit the achievements of catholic life in europe could form some idea of the greatness of the religion of their fathers!"
 one hesitates to differ from so good an authority on such matters as this bishop, but really would he not agree, on reflection, that what this benighted and decaying country of ours needs to bring it up to a level with italy and austria and spain is not a big church, but some relics?
 would not some miraculous oil, or some wonder-working bones, or a piece of the true cross, or one of the nails, if placed on exhibition here attract far more attention than a big church, and enable "our good people who cannot visit the achievements of catholic life in europe" to form a much better "idea of the greatness of the religion of their fathers"?
@@ -19120,9 +18320,7 @@ does it not seem strange that so many hundreds of these relics should be kept in
 but, seriously, as i added to my friend in the conversation referred to, i have a better opinion of the intelligence of our good roman catholic people in america than to believe that they put the slightest credence in these childish superstitions.
 whatever the bishop above quoted may believe, i am confident that the intelligent roman catholic people of our country have no more faith in many of these alleged relics than we have.
 footnotes:
-[7] the roman catholic church in italy, alexander robertson, pp.
 203, 204.
-[8] in july of this year, 1903, while the roman catholic world was greatly exercised over the grave illness of the late pope, leo xiii., the associated press dispatches from naples reported that the blood of st. januarius had miraculously liquefied at that unusual time in token that the prayers offered for the pope's recovery had been answered.
 the archbishop of naples has up to the present time vouchsafed no explanation of the fact that the pope died a few days later, notwithstanding this miraculous assurance that he would recover.
  chapter xxx.
 roman catholic relics at rome.
@@ -19131,32 +18329,23 @@ one of the most splendid of these ceremonies is the procession in honor of the s
 this is the great relic and chief distinction of the church of santa maria maggiore, though it contains a number of others, such as the bodies of st. matthew and st. jerome, and two little bags of the brains of thomas á becket, and "one of the pictures attributed to st. luke (and announced to be such in a papal bull attached to the walls!
 ), much revered for the belief that it stayed the plague which decimated the city during the reign of pelagius ii., and that (after its intercession had been sought by a procession by order of innocent viii.)
 it brought about the overthrow of the moorish dominion in spain."
-[sidenote: the miraculous snow in summertime.]
 moreover, this church of santa maria maggiore is by no means lacking in legendary and architectural interest.
 it was founded a. d. 352, by pope liberius and john, a roman patrician, to commemorate an alleged miraculous fall of snow, which covered this spot of ground and no other, on the 5th of august, and an alleged appearance of the virgin mary, in a vision, at the same time, showing them that she had thus appropriated the site of a new temple, all of which is duly represented in a fine painting on the wall of the church, and in two of murillo's most beautiful pictures in the academy at madrid, and commemorated every year on the 5th of august by a solemn high mass, and by showers of white rose leaves thrown down constantly through two holes in the ceiling, "like a leafy mist between the priests and the worshippers."
-[sidenote: a splendid church.]
 the worshippers of the virgin have not been lacking in their efforts to erect a suitably sumptuous building on the site of this "miracle."
 the magnificent nave, with its avenue of forty-two columns of greek marble, surmounted by a frieze of mosaic pictures; the glorious pavement of opus alexandrinum, whose "crimson and violet hues temper the white and gold of the walls"; the grand baldacchino, with its four porphyry columns wreathed with gilt leaves; and the splendid tomb chamber of pius ix.
-(predecessor of the late pope leo xiii.
 ), with its riot of rich marbles and alabaster, in front of the high altar--to say nothing of the almost incredibly costly chapels opening into the nave--combine to give s. maria maggiore a proud place among the very finest of the fine basilicas of rome.
-[sidenote: a dazzling scene.]
 but not all the splendors of the building, nor all the fascination of its "miracles" and legends, nor all the spell of its other relics, can equal the interest attaching to the "santa culla," the holy cradle.
 on the afternoon of christmas day, we walked through the wet streets to the front of the church, pushed back the heavy, dirty screen of padded canvas, such as hangs at the door of every great church in italy, however fine, and, stepping within, found ourselves in the midst of a scene of the most dazzling splendor.
 the building was brilliantly illuminated with hundreds of electric lights and huge candles, which were sharply reflected by the glistening marbles on every hand; the air was heavy with clouds of incense, through the blue smoke of which the lofty ceiling looked higher than ever, and the organ and choir were pouring forth the richest music, while a dense crowd of people, many thousands, all standing, watched with eager interest a small, crate-like object, made of slats of dark wood, which rested on the high altar, enclosed in a glass case, with a gold baby on top and gold ornaments round about.
-[sidenote: the holy cradle.]
 we pushed our way through the crowd, so as to get a satisfactory view of it while the service was in progress--the genuflections, the robing and disrobing of the archbishop, the chanting, and the rest--after which six men, dressed in pure white from head to foot (white gloves included), except for a red circle and cross on the breast, knelt before the cradle, then lifted it from the altar, with its gold and glass setting, and placing it on a kind of litter on their shoulders, under a gilt and white canopy borne by other attendants, marched with it thus, in procession around the church, along with a large crucifix under another canopy, and followed by a long line of cardinals, bishops, priests and acolytes, carrying it back finally to its place in the sacristy, where it will remain till next christmas day.
-[sidenote: the christ of rome a babe or a corpse.]
 we squeezed our way through the great crowd at the door, and walked back to our hotel, wondering to what extent the usual roman catholic conception of christ had deprived that organization of real spiritual energy; for, almost invariably, roman catholic art represents him either as a dead christ on the cross, or a babe in his mother's arms, and hardly ever as the risen and glorified lord, the conqueror of death, the leader of his people, to whom all power is given in heaven and on earth--the more usual protestant conception.
 and we asked ourselves whether this difference did not help to explain the greater hopefulness, vigor and growth of protestant christianity in these strenuous latter days.
-[sidenote: the little doll that owns a large carriage.]
 but we were soon to learn that the roman catholics did not think of the infant christ as lacking in power of a certain sort; on the contrary they ascribe miraculous agency even to an image of the divine babe.
 on the afternoon of december 29th, as two of our party were returning to our hotel, they passed at the foot of the capitoline hill a carriage, out of the window of which hung a ribbon or sash of cloth of gold, and they were not a little astonished to observe that, as this carriage rolled along, people knelt reverently before it on the street.
 inside they saw two bareheaded men holding a child on a pillow with a wealth of lace about it.
 they thought perhaps it was the royal carriage with the baby princess, but they could not imagine why men should be nursing the baby, as that is usually the employment of women, nor why the people should kneel so reverently before the young princess, a thing which they never did even for the king himself.
 the fact is that, as they learned on the following afternoon when visiting the church of ara coeli, on the capitoline hill, the carriage in question belonged to a far more important personage in rome than any princess, though that personage was not even a living baby, but only a doll.
 it was the coach of the famous bambino--il santissimo bambino--which with its dress of gold and silver tissue and its magnificent diamonds, emeralds and rubies, is the chief attraction of this church.
-[illustration: the bambino.]
-[sidenote: the wealth and power of the miraculous bambino.]
 dr. alexander robertson, in his book on the roman catholic church in italy, says: "the bambino is a doll about three feet high, and it stands on a cushion in a glass case.
 it is clad in rich robes with a crown on its head, a regal order across its breast, and embroidered slippers on its feet.
 from head to foot it is one mass of dazzling jewelry, gold chains, strings of pearls, and diamond bracelets and rings, which not only cover the neck, arms and fingers, but are suspended, intermixed with crosses, stars, hearts, monograms, and every kind of precious stone, to all parts of its body.
@@ -19171,76 +18360,57 @@ now it is never left alone.
 in explanation of this, it is said that an audacious woman formed the design of appropriating to herself the holy image and its benefits.
 she had another doll prepared of the same size and appearance as the santissimo, and having feigned sickness and obtained permission to have it left with her, she dressed the false image in its clothes, and sent it back to ara coeli.
 the fraud was not discovered till night, when the franciscan monks were awakened by the most furious ringing of bells and by thundering knocks at the west door of the church, and hastening thither, could see nothing but a wee naked pink foot peeping in from under the door; but when they opened the door, without stood the little naked figure of the true bambino of ara coeli, shivering in the wind and rain--so the false baby was sent back in disgrace, and the real baby restored to its home, never to be trusted away alone any more."
-[sidenote: the communion table used by christ.]
 but if i dwell on all these interesting relics and images as i have done on the holy cradle and the miraculous bambino, i shall never finish even the brief list of them which i had in mind when i began.
 i must hasten on, contenting myself with a bare mention of a few of the more notable relics at the other churches.
-on the 8th of january we paid our first visit to the great church of st. john lateran,[9] and here also the relics interested us more than anything else.
 under the canopy in the centre the skulls of st. peter and st. paul are preserved.
 beneath the altar we saw the wooden table on which the apostle peter is said to have "celebrated mass" in the house of pudens.
 the interest of this relic, however, is completely eclipsed by that of another relic over an altar at a little distance in the same church, viz: the cedar table used by our lord and his disciples in the last supper.
 this table is concealed behind a bronze relief representing that solemn scene in the upper room at jerusalem.
-[sidenote: other relics at st. john lateran.]
 "the basilica claims to possess many valuable relics.
 amongst these are some portions of the manger in which christ was cradled, the shirt and seamless coat made for him by the virgin; some of the barley loaves and small fishes miraculously multiplied to feed the five thousand; the linen cloth with which he dried the feet of his apostles; also aaron's rod, the rod with which moses smote the red sea," etc., etc.
-(cook's southern italy, p.
 114.)
 we did not see these, but in the cloister behind this church we were shown a marble slab on pillars which was once an altar, "at which the officiating priest doubted of the real presence, when the wafer fell from his hand through the stone, leaving a round hole, which still remains."
 here, too, we were shown a larger slab resting on pillars, more than six feet from the ground, which marks the height of our saviour; also a porphyry slab, upon which the soldiers cast lots for his seamless robe; and some columns from pilate's house in jerusalem, which were rent by the earthquake of the crucifixion.
-[illustration: the scala santa, rome.]
-[sidenote: the holy stairs from pilate's palace.]
 but the great relic of pilate's house, and one of the most interesting of all the relics in rome, is across the street from st. john lateran, viz., the world-renowned scala santa, or holy stairway, a flight of twenty-eight marble steps, once ascended by our saviour in the palace of pilate, and brought from jerusalem to rome in 326 by the empress helena, mother of constantine the great.
 they are covered with a wooden casing, but holes have been left through which the marble steps can be seen.
 two of them are stained with the saviour's blood.
 these spots are covered with glass.
 the light was rather dim, and as we entered a gentleman struck a match and held it over one of these glass-covered stains to show it to his little girl, so that, passing just at that moment, we also had a good view.
-[sidenote: the man who crawled up and walked down.]
 no foot is allowed to touch the scala santa; it must be ascended on the knees.
 a number of people were going up in this way when we entered, pausing on each step to repeat a prayer, for which indulgences are granted by the pope.
 there are stairways on each side, by which those who have thus crawled up may walk down.
 the only man i know of that ever walked down the holy stairs themselves, and the most illustrious man that ever crawled up them on his knees, was martin luther.
 when he had mounted slowly half way up, step by step on his knees, he seemed to hear a voice saying, "the just shall live by faith."
 martin luther rose from his knees, walked down the staircase, and left the place a free man so far as this superstition was concerned, and shortly afterwards became the most formidable foe that ever assailed the falsehood and corruption of the romish church.
-[sidenote: the miraculous portrait and the shoes of christ.]
 at the top of the scala santa we saw through a grating the beautiful silver tabernacle containing the great relic which has given to this chapel the name of sancta sanctorum, viz.
 : the portrait of christ, held by the romish church to be authentic, having been drawn in outline by st. luke and finished by an angel, whence its name "acheiropoëton," i. e., the picture made without hands.
-the relic chamber here contains fragments of the true cross, the sandals of christ, and "the iron bar of hades which he brought away with him from that doleful region,"[10] but we did not see these.
-[sidenote: the inscription on the cross, and the finger of thomas.]
 a short walk beyond the scala santa and the lateran brings us to the church of s. croce in gerusalemme, which is specially rich in relics.
 here our party was shown a piece of the true cross of christ and the original plank bearing the inscription, "jesus, nazarene king," in hebrew, greek and latin, which was placed over his head; also one of the nails used in his crucifixion, and two of the thorns of his crown; besides a large piece of the cross of the penitent thief who was executed with him; and, most interesting of all in some respects, the finger used by thomas to resolve his doubts as to the resurrection of christ (john xx.
 24-28).
-[sidenote: a bottle of the blood of christ.]
 in percy's romanism it is said that "the list of relics on the right of the apsis of s. croce includes the finger of s. thomas, apostle, with which he touched the most holy side of our lord jesus christ; one of the pieces of money with which the jews paid the treachery of judas; great part of the veil and of the hair of the most blessed virgin; a mass of cinders and charcoal united in the form of a loaf, with the fat of s. lawrence, martyr; one bottle of the most precious blood of our lord jesus christ; another of the milk of the most blessed virgin; a little piece of the stone where christ was born; a little piece of the stone where our lord sat when he pardoned mary magdalene; of the stone where our lord wrote the law given to moses on mount sinai; of the stone where reposed ss.
 peter and paul; of the cotton which collected the blood of christ; of the manna which fed the israelites; of the rod of aaron which flourished in the desert; of the relics of the eleven prophets!
-"[11]
 but our party saw none of these except the finger of thomas.
 it is to be hoped that the others have been withdrawn from exhibition, for surely superstition and vulgarity can no further go.
 i fear, however, that those who are willing to pay enough can still see "one bottle of the most precious blood of our lord jesus christ," and "another of the milk of the most blessed virgin"!
 there is also "una ampulla lactis beatae mariae virginis" among the many relics to be seen in the church of ss.
 cosmo and damiano, near the forum.
-[sidenote: no women admitted.]
 it is a curious illustration of romish wrong-headedness that women are never allowed to enter the chapel of st. helena, in the church of s. croce, except on the festival of the saint, august 18th, notwithstanding the fact that st. helena herself was a woman, and that the church owes its existence to her and is also indebted to her for the piece of the true cross which it boasts, and which has given it its name.
 so while men are permitted to go inside the chapel of st. helena, women are stopped at the entrance and only allowed to peer through the railing.
 the same degrading discrimination is made in the church of s. prassede (who also was a woman) as to entering the splendid chapel, orto del paradiso, which contains the column of blood jasper to which christ was bound, and which was "given by the saracens to giovanni colonna, cardinal of this church, and legate of the crusade, because when he had fallen into their hands and was about to be put to death, he was rescued by a marvellous intervention of celestial light."
 females are never allowed to enter this chapel except upon sundays in lent, but are permitted to look at the relic through a grating.
-[12]
-[sidenote: four other stones of great interest.]
 the mention of this column reminds me of the two columns in the church of s. maria transpontina, on the other side of the tiber, near st. peter's, which bear inscriptions stating that they were the pillars to which st. peter and st. paul were fastened, respectively, when they suffered flagellation by order of nero.
 a little farther on towards st. peter's is the piazza scossa cavalli, with a pretty fountain.
 "its name bears witness to a curious legend, which tells how when s. helena returned from palestine, bringing with her the stone on which abraham was about to sacrifice isaac, and that on which the virgin mary sat down at the time of the presentation of the saviour in the temple, the horses drawing these precious relics stood still at this spot, and refused every effort to make them move.
 then christian people, 'recognizing the finger of god,' erected a church on this spot--s. giacomo scossa cavalli--where the stones are still to be seen."
-[sidenote: the hardness of st. peter's knees.]
 while speaking of interesting stones, i must not omit to mention those in the church of s. francesca romana, near the forum, containing the marks of the knees of st. peter--(which show, by the way, that this apostle was a giant in size)--when he knelt to pray that simon magus might be dropped by the demons he had invoked to support him in the air in fulfilment of his promise to fly.
 one of these stones used to lie in the via sacra, and the water which collected in the two holes or knee prints was looked upon as so potent a remedy of disease that groups of infirm people used to gather around them on the approach of a shower.
 according to the legend, the place where peter knelt when he thus effected the discomfiture of simon magus and brought him to the ground with such force that his thigh was fractured, never to be healed, was the ancient via sacra.
 but, after the priests had removed the stone from the roadway into the church, the inconsiderate and iconoclastic explorers of our day, who have made so many discoveries in their excavations about the forum, proved that the roadway from which this relic was taken was not the ancient via sacra at all, but a more modern roadway which had been mistaken for it!
-[sidenote: the hardness of st. peter's head.]
 in the mamertine prisons, which are also quite close to the forum, a depression on the stone wall by which we descend to the lower dungeon is shown as the spot against which st. peter's head rested, though our guide had just told us that these stairs were not in existence then and prisoners were let down into the dungeon through the hole in the middle of the stone floor.
 such trifling discrepancies do not seem to trouble the average italian mind.
 st. peter and st. paul are said to have been bound in this prison for nine months to a pillar, which is shown here.
 "a fountain of excellent water beneath the floor of the prison is attributed to the prayers of st. peter, that he might have wherewith to baptize his gaolers, processus and martinianus; but, unfortunately for this ecclesiastical tradition, the fountain is described by plutarch as having existed at the time of jugurtha's imprisonment" here, long before the time of st. peter.
 another miraculous spring, still flowing, is shown in the church of ss.
-cosmo and damiano as that which burst forth in answer to the prayers of felix iv., that he might have water to baptize his disciples.
-[sidenote: what the head of st. paul did.]
 but the most interesting of all the miraculous springs in or around rome are the three fountains, about two miles from the city, where the apostle paul was executed.
 when his head was severed from his body it bounded from the earth three times, crying out thrice, "jesus!
 jesus!
@@ -19253,7 +18423,6 @@ we could not help asking the priest who was our escort whether this extraordinar
 his answer was: "certainly!
 there is no reason whatever to doubt it.
 the facts have been handed down in an unbroken succession from eye-witnesses," a position which he proceeded to defend at length and with great warmth when one of our party in particular manifested much slowness to believe.
-[sidenote: st. paul's use of plautilla's veil.]
 furthermore, the opening of these three fountains was not the only miracle wrought by the apostle after his death.
 mrs. jameson says: "the legend of his death relates that a certain roman matron named plautilla, one of the converts of s. peter, placed herself on the road by which s. paul passed to his martyrdom, to behold him for the last time; and when she saw him she wept greatly and besought his blessing.
 the apostle then, seeing her faith, turned to her, and begged that she would give him her veil to blind his eyes when he should be beheaded, promising to return it to her after his death.
@@ -19262,7 +18431,6 @@ after his martyrdom, s. paul appeared to her and restored the veil, stained with
 in the ancient representations of the martyrdom of s. paul, the legend of plautilla is seldom omitted.
 in the picture by giotto in the sacristy of s. peter's, plautilla is seen on an eminence in the background, receiving the veil from the hands of s. paul, who appears in the clouds above; the same representation, but little varied, is executed in bas-relief on the bronze doors of st.
 peter's."
-[sidenote: the footprints of christ in stone.]
 about two miles northeast of the three fountains, and the same distance from the city, on the appian way, stands the church of st. sebastian.
 over an altar on the right, as you enter, the attendant priest, drawing aside a curtain, shows you a slab of dark red stone with two enormous footprints on it.
 these, we are told, were made by the feet of christ during an interview with peter which took place near here, on the site of the small church of domine quo vadis.
@@ -19271,10 +18439,7 @@ straightway the first persecution broke forth, and many of the christians were p
 the survivors besought peter not to expose his life.
 as he fled along the appian way, christ appeared to him travelling towards the city.
 the fleeing apostle exclaimed in amazement, "domine, quo vadis?"
-(lord, whither goest thou?
 ), to which, with a look of mild sadness, the saviour replied, "venio iterum crucifigi" (i come to be crucified a second time), then vanished, whereupon the apostle, ashamed of his weakness, returned to rome, and shortly afterwards was crucified there himself.
-[sidenote: the chains of st.
-peter.]
 another relic of great interest connected with the same apostle is shown in the church of s. pietro in vincoli, in rome, and indeed gives the church its name.
 the church is not without interest for other reasons.
 for instance, it possesses portions of the crosses of st. peter and st. andrew, and we are told that the high altar covers the remains of the seven maccabean brothers.
@@ -19283,7 +18448,6 @@ nevertheless, its chief attraction, to the devout roman catholic mind, is neithe
 and when herod would have brought him forth, the same night peter was sleeping between two soldiers bound with two chains; and the keepers before the door kept the prison.
 and behold, the angel of the lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison; and he smote peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, arise up quickly.
 and his chains fell off from his hands."
-(acts xii.
 5-7.)
 these two chains were presented by juvenal, bishop of jerusalem, to the empress eudoxia, wife of theodosius the younger, who placed one of them in the basilica of the apostles in constantinople and sent the other to rome, where this church was erected as its special shrine.
 this was about the middle of the fifth century.
@@ -19295,15 +18459,11 @@ they are exposed on the day of the 'station' (the first monday in lent) in a rel
 ii).
 on the following day a priest gives the chains to be kissed by the pilgrims, and touches their foreheads with them, saying, 'by the intercession of the blessed apostle peter, may god preserve you from evil.
 amen.
-'"[13]
-[sidenote: the benefits of buying a fac-simile of the chains.]
 in the sacristy we found a young priest doing a thriving business in copies of the relic.
 we bought from him "an iron fac-simile of the chains (about the size of an ordinary watch-chain), authenticated by a certificate testifying to its having touched the original chains.
 on the back of this certificate was printed an extract from the rules of the confraternity of the chains of st. peter, from which we learned that all associates in this brotherhood must wear such a fac-simile as we had just bought, that the objects of the confraternity are "the propagation of the veneration of the chains of st. peter, an increase of devotion to the holy see, prayers for the pope's intention, for the needs of holy church, the conversion of infidels and sinners, and the extirpation of heresy and blasphemy," and that pius ix.
-had granted to the members of the confraternity various indulgences, one of which is "a plenary indulgence and remission of all sins[14] if one visits the church of san pietro in vincoli on january 18th[15] and june 29th,[16] between the first vespers of the feast and sunset of the said days, or on august 1st, or any one of the seven days following it.
 the usual prayers for the holy father's intention," etc., are comprised in these visits.
 we are told also that "the foregoing indulgences are applicable to the souls in purgatory."
-[sidenote: the relics in st. peter's cathedral.]
 we may close this running account of the relics at rome with a brief mention of those that are to be seen in st. peter's itself, the largest and costliest church in the world.
 the construction of it extended over one hundred and seventy-six years.
 the cost of the main building alone was fifty million dollars.
@@ -19312,17 +18472,13 @@ but it cost the romish church far more than money--it cost her the loss of all t
 for the expense of the vast structure, with its "insolent opulence of marbles," was so great that julius ii.
 and leo x. were obliged to meet the enormous outlay by the sale of indulgences, and that, as is well known, precipitated the reformation.
 so that protestants may well feel a peculiar interest in this mighty cathedral.
-[sidenote: the column against which christ leaned in the temple.]
 it goes without saying that the popes would not allow the chief church of roman catholicism to go begging in the matter of relics.
 and, sure enough, we have no sooner pushed aside the heavy padded screen and stepped within than we find on our right the chapel of the holy column, so called because it contains a pillar which is declared to have been that against which our lord leaned when he prayed and taught in the temple at jerusalem.
 the pillar contains this inscription: "haec est illa columna in qua dns n{r} jesus xps appodiatus dum populo prædicabat et deo pno preces in templo effundebat adhaerendo, stabatque una cum aliis undecim hic circumstantibus.
 de salomonis templo in triumphum hujus basilicæ hic locata fuit: demones expellit et immundis spiritibus vexatos liberos reddit et multa miracula cotidie facit.
-p. reverendissimum prem et dominum dominum card.
 de ursinis.
 a. d.
 mdcccxxviii."
-[sidenote: the chair of st.
-peter.]
 at the other end of the church we are shown an ancient wooden chair, encrusted with ivory, which we are told was the cathedra petri, the episcopal throne of st. peter and his immediate successors.
 a magnificent festival in honor of this chair has been annually celebrated here for hundreds of years.
 my party seems to be made up of very determined protestants.
@@ -19330,11 +18486,7 @@ at any rate, the sight of this relic leads an inquisitive person in the party to
 "yes," replies the unfortunate gentleman to whose lot it falls to answer all questions of all kinds.
 "then," continues the inquisitive person, "peter was married?"
 unfortunate gentleman: "yes."
-i. p.: "do the popes still marry?"
 u. g.: "no."
-i. p.: "if 'the first pope' was married, why should not his successors be married, and why should they insist upon a celibate clergy in every age, in every country, and under all circumstances?"
-[sidenote: the bones of st.
-peter.]
 u. g.: "these questions are becoming too hard for me.
 come, let me show you the tomb which contains the bones of st. peter and st. paul.
 only half of their bodies are preserved here, the other portion of st. peter's being in the church of st. john lateran and the other portion of st. paul's at the magnificent basilica of st. paul's without the walls."
@@ -19348,20 +18500,10 @@ we had looked forward to this sight for days, for seven thousand years of indulg
 but when the moment came we could see nothing but a black board hung with a cloth, before which another white cloth was held.
 in a few minutes this was withdrawn, and the great moment was over, the glimpse of the sacred thing on which hung the fate of seven thousand years."
 footnotes:
-[9] later.--this is the church in which the late pope leo xiii.
 is to be buried.
-[10] the roman catholic church in italy, alexander robertson, p. 113.
-[11] hare, ii., 93.
-[12] hare's walks in rome, ii., pp.
 166, 167.
-[13] hare, ii., 45.
-[14] italics not mine, but so printed in the extract.
-[15] feast of st. peter's chair.
-[16] feast of st. peter.
  chapter xxxi.
 the legends, the popes, and the pasquinades.
- [sidenote: the manufacture of st.
-philomena.]
 before quitting the subject of the relics at rome, i must give my readers what hare calls "the extraordinary history of the manufacture of s. filomena, now one of the most popular saints in italy, and one towards whom idolatry is carried out with frantic enthusiasm both at domo d'ossola and in some of the neapolitan states."
 "in the year 1802, while some excavations were going forward in the catacombs of priscilla, a sepulchre was discovered containing the skeleton of a young female; on the exterior were rudely painted some of the symbols constantly recurring in these chambers of the dead--an anchor, an olive branch (emblems of hope and peace), a scourge, two arrows, and a javelin; above them the following inscription, of which the beginning and end were destroyed:
 --"lumena pax te cum fi"--
@@ -19373,11 +18515,9 @@ another priest, whose name is suppressed, because of his great humility, was fav
 this vision leaving much of her history obscure, a certain young artist, whose name is also suppressed, perhaps because of his great humility, was informed in a vision that the emperor alluded to was diocletian, and at the same time the torments and persecutions suffered by the christian virgin filomena, as well as her wonderful constancy, were also revealed to him.
 there were some difficulties in the way of the emperor diocletian, which incline the writer of the historical account to incline to the opinion that the young artist in his wisdom may have made a mistake, and that the emperor may have been not diocletian, but maximian.
 the facts, however, now admitted of no doubt; the relics were carried by the priest francesco da lucia to naples; they were enclosed in a case of wood resembling in form the human body; this figure was habited in a petticoat of white satin, and over it a crimson tunic after the greek fashion; the face was painted to represent nature, a garland of flowers was placed on the head, and in the hands a lily and a javelin with the point reversed, to express her purity and her martyrdom; then she was laid in a half-sitting posture in a sarcophagus, of which the sides were glass, and, after lying for some time in state in the chapel of the torres family in the church of sant' angiolo, she was carried in grand procession to mugnano, a little town about twenty miles from naples, amid the acclamations of the people, working many and surprising miracles by the way.... such is the legend of s. filomena, and such the authority on which she has become within the last twenty years one of the most popular saints in italy."--mrs.
-jameson's sacred and legendary art, p. 671.
 but, after all, the most extraordinary case of saint-manufacture is not that of philomena, but that of buddha!
 i have not room for the story here, but if any one wishes to know how the papacy made buddha a christian saint, he will find the whole story, with the proofs, in a history of the warfare of science and theology, by andrew d. white, ll.
 d., late president and professor of history at cornell university, and until recently united states ambassador to germany.
-[sidenote: "the courteous spaniard."]
 a few days ago we visited the church of st. laurence without the walls, where in a silver shrine under the high altar, the remains of st. laurence and st. stephen are said to rest.
 the walls of the portico of the church are covered with a series of frescoes, lately repainted.
 one series represents the story of st. stephen and that of the translation of his relics to this church.
@@ -19395,8 +18535,6 @@ the sacristan objected that the pope would not believe him, and asked for some v
 then st. laurence ungirt his robe and gave him his girdle.
 when the pope was accompanying him back to the basilica they met a funeral procession.
 to test the powers of the girdle, the pope laid it on the bier, and at once the dead arose and walked.
-[sidenote: the miracles of st.
-dominic.]
 that is not the only miracle of resurrection offered to our credulity by these ecclesiastical legends.
 the three principal frescoes in the chapter house of the church of st. sisto, recently painted by the padre besson, represent three miracles of st. dominic--in each case of raising from the dead--the subjects being a mason who had fallen from a scaffold when building this monastery, a child, and the young lord napoleone orsini, who had been thrown from his horse and instantly killed, and who was brought to life by st. dominic on this spot, as is further commemorated by an inscription on the wall.
 but miracles were nothing uncommon in the history of the founder of the powerful dominican order.
@@ -19418,11 +18556,7 @@ peter and paul, and of the holy virgin martyrs, sts.
 agnes and cecilia, reposed for some time.
 the printed leaflet which accompanies our purchase tells us that "these rosaries, when sold or ordered, are blessed and enriched with the indulgences of the rosary confraternity and the papal blessing.
 when blessed they may be distributed; but if resold they lose all the indulgences."
-(italics ours.)
-still another relic of great interest in this convent of st. sabina is the crucifix of michele ghislieri (afterwards pope pius v.).
 "one day, as ghislieri was about to kiss his crucifix, in the eagerness of prayer, the image of christ, says the legend, retired of its own accord from his touch, for it had been poisoned by an enemy, and a kiss would have been death."
-[sidenote: sundry miracles by other saints, and images.]
-in the church of st. gregory, on the c[oe]lian hill, the thing that interested us most was the picture by badalocchi, "commemorating a miracle on this spot, when, at the moment of elevation, the host is said to have bled in the hands of st. gregory, to convince an unbeliever of the truth of transubstantiation."
 this is the same gregory who presented certain foreign ambassadors with a handful of earth from the arena of the coliseum as a relic for their sovereigns, so many martyrs having suffered death there, and "upon their receiving the gift with disrespect, he pressed it, when blood flowed from the soil."
 not far from the church of st. gregory we were shown the hermitage where st. giovanni de matha lived.
 "before he came to reside here he had been miraculously brought from tunis (whither he had gone on a mission) to ostia, in a boat without helm or sail, in which he knelt without ceasing before the crucifix throughout the whole of his voyage!"
@@ -19433,8 +18567,6 @@ one of these, however, is too significant to be omitted altogether.
 there is in the church of st. agostino a sculptured image of the madonna and child.
 "it is not long since the report was spread that one day a poor woman called upon this image of the madonna for help; it began to speak, and replied, 'if i had only something, then i could help thee, but i myself am so poor!'
 this story was circulated, and very soon throngs of credulous people hastened hither to kiss the foot of the madonna, and to present her with all kinds of gifts."
-(italics mine.)
-[sidenote: how the papal treasury was filled, and how it was emptied.]
 the evil methods employed at various times to replenish the papal treasury are known to all readers of history.
 the best known, perhaps, is the shameless traffic in indulgences by tetzel, which helped to precipitate the reformation.
 hare closes his account of the execution of beatrice cenci for complicity in the murder of her father with the statement that "sympathy will always follow one who sinned under the most terrible of provocations, and whose cruel death was due to the avarice of clement viii.
@@ -19442,7 +18574,6 @@ for the riches which the church acquired by the confiscation of the cenci proper
 the venality of pope alexander vi., rodrigo borgia (1492-1503), "the wicked and avaricious father of cæsar and lucretia, who is believed to have died of the poison which he intended for one of his cardinals," is thus hit off by pasquino:
 "vendit alexander claves, altaria, christum; emerat ille prius, vendere jure potest."
 of innocent x.
-(1644-'55), pasquino says, "magis amat olympiam quam olympium," referring to the shameful relations existing between this pope and his avaricious sister-in-law, olympia maidalchini, who made it her business to secure the profits of the papacy in hard cash.
 trollope, in his life of olympia, says: "no appointment to office of any kind was made except in consideration of a proportionable sum paid down into her own coffers.
 this often amounted to three or four years' revenue of the place to be granted.
 bishoprics and benefices were sold as fast as they became vacant.
@@ -19468,12 +18599,10 @@ one never touches this subject of the vast wealth of the papacy without calling
 "no," answered aquinas, "nor can it say, 'rise up and walk'" (acts iii.
 6).
 this loss of spiritual power, this loss of ability to minister salvation to others, is one of the most melancholy results of the corruption of the papacy.
-[sidenote: some ugly things in the lives of the popes.]
 dr. alexander robertson, in his recent book on the roman catholic church in italy, which has received the hearty approval of the king of italy and his prime minister, says: "there are few, i daresay, who have looked into the history of the popes, no matter what their religious faith may be, who will not agree with me when i say that it does not afford pleasant reading.
 one's intellect rebels against their preposterous claims and pretensions, and one's moral sense against their character and lives.
 amongst them there were some good men, some learned men, and some really able men; but, taking them all in all, they were, beyond doubt, amongst the lowest class of men to be found on the pages of history.
 to wade through their lives is to cross a pestiferous moral swamp of worldliness, simony, nepotism, concubinage, personal animosities, sanguinary feuds, forged decretals, plunderings, poisonings, assassinations, massacres, death.
-"[17]
 one may smile at such papal peccadilloes as the vanity of paul ii., who was chiefly remarkable for his personal beauty, and was so vain of his appearance that, when he was elected pope, he wished to take the name of formosus.
 one may be amused at the intense self-esteem of urban viii., of whose spoliation of ancient rome pasquino says, "quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt barberini," and who, in the barberini palace, had the virgin and angels represented as bringing in the ornaments of the papacy at his coronation, and in another room a number of the barberini bees (the family crest) flocking against the sun, and eclipsing it--to symbolize the splendor of the family.
 but our feeling changes when we read that "he issued a bull by which the name, estates and privileges of his house might pass to any living male descendant, legitimate or illegitimate, whether child of prince or priest," lest the family of barberini might become absorbed in that of colonna.
@@ -19481,24 +18610,18 @@ and we do not go far in our reading about such popes before the feeling of amuse
 we need not insist upon the story of the female pope joan, who is said to have secured her election to the papal throne disguised as a man, and to have reigned two years as john viii., and then to have died a shameful death; for, notwithstanding the indisputable fact that till 1600 her head was included among the terra cotta representations of the other popes in the cathedral of sienna, and was inscribed "johannes viii., femina de anglia," and that it was then changed into a head of pope zacharias by the grand duke, at the request of pope clement viii., the story is now generally discredited.
 but there are many other facts, established beyond controversy, which explain fully the feeling of the great majority of the italian people and the verdict of the accredited historians of the world.
 when the penitential pope, adrian vi.
-(1522-'23), died of drinking too much beer, "the house of his physician was hung with garlands by midnight revellers, and decorated with the inscription, liberatori patriæ, s. p. q. r.'" the nepotism of the learned, brilliant and witty paul iii.
-"induced him to form parma into a duchy for his natural son pierluigui, to build the farnese palace, and to marry his grandson ottavio to marguerite, natural daughter of charles v." john xii., the first pope who took a new name, "scandalized christendom by a life of murder, robbery, adultery and incest."
-of the tombs of the eighty-seven popes who were buried in the old basilica of st. peter's, only two were replaced when the present building was erected, those of the two popes who lived in the time and excited the indignation of savonarola--"sixtus iv., with whose cordial concurrence the assassination of lorenzo de' medici was attempted, and innocent viii., the main object of whose policy was to secure place and power for his illegitimate children," sixteen in number, and who is represented on his tomb as holding in his hand the spear of "st. longinus," which had pierced the side of christ.
 this spear was sent to innocent viii.
 by the sultan bajazet, nearly fifteen hundred years after the crucifixion, and, as we have already seen, is now preserved in st. peter's as one of its four chief relics.
 guicciardini says of the death of alexander vi.
 : "all rome ran with indescribable gladness to visit the corpse.
 men could not satiate their eyes with feeding on the carcase of the serpent who, by his unbounded ambition and pestiferous perfidy, by every demonstration of horrible cruelty, monstrous lust and unheard-of avarice, selling without distinction things sacred and profane, had filled the world with venom."
-"pope paul v. granted dispensations and pensions to any persons who would assassinate fra paolo sarpi; pope pius v. offered, as mr. froude tells us, 'remission of sin to them and their heirs, with annuities, honors and promotions, to any cook, brewer, baker, vintner, physician, grocer, surgeon, or others,' who would make away with queen elizabeth; and pope gregory xiii.
 offered a high place in heaven to any one who would murder the prince of orange; and the poor wretch, balthazar gerard, who did the infamous deed, actually told his judges 'that he would soon be a saint in heaven, and would have the first place there next to god,' whilst his family received a patent of nobility, and entered into the possession of the estate of the prince in the franche comté--rewards promised for the commission of the crime by cardinal granvelle."
-(dr. alexander robertson's roman catholic church in italy, p.
 94.)
 these are some of the things that help to explain not only the tone of the pasquinades, not only the indictments of the world's leading historians, which are to be presently cited, but also the present attitude of something like twenty millions of the thirty-odd millions of italy's inhabitants, who have forsaken the church altogether.
 what idea the people have of the jesuits in particular is well shown by the legend connected with the piazza del gesu, the great open space in front of the jesuit church, which is considered the windiest place in rome.
 the story is that the devil and the wind were one day taking a walk together.
 "when they came to this square, the devil, who seemed to be very devout, said to the wind, 'just wait a minute, mio caro, while i go into this church.'
 so the wind promised, and the devil went into the gesu, and has never come out again--and the wind is blowing about in the piazza del gesu to this day."
-[sidenote: pasquino's view of the pope.]
 one of the interesting objects in rome is a mutilated statue called pasquino, which stands at the corner of the orsini palace, one of the most central and public places in the city.
 the reason for the interest attaching to this almost shapeless piece of marble is that for centuries it was used for placarding those satires upon the popes which, by their exceeding cleverness and biting truth, have made the name of pasquinade famous the world over.
 no squib that was ever affixed to that column had a keener edge than the one known as "the antithesis of christ," which appeared at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and runs as follows:
@@ -19514,7 +18637,6 @@ christ drove out the merchants from the temple: the pope welcomes them.
 christ preached peace: the pope is the torch of war.
 christ was meekness: the pope is pride personified.
 christ promulgated the laws that the pope tramples under foot.
-[sidenote: what the italians now think about it.]
 "but," some one may say, "the pasquinades were written long ago, and, while they are doubtless true descriptions of the papacy of the past, surely no one would take the same view now."
 for answer i may quote the statement of dr. raffaelle mariano, professor of philosophy in the university of naples, who is not a protestant, but, as he tells us, was "born in the roman catholic church," and was "a fervent catholic from infancy."
 speaking of the vast difference which he found between the teachings of the church and those of the new testament as to what is necessary to salvation, he says, "therefore, roman catholicism is not only not christianity, but it is the very antithesis of christianity," a statement every whit as strong as pasquino's.
@@ -19527,14 +18649,10 @@ let any one see one of the great pilgrimages from every part of the country to t
 by the way, i see plenty of women confessing to the priests, but very, very few men.
 the textbook used in the training of priests as father-confessors, and the standard work of the church on that subject, approved by pope leo xiii., is liguori's moral philosophy.
 "on july 14, 1901, the asino, a daily newspaper published in rome, printed in its columns, and also in the form of large bills, which it caused to be posted up in public places in the chief cities of italy, a challenge offering one thousand francs to any roman catholic newspaper which would have the courage to print the latin text, with an italian translation, of two passages in liguori's book, which it specified.
-the challenge was never taken up, and it never will be, for any one daring to publish the passages named would certainly be prosecuted for outraging public decency" (dr. alexander robertson, roman catholic church in italy, p. 149).
 hare says, "it was a curious characteristic of the laxity of morals in the time of julius ii.
-(1503-'13), that her friends did not hesitate to bury the famous aspasia of that age in this church (st. gregorio), and to inscribe upon her tomb: 'imperia, cortisana romana, quæ digna tanto nomine, raræ inter homines formæ specimen dedit.'...
 but this monument has now been removed.
-"[18]
 most of the facts above cited, especially those concerning the legends and the popes, except where specific acknowledgment is made to other writers, have been drawn from hare's invaluable walks in rome.
 let us conclude the list with the testimonies of a few eminent men of unimpeachable competence and veracity as to the character and influence of the roman catholic church as a system.
-[sidenote: macaulay, dickens and gladstone on the influence of romanism.]
 in the first chapter of his history of england, lord macaulay says: "from the time when the barbarians overran the western empire to the time of the revival of letters, the influence of the church of rome had been generally favorable to science, to civilization, to good government.
 but during the last three centuries, to stunt the growth of the human mind has been her chief object.
 throughout christendom, whatever advance has been made in knowledge, in freedom, in wealth, and in the arts of life, has been made in spite of her, and has everywhere been in inverse proportion to her power.
@@ -19552,7 +18670,6 @@ on the protestant side--neatness, cheerfulness, industry, education, continued a
 on the catholic side--dirt, disease, ignorance, squalor and misery.
 i have so constantly observed the like of this since i came abroad that i have a sad misgiving that the religion of ireland lies at the root of all its sorrows."
 writing from genoa, in 1846, dickens says, "if i were a swiss, with a hundred thousand pounds, i would be as steady against the catholic canons and the propagation of jesuitism as any radical among them; believing the dissemination of catholicity to be the most horrible means of political and social degradation left in the world."
-in connection with dickens' remark about ireland, we may quote the remarkable statement of mr. michael mccarthy, himself a roman catholic, in his book, five years in ireland, pp.
 65 and 66, where, after describing the welcome of the belfast corporation to lord cadogan on his first visit, in 1895, to the protestant north of ireland, and their glowing statements about the peaceful and prosperous condition of their city and district, he contrasts this happy condition with the unhappy state of the "rest of ireland," meaning by that the roman catholic parts.
 "in the rest of ireland there is no social or industrial progress to record.
 the man who would say of it that it was 'progressing and prospering,' or that 'its work people were fully employed,' or that there existed 'a continued development of its industries,' or that its towns 'had increased in value and population,' would be set down as a madman.
@@ -19566,23 +18683,18 @@ i am, of course, very far from saying that there are no good people in that chur
 as i have already stated, i believe that there are many good people in it, but my own observation has satisfied me that the verdict of history as to the baleful influence of the system is absolutely correct.
 "what, then," some one may ask, "do the good people in that church think of all the immoralities and frauds that it has condoned and fostered?"
 the answer is that the really good people in that church must grieve over them and deplore them just as the good people in other churches do.
-*       *       *       *       *
-p. s.--it is generally believed, and apparently with good reason, that the new pope, pius x., is a better man than many of his predecessors, and that he cannot be charged with the immoralities or the ambition and avarice which characterized them.
 let us hope that he will have the courage to attempt some real reform in the lives of many of his clergy.
  footnotes:
-[17] it was a bad day for the cause of truth when foxe's book of martyrs was allowed to go out of general circulation.
 when i was a boy it was no uncommon thing to see copies of it in american homes.
 now it is rarely seen.
 a new and corrected edition of it ought to be brought out and given wide circulation.
 there have been not a few indications this year that our people are forgetting some of the most instructive history of all the past, and those who seem to be most oblivious of it are the editors of some of the secular newspapers.
-[18] there are other indications of some improvement in this matter, but an anglican resident in italy, quoted by the review of reviews as "a painstaking and fair-minded" witness, says, "people are not shocked by clerical immorality, but regard it as natural and inevitable."
 to an anglican friend a roman prelate lamented that a certain cardinal was not elected at the late conclave.
 but the anglican replied, "he is a man of conspicuous immorality."
 "no doubt," was the answer, "but you americans seem to think there is no virtue but chastity.
 the cardinal has not that, but he is an honest man."
  chapter xxxii.
 the old forces and the new in the eternal city.
- [sidenote: an audience with the pope.]
 well, we have seen the pope.
 hearing that a body of italian pilgrims were to be received by the pontiff at the vatican, and having assured ourselves that the function was one which would involve no official recognition of the pope on our part, and that we should be merely protestant spectators, we gladly accepted the offer of tickets for the audience, and, supposing in our simplicity that, as the reception was set for noon, we should be sufficiently early if we went at eleven o'clock, we drove up to the main entrance of the vatican at that hour.
 there was a great throng of people about the door, but our tickets obtained for us immediate entrance along with a stream of other ladies and gentlemen.
@@ -19625,13 +18737,11 @@ we can't use torpedoes against fortifications, you know, and there's precious li
 "you never know your luck.
 wait and see."
 "i'd rather t'were the other way about," corrected torps.
-"seeing your torpedo leave the tube and waiting for the enemy ship to be blown up.
 no dardanelles for me.
 so i hope to goodness it's the north sea.
 by jove, i do!"
 as soon as the "sunderland" was clear of the breakwater the momentous orders were opened.
 it was not to the near east; the cruiser had to proceed to dover and await further instructions.
-all the way up channel a rigorous watch was maintained, for hostile submarines had made their presence unpleasantly felt off prawle point, the bill of portland, and south of the royal sovereign lightship.
 the cruiser pelted under forced draught, steering a zig-zag course in order to baffle the carefully-planned calculations of the lurking tigers of the deep, while the guns were manned and trained abeam ready to be laid upon the first suspicious object resembling a periscope.
 being the first day of the month the ship's company was to be paid, and soon after six bells final preparations for the solemn rite were in progress.
 at a quarter to one two "g's"--the officers' call--sounded, and the first hundred men, mustering by open list, assembled in the port battery.
@@ -19676,7 +18786,6 @@ the only reply from mephisto was another penny that, thrown with splendid aim, r
 "at any rate, mephisto is paying you back by instalments."
 it wanted all the self-control at their command to keep the lookout men's attention from the comic scene to a duty of a serious nature, while the gun's crews temporarily forgot their duties to watch the encounter between the mascot and the staff-paymaster.
 "catch it--oh, you rotten butterfingers!"
-groaned the accountant officer to the assistant-paymaster, who, missing a coin thrown by the animal, allowed the sum of one penny to be committed to the deep.
 "here, ship's steward, nip below and open a tin of condensed.
 that may tempt the brute below."
 "you're condoning an offence, staggles," said the commander in an undertone, with a humorous gleam in his eye.
@@ -19695,7 +18804,6 @@ just then the ship's steward appeared with the tin of condensed milk, and handed
 away aloft the man made his way till he gained the cross-trees.
 owing to the "sunderland" altering her course she was swinging considerably to starboard, and the motion made the man advance cautiously, his feet sliding along the foot-ropes while he held on grimly with his free hand to the spar.
 mephisto eyed the approaching delicacy with marked approval.
-letting the remaining coins drop, some of which tinkled on deck although most of them fell overboard, he whisked along the yard-arm, and before the seaman realized the brute's intention, snatched the can from his grasp.
 a snarl warned the bluejacket that if he advanced it would be at his peril, and unwilling to risk an encounter with an agile monkey on the swaying yard, he followed the precept of discretion being the better part of valour, and regained the deck, leaving the spoils in the hands of the elated ape.
 presently the monkey had another disappointment.
 the intact tin baffled him.
@@ -19740,10 +18848,8 @@ the accountant officer eyed his tormentor reproachfully, as if that officer were
 "according to paragraph 445 of the admiralty instructions there will have to be two separate reports on the shortage."
 the staff-paymaster spoke seriously.
 the man was heart and soul in his work, and his mental horizon was bounded by official forms and other red-tapeism connected with the accountant branch of h.m. service.
-"by the by," interposed oswestry, "staggles ought to be recommended for the v.c."
 "what's that, torps?"
 asked barracombe.
-"our staff-paymaster the v.c.?"
 "what for?"
 inquired the staff-paymaster innocently.
 the commander entrenched himself behind a double number of an illustrated periodical.
@@ -19960,7 +19066,6 @@ thank heaven!
 not one was missing.
 apparently the last but one of the aerial procession was in difficulties, for the seaplane was rocking violently, and in spite of a dangerous tilt of the elevating planes was appreciably descending.
 suddenly the frail craft plunged, literally on end, towards the sea, the force of gravity, acting with the pull of the propeller, greatly increasing its velocity.
-when within two hundred feet of the surface the seaplane made a complete loop, then after climbing a hundred feet or so, began to side-slip.
 "by jove!
 he'll be drowned for a dead cert," exclaimed terence, for he knew for a fact that the aviator had not been thrown from the chassis when the seaplane "looped the loop," and in consequence must be strapped to his seat.
 "away sea-boat," ordered the captain, at the same time giving directions for both engines to be reversed.
@@ -20082,14 +19187,9 @@ almost invariably means a rapid promotion to the fortunate and heroic recipient.
 "there's plenty of time for that.
 meanwhile, that's where duty calls," and with a wave of his hand he indicated the distant north sea, on which the supreme contest for the supremacy of the waves will prove that the heritage of nelson is still worthily upheld by britannia's sons.
  aberdeen: the university press
- [transcriber's notes:
 this book contains a number of misprints.
 the following misprints have been corrected:
-[the prisoner nonchalently.]
--> [the prisoner nonchalantly.]
-[to commuicate with wireless] -> [to communicate with wireless] [was calculated to be from] -> [was calculated to be seen from] [of what had occured,] -> [of what had occurred,] [hostilites as a godsend] -> [hostilities as a godsend] [a courtesey that the captain] -> [a courtesy that the captain] [its horribly slippery] -> [it's horribly slippery] [the concusion had caused] -> [the concussion had caused] [with the laudible intention] -> [with the laudable intention] [he crosssd the line] -> [he crossed the line] [a stragetic point of view] -> [a strategic point of view] [the faintest attenion to] -> [the faintest attention to]
 a few cases of punctuation errors were corrected, but are not mentioned here.
-a list of illustrations has been added. ]
  galsworthy plays--series 3
 by john galsworthy
  contents: the fugitive the pigeon the mob
@@ -20109,7 +19209,6 @@ late afternoon.
 scene ii.
 the rooms of malise.
 early afternoon.
-act iv.
 a small supper room at "the gascony."
  between acts i and ii three nights elapse.
 between acts ii and act iii, scene i, three months.
@@ -20146,16 +19245,13 @@ the mother dead long before i took the place.
 paynter.
 not a penny, i suppose?
 burney.
-[shaking her head]  no; and seven of them.
 paynter.
-[at sound of the hall door]  the governor!
 burney withdraws through the curtained door.
 george dedmond enters from the hall.
 he is in evening dress, opera hat, and overcoat; his face is broad, comely, glossily shaved, but with neat moustaches.
 his eyes, clear, small, and blue-grey, have little speculation.
 his hair is well brushed.
 george.
-[handing paynter his coat and hat]  look here, paynter!
 when i send up from the club for my dress things, always put in a black waistcoat as well.
 paynter.
 i asked the mistress, sir.
@@ -20163,13 +19259,11 @@ george.
 in future--see?
 paynter.
 yes, sir.
-[signing towards the window]  shall i leave the sunset, sir?
 but george has crossed to the curtained door; he opens it and says: "clare!"
 receiving no answer, he goes in.
 paynter switches up the electric light.
 his face, turned towards the curtained door, is apprehensive.
 george.
-[re-entering]  where's mrs. dedmond?
 paynter.
 i hardly know, sir.
 george.
@@ -20195,7 +19289,6 @@ george.
 send burney.
 paynter.
 very good, sir.
-[he withdraws.]
 george stares gloomily at the card tables.
 burney comes in front the hall.
 george.
@@ -20219,7 +19312,6 @@ george.
 ah!
 burney.
 thank you, sir.
-[she withdraws.]
 george.
 damn!
 he again goes to the curtained door, and passes through.
@@ -20234,7 +19326,6 @@ where are they?
 h'm!
 as he speaks, george re-enters.
 lady dedmond.
-[kissing her son]  well, george.
 where's clare?
 george.
 afraid she's late.
@@ -20249,7 +19340,6 @@ h'm!
 not--not had a rumpus?
 george.
 not particularly.
-[with the first real sign of feeling] what i can't stand is being made a fool of before other people.
 ordinary friction one can put up with.
 but that----
 sir charles.
@@ -20272,7 +19362,6 @@ there's never anything in particular.
 we're all anyhow, as you know.
 lady dedmond.
 i see.
-[she looks shrewdly at her son]  my dear, i should be rather careful about him, i think.
 sir charles.
 who's that?
 lady dedmond.
@@ -20295,7 +19384,6 @@ um!
 that's the worst of travellin'.
 lady dedmond.
 i think you ought to have dropped him.
-these literary people---[quietly]  from exchanging ideas to something else, isn't very far, george.
 sir charles.
 we'll make him play bridge.
 do him good, if he's that sort of fellow.
@@ -20304,7 +19392,6 @@ is anyone else coming?
 george.
 reggie huntingdon, and the fullartons.
 lady dedmond.
-[softly]  you know, my dear boy, i've been meaning to speak to you for a long time.
 it is such a pity you and clare--what is it?
 george.
 god knows!
@@ -20337,7 +19424,6 @@ she'll do it!
 lady dedmond.
 that may be he.
 quick!
-[a bell sounds.]
 george goes out into the hall, leaving the door open in his haste.
 lady dedmond, following, calls "paynter!"
 paynter enters.
@@ -20351,8 +19437,6 @@ yes, i know.
 but you needn't say so.
 do you understand?
 paynter.
-[in polite dudgeon]  just so, my lady.
-[he goes out.]
 sir charles.
 by jove!
 that fellow smells a rat!
@@ -20363,14 +19447,12 @@ i should think so.
 lady dedmond.
 i shall simply say they're dining out, and that we're not to wait bridge for them.
 sir charles.
-[listening]  he's having a palaver with that man of george's.
 paynter, reappearing, announces: "captain huntingdon."
 sir charles and lady dedmond turn to him with relief.
 lady dedmond.
 ah!
 it's you, reginald!
 huntingdon.
-[a tall, fair soldier, of thirty] how d'you do?
 how are you, sir?
 what's the matter with their man?
 she charles.
@@ -20411,21 +19493,17 @@ sir charles.
 saving your presence, you know, reginald, i've often noticed parsons' daughters grow up queer.
 get too much morality and rice puddin'.
 lady dedmond.
-[with a clear look]  charles!
 sir charles.
 what was she like when you were kids?
 huntingdon.
 oh, all right.
-could be rather a little devil, of course, when her monkey was up.
 sir charles.
 i'm fond of her.
 nothing she wants that she hasn't got, is there?
 huntingdon.
 never heard her say so.
 sir charles.
-[dimly]  i don't know whether old george is a bit too matter of fact for her.
 h'm?
-[a short silence.]
 lady dedmond.
 there's a mr. malise coming here to-night.
 i forget if you know him.
@@ -20434,7 +19512,6 @@ yes.
 rather a thorough-bred mongrel.
 lady dedmond.
 he's literary.
-[with hesitation]  you--you don't think he--puts--er--ideas into her head?
 huntingdon.
 i asked greyman, the novelist, about him; seems he's a bit of an ishmaelite, even among those fellows.
 can't see clare----
@@ -20445,7 +19522,6 @@ listen!--it is her-coming in.
 i can hear their voices.
 gone to her room.
 what a blessing that man isn't here yet!
-[the door bell rings] tt!
 there he is, i expect.
 sir charles.
 what are we goin' to say?
@@ -20461,9 +19537,7 @@ lady dedmond.
 how do you do?
 my son and daughter-in-law are so very sorry.
 they'll be here directly.
-[malise bows with a queer, curly smile.]
 sir charles.
-[shaking hands] how d'you do, sir?
 huntingdon.
 we've met, i think.
 he gives malise that peculiar smiling stare, which seems to warn the person bowed to of the sort of person he is.
@@ -20495,9 +19569,7 @@ sir charles.
 i'm always thinkin' of writin' my experiences.
 malise.
 indeed!
-[there is the sound of a door banged.]
 sir charles.
-[hastily]  you smoke, mr.  malise?
 malise.
 too much.
 sir charles.
@@ -20506,9 +19578,7 @@ must smoke when you think a lot.
 malise.
 or think when you smoke a lot.
 sir charles.
-[genially]  don't know that i find that.
 lady dedmond.
-[with her clear look at him]  charles!
 the door is opened.
 clare dedmond in a cream-coloured evening frock comes in from the hall, followed by george.
 she is rather pale, of middle height, with a beautiful figure, wavy brown hair, full, smiling lips, and large grey mesmeric eyes, one of those women all vibration, iced over with a trained stoicism of voice and manner.
@@ -20519,27 +19589,20 @@ ah!
 george.
 good dinner?
 george.
-[giving his hand to malise]  how are you?
 clare!
 mr. malise!
 clare.
-[smiling-in a clear voice with the faintest possible lisp] yes, we met on the door-mat.
-[pause.]
 sir charles.
 deuce you did!
-[an awkward pause.]
 lady dedmond.
-[acidly]  mr. malise doesn't play bridge, it appears.
 afraid we shall be rather in the way of music.
 sir charles.
 what!
 aren't we goin' to get a game?
-[paynter has entered with a tray.]
 george.
 paynter!
 take that table into the dining room.
 paynter.
-[putting down the tray on a table behind the door]  yes, sir.
 malise.
 let me give you a hand.
 paynter and malise carry one of the bridge tables out, george making a half-hearted attempt to relieve malise.
@@ -20552,19 +19615,12 @@ huntingdon.
 bring the tray along, old man.
 george takes up the tray, stops to look at clare, then allows huntingdon to shepherd him out.
 lady dedmond.
-[without looking at clare]  well, if we're going to play, charles?
-[she jerks his sleeve.]
 sir charles.
 what?
-[he marches out.]
 lady dedmond.
-[meeting malise in the doorway]  now you will be able to have your music.
-[she follows the general out]
-[clare stands perfectly still, with her eyes closed.]
 malise.
 delicious!
 clare.
-[in her level, clipped voice]  perfectly beastly of me!
 i'm so sorry.
 i simply can't help running amok to-night.
 malise.
@@ -20574,7 +19630,6 @@ clare.
 on the door-mat!
 and they'd whitewashed me so beautifully!
 poor dears!
-i wonder if i ought----[she looks towards the door.]
 malise.
 don't spoil it!
 clare.
@@ -20586,20 +19641,17 @@ clare.
 only makes it worse afterwards.
 it seems so frightful to them, too.
 malise.
-[softly and suddenly, but with a difficulty in finding the right words]  blessed be the respectable!
 may they dream of--me!
 and blessed be all men of the world!
 may they perish of a surfeit of--good form!
 clare.
 i like that.
 oh, won't there be a row!
-[with a faint movement of her shoulders]  and the usual reconciliation.
 malise.
 mrs. dedmond, there's a whole world outside yours.
 why don't you spread your wings?
 clare.
 my dear father's a saint, and he's getting old and frail; and i've got a sister engaged; and three little sisters to whom i'm supposed to set a good example.
-then, i've no money, and i can't do anything for a living, except serve in a shop.
 i shouldn't be free, either; so what's the good?
 besides, i oughtn't to have married if i wasn't going to be happy.
 you see, i'm not a bit misunderstood or ill-treated.
@@ -20608,42 +19660,30 @@ malise.
 prison.
 break out!
 clare.
-[turning to the window]  did you see the sunset?
 that white cloud trying to fly up?
-[she holds up her bare arms, with a motion of flight.]
 malise.
-[admiring her] ah-h-h!
-[then, as she drops her arms suddenly]  play me something.
 clare.
-[going to the piano]  i'm awfully grateful to you.
 you don't make me feel just an attractive female.
 i wanted somebody like that.
-[letting her hands rest on the notes]  all the same, i'm glad not to be ugly.
 malise.
 thank god for beauty!
 paynter.
-[opening the door]  mr. and mrs. fullarton.
 malise.
 who are they?
 clare.
-[rising]  she's my chief pal.
 he was in the navy.
 she goes forward.
 mrs.  fullerton is a rather tall woman, with dark hair and a quick eye.
 he, one of those clean-shaven naval men of good presence who have retired from the sea, but not from their susceptibility.
 mrs. fullarton.
-[kissing clare, and taking in both malise and her husband's look at clare]  we've only come for a minute.
 clare.
 they're playing bridge in the dining-room.
 mr. malise doesn't play.
 mr. malise--mrs. fullarton, mr. fullarton.
-[they greet.]
 fullarton.
 most awfully jolly dress, mrs. dedmond.
 mrs. fullarton.
 yes, lovely, clare.
-[fullarton abases eyes which mechanically readjust themselves]  we can't stay for bridge, my dear; i just wanted to see you a minute, that's all.
-[seeing huntingdon coming in she speaks in a low voice to her husband]  edward, i want to speak to clare.
 how d'you do, captain huntingdon?
 malise.
 i'll say good-night.
@@ -20651,7 +19691,6 @@ he shakes hands with clare, bows to mrs. fullarton, and makes his way out.
 huntingdon and fullerton foregather in the doorway.
 mrs. fullarton.
 how are things, clare?
-[clare just moves her shoulders]  have you done what i suggested?
 your room?
 clare.
 no.
@@ -20674,7 +19713,6 @@ mrs. fullarton, taken aback, cannot refrain from her glance at fullarton automat
 mrs. fullarton.
 of course--the only thing is that----
 clare.
-[with a faint smile]  it's all right, dolly.
 i'm not coming.
 mrs. fullarton.
 oh!
@@ -20682,7 +19720,6 @@ don't do anything desperate, clare--you are so desperate sometimes.
 you ought to make terms--not tracks.
 clare.
 haggle?
-[she shakes her head]  what have i got to make terms with?
 what he still wants is just what i hate giving.
 mrs. fullarton.
 but, clare----
@@ -20698,29 +19735,22 @@ can't endure beyond a certain time, ever.
 she has taken a flower from her dress, and suddenly tears it to bits.
 it is the only sign of emotion she has given.
 mrs. fullarton.
-[watching]  look here, my child; this won't do.
 you must get a rest.
 can't reggie take you with him to india for a bit?
 clare.
-[shaking her head]  reggie lives on his pay.
 mrs. fullarton.
-[with one of her quick looks]  that was mr. malise, then?
 fullarton.
-[coming towards them]  i say, mrs. dedmond, you wouldn't sing me that little song you sang the other night,  [he hums]  "if i might be the falling bee and kiss thee all the day"?
 remember?
 mrs. fullarton.
 "the falling dew," edward.
 we simply must go, clare.
 good-night.
-[she kisses her.]
 fullarton.
-[taking half-cover between his wife and clare]  it suits you down to the ground-that dress.
 clare.
 good-night.
 huntingdon sees them out.
 left alone clare clenches her hands, moves swiftly across to the window, and stands looking out.
 huntingdon.
-[returning]  look here, clare!
 clare.
 well, reggie?
 huntingdon.
@@ -20728,7 +19758,6 @@ this is working up for a mess, old girl.
 you can't do this kind of thing with impunity.
 no man'll put up with it.
 if you've got anything against george, better tell me.
-[clare shakes her head]  you ought to know i should stick by you.
 what is it?
 come?
 clare.
@@ -20746,27 +19775,22 @@ huntingdon.
 my dear child, do give us a reason.
 clare.
 look!
-[she points out at the night and the darkening towers] if george saw that for the first time he'd just say, "ah, westminster!
 clock tower!
 can you see the time by it?"
 as if one cared where or what it was--beautiful like that!
 apply that to every --every--everything.
 huntingdon.
-[staring] george may be a bit prosaic.
 but, my dear old girl, if that's all----
 clare.
 it's not all--it's nothing.
 i can't explain, reggie--it's not reason, at all; it's--it's like being underground in a damp cell; it's like knowing you'll never get out.
 nothing coming--never anything coming again-never anything.
 huntingdon.
-[moved and puzzled]  my dear old thing; you mustn't get into fantods like this.
 if it's like that, don't think about it.
 clare.
 when every day and every night!--oh!
-i know it's my fault for having married him, but that doesn't help.
 huntingdon.
 look here!
-it's not as if george wasn't quite a decent chap.
 and it's no use blinking things; you are absolutely dependent on him.
 at home they've got every bit as much as they can do to keep going.
 clare.
@@ -20801,8 +19825,6 @@ he may be all right, but he's not our sort.
 and you're too pretty to go on the tack of the new woman and that kind of thing--haven't been brought up to it.
 clare.
 british home-made summer goods, light and attractive--don't wear long.
-[at the sound of voices in the hall]  they seem 'to be going, reggie.
-[huntingdon looks at her, vexed, unhappy.]
 huntingdon.
 don't head for trouble, old girl.
 take a pull.
@@ -20830,11 +19852,8 @@ no, thank you.
 paynter.
 no, ma'am.
 good-night, ma'am.
-[he withdraws.]
 george.
 you needn't have gone out of your way to tell a lie that wouldn't deceive a guinea-pig.
-[going up to her]  pleased with yourself to-night?
-[clare shakes her head]  before that fellow malise; as if our own people weren't enough!
 clare.
 is it worth while to rag me?
 i know i've behaved badly, but i couldn't help it, really!
@@ -20850,12 +19869,10 @@ clare.
 i know.
 george.
 then why do you do it?
-i've always kept my end up.
 why in heaven's name do you behave in this crazy way?
 clare.
 i'm sorry.
 george.
-[with intense feeling]  you like making a fool of me!
 clare.
 no--really!
 only--i must break out sometimes.
@@ -20878,9 +19895,7 @@ clare.
 and they twain shall be one--spirit.
 george.
 don't talk wild nonsense!
-[there is silence.]
 clare.
-[softly]  i don't give satisfaction.
 please give me notice!
 george.
 pish!
@@ -20905,7 +19920,6 @@ i distrust him--and his looks--and his infernal satiric way.
 he can't even 'dress decently.
 he's not--good form.
 clare.
-[with a touch of rapture]  ah-h!
 george.
 why do you let him come?
 what d'you find interesting in him?
@@ -20918,7 +19932,6 @@ clare.
 we don't.
 george.
 then what do you talk about--your minds?
-[clare looks at him]  will you answer a straight question?
 is he falling in love with you?
 clare.
 you had better ask him.
@@ -21019,7 +20032,6 @@ we’ll be back again.”
 considerably mystified, i followed him to the sidewalk.
 “you’re entitled to an explanation,” he laughed catching my bewildered look as he opened the cab door.
 “i didn’t want to go up now while she is there, but i wanted to get on good terms with that boy.
-we’ll wait until she comes down, then go up.”
 “where?” i asked.
 “that’s what i am going through all this elaborate preparation to find out.
 i have no more idea than you have.”
@@ -21118,7 +20130,6 @@ he turned it over and over carefully.
 “by george,” he muttered, “it has been fired off.”
 kennedy glanced more minutely at the body.
 there was not a mark on it.
-i stared about vacantly at the place where winters had picked the thing up.
 “look,” i cried, my eye catching a little hole in the baseboard of the woodwork near it.
 “it must have fallen and exploded on the floor,” remarked kennedy.
 “let me see it, winters.”
@@ -21238,7 +20249,6 @@ i must either elope with schloss, or lose his aid.
 the thought of either was unendurable.
 i hated him—yet was dependent on him.
 “to-night i met him, in his empty apartment, alone.
-i knew that he had what was left of his money with him, that everything was packed up.
 i went prepared.
 i would not elope.
 my plan was no less than to make him pay the balance on the necklace that he had lost—or to murder him.
@@ -21277,7 +20287,6 @@ muller is outside.”
 “muller?” she cried.
 “he made the replica.”
 “very well.
-i am going to clear this thing up.
 come.
 you must.”
 it was all confused to me, the dash in a car to the little pawnbroker’s on the first floor of a five-story tenement, the quick entry into the place by one of muller’s keys.
@@ -21312,11 +20321,9 @@ it was too late.
 “for god’s sake, kennedy,” shouted a voice at the street door, “what are you doing here?”
 it was mclear himself.
 he had come with the hale patrol, on his mettle now to take care of the epidemic of robberies.
-before craig could reply a cab drew up with a rush at the curb and two men, half fighting, half cursing, catapulted themselves into the shop.
 they were winters and moulton.
 without a word, taking advantage of the first shock of surprise, kennedy had clapped a piece of chemical paper on the foreheads of mrs. moulton, then of moulton, and on muller’s.
 oblivious to the rest of us, he studied the impressions in the full light of the counter.
-moulton was facing his wife with a scornful curl of the lip.
 “i’ve been told of the paste replica—and i wrote schloss that i’d shoot him down like the dog he is, you—you traitress,” he hissed.
 she drew herself up scornfully.
 “and i have been told why you married me—to show off your wicked jewels and help you in your—”
@@ -21602,7 +20609,6 @@ say that i love!--and you will be nearer the mark!
 now don't look so mystified, and don't ask me any more questions just now--to-night, when we are sitting together in the library, i'll tell you the whole story of my babylonian adventure!"
 and with a light parting wave of the hand he left the room, and villiers heard him humming a tune softly to himself as he ascended the stairs to his own apartments, where, ever since he arrived, he had made it his custom to do two or three hours' steady writing every morning.
 for a moment or so after he had gone villiers stood lost in thought, with knitted brows and meditative eyes, then, rousing himself, he went on to his study, and sitting down at his desk wrote an answer to the duchess de la santoisie accepting her invitation.
- chapter xxxiv.
 rewards of fame.
  an habitual resident in london who is gifted with a keen faculty of hearing and observation, will soon learn to know instinctively the various characteristics of the people who call upon him, by the particular manner in which each one handles his door-bell or knocker.
 he will recognize the timid from the bold, the modest from the arrogant, the meditative thinker from the bustling man of fashion, the familiar friend from the formal acquaintance.
@@ -21850,7 +20856,6 @@ no, indeed!--i wish every man in london were as sane and sound as you are!"
 and alwyn's eyes sparkled mirthfully--"perhaps you will alter your opinion then!"
 --here, collecting his scattered manuscripts, he put them by--"i've done work for the present,"--he said--"shall we go for a walk somewhere?"
 villiers assented, and they left the room together.
- chapter xxxv.
 one against many.
  the beautiful and socially popular duchess de la santoisie sat her at brilliantly appointed dinner-table, and flashed her bright eyes comprehensively round the board,--her party was complete.
 she had secured twenty of the best-known men and women of letters in all london, and yet she was not quite satisfied with the result attained.
@@ -21923,8 +20928,6 @@ that's plain practical philosophy."
 "indeed!"
 --alwyn's glance swept over him with a faint, cold scorn --"and what religion do the scientific and cultured classes propose to invent as a substitute?"
 "there's no necessity for any substitute,"--said the gentleman rather impatiently.. for those who want to believe in something supernatural, there are plenty of different ideas afloat, esoteric buddhism for example,--and what is called scientific religion and natural religion,--any, or all, of these are sufficient to gratify the imaginative cravings of the majority, till they have been educated out of imagination altogether:--but, for advanced thinkers, religion is really not required at all."
-[footnote: the world is indebted to mr. andrew lang for the newest "logical" explanation of the religious instinct in man:--namely, that the very idea of god first arose from the terror and amazement of an ape at the sound of the thunder!
-so choice and soul-moving a definition of deity needs no comment!]
 "nay, i think we must worship something!"
 retorted alwyn, a fine satire in his rich voice, "if it be only self!--self is an excellent deity!--accommodating, and always ready to excuse sin,--why should we not build temples, raise altars, and institute services to the glory and honor of self?--perhaps the time is ripe for a public proclamation of this creed?--it will be easily propagated, for the beginnings of it are in the heart of every man, and need very little fostering!"
 his thrilling tone, together with the calm, half-ironical persuasiveness of his manner, sent a sudden hush down the table.
@@ -21954,7 +20957,6 @@ and self-slaughter, though it may be called madness, is far more often the resul
 "of course, too much learning breeds brain disease"--remarked dr. mudley sententiously--"but only in weak subjects,--and in my opinion the weak are better out of the world.
 we've no room for them nowadays."
 "you say truly, sir,"--replied alwyn--"we have no room for them, and no patience!
-they show themselves feeble, and forthwith the strong oppress them;--they can hope for little comfort here, and less help.
 it is well, therefore, that some of these 'weak' should still believe in god, since they can certainly pin no faith on the justice of their fellow-man!
 but i cannot agree with you that much learning breeds brain disease.
 provided the learning be accompanied by a belief in the supreme wisdom,--provided every step of study be taken upward toward and
@@ -22195,7 +21197,6 @@ as he spoke, his arms closed more surely about her,--his lips met hers,--and in
 then, with a surging, jubilant sound, like the sea in a storm, the music seemed to tread past in a measured march of stately harmony,--and presently there was silence once more,--the silence and sunshine of the morning pouring through the rose windows of the church and sparkling on the cross above the altar,--the silence of a love made perfect,--of twin souls made one!
 and then edris drew herself gently from her lover's embrace and raised her head,--putting her hand confidingly in his, a lovely smile played on her sweetly parted lips:
 "take me, theos," she said softly, "lead me,--into the world!"
-*     *     *     *     *     *
 slowly the great side-doors of the cathedral swung back on their hinges,--and out on the steps in a glorious blaze of sunlight came poet and angel together.
 the one, a man in the full prime of splendid and vigorous manhood,--the other, a maiden, timid and sweet, robed in gray attire with a posy of white flowers at her throat.
 a simple girl, and most distinctly human,--the fresh, pure color reddened in her cheeks,--the soft springtide wind fanned her gold hair, and the sunbeams seemed to dance about her in a bright revel of amaze and curiosity.
@@ -22217,7 +21218,6 @@ her inquiring gaze softened into a celestial compassion.
 "come,--let us go!"
 she said gently.
 "we twain, made one in love and faith, must hasten to begin our work!--darkness gathers and deepens over the sorrowful star,--but we, perchance, with christ's most holy blessing, may help to lift the shadows into light!"
-*     *     *     *     *     *     *
 away in a sheltered mountainous retreat, apart from the louder clamor of the world, the poet and his heavenly companion dwell in peace together.
 their love, their wondrous happiness, no mortal language can define,--for spiritual love perfected as far exceeds material passion as the steadfast glory of the sun outshines the nickering of an earthly taper.
 few, very few, there are who recognize, or who attain, such joy,--for men chiefly occupy themselves with the semblances of things, and therefore fail to grasp all high realities.
@@ -22248,7 +21248,6 @@ the end.
  venus is a man's world
 by william tenn
 illustrated by gene fawcette
-[transcriber's note: this etext was produced from galaxy science fiction july 1951. extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the u.s. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
  actually, there wouldn't be too much difference if women took over the earth altogether.
 but not for some men and most boys!
  i've always said that even if sis is seven years older than me--and a girl besides--she don't always know what's best.
@@ -22265,7 +21264,6 @@ that meant only the ship's crew was up and about.
 ship's crews are men; women are too busy with important things like government to run ships.
 i felt free all over--and happy.
 now was my chance to really see the eleanor roosevelt!
-*       *       *       *       *
 it was hard to believe i was traveling in space at last.
 ahead and behind me, all the way up to where the companionway curved in out of sight, there was nothing but smooth black wall and smooth white doors--on and on and on.
 gee, i thought excitedly, this is one big ship!
@@ -22281,7 +21279,6 @@ i looked for the important things.
 as i trotted along the crossway, i sort of wished that sis hadn't decided to go after a husband on a luxury liner.
 on a cargo ship, now, i'd be climbing from deck to deck on a ladder instead of having gravity underfoot all the time just like i was home on the bottom of the gulf of mexico.
 but women always know what's right, and a boy can only make faces and do what they say, same as the men have to do.
-still, it was pretty exciting to press my nose against the slots in the wall and see the sliding panels that could come charging out and block the crossway into an airtight fit in case a meteor or something smashed into the ship.
 and all along there were glass cases with spacesuits standing in them, like those knights they used to have back in the middle ages.
 "in the event of disaster affecting the oxygen content of companionway," they had the words etched into the glass, "break glass with hammer upon wall, remove spacesuit and proceed to don it in the following fashion."
 i read the "following fashion" until i knew it by heart.
@@ -22290,7 +21287,6 @@ i'd sure like to get into one of those!
 bet it would be more fun than those diving suits back in undersea!
 and all the time i was alone.
 that was the best part.
-*       *       *       *       *
 then i passed deck twelve and there was a big sign.
 "notice!
 passengers not permitted past this point!"
@@ -22319,7 +21315,6 @@ of course, i never pay much attention to sis when she says such dumb things.
 i'm old enough, i guess, to know that it isn't what women like and appreciate that counts when it comes to people getting married.
 if it were, sis and three hundred other pretty girls like her wouldn't be on their way to venus to hook husbands.
 still, if i wasn't a passenger, the sign didn't have anything to do with me.
-i knew what sis could say to that, but at least it was an argument i could use if it ever came up.
 so i broke the law.
 i was glad i did.
 the stars were exciting enough, but away off to the left, about five times as big as i'd ever seen it, except in the movies, was the moon, a great blob of gray and white pockmarks holding off the black of space.
@@ -22331,7 +21326,6 @@ high up on the wall in glowing red letters were the words, "lifeboat 47. passeng
 crew: eleven.
 unauthorized personnel keep away!"
 another one of those signs.
-*       *       *       *       *
 i crept up to the porthole nearest it and could just barely make out the stern jets where it was plastered against the hull.
 then i walked under the sign and tried to figure the way you were supposed to get into it.
 there was a very thin line going around in a big circle that i knew must be the door.
@@ -22388,13 +21382,11 @@ and what's undersea?"
 "well, in undersea we called foreigners and newcomers drylegs.
 just like on venus, i guess, you call them dryhorns."
 and then i told him how undersea had been built on the bottom of the gulf of mexico, when the mineral resources of the land began to give out and engineers figured that a lot could still be reached from the sea bottoms.
-*       *       *       *       *
 he nodded.
 he'd heard about the sea-bottom mining cities that were bubbling under protective domes in every one of the earth's oceans just about the same time settlements were springing up on the planets.
 he looked impressed when i told him about mom and pop being one of the first couples to get married in undersea.
 he looked thoughtful when i told him how sis and i had been born there and spent half our childhood listening to the pressure pumps.
 he raised his eyebrows and looked disgusted when i told how mom, as undersea representative on the world council, had been one of the framers of the male desuffrage act after the third atomic war had resulted in the maternal revolution.
-*       *       *       *       *
 he almost squeezed my arm when i got to the time mom and pop were blown up in a surfacing boat.
 "well, after the funeral, there was a little money, so sis decided we might as well use it to migrate.
 there was no future for her on earth, she figured.
@@ -22430,7 +21422,6 @@ shook the dead-dry dust of the misbegotten, god forsaken mother world from my fe
 the women on it deserve their men.
 my pockets were folded from the fines, and the paddlefeet were looking for me so close i didn't dare radio for more munit.
 so i stowed away."
-*       *       *       *       *
 for a moment, i didn't understand him.
 when i did, i was almost ill. "y-you mean," i choked, "th-that you're b-breaking the law right now?
 and i'm with you while you're doing it?"
@@ -22462,7 +21453,6 @@ he grinned with a mighty set of teeth.
 "oh, a nestful.
 of course, they were all killed in the blue chicago rising by the macgregor boys--all except me and saskatchewan.
 then sas and me hunted the macgregors down.
-took a heap of time; we didn't float jock macgregor's ugly face down the tuscany till both of us were pretty near grown up."
 i walked up close to where i could see the tiny bright copper coils of the blaster above the firing button.
 "have you killed a lot of men with that, mr.
 butt?"
@@ -22473,7 +21463,6 @@ he frowned and sighted at the light globe.
 i'm a peaceable planter.
 way i figure it, violence never accomplishes much that's important.
 my brother sas, now--"
-*       *       *       *       *
 he had just begun to work into a wonderful anecdote about his brother when the dinner gong rang.
 butt told me to scat.
 he said i was a growing tadpole and needed my vitamins.
@@ -22507,7 +21496,6 @@ evelyn was a healthy girl, for instance; how healthy, exactly, i had no way of f
 yes, i'd tell him, my aunts on both sides of my family each had had more than the average number of children.
 no, we'd never done any farming to speak of, back in undersea, but--yes, i'd guess evelyn knew about as much as any girl there when it came to diving equipment and pressure pump regulation.
 how would i know that stuff would lead to trouble for me?
-*       *       *       *       *
 sis had insisted i come along to the geography lecture.
 most of the other girls who were going to venus for husbands talked to each other during the lecture, but not my sister!
 she hung on every word, took notes even, and asked enough questions to make the perspiring purser really work in those orientation periods.
@@ -22557,7 +21545,6 @@ i insisted.
 a boy who, i might add, has previously shown a ridiculous but nonetheless entirely masculine boredom with political philosophy.
 i plan to have a government career on that new planet you talk about, ferdinand--after i have found a good, steady husband, of course--and i don't look forward to a masculinist radical in the family.
 now, who has been filling your head with all this nonsense?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 i was sweating.
 sis has that deadly bulldog approach when she feels someone is lying.
 i pulled my pulpast handkerchief from my pocket to wipe my face.
@@ -22604,7 +21591,6 @@ i tried to catch his eye so i could give him some kind of hint or explanation, b
 she didn't give ground, though; i'll say that for her.
 she only came to his chest, but she had her arms crossed sternly.
 "first, mr. brown," she began, like talking to a cluck of a kid in class, "you realize that you are not only committing the political crime of traveling without a visa, and the criminal one of stowing away without paying your fare, but the moral delinquency of consuming stores intended for the personnel of this ship solely in emergency?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 he opened his mouth to its maximum width and raised an enormous hand.
 then he let the air out and dropped his arm.
 "i take it you either have no defense or care to make none," sis added caustically.
@@ -22619,11 +21605,9 @@ earth is a weary old world."
 "it's a world of strong moral fiber compared to yours, mr. alberta lee brown."
 hearing his rightful name made him move suddenly and tower over her.
 sis said with a certain amount of hurry and change of tone, "what do you have to say about stowing away and using up lifeboat stores?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 he cocked his head and considered a moment.
 "look," he said finally, "i have more than enough munit to pay for round trip tickets, but i couldn't get a return visa because of that brinosaur judge and all the charges she hung on me.
 had to stow away.
-picked the eleanor roosevelt because a couple of the boys in the crew are friends of mine and they were willing to help.
 but this lifeboat--don't you know that every passenger ship carries four times as many lifeboats as it needs?
 not to mention the food i didn't eat because it stuck in my throat?"
 "yes," she said bitterly.
@@ -22650,7 +21634,6 @@ you figured out from what the boy told you that i was chewing on you for a wife.
 you're healthy and strong, got good heredity, you know how to operate sub-surface machinery, you've lived underwater, and your disposition's no worse than most of the anura i've seen.
 prolific stock, too."
 i was so excited i just had to yell: "gee, sis, say yes!"
-*       *       *       *       *
 my sister's voice was steaming with scorn.
 "and what makes you think that i'd consider you a desirable husband?"
 he spread his hands genially.
@@ -22679,7 +21662,6 @@ sis ran the tip of her tongue kind of delicately from side to side of her mouth.
 then she stepped back slowly and looked at him as if she were figuring out how many feet high he was.
 she kept on moving backward, tapping her chin, while butt and i got more and more impatient.
 when she touched the lifeboat door, she pushed it open and jumped out.
-*       *       *       *       *
 butt ran over and looked down the crossway.
 after a while, he shut the door and came back beside me.
 "well," he said, swinging to a bunk, "that's sort of it."
@@ -22713,7 +21695,6 @@ but you had to quote the mother anita law at him, and he's in there doing his du
 he figures the rest of us are family men, too, and there's no sense making orphans."
 "you promised, sis," i told her through my teeth.
 "you promised you wouldn't get butt into trouble!"
-she tossed her spiral curls at me and ground a heel into the purser's instep.
 he screwed up his face and howled, but he didn't let go of her arm.
 "shush, ferdinand, this is serious!"
 it was.
@@ -22726,9 +21707,7 @@ butt growled like a gusher about to blow.
 "i'm counting on your being a good guy, brown."
 the captain's voice quavered just a bit.
 "i'm banking on what i heard about the blast-happy browns every time i lifted gravs in new kalamazoo; they have a code, they don't burn unarmed men."
-*       *       *       *       *
 just about this time, events in the lifeboat went down to a mumble.
-the top of my head got wet and i looked up.
 there was sweat rolling down the second assistant's forehead; it converged at his nose and bounced off the tip in a sizable stream.
 i twisted out of the way.
 "what's happening?"
@@ -22745,7 +21724,6 @@ suddenly we heard.
 "sections forty-three and forty-five, i told him.
 i even made him repeat it after me!"
 "--of the mother anita law, sc 2136, emergency interplanetary directives."
-*       *       *       *       *
 we all waited breathlessly for butt's reply.
 the seconds ambled on and there was no clatter of electrostatic discharge, no smell of burning flesh.
 then we heard some feet walking.
@@ -22779,7 +21757,6 @@ it doesn't become you.
 in just a few days, you'll forget all this and be your simple, carefree self again.
 i really truly meant to keep my word.
 from what you'd told me, mr. brown seemed to be a fundamentally decent chap despite his barbaric notions on equality between the sexes--or worse.
-i was positive i could shame him into a more rational social behavior and make him give himself up.
 then he--he--"
 she pressed her fingernails into her palms and let out a long, glaring sigh at the door.
 "then he kissed me!
@@ -22787,7 +21764,6 @@ oh, it was a good enough kiss--mr. brown has evidently had a varied and colorful
 i was just getting over the colossal impudence involved in his proposing marriage--as if he had to bear the children!--and was considering the offer seriously, on its merits, as one should consider all suggestions, when he deliberately dropped the pretense of reason.
 he appealed to me as most of the savage ancients appealed to their women, as an emotional machine.
 throw the correct sexual switches, says this theory, and the female surrenders herself ecstatically to the doubtful and bloody murk of masculine plans."
-*       *       *       *       *
 there was a double knock on the door and the captain walked in without waiting for an invitation.
 he was still holding butt's blaster.
 he pointed it at me.
@@ -22797,7 +21773,6 @@ i did.
 "forty-three and forty-five," sis interrupted him, her eyes getting larger and rounder.
 "but you gave me your word of honor that no charges would be lodged against the boy!"
 "forty-one and forty-five," he corrected her courteously, still staring fiercely at me.
-"i looked it up.
 of the anita mason law, emergency interplanetary directives.
 that was the usual promise one makes to an informer, but i made it before i knew it was butt lee brown you were talking about.
 i didn't want to arrest butt lee brown.
@@ -22814,14 +21789,12 @@ tell me, please!"
 "can i lower my hands a minute?"
 i asked.
 "no, you can't, son--not according to the armed surveillance provisions of the mother anita law.
-miss sparling, if you'd marry brown--now, now, don't look at me like that!--we could let the whole matter drop.
 a shipboard wedding and he goes on your passport as a 'dependent male member of family,' which means, so far as the law is concerned, that he had a regulation passport from the beginning of this voyage.
 and once we touch venusian soil he can contact his bank and pay for passage.
 on the record, no crime was ever committed.
 he's free, the boy's free, and you--"
 "--are married to an uncombed desperado who doesn't know enough to sit back and let a woman run things.
 oh, you should be ashamed!"
-*       *       *       *       *
 the captain shrugged and spread his arms wide.
 "perhaps i should be, but that's what comes of putting men into responsible positions, as you would say.
 see here, miss sparling, i didn't want to arrest brown, and, if it's at all possible, i'd still prefer not to.
@@ -22841,7 +21814,6 @@ well, not only is butt lee brown a first class catch, but you can't afford to be
 while you're fairly pretty, you won't bring any wealth into a marriage and your high degree of opinionation is not likely to be well-received on a backward, masculinist world.
 then, too, the woman-hunger is not so great any more, what with the marie curie and the fatima having already deposited their cargoes, the mme.
 sun yat sen due to arrive next month...."
-*       *       *       *       *
 sis nodded to herself, waved the door open, and walked out.
 "let's hope," the captain said.
 "like any father used to say, a man who knows how to handle women, how to get around them without their knowing it, doesn't need to know anything else in this life.
@@ -22893,7 +21865,6 @@ i got a hunch that'll keep her pretty busy, though."
 appointment in tomorrow
 by fritz leiber
 illustrated by ed alexander
-[transcriber's note: this etext was produced from galaxy science fiction july 1951. extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the u.s. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
  is it possible to have a world without moral values?
 or does lack of morality become a moral value, also?
  the first angry rays of the sun--which, startlingly enough, still rose in the east at 24 hour intervals--pierced the lacy tops of atlantic combers and touched thousands of sleeping americans with unconscious fear, because of their unpleasant similarity to the rays from world war iii's atomic bombs.
@@ -22915,10 +21886,8 @@ america of the thinkers and (a few remembered) the institute.
 not one impudent photon of the sunlight penetrated the triple-paned, polarizing windows of jorj helmuth's bedroom in the thinker's foundation, yet the clock in his brain awakened him to the minute, or almost.
 switching off the educational sandman in the midst of the phrase, "... applying tensor calculus to the nucleus," he took a deep, even breath and cast his mind to the limits of the world and his knowledge.
 it was a somewhat shadowy vision, but, he noted with impartial approval, definitely less shadowy than yesterday morning.
-employing a rapid mental scanning technique, he next cleared his memory chains of false associations, including those acquired while asleep.
 these chores completed, he held his finger on a bedside button, which rotated the polarizing window panes until the room slowly filled with a muted daylight.
 then, still flat on his back, he turned his head until he could look at the remarkably beautiful blonde girl asleep beside him.
-*       *       *       *       *
 remembering last night, he felt a pang of exasperation, which he instantly quelled by taking his mind to a higher and dispassionate level from which he could look down on the girl and even himself as quaint, clumsy animals.
 still, he grumbled silently, caddy might have had enough consideration to clear out before he awoke.
 he wondered if he shouldn't have used his hypnotic control of the girl to smooth their relationship last night, and for a moment the word that would send her into deep trance trembled on the tip of his tongue.
@@ -22950,7 +21919,6 @@ the buzz-light blinked green and he switched the phone to audio.
 "he has the general staff with him."
 "martian peace to him," jorj helmuth said.
 "tell him i'll be down in a few minutes."
-*       *       *       *       *
 huge as a primitive nuclear reactor, the great electronic brain loomed above the knot of hush-voiced men.
 it almost filled a two-story room in the thinkers' foundation.
 its front was an orderly expanse of controls, indicators, telltales, and terminals, the upper ones reached by a chair on a boom.
@@ -22968,7 +21936,6 @@ gazing up at it, the president of the united states felt a chord plucked within
 here, in a strange sense, although his reason rejected it, he felt he stood face to face with the living god: infinitely stern with the sternness of reality, yet infinitely just.
 no tiniest error or wilful misstep could ever escape the scrutiny of this vast mentality.
 he shivered.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the grizzled general--there was also one who was gray--was thinking that this was a very odd link in the chain of command.
 some shadowy and usually well-controlled memories from world war ii faintly stirred his ire.
 here he was giving orders to a being immeasurably more intelligent than himself.
@@ -22987,7 +21954,6 @@ in world war iii he'd had his fill of the professional physicists, with their et
 the thinkers were better--more disciplined, more human.
 they'd called their brain-machine maizie, which helped take the curse off her.
 somewhat.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the president's secretary, a paunchy veteran of party caucuses, was also glad that it was the thinkers who had created the machine, though he trembled at the power that it gave them over the administration.
 still, you could do business with the thinkers.
 and nobody (not even the thinkers) could do business (that sort of business) with maizie!
@@ -22998,7 +21964,6 @@ no one spoke.
 jorj looked up at the secretary of space.
 "section five, question four--whom would that come from?"
 the burly man frowned.
-"that would be the physics boys, opperly's group.
 is anything wrong?"
 jorj did not answer.
 a bit later he quit taping and began to adjust controls, going up on the boom-chair to reach some of them.
@@ -23006,7 +21971,6 @@ eventually he came down and touched a few more, then stood waiting.
 from the great cube came a profound, steady purring.
 involuntarily the six officials backed off a bit.
 somehow it was impossible for a man to get used to the sound of maizie starting to think.
-*       *       *       *       *
 jorj turned, smiling.
 "and now, gentlemen, while we wait for maizie in the preparation of copy, consistency of spelling and punctuation is strongly urged, as it not only simplifies the problem for the printer, but also prevents possible misunderstanding of copy and consequent necessity for resetting.
 all paragraphs should be clearly indicated in the copy.
@@ -23022,9 +21986,6 @@ the first thing to be done is to estimate the number of words in the manuscript,
 no allowance is made for fractional lines, as these also occur in the printed page.
 if the manuscript is carefully written, each page will contain the same number of lines, so the total number of words may be found by multiplying the number of words on the page, as arrived at above, by the total number of pages in the manuscript.
 this explains the importance of having a standard number of lines on each page.
-[32] no allowance is made for fractional pages at the end of chapters, as there are also fractional pages in the printed book, and it averages up.
-the front matter has to be estimated separately, with allowance for the blanks on the reverse of bastard-title, dedication, etc.,[33] but the usual number of pages is eight.
-then, again, an allowance of half a page for each chapter sinkage[34] has to be made.
 suppose we have a manuscript of 90,000 words, with 24 chapters: a type page of 280 words gives us 322 pages, to which we add 8 pages for front and 12 pages for chapter sinkages, giving us a volume of about 344 pages.
 as the presswork is usually done in forms of 32 pages, an effort is always made not to exceed even forms by a small number of pages.
 striking out the bastard-title will often save a form of press-work.
@@ -23032,47 +21993,17 @@ various short-cuts have been suggested for estimating the number of words in a p
 here is a table which is as accurate as any short-cut can be:
 words in sq.
 in.
-18-point (great primer), solid     7 14-point (english), solid         10 12-point (pica), solid            14 12-point (pica), leaded[35]       11 11-point (small pica), solid      17 11-point (small pica), leaded     14 10-point (long primer), solid     21 10-point (long primer), leaded    16 9-point (bourgeois), solid        26 9-point (bourgeois), leaded       20 8-point (brevier), solid          30 8-point (brevier), leaded         21 7-point (minion), solid           38 7-point (minion), leaded          27 6-point (nonpareil), solid        47 6-point (nonpareil), leaded       33 5-point (pearl), solid            69 5-point (pearl), leaded           50
 in cases where the number of lines to the inch of certain sizes of type is desired, the following table may be employed up to 18-point body:
 no.
 lines no.
-lines       leaded with size of type         set solid      2-point leads
 5-pt.
-14               10 5½-pt.
-(agate)         13+               9+ 6-pt.
-12                9 8 "                     9                7+ 10 "                     7+               6 12 "                     6+               5+ 14 "                     5+               4+ 18 "                     4                3+
  the sample page
 with these details settled, the sample page is next in order.
 knowing that the book is to be a 12mo (size of leaf 5⅛ × 7⅝) or a 10mo (size of leaf 5½ × 8¼), the printer must "lay out" the page so as to leave margins of proper size and proportion.
 a 12mo type page may vary from 3 × 5¼ inches to 4 × 6¾ inches.
 somewhere within this area, in the given example, the page must contain about 280 words.
-if the manuscript is long, then the type page must be large, the type itself small (never smaller than long primer[36] nor larger than pica[36]), the leads[36] reduced or omitted altogether.
 this is where the printer's taste and skill is given an opportunity for expression: he is the architect of the book, and must not combine types or decorations which are inharmonious, and his proportions must be kept correct.
 for his sample page for the given novel, the printer would select from these standard faces:
-[illustration: pica or 12-point old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmno]
-[illustration: pica or 12-point caslon old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 1234567890 abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw]
-[illustration: pica or 12-point scotch
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 1234567890 abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklm nopqrstuvw]
-[illustration: pica or 12-point modern
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx 1234567890 abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmnop]
-[illustration: small pica or 11-point old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc 1234567890 abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnopq]
-[illustration: small pica or 11-point caslon old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890& abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy]
-[illustration: small pica or 11-point scotch
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijkl abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklmnop]
-[illustration: small pica or 11-point modern
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyz 1234567890 abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklm abcdefghijklmn abcdefghijklmnopq]
-[illustration: long primer or 10-point old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abcde abcdefghijklmnopq abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnopqrstu]
-[illustration: long primer or 10-point caslon old style
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abc abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 & abc abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzis]
-[illustration: long primer or 10-point scotch
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abc abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklmno& abcdefghijklmnopqr]
-[illustration: long primer or 10-point modern
-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abc abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmno abcdefghijklmnop abcdefghijklmnopqr]
 type sizes in the present day are determined by the point system, the fundamental unit of which is the point.
 this is obtained by dividing a length of 13⅘ inches into 996 equal parts, each one being called a point.
 one point is therefore .0138 of an inch or 72.46 points are equal to 1 inch.
@@ -23090,19 +22021,14 @@ in using larger faces for headings and display, or smaller faces for footnotes o
 old-style faces should not be used with modern faces, but the scotch face, which is a cross between old-style and modern, combines well with either.
 as to leading, this volume is leaded with a 1-point lead; between the first and second lines of the preceding paragraph there is no leading (technically, "set solid"); between the second and third, a 2-point lead, and between the third and fourth, a 3-point lead.
 in technical volumes and schoolbooks the old style antique type is largely used for subject-headings and side-notes:
-[illustration: long primer or 10-point old style antique
-=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 abc abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&aj=]
  the typesetting
 with the sample page accepted by the publisher or author, or both, the printer is authorized to proceed with the typesetting.
 setting type by hand is now almost entirely superseded by machine-composition, except for the display pages (such as the title) and where the type itself runs larger than the english (14-point) size, this being the limit of the machines.
-linotype[37] composition is cheaper than monotype,[37] but as the type is cast all in one line, instead of in separate characters, the cost of corrections is much higher.
 to change even a mark of punctuation requires recasting the entire line.
 if the manuscript is reasonably final in its form, the publisher is likely to order linotype composition; otherwise, monotype will be selected.
 both machines carry the standard faces and sizes of type.
  the proofs
 the first proofs sent out by the printer are called "galley-slips," or "galleys.
-"[38] these are supposed to give the author opportunity to make such changes as are absolutely necessary.
-when returned to the printer, these galleys are made up into "page-proofs,"[38] and frequently go again to the author, or the type may be "cast" (made into electrotype plates) at this point.
 when page-proofs are submitted to the author, the publisher expects him to revise them, making sure that all his galley corrections have been properly made, rather than to make further corrections, as changes in the pages are still more expensive than in the galleys.
 if changes must be made, the author should endeavor to have the correction occupy exactly the same space as the matter cut out, or to cut out further matter to make room for the addition.
 otherwise, the page so corrected will contain more than the standard number of lines, which must be thrown forward, and the make-up of each page changed to the end of the chapter.
@@ -23116,20 +22042,15 @@ any marks on the proofs for correction should be made distinct by drawing a shor
 in doing this be sure to write legibly, and do not cover the proof with lines and counter-lines.
 the author should familiarize himself with the standard proofreading marks, and employ these in marking all corrections upon the proofs which are sent him.
 these marks are as follows:
-[illustration: proof marks
 the above marks are the ones most generally used in proofreading.
 there are many others that are required in different classes of work, but these are in the main self-explanatory.
 this display of proof marks and their meanings has been prepared for the graphic arts and endorsed by the boston proofreaders association.
-the graphic arts, boston]
 when the page-proofs are returned to the printer, they are carefully "read for foundry" by the proofreader, and all final changes in the type are then made.
-"bearers"[39] are placed around pages, which are imposed[39] in chases[39] and sent to foundry.
-[39] foundry-proofs are taken at this point.
  the plates
 the process of electrotyping is one of the most interesting steps in the making of a book, and authors will find it well worth while to brave the grime of the black-lead in order to become familiar with the detail.
 in brief, the type form is pressed down into a tablet made of wax or similar substance, in which it leaves an impression.
 this wax tablet is then allowed to remain in a galvanic bath, through which it becomes covered with a coating of copper.
 when separated from the wax, the thin, copper replica of the composed type is backed up by an alloy, and, after passing through various stages in finishing, finally becomes an electrotype plate.
-[39]
  cover design and illustrations
 while the printer has been engaged in putting the manuscript into type, the publisher has had a designer at work upon a cover sketch, and an artist upon such illustrations as the book requires.
 all this has to fall in with the publisher's general scheme for the book as a whole.
@@ -23150,8 +22071,6 @@ as the etching on the copper must be in reverse as regards right and left, in or
 in ordinary practice, a number of such turned negatives are placed together on a single large glass, and exposed together on a large copper plate, to be cut apart afterwards and mounted separately.
 the primary etching is usually supplemented by further processes, such as re-etching, vignetting, hand-tooling and routing.
 the finished plate is finally mounted on a wooden block to the height of type.
-illustrations in full color are reproduced from corresponding originals, usually paintings in oil or water-color, by means of the three-[40] or four-color[40] process of reproduction.
-the plates for this purpose are usually all halftone, but are sometimes a combination of halftones and benday[40] plates.
 two-color halftones have either a tint background, or secondary plate in tint, the latter forming the underground upon which the keyplate is printed in black.
 in the three-color process, the respective plates are printed in yellow, red and blue successively over one another.
 in the four-color process a fourth plate is used to emphasize the blacks of the picture, the plate being virtually a keyplate, combining all the features of the subject, printed on top of the other three colors, usually in black or dark gray.
@@ -23165,26 +22084,16 @@ the method in general is the same as that for halftone work, but without the int
 in lineplates, the light and shade effects are produced by gradations of thick and thin lines, in distinction from the effects of wash-drawings and photographs, which are produced by gradations of tone.
 the latter require the intervention of the screen to convert the full tone gradations into the halftone of the dots and stipples, while the former may, as already noted, be reproduced directly.
 other classes of engravings, of a more costly kind, and which are therefore used only in books of more expensive character, are the various forms of engraving in intaglio; that is to say, in effects produced by cutting or etching the design into and below the surface of the plate, instead of cutting or etching away the ground, and leaving the design in relief.
-examples of this order are the old-time copperplate engraving, the more modern steel-engraving,[41] in the form of line or mezzotint effects,[41] photogravure,[41] and the yet more recent photo-intaglio process known as rotogravure,[41] and photo-mezzotint.
  die cutting
-dies,[41] generally required for stamping the covers of books in gilt letters and designs, are cut in brass by hand or by finely adjusted routing-machines, the design being drawn upon the metal by an artist, or transferred to it by photography.
 in the case of very elaborate designs, the dies are first etched by nitric acid or iron perchloride, and the more open or less intricate spaces then deepened by hand, or by the routing-machines.
  the paper
 in selecting the paper for the book, the publisher must consider the surface required by his plates, the weight necessary to give a proper bulk in proportion to the size of his volume, and the quality as regulated by the price.
-the average book, with no text illustrations, is printed on wove[42] paper of antique finish, which is a fairly rough surface, giving a maximum bulk.
-a 12mo[42] book should bulk 1 to 1⅛ inches, a 10mo[42] book, 1⅛ to 1¼ inches.
 if the book runs more than an average length, a medium-or a plate-finish paper may be used, and the weight per ream is regulated by the number of pages in each volume and the bulk required.
 lineplates print satisfactorily on medium-finish paper, and even on antique-finish if the lines are not too fine.
-halftones require english-finish,[42] super-calendered[42] or coated[42] paper.
-inserts[42] are almost always printed upon coated paper.
-laid[42] paper is used in more expensive books, as, from its nature, better and more costly stock is required in its making.
  the presswork
-books are printed in forms[42] of 4 pages and multiples of 4 pages, depending upon the size of the paper leaf.
 the usual form is 32 pages, so the publisher tries to plan his volume to make approximately even forms.
 to print any number of pages over an even form is as expensive as to print the complete 32 pages.
-[43]
  the binding
-in binding, the questions to be settled include the style of back,--flat, half-round, or round; plain or gilt-top; headband[45] or not; trimmed or uncut edges;[44] kind of cloth,--t pattern,[45] silk,[45] vellum,[45] etc.
 ; color and shade of cloth; location of dies; stamping,--ink, foil, gold or oriental tissue, etc.
 ; jacket,--glassine, manila, or printed.
  the arrangement of the book
@@ -23221,7 +22130,6 @@ the title-page offers the printer and the publisher a tempting opportunity for d
 cobden-sanderson once remarked, as explaining the high prices which he secures for his work, that he always charges more for what he leaves out than for what he puts in.
 the earliest volumes lacked the title-page, because vellum and linen paper were held so high that the expense of an extra leaf was considered an unnecessary luxury.
 in these books that which took the place of the title was at the end, the colophon being in evidence, indicating the name of the illuminator, if not always that of the printer.
-as was the case with the manuscript book, the volume began with the phrase, "here beginneth...." later came piratical reprints, which resulted in making the critical reader insist upon having each volume stamped with the printer's name or mark, as a guarantee of reliable workmanship.
 the first definite step in the direction of the title-page is marked by bibliographers in a little volume printed by arnold ther hoernen, of cologne, in 1470. it consisted of an introduction at the head of a page, the major part of which was left blank.
 whether the printer forgot to place the usual introduction at the head of the first page, and took this way to remedy his error, is not known.
 in general, different faces of type should never be combined upon the title-page, the variations being secured by using smaller sizes of the same face, or harmonizing fonts.
@@ -23230,9 +22138,7 @@ a two-color title-page is rarely a success unless it was originally composed wit
 the decoration should never overbalance the type, and this applies as well to the question of borders on decorated books.
 no matter how beautiful, if the decoration overbalances the type, the volume or the title-page ceases to be an example of typography and becomes something answerable only to itself.
  copyright
-on the reverse of the title-page is ordinarily placed the copyright notice of the volume,[46] usually a little above the center, set in caps and small caps, or in small caps alone.
 at the foot of this same page the printer usually places his imprint.
-[47]
  dedication
 the dedication is a page set in the monumental style, generally in small capitals.
 this must always be a right-hand page, and the reverse must always be blank.
@@ -23260,18 +22166,9 @@ for this reason, publishers have favored the expedient of numbering the prelimin
 the front matter and the chapter pages running through the book offer opportunities for embellishment and distinctive typographical treatment, and therefore should be kept in exact accord, whether elaborate decorations are used or the severest form of typographical simplicity.
  basic sizes of books
 the following list gives the size of leaf to which the various standard names and proportions naturally fold:
-========+============+=====================+============== no.
-pp.
-|   size of  |        name         | size of leaf to form |    sheet   |                     | --------+------------+---------------------+-------------- 32   |    19 × 25 |thirty-two mo (32mo) | 3⅛ × 4¾ 32   |    22 × 29 |twenty-four mo (24mo)| 3⅝ × 5½ 32   |    24 × 32 |eighteen mo (18mo)   | 4  × 6 32   |    27 × 34 |sixteen mo (16mo)    | 4½ × 6¾ 32   |    30½ × 41|duodecimo (12mo)     | 5⅛ × 7⅝ 32   |    33 × 44 |decimo (10mo)        | 5½ × 8¼ 16   |    24 × 36 |octavo (8vo)         | 6  × 9 4   |    18 × 24 |quarto (4to)         | 9  × 12 2   |    18 × 24 |folio                |12  × 18 --------+------------+---------------------+--------------
  english paper sizes
-===================================================== | abbreviated | pages  | watermarks name        |     to      | to one |     in |             | sheet  | hand-made ------------------+-------------+--------+----------- folio             |    fo.
-|    4   | vertical quarto            |    4to      |    8   | horizontal octavo            |    8vo      |   16   | vertical duodecimo         |    12mo     |   24   | horizontal sextodecimo       |    16mo     |   32   | horizontal octodecimo        |    18mo     |   36   | vertical vigesimo-quarto   |    24mo     |   48   | vertical trigesimo-secundo |    32mo     |   64   | vertical ------------------+-------------+--------+-----------
 octavos
-foolscap 6¾ × 4¼ may become crown 7½ × 5 inches crown 7½ × 5      "     "   demy 8¾ × 5⅝ post 8 × 5        "     "   medium 9½ × 6 demy 8¾ × 5⅝      "     "   royal 10 × 6¼ medium 9½ × 6     "     "   super royal 10¼ × 6⅞ royal 10 × 6¼     "     "   imperial 11 × 7½
 quartos
-foolscap 8½ × 6¾ may become crown 10 × 7½ inches crown 10 × 7½     "     "   demy 11¼ × 8¾ post 10 × 8       "     "   medium 12 × 9½ demy 11¼ × 8¾     "     "   royal 12½ × 10 medium 12 × 9½    "     "   super royal 13¾ × 10¼ royal 12½ × 10    "     "   imperial 15 × 11
-pott              15½ × 12½ foolscap          17  × 13½ crown             20  × 15 post              20  × 16 demy              22½ × 17½ medium            24  × 19 double pott       25  × 15½ royal             25  × 20 double foolscap   27  × 17 super royal       27½ × 20½ double crown      30  × 20 imperial          30  × 22 double post       32  × 20 columbia          34½ × 23½ atlas             36  × 26
-octavo      quarto pott           6¼ × 3⅞     7¾ ×  6¼ foolscap       6¾ × 4¼     8½ ×  6¾ crown          7½ × 5     10  ×  7½ post           8  × 5     10  ×  8 demy           8¾ × 5⅝    11¼ ×  8¾ medium         9½ × 6     12  ×  9½ royal         10  × 6¼    12¼ × 10 super royal   10¼ × 6⅞    13¾ × 10¼ imperial      11  × 7½    15  × 11
  margins
 a feature not to be overlooked in the appearance of a well-printed book is that of the margins.
 the perfect type-page is supposed to be proportioned in such a way that its diagonal is twice its width.
@@ -23301,12 +22198,6 @@ some indexes contain only the page references; some are so analytical that a rea
 these, however, represent the two extremes.
 the ordinary index aims to give every reference necessary to enable the reader to locate easily the subject-matter for which he searches, but not a synopsis of that subject-matter.
 the entries should cover, then, with more or less minuteness, as desired, the following:
-(a) proper names, whether of persons, places, religious or political bodies, etc.
-(b) events and periods.
-(c) titles of books to which reference is made.
-(d) specific topics or subjects.
-(e) definitions.
-(f) vital statements.
  plan
 the indexer should decide definitely in his mind just what his procedure is to be before actually beginning work.
 at first, it is well to make the index too full rather than the reverse, as it is easier to cut out than to fill in.
@@ -23322,38 +22213,23 @@ bear in mind particularly the two extremes: the importance of including every re
 use ink, as pencil entries often become illegible.
 write plainly, and do not try to economize space in preparing the copy.
  definition of terms
-=subject=: includes events, places, persons, facts, definitions or topics: e.g., boston, 7; bonnet, father, 155; huron mission, plans for, 129; onontio, meaning of, 102; absolutism, contest with liberty, 274.
-=heading=: the word or words used by the indexer to express the subject or idea.
 in the examples above, the headings are boston, bonnet, father, onontio, etc.
-=entry=: the amplification of the heading, with the addition of the supplementary phrase.
 in the example above, the entry is absolutism, contest with liberty, the supplementary phrase being contest with liberty.
-=cross-reference=: a heading referring to an entry: e.g., michabou.
 see manabozho.
  procedure
 having settled upon a definite plan, the indexer seats himself at a good-sized table, and lays out his materials in front of him.
 after testing every possible method, the present writer strongly urges the use of individual slips of paper, about 2½ inches by 4 inches.
-arranged within easy reach in front of the indexer, but leaving room for the proof-sheets, should be twenty small pasteboard boxes,[48] a little larger than the slips themselves.
-[48] on the inside bottom of each box mark a letter of the alphabet, combining o and q, u and v, and x y z. as soon as a slip is written, throw it into its proper box, and continue throughout the work.
 it is a false economy to search out the slips for subsequent entries, unless they can be easily found, as it is a simple matter at the end to combine the several slips which belong to the same heading.
 here are sample slips, showing a heading which requires full entries and one to which the text contains fewer references.
 the first shows a slip on which the various entries have been combined:
-+-------------------------------------------------------+ | andastes, the, 5; location and characteristics of,    | |   36; synonyms of, 36; plans for converting, 130;     | |   war with mohawks, 147; hurons ask aid from,         | |   162; mortal quarrel with mohawks, 163; promise      | |   to aid hurons, 163; huron fugitives try to reach,   | |   240, 250; mohawks first to bear brunt of war        | |   with, 268; receive aid from swedish colonists, 268; | |   attack senecas, 269; courage their only strength    | |   270; finally overborne by senecas, 270.
-| +-------------------------------------------------------+
 this slip shows the method of indexing a work in more than one volume:
-+-------------------------------------------------+ | james, edwin, gives account of nanabush, i.
-67; | |   on indian ideas of another life, ii.
 79.
-| |                                                 | |                                                 | +-------------------------------------------------+
-in the rules which follow, the basis adopted is "cutter's rules for a dictionary catalogue,"[49] prepared for library cataloguing.
 such portion as applies to book indexing has been freely drawn upon, adapted and added to from the present writer's experience.
  arrangement
 when, under a single entry, there are both subject-references and references by folios only, place the folio-references together at the end of the entry, following the subject-references.
 arrange entries according to the english alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in its original language.
 arrange german names spelled with the vowels ä, ö, ü as if spelled ae, oe, ue, but retain the form employed by the author.
 when the same word serves for several kinds of entries, the order should be as follows: person, place, subject, title: e.g., (1) brown, g. f. (person).
-(2) brown village (place).
-(3) brown-tail moth (subject).
-(4) brown family, the (title).
 forenames precede surnames: e.g., francis i precedes francis, charles.
  adjective-headings
 in general, a noun or a substantive phrase should be selected for the heading, but when an adjective forms part of a name or well-known term, the entry should include it: e.g., alimentary canal, hereditary genius, perpetual motion, etc.
@@ -23371,7 +22247,6 @@ jogues, isaac, referred to, 73.
 orange, fort, bressani sent to, 73.
 rochelle, bressani sent to, 73.
 torture, indian, bressani by the iroquois, 73.
-escape of bressani                           73
 march of several days,--during which bressani, in wading a rocky stream, fell from exhaustion and was nearly drowned,--they reached an iroquois town.
 it is needless to follow the revolting details of the new torments that succeeded.
 they hung him by the feet with chains; placed food for their dogs on his naked body, that they might lacerate him as they ate; and at last had reduced his emaciated frame to such a condition that even they themselves stood in horror of him.
@@ -23385,17 +22260,10 @@ here he
 page from parkman's works.
 by permission little, brown, & co.
  rules and examples
-=names:=
 index under the christian name or forename:
-(a) sovereigns, popes, queens, princes and princesses.
 exceptions: greek or roman sovereigns, princes of the french empire.
-(b) persons canonized: e.g., thomas a becket, saint.
 also make cross-reference: e.g., becket, thomas a. see thomas a becket.
-(c) friars required by the constitution of their order to relinquish their surname: e.g., paolino da s. bartolomeo.
-also make cross-reference under family name: e.g., wesdin, j.p. see paolino da s. bartolomeo.
-(d) persons known only by their first names, whether or not their profession, rank or native place be added: e.g., michelangelo buonarroti, rembrandt van rhijn.
 cross-reference under family name is optional, dependent upon closeness of indexing.
-(e) oriental authors, including jewish rabbis: e.g., abu bakr ibn badr.
 this rule has many exceptions.
 some oriental writers are known and should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as "abu-l-kasim, khalaf ibn abbas," firdusi, abul kasim, etc., known as, or under some appellation as "al-masudi," "at-tabari."
 in arabic names, the words of relationship abu (father), umm (mother), ibn, bin (son), ahu (brother), though not to be treated as names by themselves, are yet not to be disregarded.
@@ -23404,19 +22272,15 @@ but the article al (changed by assonance to ad-, ar-, as-, at-, az-, according t
 in all oriental names, the indexer must be careful not to take titles, as emir, bey, pasha, sri, babu, pundit, for names.
 in regard to east indian names, dr. feigl gives the rule: if there are two names, enter under the first, which is the individual name, with a cross-reference from the second; if there are three or more, enter under the third, which is the family name, with a cross-reference under the first or individual name; the second may be neglected.
  index under the surname:
-(a) in general, all persons not included under previous rules.
 in a few cases, chiefly of artists, a universally-used sobriquet is to be taken in place of the family or forename, as tintoretto (whose real name was giacomo robusti).
 similar cases are canaletto (antonio canale and also b. belotto), correggio (ant.
-allegri), garofalo (benvenuto piero tisi), il sodoma (giov.
 ant.
 bazzi), spagnoletto (jusepe ribera, now however oftener called ribera), uccello (paolo doni).
 always cross-reference from the family name.
-(b) in particular, ecclesiastical dignitaries: e.g., kaye, john, bishop of lincoln.
 lincoln, john, bishop of.
 see kaye.
 bishops usually omit their family name, canons their forename: e.g., canon liddon, bishop of ripon, henry edward, archbishop of westminster, i.e., h. e. manning.
 care must be taken not to treat canon as a forename or edward as a family name.
-(c) married women, using the known form:
 wives often continue writing, and are known in literature only under their maiden names (as miss freer or fanny lewald), or after a second marriage retain for literary purposes the first husband's name.
 enclose the maiden name in parenthesis: e.g., ward, mrs. elizabeth (phelps).
 use the form white, mrs. julia charlotte, wife of j. c., when the husband's name is used: e.g., hopkins, mrs sarah (drake) garretson.
@@ -23433,35 +22297,25 @@ saint-simon, louis de rouvroi, duc de.
 authors should be put under their names.
 the definition of a name is "that by which a person or thing is known."
 noblemen are known by their titles, not by their family names.
-in the few cases in which the family name[50] or a lower title is decidedly better known, index under that and cross-reference from the title: e.g., francis bacon, baron verulam; robert curzon, 14th baron zouche; john napier, baron of merchiston; horace walpole, 4th earl of oxford; likewise the military nobles and princes of the french empire: e.g., lucien bonaparte, prince de canino; mcmahon, duc de magenta.
 englishwomen's titles-of-honor are to be treated by the following rules.
 in the matter of titles an englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose.
 if she marries above her own rank she takes her husband's title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title.
-(a) the wife of a peer takes her husband's style.
 that is, she is baroness, viscountess, marchioness, etc.
 in indexing, say brassey, annie (allnutt), baroness; not brassey, annie (allnutt), lady.
-(b) the wife of a knight or baronet is lady.
 whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.
 that is, if lady mary smith marries sir john brown (either knight or baronet), she is lady mary brown, also if hon.
 mary smith marries sir john brown (knight or baronet) she is lady mary brown; but if miss mary smith marries sir john brown (knight or baronet), she becomes mary, lady brown.
-(c) a maid of honor retains her hon.
 after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.
 thus, if she marries a baronet she is the honᵇˡᵉ lady brown; if a peer, the lady so and so.
 in either case as though she had been a peer's daughter.
-(d) the wife of an earl's (or higher peer's) younger son is never the honᵇˡᵉ lady; if she used the lady before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is honᵇˡᵉ mrs. (not lady)--the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank.
-(e) if the lady to whom the title hon.
 belongs in virtue of her father's rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming hon.
 lady if she marries a knight or baronet, and hon.
 mrs. if her husband has no title.
 none of these courtesy titles is inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.
-(f) the title lady belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.
-(g) the title hon.
 belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes a maid-of-honor to the queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service.
 if a woman who has the title lady becomes maid-of-honor she does not acquire the title hon.
  index compound names according to the usage of the author's fatherland, though if it is known that his practice differs from this usage, his preference should be followed.
 compound names then go:
-(a) if english, under the last part of the name, when the first has not been used alone by the author: e.g., gould, sabine baring-; but halliwell (afterwards halliwell-phillipps), j. o., and locker (afterwards locker-lampson), because they are well-known under the first names.
-(b) if foreign, under the first part.
 both such compound names as gentil-bernard and such as gentil de chavagnac.
 there are various exceptions, when a name has been more known under the last part, as fénelon, not salignac de lamothe fénelon; voltaire, not arouet de voltaire; sternberg, not ungern-sternberg.
 moreover, it is not always easy to determine what is a compound surname in french.
@@ -23469,15 +22323,10 @@ cross-references are necessary whichever way one decides each case, especially w
 in french, a forename is sometimes joined to a surname by a hyphen.
 in such cases make the entry under the family name, with a cross-reference from the forename: e.g., entry, rochette, désiré raoul; cross-reference, raoul-rochette, désiré.
 see rochette.
-(c) in foreign compound names of women also, although the first part is usually the maiden name and the second the husband's name, the entry should generally be under the first, with a cross-reference from the second[51]: e.g., rivé-king, with cross-reference from king, born rivé.
  index surnames preceded by prefixes:
-(a) in french and belgian, under the prefix when it is or contains an article, le, la, l', du, des; under the word following when the prefix is a preposition, de, d': e.g., des essarts, du cange, la fontaine, le sage, l'estoille; but charlevoix, p. f. x. de; estrées, mme d'.
 la and le are often, des is usually, and les is almost without exception printed as one word with the name following, as lafontaine, lesage, lesdiguières; de and d' are sometimes so printed; when they are, enter under the d: e.g., debucourt, decamps, delisle; but bucourt, a. de, camps, c. de, lisle, j. de.
-(b) in english, under the prefix, no matter from what language the name is derived, with cross-references when necessary: e.g., de quincey, van buren.
-(c) in all other languages, under the name following the prefix, with cross-references whenever the name has been commonly used in english with the prefix, as del rio, vandyck, van ess: e.g.
 gama, vasco da, goethe, j. w. von.
 but when the name is printed as one word, entry is made under the prefix, as vanderhaeghen.
-(d) naturalized names with prefixes are to be treated by the rules of the nation adopting them.
 thus german names preceded by von, when belonging to russians, are to be entered under von, as this is the russian custom.
 so when dutch names compounded with van are adopted into french or english (as van laun) the van is treated as part of the family name.
 prefixes are d', de, de la (the name goes under la not de), des, du, l', la, le, les, st, ste (to be arranged as if written saint, sainte), da, dal, dalla, dalle, dai, dagli, del, della, delle, dei (dé or de), degli, da, dos, das, ten, ter, thor, van, vander, van't, ver, am, auf, auf'm, aus, aus'm, in, im, von, vom, zu, zum, zur, a', ap, o', fitz, mac (which is to be printed as it is in the title, whether m', or mc, or mac, but to be arranged as if written mac).
@@ -23486,13 +22335,11 @@ prefixes are d', de, de la (the name goes under la not de), des, du, l', la, le,
 when the name of a fort becomes the name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as fort wayne.
 forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners, however unusual, as will carleton, sally (pratt) mclean, hans droysen, fritz reuter.
 give names of places in the english form.
-(cross-reference from the vernacular, if necessary): e.g., munich not muenchen or münchen, vienna not wien, austria not oesterreich.
 but if both the english and the foreign forms are used by english writers, prefer the foreign form: e.g., dauphiné rather than dauphiny.
 use the modern name of a city and cross-reference to it from the ancient, provided its existence has been continuous and there is no doubt as to the identity.
 distinctive epithets are to be in the same language as the name: e.g.,
 kniaz, fürst von, freiherr zu, duc de magenta, bishop of lincoln, évêque de meaux; but emperor of germany, king of france, not kaiser and roi, when names of sovereign princes are given in english.
 treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person's name; as, clemens alexandrinus.
- prefixes (i.e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as hon., mrs., rev., etc., should in the heading be placed before the christian name (as smith, capt.
 john), and suffixes as jr., d.d., ll.d., after it (as channing, james ellery, d.d.
 ).
 hereditary titles generally follow the christian name, as derby, thomas stanley, 1st earl of; but british courtesy titles (i.e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as wellesley, lord charles (2d son of the duke of wellington).
@@ -23505,12 +22352,10 @@ patronymic phrases, as of dedham, follow all the names; but they must immediatel
 latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, caesar heisterbacensis.
 the name of a king's wife should be written thus: charlotte, queen, consort of george iii of england.
 anne boleyn queen, 2d consort of henry viii of england.
- =countries and places:=
 index under countries or places important events relating to them: e.g., montreal, cartier's description of houses at.
 also make reference under name: e.g., cartier, description of houses at montreal.
 enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with cross-references from the nations taking part in them, and from any name by which they are popularly known: e.g., the congress of london, of paris, of verona, international peace congress at the hague.
 enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties, with a cross-reference from the name of the place of negotiation, when the treaty is commonly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation: e.g., treaty of versailles, barrier treaty, jay's treaty.
- =parties and sects:=
 enter the official publications of any political party or religious denomination or order, under the name of the party, or denomination, or order: e.g.,
 platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., go under democratic party, republican party, etc.
 confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., go under baptists, benedictines, catholic church, church of england, friends, etc.
@@ -23546,10 +22391,7 @@ boston public library.
 example of name: berkshire athenæum; boston athenæum; british museum; forbes library; marucceliana, biblioteca; reuben hoar public library.
 enter observatories under the name of the place: e.g., greenwich, observatory.
 pulkowa, sternwarte; except that:
-(a) university observatories go under the university: e.g., harvard college.
 astronomical observatory, at cambridge.
-(cross-reference from cambridge.)
-(b) any observatory having an individual name may go under that: e.g., lick observatory, yerkes observatory.
 enter expositions under the place where they were held: e.g.,
 buffalo, pan-american exposition, 1901; chicago, world's columbian exposition, 1893; new orleans, world's industrial and cotton centennial exhibition, 1884-85; philadelphia, centennial exhibition, 1876.
 cross-reference from an individual name.
@@ -23571,7 +22413,6 @@ buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules, as museums, gal
 any others should be entered under their names, with a cross-reference from the city.
 headings like charles, george, henry, when very numerous, must be divided into classes, in this order: saints, popes, emperors, kings, princes, and noblemen, others.
 the saints are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, the popes by their number, sovereigns and sovereign princes in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries numerically.
-other persons are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the prepositions:[52] e.g.,
 peter, saint.
 peter, pope.
 peter, the great, emperor of russia.
@@ -23593,7 +22434,6 @@ brown and browne, and the french names beginning with saint and sainte.
 as readers may not always know the spelling of the author's name, cross-references should be made: e.g., brown.
 see also browne.
 arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the same.
-no attention is to be paid to prefixes, as bp., capt., dr., hon., sir, fräulein, miss, mlle., mme., mrs., or to suffixes, as d.d., f.r.s., ll.d., etc.
 when the forenames are the same, arrange chronologically.
 no attention is to be paid to the titles sir, etc.
 : e.g., bart, t. l., comes before bart, thomas, for the same reason that bart comes before barta.
@@ -23605,15 +22445,12 @@ when there are two names exactly the same, add dates if available: e.g., frankli
 if an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in different works, and yet is decidedly better known by the shorter, arrange by that.
 arrange a nobleman's title, under which entry is made, and the name of a bishop's see, from which reference is made to the family name, among the personal names, not with the places: e.g.,
 london, alfred.
-london, david, bp.
 of.
 london, john.
 london, conn. london, eng.
 not london, john.
-london, david, bp.
 of.
 london, conn. nor london, john.
-london, conn. london, david, bp.
 of.
 london, eng.
 danby, john.
@@ -23711,7 +22548,6 @@ arrange incomplete names by the letters.
 when the same letters are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames, arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there are forenames, arrange by them: i.e., put a dot before a line, a line before a star (three lines crossing), etc.
 : e.g.,
 far from the world.
-far ... far *** far, *** b. f. far ..., j. b. farr, john.
 the arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same, by the next; and so on.
 every word, articles and prepositions included, is to be regarded, but not a transposed article: e.g.,
 uncovenanted mercies.
@@ -23722,7 +22558,6 @@ under the greenwood tree; a poem.
 under which king.
 undone task, the.
 undone task done.
-[53]
 it makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that.
 let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed.
 thus home rule is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word home, which brings it before homeless.
@@ -23756,68 +22591,19 @@ care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their names are spel
 thus grace before meals, grace of body, grace the musical term, and grace the theological term, must be four distinct headings.
  glossary of terms
  note.--(b) signifies terms used in connection with binding only.
-(c) terms usually employed in connection with the composing-room.
-(e) terms used in engraving.
-(el) terms used in electrotyping.
-(g) terms used with general significance.
-(p) terms used in connection with presswork.
-=accents= (g).--small marks placed over, under, or through particular letters, used to indicate pronunciation.
-=adams press= (p).--a large platen printing-machine, used for bookwork.
-=agate= (c).--a small size of type equal to 5½ points.
 see point.
-=alignment= (c).--the arrangement of type in straight lines, also the adjustment of the lines of type so that their ends appear in line, vertically.
-=all-along= (b).--in sewing a book, when the thread is passed from kettle-stitch to kettle-stitch, or from end to end in each sheet, it is sewed all-along.
-=alley= (c).--the floor space between stands where compositors work.
-=american russia= (b).--see cowhide.
-=antique type= (c).--fonts of type of an old or medieval character.
 the lines of all the characters are nearly uniform as to thickness; the corners square and bold.
-=aquatint= (e).--a peculiar style of etching on copper or steel in imitation of drawings in sepia or india ink.
-=arabic numbers= (c).--the numeral figures as distinguished from roman characters.
-=art canvas= (b).--a book cloth known both as art canvas and buckram.
-=art work= (e).--see retouching.
-=ascending letters= (c).--letters that ascend to the upper shoulder of the type body; as, b, d, f, h, l, etc.
-=author's proof= (c).--proof sent to the author for inspection and approval.
-=azure tools= (b).--used in binding, where the heavy and wide marks, instead of being a solid mass, are made with horizontal lines.
- =backing= (b).--the process of forming the back in preparing the book for the cover or case, commonly called rounding and backing.
 it is done in three ways; viz.
-(1) by hand with a hammer, (2) by a hand rounding-and-backing machine, (3) by a steam- or electric-driven machine.
-=backing up= (p).--printing the second side of a sheet.
-=band driver and nippers= (b).--tools used in forwarding, to correct irregularities in the bands of flexible backs.
-=bands= (b).--the cords on which the sheets of a volume are sewed.
 when sewed "flexible," the bands show on the back of the book; when bands are let in the back by sawing grooves, narrow strips of leather are glued across the back to look like raised bands.
-=bank= (c).--a high table or bench with a sloping top; when used for type only it is called a standing galley.
-=basket cloth= (b).--this is a fancy weave of cloth, of construction similar to the weaving of wickerwork baskets.
 it is a novelty binding.
-=bastard-title= (c).--the title of a book printed upon a page by itself and preceding the regular title-page.
-=battered= (c).--type, electrotype, or engraving accidentally injured.
-=bead= (b).--an old-time term meaning the head-band, q. v.
-=bearers= (p).--strips of metal or wood, type-high, made up with type to sustain impression while proving, or to bear off the impression on light parts, and to carry the rollers evenly over a form in printing.
-(c).--type-high pieces of metal placed around pages or forms to be electrotyped, to prevent injury to the face of the type or the plates in the subsequent processes, and cut away from the plates before printing.
-=bed= (p).--the flat part of a press upon which the type or form is placed.
 the part on which the sheet is placed is called the platen, or the cylinder.
-=benday plates= (e).--plates made by laying shaded tints on copper or zinc, and etching them to produce colors or combination of colors when printed.
-=beveled sticks= (c).--strips of furniture wider at one end than the other; they are used with wooden quoins in locking up on galleys and in chases.
-=bible india paper= (g).--the thinnest paper made for books, formerly only made in england and italy; now made in america.
 a very high-grade stock.
 see oxford bible paper.
-=binder= (b).--a temporary cover for periodicals and pamphlets, usually arranged so that it may be taken off and attached to subsequent copies of a publication.
 a bookbinder.
-=black letters= (c).--a style of letter or type characterized by black face and angular outlines.
 it was designed by the early printers from a current form of manuscript letter.
-=blank= (g).--a page upon which no printing appears.
-=blank books= (b).--applied to a large variety of books which are bound with blank leaves, or leaves having ruled lines and little or no printing: account books, memorandum books, ledgers, etc.
-=blanking= (b).--term employed in reference to stamping.
 impression made on cloth or leather by heated brass die.
-=bleed= (b).--when the margins of a book or a pad of printed sheets have been trimmed so as to cut into the printing, they are said to bleed.
-=blind tooling or stamping= (b).--impressions of finisher's tools or book-dies without ink or gold-leaf.
 sometimes called antique.
-=blocking press= (b).--a stamping press for impressing blocks or dies on covers.
-=blocks= (c).--the wood or metal bases on which electrotypes and engravings are mounted.
-(p).--mechanical devices used on printing-presses for the purpose of holding plates in their proper positions in the form.
-=board papers= (b).--the part of the end-papers pasted on the board covers.
-=boards= (b).--applied generally to many kinds of heavy cardboard.
 a book with stiff sides covered with paper of any color is said to be bound in paper boards.
-=bock morocco= (b).--a term given to a leather made of persian risca than risca saw into him.
 he did not answer the question, for he penetrated, through the fuliginous vapours whence it proceeded, into the crystal regions of the man's spirit.
 it was he, after a while, who held risca with his eyes, and it was all that was beautiful and spiritual in risca that was held.
 and then herold reached out his hand slowly and touched him.
@@ -23845,7 +22631,6 @@ your telegram was a joy.
 love.
 s.
 beside the bowl of flowers was another note:
-i heard the wheels of your chariot, but her serene high-and-mightiness [her trained nurse] says i am tucked up for the night and can have no receptions, levees, or interviews.
 i tell her she will lose her title and become the kommon kat; but she does n't seem to mind.
 oh, it's just lovely to feel that you 're in the house again.
 s.
@@ -23904,7 +22689,6 @@ she kept a limited intelligence together by means of formulas, as she kept her s
 “i believe in god the father, god the son, and god the holy ghost,” she said, with an air of cutting reproof.
 sir oliver pushed his plate from him, but not the fraction of a millimetre beyond that caused by the impatient push sanctioned by good manners.
 “don't be a fool, julia!”
-“i don't see how a christian woman declaring the elements of her faith can be a fool,” said lady blount, drawing herself up.
 “there are times and seasons for everything,” said sir oliver.
 “if you were having a political argument, and any one asked you whether you believed in tariff reform, and you glared at him and said, i believe in pontius pilate,' you'd be professing christianity, but showing yourself an idiot.”
 “but i don't believe in pontius pilate,” retorted lady blount.
@@ -23921,9 +22705,7 @@ a maid, stella's own maid, came in with a message.
 miss stella's compliments, and were mr. risca and mr. herold having a good supper?
 she herself was about to drink her egg beaten up in sherry, and would be glad if the gentlemen would take a glass of wine with her.
 the young men, accordingly, raised their glasses toward the ceiling and drank to stella, in the presence of the maid, and gave her appropriate messages to take back to her mistress.
-[illustration: 0046]
 it was a customary little ceremony, but in risca's eyes it never lost its grace and charm.
-to-night it seemed to have a deeper significance, bringing stella with her elfin charm into the midst of them, and thus exorcising the spirits of evil that held him in their torturing grip.
 he spoke but little at the meal, content to listen to the talk about stella, and curiously impatient when the conversation drifted into other channels.
 of his own tragedy no one spoke.
 on his arrival, lady blount, with unwonted demonstration of affection, had thrown her arms round his neck, and sir oliver had wrung his hand and mumbled the stiff briton's incoherences of sympathy.
@@ -23942,7 +22724,6 @@ he is not going out to australia as governor-general.”
 “who said he was, my dear?” said sir oliver.
 “if you did n't imply it, you were talking nonsense, oliver,” lady blount retorted.
 “anyhow, oliver, do you think john is taking a wise step?” herold hastily interposed.
-“i do,” said he; “a very wise step.”
 “i don't agree with you at all,” said lady blount, with a snap of finality.
 “your remark, my dear,” replied sir oliver, “does not impress me in the least.
 when did you ever agree with me?”
@@ -23987,7 +22768,6 @@ a gaol was a place of eternal twilight, eternal chill, eternal degradation for t
 it was almost as if the taint hung about her own lavender-scented self.
 she shivered, and drew her chair a few inches nearer the fire.
 was it so preposterous, after all, on john risca's part to fly from the shame into a wider, purer air?
-her cry had been unthinking, instinctive, almost a cry for help.
 she was growing old and soured and worn by perpetual conjugal wranglings.
 john, her kinsman, counted for a great deal in a life none too rich.
 john and stella were nearest to her in the world--first stella, naturally, then john.
@@ -24629,7 +23409,6 @@ but how?
 in lodgings or a flat?
 he went angrily round and round the vicious circle.
 when herold returned, he dragged him round and round, too, until perkins appeared to help him to change for the third act.
-then john had to stop.
 he clapped on his hat.
 he must go and work.
 “and you have n't a single suggestion to make?” he asked.
@@ -24713,7 +23492,6 @@ startled, she lifted up her arms and dropped dandy, who slithered down her dress
 don't you like to hear dickie sing?
 he sings so beautifully.
 the gas-man was here the other day and said that, if i liked, he would enter him for a competition, and he was sure he would get first prize.
-but if you don't like to hear him, dear--though i really can't understand why--i can easily make him stop.” she drew a white napkin from the drawer of the table on which the cage was placed and threw it over the top.
 the feathered steam-whistle swallowed his din in an angry gurgle or two and became silent “poor dickie, he thinks it 's a snowstorm!
 what were we talking about, john?
 do sit down.”
@@ -24754,7 +23532,6 @@ john declined.
 he wanted to accomplish his errand, but the longer he remained in the company of this lady devoid of the sense of values, the more absurd did that errand seem.
 a less obstinate man than he would have abandoned it, but john had made up his mind to act on herold's suggestion, although he mentally bespattered the suggester with varied malediction.
 he rose and, making his way between the flimsy chairs and tables, stood on the hearth-rug, his hands in his pockets.
-unconsciously he scowled at his placid and smiling aunt, who remained seated on the couch, her helpless hands loosely folded on her lap.
 “did you ever hear of a child called unity blake?”
 “was that the girl--”
 “yes.”
@@ -24818,7 +23595,6 @@ can't you see what i'm driving at?
 i want you to come and keep house for me and help me to look after the child.”
 he rose, and his great form towered so threateningly over her that dandy barked at him with a toy terrier's furious and impotent rage.
 “i come and live with you?” gasped miss lindon.
-[illustration: 0094]
 “yes,” said john, turning away and lumbering back to the fireplace.
 the dog, perceiving that he had struck terror into the heart of his enemy, dismissed him with a scornful snarl, and curled himself up by the side of his stupefied mistress.
 it was done; the proposal had been made, according to the demands of his pig-headedness.
@@ -24865,7 +23641,6 @@ she had lived in suburbs all her life, and found croydon--the lord knows why--th
 she had sat under mr. moneyfeather of saint michael's for many years--such a dear, good man who preached such eloquent sermons!
 you could always understand him, too, which was a great comfort.
 and the church was just round the corner.
-in london folks had to go to church by omnibus, a most unpleasant and possibly irreverent prelude to divine worship.
 besides, when you did get to the sacred edifice, you found yourself in a confusing land where all the clergy, even to the humblest deacon, were austere and remote strangers, who looked at members of their congregation with glassy and unsympathetic eyes when they passed them in the street.
 here, in croydon, on the contrary, when she met mr. moneyfeather in public places, he held her hand and patted it and inquired affectionately after dandy's health.
 with a london vicar she could not conceive the possibility of such privileged terms of intimacy.
@@ -24896,7 +23671,6 @@ i suppose unity will have to be taught music and drawing and french like any oth
 “we might begin,” replied john, “with more elementary accomplishments.”
 “i could teach her botany,” said miss lindon, pensively.
 “i got first prize for it at school.
-i still have the book in a cupboard, and i could read it up.
 and i'm so glad i have kept my two volumes of pressed flowers.
 it's quite easy to learn, i assure you.”
 “i'm afraid, my dear,” said john, “you 'll first have to teach her to eat and drink like a christian, and blow her nose, and keep her face clean.”
@@ -24957,7 +23731,6 @@ and nobody was more conscious of this fact than croce himself, who concluded his
 no philosophical system is final, because life itself has no end.
 every system of philosophy, being conditioned by life, can do no more than solve a group of problems historically given, and prepare the conditions for new problems and new systems.
 of his own work in relation to his readers, he conceived as of nothing more than an instrument of work.
-in these last few chapters we shall see croce himself at work on the new problems generated by his own system, trying "more rigidly to eliminate the last remnants of naturalism, and to put a stronger accent on the spiritual unity,"[1] yet constantly defending his conception of the spirit as the unity of distinctions, especially against the mystical tendencies of the new actual idealism.
 while never, in the course of his whole life, has he limited his activity to mere systematic thinking, during the last eleven years he has shown a more marked tendency to return from a philosophy, which is all a meditation of the formal problems of history, to those concrete works of history, by which he was started on his philosophical career; to return to them, however, with a mind in which the original uncertainty and obscurity has given place to a definite consciousness of the nature and purpose of history.
 the passage from the more philosophical to the more historical stage is marked by the publication of a fourth volume of the filosofia dello spirito, in which, under the title of teoria e storia della storiografia, he collected a number of essays written between 1912 and 1913, containing an elaboration of the theory of history already expounded in the logica.
 this volume does not form a new part of the system, but rather the natural conclusion of the whole work, since the problem which it discusses is the one towards which tended all his former inquiries into the forms of the spirit, into their concrete life which is development and history, and the consciousness of which is historical thought.
@@ -24990,8 +23763,6 @@ the last years of the war found croce at work on some of the greatest poetical s
 even his functions as minister of public education during the last two years did not distract him entirely from his studies, and this year of the sixth centenary of dante's death was celebrated by him with the publication of la poesia di dante, which will certainly remain as the most lasting monument raised to the memory of the poet on this occasion.
 this troubled peace cannot make him deviate from the path of his appointed labour any more than the war could; in peace as in war, his duty is his daily task, here and to-day, and his confidence in the morality and usefulness of that work which is his work is as little shaken by the prophets of despair in peace, as it was by the messiahs of the promised land who were so loud above the turmoil of war.
 he is probably now noting with a smile that the same men who talked of the war to end all wars, are now very busy preventing our civilization from dying away; that is, building a peace in the abstract, with programs and words, as they fought a war which was not the war, but a phantasm of their imagination.
- [footnote 1: contributo, p.
-74.]
  ii.
 the theory of history
  two meanings of the word history--history as contemporary history-- history and chronicle--the spirit as history--philology, and philological history--poetical and rhetorical history--universal history--the universality of history: history and philosophy--the unity of thought--philosophy as methodology--the positivity of history--the humanity of history--distinctions and divisions--the history of nature.
@@ -25018,7 +23789,6 @@ how, the history of a feeling or a custom, for instance, of christian humility o
 on the other hand, having established the indissoluble connection of life and thought in history, the doubts that have been advanced about the certainty and utility of history suddenly and totally disappear, and it becomes almost impossible to understand them.
 how could that ever be uncertain, which is a present product of our spirit?
 how could a knowledge be useless, which solves a problem rising from the womb of life?
-"[1]
 if history is thus regarded not as an object but as an activity, not as the irrevocable past but as the living present, the difference between history and chronicle, which is one of the puzzles of historical thought, becomes an important and significant distinction.
 we are used to think that the original form of historical writing is the chronicle, and history a later and maturer development.
 now if history is the consciousness of a present, it follows that history is contemporary with the event; that, therefore, the most meagre chronicle, in the mind of its writer, moved by the actuality of the facts which he records, is already a history in the full sense of the word.
@@ -25030,7 +23800,6 @@ and it will be for ever impossible to understand the effectual process of histor
 to forget one aspect of history and to remember another is nothing but the rhythm of the life of the spirit, which works by determining and individualizing itself, and by in-determining and dis-individualizing the preceding determinations and individualizations, in order to create new and richer ones.
 the spirit would live over again, so to speak, its history, even without those external objects which we call narratives and documents; but those external objects are instruments that it fashions for itself, and preparatory acts that it accomplishes, in order to effect that vital interior evocation, in whose process they resolve themselves.
 and for this purpose the spirit asserts and jealously preserves the 'memories of the past.
-'"[2]
 this practical function of the preservation of the dead documents and records is the work of the pure scholar, of the erudite, the archivist, the archã¦ologist, or what might be termed philology in the strict sense of the word.
 and it is a legitimate and useful function, provided that it does not pretend to be other than it actually is, and to substitute itself for the true process of history, by attempting to make history with the external objects that have been confided to its care.
 philological histories are never anything but mere compilations, learned chronicles, useful repertories; and as such, blameless; but as histories they lack the living spirit, the creative impulse, which alone can transform the document into history.
@@ -25048,7 +23817,6 @@ it is important to make this distinction as clear as possible: the actual intere
 in the distinction of the various forms of spiritual activity, history is not the sentimental or practical moment, but the moment of ultimate consciousness, the reflection and not either the intuition or the action, the thought which is consciousness of life and not life immediate; neither art nor morality, in a word, but philosophy, if by philosophy, we mean not a formal discipline, but all knowledge sub specie universalis.
 the defenders of rhetorical history have become more frequent during and after the war than they were before it, it being only too natural that in times of exceptional stress truth should be made subservient to practical ends, and the man of knowledge should be unwittingly transmogrified into a man of action; and they insist more than ever on the moral efficacy of history as its proper educational value.
 but "if by history we mean both that history which is thought, and those that are poetry, philology or moral will, it is clear that 'history' will enter into the educational process not under one only, but under all these forms; though as history proper, under one only, which is not that of moral education, exclusively and abstractly considered, but of the education or development of thought.
-"[3]
 the conception of history as contemporary history, or present thought, helps us to discard that form of historical scepticism, or agnosticism, which affirms that all we can know of history is but one part, and a very small part, of the whole.
 if we should imagine that infinite whole, in its infinite detail, as present for one moment to our mind, all we could do, would be instantly to proceed to forget it, in order to concentrate our attention on that detail only which answers to a problem and, therefore, constitutes a living and active history.
 that whole is not something of which we can affirm the existence at any given moment, but the eternal phantasm of the thing in itself, the limiting concept of the infinity of our doing and knowing: a naturalistic construction similar to the external and material reality of physical science.
@@ -25056,7 +23824,6 @@ it is this naturalistic process that gives birth to agnosticism, in history as i
 a further consequence is that we must renounce the knowledge of universal history, not as a fact, because as such it has never existed, but as a pretence under which, in fact, we are given something quite different.
 the pretence consists (and it will be well to recall croce's own words, written long before some recent attempts, which in those words find their precise valuation) in "reducing within a single frame all the facts of mankind, from its origins on earth to the present day; or rather, since in this way history would not be truly universal, from the origins of things or from the creation to the end of the world; hence a tendency to fill the abysm of prehistory or of the origins with theological or naturalistic novels, and somehow to outline the future, either with revelations or with prophecies, as in the christian universal history (which extended to the anti-christ and to the universal judgment), or with forecasts, as in the universal histories of positivism, democraticism, and socialism.
 such is the pretence; but the fact turns out to be different from the intention, and what we get is either a more or less heterogeneous chronicle, or a poetical history expressing some aspiration of the heart, or even a true history, which is not universal but particular, though embracing the life of many nations and of many epochs; and, more often, in the same literary body we discern these divers elements, one by the side of the other.
-"[4]
 universal history is a utopian ideal similar to those of a universal language, or of universal art, or of a law that should be valid for all times; the only useful meaning of the word universal when applied to history is that of a recommendation to enlarge the sphere of our historical interests, and to turn from the knowledge of one time and one people to that of the great facts and currents of history.
 but a denial of the validity of universal history must not be understood as withdrawing from history the knowledge of the universal.
 the reader who has followed us through the preceding chapters, and especially through our analysis of the historical judgment, knows how the concreteness and individuality of history is determined by thought, and therefore known as a universal.
@@ -25066,7 +23833,6 @@ it is of history, thus conceived, of contemporary history, as opposed to the nat
 history renounces the pretence of an objective universality in the same way as philosophy, immanent in and identical with history, abolishes the idea of a universal philosophy: the two negations are but one, since the closed system, the final truth, is as much a cosmological novel as universal history is.
 "this tendency was implicit in hegel's philosophy, but contrasted within it by old prejudices, and wholly betrayed in the execution, so that even that philosophy converted itself into a cosmological novel; we can therefore say that that which at the beginning of the nineteenth century was a mere presentiment, only at the beginning of the twentieth is transforming itself into a firm consciousness, which defies the fears of the timid, that in this way we endanger the knowledge of the universal; maintaining that, on the contrary, in this way only this knowledge is obtained truly and for ever, because in a dynamic mode.
 history becoming actual history, and philosophy becoming historical philosophy, have freed themselves, one from the dread of not being able to know that which is not known only because either it was or it will be known, and the other, from the despair of never attaining the final truth: that is, both have freed themselves from the phantasm of the 'thing in itself.
-'"[5]
 this final affirmation of the unity of human thought, this qualification of all thought as at the same time historical and philosophical, is the last answer given by croce to the problem which had occupied him for the last twenty years, ever since his first speculations on history as art.
 from the consideration of the individual moment which is essential to history, he had slowly raised himself to the contemplation of the pure universal, only to return finally to the individual moment in which only the universal realizes itself.
 and while this answer can be regarded, on the whole, as the natural conclusion of the idealistic movement in philosophy, yet it differs from kant in its ultimate repudiation of the noumenon, from hegel, in that it makes it impossible to build, side by side with a dynamic logic, a mythology of the idea, a philosophy of history and of nature, in which the transcendental element, eliminated already from the logic, should find its ultimate refuge.
@@ -25078,7 +23844,6 @@ but philosophy itself is profoundly modified once we fully realize that its hist
 to these belong the belief in the existence of a fundamental problem of philosophy, which remains the same throughout the history of human thought, and of which the various philosophies are but successive approximations to an answer; the consequent stress laid on the unity of the system rather than on the fine and clear distinctions; the research of an ultimate truth; and finally, the prejudice by which the philosopher is regarded as a buddha or priest, freed from human passions and human illusions, resting in the pure contemplation of a truth, which, by being tom from the soil of active life that has borne it, cannot but wither away and become as empty and unreal as the buddha's own nirvana frankly professes to be.
 metaphysics to croce is the last incarnation of theology; and the professor of philosophy in our universities, with a culture formed exclusively on the books of the great philosophers of the past, unmoved by the passions and problems of life, is but the heir of the mediã¦val master of theology.
 "a strong advancement of philosophical culture ought to tend towards this result: that all the students of human things, jurists, economists, moralists, men of letters, that is, all the students of historical matters, should become conscious and well-disciplined philosophers; and the philosopher in general, the purus philosophus, should no longer find place among the professional specifications of knowledge.
-"[6]
 we shall not follow our author in all his developments of the theory of history.
 it suffices to say that these developments are obviously but new presentations, made here and there more precise and more coherent, of the various problems already discussed in the preceding volumes of the filosofia dello spirito.
 we shall thus recognise in croce's criticism of the philosophy of history as a special discipline, distinct both from history as such and from a so-called general philosophy, his polemic against transcendence, either metaphysical or naturalistic; and in his claim for the positivity of history, his theory of value, by which the only real values are the positive ones, coinciding with the fact, while negative values are but expressions of feelings and desires.
@@ -25102,18 +23867,6 @@ the accent is continually laid, in croce's thought, on the history of man, and o
 we are probably touching here on one of the possible, and probable, lines of development of croce's philosophy; which, however, will not become actual until the historical problems of the living nature shall not urge croce himself, or one of his successors, as powerfully as the problems of human history have moved him.
 at present, with very rare exceptions, the students of the history of nature are occupied in transforming their historical experience into classes and types and laws; but a time may come when from the naturalistic constructions we shall be able more frequently to recreate the life of which these are but the dead spoils, the accumulated vestiges, by the same process by which history re-kindles the old chronicles into new, contemporary life.
 that such a development is implied in croce's own theory of history can hardly be questioned, though, when realized, it will undoubtedly react on more than one point of croce's logic.
- [footnote 1: teoria e storia, pp.
-5-6.]
-[footnote 2: teoria e storia, pp.
-15-16.]
-[footnote 3: teoria e storia, pp.
-35-6.]
-[footnote 4: teoria e storia, p.
-46.]
-[footnote 5: teoria e storia, pp.
-51-2.]
-[footnote 6: teoria e storia, p.
-145.]
  iii.
 criticism and history
  beyond the system--the universality of art--the discipline of art--poetry, prose and oratory--classicism and impressionism-- practical personality and poetical personality--the monographic method in criticism--the reform of ã¦sthetic history--criticism as philosophy--sensibility and intelligence.
@@ -25121,7 +23874,6 @@ criticism and history
 to croce himself, the whole of his work appears no longer as a system, but as "a series of systematizations," and his filosofia dello spirito, as a series of "volumes on the problems slowly gathering in his mind since the years of his youth."
 no wonder, therefore, that his later work should contain "thoughts that break the bars of the so-called system, and give, to a close scrutiny, new systems or new 'systematizations,' since always the whole moves with every one of our steps."
 no wonder that he should feel that he will continue to philosophize even if one day he shall abandon "philosophy," "as this is what the unity of philosophy and history implies: that we philosophize whenever we think, and of whatever object and in whatever form we may think.
-"[1] and in fact, in these last few years, croce has given many a severe shock to the faithful worshippers of his system, sometimes by extending his tolerance, or even his approval, to types of speculation apparently remote from his own, but in which he recognises, under a radically different aspect, some of the living impulses, and spiritual interests by which his own thought is moved; and sometimes by developing new theories, through which intellectual positions criticised by him at an earlier stage of his work were reã«stablished as having a new meaning and value, once they were approached from a new and higher standpoint, partly reached by means of that same critical process which had previously revealed them as errors.
 croce's conception of the function of error in the history of human thought, while making him violently intolerant of actual negative error, leads him to search painstakingly for that element of truth which is the reality of every error; and in this respect too, his philosophical career is as it were roughly divided into two periods, one of critical dissolution, and the other of critical reconstruction, respectively corresponding to the building up of the system, and to the successive liberation from the shackles of the system itself.
 croce's name will certainly be remembered in the future, if on no other account, as that of the only philosopher who never became the slave of his dead thought.
 his coherence is never of the letter, but of the spirit.
@@ -25139,7 +23891,6 @@ one may be inclined to grant that every severance and isolation of the two terms
 but the pure intuition, or artistic representation, abhors abstraction; or rather it does not even abhor it, since it knows it not, because of its naã¯ve or auroral cognitive character.
 in it, the individual lives by the life of the whole, and the whole is in the life of the individual; and every true artistic representation is itself and the universe, the universe in that individual form, and that individual form as the universe.
 in every accent of a poet, in every creature of his phantasy, there is the whole of human destiny, all the hopes, the illusions, the sorrows and the joys, all human greatness and all human misery, the entire drama of reality, which perpetually becomes and grows upon itself, suffering and rejoicing.
-"[2]
 this recognition of the implicit universality of the ã¦sthetic expression does not abolish, as it might seem to a superficial observer, the distinction between ã¦sthetic and logical knowledge; it rather makes it clearer and truer.
 an imperfect recognition may lead to an intellectualistic or mystic theory of art; and intellectualism and mysticism in ã¦sthetics remain for croce as typical forms of error, whether they are directed towards a confusion between intuition and judgment, or towards a symbolical or allegorical interpretation of art, or towards a semi-religious theory of art as the revelation of the deus absconditus.
 but the truth that those errors tried to express in their imperfect formulas, is finally understood by him to be that character of universality which belongs to every aspect and to every fragment of the living reality.
@@ -25150,7 +23901,6 @@ this further determination of the concept of expression is used by croce to clar
 thus the old categories of poetry, prose, and oratory reappear, but no longer as criteria of material classification, no longer to be identified with classes or genres of expression.
 they become synonyms, respectively, of the ã¦sthetic, the logical, and the practical activity; to be used as instruments of literary and artistic criticism, if the critic is willing to renounce all external helps and material standards, and to penetrate into the "individuality of the act, where only it is given to him to discern the different spiritual dispositions, and what is poetry from what is not poetry.
 under the semblance of prose, in a comedy or in a novel, we may find a true and deeply felt lyric; as under that of verse, in a tragedy or in a poem, nothing but reflection and oratory.
-"[3] it is easy to perceive how this distinction will also react on croce's theory of language as intuition and expression, not by altering its initial position, but by offering new means for the empirical analysis of the facts of language, the nature of which is obviously determined by the kind of impulse which man obeys in the individual act of expression.
 by the employment of such a method, the history of language as ã¦sthetic expression can be qualified and illumined through the consideration of the moments in which language ceases to be a pure act of ã¦sthetic creation, and is subordinated, as a symbol or instrument, to the purposes of the logical and practical mind.
 similarly, in the history of poetry or of art, the consideration of the logical and practical moments in the expression will help to define and isolate that which is purely ã¦sthetic expression, that is, poetry and art.
 croce's expressionistic theory, when thus understood, differs both from other expressionistic theories and from the narrow interpretations of croce's own theory that have been given by some of his followers and by all his adversaries.
@@ -25164,17 +23914,14 @@ they may have an indirect utility for the definition of the ã¦sthetic personal
 but in the apprehension of art, the critic must prescind from the biographical elements, because "the artist himself has prescinded from them in the act of creation of his work of art, which is a work of art inasmuch as it is the opposite of the practical life, and is accomplished by the artist raising himself above the practical plane, abandoning the greatest part of his practical feelings, and transfiguring those even that he seems to preserve, because putting them into new relations.
 the artist, as we say, 'transcends time,' that is, the 'practical time,' and enters the 'ideal time,' where actions do not follow actions, but the eternal lives in the present.
 and he who pretends to explain the ideal time by the practical time, the imaginative creation by the practical action, art by biography, unwittingly denies art itself, and reduces it to a practical business, of the same kind as eating and making love, producing goods or fighting for a political cause.
-"[4]
 this concept of the ã¦sthetic personality, which we find clearly defined in croce's most recent essays, was the guiding principle of all his literary criticism, since the time when he started his series of studies on modern italian literature.
 he had inherited it from de sanctis, whose work, in so far as it is ã¦sthetic and not moral or political history, can be regarded as a collection of powerful characterizations of ã¦sthetic personalities.
 but, in his first attempts in literary criticism, croce employed it tentatively in what then appeared to him only as the preparatory stage of his work; beyond the individual characterizations, and once these had been sufficiently determined, he still thought of the possibility of a general literary history, in which these should find their place as parts of a more complex organism of critical thought.
 but when he had completed his task, in a series of remarkable essays, some of which will have fixed for a long time to come the physiognomy of the most notable italian writers of the last half-century, he perceived that he had practically exhausted the ã¦sthetic problems which the work of those writers presented to his mind: a general literary history of the period could have been nothing but a new arrangement of the same ideas and valuations contained in the individual essays.
 thus the monographic method .which he had originally adopted for convenience' sake, justified itself in the practice of his work, or rather proved to be the only legitimate method of literary and general artistic history.
 all the vague abstractions with which modern nationalistic or sociological histories of art and poetry are crammed, reveal themselves ultimately as either generalizations of individual characteristics, or concepts borrowed from the economic and moral history of a nation or people, more or less irrelevant to the purposes of ã¦sthetic criticism.
-the true unity in the consideration of the history of art cannot be reached by the establishment of purely external and material relations between work and work, between artist and artist, but only by making one's critical estimate of the individual work or artist sufficiently vast and sufficiently deep.
 "contemporaries, related or opposed to the individual poet, his more or less partial and remote forerunners, the moral and intellectual life of his time, and that of the times which preceded and prepared it, these and other things are all present (now expressed, now unexpressed) in our spirit, when we reconstruct the dialectic of a given artistic personality.
 undoubtedly, in considering a given personality we cannot, in the same act, consider another or many others or all others, each for itself; and psychologists call this lack of ubiquity the 'narrowness of the threshold of consciousness,' while they ought to call it the highest energy of the human spirit, which sinks itself in the object that in a given moment interests it, and does not allow itself under any condition to be diverted from it, because in the individual it finds all that interests it, and, in a word, the whole.
-"[5]
 this is the purport of the essay on la riforma della storia artistica e letteraria (1917), and this is the method deliberately followed by croce in his recent essays on ariosto, goethe, shakespeare, corneille and dante, which ought to be studied not only as characterizations of the various poets, of the feeling or tonality which is peculiar to each of them and constitutes their ã¦sthetic personality, but also as sources for the methodology of literary criticism.
 to his theory croce brings a two-fold corroboration, first, from the observation of the fact that it coincides with a more and more widespread tendency in both literary and artistic history towards the monographic form, the individual essay, as the most effectual type of criticism; and second, from the analogy with other forms of history.
 all history, and not ã¦sthetic history only, is essentially monographic; all history is the history of a given event or of a given custom or of a given doctrine, and all history reaches the universal only in and through the individual.
@@ -25182,32 +23929,15 @@ the only obstacles to a general acceptation of this view are, on one side, a per
 prospectuses, handbooks, dictionaries and encyclopedias are not the ideal of history: they are instruments of which we shall always make use as practical helps for the critical research; but what is living and real thought in them is but an echo of the actual thinking of individual problems.
 all ã¦sthetic criticism, and therefore all ã¦sthetic history, is this thinking of logical problems, rooted in the concrete ground of the works of art, which are in their turn solutions of ã¦sthetic problems.
 for this the dynamic conception of the human spirit imports that every one of its acts is a creation, or a doing, in the particular form in which the spirit realizes itself; art, a creation, in respect to which all spiritual antecedents assume the aspect of a given ã¦sthetic problem; history or philosophy, a creation on the substance of reality presenting itself as a logical problem; and the whole sphere of the theoretical spirit, "a theoretical doings which is the perpetual antecedent and the perpetual consequent of the practical doing.
-"[6] the mere recreation of the ã¦sthetic impression given by a work of art is not yet criticism; the critic as a mere artifex additus artifici is not yet a critic, but still an artist.
 criticism, like all other history, is not feeling or intuition, but intelligence and thought.
 every history of criticism will therefore ultimately coincide with the history of ã¦sthetic theories, with the philosophy of art.
 we thus reach again, by a new path, the identification of history with philosophy; to which, in this particular case, the most common objection is that what is required in a critic is much more an exquisite ã¦sthetic sensibility than an elaborate concept of what art is as a category of the human mind.
 but the objection rests on a misunderstanding of the proper function of criticism.
 what sensibility can give is but the immediate apprehension or taste of the work of art, critically dumb in itself; on the other hand, it is impossible to conceive of a true intelligence of art, "without the conjoined capacity to understand the individual works of art, because philosophy does not develop in the abstract, but is stimulated by the acts of life and imagination, rises for the purpose of comprehending them, and understands them by understanding itself.
-"[7] the mere ã¦sthetic sensibility makes but a new artist; what makes the critic is his philosophy.
 here also, however, as during the whole course of our inquiry, we must not identify philosophy with the official history of philosophical disciplines, which offers a large number of theories of ã¦sthetics only remotely related to the concrete works of art, to the concrete processes of ã¦sthetic creation, but with the whole history of human thought, with the working out of particular problems successively presented to the intelligence of man by the actual developments of poetry and art.
 the ã¦sthetic judgment, like every other judgment, is a synthesis of the individual intuition, or subject, and of the universal category, or predicate; and this is but another way of stating the identity of ã¦sthetic criticism, as of all forms of history, with philosophy.
 the critic must be endowed with a power to give new life, within his own mind, to the intuitions of the artist, but this is for him but the soil in which his thought must spread its roots; it is true that without that power, no criticism is possible, but it is equally true that no philosophy of art can grow on any but that same soil.
 the ultimate test of the validity of ã¦sthetic thought is in its capacity to expand our sphere of ã¦sthetic apprehension; and pure ã¦sthetics is but the methodological moment of ã¦sthetic history or criticism.
- [footnote 1: contributo, pp.
-79-81.]
-[footnote 2: nuovi saggi, di estetica, p.
-126.]
-[footnote 3: nuovi saggi, p. 142. also conversazioni critiche, i, pp.
-58-63.]
-[footnote 4: nuovi saggi, p.
-231.]
-[footnote 5: nuovi saggi, p.
-181.]
-[footnote 6: l'arte come creazione (1918), in nuovi saggi, p.
-160.]
-[footnote 7: la critica letteraria come filosofia (1918), in nuovi saggi, p.
-217.]
- iv.
 veritas filia temporis
  quid est veritas?--platonism, or transcendental idealism--naturalism, or transcendental realism--the idea of progress--progress and truth: evolutionism--pragmatism--croce's new pragmatism--the immanence of value--the actuality of truth--truth as history: the function of error and of evil--the foundations of croce's thought.
  there is one problem in the history of human thought, which, however conscious we might be of the multiplicity and historical contingency of philosophical problems, yet can appear to us as the ultimate or central one, if only because it is an abstract interrogation describing the attitude of the philosopher, and to which every concrete logical research, every act of thought, can be reduced.
@@ -25264,7 +23994,6 @@ on the other hand, in the actual process of time, all forms of human activity ar
 if life conditions thought, we have in this fact the clearly established demonstration of the always historically conditioned form of every thought: and not of art only, which is always the art of a time, of a soul, of a moment, but of philosophy also, which can solve but the problems that life proposes.
 every philosophy reflects, and cannot help reflecting, the preoccupations, as they are called, of a determined historical moment; not, however, in the quality of its solutions (because in this case it would be a bad philosophy, a partisan or passional philosophy), but in the quality of its problems.
 and because the problem is historical, and the solution eternal, philosophy is at the same time contingent and eternal, mortal and immortal, temporary and extratemporary.
-"[1] croce's conception of truth is his philosophy, and it is not my intention to summarize here what this book presents in what is already so rapid a survey.
 i wish only to point again at those doctrines of his, through which progress and truth are reconciled, without any sacrifice of the one to the other.
 truth is for croce a universal value or category of consciousness: its absoluteness rests on its character of universality, but, as a universal has no real being outside its concrete actuality, truth is nowhere if not in the individual judgment, that is, in the mind that creates it.
 it is strange that this mode of its manifestation should be considered to impair the quality of truth, while a similar objection would hardly be raised to-day in regard to other forms of spiritual activity.
@@ -25308,95 +24037,66 @@ of these discoveries the one that until now has attracted the greatest attention
 but the establishment of the economic principle, that is of the world of nature, of feeling, of passion, as a positive grade of the spiritual process, will probably be counted as croce's greatest achievement, by those who shall be able to look back on his work with an ampler perspective.
 it is through it that his philosophy of the spirit, and in this philosophy, the consciousness of our day, has taken possession of that other world, of that persistent transcendance, which we call nature.
 in this direction lies, undoubtedly, the future course of the thought of an age, to which, in this afterglow of a great conflagration, all problems seem to gather into the one of the subjection to its better and higher self, the utilization for its purer purposes, of its own cumbersome economic body, of its nature and of its passions.
- [footnote 1: filosofia della pratica, p.
-208.]
  bibliographical note
  croce's complete works form a collection of twenty-eight volumes, in four distinct series, published by laterza e figli, of bari, who are also the publishers of la critica, and of the following collections initiated or directed by croce: scrittori d'italia, scrittori stranieri, classici della filosofia moderna.
 we give here a full list of the opere di benedetto croce, adding to the title of each volume the year of the last available edition, the years of their composition having already been indicated in the text:
 filosofia dello spirito ("philosophy of the spirit"):
 vol.
 i, estetica, 1912.
-(translated under the tide of "ã†sthetic.")
 vol.
 ii, logica, 1917.
-(translated under the tide of "logic.")
 vol.
 iii, filosofia della pratica, 1915.
-(translated under the tide of "the philosophy of the practical: economics and ethics.")
 vol.
 iv, teoria e storia della storiografia, 1920.
-(translated under the tide of "theory and history of historiography" in england, and under the ride of "history: its theory and practice" in the united states.)
  saggi filosofici ("philosophical essays"):
 vol.
 i, problemi di estetica, 1910 ("problems of ã†sthetics.")
 vol.
 ii, la filosofia di giambattista fico, 1911.
-(translated under the title of "the philosophy of vico.")
 vol.
 iii, saggio sullo hegel, 1913.
-("essay on hegel," followed by essays on the history of philosophy; the essay on hegel translated under the tide of "what is living and what is dead in the philosophy of hegel.")
 vol.
 iv, materialismo storico ed economia marxistica, 1918.
-(translated under the title of "historical materialism and marxian economics.")
 vol.
 v, nuovi saggi di estetica, 1920.
-("new essays on ã†sthetics"; contains the breviario di estetica, translated under the title of "the essence of ã†sthetics.")
 vol.
 vi, frammenti di etica, 1922.
-("fragments of ethics.")
 scritti di storia letteraria e politica.
-("writings on literary and political history"):
 vol.
 i, saggi sulla letteratura italiana del seicento, 1911.
-("essays on italian literature in the seventeenth century.")
 vol.
 ii, la rivoluzione napoletana del 1799, 1912.
-("the neapolitan revolution of 1799.")
 vols.
 iii-vi, la letteratura della nuova italia, 1914-15.
 "(the literature of the new italy.")
 vol.
 vii, i teatri di napoli, 1916.
-("the theatres of naples.")
 vol.
 viii, la spagna nella vita italiana durante la rinascenza, 1917.
-("spain in italian life during the renaissance.")
 vols.
 ix-x, conversazioni critiche, 1918.
-("critical conversations.")
 vol.
 xi, storie e leggende napoletane, 1919.
-("historical tales and legends of naples.")
 vol.
 xii, goethe, 1919.
 vol.
 xiii, una famiglia di patrioti, 1919.
-("a family of patriots"; includes essays on francesco de sanctis.)
 vol.
 xiv, ariosto, shakespeare e corneille, 1920.
-(translated under the title of "ariosto, shakespeare, and corneille.")
 vols.
 xv-xvi, storia della storiografia italiana, 1920.
-("the history of italian historiography.")
 vol.
 xvii, la poesia di dante, 1921.
-("the poetry of dante.")
  scritti varii.
-("miscellaneous writings"):
 vol.
 i, primi saggi, 1919.
-("early essays.")
 the following volumes are not included in the laterza edition of croce's works:
 cultura e vita morale, bari, 1914.
-("culture and moral life.")
 aneddoti e profili settecenteschi, palermo, 1914.
-("anecdotes and profiles of the eighteenth century.")
 contributo alla critica di me stesso, naples, 1918.
-("contribution to a criticism of myself"; one hundred copies printed for private distribution.)
 curiositã  storiche, naples, 1920.
-("historical curiosities.")
 pagine sparse, edited by g. castellano, naples, 1919-1920.
-("scattered pages," consisting of pagine di letteratura e di cultura, 2 vols.
 ; pagine sulla guerra; and memorie, scritti biografici e appunti storici.)
  a complete bibliography, cataloguing the whole of croce's multifarious activity, is outside the scope of this note.
 the nearest approach to it can be found in g. castellano's introduzione alle opere di b. croce, bari, 1920, which contains, besides, a full list of translations in eight languages, a bibliography of the italian and foreign critical literature on croce, and a very useful series of abstracts of discussions and judgments on croce's work.
@@ -25404,74 +24104,39 @@ besides articles and essays in american and english magazines and reviews, the f
 but the english or american student of croce ought to rely as little as possible on translations; the reading of the italian text will be found comparatively easy, on the basis of a good acquaintance with latin or with french.
 the labour entailed by the surmounting of the first difficulties will be largely repaid by the advantages gained in coming into direct contact with croce's thought, and by the acquisition of at least a reading knowledge of italian.
 for the vast critical literature on croce, scattered through the literary and philosophical reviews of europe and of america during the last twenty years, we are compelled again to refer the reader to castellano's book.
-we shall only mark out croce's own autobiographical notes, the contributo listed above, which, however, having been printed for private circulation only, is not generally accessible except in the french translation printed in the revue de mã©taphysique et de morale, xxvi, pp.
 1-40. the following are the only books which give a general view of croce's thought: g. prezzolini, benedetto croce, naples, 1909; e. chiocchetti, la filosofia di b. croce, florence, 1915; h. wildon carr, the philosophy of b. croce, london, 1917. the first is an able, but very cursory sketch; the second examines croce's philosophy from the standpoint of neoscholasticism; the third is an ample summary written by a distinguished writer well acquainted with the various currents of modern thought.
 each of them ought to be read with a critical and discriminating eye.
 in the english-speaking world, croce's fame rests emphatically on his ã¦sthetics, and its applications to literary criticism.
 his influence on english and american critical thought has already gone much deeper than a mere list of writings on his theories would show; especially in england, his ideas are, so to speak, in the air, and appear in many writers who have no direct knowledge of his work.
-the best exposition of this phase of his philosophy is to be found in e. f. carritt's book, the theory of beauty, 1914, chap.
-xiv.
 the writings of a. b. walkley, and of j. e. spingam, contain the most vigorous prosecution of his thought as applied, respectively, to english and to american scholarship and criticism.
 for the general history of italian thought, to which many a reference is made in the course of this book, the best helps, besides croce's essay on vico, and b. spaventa, la filosofia italiana, recently reprinted, bari, 1909, are the historical works of giovanni gentile, and especially his storia della filosofia italiana, milano, n. d. gentile is one of the most profound and earnest modern european thinkers, and it is desirable that his theoretical works, similar in tendency to, but widely divergent in temper from those of croce, should become better known to the anglo-saxon world.
 two of his books, la riforma dell' educazione and teoria generale dello spirito, are soon to appear in english.
-croce's judgment on gentile's actual idealism is expressed in una discussione tra filosofi amici, in conversazioni critiche, ii, pp.
 67-95. but a complete understanding of the vital relations between the two thinkers can be gathered only through an adequate knowledge of both croce's and gentile's work.
- proofreading team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by the google books library project (https://books.google.com)
 note: images of the original pages are available through the google books library project.
-see https://books.google.com/books?id=ek4wrqfbsauc&hl=en
 madame gilbert's cannibal
- *      *      *      *      *      *
 by bennet copplestone
 the lost naval papers the last of the grenvilles jitny and the boys the silent watchers
-e. p. dutton & company
-*      *      *      *      *      *
  madame gilbert's cannibal
 by
 bennet copplestone
 author of "the lost naval papers," etc.
- [illustration: logo]
-new york e. p. dutton & company 681 fifth avenue
-copyright, 1920 by e. p. dutton & company
 all rights reserved
 printed in the united states of america
  contents
-chapter                                   page i. his lordship                          1
 ii.
-madame takes charge                  19
 iii.
-the "humming top"                    35
-iv.
-in the south seas                    50
-v. willatopy: pilot                     60
 vi.
-a night in the straits               79
 vii.
-father and son                       94
 viii.
-tops island                         112
 ix.
-willatopy: sportsman                125
-x. the coming of the hedge lawyer      155
 xi.
-the campaign opens                  167
 xii.
-the sailing of the yawl             183
 xiii.
-white blood                         200
-xiv.
-marie lambert                       215
-xv.
-turtle                              229
 xvi.
-willatopy spurns his gods           246
 xvii.
-farewell to tops island             263
 xviii.
-the hand of madame gilbert          279
 xix.
-in the straits of sunda             296
 xx.
-madame refuses the "humming top"    304
  madame gilbert's cannibal
  chapter i
 his lordship
@@ -25669,7 +24334,6 @@ on these he scores a definite gain.
 a few samples of the prices paid in boyowa and those received in dobu will indicate the amount of this gain.
  kuboma to sinaketa.
 dobu to sinaketa.
-1 tanepopo basket = 12 coco-nuts = 12 coco-nuts + sago + 1 belt 1 comb            =  4 coco-nuts =  4 coco-nuts + 1 bunch of betel 1 armlet          =  8 coco-nuts =  8 coco-nuts + 2 bundles of betel 1 lime pot        = 12 coco-nuts = 12 coco-nuts + 2 pieces of sago
  this table shows in its second column the prices paid by the sinaketans to the industrial villages of kuboma, a district in the northern trobriands.
 in the third column what they receive in dobu is recorded.
 the table has been obtained from a sinaketan informant, and it probably is far from accurate, and the transactions are sure to vary greatly in the gain which they afford.
@@ -25738,7 +24402,6 @@ she took then the stick with the kaloma discs and thrust it into a hole of the r
 it stood there, but when she looked at it, she said: "oh, the people from inland would come and see you and pluck you off."
 she went, she pulled out the stick; she went into a canoe, and she paddled.
 she paddled out into the sea.
-she anchored there, pulled the discs off the stick, and she threw them into the sea so that they might come into the coral outcrop.
 she said: "it is forbidden that the inland natives should take the valuables.
 the people of sinaketa only must dive."
 thus only the sinaketa people know the magic, and how to dive.
@@ -25807,7 +24470,6 @@ the spondylus consists of a shell, the size and shape of a hollowed out half of
 it is only the first part which is worked.
 first it has to be broken into pieces with a binabina or an utukema (green stone imported from woodlark island) as shown on plate l (a).
 on each piece, then, can be seen the stratification of the shell: the outside layer of soft, chalky substance; under this, the layer of red, hard, calcareous material, and then the inmost, white, crystalline stratum.
-both the outside and inside have to be rubbed off, but first each piece has to be roughly rounded up, so as to form a thick circular lump.
 such a lump (see foregrounds of plates l (a), l (b)) is then put in the hole of a cylindrical piece of wood.
 this latter serves as a handle with which the lumps are rubbed on a piece of flat sandstone (see plate l (b)).
 the rubbing is carried on so far till the outside and inside layers are gone, and there remains only a red, flat tablet, polished on both sides.
@@ -25819,7 +24481,6 @@ the polishing is as a rule woman's work.
 this technology is associated with an interesting sociological relation between the maker and the man for whom the article is made.
 as has been stated in chapter ii, one of the main features of the trobriand organisation consists of the mutual duties between a man and his wife's maternal kinsmen.
 they have to supply him regularly with yams at harvest time, while he gives them the present of a valuable now and then.
-the manufacture of kaloma valuables in sinaketa is very often associated with this relationship.
 the sinaketan manufacturer makes his kutadababile (necklace of large beads) for one of his relatives-in-law, while this latter pays him in food.
 in accordance with this custom, it happens very frequently that a sinaketan man marries a woman from one of the agricultural inland villages, or even a woman of kiriwina.
 of course, if he has no relatives-in-law in one of these villages, he will have friends or distant relatives, and he will make the string for one or the other of them.
@@ -25844,11 +24505,9 @@ to-morrow i shall drill."
 this man (the inlander) would bring food, bananas, coco-nuts, sugar cane, he would give it as vakapula: it would be abundant, for soon already the necklace will be finished.
 the same, he would give a big vakapula on the occasion of the rounding up of the cylinder, for soon everything will be finished.
 when finished, we thread it on a string, we wash it.
-(note the change from the third singular into the first plural).
 we give it to our wife, we blow the conch shell; she would go, she would carry his valuable to this man, our relative-in-law.
 next day, he would yomelu; he would catch a pig, he would break off a bunch of betel-nut, he would cut sugar cane, bananas, he would fill the baskets with food, and spike the coco-nut on a multi-forked piece of wood.
 by-and-by he would bring it.
-our house would be filled up.
 later on we would make a distribution of the bananas, of the sugar cane, of the betel-nut.
 we give it to our helpers.
 we sit, we sit (i.e., we wait); at harvest time he brings yams, he karibudaboda (he gives the payment of that name), the necklace.
@@ -25865,7 +24524,6 @@ the real kula article, in which the discs are much thinner, smaller in diameter
 now, having come to an end of this digression on kaloma, let us return for another short while to our sinaketan party, whom we have left on the lagoon of sanaroa.
 having obtained a sufficient amount of the shells, they set sail, and re-visiting tewara and gumasila, stopping perhaps for a night on one of the sandbanks of pilolu, they arrive at last in their home lagoon.
 but before rejoining their people in their villages, they stop for the last halt on muwa.
-here they make what is called tanarere, a comparison and display of the valuables obtained on this trip.
 from each canoe, a mat or two are spread on the sand beach, and the men put their necklaces on the mat.
 thus a long row of valuables lies on the beach, and the members of the expedition walk up and down, admire, and count them.
 the chiefs would, of course, have always the greatest haul, more especially the one who has been the toli'uvalaku on that expedition.
@@ -25917,7 +24575,6 @@ a big tree had been felled, its bark stripped in the middle of the trunk in a la
 there were three men standing in a row before it and pounding away at it.
 a few more men waited to relieve the tired ones.
 the pounding instruments, half club, half adzes, had thick but not very broad blades of green stone, of the same type as i have seen among the mailu natives of the south coast.
-[79]
 the pulp was then carried in baskets to a neighbouring stream.
 at this spot there was a natural trough, one of the big, convex scales, which form the basis of the sago leaf.
 in the middle of it, a sieve was made of a piece of coco-nut spathing, a fibre which covers the root of a coco-nut leaf, and looks at first sight exactly like a piece of roughly woven material.
@@ -25969,36 +24626,13 @@ thus, news would be carried rapidly over great distances, the movements of the v
 as has been said already, a culminating event of an expedition, in this case the arrival of the dobuan fleet in sinaketa, would be always so timed as to happen on, or just before, a full moon, and this would serve as a general orientation for the preliminary movements, such as in this case, the visits of the single canoes.
  the previous uvalaku
 date
-september, 1917         the expedition, led by kouta'uya from sinaketa to dobu.
 preparatory stage
 oct., 1917-feb., 1918   building of new canoes and repairing of old ones, in the district of n.w.
 dobu.
-feb.-march, 1918        sago making, collecting of trade and food.
-middle of march         launching, fitting and loading of the canoes; preliminary magic.
 the sailing
-about 25th march        the dobuan canoes start on their overseas trip.
-about same time         [in boyowa: the vakutans return from kitava with a good haul of mwali].
-same time               [in the amphletts: preparations to sail; collecting food; repairing canoes.]
-about 28th march        [in boyowa: to'uluwa returns from kitava bringing mwali.]
-same time               [in the amphletts: news reach of the approaching fleet from dobu; of the doings in boyowa.]
-29th march              [in the amphletts: part of the canoes sail ahead to vakuta.]
-31st march              the dobuan fleet arrives in the amphletts.
-1st april               they proceed on their journey to boyowa.
-2nd april               [in the amphletts: rest of local canoes sail to boyowa.]
-same day                [in boyowa: the sinaketans go to kiriwina.]
-3rd april               [in boyowa: they return with the armshells.]
 the arrival of the dobuans in boyowa
-3rd april               the dobuan fleet appears in vakuta.
-3rd-5th april           they receive kula gifts, exchange presents and trade in vakuta.
-6th april               arrival of the dobuan fleet in sinaketa, magic at the beach of kaykuyawa, ceremonial reception.
-6th-10th april          the dobuans (as well as the amphlettans) remain in sinaketa, receiving kula presents, giving pari gifts and trading.
-10th april              they all leave sinaketa, receiving talo'i (farewell) gifts.
 the dobuans sail south (and the amphlettans to kayleula and the smaller western trobriand islands).
-10th-14th april         the dobuans are engaged in fishing in the s. lagoon.
 return journey
-14th april              they reappear in vakuta, and receive their talo'i (farewell) gifts.
-15th april              they leave vakuta.
-about 20th or 21st      tanarere (competitive display and comparison) on the beach of sarubwoyna, and return to dobu.
  indeed, from that moment, the events on and about the amphlett islands moved rapidly.
 the day after the visit from the kuyawan canoes, the canoes of the main village of gumasila sailed off to the trobriands, starting therefore a few days ahead of the dobuan uvalaku fleet.
 i rowed over in a dinghy to the big village, and watched the loading and departing of the canoes.
@@ -26232,7 +24866,6 @@ commissioner of indian affairs, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 41, 50, 68, 93, 96, 136, 183
 commissioner of the five civilized tribes, 11, 28, 139, 157.
 communistic life, 399, 400.
 congressional committees, 49, 185, 193, 194.
-coolidge, rev.
 sherman, 201, 278, 284.
 coronado, 233.
 correspondents (data), 213, 214, 216, 260–264, 274–277, 387–397.
@@ -26272,7 +24905,6 @@ dull knife, 319.
  eastman, dr. charles a., 13, 15, 102, 185, 199, 201, 202, 279, 284, 402, 403.
 education, 27, 30, 37, 40, 50, 200–217, 231, 251, 282, 335, 338.
 eldridge, mrs. mary l., 250.
-eliot, rev.
 samuel a., 224, 229, 242, 248.
 ellis, mrs. rose, 78, 407.
 espinosa pedro, 236.
@@ -26319,7 +24951,6 @@ geronimo, 198, 220, 221, 233, 234, 235–240, 373.
 ghost dance, (see messiah craze).
 ghost dance music, 115.
 “ghost dance religion”, 100.
-gilfillan, rev.
 joseph a., 48, 49, 50, 54, 66, 420.
 graham, hon.
 james m., 49, 98, 419, 428.
@@ -26337,10 +24968,8 @@ haskell institute, 13, 29.
 hauke, c. f., 25.
 hawk man, 124.
 health of the indians, 54, 61, 66, 227, 230, 266–277, 345–351.
-heckewelder, rev., 421.
 henderson, d. b., 65.
 henry, robert, 71.
-hermanutz, rev.
 aloysius, 66, 68.
 hinton, john h., 90.
 hodge, dr. f. w., 219, 291.
@@ -26357,7 +24986,6 @@ howard, major john r., 13, 47, 70, 95.
 hrdlicka, dr. ales, 265, 268, 271.
 humphrey, seth k., 13, 224, 367, 368, 372, 373, 376, 421.
 hunter, henry (see weasel).
-hurley, p. j., 164.
 huson, h., 13, 151, 170.
  indian domination, 18.
 indian industries league, 283.
@@ -26375,7 +25003,6 @@ irrigation, 27, 219, 226, 230, 257, 291–298, 337, 374.
 james, george wharton, 12, 15, 241, 290.
 jesus christ, 102.
 johnson, governor john a., 68.
-johnson, rev.
 w. r., 242, 247, 343.
 jones bill, 257.
 jones, col. w. a., 303.
@@ -26385,7 +25012,6 @@ william, 50, 384.
 kelsey, c. e., 13, 282, 327, 336, 337.
 kelsey, dana h., 13, 133, 139, 149, 150, 159, 160, 161, 168, 427.
 keshena, 36, 37.
-ketcham, rev.
 wm.
 h., 224, 229, 242, 248.
 ke-way-din, 72.
@@ -26432,10 +25058,8 @@ mccumber, senator, 141.
 mckee, hon.
 redick, 329.
 mclaughlin, supt.
-(maj., hon.
 ), j., 102, 121, 122, 123, 191, 279, 367, 368.
 mcmurray contracts, 164.
-mcwhorter, l. v., 13, 255, 257, 258, 262.
 medal of red cloud, 419.
 menominee, 35, 36, 40, 41, 43, 268.
 mercer, maj. wm.
@@ -26458,7 +25082,6 @@ minnesota, 33, 265, 366.
 minnesota historical collections, 175.
 mixed-blood indians, 21, 26, 47, 48, 53, 57, 66, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 84, 140, 168, 352–358, 432.
 modocs, 253, 254.
-moffett, rev.
 thomas c., 282.
 mohonk conference, 50, 97, 151, 284, 326, 368, 384, 385, 413, 418, 425.
 money belonging to indians, 26, 40, 42, 47, 62.
@@ -26476,13 +25099,11 @@ mott, hon.
 m. l., 11, 13, 137, 140, 141, 143, 150, 155, 160, 162, 167, 170, 414, 427.
 murphy, dr. joseph a., 14, 273.
 murray, w. n., 428.
-murrow, rev.
 j. s., 137.
  national commission (new), 431–434.
 national indian association, 250, 281, 327, 335.
 navaho, 21, 24, 26, 31, 44, 47, 219, 241–252, 279, 280, 342, 343, 420, 423, 427.
 negro, 23, 132, 205, 401.
-nelles, rev.
 felix, 68, 85.
 nelson act, 59, 64.
 nelson, senator knute, 68.
@@ -26597,12 +25218,10 @@ smiley, hon.
 albert k., 284, 326.
 smiley, hon.
 daniel, 284.
-smith, rev.
 wilkins, 85. waking life.
 it may be worth while to bring forward a few dreams which incidentally illustrate the moral attitude of the dreamer.
 a lady narrated the following dream immediately on awakening: 'i had murdered a woman from some moral or political motive--i forget what--and had come in great agony to my husband with her shoes and watch-chain.
 he promised to help me, and while i was wondering what could be done for the benefit of the woman's family, some one came in and announced that a lecture was about to be given on the beauty of nakedness.
-i then went, with several prim and respectable ladies of my acquaintance [the names were given], into a crowded hall.
 the lecturer who--so far as appearance is concerned--was a well-known member of parliament, then entered and gave a most eloquent address on whitman, nakedness, ugly figures, etc.
 he especially emphasised the fact that the reason people are shocked at nakedness is that they usually only see unbeautiful bodies which repel them because they are unlike their ideals.
 then he put out his hand, and a naked woman entered the room.
@@ -26614,7 +25233,6 @@ i applauded, clapping my hands, but a shiver went through the ladies present; th
 the youth went out, and the lecturer continued.
 at the climax of his oratory, the apollo-like youth entered, dressed as a common soldier, with no appearance of beauty, and in a rough tone said: "'ere!
 i want a shilling for this job."
-(and i sighed to myself: "it is always so.")
 no one had a shilling, and the lecturer proceeded to explain to the man that what he had done was for the sake of art and beauty, and for the moral good of the world.
 "what do i care for that?"
 he returned, "i want a drink."
@@ -26634,7 +25252,6 @@ she agreed with me that the instructions must only mean that the bearer was to o
 at last i took out five shillings and gave it to the woman, telling her that i would assume all the responsibility for opening the letter myself.
 with this she went away well satisfied, saying (as she would in real life), "all right, mrs. ----, you're a lady, and you know.
 all right, my dear."
-then at last i was able to tear open my letter and read these words: "always use sunlight soap."
 my vexation was extreme.'
 on another occasion the same dreamer experienced remorse.
 she imagined she was in a restaurant, and the girl behind the counter pointed to a barrel of beer--a golden barrel, she said, with a magic key--which could only be opened by the owner.
@@ -26667,104 +25284,46 @@ on the whole, it may be said that while the moral attitude of the dreaming state
 it could not well be otherwise.
 our emotional states are intimately bound up with moral relationships; we could not display such highly emotional states as we experience in dreams, with all their tragic accompaniments, in the absence of any sense of morality.
 footnotes:
-[footnote 75: the dependence of sleeping imagination on emotion of organic origin was long ago clearly seen and set forth by the acute introspective psychologist, maine de biran (œuvres inédites, 'fondements de la psychologie,' p.
-102).]
-[footnote 76: jastrow (the subconscious, p. 206) relates a similar case observed in a girl student.]
-[footnote 77: herbert wright, who finds that in children night-terrors are apt to be associated with somnambulism, points out that when the somnambulism replaces the night-terrors it leaves no memory behind (british medical journal, 19th august 1899, p. 465).
 an interesting study of movement in normal and morbid sleep has been contributed by segre ('contributo alla conoscenza dei movimenti del sonno,' archivio di psichiatria, 1907, fasc.
-1.).]
-[footnote 78: this question is, for instance, asked by f. h. bradley ('on the failure of movement in dreams,' mind, 1894, p. 373).
 the explanation he prefers is that the dream vision is out of relation to the very dimly conscious actual position of the body, so that the information necessary to complete the idea of the movement is wanting.
 only as regards the less complicated movements of lips, tongue, or finger, when the motor idea is in harmony with the actual position of the body movements, does movement take place.
 we have no means of distinguishing the real world from the world of our vision; 'our images thus move naturally to realise themselves in the world of our real limbs.
 but the world and its arrangement is for the moment out of connection with our ideas, and hence the attempt at motion for the most part must fail.'
-it is quite true that this conflict is an important factor in dreaming, but it fails to apply to the large number of movements which we dream of actually doing.]
-[footnote 79: the action of some drugs produces a state in this respect resembling that which prevails in dreams.
 'under the influence of a large dose of haschisch,' professor stout remarks (analytic psychology, vol.
-i. p. 14), 'i found myself totally unable to distinguish between what i actually did and saw, and what i merely thought about.'
 not only are the motor and sensory activities relatively dormant, but the central activity is perfectly able, and content, to dispense with their services.
-'thought,' as jastrow says (fact and fable in psychology, p. 386), 'is but more or less successfully suppressed action.']
-[footnote 80: this seems to me to be the answer to the question, asked by freud, (die traumdeutung, p. 227), why we do not always dream of inhibited movement.
 freud considers that the idea of inhibited movement, when it occurs in dreams, has no relation to the actual condition of the dreamer's nervous system, but is simply an ideatory symbol of an erotic wish that is no longer capable of fulfilment.
-but it is certain that sleep is not always at the same depth and that the various nervous groups are not always equally asleep.
-a dream arising on the basis of partial and imperfect sleep can scarcely fail to lead to the attempt at actual movement and the more or less complete inhibition of that movement, presenting a struggle which is often visible to the onlooker, and is not purely ideatory.]
-[footnote 81: this explanation, based on the depth and kind of the sleep, is entirely distinct from the theory of aliotta (il pensiero e la personalità nei sogni, 1905), who believes that dreamers differ according to their nervous type, the person of visual type assisting passively at the spectacle of his dreams, while the person of motor type takes actual part in them.
-i have no evidence of this, though i believe that dreams differ in accordance with the dreamer's personal type.]
-[footnote 82: dugald stewart argued that there is loss of control over the muscular system during sleep, and the body, therefore, is not subject to our command; volition is present but it cannot influence the limbs.
 hammond argued, on the contrary, that stewart was quite wrong; the reason why voluntary movements are not performed during sleep is, he said, that volition is suspended.
-'we do not will our actions when we are asleep.
-we imagine that we do, and that is all' (treatise on insanity, p. 205).
 dugald stewart and hammond, though their phraseology may have been too metaphysical, were, from the standpoint i have adopted, both maintaining tenable positions.
 in one type of dream, we imagine we easily achieve all sorts of difficult and complicated actions, but in reality we make no movement; the ease and rapidity with which the mental machine moves is due to the fact that it is ungeared, and is effecting no work at all.
-in the other type of dream we make violent but inadequate efforts at movement and only partially succeed; the machine is partially geared, in a state intermediate between deep sleep and the waking condition.]
-[footnote 83: jacques le lorrain, revue philosophique, july 1895.]
-[footnote 84: the systematic megalomania of insanity can, however, have its rise in dreams; régis and lalanne (international medical congress, 1900; proceedings, section de psychiatrie, p. 227) met within a short period with four cases in which this had taken place.]
-[footnote 85: this indeed seems to have been recognised by wundt, who regards a 'functional rest of the sensory centres and of the apperception centre,' resulting in heightened latent energy which lends unusual strength to excitations, as a secondary condition of the dream state.
-külpe (outline of psychology, p. 212) argues that the existence of vivid dreams shows that fatigue with its diminished associability fails to affect the central sensations themselves; this increased excitability resulting from dissociation may itself, however, be regarded as a symptom of fatigue; hyperaesthesia and anaesthesia are alike signs of exhaustion.]
-[footnote 86: the exhaustion sometimes felt on awaking from a dream perhaps testifies to its emotional potency.
-delboeuf states that a friend of his experienced a dream so terrible in its emotional strain that on awaking his black hair was found to have turned completely white.]
-[footnote 87: the fundamental character of emotion in dreams has been more or less clearly recognised by various investigators.
 thus c. l. herrick, who studied his own dreams for many months, found that the essential element is the emotional, and not the ideational, and that, indeed, when recalled at once, with closed eyes and before moving, they were nearly devoid of intellectual content (journal of comparative neurology, vol.
 iii.
-p. 17, 1893).
 r. macdougall considers that dreaming is 'a succession of intense states of feeling supported by a minimum of ideational content,' or, as he says again, more accurately, 'the feeling is primary; the idea-content is the inferred thing' (psychological review, vol.
-v. p. 2).
 grace andrews, who kept a record of her dreams (american journal of psychology, october 1900), found that dream emotions are often stronger and more vivid than those of waking life; 'the dream emotion seems to me the most real element of the dream life.'
-p. meunier, again ('des rêves stéreotypés,' journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, september-october 1905), states that 'the substratum of a dream consists of a cœnæsthesia or an emotional state.
-the intellectual operation which translates to the sleeper's consciousness, while he is asleep, this cœnæsthesia or emotional state is what we call a dream.']
-[footnote 88: the night-terrors of children have frequently been found to have their origin in gastric or intestinal disturbance.
 graham little brings together the opinions of various authorities on this point, though he is himself inclined to give chief importance to heart disease producing slight disturbances of breathing, since he has found that in nearly two-thirds of his cases (17 out of 30) night-terrors were associated with early heart disease (graham little, 'the causation of night-terrors,' british medical journal, 19th august 1899).
 it should be added that night-terrors are more usually divided into two classes: (1) idiopathic (purely cerebral in origin), and (2) symptomatic (due to reflex disturbance caused by various local disorders); see e.g.
 guthrie, 'on night-terrors,' clinical journal, 7th january 1899. j. a. symonds has well described his own night-terrors as a child (horatio brown, j. a. symonds, vol.
 i.).
-lafcadio hearn (in a paper on 'nightmare-touch' in shadowings) also gives a vivid account of his own childish night-terrors.]
-[footnote 89: it has not, i believe, been pointed out that such dreams might be invoked in support of the james-lange or physiological theory of emotion, according to which the element of bodily change in emotion is the cause and not the result of the emotion.]
-[footnote 90: this physiological symbolism was clearly apprehended long ago by hobbes: 'as anger causeth heat in some parts of the body when we are awake; so when we sleep the overheating of the same parts causeth anger, and raiseth up in the brain the imagination of an enemy.
 in the same manner as natural kindness, when we are awake, causeth desire and desire makes heat in certain other parts of the body; so also, too much heat in those parts, while we sleep, raiseth in the brain an imagination of some kindness shown.
 in sum, our dreams are the reverse of our waking imaginations; the motion, when we are awake, beginning at one end, and when we dream at another' (leviathan, part 1. ch.
-2).]
-[footnote 91: 'the pains of disappointment, of anxiety, of unsuccess, of all displeasing emotions,' remarks mercier (art.
 'consciousness,' tuke's dictionary of psychological medicine), 'are attended by a definite feeling of misery which is referred in every case to the epigastrium.'
 he adds that the pleasures of success and good repute, aesthetic enjoyment, etc., are also attended by a definite feeling in the same region.
 this fact indicates the extreme vagueness of organic sensation.
 there is in fact much uncertainty and great difference of opinion as to the nature, and even the existence, of organic sensation; see e.g.
-a careful summary of the chief views by dr. elsie murray, 'organic sensation,' american journal of psychology, july 1909.]
-[footnote 92: more than ten years later, the same dreamer, who had entirely forgotten the circumstances of this dream, again had a vivid dream of murder after eating pheasant at night; this time it was she herself who was to be killed, and she awoke imagining that she was struggling with the would-be murderer.]
-[footnote 93: f. greenwood, imagination in dreams, p.
-31.]
-[footnote 94: dreams of railway travelling, and especially of losing trains, are not always associated with headache or any other recognisable condition.
 they constitute a very common type of dream not quite easy to explain.
 dr. savage mentions, for instance, that in his own case scarcely a week passes without such a dream, though in real life he scarcely ever loses a train and never worries about it.
 wundt considers that the dreams in which we seek something we cannot find or have left something behind are due to indefinite coenaesthesic disturbances involving feelings of the same emotional tone, such as an uncomfortable position or a slight irregularity of respiration.
-i have myself independently observed the same connection, though it is not invariably traceable.]
-[footnote 95: e. h. clarke, visions, p.
-294.]
-[footnote 96: an amusing, though solemn, interpretation of an ordinary dream of murder, railway travelling, and impending death, as experienced by anna kingsford, is furnished by her friend and biographer, edward maitland, anna kingsford, vol.
-i. p.
-117.]
-[footnote 97: various opinions in regard to morality in dreams are brought together by freud, die traumdeutung, pp.
-45 et seq.]
-[footnote 98: head ('mental changes that accompany visceral diseases,' brain, 1902, p. 802) refers to the association between visceral pain and the anti-social impulses, and thinks that the viscera, being part of the oldest and most autonomic system of the body, appear in consciousness as 'an intrusion from without, an inexplicable obsession.']
-[footnote 99: 'in my dreams,' w. d. howells remarks, 'i am always less sorry for my misdeeds than for their possible discovery' ('true i talk of dreams,' harper's magazine, may 1895).]
  chapter vi
 aviation in dreams
 dreams of flying and falling--their peculiar vividness--dreams of flying an alleged survival of primeval experiences--best explained as based on respiratory sensations combined with cutaneous anaesthesia--the explanation of dreams of falling--the sensation of levitation sometimes experienced by ecstatic saints--also experienced at the moment of death.
  dreams of flying, with the dreams of falling they are sometimes associated with, may fairly be considered the best known and most frequent type of dream.
 they were among the earliest dreams to attract attention.
 ruths argues that the greek conception of the flying hermes, the god who possessed special authority over dreams, was based on such experiences.
-lucretius, in his interesting passage on the psychology of dreaming, speaks of falling from heights in dreams;[100] cicero appears to refer to dreams of flying; st. jerome mentions that he was subject to them; synesius remarked that in dreams we fly with wings and view the world from afar; cervantes accurately described the dream of falling.
-[101] from the inventors of the legend of icarus onwards, men have firmly cherished the belief that under some circumstances they could fly, and we may well suppose that that belief partly owes its conviction, and the resolve to make it practical, to the experiences that have been gained in dreams.
 no dreams, indeed, are so vivid and so convincing as dreams of flying; none leave behind them so strong a sense of the reality of the experience.
 raffaelli, the eminent french painter, who is subject to the dreaming experience of floating in the air, confesses that it is so convincing that he has jumped out of bed on awaking and attempted to repeat it.
 'i need not tell you,' he adds, 'that i have never been able to succeed.
-'[102] herbert spencer mentions that in a company of a dozen persons, three testified that in early life they had had such vivid dreams of flying downstairs, and were so strongly impressed by the reality of the experience, that they actually made the attempt, one of them suffering in consequence from an injured ankle.
-[103] the case is recorded of an old french lady who always maintained that on one occasion she actually had succeeded for a few instants in supporting herself on the air.
-[104] no one who is familiar with these dreaming experiences will be inclined to laugh at that old lady.
 it was during one of these dreams of levitation, in which one finds oneself leaping into the air and able to stay there, that it occurred to me that i would write a paper on the subject, for i thought in my dream that this power i found myself possessed of was probably much more widespread than was commonly supposed, and that in any case it ought to be generally known.
 people who dabble in the occult have been so impressed by such dreams that they have sometimes believed that these flights represented a real excursion of the 'astral body.'
 this is the belief of colonel de rochas.
-[105] césar de vesme, the editor of the french edition of the annals of psychical research, has thought it worth while to investigate the matter; and after summarising the results of a questionnaire concerning dreams of flying, he comes to the conclusion that 'the sensation of aerial flight in dreams is simply a hallucinatory phenomenon of an exclusively physiological [he means 'psychological'] kind,' and not evidence of the existence of the 'astral body.
-'[106] the fact, nevertheless, that so many people are found who believe such dreams to possess some kind of reality, clearly indicates the powerful impression they make.
 all my life, it seems to me, certainly from an early age, until recently, i have at intervals had dreams in which i imagined myself rhythmically bounding into the air, and supported on the air, remaining there for a perceptible interval; at other times i have felt myself gliding downstairs, but not supported by the stairs.
 in my case the experience is nearly always agreeable, involving a certain sense of power, and it usually evokes no marked surprise, occurring as a familiar and accustomed pleasure.
 on awaking i do not usually remember these dreams immediately, which seems to indicate that they are not due to causes specially operative at the end of sleep, or liable to bring sleep to a conclusion.
@@ -26772,14 +25331,10 @@ but they leave behind them a vague yet profound sense of belief in their reality
 dream-flight, it is necessary to note, is not usually the sustained flight of a bird or an insect, and the dreamer rarely or never imagines that he is borne high into the air.
 hutchinson states that of all those whom he has asked about the matter 'hardly one has ever known himself to make any high flights in his dreams.
 one almost always flies low, with a skimming manner, slightly, but only slightly, above the heads of pedestrians.
-'[107]
 beaunis, from his own experience, describes what i should consider a typical kind of dream-flight as a series of light bounds, at one or two yards above the earth, each bound clearing from ten to twenty yards, the dream being accompanied by a delicious sensation of easy movement, as well as a lively satisfaction at being able to solve the problem of aerial locomotion by virtue of superior organisation alone.
-[108] lafcadio hearn, somewhat similarly, describes, in his shadowings, a typical and frequent dream of his own as a series of bounds in long parabolic curves, rising to a height of some twenty-five feet, and always accompanied by the sense that a new power had been revealed which for the future would be a permanent possession.
 the attempt to explain dreams of flying has led to some bold hypotheses.
 freud characteristically affirms that the dream of flying is the bridge to a concealed wish.
-[109] i have already mentioned the notion that dreams of flight are excursions of the 'astral body.'
 professor stanley hall, who has himself, from childhood, had dreams of flying, argues, with scarcely less boldness, that we have here 'some faint reminiscent atavistic echo from the primeval sea'; and that such dreams are really survivals--psychic vestigial remains comparable to the rudimentary gill-slits not uncommonly found in man and other mammals--taking us back to the far past when man's ancestors needed no feet to swim or float.
-[110] such a theory may accord with the profound conviction of reality that accompanies these dreams, though that may be more easily accounted for; but it has the very serious weakness that it offers an explanation which will not fit the facts.
 our dreams are of flying, not of swimming; but the ancestors of the mammals probably lived in the water, not in the air.
 in preference to so hazardous a theory, it seems infinitely more reasonable to regard these dreams as an interpretation--a misinterpretation from the standpoint of waking life--of actual internal sensations.
 if we can find the adequate explanation of a psychic state in conditions actually existing within the organism itself at the time, it is needless to seek an explanation in conditions that ceased to exist untold millenniums ago.
@@ -26790,43 +25345,32 @@ her movements were not controlled by mechanism, and apparently i did not regard
 it was a vivid dream, and i awoke with a distinct sensation of oppression in the chest.
 in trying to account for this dream, which was not founded on any memory, it occurred to me that probably i had here the key to a great group of dreams.
 the rhythmic rising and falling of the acrobat was simply the objectivation of the rhythmic rising and falling of my own respiratory muscles--in some dreams, perhaps, of the systole and diastole of the heart's muscles--under the influence of some slight and unknown physical oppression, and this oppression was further translated into a condition of perspiring exhaustion in the girl, just as men with heart disease may dream of sweating and panting horses climbing uphill, in accordance with that tendency to magnification which marks dreams generally.
-[111] we may recall also the curious sensation as of the body being transformed into a vast bellows or steam engine, which is often the last sensation felt before the unconsciousness produced by nitrous oxide gas.
-[112] when we are lying down there is a real rhythmic rising and falling of the chest and abdomen, centring in the diaphragm, a series of oscillations which at both extremes are only limited by the air.
 moreover, in this position we have to recognise that the circulatory, nervous, and other systems of the whole internal organism, are differently balanced from what they are in the upright position, and that a disturbance of internal equilibrium always accompanies falling.
 it is also noteworthy (as, indeed, wundt has briefly remarked) that the modifications produced by sleep in the respiratory process itself tend to facilitate its interpretation as a process of flying.
 mosso showed that respiration in sleep is more thoracic than when awake, that it is lengthened, and that the respiratory pause is less marked.
-[113] that is to say that both the aerial element and the actual rhythmic movement of the ribs become accentuated during sleep.
 that the respiratory element is the chief factor in dreams of flying is clearly indicated by the fact that many persons subject to such dreams are conscious on awaking from them of a sense of respiratory or cardiac disturbance.
 i am acquainted with a psychologist who, though not a frequent dreamer, is subject to dreams of flying, which do not affect him disagreeably, but on awaking from them he always perceives a slight flutter of the heart.
 any such sensation is by no means constant with me, but i have occasionally noted it down in exactly the same words after this kind of dream.
-[114] it is worth while to observe, in this connection, how large a number of people, and especially very young people, associate their dreams of flying with staircases.
 the most frequent cause of cardiac and respiratory stimulation, especially in children, who constantly run up and down them, is furnished by staircases, and though in health this fact may not be obvious, it is undoubtedly registered unconsciously, and may thus be utilised by dreaming intelligence.
 there is, however, another element entering into the problem of nocturnal aviation: the state of the skin sensations.
 respiratory activity alone would scarcely suffice to produce the imagery of flight if sensations of tactile pressure remained to suggest contact with the earth.
 in dreams, however, the sense of movement suggested by respiratory activity is unaccompanied by the tactile pressure produced by boots or the contact of the ground with the soles of the feet.
 in addition, also, there is probably, as bergson also has suggested, a numbness due to pressure on the parts supporting the weight of the body.
 sleep is not a constant and uniform state of consciousness; a heightened consciousness of respiration may easily co-exist with a diminished consciousness of tactile pressure due to anaesthesia of the skin.
-[115] in normal sleep it may, indeed, be said that the conditions are probably often favourable to the production of this combination, and any slight thoracic disturbance even in healthy persons, arising from heart or stomach, and acting on the respiration, serves to bring these conditions to sleeping consciousness and to determine the dream of flying.
 dreams of flying are sometimes associated with dreams of falling, the falling sensation occurring either at the beginning or at the end of the dream; such a dream may be said to be of the icarus type.
-[116] jewell considers that the two kinds of dream have the same causation, the difference being merely a difference of apperception.
 the frequent connection between the two dreams indicates that the causation is allied, but it scarcely seems to be identical.
 if it were identical, we should scarcely find that while the emotional tone of the dream of flying is usually agreeable, that of the dream of falling is usually disagreeable.
-[117]
 i have no personal experience of the sensation of falling in normal dreaming, although jewell and hutchinson have found that it is more common than flying, the latter regarding it, indeed, as the most common kind of dream, the dream of flying coming next in frequency.
 a friend who has no dreams of flying, but has experienced dreams of falling from his earliest years, tells me that they are always associated with feelings of terror.
-this suggests an organic cause, and the fact that the sensation of falling may occur in epileptic fits during sleep,[118] seems further to suggest the presence of circulatory and nervous disturbance.
 it would seem probable that while the same two factors--respiratory and tactile--are operative in both types of dream, they are not of equal force in each.
 in the dream of flying, respiratory activity is excited, and in response to excitation it works at a high level adequate to the needs of the organism.
 in the dream of falling it may be that respiratory activity is depressed, while concomitantly, perhaps, the anaesthetic state of the skin is increased.
 in the first state the abnormal activity of respiration triumphs in consciousness over the accompanying dulness of tactile sensation; in the second state the respiratory breathlessness is less influential than a numbness of the skin unconscious of any external pressure.
 this difference is rendered possible by the fact that in dreams of flying we are not usually far from the earth, and seem able to touch it lightly at intervals; that is to say that tactile sensitiveness is impaired, but is not entirely absent as it is in a dream of falling.
-[119]
 in my own experience the sensation of falling only occurs in illness or under the influence of drugs, sometimes when sleep seems incomplete, and it is an unpleasant, though not terrifying, sensation.
 i once experienced it in the most marked and persistent manner after taking a large dose of chlorodyne to subdue pain.
 under such circumstances the sensation is probably due to the fact that the morphia in chlorodyne both weakens respiratory action and produces anaesthesia of the peripheral nerves, so that the skin becomes abnormally insensitive to the contact and pressure of the bed, and the sensation of descent is necessarily aroused.
-[120] it is possible that persons liable to the dream of falling are predisposed to a stage of sleep unconsciousness, in which cutaneous insensibility is marked.
 it is also possible that there is a contributory element of slight cardiac or respiratory disturbance.
-[121]
 in a dream belonging to this group, i imagined i was being rhythmically swung up and down in the air by a young woman, my feet never touching the ground; and then that i was swinging her similarly.
 at one time she seemed to be swinging me in too jerky and hurried a manner, and i explained to her that it must be done in a slower and more regular manner, though i was not conscious of the precise words i used.
 there had been some dyspepsia on the previous day, and on awaking i felt slight discomfort in the region of the heart.
@@ -26835,11 +25379,9 @@ by means of this symbolic imagery we find sleeping consciousness commanding the
 although, in youth, my dreams of flying were of what may be considered normal type, after the age of about thirty-five they tended, as illustrated by the example i have given, to take on a somewhat objective form.
 a further stage in this direction, the swinging movement being transformed to an inanimate object, is illustrated by a dream of comparatively recent date, in which i seemed to see an athlete of the music-hall, a graceful and muscular man, who was manipulating a large elastic ball, making it bound up from the floor.
 on awaking there was a distinct sensation of cardaic tremor and nervousness.
-[122]
 it may seem strange that dreams of flying, if so often due to organic disturbances, should usually be agreeable in character.
 it is not, however, necessary to assume that they are caused by serious interference with physiological functions; often, indeed, they may simply be due to the presence of a stage of consciousness in which respiration has become unduly prominent, as it is apt to be in the early stage of nitrous oxide anaesthesia, that is to say, to a relative wakefulness of the respiratory centres.
 it would seem that the disturbance is frequently almost, or quite, imperceptible on waking, and by no means to be compared with the more acute organic disturbances which result in dreams of murder, although it may be of nervous origin.
-[123] in some cases, however, it appears that dreams of flying are accompanied by circumstances of terror.
 thus a medical correspondent, who describes his health as fairly good, writes in regard to dreams of flying: 'i have often had such dreams, and have wondered if others have them.
 mine, however, are not so much dreams of flying, as dreams of being entirely devoid of weight, and of rising and falling at will.
 a singular feature of these levitation dreams is that they are always accompanied by an intense and agonising fear of an evil presence, a presence that i do not see but seem to feel, and my greatest terror is that i shall see it.
@@ -26850,22 +25392,17 @@ this seems to be an abnormal type of the dream of flight.
 it is somewhat surprising that while dreams of floating in the air are so common and clearly indicate the respiratory source of the dream, dreams of floating on water seem to be rare, for as the actual experience of floating on water is fairly familiar, we might have expected that sleeping consciousness would have found here rather than in the never experienced idea of floating in air the explanation of its sensations.
 the dream of floating on water is, however, by no means unknown; thus rachilde (mme.
 vallette), the french novelist and critic, whose dream life is vivid and remarkable, states that her most agreeable dream is that of floating on the surface of warm and transparent lakes or rivers.
-[124] one of the correspondents of l'intermédiaire des chercheurs et des curieux[125] also states that he has often dreamed of walking on the water.
 it is not only in sleep that the sensation of flying is experienced.
-in hysteria a sense of peculiar lightness of the body, and the idea of the soul's power to fly, may occur incidentally,[126] and may certainly be connected both with the vigilambulism, as sollier terms the sleep-like tendencies of such cases, and the anaesthetic conditions found in the hysterical.
 it is noteworthy that janet found that in an ecstatic person who experienced the sensation of rising in the air there was anaesthesia of the soles of the feet.
 in such hysterical ecstasy, which has always played so large a part in religious manifestations, it is well known that the sense of rising and floating in the air has often prominently appeared.
 st. theresa occasionally felt herself lifted above the ground, and was fearful that this sign of divine favour would attract attention (though we are not told that that was the case), while st. joseph of cupertino, christina the wonderful, st. ida of louvain, with many another saint enshrined in the acta sanctorum, were permitted to experience this sensation; and since its reality is as convincing in the ecstatic state as it is in dreams, the saints have often been able to declare, in perfect good faith, that their levitation was real.
-[127] in all great religious movements among primitive peoples, similar phenomena occur, together with other nervous and hallucinatory manifestations.
 they occurred, for instance, in the great russian religious movement which took place among the peasants in the province of kief during the winter of 1891-2. the leader of the movement, a devout member of the stundist sect, a man with alcoholic heredity, who had received the revelation that he was saviour of the world, used not only to perceive perfumes so exquisite that they could only, as he was convinced, emanate from the holy ghost, but during prayer, together with a feeling of joy, he also had a sensation of bodily lightness and of floating in the air.
 his followers in many cases had the same experiences, and they delighted in jumping up into the air and shouting.
 in these cases the reality of the sensory obtuseness of the skin as an element in the manifestations was demonstrated, for ssikorski, who had an opportunity of investigating these people, found that many of them, when in the ecstatic condition, were completely insensible to pain.
 the sensation of flying is one of the earliest to appear in the dreams of childhood.
-[128] it is sometimes the last sensation at the moment of death.
 to rise, to fall, to glide away, has often been the last conscious sensation recalled by those who seemed to be dying, but have afterwards been brought back to life.
 those rescued from drowning, for instance, have sometimes found that the last conscious sensation was a beatific feeling of being borne upwards.
 piéron has also noted this sensation at the moment of death from disease in a number of cases, usually accompanied by a sense of well-being.
-[129] the cases he describes were mostly tuberculous, and included individuals of both sexes, and of atheistic as well as religious belief.
 in all, the last sensation to which expression was given was one of flying, of moving upwards.
 in some death was peaceful, in others painful.
 in one case a girl died clasping the iron bars of the bed, in horror of being borne upwards.
@@ -26879,86 +25416,29 @@ the prophets and divine heroes of the race have constantly seemed to their devou
 st. peter once thought he saw his master walking on the waves, and the last vision of jesus in the gospels reveals him rising into the air.
 for it is in the world of dreams that the human soul has its indestructible home, and in the attempt to realise these dreams lies a large part of our business in life.
 footnotes:
-[footnote 100: bk.
-iv.
 1014-15:
 'de montibus altis se quasi præcipitent ad terram corpore toto.'
-]
-[footnote 101: 'it has many times happened to me,' says the innkeeper's daughter in don quixote (part i. ch.
 xvi.
-), 'to dream that i was falling down from a tower and never coming to the ground, and when i awoke from the dream to find myself as weak and shaken as if i had really fallen.']
-[footnote 102: chabaneix, le subconscient, p.
-43.]
-[footnote 103: herbert spencer, principles of sociology, 3rd ed., vol.
-i. p.
-773.]
-[footnote 104: l'intermédiaire des chercheurs et des curieux, may 31, 1906.]
-[footnote 105: de rochas describes the phenomenon as 'a property of the human organism, more or less developed in different individuals, when the soul, disengaging itself from the bonds of the body, enters the domain, still so mysterious, of dreams' (l'intermédiaire des chercheurs et des curieux, may 10, 1906).
 in subsequent numbers of the intermédiaire various correspondents describe their own experiences of such dreams.
-in luce e ombra for june 1906, and in the echo du merveilleux for the same date, neither of which i have seen, are given other experiences.]
-[footnote 106: annals of psychical research, november 1896.]
-[footnote 107: horace hutchinson, dreams and their meanings, p.
-76.]
-[footnote 108: american journal of psychology, july-october 1903, p.
-14.]
-[footnote 109: 'the wish to be able to fly,' he declares (eine kindheitserinnerung des leonardo da vinci, p. 59), 'signifies in dreaming nothing else but the desire to be capable of sexual activities.
-it is a wish of early childhood.']
-[footnote 110: stanley hall, american journal of psychology, january 1879, p. 158; also f. e. bolton, 'hydro-psychoses,' ib., january 1899, p. 183; as regards rudimentary gill-slits, bland sutton, evolution and disease, pp.
 48 et seq.
-lafcadio hearn travels still further along this road in search for an explanation of dreams of flight, and evokes a 'memory of vanished planets with fainter powers of gravitation,' but he fails to state when the ancestors of man inhabited these problematical planets.]
-[footnote 111: i retain this statement of my explanation in almost the same words as first written down in 1895. i was not then aware that several psychologists had offered very similar explanations.
 scherner (das leben des traumes, 1861) seems to have been the first to connect the lungs with dreams of flying, though he put forward the explanation in too fanciful a form and failed to realise that other factors, notably a change in skin pressure, are also involved.
-strümpell at a later date recognised this explanation, as well as wundt.]
-[footnote 112: it is the same with chloroform.
 'there are marked sensations in the vicinity of the heart,' says elmer jones ('the waning of consciousness under chloroform,' psychological review, january 1909).
 'the musculature of that organ seems thoroughly stimulated, and the contractions become violent and accelerated.
 the palpitations are as strong as would be experienced at the close of some violent bodily exertion.'
 it is significant, also, as bearing on the interpretation of the dream of flying, that under chloroform 'all movements made appeared to be much longer than they actually were.
 a slight movement of the tongue appeared to be magnified at least ten times.
-clinching the fingers and opening them again produced the feeling of their moving through a space of several feet.']
-[footnote 113: see e.g.
-marie de manacéïne, sleep, p.
-7.]
-[footnote 114: horace hutchinson, who in his dreams and their meanings (1901), has independently suggested that 'this flying dream is caused by some action of the breathing organs,' mentions the significant fact (p. 128) that the idea of filling the lungs as a help in levitation occurs in the flying dreams of many persons.]
-[footnote 115: we have an analogous state of tactile anaesthesia in the early stages of chloroform intoxication.
 thus elmer jones found that this sense is, after hearing, the first to disappear.
 'with the disappearance of the tactile sense and hearing,' he remarks, 'the body has completely lost its orientation.
 it appears to be nowhere, simply floating in space.
-it is a most ecstatic feeling.']
-[footnote 116: lafcadio hearn describes the fall as coming at the beginning of the dream.
-dr. guthrie (clinical journal, june 7, 1899), in his own case, describes the flying sensations as coming first and the falling as coming afterwards, and apparently due to sudden failure of the power of flight; the first part of the dream is agreeable but after the fall the dreamer awakes shaken, shocked, and breathless.]
-[footnote 117: the disagreeable nature of falling in dreams may probably be connected with the absence of rhythm usually present in dreams of flying.
 most of the psychologists who have occupied themselves with rhythm have insisted on its pleasurable emotional tone, as leading to a state bordering on ecstasy (see e.g.
 j. b. miner, 'motor, visual, and applied rhythms,' monograph supplement to psychological review, june 1903).
 the pleasure is especially marked, as macdougall remarks, when there is 'a coincidence of subjective and objective change.'
-in dreams of flying we have this coincidence, the real subjective rhythm being transformed in consciousness to an objective rhythm.]
-[footnote 118: féré, 'note sur les rêves epileptiques,' revue de médecine, september 10, 1905.]
-[footnote 119: sir w. r. gowers has on several occasions (e.g.
 'the borderland of epilepsy,' british medical journal, july 21, 1906) argued that dreams of falling have an aural origin, and are caused by contraction of the stapedius muscle, leading to a change in the ampullae which might suggest descent; he has himself suddenly awakened from such a dream and caught the sound of the muscular contraction.
-the opinion of so acute an investigator deserves consideration.]
-[footnote 120: such sensations are, indeed, a recognised result of morphia.
-morphinomaniacs, goron remarks (les parias de l'amour, p. 125), are apt to feel that they are flying or floating over the world.]
-[footnote 121: jewell states that 'certain observers, peculiarly liable to dreams of falling or flying, ascribe these distinctly to faulty circulation, and say their physicians, to regulate the heart's action, have given them medicines which always relieve them and prevent such dreams' (american journal of psychology, january 1905, p.
-8).]
-[footnote 122: interesting evidence in favour of the respiratory origin of such visions is furnished by silberer's observations on his own symbolic hypnagogic visions which are certainly allied to dream visions.
 he found (jahrbuch für psychoanalytische forschungen, bd.
-1., 1909, p. 523) that on drawing a deep breath, and so raising the chest wall, the representation came to him of attempting with another person to raise a table in the air.]
-[footnote 123: j. de goncourt (journal des goncourt, vol.
 iii.
-p. 3) mentions that after drinking port wine, to which he was unaccustomed, he had a dream in which he observed on his counterpane grotesque images in relief which rose and fell.]
-[footnote 124: chabaneix, le subconscient, p.
-43.]
-[footnote 125: may 30, 1906.]
-[footnote 126: l. binswanger, 'versuch einer hysterieanalyse,' jahrbuch für psychoanalytische forschungen, bd.
 1.
-1909.]
-[footnote 127: their word has often been accepted.
 levitation as experienced by the saints has been studied by colonel a. de rochas, les frontières de la science, 1904; also in annales des sciences psychiques, january-february 1901.
-'levitation is a perfectly real phenomena,' he concludes, 'and much more common than we might at first be tempted to believe.']
-[footnote 128: it seems to become less frequent after middle age.
 beaunis states that in his case it ceased at the age of fifty.
-i found it disappear, or become rare, at a somewhat earlier age.]
-[footnote 129: h. piéron, 'contribution à la psychologie des mourants,' revue philosophique, december 1902.]
  chapter vii
 symbolism in dreams
 the dramatisation of subjective feelings based on dissociation--analogies in waking life--the synaesthesias and number-forms--symbolism in language--in music--the organic basis of dream symbolism--the omnipotence of symbolism--oneiromancy--the scientific interpretation of dreams--why symbolism prevails in dreaming--freud's theory of dreaming--dreams as fulfilled wishes--why this theory cannot be applied to all dreaming--the complete form of symbolism in dreams--splitting up of personality--self-objectivation in imaginary personalities--the dramatic element in dreams--hallucinations--multiple personality--insanity--self-objectivation a primitive tendency--its survival in civilisation.
@@ -26976,7 +25456,6 @@ of people.
 galton investigated chiefly those kinds of synaesthesias which he called 'number-forms' and 'colour associations.'
 the number-form is characteristic of those people who almost invariably think of numerals in some more or less constant form of visual imagery, the number instantaneously calling up the picture.
 in persons who experience colour-associations, or coloured-hearing, there is a similar instantaneous manifestation of particular colours in connection with particular sounds, the different vowel sounds, for instance, each constantly and persistently evolving a definite tint, as a white, e vermilion, i yellow, etc., no two persons, however, having exactly the same colour scheme of sounds.
-[130] these phenomena are not so very rare, and, though they must be regarded as abnormal, they occur in persons who are perfectly healthy and sane.
 it will be seen that a synaesthesia--which may involve taste, smell, and other senses besides hearing and sight--causes an impression of one sensory order to be automatically and involuntarily linked on to an impression of another totally different order.
 in other words, we may say that the one impression becomes the symbol of the other impression, for a symbol--which is literally a throwing together--means that two things of different orders have become so associated that one of them may be regarded as the sign and representative of the other.
 there is, however, another still more natural and fundamental form of symbolism which is entirely normal, and almost, indeed, physiological.
@@ -26988,20 +25467,15 @@ not only our adjectives, but our substantives and our verbs are equally symbolic
 to the etymological eye every sentence is full of metaphor, of symbol, of images that, strictly and originally, express sensory impressions of one order, but, as we use them to-day, express impressions of a totally different order.
 language is largely the utilisation of symbols.
 this is a well-recognised fact which it is unnecessary to elaborate.
-[131]
 an interesting example of the natural tendency to symbolism, which may be compared to the allied tendency in dreaming, is furnished by another language, the language of music.
 music is a representation of the world--the internal or the external world--which, except in so far as it may seek to reproduce the actual sounds of the world, can only be expressive by its symbolism.
 and the symbolism of music is so pronounced that it is even expressed in the elementary fact of musical pitch.
 our minds are so constructed that the bass always seems deep to us and the treble high.
 we feel it incongruous to speak of a high bass voice or a deep soprano.
-it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that this and the like associations are fundamentally based, that there are, as an acute french philosophic student of music, dauriac (in an essay 'des images suggérées par l'audition musicale'[132]), has expressed it, 'sensorial correspondences,' as, indeed, baudelaire had long since divined[133]; that the motor image is that which demands from the listener the minimum of effort; and that music almost constantly evokes motor imagery.
-[134]
 the association between high notes and physical ascent, between low notes and physical descent, is certainly in any case very fixed.
-[135] in wagner's lohengrin, the ascent and descent of the angelic chorus is thus indicated.
 even if we go back to the early composers, the same correspondence is found.
 in purcell it is very definite.
 in bach--pure and abstract as his music is generally considered--not only this elementary association, but an immense amount of motor imagery is to be found; bach shows, indeed, a curious pre-occupation in translating the definite sense of the words he is musically illustrating into corresponding musical terms; the skill and subtlety with which he accomplishes this, can often, as pirro and schweitzer have shown, be appreciated only by musicians.
-[136] it is sometimes said that this is 'realism' in music.
 that is a mistake.
 when the impressions derived from one sense are translated into those of another sense, there can be no question of realism.
 a composer may attempt a realistic representation of thunder, but his representation of lightning can only be symbolical; audible lightning can never be realistic.
@@ -27013,22 +25487,16 @@ thus two sensory qualities that are both symbolic of a third quality are symboli
 this symbolism, we are justified in believing, is based on fundamental organic tendencies.
 piderit, nearly half a century ago, forcibly argued that there is a real relationship of our most spiritual feelings and ideas to particular bodily movements and facial expressions.
 in a similar manner, he pointed out that bitter tastes and bitter thoughts tend to produce the same physical expression.
-[137] he also argued that the character of a man's looks--his fixed or dreamy eyes, his lively or stiff movements--correspond to real psychic characters.
 if this is so we have a physiological, almost anatomical, basis for symbolism.
-cleland,[138] again, in an essay, 'on the element of symbolic correlation in expression,' argued that the key to a great part of expression is the correlation of movements and positions with ideas, so that there are, for instance, a host of associations in the human mind by which 'upward' represents the good, the great, and the living, while 'downward' represents the evil and the dead.
-such associations are so fundamental that they are found even in animals, whose gestures are, as féré[139] remarked, often metaphorical, so that a cat, for instance, will shake its paw, as if in contact with water, after any disagreeable experiences.
 the symbolism that to-day interpenetrates our language, and indeed our life generally, has mostly been inherited by us, with the traditions of civilisation, from an antiquity so primitive that we usually fail to interpret it.
 the rare additions we make to it in our ordinary normal life are for the most part deliberately conscious.
 but so soon as we fall below, or rise above, that ordinary normal level--to insanity and hallucination, to childhood, to savagery, to folk-lore and legend, to poetry and religion--we are at once plunged into a sea of symbolism.
-[140] there is even a normal sphere in which symbolism has free scope, and that is in the world of dreams.
 oneiromancy, the symbolical interpretation of dreams, more especially as a method of divining the future, is a widespread art in early stages of culture.
 the discerning of dreams is represented in the old testament as a very serious and anxious matter (as in regard to pharaoh's dream of the fat and lean cattle), and, nearer to our time, the dreams of great heroes, especially charlemagne, are represented as highly important events in the mediæval european epics.
 little manuals on the interpretation of dreams have always been much valued by the uncultured classes, and among our current popular sayings there are many dicta concerning the significance, or the good or ill luck, of particular kinds of dreams.
 oneiromancy has thus slowly degenerated to folk-lore and superstition.
 but at the outset it possessed something of the combined dignities of religion and of science.
 not only were the old dream interpreters careful of the significance and results of individual dreams, in order to build up a body of doctrine, but they held that not every dream contained in it a divine message; thus they would not condescend to interpret dreams following on the drinking of wine, for only to the temperate, they declared, do the gods reveal their secrets.
-[141] the serious and elaborate way in which the interpretation of dreams was dealt with is well seen in the treatise on this subject by artemidorus of daldi, a native of ephesus, and contemporary of marcus aurelius.
-[142] he divided dreams into two classes: theorematic dreams, which come literally true, and allegorical dreams.
 the first group may be said to correspond to the modern groups of prophetic and proleptic or prodromic dreams, while the second group includes the symbolical dreams which have of recent years again attracted attention.
 synesius, who lived in the fourth century, and eventually became a christian bishop without altogether ceasing to be a greek pagan, wrote a very notable treatise on dreaming, in which, with a genuinely greek alertness of mind, he contrived to rationalise and almost to modernise the ancient doctrine of dream symbolism.
 he admits that it is in their obscurity that the truth of dreams resides, and that we must not expect to find any general rules in regard to dreams; no two people are alike, so that the same dream cannot have the same significance for every one, and we have to find out the rules of our own dreams.
@@ -27037,18 +25505,13 @@ once, too, in the days when he hunted, he invented a trap as a result of a dream
 synesius declares that attention to divination by dreams is good on moral grounds alone.
 for he who makes his bed a delphian tripod will be careful to live a pure and noble life.
 in that way he will reach an end higher than that he aimed at.
-[143]
 it seems to-day by no means improbable that, amid the absurdities of this popular oneiromancy, there are some items of real significance.
 until recent years, however, the absurdities have frightened away the scientific investigator.
-almost the only investigator of the psychology of dreaming who ventured to admit a real symbolism in the dream world was scherner,[144] and his arguments were not usually accepted nor even easy to accept.
 when we are faced by the question of definite and constant symbols it still remains true that scepticism is often called for.
 but there can be no manner of doubt that our dreams are full of symbolism.
-[145]
 the conditions of dream life, indeed, lend themselves with a peculiar facility to the formation of symbolism, that is to say, of images which, while evoked by a definite stimulus, are themselves of a totally different order from that stimulus.
 the very fact that we sleep, that is to say, that the avenues of sense which would normally supply the real image of corresponding order to the stimulus are more or less closed, renders symbolism inevitable.
-[146] the direct channels being thus largely choked, other allied and parallel associations come into play, and since the control of attention and apperception is diminished, such play is often unimpeded.
 symbolism is the natural and inevitable result of these conditions.
-[147]
 it might still be asked why we do not in dreams more often recognise the actual source of the stimuli applied to us.
 if a dreamer's feet are in contact with something hot, it might seem more natural that he should think of the actual hot-water bottle, rather than of an imaginary etna, and that, if he hears a singing in his ears, he should argue the presence of the real bird he has often heard rather than a performance of haydn's creation, which he has never heard.
 here, however, we have to remember the tendency to magnification in dream imagery, a tendency which rests on the emotionality of dreams.
@@ -27060,7 +25523,6 @@ under these circumstances symbolism is quite inevitable.
 even when the nature of an excitation is rightly perceived its quality cannot be rightly perceived.
 the dreamer may be able to perceive that he is being bitten, but the massive and profound impression of a bite which reaches his dreaming consciousness would not be adequately accounted for by the supposition of the real mosquito that is the cause of it; the only adequate explanation of the transformed impression received is to be found (as in a dream already narrated) in a creature as large as a lobster.
 this creature is the symbol of the real mosquito.
-[148] we have the same phenomenon under somewhat similar conditions in the intoxication of chloroform and nitrous oxide.
 the obscuration during sleep of the external sensory channels, with the checks on false conclusions they furnish, is not alone sufficient to explain the symbolism of dreams.
 the dissociation of thought during sleep, with the diminished attention and apperception involved, is also a factor.
 the magnification of special isolated sensory impressions in dreaming consciousness is associated with a general bluntness, even an absolute quiescence, of the external sensory mechanism.
@@ -27074,20 +25536,15 @@ there is association, indeed, but it is association not along the matter-of-fact
 there is another consideration which may be put forward to account for one group of dream-symbolisms.
 it has been found that certain hysterical subjects of old standing when in the hypnotic state are able to receive mental pictures of their own viscera, even though they may be quite ignorant of any knowledge of the shape of these viscera.
 this autoscopy, as it has been called, has been specially studied by féré, comar, and sollier.
-[149] hysteria is a condition which is in many respects closely allied to sleep, and if it is to be accepted as a real fact that autoscopy occasionally occurs in the abnormal psychic state of hypnotic sleep in hysterical persons, it is possible to ask whether it may not sometimes occur normally in the allied state of sleep.
 in the hypnotic state it is known that parts of the organism normally involuntary may become subject to the will; it is not incredible that similarly parts normally insensitive may become sufficiently sensitive to reveal their own shape or condition.
 we may thus, indeed, the more easily understand those premonitory dreams in which the dreamer becomes conscious of morbid conditions which are not perceptible to waking consciousness until they have attained a greater degree of intensity.
-[150]
 the recognition of the transformation in dream life of internal sensations into symbolic motor imagery is ancient.
 hippocrates said that to dream, for instance, of springs and wells denoted some disturbance of the bladder.
 in such a case a disturbed bladder sends to the brain, not the naked message of its own needs, but a symbolic message of those needs in motor imagery, as (in one case known to me) of a large cistern with a stream of water flowing from it.
-[151] sometimes the symbolism aroused by visceral processes remains physiological; thus indigestion frequently leads to dreams of eating, as of chewing all sorts of inedible and repulsive substances, and occasionally--it would seem more abnormally--to agreeable dreams of food.
 it is due to the genius of professor sigmund freud, of vienna--to-day the most daring and original psychologist in the field of morbid psychic phenomena--that we owe the long-neglected recognition of the large place of symbolism in dreaming.
 scherner had argued in favour of this aspect of dreams, but he was an undistinguished and unreliable psychologist, and his arguments failed to be influential.
-freud avows himself a partisan of scherner's theory of dreaming and opponent of all other theories,[152] but his treatment of the matter is incomparably more searching and profound.
 freud, however, goes far beyond the fundamental--and, as i believe, undeniable--proposition that dream-imagery is largely symbolic.
 he holds that behind the symbolism of dreams there lies ultimately a wish; he believes, moreover, that this wish tends to be really of more or less sexual character, and, further, that it is tinged by elements that go back to the dreamer's infantile days.
-as freud views the mechanism of dreams, it is far from exhibiting mere disordered mental activity, but is (much as he has also argued hysteria to be[153]) the outcome of a desire, which is driven back by a kind of inhibition or censure (i.e., that kind of moral check which is still more alert in the waking state), and is seeking new forms of expression.
 there is first in the dream the process of what freud calls condensation (verdichtung), a process which is that fusion of separate elements which must be recognised at the outset of every discussion of dreaming, but freud maintains that in this fusion all the elements have a point in common, and overlie one another like the pictures in a galtonian composite photograph.
 then there comes the process of displacement or transference (verschiebung), a process by which the really central and emotional basis of the dream is concealed beneath trifles.
 then there is the process of dramatisation or transformation into a concrete situation of which the elements have a symbolic value.
@@ -27108,19 +25565,15 @@ it would, indeed, be surprising if they were.
 it seems to be fairly clear that in sleep, as certainly in the hypnagogic state, attention is diminished, and apperceptive power weakened.
 that alone seems to involve a relaxation of the tension by which we will and desire our personal ends.
 at the same time, by no longer concentrating our psychic activities at the focus of desire it enables indifferent images to enter more easily the field of sleeping consciousness.
-it might even be argued that the activity of desire, when it manifests itself in sleep and follows the course indicated by freud, corresponds to a special form of sleep in which attention and apperception, though in modified forms, are more active than in ordinary sleep.
-[154] such dreams seem to occur with special frequency, or in more definitely marked forms, in the neurotic and especially the hysterical, and if it is true that the hysterical are to some extent asleep even when they are awake, it may also be said that they are to some extent awake even when they are asleep.
 freud certainly holds, probably with truth, that there is no fundamental distinction between normal people and psychoneurotic people, and that there is, for instance, as ferenczi says, emphasising this point, 'a streak of hysterical disposition in everybody.'
 freud has, indeed, made interesting analytic studies of his own dreams, but the great body of material accumulated by him and his school is derived from the dreams of the neurotic.
 thus stekel states that he has analysed many thousand dreams, but his lengthy study on the interpretation of dreams deals exclusively with the dreams of the neurotic.
-[155] stekel believes, moreover, that from the structure of the dream life conclusions may be drawn, not only as to the life and character of the dreamer, but also as to his neurosis, the hysterical person dreaming differently from the obsessed person, and so on.
 if that is the case we are certainly justified in doubting whether conclusions drawn from the study of the dreams of neurotic people can be safely held to represent the normal dream life, even though it may be true that there is no definite frontier between them.
 whatever may be the case among the neurotic, in ordinary normal sleep the images that drift across the field of consciousness, though they have a logic of their own, seem in a large proportion of cases to be quite explicable without resort to the theory that they stand in vital but concealed relationship to our most intimate self.
 even in waking life, and at normal moments which are not those of reverie, it seems possible to trace the appearance in the field of consciousness of images which are evoked neither by any known mental or physical circumstance of the moment, or any hidden desire, images that are as disconnected from the immediate claims of desire and even of association as those of dreams seem so largely to be.
 it sometimes occurs to me--as doubtless it occurs to other people--that at some moment when my thoughts are normally occupied with the work immediately before me, there suddenly appears on the surface of consciousness a totally unrelated picture.
 a scene arises, vague but usually recognisable, of some city or landscape--australian, russian, spanish, it matters not what--seen casually long years ago, and possibly never thought of since, and possessing no kind of known association either with the matter in hand or with my personal life generally.
 it comes to the surface of consciousness as softly, as unexpectedly, as disconnectedly, as a minute bubble might arise and break on the surface of an actual stream from ancient organic material silently disintegrating in the depths beneath.
-[156] every one who has travelled much cannot fail to possess, hidden in his psychic depths, a practically infinite number of such forgotten pictures, devoid of all personal emotion.
 it is possible to maintain, as a matter of theory, that when they come up to consciousness, they are evoked by some real, though untraceable, resemblance which they possess to the psychic or physical state existing when they reappear.
 but that theory cannot be demonstrated.
 nor, it may be added, is it more plausible than the simple but equally unprovable theory that such scenes do really come to the surface of consciousness as the result of some slight spontaneous disintegration in a minute cerebral centre, and have no more immediately preceding psychic cause than my psychic realisation of the emergence of the sun from behind a cloud has any psychic preceding cause.
@@ -27140,12 +25593,10 @@ in the case of freud's theory of dream interpretation, i hold the cypher to be r
 it would, a priori, be incomprehensible that sleeping consciousness should exert so extraordinary a selective power among the variegated elements of waking life, and, experientially, there seems no adequate ground to suppose that it does exert such selective action.
 on the contrary, it is, for the most part, supremely impartial in bringing forward and combining all the manifestations, the most trivial as well as the most intimate, of our waking life.
 there is a symptom of mental disorder called extrospection, in which the patient fastens his attention so minutely on events that he comes to interpret the most trifling signs and incidents as full of hidden significance, and may so build up a systematised delusion.
-[157] the investigator of dreams must always bear in mind the risk of falling into morbid extrospection.
 such considerations seem to indicate that it is not true that every dream, every mental image, is 'worth while,' though at the same time they by no means diminish the validity of special and purposive methods of investigating dream consciousness.
 freud and those who are following him have shown, by the expenditure of much patience and skill, that his method of dream-interpretation may in many cases yield coherent results which it is not easy to account for by chance.
 it is quite possible, however, to recognise freud's service in vindicating the large place of symbolism in dreams, and to welcome the application of his psycho-analytic method to dreams, while yet denying that this is the only method of interpreting dreams.
 freud argues that all dreaming is purposive and significant, and that we must put aside the belief that dreams are the mere trivial outcome of the dissociated activity of brain centres.
-it remains true, however, that, while reason plays a larger part in dreams than most people realise, the activity of dissociated brain centres furnishes one of the best keys to the explanation of psychic phenomena during sleep.
 it would be difficult to believe in any case that in the relaxation of sleep our thoughts are still pursuing a deliberately purposeful direction under the control of our waking impulses.
 many facts indicate--though freud's school may certainly claim that such facts have not been thoroughly interpreted--that, as a matter of fact, this control is often conspicuously lacking.
 there is, for instance, the well-known fact that our most recent and acute emotional experiences--precisely those which might most ardently formulate themselves in a wish--are rarely mirrored in our dreams, though recent occurrences of more trivial nature, as well as older events of more serious import, easily find place there.
@@ -27153,12 +25604,9 @@ that is easily accounted for by the supposition--not quite in a line with a gene
 it must also be said that even when we admit that a strong emotion may symbolically construct an elaborate dream edifice which needs analysis to be interpreted, we narrow the process unduly if we assert that the emotion is necessarily a wish.
 desire is certainly very fundamental in life and very primitive.
 but there is another equally fundamental and primitive emotion--fear.
-[158] we may very well expect to find this emotion, as well as desire, subjacent to dream phenomena.
-[159]
 the infantile form of the wish-dream, alike in adults and children, is thus, there can be little doubt, extremely common, and, even in its symbolic forms, it is a real and not rare phenomenon.
 but it is impossible to follow freud when he declares that all dreams fall into the group of wish-dreams.
 the world of psychic life during sleep is, like the waking world, rich and varied; it cannot be covered by a single formula.
-freud's subtle and searching analytic genius has greatly contributed to enlarge our knowledge of this world of sleep.
 we may recognise the value of his contribution to the psychology of dreams while refusing to accept a premature and narrow generalisation.
 the wish-dream of the kind elaborately investigated by freud may be accepted as one type of dreaming, and a very interesting type, but it seems evident that it is only one type.
 there are even other types which seem closely related to it, and yet are quite distinct.
@@ -27173,7 +25621,6 @@ we dream of eating when we are hungry, but sometimes we also dream of eating whe
 the dream is the same, but the psychological mechanism is entirely different, in the one case emotional, in the other intellectual.
 in the first case the picture of eating is built up in response to an organic visceral craving, and we have an elementary wish-dream of what freud would call infantile type; in the second case the same dream is a theory, embodied in a concrete picture, to account for the existence of the repletion experienced.
 there cannot be the slightest doubt that the wish-dream, in its simple or what freud calls its infantile form, represents an extremely common type of dream.
-[160] a large number of the dreams of children are concerned with wishes and their fulfilments.
 those dreams of adults which are aroused by actual organic sensations also tend to fall, though not invariably, into the same form.
 again, we chance to want a thing when we are awake; when we are asleep we dream we have found it.
 it may also be said, almost with certainty, that in some cases our dreams are the fulfilment of unexpressed and unconscious waking wishes.
@@ -27181,7 +25628,6 @@ even the best people, it is probable, may occasionally dream of events which rep
 archbishop laud was accustomed to note down his dreams in his diary.
 on one occasion we find him setting down a disturbing dream, in which he saw the lord keeper dead, and 'rotten already.'
 a little later we find that laud is 'much concerned at the envy and undeserved hatred borne to me by the lord keeper.
-'[161] it is not difficult to see in the archbishop's relations to the lord keeper an explanation of his dream.
 if, however, wishes, conscious or unconscious, are often fulfilled in dreams, and if, as we have seen reason to conclude, symbolism is a fundamental tendency of dreaming activity, it is inevitable that wish-dreams should sometimes take on a symbolic form.
 it is thus, for instance, that i interpret my dream of being in an english cathedral and seeing on the wall a notice to the effect that at evensong on such a day the edifice will not be illuminated, in order to avoid attracting moths; i awake with a slight headache, and the unilluminated cathedral was the symbol of the coolness and absence of glare which one desires when suffering from headache.
 there cannot, also, be any doubt that erotic wishes frequently make themselves felt as dreams, both in the infantile and the symbolic form.
@@ -27207,13 +25653,11 @@ he said, "mother, am i a boy or a girl?
 when i am with boys i don't seem like them, and they call me a girl, and yet i don't look like a girl."
 i replied: "you are both in one, because you are going to be a perfect musical genius."'
 in this dream, which represents the fulfilment in sleep of an affection unsatisfied in life, we see side by side the infantile and the symbolic fulfilments of the erotic wish, culminating in a gifted musical child.
-the wish to be strangled is an undoubted erotic symbol,[162] and it is significant that in the course of the dream the accepted death by strangulation became fused with marriage, although the idea of death still inconsistently survives, doubtless because dream consciousness failed to realise that the accepted form of death was a subconsciously furnished symbol of the consummation of marriage.
 the wish-dream of freud's type has presented itself for consideration here, because it is a special and elaborate illustration of symbolism in dreaming.
 the important place of symbols in dreaming is by no means dependent on the validity of this particular type of dream, and we may now proceed to continue the discussion of the significance of the symbolic tendency during sleep in its most important form.
 the symbols we have so far been mainly concerned with have been the result of a tendency of dreaming consciousness to objectify feelings and affections within the organism in concrete objects or processes outside the organism.
 in its complete form this symbolic tendency becomes the objectivation of part of the dreamer's feelings or personality in a distinct imaginary personality.
 a process of dramatisation occurs, and the dreamer finds himself in action and reaction, friendly or hostile or indifferent, with seemingly external personalities which, by the light of the analysis possible on awakening, are demonstrably created out of split-off portions of his own personality.
-[163] a common and simple form of such objectivation, closely allied to some of the symbolisms already brought forward, occurs when the dreamer sees the image of a person suffering from some affection of a part of the body and finds on awakening that he is himself experiencing pain or discomfort in that part.
 thus a medical man dreams he is examining a tumour in a patient's groin, and on awakening finds slight irritation in the same region of his own body.
 and similarly, just as our bodily needs, when experienced during sleep, may be symbolised by inanimate natural objects and processes, so they may also become objective in the image of another person who is occupied in gratifying the need which we are ourselves unconsciously experiencing.
 an interesting and significant group of cases is furnished by those dreams in which--as the result of some compression or effort--the tactile and muscular sensations of our own limbs are split off from sleeping consciousness and built up into an imaginary personality.
@@ -27228,7 +25672,6 @@ the illusion may persist for some moments after waking.
 a lady, after breathing rather loudly and convulsively for a few seconds, wakes up, saying 'there is a rat or a mouse on the bed, shaking it up and down.'
 'you were asleep,' her husband replied, 'as i knew by your breathing.'
 'oh, i was breathing like that,' she said, 'to make it jump off.'
-here we see that, somewhat as in the previous cases, the dreamer's own muscular activity is, during sleep, reconstructed into the image of an external force; but when she is in the semi-waking hypnagogic stage, she recognises that the activity was her own, though still unable to dismiss the delusion based on the theory formed during sleep.
 at this point we reach the threshold of hallucination, and the next case to be brought forward may be said to lie on the threshold, for an impression received in the hypnagogic (or hypnopompic) stage is accepted in its illusional form, even when the dreamer is fully awake.
 a farmer's daughter--a bright girl of twenty-one, with quick nervous reactions, but untrained mind--dreamed that she saw her brother (dead some years previously) with blood streaming from his fingers.
 she awoke in a fright, and was comforting herself with the thought that it was only a dream when she felt a hand grip her shoulder three times in succession.
@@ -27239,22 +25682,15 @@ the nervous shock was considerable, and she was unable to sleep well for some we
 she naturally knew nothing about abnormal psychic phenomena, and was utterly puzzled to explain the experience, except by supposing that it may have been a ghost.
 the explanation is really very simple.
 it is well recognised that involuntary muscular twitches may occur in the shoulder, especially after it has been subjected to pressure, and that in some cases such contractions may simulate a touch.
-[164] the dream of a bleeding hand indicates, when we bear in mind the tendency to objectify sensations symbolically, now familiar to us in dreaming, that the dreamer's arm was probably pressed beneath her in a cramped position.
-[165] this pressure would account, not only for the dream, but for the muscular twitches occurring on awakening.
 the nature of the dream, the terrified emotional state it produced, and the mental obscurity of the hypnagogic state, naturally combined, in a subject unaccustomed to self-analysis, to create an illusion which reflection is unable to dispel, though in the normal waking state she would probably have given no attention at all to such muscular twitches.
 strictly speaking, such an experience is an illusion--that is to say, a misinterpretation of a real sensation--and not a hallucination--or perception without known objective causation--but there is no clear line of demarcation.
 in any case it may now be taken as proved that hallucinations tend to occur in the neighbourhood of sleep, and therefore to partake of the nature of dreams.
-[166]
 so far we have been concerned with the tendency in dreams to objectify portions of the body by constructing out of them new personalities.
 but precisely the same process goes on in sleep with regard to our thoughts and feelings.
 we split off portions of these also and construct other personalities out of them, and sometimes even endow the persons thus formed with thoughts and feelings more native to our own normal personality than those which we reserve for ourselves.
 thus a lady who dreamed that when walking with a friend she discovered a species of animal fruit, a kind of damson containing a snail, expressed her delight at finding a combination so admirably adapted to culinary purposes; it was the friend who, retaining the attitude of her own waking moments, uttered an exclamation of disgust.
 most of the dreams in which there is any dramatic element are due to this splitting up of personality; in our dreams we may experience shame or confusion from the rebukes or the arguments of other persons, but the persons who administer the rebuke or apply the argument are still ourselves.
-[167]
 some writers on dreaming have marvelled greatly at this tendency of the sleeping mind to objectify portions of itself, and so to create imaginary personalities and evolve dramatic situations.
-it has seemed to them quite unaccountable except as the outcome of a special gift of imagination appertaining to sleep.
-yet, remarkable as it is, this process is simply the inevitable outcome of the conditions under which psychic life exists during sleep.
-if we realise that a more or less pronounced degree of dissociation of the contents of the mind occurs during sleep, and if we also realise that, sleeping fully as much as waking, mind is a thing that instinctively reasons, and cannot refrain from building up hypotheses, then we may easily see how the personages and situations of dreams develop.
 much the same process might, under some circumstances, occur in waking life.
 if, for instance, we heard an unknown voice speaking behind a curtain, we could not fail to build up an imaginary person in connection with that voice, the characteristics of the imaginary person being largely determined by the nature of the voice and of the things it uttered: it would, further, be quite easy to enter into conversation with the person we had thus constructed.
 that is what seems to occur in dreams.
@@ -27263,17 +25699,11 @@ it no more occurs to us during sleep to suppose that the voice we hear is only a
 the process is the same; the difference is that in dreams we are, without knowing it, living among what from the waking point of view are called hallucinations.
 this process by which dreams are formed in sleeping consciousness through the splitting of the dreamer's personality for the construction of other personalities has been recognised ever since dreams began to be seriously studied.
 maury referred to the scission of personality in dreams.
-[168] delboeuf dealt with what he termed the altruising by the dreamer of part of his representations.
-[169] foucault terms the same process personalisation.
-[170] giessler attempts elaborately to explain the enigma of self-diremption--the formation of a secondary self--in dreams; if, he argues, a touch or other sensation exceeds the dream-body's capacity of adaptation--i.e., if the state of stimulus is above the apperceptive threshold--only one part of the perception is referred to the dream-body and the other is transferred to a secondary self.
-[171] this explanation, while it very fairly covers the presentative class of dreams, directly connected with sensory stimuli, cannot so easily be applied to the dramatisation of our representative dreams, which are not obviously traceable to direct bodily stimulation.
 the splitting up of personality is indeed a very pronounced and widely extended tendency of the mind, and has, during recent years, been elaborately studied.
-we thus have the basis of that psychic phenomenon which is variously termed secondary personality, double personality, duplex personality, multiple personality, alternation of personality, etc.,[172] and in earlier ages was regarded as due to possession by demons.
 such conditions seem to be usually associated with hysteria.
 the essential fact about hysteria is, according to janet, its lack of synthetising power, which is at the same time a lack of attention and of apperception, and has as its result a disintegration of the field of consciousness into mutually exclusive parts; that is to say, there is a process of dissociation.
 now that is a condition resembling, as we have seen, the condition found in dreaming.
 it is not, therefore, difficult to accept the view of sollier and others, that hysteria is a condition allied to sleep, a condition of vigilambulism in which the patients are often unable to obtain normal sleep, simply because they are all the time in a state of abnormal sleep; as one said to sollier: 'i cannot sleep because i am asleep all the time.'
-it may thus be the case that hysterical multiple personalities[173] furnish a pathological analogue of that tendency to the dramatic objectivation of portions of our personality which is normal and healthy in dreams.
 similarly in insanity we have an even more constant and pronounced tendency for the subject to attribute his own sensations to imaginary individuals, and to create personalities out of portions of the real personality.
 all the illusions, delusions, and hallucinations of the insane are merely the manifold manifestations of this tendency.
 without it the insanity would not exist.
@@ -27283,14 +25713,10 @@ the case has even been recorded of a man who attributed any feeling he experienc
 it is exactly the same process as goes on in our dreams.
 the sane man, the normal waking man, may experience all these strange sensations, but he recognises that they are the spontaneous outcome of his own organisation.
 we may, however, advance a step beyond this position.
-this self-objectivation, this dramatisation of our experiences, is not confined to sleep and to pathological conditions which resemble sleep.
 it is natural and primitive in a far wider sense.
 the infant will gaze inquisitively at its own feet, watch their movements, play with them, 'punish' them; consciousness has not absorbed them as part of the self.
-[174] the infant really acts and feels towards the remote parts of his own body as the adult acts and feels in dreaming.
 we are reminded of the generalisation of giessler that dream consciousness corresponds to the normal psychic state in childhood, while sleeping subconsciousness corresponds to the embryonic psychic state; so that the dream state represents the renascence of the ego disentangling itself from the impersonal sensations and indistinct images of the embryonic stage of life.
-that sleeping consciousness is the primitive embryonic consciousness is, indeed, indicated, it has often seemed to me, by the fact that in many animals the embryonic position is the position of rest and sleep.
 ducklings and chicks in the shell have their heads beneath their wing.
-the dog lies with his feet together, head flexed, and hind-quarters drawn up.
 man, alike in the womb and asleep, tends to be curled up, with the flexors predominating over the extensors.
 the savage has gone beyond the infant in ability to assimilate the impressions of his own limbs, but on the psychic side he still constantly tends to objectify his own feelings and ideas, re-creating them as external beings.
 primitive man has done so from the first, and this impulse has struck its roots into all our most fundamental human traditions even as they survive in civilisation to-day.
@@ -27299,8 +25725,6 @@ but, unlike the dreamer, he gives stability to the images he has thus created an
 thus we have the animistic stages of culture, and early man peoples his world with gods and spirits and demons and fairies and ghosts which enter into the traditions of his race, and are more or less accepted even by a later race which no longer creates them for itself.
 in our more advanced civilisations we are still struggling with later forms of that protean tendency to objectify the self and to animate the things and even the people around us with our own spirit.
 the impatient and imperfectly bred child, or even man, kicks viciously the object he stumbles against, animate or inanimate, in order to revenge a wrong which exists only in himself.
-on a slightly higher plane, the men of mediæval times brought actions in the law courts against offending animals and solemnly pronounced sentence against them as 'criminals,'[175] while even to-day society still 'punishes' the human criminal because it has imaginatively re-created him in the image of an ordinary normal person, and lacks the intelligence to perceive that he has been moulded by the laws of his nature and environment into a creature which we do well to protect ourselves against, but have no right to 'punish.
-'[176] everywhere we still see around us the surviving relics of this primitive tendency of men to project their own personalities into external objects.
 a fine civilisation lies largely in the due subordination of this tendency, in the realisation and control of our own emotional possibilities, and in the resultant growth of personal responsibility.
 it is thus impossible to over-estimate the immense importance of the primitive symbolic tendency to objectify the subjective.
 men have taken out of their own hearts their best feelings and their worst feelings, and have personalised and dramatised them, bowed down to them or stamped on them, unable to hear the voice with which each of their images spoke: 'i am thyself.'
@@ -27310,24 +25734,11 @@ but they could scarcely have been found convincing, and possibly could not even
 a large part of all progress in psychological knowledge, and, indeed, a large part of civilisation itself, lies in realising that the apparently objective is really subjective, that the angels and demons and geniuses of all sorts that once seemed to be external forces taking possession of feeble and vacant individualities are themselves but modes of action of marvellously rich and varied personalities.
 in our dreams we are brought back into the magic circle of early culture, and we shrink and shudder in the presence of imaginative phantoms that are built up of our own thoughts and emotions, and are really our own flesh.
 footnotes:
-[footnote 130: see e.g.
-galton, inquiries (everyman's library edition), pp.
 79-112. among more recent writings on this subject may be mentioned bleuler, art.
-'secondary sensations,' tuke's dictionary of psychological medicine; suarez de mendoza, l'audition colorée; jules millet, audition colorée; and especially a useful summary by clavière, 'l'audition colorée,' l'année psychologique, fifth year, 1899. a case of auditory gustation is recorded by a. m. pierce, american journal of psychology, 1907. it may be noted that boris sidis has argued (psychological review, january 1904) that all hallucinations are of the nature of secondary sensations.]
-[footnote 131: ferrero, in his lois psychologiques du symbolisme (1895), deals broadly with symbolism in human thought and life.]
-[footnote 132: revue philosophique, november 1902.]
-[footnote 133: 'richard wagner et tannhauser' in l'art romantique.]
-[footnote 134: the motor imagery suggested by music is in some persons profuse and apparently capricious, and may be regarded as an anomaly comparable to a synaesthesia.
 heine was an example of this, and he has described in florentine nights the visions aroused by the playing of paganini, and elsewhere the visions evoked in him by the music of berlioz.
 though i do not myself experience this phenomenon, i have found that there is sometimes a tendency for music to arouse ideas of motor imagery; thus some melodies of handel suggest a giant painting frescoes on a vast wall space.
 the most elementary motor relationship of music is seen in the tendency of many people to sway portions of their body--to 'beat time'--in sympathy with the music.
-(this phenomenon has been experimentally studied by j. b. miner, 'motor, visual, and applied rhythms,' monograph supplement to the psychological review, vol.
-v., no.
 4, june 1903).
-music is fundamentally an audible dance, and the most primitive music is dance music.]
-[footnote 135: the instinctive nature of this tendency is shown by the fact that it persists even in sleep.
-thus weygandt relates that he once fell asleep in the theatre during one of the last scenes of cavalleria rusticana, when the tenor was singing in ever higher and higher tones, and dreamed that in order to reach the notes the performer was climbing up ladders and stairs on the stage.]
-[footnote 136: see, especially the attractive book of andré pirro, l'esthétique de j. s. bach (1907), and also albert schweitzer, j. s. bach (1908), especially chapters xix.-xxiii.
 'concrete things,' says ernest newman, summarising some of these results (nation, december 25, 1909), 'incessantly suggested abstract ideas or inward moods to bach, and vice versâ.
 he would time after time use the same musical formula for the same word or idea.
 he first suggests the external concepts of "high" and "low," as other composers have done, by high or low notes, and motion up or down by ascending or descending themes.
@@ -27341,61 +25752,28 @@ but the correspondence goes still further; for when he comes to the word "consid
 again, a word of purely external signification that suggests something twisted will have an appropriately twisted theme.
 then come the subjective applications of the theme--the same disordered melodic outline is used to express a frame of mind like anxiety or confusion, or to depict the wiles of satan.
 careful study of the vocal works of bach, and especially of the cantatas, has revealed a host of these curious symbols.'
-the whole subject, it may be added, has been briefly and suggestively discussed by goblot, 'la musique descriptive,' revue philosophique, july 1901.]
-[footnote 137: t. piderit, mimik und physiognomik, 1867, p.
-73.]
-[footnote 138: j. cleland, evolution, expression and sensation, 1881.]
-[footnote 139: féré, 'la physiologie dans les métaphores,' revue philosophique, october 1895.]
-[footnote 140: maeder discusses symbolism in some of these fields in his 'die symbolik in den legenden, märchen, gebräuchen und träumen,' psychiatrisch-neurologische wochenschrift, nos.
-6 and 7, may 1908.]
-[footnote 141: so philostratus, and pliny (natural history, bk.
 x. ch.
 ccxi.)
-puts the same point on somewhat more natural grounds.]
-[footnote 142: it has been translated by f. s. krauss, symbolik der träume, 1881.]
-[footnote 143: a translation of synesius's 'treatise on dreams' is included in druon's œuvres de synésius, pp.
 347 et seq.
 synesius is probably best known to modern english readers through charles kingsley's novel, hypatia.
 his treatise on dreams has been unduly neglected, though it commended itself mightily to the pioneering mind of lord monboddo, who even says (ancient metaphysics, vol.
-ii., 1782, p. 217) in reference to this treatise: 'indeed it appears to me that since the days of plato and aristotle there has not been a philosopher of greater depth than synesius.']
-[footnote 144: k. a. scherner, das leben des traumes, 1861. in france hervey de saint-denis, in a remarkable anonymous work which i have not seen (les rêves et les moyens de les diriger, p. 356, quoted by vaschide and piéron, psychologie du rêve, p. 26), tentatively put forward a symbolic theory of dreams, as a possible rival to the theory that permanent associations are set up as the result of a first chance coincidence.
 'do there exist,' he asked, 'bizarre analogies of internal sensations in virtue of which certain vibrations of the nerves, certain instinctive movements of our viscera, correspond to sensations apparently quite different?
-according to this hypothesis experience would bring to light mysterious affinities, the knowledge of which might become a genuine science;... and a real key to dreams would not be an unrealisable achievement if we could bring together and compare a sufficient number of observations.']
-[footnote 145: it is interesting to note that hallucinations may also be symbolic.
-thus the psychical research society's committee on hallucinations recognised a symbolic group, and recorded, for instance, the case of a man who, when his child lies dying, sees a blue flame in the air and hears a voice say, 'that's his soul' (proceedings society for psychical research, august 1894, p.
-125).]
-[footnote 146: maeder states that the tendency to symbolism in dreams and similar modes of psychic activity is due to 'vague thinking in a condition of diminished attention.'
-this is, however, an inadequate statement and misses the central point.]
-[footnote 147: in the other spheres in which symbolism most tends to appear, the same or allied conditions exist.
 in hallucinations, which (as parish and others have shown) tend to occur in hypnagogic or sleep-like states, the conditions are clearly the same.
 the symbolism of an art, and notably music, is due to the very conditions of the art, which exclude any appeal to other senses.
 the primitive mind reaches symbolism through a similar condition of things, coming as the result of ignorance and undeveloped powers of apperception.
-in insanity these powers are morbidly disturbed or destroyed, with the same result.]
-[footnote 148: the magnification we experience in dreams is manifested in their emotional aspects and in the emotional transformation of actual sensory stimuli, from without or from within the organism.
 the size of objects recalled by dreaming memory usually remains unchanged, and if changed it seems to be more usually diminished.
 'lilliputian hallucinations,' as they are termed by leroy, who has studied them (revue de psychiatrie, 1909, no.
 8), in which diminutive, and frequently coloured, people are observed, may also occasionally occur in alcoholic and chloral intoxication, in circular insanity, and in various other morbid mental conditions.
-they are usually agreeable in character.]
-[footnote 149: sollier, 'l'autoscopie interne,' revue philosophique, january 1903. sollier deals with the objections made to the reality of the phenomenon.]
-[footnote 150: 'many people,' writes dr. marie de manacéïne (sleep, 1897, p. 294), 'when threatened by a gastric or intestinal attack dream of seeing fish.
 the late professor sergius botkine told me that he had found this coincidence in his own case, and i have myself several times found it in the case of a young girl who is well known to me.
 some have supposed that the sleeping consciousness receives an impression of the elongated shape of the stomach or intestine; but such a supposition is easier to make than to prove.'
 scherner associated dreams of fish with sensations arising from the bladder, and here also it may be said that we are concerned with a fish-like viscus.
-greenwood (imagination in dreams, p. 195) stated that he had always been subject, at intervals of months or years, to a recurrent dream in which he would see a river swarming with fish that were finally piled in a horrible sweltering mass; this dream always left a feeling of 'squalid horror,' but he was never able to ascertain its cause and significance.]
-[footnote 151: freud states (die traumdeutung, p. 233) that he knows a case in which (as in the song of songs) columns and pillars appear in dreams as symbols of the legs, and doors as symbols of the openings of the body.]
-[footnote 152: freud, die traumdeutung, p. 66. this work, published in 1900, is the chief and most extensive statement of freud's views.
 a shorter statement is embodied in a little volume of the 'grenzfrägen' series, ueber den traum, 1901. a brief exposition of freud's position is given by dr. a. maeder of zurich in 'essai d'interpretation de quelques rêves,' archives de psychologie, april 1907; as also by ernest jones ('freud's theory of dreams,' review of neurology and psychiatry, march 1910, and american journal of psychology, april 1910).
 for freud's general psychological doctrine, see brill's translation of 'freud's selected papers on hysteria,' 1909. there have been many serious criticisms of freud's methods.
 as an example of such criticism, accompanying an exposition of the methods, reference may be made to max isserlin's 'die psychoanalytische methode freuds,' zeitschrift für die gesamte neurologie und psychiatrie, bd.
 1. heft i.
 1910. a judicious and qualified criticism of freud's psychotherapeutic methods is given by löwenfeld ('zum gegenwärtigen stande der psychotherapeutie,' münchener medizinische wochenschrift, nos.
-3 and 4, 1910).]
-[footnote 153: i have set forth freud's views of hysteria, now regarded as almost epoch-making in character, in studies of the psychology of sex, vol.
 i.
 3rd ed.
-pp.
-219 et seq.]
-[footnote 154: this is supported by the fact that in waking reverie, or day-dreams, wishes are obviously the motor force in building up visionary structures.
 freud attaches great importance to reverie, for he considers that it furnishes the key to the comprehension of dreams (e.g.
 sammlung disturbances captain peasley made his way shoreward from the ship to scan the scene, and the sight of his uniform excited the ire of the strikers afresh.
 after a glance over the mob, he remarked to emerson:
@@ -27460,7 +25838,6 @@ with a shout of rage the fellow turned and flung his own weapon at his assailant
 but there was little time for observation, as the scene was changing with kaleidoscopic rapidity and there was the ever-present necessity of self-protection.
 seeing clyde's helpless condition, emerson shouted:
 "come on!
-i'll help you aboard the ship."
 he found a hardwood club beneath his feet--one of those cudgels that are used in pounding rope-slings and hawsers--and with it cleared a pathway for clyde and himself.
 but while still at a distance from the ship's gangway, he suddenly spied the man in the gray suit, who had climbed upon one of the freight-piles, whence he was scanning the crowd.
 the man likewise recognized emerson, and pointed him out, crying something unintelligible in the tumult, then leaped down from his vantage-point.
@@ -27591,7 +25968,6 @@ better take it on the 'lam'--quick!"
 "god!"
 so marsh had withheld this stroke until the last moment, when the least delay would be fatal.
 boyd knew that if he were brought into court he would have hard shift to clear himself against the mass of perjured testimony that his rival had doubtless gathered; but even this seemed as nothing in comparison with the main issue.
-for one wild instant he considered sending george balt on with the ship.
 that would be folly, no doubt; yet plainly he could not hold the bedford castle and keep together that raging army of fishermen while he fought his way through the tedious vexations of a trial.
 he saw that he had under-estimated his enemy's cunning, and he realized that, if marsh had planned this move, he would press his advantage to the full.
 "there's two plain-clothes men," he heard fraser running on.
@@ -27758,7 +26134,6 @@ they saw him stop suddenly, and raise his night-glasses; boyd laid his hand on c
 presently the captain crossed to them and said:
 "yonder seems to be a launch making out.
 see?
-i wonder what's up."
 almost in their path a tiny light was violently agitated.
 "by jove!
 they're signalling."
@@ -27806,7 +26181,6 @@ emerson commanded, sharply, and in the glow from the binnacle-light they saw he
 rumbling curses as he came, he leaped up the pilot-house steps, wrenched open the door, and with one sweep of his hairy paw flung the helmsman from his post, panting,
 "keep her going, cap', or i'll run them down!"
 "we stood by you, old man," emerson urged; "you stand by us.
-they can't make you stop.
 they can't come aboard."
 the launch was abreast of them now, and skimming along so close that one might have tossed a biscuit aboard of her.
 for an instant captain peasley hesitated; then emerson saw the ends of his bristly mustache rise above an expansive grin as he winked portentously.
@@ -27905,7 +26279,6 @@ baring his head to the breezes boyd filled his lungs full of the bracing air, sw
 he turned his face to the southward and smiled, while his thoughts sped a message of love and hope into the darkness.
 chapter xx
 wherein "fingerless" fraser returns
- big george had lost no time, and already the tow-boats were overboard, while a raft of timber was taking form alongside the ship.
 as soon as it was completed, it was loaded with crates and boxes and paraphernalia of all sorts, then towed ashore as the tide served.
 another took its place, and another and another.
 all that night the torches flared and the decks drummed to a ceaseless activity.
@@ -28052,13 +26425,11 @@ naturally it was my luck to pick the slowest ship in the harbor.
 we lay three weeks in the ice, that's all, and nobody worked but me and the sea-gulls."
 "you deserted this morning, eh?"
 "i did.
-i beat the barrier, and now i want a bath and some clean clothes and a whole lot of sleep.
 you don't need to disturb me till fall."
 he showed no interest whatever in the new plant, refusing even to look it over or to express an opinion upon the progress of the work; so they sent him out to the ship, where for days he remained in a toad-like lethargy, basking in the sun, sleeping three-fourths of the time and spending his waking hours in repeating the awful tale of his disgraceful peonage.
 to unload the machinery, particularly the heavier pieces, was by no means a simple matter, owing to the furious tides that set in and out of the kalvik river.
 the first mishap occurred during the trip on which the boilers were towed in, and it looked to boyd less like an accident than a carefully planned move to cripple him at one stroke.
 the other ships were busily discharging and the roadstead was alive with small craft of various kinds, when the huge boilers were swung over the side of the bedford castle and blocked into position for the journey to the shore.
-george and a half-dozen of his men went along with the load while emerson remained on the ship.
 they were just well under way when, either by the merest chance or by malicious design, several of the rival company's towboats moored to the neighboring ships cast off.
 the anchorage was crowded and a boiling six-mile tide made it difficult at best to avoid collision.
 hearing a confused shouting to shoreward, boyd ran to the rail in time to see one of the company tugs at the head of a string of towboats bearing down ahead of the current directly upon his own slow-moving lighter.
@@ -28102,7 +26473,6 @@ he must be ready and waiting by the first of july.
 for some time his tin-machines had been busy, night and day, turning out great heaps of gleaming cans, while the carpenters and machinists completed their tasks.
 the gill-netters were overhauling their gear, the beach was lined with fishing-boats.
 on the dock great piles of seines and drift-nets were being inspected.
-three miles below, big george, with a picked crew and a pile-driver, was building the fish-trap.
 it consisted of half-mile "leads," or rows of piling, capped with stringers, upon which netting was hung, and terminated in "hearts," "corrals," and "spillers," the intricate arrangements of webbing and timbers out of which the fish were to be taken.
 it was for the title to the ground where his present operations were going forward that george had been so cruelly disciplined by the "interests;" and while he had held stubbornly to his rights for years in spite of the bitterest persecution, he was now for the first time able to utilize his site.
 accordingly his exultation was tremendous.
@@ -28214,7 +26584,6 @@ he found cherry at home, and, flinging himself into one of her easy-chairs, reli
 it looks as if we might have to depend upon the gill-netters."
 "we will know before long.
 if the fish strike in where george expects, marsh will be out a pretty penny."
-"and if they don't strike in where george expects, we will be out all the expense of building that trap."
 "exactly!
 it's a fascinating business, isn't it?
 it's a business in which the unexpected is forever happening.
@@ -28254,7 +26623,6 @@ that has always been my dream, and yet--"
 "oh yes!
 my dream is coming true, and so is yours."
 "i have given up hoping for that," she said, without turning.
-"but you shouldn't give up.
 remember that all the great things ever accomplished were only dreams at first, and the greater the accomplishments, the more impossible they seemed to begin with."
 something in the girl's attitude and in her silence made him feel that his words rang hollow and commonplace.
 while they had talked, an unaccustomed excitement had been mounting in his brain, and it held him now in a kind of delicious embarrassment.
@@ -28272,7 +26640,6 @@ her eyes widened and a flush spread slowly upward to her hair, then her lids dro
 never before had she surprised that look in his eyes, and at the realization a wave of confusion surged over her.
 she strove to calm herself through her music, which shielded while it gave expression to her mood, and neither spoke as the evening shadows crept in upon them.
 but the girl's exaltation was short-lived; the thought came that boyd's feeling was but transitory; he was not the sort to burn lasting incense before more than one shrine.
-nevertheless, at this moment he was hers, and in the joy of that certainty she let the moments slip.
 he stopped her at last, and they talked in the half-light, floating along together half dreamily, as if upon the bosom of some great current that bore them into strange regions which they dreaded yet longed to explore.
 they heard a child crying somewhere in the rear of the house, and chakawana's voice soothing, then in a moment the indian girl appeared in the doorway saying something about going out with constantine.
 cherry acquiesced half consciously, impatient of the intrusion.
@@ -28290,7 +26657,6 @@ he was standing on the steps, with her slightly above him, and so close that he
 "it has been a pleasant evening," she said, inanely.
 "i saw you for the first time to-night, cherry.
 i think i have begun to know you."
-again she felt her heart leap.
 reaching out to say good-bye, his hand slipped down over her arm, like a caress, until her palm lay in his.
 with trembling, gentle hands she pushed him from her; but even when the sound of his footsteps had died away, she stood with eyes straining into the gloom, in her breast a gladness so stifling that she raised her hands to still its tumult.
 emerson, with the glow still upon him, felt a deep contentment which he did not trouble to analyze.
@@ -28304,7 +26670,6 @@ when the black bulk of marsh's cannery loomed ahead of him, he left the gravel b
 he noticed that once he had left the noisy shingle, his feet made no sound in the soft moss.
 thus it was that, as he turned the corner of the first building, he nearly ran against a man who was standing motionless against the wall.
 the fellow seemed as startled at the encounter as emerson, and with a sharp exclamation leaped away and vanished into the gloom.
-boyd lost no time in gaining the plank runway that led to the dock, and finding an angle in the building, backed into it and waited, half-suspecting that he had stumbled into a trap.
 he reflected that both the hour and the circumstances were unpropitious; for in case he should meet with foul play, marsh might plausibly claim that he had been mistaken for a marauder.
 he determined, therefore, to proceed with the greatest caution.
 from his momentary glimpse of the man as he made off, he knew that he was tall and active--just the sort of person to prove dangerous in an encounter.
@@ -28339,7 +26704,6 @@ there was a brief, noisy interval, during which emerson was too astounded to att
 he tried to murder me.
 i--i'm hurt.
 i'll have him arrested."
-the seriousness of the accusation struck the young man on the instant; he turned upon the group.
 "i didn't do that.
 i heard a fight going on and ran in here--"
 "he's a liar," the wounded man interrupted, shrilly.
@@ -28361,7 +26725,6 @@ you'd a killed him in a minute," said the man with the lantern.
 "there has been a mistake here.
 i was passing the building when i heard a woman scream, and i rushed in to prevent marsh from choking her to death."
 "a woman!"
-chorused the group.
 "that's what i said."
 "where is she now?"
 "i don't know.
@@ -28437,13 +26800,11 @@ the circumstances under which panama became an independent nation have been set
 it is safe to say that with the heavy investment made by the united states in the canal zone, on the strength of a treaty with the infant republic, the sovereignty of panama will be forever maintained against all comers--except the united states itself.
 there are political philosophers who think that the isthmus state may yet be the southern boundary of the great republic of the north.
 for the present however uncle sam is quite content with the canal zone and a certain amount of diplomatic influence over the government of panama.
-[illustration: the gorge of salamanca]
 panama is divided into seven provinces, bocas del toro, cocle, colon, chiriqui, los santos, panama and veragua.
 its total population by the census of 1911 was 386,749, a trifle more than the district of columbia which has about one five-thousandth of its area, and almost precisely the same population as montana which has less than half its size.
 so it is clearly not over-populated.
 of its population 51,323 are set down by its own census takers as white, 191,933 as mestizo, or a cross between white and indian, 48,967 as negro; 2313 mongol, and 14,128 indian.
 the census takers estimated that other indians, living in barbarism remote from civilization and unapproachable by the enumerators, numbered 36,138.
-[illustration: native family in chorrera]
 all these figures have to be qualified somewhat.
 the mestizos are theoretically a cross between whites and indians, but the negro blood is very generally present.
 it is doubtful, too, whether those classed as white are not often of mixed blood.
@@ -28452,12 +26813,10 @@ in 12 towns, exceeding 7000 inhabitants each, are more than 150,000 people.
 more than one-third of the people therefore are town dwellers, which is to say they are unproductive citizens.
 meanwhile more than five-eighths of the arable land in the country is not under cultivation.
 the five chief towns of panama with their population in 1911 are:
-panama             37,505 colon              17,748 david              15,059 santiago           13,081 bocas del toro      9,759
 of these towns david is the capital of the chiriqui province, the portion of the republic in which cattle growing and agriculture have been most developed.
 bocas del toro is a banana port, dependent upon that nutritious fruit for its very existence, and the center of the business of the united fruit company in panama.
 at present the former town is reached by a 300 mile water trip from panama city; the latter by boat from colon.
 the government has under way plans for a railroad from panama to david which give every indication of being consummated.
-[illustration: a street in penenome]
 the soil of the republic differs widely in its varying sections, from the rich vegetable loam of the lowlands along the atlantic coast, the outcome of years of falling leaves and twigs from the trees to the swamp below, to the high dry lands of the savannas and the hillsides of the chiriqui province.
 all are undeniably fertile, that is demonstrated by the rapid and rank growth of the jungle.
 but opinions differ as to the extent to which they are available for useful agriculture.
@@ -28467,26 +26826,19 @@ this theory seems to be overthrown by the fact that it is rare to see a hillside
 a fact that is well worth bearing in mind is that there has never been a systematic and scientific effort to utilize any part of the soil of panama for productive purposes that has not been a success.
 the united fruit company in its plantations about bocas del toro has developed a fruitful province and created a prosperous town.
 in the province of cocle a german company has set out about 75,000 cacao trees, 50,000 coffee bushes and 25,000 rubber trees, all of which have made good progress.
-[illustration: the hotel at david]
 the obstacles in the path of the fuller development of the national resources of panama have sprung wholly from the nature of its population.
 the indian is, of course, not primarily an agriculturist, not a developer of the possibilities of the land he inhabits.
 the spanish infusion brought to the native population no qualities of energy, of well-directed effort, of the laborious determination to build up a new and thriving commonwealth.
 spanish ideals run directly counter to those involved in empire building.
 such energy, such determination as built up our great northwest and is building in british columbia the greatest agricultural empire in the world, despite seven months annually of drifting snow and frozen ground, would make of the panama savannas and valleys the garden spot of the world.
 that will never be accomplished by the present agrarian population, but it is incredible that with population absorbing and overrunning the available agricultural lands of other zones, the tropics should long be left dormant in control of a lethargic and indolent people.
-[illustration: view of bocas del toro]
-[illustration: photo by critchlow
-vista on the rio grande]
 benjamin kidd, in his stimulative book, “social evolution”, says on this subject:
 “with the filling up to the full limit of the remaining territories suitable for european occupation, and the growing pressure of population therein, it may be expected that the inexpediency of allowing a great extent of territory in the richest region of the globe--that comprised within the tropics--to remain undeveloped, with its resources running largely to waste under the management of races of low social efficiency, will be brought home with ever-growing force to the minds of the western (northern) peoples.
 the day is probably not far distant when, with the advance science is making, we shall recognize that it is in the tropics and not in the temperate zones we have the greatest food-producing and material-producing regions of the earth; that the natural highways of commerce in the world are those which run north and south; and that we have the highest possible interest in the proper development and efficient administration of the tropical regions, and in an exchange of products therewith on a far larger scale than has yet been attempted or imagined.... it will probably be made clear, and that at no distant date, that the last thing our civilization is likely to permanently tolerate is the wasting of the resources of the richest regions of the earth through lack of the elementary qualities of social efficiency in the races possessing them”.
-[illustration: photo by underwood & underwood
 at the cattle port of aguadulce
 this is one of the chief shipping points for the cattle ranches of chiriqui.
-the industry is one little developed]
 some of the modern psychologists who are so expert in solving the riddles of human consciousness that they hardly hesitate to approach the supreme problem of life after death may perhaps determine whether the indolence of the panamanian is racial, climatic, or merely bred of consciousness that he does not have to work hard in order to get all the comforts of which he has knowledge.
 the life-story of an imaginary couple will serve as the short and simple annals of tens of thousands of panama’s poor:
-[illustration: the royal road near panama]
 miguel lived on the banks of the chagres river, about half way between cruces and alhajuela.
 to him cruces was a city.
 were there not at least thirty huts of bamboo and clay thatched with palmetto like the one in which he lived?
@@ -28498,8 +26850,6 @@ they were paying all the natives along the river for their lands that would be s
 they did not trouble to move away.
 many years ago the french too said there would be a lake, but it never came and the french suddenly disappeared.
 the americans would vanish the same way, and a good thing, too, for their thunderous noises where they were working frightened away all the good game, and you could hardly find an iguana, or a wild hog in a day’s hunting.
-[illustration: photo by underwood & underwood
-the meeting place of the cayucas]
 once a week miguel’s father went down to market at matachin, and sometimes the boy went along.
 the long, narrow cayuca was loaded with oranges, bananas and yams, all covered with big banana leaves, and with miguel in the bow and his father in the stern the voyage commenced.
 going down stream was easy enough, and the canoists plied their paddles idly, trusting chiefly to the current to carry them along.
@@ -28507,7 +26857,6 @@ but coming back would be the real work, then they would have to bend to their po
 at places they would have to get overboard and fairly carry the boat through the swift, shallow rapids.
 but miguel welcomed the work for it showed him the wonders of matachin, where great iron machines rushed along like horses, drawing long trains of cars; where more people worked with shovels tending queer machines than there were in ten towns like cruces; where folk gave pesos for bananas and gave cloth, powder and shot, things to eat in cans, and rum in big bottles for the pesos again.
 it was an exciting place this matachin and made miguel understand what the gringoes meant when they talked about new york, chicago and other cities like it.
-[illustration: banana market at matachin]
 when he grew older miguel worked awhile for the men who were digging away all this dirt, and earned enough to buy himself a machete and a gun and a few ornaments for a girl named maria who lived in another hut near the river.
 but what was the use of working in that mad way--picking up your shovel when a whistle blew and toiling away until it blew again, with a boss always scolding at you and ready with a kick if you tried to take a little siesta.
 the pesos once a week were good, that was true.
@@ -28531,28 +26880,21 @@ the floor of the second story is made of bamboo poles laid transversely, and cov
 this is used only as the family sleeping apartment, and to give access to it miguel takes an 8-inch bamboo and cuts notches in it, into which the prehensile toes of his family may fit as they clamber up to the land of nod.
 furniture to the chamber floor there is none.
 the family herd together like so many squirrels, and with the bamboo climbing pole drawn up there is no danger of intrusion by the beasts of the field.
-[illustration: in the chiriqui country]
 in the typical indian hut there is no furniture on the ground floor other than a rough hewn bench, a few pieces of pottery and gourds, iron cooking vessels and what they call a kitchen, which is in fact a large flat box with raised edges, about eight square feet in surface and about as high from the floor as a table.
 this is filled with sand and slabs of stone.
 in it a little fire is built of wood or charcoal, the stones laid about the fire support the pots and pans and cooking goes on as gaily as in any modern electric kitchen.
 the contrivance sounds primitive, but i have eaten a number of excellent meals cooked on just such an apparatus.
-[illustration: banana plant; note size of man]
 now it will be noticed that in all this habitation, sufficient for the needs of an indian, there is nothing except the iron pots and possibly some pottery for which money was needed, and there are thousands of families living in just this fashion in panama today.
 true, luxury approaches in its insidious fashion and here and there you will see a $1.25 white iron bed on the main floor, real chairs, canned goods on the shelves and--final evidence of indian prosperity!--a crayon portrait of the head of the family and a phonograph, of a make usually discarded at home.
 but when miguel and maria start out on the journey of life a machete, a gun and the good will of their neighbors who will lend them yams until their own planting begins to yield forms a quite sufficient capital on which to establish their family.
 therefore, why work?
-[illustration: copyright, 1913, by f. e. wright
 a typical native hut
-while native architecture is not stately it is artistic in that it harmonizes with its natural surroundings and is eminently adapted to the needs of the people who inhabit the huts.]
 it is beyond doubt to the ease with which life can be sustained, and the torpidity of the native imagination which depicts no joys to spur one on to effort that the unwillingness of the native to do systematic work is due.
 and from this difficulty in getting labor follows the fact that not one quarter of the natural resources of panama are developed.
 whether the labor problem will be solved by the distribution throughout the republic of the caribbean blacks who have worked so well on the zone is yet to be seen.
 it may be possible that because of this the fertile lands of panama, or the savannas so admirably fitted for grazing, can only be utilized by great corporations who will do things on so great a scale as to justify the importation of labor.
 today the man who should take up a large tract of land in the chiriqui country with a view to tilling it would be risking disaster because of the uncertainty of the labor supply.
-[illustration: construction of roof of a native house
-the photograph is taken looking directly upward from the ground floor]
 another obstacle in the way of foreign settlement of panama has been the uncertainty of land titles.
-early surveyors seem to have been in the habit of noting as the identification marks of their lines such volatile objects as a blackbird in a tree, or such perishable ones as an ant hill or a decaying stump.
 facilities for recording titles also have been ill arranged.
 one of the first tasks of the new republic was to take up this matter and it has been reduced to fairly systematic form.
 the republic is offering for sale great quantities of public lands long held as commons by various municipalities.
@@ -28560,8 +26902,6 @@ much of this land lies along the line of the railroad from panama to david, and
 a fixed price of 50 cents per hectare is charged, a hectare being practically 2¹⁄₂ acres.
 the government has gone quite efficiently into the task of disposing of these lands, and pamphlets explanatory of methods of securing titles, terms, etc., can be obtained by addressing the administrator-general at panama.
 the pan-american union, of washington, d. c., has issued a pamphlet giving a summary in english of the panamanian law bearing upon the subject.
-[illustration: a native living room and stairway
-by pulling up the bamboo ladder, or turning it, communication with the upper floor is closed]
 with the lack of labor, and the uncertainty of land titles, the final impediment to the general development of the interior of panama is to be found in the lack of roads.
 it is not that the roads are bad--that is the case in many of our own commonwealths.
 but in a great part of panama there are literally no roads at all.
@@ -28572,9 +26912,7 @@ stimulated by this example the panama government has built one excellent road fr
 it is hoped that the spectacle of the admirable roads in the zone will encourage the authorities of the republic to go into road building on a large scale in their own country.
 in no other way can its possibilities be realized.
 at present the rivers afford the surest highways and land abutting them brings higher prices.
-[illustration: rubber plantation near cocle
 the planter’s original hut in the foreground.
-the board cabin with corrugated iron roof shows prosperity]
 david, the largest interior town of panama, is the central point of the cattle industry.
 all around it are woods, or jungles, plentifully interspersed with broad prairies, or llanos, covered with grass, and on which no trees grow save here and there a wild fig or a ceibo.
 cattle graze on the llanos, sleek reddish beasts with spreading horns like our texas cattle.
@@ -28585,7 +26923,6 @@ a range fed steer will fetch $15 to $18, and after six or eight months on the po
 since the cost of feeding a beeve for that period is only about one dollar, and as the demand is fairly steady the profit of the ranchman is a good one.
 but like all other industries in panama, this one is pursued in only a retail way.
 the market is great enough to enrich ranchmen who would go into the business on a large scale, but for some reason none do.
-[illustration: bolivar park at bocas del toro]
 passing from llano to llano the road cuts through the forest which towers dense and impenetrable on either side, broken only here and there by small clearings made by some native with the indispensable machete.
 these in the main are less than four acres.
 the average panamanian farmer will never incur the scriptural curse laid upon them that lay field unto field.
@@ -28595,7 +26932,6 @@ one reason is, of course, the aggressiveness of the jungle.
 stubborn to clear away, it is determined in its efforts to regain the land from which it has been ousted.
 such a thing as allowing a field to lie fallow for two or three years is unknown in panama.
 there would be no field visible for the new jungle growth.
-[illustration: a ford near ancon]
 agriculture therefore is conducted in a small way only, except for the great corporations that have just begun the exploitation of panama.
 whether the country affords a hopeful field for the individual settler is at least doubtful.
 its climate is excellent.
@@ -28611,14 +26947,11 @@ in the chiriqui country you can see sugar cane fields that have gone on producin
 cornfields have been worked for half a century without fertilizing or rotation of crops.
 the soil there is volcanic detritus washed down during past ages from the mountainsides, and lies from six to twenty feet thick.
 it will grow anything that needs no frost, but the province supports less than four people to the square mile, nine-tenths of the land is unbroken and panama imports fruit from jamaica, sugar from cuba and tobacco and food stuffs from the united states.
-[illustration: old banana trees]
-[illustration: pineapples in the field]
 the fruits of panama are the orange, which grows wild and for the proper cultivation of which no effort has been made, which is equally the case with the lemon and the lime; the banana, which plays so large a part in the economic development of the country that i shall treat of it at length later; the pineapple, cultivated in a haphazard way, still attains so high an order of excellence that taboga pines are the standard for lusciousness; the mango, which grows in clusters so dense that the very trees bend under their weight, but for which as yet little market has been found, as they require an acquired taste; the mamei, hard to ship and difficult to eat because of its construction but withal a toothsome fruit; the paypaya, a melon not unlike our cantaloupe which has the eccentricity of growing on trees; the sapodillo, a fruit of excellent flavor tasting not unlike a ripe persimmon, but containing no pit.
 with cultivation all of these fruits could be grown in great quantities in all parts of the republic, but to give them any economic importance some special arrangement for their regular and speedy marketing would have to be made, as with the banana, most of them being by nature extremely perishable.
 northern companies are finding some profit in exploiting such natural resources of panama as are available in their wild state.
 of these the most promising is rubber, the tree being found in practically every part of the country.
 one concern, the boston-panama company, has an estate approximating 400 square miles on which are about 100,000 wild rubber trees, and which is being further developed by the planting of bananas, pineapples, cocoanuts and other tropical fruits.
-[illustration: waiting for the boat]
 coffee, sugar and cacao are raised on the isthmus, but of the two former not enough to supply the local demand.
 the development of the cacao industry to large proportions seems probable, as several foreign corporations are experimenting on a considerable scale.
 cocoanuts are easily grown along both coasts of the isthmus.
@@ -28627,9 +26960,6 @@ once established the trees bring in a revenue of about one dollar each at presen
 the groves must be near the coast, as the cocoanut tree needs salt air to reach its best estate.
 given the right atmospheric conditions they will thrive where no other plant will take root.
 growing at the edge of the sea, water transportation is easy.
-[illustration: country house of a cacao planter at choria
-this industry is in its infancy in panama, but promises to be a considerable resource]
-[illustration: started for market]
 there is still much land available for cocoanut planting, though but little of it is government land.
 both coasts are fit for this industry, unlike the banana industry, which thrives only on the atlantic shore.
 panama is outside of the hurricane belt, which gives an added advantage to the cocoanut planter.
@@ -28654,7 +26984,6 @@ put your hand into the stream, lift it and let the water trickle through your fi
 every drop gleams and glistens as it falls with a radiance comparable with nothing in nature unless it be the great fire-flies of the tropics.
 even diamonds have to pass through the hands of the cutter before they will blaze with any such effulgence as the trickling waters of this tropical stream.
 one who has passed a night upon it may well feel that he has lived with one of the world’s marvels, and can but wonder at the matter-of-fact manner in which the natives go about their tasks unmoved by the contact with so much shining glory.
-[illustration: loading cattle at aguadulce]
 there is always controversy on the isthmus over the question whether the gigantic saurians of crocodile creek are in fact crocodiles or alligators.
 whether expert scientific opinion has ever been called upon to settle the problem i do not know, but i rather suspect that crocodile was determined upon because it gave to the name of crocodile creek in which they are so plentifully found “apt alliteration’s artful aid” to make it picturesque.
 whatever the precise zoological classification given to the huge lizards may be is likely to be relatively unimportant before long, because the greatest joy of every tourist is found in killing them.
@@ -28665,12 +26994,10 @@ there is nothing of the sporting proposition in pursuing them that is to be foun
 they are practically harmless, and in the bayano region wholly so, as there are no domestic animals upon which they can prey.
 it is true their teeth and skins have a certain value in the market, but it is not for these the tourist kills them.
 most of those slain for “sport” sink instantly and cannot be recovered.
-[illustration: dolega in the chiriqui province]
 however if you visit crocodile creek with a typical party you will be given a very fair imitation of a lively skirmish in actual war.
 from every part of the deck, from the roof of the cabin, and from the pilot house shots ring out from repeating rifles in a fierce desire to kill.
 the emersonian doctrine of compensation is often given illustration by the killing of one of the hunters in the eagerness to get at the quarry.
 in fact that is one of the commonest accidents of the tourist season in panama.
-[illustration: mahogany trees with orchids]
 crocodile creek is a deep, sluggish black stream, almost arched over by the boughs of the thick forest along the shores.
 here and there the jungle is broken by a broad shelving beach on which the ungainly beasts love to sun themselves, and to which the females resort to deposit their eggs.
 at the sound of a voice or a paddle in the stream the awkward brutes take to the water in terror, for there are few animals more timid than they.
@@ -28680,9 +27007,6 @@ alligator hunting for business purposes is not as yet generally pursued on the i
 but as the demand for the skins, and to a lesser degree for the teeth, of the animals is a constant one, it is probable that with the aid of the tourists they will be exterminated there as thoroughly as they have been in the settled parts of florida.
 while on the subject of slaughter and the extermination of game it may be noted that the canal commission has already established very stringent game laws on the zone, particularly for the protection of plumed birds like the egret, and it is seriously proposed to make of that part of gatun lake within the zone a refuge for birds in which no shooting shall be permitted.
 such action would stop mere wanton slaughter from the decks of passing steamers, and in the end would greatly enhance the beauty and interest of the trip through the lake which would be fairly alive with birds and other animal life.
-[illustration: bayano cedar, eight feet diameter]
-[illustration: the cacao tree]
-[illustration: street in david]
 the bayano river region beside being the center of such lumbering activities as the zone knows at present is the section in which are found the curious vegetable ivory nuts which, though growing wild, have become one of the principal products of panama.
 only a few years ago they were looked upon merely as curiosities but are now a useful new material.
 they are gathered by the natives and sold to dealers in panama who ship them north to be made into buttons and other articles of general use.
@@ -28699,9 +27023,6 @@ cuba put jamaica off the sugar map, but the united fruit company came to her res
 the company also owns the famous titchfield hotel of port antonio, and operates the myrtle bank hotel of kingston.
 in cuba the company owns 60,000 acres of sugar plantations and its two great sugar mills will this year add to the world’s product an amount with a market value in excess of $10,000,000.
 its scores of white steamships, amazingly well contrived and fitted for tropical service, constitute one of the pleasantest features of travel on these sunlit seas.
-[illustration: in the banana country]
-[illustration: market place at ancon]
-[illustration: fruit company steamer at wharf]
 the united fruit company is by far the greatest agricultural enterprise the world has ever known.
 its fruit plantations constitute a farm half a mile wide and more than seven hundred miles long.
 all of its farm lands exceed in area the 1332 square miles which constitute the sovereign state of rhode island.
@@ -28710,10 +27031,7 @@ this agricultural empire is traversed by nearly 1000 miles of railroad.
 to carry the fruits from the plantations to the seaports there are employed 100 locomotives and 3000 freight cars.
 an army of nearly 40,000 men is employed in this new and mammoth industry.
 the republics of central america were inland nations before the united fruit company made gardens of the low caribbean coast lands and created from the virgin wilderness such ports as barrios, cortez, limon and bocas del toro.
-[illustration: united fruit company train
 this narrow gauge railroad carries no freight except bananas.
-nearly 1000 miles of such road are maintained]
-[illustration: sanitary office, bocas del toro]
 this yankee enterprise has erected and maintains at its own expense many of the lighthouses which serve its own great fleet and the ships of all the world.
 it has dredged new channels and marked them with buoys.
 it has installed along the central and south american coasts a wireless telegraph service of the highest power and efficiency.
@@ -28721,12 +27039,9 @@ it has constructed hundreds of miles of public roads, maintains public schools,
 the american financiers associated with it are now pushing to completion the pan-american railroad which soon will connect new york with panama by an all-rail route, and thus realize what once was esteemed an impractical dream.
 but it is the united fruit company’s activities in panama only that are pertinent to this book.
 they demonstrate strikingly how readily one natural opportunity afforded by this land responded to the call of systematic effort, and there are a dozen products beside the banana which might thus be exploited.
-[illustration: a pile of rejected bananas
-the fruit is thrown out by the company’s inspectors for scarcely visible flaws]
 on the atlantic coast, only a night’s sail from colon, is the port of bocas del toro (the mouths of the bull), a town of about 9000 inhabitants, built and largely maintained by the banana trade.
 here is the largest and most beautiful natural harbor in the american tropics, and here some day will be established a winter resort to which will flock people from all parts of the world.
 almirante bay and the chiriqui lagoon extend thirty or forty miles, dotted with thousands of islands decked with tropical verdure, and flanked to the north and west by superb mountain ranges with peaks of from seven to ten thousand feet in height.
-[illustration: a perfect bunch of bananas]
 the towns of bocas del toro and almirante are maintained almost entirely by the banana trade.
 other companies than the united fruit raise and buy bananas here, but it was the initiative of the leading company which by systematic work put the prosperity of this section on a firm basis.
 lands that a few years ago were miasmatic swamps are now improved and planted with bananas.
@@ -28741,13 +27056,10 @@ at bocas del toro the company maintains a hospital which lacks nothing of the eq
 it has successfully adopted the commissary system established on the canal zone.
 labor has always been the troublesome factor in industrial enterprises in central america.
 the fruit company has joined with the isthmian commission in the systematic endeavor to keep labor contented and therefore efficient.
-[illustration: the astor yacht at cristobal]
 probably it will be the policy which any corporation attempting to do work on a large scale will be compelled to adopt.
 to my mind the united fruit company, next to the panama canal, is the great phenomenon of the caribbean world today.
 some day some one with knowledge will write a book about it as men have written the history of the british east india company, or the worshipful company of hudson bay adventurers, for this distinctly american enterprise has accomplished a creative work so wonderful and so romantic as to entitle it to equal literary consideration.
 its coöperation with the republic of panama and the manner in which it has followed the plans formulated by the isthmian commission entitles it to attention in a book treating of panama.
-[illustration: the bay of bocas
-this harbor of the chief banana port of panama would accommodate a navy]
 the banana business is the great trade of the tropics, and one that cannot be reduced in volume by new competition, as cane sugar was checked by beet sugar.
 but it is a business which requires special machinery of distribution for its success.
 from the day the banana is picked until it is in the stomach of the ultimate consumer the time should not exceed three weeks.
@@ -28760,15 +27072,10 @@ that means that once landed the fruit must be distributed to commission houses a
 there can be no holding it in storage, cold or otherwise, for a stronger demand or a higher market.
 this means that the corporation must deal with agents who can be relied upon to absorb the cargoes of the ships as regularly as they arrive.
 from its budding near the panama canal to its finish in the alimentary canal of its final purchaser the banana has to be handled systematically and swiftly.
-[illustration: bringing home the crocodile]
-[illustration: a morning’s shooting]
 to establish this machinery the united fruit company has invested more than $190,000,000 in the tropics--doubtless the greatest investment next to the panama canal made in that zone.
 how much of this is properly a panama investment can hardly be told, since for example the fruit company’s ships which ply to colon and bocas del toro call at other banana ports as well.
 these ships are peculiarly attractive in design and in their clothing of snowy white, and i do not think there is any american who, seeing them in caribbean ports, does not wonder at the sight of the british flag flying at the stern.
 his astonishment is not allayed when he learns that the company has in all more than 100 ships of various sizes, and nearly all of british registry.
-the transfer of that fleet alone to american registry would be a notable and most desirable step.
-[illustration: on crocodile creek
-each spot looking like a leaf on the water is the nose of a submerged saurian]
 from officials of the company i learned that they would welcome the opportunity to transfer their ships to american registry, except for certain requirements of the navigation laws which make such a change hazardous.
 practically all the ownership of the ships is vested in americans, but to fly the british flag is for them a business necessity.
 chief among the objections is the clause which would give the united states authority to seize the vessels in time of war.
@@ -28777,41 +27084,33 @@ a like power existing in england or germany would not be of equal menace to any
 but with the exceedingly restricted merchant marine of the united states the danger of the enforcement of this right would be an ever-present menace.
 it is for this reason that the fruit company steamers fly the british flag, and the american in colon may see, as i did one day, nine great ocean ships in the port with only one flying the stars and stripes.
 the opening of the canal will not wholly remedy this.
-[illustration: photo by carl hayden
-the end of the crocodile]
 in all respects save the registry of its ships, however, the fruit company is a thoroughly american concern and to its operations in the caribbean is due much of the good feeling toward the united states which is observable there.
 in 1912 it carried 1,113,741 tons of freight, of which 359,686 was general freight, carried for the public in addition to company freight.
 this is a notable public service, profitable no doubt but vital to the interests of the american tropics.
 it owns or holds under leases 852,650 acres, and in 1912 carried to the united states about 25,000,000 bunches of bananas, and 16,000,000 bunches to great britain and the continent.
 viewed from the standpoint of the consumer its work certainly has operated to cheapen bananas and to place them on sale at points where they were never before seen.
 the banana has not participated in the high cost of living nor has one company monopolized the market, for the trade statistics show 17,000,000 bunches of bananas imported by rival companies in 1912. as for its stimulation of the business of the ports of new orleans, galveston and mobile, and its revivifying of trade along the caribbean, both are matters of common knowledge.
-[illustration: above the clouds, chiriqui volcano]
 the banana thrives best in rich soil covered with alluvial deposits and in a climate of great humidity where the temperature never falls below 75 degrees fahrenheit.
 once established the plantation needs little attention, the plant being self-propagating from suckers which shoot off from the “mat,” the tangled roots of the mother plant.
 it begins to bear fruit at the age of ten or eleven months, and with the maturing of one bunch of fruit the parent plant is at once cut down so that the strength of the soil may go into the suckers that succeed it.
 perhaps the most technical work of the cultivator is to select the suckers so that the plantation will not bring all its fruit to maturity in one season, but rather yield a regular succession of crops, month after month.
 it was interesting to learn from a representative of the united fruit company at bocas del toro, that the banana has its dull season--not in production but in the demand for it which falls off heavily in winter, though one would suppose that summer, when our own fruits are in the market, would be the period of its eclipse.
-[illustration: the chiriqui volcano]
-[illustration: native market boat at chorrera]
 while most of the fruit gathered in the neighborhood of bocas del toro is grown on land owned and tilled by the company, there are hundreds of small individual growers with plantations of from half an acre to fifty acres or even more.
 all fruit is delivered along the railway lines, and the larger growers have tramways, the cars drawn by oxen or mules, to carry their fruit to the stipulated point.
 notice is given the growers of the date on which the fruit will be called for, and within twelve to eighteen hours after it has been cut it is in the hold of the vessel.
 it is subjected to a rigid inspection at the docks, and the flaws for which whole bunches are rejected would often be quite undiscernible to the ordinary observer.
-[illustration: in bouquette valley, the most fertile part of chiriqui]
 the banana is one of the few fruits which are free from insect pests, being protected by its thick, bitter skin.
 if allowed to ripen in the open, however, it speedily falls a prey to a multitude of egg-laying insects.
 the tree itself is not so immune.
 lately a small rodent, something like the gopher of our american states, has discovered that banana roots are good to eat.
 from time immemorial he lived in the jungle, burrowing and nibbling the roots of the plants there, but in an unlucky moment for the fruit companies he discovered that tunneling in soil that had been worked was easier and the roots of the cultivated banana more succulent than his normal diet.
 therefore a large importation of scientists from europe and the united states to find some way of eradicating the industrious pest that has attacked the chief industry of the tropics at the root, so to speak.
-[illustration: coffee plant at bouquette]
 baron humboldt is said to have first called the attention of civilized people to the food value of the banana, but it was one of the founders of the united fruit company, a new england sea captain trading to colon, who first introduced it to the general market in the united states.
 for a time he carried home a few bunches in the cabin of his schooner for his family and friends, but, finding a certain demand for the fruit, later began to import it systematically.
 from this casual start the united fruit company and its hustling competitors have grown.
 the whole business is the development of a few decades and people still young can remember when bananas were sold, each wrapped in tissue paper, for five or ten cents, while today ten or fifteen cents a dozen is a fair price.
 the fruit can be prepared in a multitude of fashions, particularly the coarser varieties of plantains, and the fruit company has compiled a banana cook book but has taken little pains to circulate it, the demand for the fruit being at times still in excess of the supply.
 there seems every indication that the demand is constant and new banana territory is being steadily developed.
-[illustration: drying the coffee beans]
 several companies share with the united fruit company the panama market.
 the methods of gathering and marketing the crop employed by all are practically the same, but the united fruit company is used as an illustration here because its business is the largest and because it has so closely followed the isthmian canal commission in its welfare work.
 the banana country lies close to the ocean and mainly on the atlantic side of the isthmus.
@@ -28820,8 +27119,6 @@ cocoanuts need the beaches and the sea breezes.
 native rubber is found in every part of the republic, though at present it is collected mainly in the darien, which is true also of vegetable ivory.
 the only gold which is mined on a large scale is taken from the neighborhood of the tuyra river in the darien.
 but for products requiring cultivation like cacao and coffee the high lands in the chiriqui province offer the best opportunity.
-[illustration: drying cloths for coffee
-where the planter has no regular drying floor, cloths are spread on which the berries are exposed]
 david is really the center of this territory.
 it is a typical central american town of about 15,000 people, with a plaza, a cathedral, a hotel and all the appurtenances of metropolitan life in panama.
 the place is attractive in its way, with its streets of white-walled, red-tiled dwellings, with blue or green doors and shutters.
@@ -28831,15 +27128,12 @@ you reach david now by boats of the pacific mail and the national navigation com
 the quickest trip takes thirty hours.
 when the government railroad is built, about which there is some slight doubt, the whole country will be opened and should be quickly settled.
 the road in all probability will be continued to bocas del toro on the atlantic coast.
-[illustration: photo by underwood & underwood
-breadfruit tree]
 while the cattle business of the chiriqui region is its chief mainstay, it is far from being developed to its natural extent.
 the commissary officials of the canal organization tried to interest cattle growers to the extent of raising enough beef for the need of the canal workers, but failed.
 practically all of the meat thus used is furnished by the so-called “beef trust” of the united states.
 it is believed that there are not more than 50,000 head of cattle all told in panama.
 i was told on the isthmus that agents of a large chicago firm had traveled through chiriqui with a view to establishing a packing house there, but reported that the supply of cattle was inadequate for even the smallest establishment.
 yet the country is admirably adapted for cattle raising.
-[illustration: primitive sugar mill]
 the climate of this region is equable, both as to temperature and humidity.
 epidemic diseases are practically unknown among either men or beasts.
 should irrigation in future seem needful to agriculture the multitude of streams furnish an ample water supply and innumerable sites for reservoirs.
@@ -28851,14 +27145,11 @@ as the ascent is continued the woods give way to grass and rocks.
 while there is a distinct timber line, no snow line is attained.
 at the foot of the mountain is el bouquette, much esteemed by the panamanians as a health resort.
 thither go canal workers who, not being permitted to remain on the zone during their vacations, wish to avoid the long voyage to north american ports.
-[illustration: chiriqui natives in an ox-cart]
 this neighborhood is the center of the coffee-growing industry which should be profitable in panama if a heavy protective tariff could make it so.
 but not even enough of the fragrant berries are grown to supply home needs, and the industry is as yet largely prosecuted in an unsystematic and haphazard manner.
 it is claimed that sample shipments of coffee brought high prices in new york, but as yet not enough is grown to permit exportation.
 cacao, which thrives, is grown chiefly by english and german planters, but as yet in a small way only.
 cotton, tobacco and fiber plants also grow readily in this region but are little cultivated.
-[illustration: proclaiming a law at david
-there being a dearth of newspapers and readers, new laws are promulgated by being read aloud]
 a curious industry of the chiriqui country, now nearly abandoned, was the collection of gold ornaments which the guaymi indians formerly buried with their dead.
 these images sometimes in human form, more often in that of a fish, sometimes like frogs and alligators, jointed and flexible, were at one time found in great quantities and formed a conspicuous feature of the panama curiosity shops.
 in seeking these the hunters walked back and forth over the grounds known to be indian burial places, tapping the ground with rods.
@@ -28866,8 +27157,6 @@ when the earth gave forth a hollow sound the spade was resorted to, and usually
 jars which had contained wine and food were usually found in the graves, which were in fact subterranean tombs carefully built with flat stones.
 the diggers tell of finding skulls perfectly preserved apparently but which crumbled to pieces at a touch.
 evidently the burial places which can be identified through local tradition have been nearly exhausted, for the ancient trinkets cannot longer be readily found in the panama shops.
-[illustration: the cattle range near david
-in chiriqui province there is much of this open savanna or prairie land bordered by thick jungle]
 another panamanian product which the tourists buy eagerly but which is rapidly becoming rare is the pearl.
 in the gulf of panama are a group of islands which have been known as las islas des perlas--the pearl islands.
 this archipelago is about thirty miles long, with sixteen big islands and a quantity of small ones, and lies about sixty miles south of panama city.
@@ -28878,7 +27167,6 @@ saboga on the island of the same name is a beautiful little tropical village of
 whales are plentiful in these waters and pacific whalers are often seen in port.
 san miguel, the largest town of the archipelago, is on rey island and has about 1000 inhabitants.
 the tower of its old church is thickly inlaid with glistening, pearly shell.
-[illustration: despoiling old guaymi graves]
 the pearl fisheries have been overworked for years, perhaps centuries, and begin to show signs of being exhausted.
 nevertheless the tourist who takes the trip to the islands from the city of panama will find himself beset by children as he lands offering seed pearls in quantities.
 occasionally real bargains may be had from “beach combers” not only at rey island, but even at taboga, where i knew an american visitor to pick up for eleven dollars three pearls valued at ten or twelve times as much when shown in the united states.
@@ -28888,13 +27176,10 @@ the report does not say how much of this the boy got, but as the pearl was after
 the panama pearls are sometimes of beautiful colors, green, pale blue and a delicate pink.
 on the chiriqui coast a year or two ago a pearl weighing about forty-two carats, about the size and shape of a partridge egg, greenish black at the base and shading to a steel gray at the tip, was found.
 it was sold in paris for $5000.
-[illustration: a day’s shooting, game mostly monkeys]
 it is a curious fact that the use of mussels from our western rivers is one cause for the decadence of the panama pearl industry.
 for years the actual expense of maintaining these fisheries was met by the sale of the shell for use in making buttons and mother-of-pearl ornaments.
 the pearls represented the profit of the enterprise, which was always therefore more or less of a gamble--but a game in which it was impossible to lose, though the winnings might be great or small according to luck.
 now that the demand for pearl oyster shells has fallen off, owing to the competition of mussels, the chances in the game are rather against the player and the sport languishes.
-[illustration: the government school of hat making]
-[illustration: beginning a panama hat]
 the authorities of the republic are making some effort to establish a system of industrial schools which may lead to the fuller utilization of the natural resources of the country.
 every tourist who visits the isthmus is immediately taught by one who has been there a day or two longer than he that panama hats are not made in panama.
 this seems to be the most precious information that anyone on the zone has to impart.
@@ -28909,12 +27194,10 @@ the school system of panama must be regarded merely as a nucleus from which a la
 yet when one recalls the state of society which has resulted from revolutions in other central american states, one is impelled to a certain admiration for the promptitude with which the men who erected the republic of panama gave thought to the educational needs of people.
 they were suddenly put in authority over an infant state which had no debt, but, on the contrary, possessed a capital of $10,000,000 equivalent to about $30 for every man, woman and child of its population.
 instead of creating an army, buying a navy and thus wasting the money on mere militarism which appeals so strongly to the latin-american mind, they organized a civil government, equipped it with the necessary buildings, established a university and laid the foundation of a national system of education.
-[illustration: coffee plantation at bouquette]
 the thoughtful traveler will concede to the republic of panama great natural resources and a most happy entrance to the family of nations.
 it is the especial protégé of the united states and under the watchful care of its patron will be free from the apprehension of misuse, revolution or invasion from without which has kept other central american governments in a constant state of unrest.
 about the international morality of the proceedings which created the relations now existing between the united states and panama perhaps the least said the better.
 but even if we reprobate the sale of joseph by his brethren, in the scripture story, we must at least admit that he did better in egypt than in his father’s house and that the protection and favor of the mighty pharaoh was of the highest advantage to him, and in time to his unnatural brethren as well.
-[illustration: work of indian students in the national institute]
 at present the republic suffers not only from its own checkered past, but from the varied failings of its neighbors.
 its monetary system affords one illustration.
 the highest coin of the land is the peso, a piece the size of our silver dollar but circulating at a value of fifty cents.
@@ -28922,14 +27205,11 @@ if a man should want to pay a debt of $500 he would have to deliver 1000 pesos u
 no paper money is issued.
 “who would take paper money issued by a central american republic?” ask the knowing ones scornfully when you inquire about this seeming lack in the monetary system.
 yet the republic of panama is the most solvent of nations, having no national debt and with money in bank.
-[illustration: the crater of the chiriqui volcano]
 probably the one obstacle to the progress of the republic to greatness is the one common to all tropical countries on which benjamin kidd laid an unerring finger when he referred to the unwisdom of longer permitting the riches of the tropics to “remain undeveloped with resources running to waste under the management of races of low social efficiency”.
 the panamanian authorities are making apparently sincere endeavors to attract new settlers of greater efficiency.
 in proportion to the success that attends the efforts the future of panama will be bright.
-[illustration: copyright, 1913, by f. e. wright
 vendor of fruit and pottery
 like all tropical towns panama displays interesting bits of outdoor life in its street markets and vendors.
-the sidewalks are the true shops and almost the homes of the people.]
  chapter xvi
 the indians of panama
  while that portion of the panama territory that lies along the border of colombia known as the darien is rather ill-defined as to area and to boundaries, it is known to be rich in timber and is believed to possess gold mines of great richness.
@@ -28953,10 +27233,7 @@ for food they had mainly nuts with a few birds and the diet disturbed their stom
 the bite of a certain insect deposited under the skin a kind of larva, or worm, which grew to the length of an inch and caused the most frightful torments.
 despairing of getting his full party out alive, after they had been twenty-three days fighting with the jungle, strain took three men and pushed ahead to secure and send back relief.
 it was thirty-nine days before the men left behind saw him again.
-[illustration: photo by underwood & underwood
 trapping an aborigine
-in houses and clothing the darien indians are decidedly primitive]
-[illustration: native village on panama bay]
 death came fast to those in the jungle.
 the agonies they suffered from starvation, exposure and insect pests baffle description.
 “truxton in casting his eyes on the ground saw a toad”, wrote the historian.
@@ -28971,16 +27248,12 @@ every condition which brought such frightful disaster upon the strain party exis
 the indians are as hostile, the trails as faintly outlined, the jungle as dense, the insects as savage.
 only along the banks of the rivers has civilization made some little headway, but the richest gold field twenty miles back in the interior is as safe from civilized workings as though it were walled in with steel and guarded by dragons.
 every speculative man you meet in panama will assure you that the gold is there but all agree that conditions must be radically changed before it can be gotten out unless a regiment and a subsistence train shall follow the miners.
-[illustration: a river landing place]
 the authorities of panama estimate that there are about 36,000 tribal indians, that is to say aborigines, still holding their tribal organizations and acknowledging fealty to no other government now in the isthmus.
 the estimate is of course largely guesswork, for few of the wild indians leave the jungle and fewer still of the census enumerators enter it.
 most of these indians live in the mountains of the provinces of bocas del toro, chiriqui and veragua, or in the darien.
 their tribes are many and the sources of information concerning them but few.
 the most accessible and complete record of the various tribes is in a pamphlet issued by the smithsonian institution, and now obtainable only through public libraries, as the edition for distribution has been exhausted.
 the author, miss eleanor yorke bell, beside studies made at first hand has diligently examined the authorities on the subject and has presented the only considerable treatise on the subject of which i have knowledge.
-[illustration: the falls at chorrera]
-[illustration: photo by underwood, & underwood
-on the rio grande]
 of life among the more civilized natives she says:
 “the natives of the isthmus in general, even in the larger towns, live together without any marriage ceremony, separating at will and dividing the children.
 as there is little or no personal property, this is accomplished amicably as a rule, though should disputes arise the alcalde of the district is appealed to, who settles the matter.
@@ -28989,13 +27262,11 @@ recently an effort has been made to bring more of the inhabitants under the marr
 the majority of the population is nominally catholic, but the teachings of the church are only vaguely understood, and its practices consist in the adoration of a few battered images of saints whose particular degree of sanctity is not even guessed at and who, when their owners are displeased with them, receive rather harsh treatment, as these people have usually no real idea of christianity beyond a few distorted and superstitious beliefs.
 after the widespread surveys of the french engineers, a sincere effort was made to re-christianize the inhabitants of the towns in darien as well as elsewhere, for, until this time, nothing had been done toward their spiritual welfare since the days of the early jesuits.
 in the last thirty years spasmodic efforts have been made to reach the people with little result, and, excepting at penonome, david, and santiago, there are few churches where services are held outside of panama and the towns along the railroad.
-[illustration: old spanish church, chorrera]
 “the chief amusements of the isthmian are gambling, cock-fighting, and dancing, the latter assisted by the music of the tom-tom and by dried beans rattled in a calabash.
 after feasts or burials, when much bad rum and whisky is consumed, the hilarity keeps up all night and can be heard for miles, increased by the incessant howls of the cur dogs lying under every shack.
 seldom does an opportunity come to the stranger to witness the really characteristic dances, as the natives do not care to perform before them, though a little money will sometimes work wonders.
 occasionally, their dancing is really remarkably interesting, when a large amount of pantomime enters into it and they develop the story of some primitive action, as, for instance, the drawing of the water, cutting the wood, making the fire, cooking the food, etc., ending in a burst of song symbolizing the joys of the new prepared feast.
 in an extremely crude form it reminds one of the old opera ballets and seems to be a composite of the original african and the ancient spanish, which is very probably the case.
-[illustration: the church at ancon]
 “the orientals of the isthmus deserve a word in passing.
 they are chiefly chinese coolies and form a large part of the small merchant class.
 others, in the hill districts, cultivate large truck gardens, bringing their produce swinging over the shoulders on poles to the city markets.
@@ -29003,7 +27274,6 @@ their houses and grounds are very attractive, built of reed or bamboo in the eas
 many cultivate fields of cane or rice as well, and amidst the silvery greens, stretching for some distance, the quaint blue figures of the workmen in their huge hats make a charming picture.
 through the rubber sections chinese ‘middlemen’ are of late frequently found buying that valuable commodity for their fellow countrymen in panama city, who are now doing quite a large business in rubber.
 these people live much as in their native land, seldom learning more than a few words of spanish (except those living in the towns), and they form a very substantial and good element of the population”.
-[illustration: the pearl island village of saboga]
 to enumerate even by names the aboriginal tribes would be tedious and unavailing.
 among the more notable are the doracho-changuina, of chiriqui, light of color, believing that the great spirit lived in the volcano of chiriqui, and occasionally showing their displeasure with him by shooting arrows at the mountain.
 the guaymies, of whom perhaps 6000 are left, are the tribe that buried with their dead the curious golden images that were once plentiful in the bazaars of panama, but are now hard to find.
@@ -29018,7 +27288,6 @@ the dead often are swung in hammocks from trees and supplied with fresh provisio
 then the spirit’s journey to the promised land is held to be ended and provisions are no longer needed.
 sorcery and soothsaying are much in vogue, and the sorcerers who correspond to the medicine men of our north american indians will sometimes shut themselves up in a small hut shrieking, beating tom-toms and imitating the cries of wild animals.
 when they emerge in a sort of self-hypnotized state they are held to be peculiarly fit for prophesying.
-[illustration: native village at capera]
 all the indians drink heavily, and the white man’s rum is to some extent displacing the native drink of chica.
 this is manufactured by the women, usually the old ones, who sit in a circle chewing yam roots or cassava and expectorating the saliva into a large bowl in the center.
 this ferments and is made the basis of a highly intoxicating drink.
@@ -29034,10 +27303,8 @@ the man who silently offers you fish, fruits or vegetables from his cayuca on th
 not a word of that can you coax from him.
 even in proffering his wares he does so with the fewest possible words, and an air of lofty indifference.
 uncas of the leather-stocking tales was no more silent and self-possessed a red-skin than he.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
 a choco indian in full costume
-his cuffs are silver; his head adorned with flowers]
 in physiognomy the san blas indians are heavy of feature and stocky of frame.
 their color is dark olive, with no trace of the negro apparent, for it has been their unceasing study for centuries to retain their racial purity.
 their features are regular and pleasing and, among the children particularly, a high order of beauty is often found.
@@ -29047,9 +27314,6 @@ these women paint their faces in glaring colors, wear nose rings, and always bla
 among them more pains is taken with clothing than among most of the savage indians, many of their garments being made of a sort of appliqué work in gaudy colors, with figures, often in representation of the human form, cut out and inset in the garment.
 so determined are the men of this tribe to maintain its blood untarnished by any admixture whatsoever, that they long made it an invariable rule to expel every white man from their territory at nightfall.
 of late years there has been a very slight relaxation of this severity.
-dr. henri pittier of the united states department of agriculture, one of the best-equipped scientific explorers in the tropics, several of whose photographs elucidate this volume, has lived much among the san blas and the cuna-cuna indians and won their friendship.
-[illustration: some san blas girls
-the dresses are covered with elaborate designs in appliqué work]
 it was the ancestors of these indians who made welcome patterson and his luckless scotchmen, and in the 200 years that have elapsed they have clung to the tradition of friendship for the briton and hatred for the spaniard.
 dr. pittier reports having found that queen victoria occupied in their villages the position of a patron saint, and that they refused to believe his assertion that she was dead.
 his account of the attitude of these indians toward outsiders, recently printed in the national geographic magazine, is an authoritative statement on the subject:
@@ -29061,24 +27325,16 @@ many instances of murders, some confirmed and others only suspected, are on reco
 “of late, however, conditions seem to have bettered, owing to a more frequent intercourse with the surrounding settlements.
 a negro of la palma, at the mouth of the tuyra river, told me of his crossing, some time ago, from the latter place to chepo, through the chucunaque and bayano territories, gathering rubber as he went along with his party.
 at the headwaters of the canaza river he and his companions were held up by the ‘bravos’, who contented themselves with taking away the rubber and part of the equipment and then let their prisoners go with the warning not to come again.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy of national geographic magazine
-chief don carlos of the chocoes and his son]
 “the narrative of that expedition was supplemented by the reflection of an old man among the hearers that twenty years ago none of the party would have come out alive.
-[illustration: courtesy of national geographic magazine
 the village of playon grand, eighty-five miles east of the canal
 the houses are about 150 x 50 feet and each shelters 16 to 20 families.
-the members of each family herd together in a single room]
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy nat’l geographic magazine
-san blas woman in daily garb]
 “among the san blas indians, who are at a far higher level of civilization, the exclusion of aliens is the result of well-founded political reasons.
 their respected traditions are a long record of proud independence; they have maintained the purity of their race and enjoyed freely for hundreds of years every inch of their territory.
 they feel that the day the negro or the white man acquires a foothold in their midst these privileges will become a thing of the past.
 this is why, without undue hostility to strangers, they discourage their incursions.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy nat’l geographic magazine
-a girl of the choco tribe]
 “their means of persuasion are adjusted to the importance of the intruder.
 they do not hesitate to shoot at any negro of the nearby settlements poaching on their cocoanuts or other products; the trader or any occasional visitor is very seldom allowed to stay ashore at night; the adventurers who try to go prospecting into indian territory are invariably caught and shipped back to the next panamanian port”.
 among the men of the san blas tribe the land held by their people is regarded as a sacred trust, bequeathed to them by their ancestors and to be handed down by them to the remotest posterity.
@@ -29099,11 +27355,8 @@ but catholic missionaries have made some headway in the country, and at narganá
 it is probably due to the feminine influence that the san blas men return so unfailingly to primitive customs after the voyages that have made them familiar with civilization.
 if the women yield to the desire for novelty the splendid isolation of the san blas will not long endure.
 perhaps that would be unfortunate, for all other primitive peoples who have surrendered to the wiles of the white men have suffered and disappeared.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
 daughter of chief don carlos
-this young girl is merry, plump and fond of finger rings]
-[illustration: native bridge over the caldera river]
 in their present state the san blas are relatively rich.
 all the land belongs to all the people--that is why the old chief declined to sell the sandy beach.
 there is a sort of private property in improvements.
@@ -29141,10 +27394,8 @@ a long corridor runs through the house longitudinally, and on either side the sp
 the side walls are made of wattled reeds caked with clay.
 one of these houses holds from sixteen to twenty families, and the edifices are packed so closely together as to leave scarce room between for a razor-back hog to browse.
 the people within must be packed about as closely and the precise parental relationship sustained to each other by the various members of the family would be an interesting study.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
 guaymi indian man
-note the tattoed marking of face and the negroid lips]
 the choco indians are one of the smaller and least known tribes of the darien.
 prof. pittier--who may without disrespect be described as the most seasoned “tropical tramp” of all central america--described them so vividly that extracts from his article in the national geographic magazine will be of interest:
 “never, in our twenty-five years of tropical experience, have we met with such a sun-loving, bright and trusting people, living nearest to nature and ignoring the most elementary wiles of so-called civilization.
@@ -29171,9 +27422,7 @@ hats are not used; the hair is usually tied with a red ribbon and often adorned
 this is all, except that the neck is more or less loaded with beads or silver coins.
 but for this the women display less coquetry than the men, which may be because they feel sufficiently adorned with their mere natural charms.
 fondness for cheap rings is, however, common to both sexes, and little children often wear earrings or pendants.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
-indian girl of the darien]
 “the scantiness of the clothing is remedied very effectually by face and body painting, in which black and red colors are used, the first exclusively for daily wear.
 at times men and women are painted black from the waist down; at other times it is the whole body or only the hands and feet, etc., all according to the day’s fashion, as was explained by one of our guides.
 for feast days the paintings are an elaborate and artistic affair, consisting of elegantly drawn lines and patterns--red and black or simply black--which clothe the body as effectually as any costly dress.
@@ -29198,11 +27447,9 @@ this simple raiment, not needed for warmth, seems to be prized, for if caught in
 it is said, too, that when strangers are not near clothes are never thought of.
 the men follow a like custom, and invariably when pursuing a quarry strip off their trousers, tying their shirts about their loins.
 trousers seem to impede their movements, and if a lone traveler in chiriqui comes on a row of blue cotton trousers tied to the bushes he may be sure that a band of guaymies is somewhere in the neighborhood pursuing an ant bear or a deer.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
 choco indian of sambu valley
 silver beads about his neck and leg.
-face painted in glaring colors]
 as a rule these indians--men or women--are not pleasing to the eye.
 the lips are thick, the nose flat and broad, the hair coarse and always jet black.
 yet the children are not infrequently really beautiful.
@@ -29226,8 +27473,6 @@ on the appointed day several hundred will gather on the banks of some river in w
 then the women employ several hours in painting the men with red and blue colors, following the figures still to be seen on the old pottery, after which the men garb themselves uncouthly in bark or in pelts like children “dressing up” for a frolic.
 at night is a curious ceremonial dance and game called balsa, in which the indians strike each other with heavy sticks, and are knocked down amid the pile of broken boughs.
 the music--if it could be so called--the incantations of the wisemen, the frenzy of the dancers, all combine to produce a sort of self-hypnotism, during which the indians feel no pain from injuries which a day later often prove to be very serious.
-[illustration: panamanian father and child]
-there are a multitude of distinct indian tribes on the isthmus, each with its own tribal government, its distinctive customs and its allotted territory, though boundaries are, of course, exceedingly vague and the territories overlap.
 the smithsonian pamphlet enumerates 21 such tribes in the darien region alone.
 but there seems to be among them no such condition of continual tribal warfare as existed between our north american indians as long as they survived in any considerable numbers the aggressions of the white settlers.
 it is true that the historian of balboa’s expedition records that the great leader was besought by chieftains to assist them in their affrays with rival tribes, and made more than one alliance by giving such assistance.
@@ -29238,9 +27483,7 @@ there seems to have been no written language, nor even any system of hieroglyphi
 on the other hand in weaving and in fashioning articles for domestic use they were in advance of the north american aborigines.
 their domestic architecture was more substantial, and they were less nomadic, the latter fact being probably due to the slight encouragement given to wandering by the jungle.
 the great houses of the san blas indians in their villages recall the “long houses” of the iroquois as described by parkman.
-[illustration: photo by h. pittier
 courtesy national geographic magazine
-choco indian in every-day dress]
 thus far what we call civilization has dealt less harshly with the indians of the isthmus than with our own.
 they have at least survived it and kept a great part of their territory for their own.
 the “squaw-man” who figures so largely in our own southwestern indian country is unknown there.
@@ -29260,12 +27503,10 @@ it traverses the narrowest part of panama, the waist so to speak, and has been t
 its territory does not terminate at low water-mark, but extends three marine miles out to sea, and, as i write, a question of jurisdiction has arisen between the two republics--hardly twin republics--of panama and the united states concerning jurisdiction over three malefactors captured by the zone police in a motor boat out at sea.
 it may be noted in passing that panama is properly tenacious of its rights and dignity, and that cases of conflicting jurisdiction are continually arising when any offender has only to foot it a mile or two to be out of the territory in which his offense was committed.
 the police officials of the zone affect to think that the panama authorities are inclined to deal lightly with native offenders who commit robbery or murder on the zone and then stroll across the line to be arrested in their native state.
-[illustration: a squad of canal zone police officers]
 there was a quarrel on while i was on the zone over the custody of a panamanian who killed his wife, with attendant circumstances of peculiar brutality, and then balked the vengeance of the zone criminal authorities by getting himself arrested in panama.
 “we want to show these fellows”, remarked a high police official of the zone, “that if they do murder in our territory we are going to do the hanging”.
 that seemed a laudable purpose--that is if hanging is ever laudable--but the panama officials are quite as determined to keep the wheels of their criminal law moving.
 the proprietors of machines like to see them run--which is one of the reasons why too many battleships are not good for a nation.
-[illustration: a primitive sugar mill]
 to return, however, to the statistics of the zone.
 its population is shifting, of course, and varies somewhat in its size according to the extent to which labor is in demand.
 the completion of a part of the work occasionally reduces the force.
@@ -29273,16 +27514,12 @@ in january, 1912, the total population of the zone, according to the official ce
 these figures emphasize the fact that the working force on the zone is made up mainly of unmarried men, for a working population of 36,600 would, under the conditions existing in the ordinary american community, give a population of well over 100,000. though statistics are not on hand, and would probably be impossible to compile among the foreign laborers, it is probable that not more than one man in four on the zone is married.
 from this situation it results that the average maiden who visits the zone for a brief holiday goes rushing home to get her trousseau ready before some young engineer’s next annual vacation shall give him time to go like a young lochinvar in search of his bride.
 indeed, the life of the zone for many reasons has been singularly conducive to matrimony, and as a game preserve for the exciting sport of husband-hunting, it has been unexcelled.
-[illustration: vine-clad family quarters]
-[illustration: quarters of a bachelor teacher]
 perhaps it may be as well to turn aside from the orderly and informative discussion of the statistics of the zone to expand a little further here upon the remarkable matrimonial phenomena it presented in its halcyon days--for it must be remembered that even as i am writing, that society, which i found so hospitable and so admirable, has begun to disintegrate.
 marriage, it must be admitted, is a somewhat cosmopolitan passion.
 it attacks spiggotty and gringo alike.
 in an earlier chapter i have described how the low cost of living enabled miguel of the chagres country to set up a home of his own.
-let us consider how the benevolent arrangements made by the isthmian canal commission impelled a typical american boy to the same step.
 probably it was more a desire for experience and adventure than any idea of increased financial returns that led young jack maxon to seek a job in engineering on the canal.
 graduated from the engineering department of a state university, with two years or so of active experience in the field, jack was a fair type of young american--clean, wholesome, healthy, technically trained, ambitious for his future but quite solicitious about the pleasures of the present, as becomes a youth of twenty-three.
-[illustration: main street at gorgona]
 the job he obtained seemed at the outset quite ideal.
 in the states he could earn about $225 a month.
 the day he took his number on the canal zone he began to draw $250 a month.
@@ -29365,10 +27602,7 @@ we do not of course know in what detail the story was represented; but the pivot
 now it appears that in the play the part of aïdoneus was taken by an hierophant and the part of kore by a priestess; and it was the alleged indecency resulting therefrom which the fathers of the church most severely censured.
 asterius, after defending the christians from the charge of worshipping saints as if they had been not human but divine, seeks to turn the tables on his pagan opponents by accusing them of deifying demeter and kore, whom he evidently regards as having once been human figures in mythology.
 then he continues, ‘is not eleusis the scene of the descent into darkness, and of the solemn acts of intercourse between the hierophant and the priestess, alone together?
-are not the torches extinguished, and does not the large, the numberless assembly of common people believe that their salvation lies in that which is being done by the two in the darkness[1445]?’ again it was objected against the valentinians by tertullian that they copied ‘the whoredoms of eleusis[1446],’ and from another authority we learn that part of the ceremonies of these heretics consisted in ‘preparing a nuptial chamber’ and celebrating ‘a spiritual marriage[1447].’ these two statements, read in conjunction, form a strong corroboration of the information given by asterius; and we are bound to conclude that the scene of the rape of kore was represented at eleusis by the descent of the priest and priestess who played the chief parts into a dark nuptial chamber.
-now it is easy enough to suppose, as sainte-croix suggests[1448], that public morals were safeguarded by assigning the chief rôles in the drama to persons of advanced age, or, as one ancient author states[1449], by temporarily and partially paralysing the hierophant with a small dose of hemlock.
 whether each of the initiated was at any time conducted through the same ritual is uncertain.
-in the formulary of the eleusinian rites, as recorded by clement of alexandria--‘i fasted; i drank the sacred potion (κυκεῶνα); i took out of the chest; having wrought (ἐργασάμενος) i put back into the basket and from the basket into the chest[1450]’--the expression ‘having wrought’ has been taken to be an euphemism denoting the same mystic union as between hierophant and priestess[1451].
 if this view is correct, it would imply no doubt that full initiation required the candidate to go through the whole ritual in person; in this case it must be presumed that some precaution such as the dose of hemlock was taken in the interests of morality.
 but the mere fact that a scene of rape should form any part of a religious rite, was to the christians a stumbling-block.
 this was their insurmountable objection to the mysteries, and they were only too prone to exaggerate a ceremony, which with reverent and delicate treatment need have been in no way morally deleterious, into a sensual and noxious orgy.
@@ -29384,9 +27618,6 @@ surely it taught that not only was there physical life beyond death, but a life
 and the same doctrine seems to be the motif of many other popular legends and of mysteries founded thereon; its settings and its harmonies may be different, but the essential melody is the same.
 at eleusis demeter’s daughter was the representative of mankind, for she went down to the house of hades as is the lot of men.
 but crete had another legend wherein demeter was the representative deity with whom mankind might hope for union.
-was it not told how iasion even in this life found such favour in the goddess’ eyes that she was ‘wed with him in sweet love mid the fresh-turned furrows of the fat land of crete[1452]’?
-and happiness such as was granted to him here was laid up for all the initiated hereafter; else would there be no meaning in those lines, ‘blessed, methinks, is the lot of him that sleeps, and tosses not, nor turns, even endymion; and, dearest maiden, blessed i call iasion, whom such things befell, as ye that be profane shall never come to know[1453].’ surely that which is withheld from the profane is by implication reserved to the sanctified, and to them it is promised that they shall know by their own experience hereafter the bliss which iasion even here obtained.
-it was, i think, in this spirit and this belief that the athenians in old time called their dead δημητρεῖοι ‘demeter’s folk[1454]’; for the popular belief in the condescension of the mistress, great and reverend goddess though she was, was so firmly rooted, it would seem, that even to this day the folk-stories, as we have seen, still tell how the ‘mistress of the earth and of the sea,’ she whom men still call despoina and reverence for her love of righteousness and for her stern punishment of iniquity, has yet admitted brave heroes to her embrace in the mountain-cavern where, as of old in arcady, she still dwells[1455].
 nor did the cults of demeter and kore monopolise these hopes and beliefs.
 in the religious drama of aphrodite and adonis, in the sabazian mysteries, in the holiest rites of dionysus, in the wild worship of cybele, the same thought seems ever to recur.
 it matters little whether these gods and their rites were foreign or hellenic in origin.
@@ -29396,56 +27627,39 @@ similar, we may well believe, was the lot of other foreign gods and rites.
 whencesoever derived, they owed their reception in greece to the fact that their character appealed to certain native religious instincts of the greek folk.
 once transplanted to hellenic soil, they were soon completely hellenized; those elements which were foreign or distasteful to greek religion were quickly eradicated or of themselves faded into oblivion, while all that accorded with the hellenic spirit throve into fuller perfection; for the character of a deity and of a cult depends ultimately upon the character of the worshippers.
 it is fair therefore to treat of aphrodite as of a genuinely greek deity; for, though she may have entered greece from eastern lands, doubtless long before the homeric age her worship no less than her personality was permeated with the spirit of genuinely greek religion.
-too well known to need re-telling here is the story of how--to use the words of theocritus once more--‘the beautiful cytherea was brought by adonis, as he pastured his flock upon the mountain-side, so far beyond the verge of frenzy, that not even in his death doth she put him from her bosom[1456].’ such was the plot of one of the most famous religious dramas of old time.
 and what was its moral for those who had ears to hear?
 surely that the beloved of the gods may hope for wedlock with them in death.
 it was certainly in this sense that clement of alexandria understood certain other mysteries of aphrodite, though, needless to say, he puts upon them the most obscene construction.
-after relating in terms unnecessarily disgusting the legend of how by the very act of uranus’ self-mutilation the sea became pregnant and gave birth from among its foam to the goddess aphrodite, he states that ‘in the rites which celebrate this voluptuousness of the sea, as a token of the goddess’ birth there are handed to those that are being initiated into the lore of adultery (τοῖς μυουμένοις τὴν τέχνην τὴν μοιχικήν) a lump of salt and a phallus; and they for their part present her with a coin, as if they were her lovers and she their mistress (ὡς ἑταίρας ἐρασταί)[1457].’ thus clement; but those who are willing to see in the mysteries of the greek religion something more than organised sensuality will do well to reflect whether that which clement calls ‘being initiated into the lore of adultery’ was not really an initiation into those hopes of marriage with the gods of which we have already found evidence in the popular religion, and whether the goddess’ symbolic acceptance of her worshippers as lovers does not fit in exactly with that bold conception of man’s future bliss.
 the symbolism indeed, if clement’s statement is accurate, was crude and even repellent, but its significance is clear; and those who approached these mysteries of aphrodite in reverent mood need not have been repelled by that which modern taste would account indecent in the ritual.
 greek feeling never erred on the side of prudery; men were familiar with the hermae erected in the streets and with the symbolism of the phallus in religious ceremonies, and tolerated the publication of literature--be it the comedy of aristophanes or clement’s own exhortation to the heathen--which neither as a source of amusement nor of instruction would be tolerated now.
 the particular mysteries to which clement alludes in this passage seem to have been concerned with the story of aphrodite’s birth, and though it is difficult to conjecture how that story can have been made to illustrate and to inculcate the doctrine of the marriage of men and gods, the information given by clement with respect to the ritual makes it clear that such was their object.
 but in that other rite of the same goddess, that namely which celebrated the story of adonis, the whole motif of the drama was the continuance of aphrodite’s love for him after his death, a love so strong that it prevailed upon the gods of the lower world to let him return for half of every year to the upper world and the arms of his mistress.
 here, though expressed in different imagery, is the same doctrine as that which underlay the drama of eleusis.
 here again is an illustration, or rather, for those who were capable of religious ecstasy, a proof, of the doctrine that the dead yet lived, and in that life were both in body and in soul one with their gods.
-for ‘thrice-beloved adonis who even in acheron is beloved[1458]’ was the type and forerunner of all those who had part in his mysteries.
-in another version this legend of adonis is brought into even closer relation with the eleusinian mysteries by the introduction of persephone[1459].
 to her is assigned the part of a rival to aphrodite, and being equally enamoured of the beautiful adonis she is glad of his death whereby he is torn from the arms of aphrodite in the upper world, and enters the chamber of the nether world where her love in turn may have its will; but in the end aphrodite descends to the house of hades, and a compact is arranged between the two goddesses by which each in turn may possess adonis for half the year.
 this version of the story is cruder, but its teaching is obviously the same--adonis, the favourite of heaven in this life, and the precursor of all who by initiation in the mysteries win heaven’s favour, survives in the lower world with both body and soul unimpaired by death, and is admitted to wedlock with the great goddess of the dead.
 the same doctrine again seems to have been the basis of certain mystic rites associated with dionysus.
 from the speech against neaera attributed to demosthenes we learn that at athens there was annually celebrated a marriage between the wife of the chief magistrate (ἄρχων βασιλεύς) and dionysus.
-the solemnity was reckoned among things ‘unspeakable’; foreigners were not permitted to see or to hear anything of it; and even athenian citizens, it seems, might not enter the innermost sanctuary in which the union of dionysus with the ‘queen’ (βασίλιννα) was celebrated[1460].
 there were however present and assisting in some way fourteen priestesses (γεραραί), dedicated to the service of the god and bound by special vows of chastity.
-these priestesses, we are told, corresponded in number to the altars of dionysus[1461], and they were appointed by the archon whose wife was wed with dionysus[1462].
 there our actual knowledge of the facts ends; but there is material enough on which to base a rational surmise.
 the correspondence between the number of priestesses bound by vows of purity and the number of the altars suggests that in this custom is to be sought a relic of human sacrifice.
 the selection of the priestesses by the magistrate who held the title of ‘king’ suggests that in bygone times it had been the duty of the king, as being also chief priest, to select fourteen virgins who should be sacrificed on dionysus’ altars and thereby sent to him as wives.
 subsequently maybe, as humanity gradually mitigated the wilder rites of religion, the number of victims was reduced to one; and later still the human sacrifice was altogether abolished, and, instead of sending to dionysus his wife by the road of death, the still pious but now more humane worshippers of the god contented themselves with a symbolic marriage between him and the wife of their chief magistrate.
-the conception of human sacrifice as a means of sending a messenger from this world to some power above, which receives clear expression in that modern story from santorini which i have narrated in an earlier chapter[1463], was, i have there argued, known also to the ancient greeks; and the same means of communication may equally well have been employed for the despatch of a human wife to some god.
 plutarch appears to have been actually familiar with this idea.
 in a passage in which he is attempting to vindicate the purity and goodness of the gods and, it must be added withal, their aloofness from human affairs, he claims that all the religious rites and means of communion are concerned, not with the great gods (θεοί), but with lesser deities (δαίμονες) who are of varying character, some good, others evil, and that the rites also vary accordingly.
 “as regards the mysteries,” he says, “wherein are given the greatest manifestations or representations (ἐμφάσεις καὶ διαφάσεις) of the truth concerning ‘daemons,’ let my lips be reverently sealed, as herodotus has it”; but the wilder orgies of religion, he argues, are to be set down as a means of appeasing evil ‘daemons’ and of averting their wrath; the human sacrifices of old time, for example, were not demanded nor accepted by gods, but were performed to satisfy either the vindictive anger of cruel and tormenting ‘daemons,’ or in some cases “the wild and despotic passions (ἔρωτας) of ‘daemons’ who could not and would not have carnal intercourse with carnal beings.
-just as heracles besieged oechalia to win a girl, so these strong and violent ‘daemons,’ demanding a human soul that is shut up within a body, and being unable to have bodily intercourse therewith, bring pestilences and famines upon cities and stir up wars and tumults, until they get and enjoy the object of their love.” and reversely, he continues, some ‘daemons’ have punished with death men who have forced their love upon them; and he refers to the story of a man who violated a nymph and was found afterwards with his head severed from his body[1464].
 the whole passage betrays clearly enough what was the popular belief which plutarch here set himself so to explain as to safeguard the goodness of the gods; but perhaps the end of it is the most significant of all.
-plutarch forgets that a nymph, if she is a ‘daemon,’ is by his own hypothesis incapable of bodily intercourse; in this case then his attempted explanation is not even logically sound, and his conception of a purely spiritual ‘daemon’ is a failure; but at the same time, save for this invention, he is following the popular belief of both ancient and modern greece that carnal intercourse between man and nymph is possible but is fraught with grave peril to the man[1465].
 it is impossible then to doubt that in the earlier part of the passage he was explaining away a popular belief by means of the same hypothesis.
 he himself would hold that spiritual ‘daemons’ demanded human sacrifice because they lusted after a soul or spirit confined out of their reach in a body until death severed it therefrom; but the popular belief, which he is at pains to emend, was that corporeal gods demanded human sacrifice because they lusted after the person who, by death, would be sent, body and soul, to be wed with them.
 there is good reason then to suppose that in old time death may have been even inflicted as the means of effecting wedlock between men and gods; and that the mystic rite of union between dionysus and the wife of the athenian magistrate was based on the same fundamental idea as the mysteries of demeter and persephone or of aphrodite.
 though in this instance, when once human sacrifice had been given up, all suggestion of death was, so far as we know, removed from the solemnity, yet the repetition year by year of a ceremony of marriage between the god and a mortal woman representing his worshippers might still keep bright in their minds those ‘happier hopes’ of the like bliss laid up for themselves hereafter.
 this particular rite escaped the notice, or at any rate the malice, of clement; but dionysus does not for all that go unscathed.
-clement fastens upon a legend concerning him, which, however widely ancient greek feeling in the matter of sex differed from modern, cannot but have seemed to some of the ancients[1466] themselves to be a reproach and stain upon the honour of their god.
-the story of dionysus and prosymnus, as told by clement[1467], must be taken as read.
 but those who will investigate it for themselves will see that the same idea of death being followed by close intercourse with the gods is present there also.
-that this was the inner meaning of the peculiarly offensive story is shown by a curious comment of heraclitus upon it, which clement quotes--ωὐτὸς δε ἀίδης καὶ διόνυσος[1468], ‘hades and dionysus are one’; whence it follows that union with dionysus is a synonym for that ‘marriage with hades’ which elsewhere, in both ancient and modern times, is a common presentment of death.
 again in the sabazian mysteries, which some connect with dionysus and others with zeus, the little that is known of the ritual favours the view that here also the motif was the marriage of the deity with his worshippers.
-according to clement[1469], the subject-matter of these mysteries was a story that zeus, having become by demeter the father of persephone, seduced in turn his own daughter, having as a means to that end transformed himself into a snake.
-that story, it may safely be said, is presented by clement in its worst light; but the statement, that in the ritual the deity was represented by a snake, obtains some corroboration from theophrastus, who says of the superstitious man, that if he see a red snake in his house he will invoke sabazius[1470].
-now the token of these mysteries for those who were being initiated in them was, according to clement[1471] again, ‘the god pressed to the bosom’ (ὁ διὰ κόλπου θεός); which phrase he explains by saying that the god was represented as a snake, which was passed under the clothing and drawn over the bosom of the initiated ‘as a proof of the incontinence of zeus.’ clearly then the act of initiation was the symbolic wedding of the worshipper with the deity worshipped; and it is probable that the union which was symbolized in this life was expected to be realised in the next.
 finally in the orgiastic worship of cybele the same religious doctrine is revealed.
 here to attis seems to be assigned the same part as to adonis in the mysteries of aphrodite.
 he is the beloved of the goddess; he is lost and mourned for as dead; he is restored again from the grave to the goddess who loved him.
 and in all this he appears to be the representative of all cybele’s worshippers; for the ritual of initiation into her rites, if once again we may avail ourselves of clement’s statements, is strongly imbued with the idea of marriage between the goddess and her worshipper.
-the several acts or stages of initiation are summarised in four phrases: ‘i ate out of the drum; i drank out of the cymbal; i carried the sacred vessel; i entered privily the bed-chamber--ἐκ τυμπάνου ἔφαγον· ἐκ κυμβάλου ἔπιον· ἐκερνοφόρησα· ὑπὸ τὸν παστὸν ὑπέδυν[1472].
-in the passage from which these phrases are culled there appears to be a certain confusion between the rites of cybele and those of demeter; but the fact that clement shortly afterwards gives another formulary of demeter’s ritual is sufficient proof that he meant this present formulary, as indeed the mention of kettle-drum and cymbal[1473] suggests, to apply to the mysteries of cybele[1474].
 it appears then that the final act or stage of initiation consisted in the secret admission of the worshipper to the bed-chamber of the goddess.
 such ritual can have borne only one interpretation.
 it clearly constituted a promise of wedded union between the initiated and their deity.
@@ -29453,60 +27667,40 @@ viewed in this light even the emasculation of the priests of cybele may more rea
 the mention of the goddess’ bed-chamber in the above passage is of considerable interest.
 the παστός (or παστάς) in relation to a temple meant the same thing as it often meant in relation to an ordinary house, an inner room or recess screened off, and in particular a bridal chamber.
 such provision for the physical comfort of the deity was probably not rare.
-pausanias tells us that on the right of the vestibule in the argive heraeum there was a couch (κλίνη) for hera[1475], and he seems to speak of it as if it were a common enough piece of temple furniture.
-so too at phlya in attica, where were held the very ancient mystic rites ‘of her who is called the great,’ there was a bridal chamber (παστάς), where, it has rightly been argued, there ‘must have been enacted a mimetic marriage[1476].’ again clement of alexandria speaks of a παστός of athena in the parthenon, and makes it quite clear by the story which he relates that he understood the word in the sense of bed-chamber.
 the story is also for other reasons worth recalling, because it shows how the religious conception of marriage between men and gods was readily extended to the worship of other deities than those whose mysteries we have sought to unravel, and at the same time furnishes the only case known to me in which that mystic belief was prostituted to the base uses of flattery.
 the occasion was the reception accorded by the athenians to demetrius poliorcetes.
-not content with hailing him as a god in name, they went so far in their mean-spirited subjection as to set up a temple, at the place where he dismounted from his horse on entering their city, to demetrius the descender (καταιβάτης)[1477], while on every side altars were erected to him.
 but their grossest piece of flattery was a master-piece of grotesque impiety, and met with a fitting reward.
 a marriage was arranged between him (the most notorious profligate of his age) and athena.
-‘he however,’ we are told, ‘disdained the goddess, being unable to embrace the statue, but took with him to the acropolis the courtesan lamia, and polluted the bed-chamber of athena, exhibiting to the old virgin the postures of the young courtesan[1478].’ even that contemptuous response to the athenians’ flattery did not abash them, but, finding that he did not favour their acknowledged deity, they determined to deify his acknowledged favourite, and erected a temple to lamia aphrodite[1479].
-but such travesties of holy things were rare; and this one notorious case excited the contempt alike of the man[1480] to whom the flattery was paid and of all posterity--a contempt which teaches, hardly less clearly than the indignation excited a century earlier by the supposed profanation of the mysteries, in what reverence and high esteem the idea of marriage between men and gods was generally held.
 even lucian, in whom reverence was a less pronounced characteristic than humour, condemns seriously enough a parody of the mysteries of eleusis which occurred in his own day; and his account of it at the same time shows once more that the marriage of men and gods was the very essence of the mysteries.
 the impostor alexander, he says, instituted rites with carrying of torches (δᾳδουχία) and exposition of the sacred ceremonies (ἱεροφαντία) lasting for three days.
 “on the first there was a proclamation, as at athens, as follows: ‘if any atheist, christian, or epicurean hath come to spy upon the holy rites, let him begone, and let the faithful be initiated with heaven’s blessing.’ then first of all there was an expulsion of intruders.
-alexander himself led the way, crying ‘out with christians,’ and the whole multitude shouted in answer ‘out with epicureans.’ then was enacted the story of leto in child-bed and the birth of apollo, and his marriage with coronis and the birth of asclepius; and on the second day the manifestation of glycon and the god’s birth[1481].
 and on the third day was the wedding of podalirius and alexander’s mother; this was called the torch-day, for torches were burnt.
-and finally there was the love of selene and alexander, and the birth of his daughter now married to rutilianus[1482].
 our endymion-alexander was now torch-bearer and exponent of the rites.
-and he lay as it were sleeping in the view of all, and there came down to him from the roof--as it were selene from heaven--a certain rutilia, a very beautiful woman, the wife of one of caesar’s household-officers, who was really in love with alexander and was loved by him, and she kissed the rascal’s eyes and embraced him in the view of all, and, if there had not been so many torches, worse would perhaps have followed (τάχα ἄν τι καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ κόλπου ἐπράττετο)[1483].”
-the inferences which may be drawn from this narrative are, first, that the mysteries in general, while reproducing in some dramatic form the whole story of the deities concerned, culminated in the representation of a mystic marriage between men and gods; (the birth of a child was also represented or announced in this parody, as we know that it was at eleusis[1484], but it had, i am inclined to think, no mystic significance otherwise than as proof of the consummation of that marriage;) and, secondly, that the wild charges of indecency brought by early christian writers against the mysteries are baseless; for lucian condemns a much lesser license in this parody than that which they attributed to the genuine rites.
 thus our examination of the mysteries, so far as they are known to us, tends to prove that the doctrines revealed in them to the initiated were simply a development of certain vaguer popular ideas which have been prevalent among the greek folk from the classical age down to our own day.
 the people entertained hopes that this physical life would continue in a similar form after death; the mysteries gave definite assurance of that immortality by exhibiting to the initiated persephone or adonis or attis restored from the lower world in bodily form; and though that exhibition was in fact merely a dramatic representation, yet to the eyes of religious ecstasy it seemed just as much a living reality as does the risen christ in the modern celebration of easter.
 the people again were wont to think and to speak of death as a marriage into the lower world; the mysteries showed to the initiated certain representatives of mankind who by death, or even in life, had been admitted to the felicity of wedlock with deities, and thereby confirmed the faithful in their happier hopes of being in like manner themselves god-beloved and of sharing the life of gods.
 since then there is good reason to believe that this was in effect the secret teaching of the mysteries, it would naturally be expected that human marriage should have been reckoned as it were a foretaste of that union with the divine which was promised hereafter, and also that death should have been counted the hour of its approaching fulfilment; in other words, if my view of the mysteries is correct, it would almost inevitably follow that the mysteries should have been brought into close association both with weddings and with funerals.
 this expectation is confirmed by the facts.
 an ordinary wedding was treated as something akin to initiation into the mysteries.
-an inscription of cos[1485], relating to the appointment of priestesses of demeter, mentions among other duties certain services on the occasion of weddings; and the brides, who are the recipients of these services, are divided into two classes, αἱ τελεύμεναι and αἱ ἐπινυμφευόμεναι, the maidens who, are being ‘initiated,’ and the widows who are being married again; a woman’s first marriage in fact is called by a religious document her initiation, and demeter’s priestesses are charged therewith.
-nor was this usage or idea confined to cos; plutarch speaks of services rendered by the priestess of demeter in the solemnisation of matrimony as part of an ‘ancestral rite[1486]’; while the term τέλος was commonly used both of the mystic rites and of marriage, and τέλειοι might denote the newly-wed[1487].
 the same thought seems also to have inspired another custom associated with marriage.
-the newly-wed, we hear, sometimes attended a representation of the marriage of zeus and hera[1488], an ἱερὸς γάμος which formed the subject of mystic drama or legend all over greece[1489].
 the widely extended cults of hera under the titles of maiden (παρθένος or παῖς) and of bride (τελεία or νυμφευομένη) appear to have been closely interwoven; indeed for a full appreciation of the greek conception of the goddess they must be treated as complementary.
 they are well interpreted by farnell.
 rejecting the theory of physical symbolism, he suggests ‘a more human explanation.
-hera was essentially the goddess of women, and the life of women was reflected in her; their maidenhood and marriage were solemnised by the cults of hera παρθένος and hera τελεία or νυμφευομένη, and the very rare worship of hera χή��α might allude to the not infrequent custom of divorce and separation[1490].’ with, hera the widow we are not here concerned, but only with the higher conceptions of zeus and hera as expressed in the representation of the ‘sacred marriage’; the bride and bridegroom who looked upon that saw in it, we may be sure, not a symbolical representation of the seasons and the productive powers of the earth, but rather the divine prototype of human marriage.
 it reminded them that deities, like mortals, were married and given in marriage, and it imparted to their wedding a sacramental character, making it at once a foretaste and a gage of that close communion with the gods which, when death the dividing line between mortals and immortals should once be passed, awaited the blessed among mankind.
 other small points too suggest the same trend of thought.
-the preliminaries of a wedding often comprised a sacrifice to zeus teleios and hera teleia[1491], and were called προτέλεια being the ‘preliminaries of initiation’ into that mystery, of which the sacred marriage, enacted before the now wedded pair, was the full revelation[1492].
-again these preliminaries always included the solemn ablution[1493] of which i have spoken above, and in this resembled the preparations for admittance to the mysteries.
 moreover an instance is recorded in which this ablution was itself invested with the significance of a wedding between the human and the divine.
-the maidens of the troad before marriage were wont to unrobe and bathe themselves in the scamander; and the prayer which they made to the river-god, whose bed they entered, was, ‘receive thou, scamander, my virginity[1494].’ finally the first night on which the wedded pair came together was known as the ‘mystic night’ (νὺξ μυστική)[1495], a term not a little suggestive of the great night of demeter’s mysteries when to the eyes of the initiated was displayed the secret proof and promise of wedlock between men and gods hereafter.
 in short the ceremonies of a wedding by one means or another proclaimed it to be a form of initiation, and the estate of marriage was to the greeks, as our prayer-book calls it, ‘an excellent mystery.’
 hence naturally followed the belief that the unmarried and the uninitiated shared the same fate in the future life.
-one conception of the punishment of the uninitiated was, according to plato[1496], that they should carry water in a sieve to a broken jar; and this, as is well known, was also the lot of the danaids in the nether world.
 commenting on these facts dr frazer says, ‘it is possible that the original reason why the danaids were believed to be condemned to this punishment in hell was not so much that they murdered, as that they did not marry, the sons of aegyptus.
 according to one tradition indeed they afterwards married other husbands (paus.
 iii.
 12.
 2); but according to another legend they were murdered by lynceus, apparently before marriage (schol.
 on euripides, hecuba, 886).
-they may therefore have been chosen as types of unmarried women, and their punishment need not have been peculiar to them but may have been the one supposed to await all unmarried persons in the nether world[1497].’ a passage of lucian, which appears to have been overlooked in this connexion[1498], converts the view of the danaids which dr frazer considers possible into a practical certainty.
 the passage in point forms the conclusion of that dialogue in which poseidon with the aid of triton plots and carries out the rape of amymone, the danaid.
 she has just been seized and is protesting against her abduction and threatening to call her father, when triton intervenes: ‘keep quiet, amymone,’ he says, ‘it is poseidon.’ and the girl rejoins, ‘oh, poseidon you call him, do you?’ and then turning to her ravisher, ‘what do you mean, sirrah, by handling me so roughly, and dragging me down into the sea?
-i shall go under and be drowned, miserable girl.’ and poseidon answers, ‘do not be frightened, you shall come to no harm; no, i will strike the rock here, near where the waves break, with my trident, and will let a spring burst up which shall bear your name, and you yourself shall be blessed and, unlike your sisters, shall not carry water when you are dead (καὶ σὺ εὐδαίμων ἔσῃ καὶ μόνη τῶν ἀδελφῶν οὐχ ὑδροφορήσεις ἀποθανοῦσα)[1499].’ the whole point of poseidon’s answer clearly depends upon the existence of a well-known belief that the danaids were punished hereafter for remaining unmarried and that the punishment took the form of vainly fetching water for that bridal bath which was a necessary preliminary to a wedding; amymone shall have a very thorough bridal bath, and the spring that bears her name shall be a monument of it, while she herself shall be ‘blessed’ by wedlock with poseidon; thus shall she escape the fate of the unmarried.
 clearly then there was no distinction between the uninitiated and the unmarried; both alike were doomed vainly to fetch water for those ablutions which preceded initiation into the mysteries or into matrimony; and once again the conception of marriage as a mystic and sacramental rite akin to the rites of eleusis is clearly revealed.
 it may further be noted here that this idea of the punishment of the unmarried completely explains the custom, on which i have already touched, of erecting a water-pitcher (λουτροφόρος) over the grave of unmarried persons.
-this intimated, according to eustathius[1500], that the person there buried had never taken the bath which both bride and bridegroom were wont to take before marriage.
 but this must not be taken to mean that the water-pitcher was erected as a symbol of the punishment which the dead person was supposed to be undergoing; this was not an idea which his relatives and friends, even if they had held it, would have wished to blazon abroad.
 one might as soon expect to find depicted on a modern tombstone the worm that dieth not and the fire that is not quenched.
 no; the water-pitcher was not a symbol, it was an instrument; for my part i have little faith in the existence of any symbols in popular religion which are not in origin at least instruments; and the purpose to which this instrument was put was to supply the dead person with that wedding-bath which he had not taken in life, and without which he would vainly strive in the under-world to prepare himself for divine wedlock.
@@ -29517,18 +27711,13 @@ this is equally plentiful.
 the vague conception of death as a wedding, which as i have shown was elaborated in the mysteries, has of course already been exemplified in all those passages of ancient literature and modern folk-songs which i have adduced, and i have found in it also the motive for the assimilation of funeral-customs to the customs of marriage.
 but the evidence that the actual doctrines of the mysteries, in which more definite expression was given to that vague idea, were closely associated with death and funeral-custom is to be found rather in epitaphs and sepulchral monuments.
 the tone of the epitaphs may be sufficiently illustrated by a single couplet:
-οὐκ ἐπιδὼν νύμφεια λέχη κατέβην τὸν ἄφυκτον γόργιππος ξανθῆς φερσεφόνης θάλαμον[1501].
-‘i, gorgippus, lived not to look upon a bridal bed ere i went down to the chamber of bright-haired persephone which none may escape.’ there is naturally here a note of lament, as befits any epitaph, and more especially that of one who dies young and unmarried; but none the less there is an anticipation--justified, we may think, if we will, by some ceremony of bridal ablution performed for the dead man by his friends--that his death is a wedding with the goddess of the under-world; and indeed the phrase φερσεφόνης θάλαμος, ‘the bridal chamber of persephone,’ recurs with some frequency in this class of epitaphs[1502].
 considered collectively, such epitaphs would suggest a distinctly offensive conception of persephone; but in each taken separately, as it was composed, it will be allowed, i think, that if there is supreme audacity, there is equal sublimity.
 it is just these qualities which give pungency to a blasphemous parody of such epitaphs, in which the wit of ausonius exposes the worst possible aspect of a religious conception which to the pure-minded was wholly pure.
 my apology for quoting lines which i will not translate must be the fact that a caricature is often no less instructive than a true portrait.
 the mock epitaph concludes as follows:
-sed neque functorum socius miscebere vulgo nec metues stygios flebilis umbra lacus: verum aut persephonae cinyreius ibis adonis, aut jovis elysii tu catamitus eris[1503].
 ausonius in jest bears an unpleasant resemblance to clement in earnest; both perverted to their uttermost a doctrine which commanded nothing but reverence from faithful participants in the mysteries.
-akin to these epitaphs are certain tablets which recently have been fully discussed by miss jane harrison[1504], and have been shown to be of orphic origin.
 they were buried with the dead, and for this reason were more outspoken in their references to the mystic doctrines than was permissible in epitaphs exposed to the vulgar gaze.
 the most complete of these tablets is one which was found near sybaris, and, with the exception of the last sentence of all, the inscription is in hexameter verse.
-miss harrison, to whose work i am wholly indebted for this valuable evidence, translates as follows[1505]:
 ‘out of the pure i come, pure queen of them below, eukles and eubouleus and the other gods immortal.
 for i also avow me that i am of your blessed race, but fate laid me low and the other gods immortal ... starflung thunderbolt.
 i have flown out of the sorrowful weary wheel.
@@ -29541,7 +27730,6 @@ the gist of the document which the dead man takes with him is then briefly this.
 he claims to have been pure originally and of the same race as his gods; but as a man he was mortal and exposed to death, and in this respect differed from his gods.
 he states however that he has performed certain ritual acts which entitle him to be re-admitted to the pure fellowship of the gods now that death is passed.
 and the answer comes, ‘thou shalt be god instead of mortal.’
-now here i wish to consider one only of these ritual acts--that one of which the meaning is clearest--δεσποίνας δ’ ὑπὸ κόλπον ἔδυν χθονίας βασιλείας, which means, if i may give my own rendering, ‘i was admitted to the embrace of despoina, queen of the under-world.’ the phrase is one which repeats the idea which we have already seen expressed in the formulary of cybele’s rites, ὑπὸ τὸν παστὸν ὑπέδυν[1506], ‘i was privily admitted to the bridal chamber,’ and in the token of the sabazian mysteries, ὁ διὰ κόλπου θεός[1507], ‘the god pressed to the bosom’; and lucian’s final phrase in his account of alexander’s mock-mysteries shows a kindred phrase, τὰ ὑπὸ κόλπου[1508], as an euphemism of the same kind[1509].
 the orphic therefore no less than others based his claim to future happiness on the fact that he had performed a ritual act, of the nature of a sacrament, which constituted a pledge that the wedlock between him and his goddess foreshadowed here should be consummated hereafter.
 even more abundant evidence is furnished by sepulchral monuments; and in support of my views i cannot do better than quote two high authorities who coincide in their verdict upon the meaning of the scenes represented.
 in reference to those scenes ‘in which death is conceived in the guise of a marriage’ furtwängler writes: ‘the monuments belonging to this class are extraordinarily numerous, and exhibit very different methods of treating the idea which they carry out.
@@ -29555,7 +27743,6 @@ at the same time the mother is driving along with her chariot, thereby signifyin
 here there is a look of gentleness on hades’ face; the bride accompanies him gladly, and even takes an affectionate farewell of her mother, who appears to acquiesce in her departure.
 in this case too eros is flying above the horses, and is turned towards the lovers, while in front of him there flies a dove, the bird sacred to the goddess of love.
 hecate with torches guides the steeds; near at hand waits hermes to escort the procession; and above the whole scene the stars are shining, as if to indicate the new life in the region of death.
-‘in another form, exalted to a yet higher holiness, the same marriage is repeated in the sphere of dionysus-worship.
 thus on a cameo in the vatican, dionysus is represented driving with his bride, ariadne, in a brightly-decked triumphal car.
 holy rapture is manifested on the features of both, and on top of the chariot stands a cupid directing it.
 dionysus is arrayed in the doe-skin, and holds in his left hand a thyrsus, in his right a goblet; ariadne is carrying ears of corn and poppy-heads, and has her hair wreathed with vine-leaves.
@@ -29563,36 +27750,25 @@ the car is drawn by centaurs of both sexes, with torches, drinking-horns, and mu
 the idea which underlies this scene is the reproduction of life out of death; hades has issued forth again for a new marriage-bond with kore in the realm of light, appearing now rejuvenated in the form of dionysus, just as his bride assumes the form of ariadne, and because the power of death is broken behind him, his car likewise becomes a triumphal car.
 ‘just as the marriage of zeus in the realm of light became a type for men in this life, so the marriage of hades, or of dionysus representing him, developed into a similar prototype for the dead.
 since that which is true of death bears directly upon the actual dead, it was quite natural that gradually the process of death came to be considered in general as a wedding with the deities of death.
-with this conception too harmonize those wedding-scenes which are so common and conspicuous on funeral monuments, as well as the often-recurring scenes from the joyous cycle of dionysus-myths[1510].’ two brief comments may be made upon this passage.
-first, furtwängler clearly recognises in dionysus a mere substitute for hades, and thus confirms my interpretation of the strange legend concerning dionysus and prosymnus[1511].
 we noticed that the somewhat obscure observation of heraclitus (as quoted by clement) upon that story contained the words ‘dionysus and hades are one and the same’; and we now see that in art too the same identification was made, and that the marriage of a mortal with dionysus was used to typify the future marriage of the dead with their gods.
-the reason for this identification seems simply to be that the cults in which the two gods figured, although differing in outward form, were felt to express one and the same idea--namely the conception of death as a form of marriage; and the tendency to identify in such cases was carried so far that the god dionysus was even, we are told, identified with the mortal adonis[1512], presumably because the worship of each, as i have shown above, turned upon this one cardinal doctrine.
 secondly, furtwängler points out that the marriage of zeus and hera represented for living men the same doctrine as the marriage of hades and persephone (or of dionysus and ariadne) represented for the dead.
-the truth of this is well illustrated by the close resemblance between aristophanes’ picture of hera’s wedding and those funeral monuments and vases which furtwängler describes; for there too ‘golden-winged eros held firm the reins, and drave the wedding-car of zeus and blessed hera[1513].’ in other words, this olympian marriage was only one among several mystic marriages which all conveyed, though in diverse form, the same lesson, that marriage was the perfection of divine life no less than of human life, and therefore that hereafter when men, or at any rate the blessed and initiated among men, should come to dwell with their gods, no bond of communion between gods and men could be perfect short of the marriage-bond.
 it was natural enough that the drama of hera’s wedding with zeus should most often have been chosen to be played at an ordinary wedding, because it would not obtrude thoughts of death upon a joyous event with such insistence as most of the other religious legends which reposed upon the same fundamental doctrine; but sometimes, we know, it was the priestesses of demeter who officiated at wedding-ceremonies, and in those cases it cannot be doubted that it was persephone and not hera who was the divine prototype of the bride, and the thought that her wedding was a wedding with the god of death could not have been excluded.
 at funerals, on the other hand, the story of zeus and hera which was preferred at weddings owing to its less obvious allusion to death, would for that same reason have found less favour than those other marriage-legends in which the identity of death with marriage was more clearly enunciated; and of these, owing to the exceptional reverence in which the eleusinian mysteries were held, the story of persephone seems to have been among the most frequent.
 yet in the picture drawn by aristophanes at which we have just glanced, for one subtle touch which suggests the connexion of hera’s wedding with human weddings, there is another subtle touch which suggests its relation with human death.
-the first is an epithet applied to eros who drove the wedding-car--the epithet ἀμφιθαλής, used of one who has both parents living[1514].
 the allusion to human weddings is clear.
 it was no doubt imperative in old time, as it still is, in greece, that anyone who attended upon a bride or bridegroom, as for instance the bearer of water for the bridal bath, should have both parents living; and the use of the same term in reference to eros, the attendant upon zeus and hera, marks the intimate connexion between the divine marriage and the marriage of living men and women.
 but another epithet in the passage conveys no less clear an allusion to the marriage of those, whom men call dead, with their deities.
-hera is named εὐδαίμων, a word which, meaning ‘favoured by god,’ may seem strangely applied to one who herself was divine[1515].
 but it was selected by aristophanes for a good reason; by the word εὐδαιμονία was commonly denoted that future bliss which the initiated believed to consist in wedlock with their deities.
-like θεοφιλής, ‘god-beloved,’ the term εὐδαίμων, ‘blessed,’ was, so to speak, a catch-word of the mysteries[1516]; and the application of it to hera in aristophanes’ ode brings the legend of hera’s marriage into rank with those other wedding-stories whose actual plot hinged upon the identity of death and marriage.
 thus though one legend might be more appropriate in its externals to one occasion, and another legend to another occasion, the ultimate and fundamental idea of them all was single and the same.
 this view is boldly championed by the second authority whom i proposed to quote upon the subject of mystic marriage-scenes depicted on funeral-monuments.
 ‘the idea,’ says lenormant, ‘of mystic union in death is frequently indicated in the scenes represented upon sarcophagi and painted vases.
-but for the most part the idea is expressed there only in an allusive manner, which depends upon the identification which this marriage-scene established between the dead person and the deity, by means of such subjects as the carrying off of cephalus by aurora, or orithyia by boreas, or the love-story of aphrodite and adonis[1517].’ ‘thus,’ he explains, ‘a girl carried off (by death) from her parents was simply a bride betrothed to the infernal god, and was identified with demeter’s maiden daughter, the victim of the passion and violence of hades; a young man cut off by an early fate figured as the beautiful adonis, snatched away by persephone from the love of aphrodite, and brought, in spite of himself, to the bed of the queen of the lower world[1518].’ the identification which lenormant sees in these several instances is an identification, i suppose, not of personalities but of destinies.
 the popular religion of ancient greece shows little trace of any pantheistic view which would have contemplated the absorption of the personality of the dead man or woman into that of any god or goddess.
 indeed the very number of the personally distinct deities with whom, on such an hypothesis, the dead would have been identified, as well as that continuance of sexual difference in the future life which is postulated by the very doctrine before us, precludes all thought of personal identification.
-rather it is the future destiny of the dead person which was identified with the destiny of the deity or hero whose marriage was represented on sarcophagus or cippus or commemorative vase[1519].
 the lot of kore or ariadne or orithyia prefigured the lot of mortal women hereafter; the fortunes of adonis or cephalus typified those of mortal men; and all the marriage-scenes alike, whatever the differences of presentation, revealed the hope and the promise of wedlock hereafter between mankind and their deities.
-but lenormant mentions one vase-painting[1520] in which this fundamental doctrine is taught not by parables of mythology, but more overtly and directly.
 the scene depicted is the marriage of a youth, whose name, polyetes, is in pathetic contrast with his short span of years spent upon earth, with a goddess eudaemonia (or ‘bliss’) in the lower world.
 in this deity lenormant sees ‘the infernal goddess under an euphemistic name.’ nor could any more significant name have been used.
 it has already been pointed out that εὐδαιμονία was a term much favoured by the initiated in the mysteries, and was openly used by them to denote that future bliss which secretly was understood to consist in divine wedlock.
 hence the scene upon this vase would at once suggest to those who were familiar with the doctrines of the mysteries, that the youth, being presumably of the number of the initiated, had found in death the realisation of his happy hopes and had entered into blissful union with the goddess of the lower world.
-*       *       *       *       *
 to sum up briefly: we have seen alike in the literature of ancient greece and in the folk-songs of modern greece that death has commonly been conceived by the hellenic race in the guise of a wedding; a review of marriage-customs and funeral-customs both ancient and modern has re-affirmed the constant association of death and marriage, and has shown how deep-rooted in the minds of the common people that idea must have been which produced a deliberate assimilation of funeral-rites to the ceremonies of marriage.
 next we investigated the connexion of the mysteries with the popular religion, and saw reason to hold that, far from being subversive of it or alien to it, they inculcated doctrines which were wholly evolved from vaguer popular ideas always current in greece.
 finally we traced in many of those legends, on which the dramatic representations of the mysteries are known to have been based, a common motif, the idea that death is the entrance for men into a blissful estate of wedded union with their deities.
@@ -29603,9 +27779,7 @@ just as paganism allowed to each man or woman individually the hope of becoming
 but the analogy is superficial only.
 the bond of feeling which united the church with god was very differently conceived from that which drew together the pagans and their deities.
 the chastened ‘charity’ (ἀγάπη) of the christians had little in common with the passionate love (ἔρως) with which the greeks of old time had dared look upon their gods.
-theirs was the love that ‘held firm the reins and drave the wedding-car of zeus and blessed hera[1521]’; the love that hovered above the steeds of hades and changed for persephone the road of death into a road to bliss; the love whom ‘no immortal may escape nor any of mankind whose life passeth it as a day, but whoso hath him is as one mad[1522]’; and the only true consummation of such love was wedlock.
 this conception necessarily implied the equality of men with their gods in the future life; and that future equality was sometimes represented as no more than a return to that which was in the beginning.
-‘one is the race of men with the race of gods; for one is the mother that gave to both our breath; yet are they sundered by powers wholly diverse, in that mankind is as naught, but heaven is builded of brass that abideth ever unshaken[1523].’ so sang pindar of the past and of the present; but the orphic tablet which has been already quoted carries on the thought into the future:
 ‘out of the pure i come, pure queen of them below, eukles and eubouleus and the other gods immortal.
 for i also avow me that i am of your blessed race, but fate laid me low....’
 so far with pindar.
@@ -29614,21 +27788,17 @@ this idea commended itself even to thinkers who did not believe in bodily surviv
 plato, in the phaedo, where above all things is taught the perishable nature of the body and the immortality of the soul alone, yet avails himself of the belief that the pure among mankind shall attain even to godhead hereafter.
 to him the pure are not the initiated indeed, but the earnest strivers after wisdom.
 in his theory of retributive metempsychosis he surmises that those who have followed the lusts of the flesh shall hereafter enter the ranks of asses and other lustful beasts; that those who have wrought violence shall enter the ranks of wolves and hawks and kites; that those who have practised what is popularly accounted virtue, but without true understanding, shall enter the ranks of harmless and social creatures, bees, wasps, and ants, or even the ranks of men once more.
-‘but into the ranks of gods none may enter without having followed after wisdom and so departing hence wholly pure--none save the lover of knowledge[1524].’ what precise meaning plato attached to his phrase ‘to enter the ranks’ (εἰς γένος ἐνδύεσθαι or ἀφικνεῖσθαι), to which he adheres throughout the passage, is a question which agitated the neoplatonists[1525] somewhat needlessly.
 the phrase is intended either literally throughout or allegorically throughout.
 if it be allegorical, the meaning must be that all human souls shall enter again into human bodies, but that they shall start this new phase of existence with the qualities of lust, violence, respectability, or real virtue and purity, acquired in the previous life--merely resembling, as nearly as men may, asses, wolves, bees, or gods.
 now as regards the first three classes, this allegorical interpretation, if a little forced, is feasible enough; but what of the fourth class?
 shall the soul which has attained purity, the very negation of fleshliness in plato’s view, suffer re-incarnation and struggle once more against the flesh?
 surely the allegorical explanation is at once condemned.
-the phrase was intended literally[1526].
 plato signified the re-incarnation of the lustful, the violent, and the merely respectable, in the forms of animals of like character, and he signified--i must not say the re-incarnation, for plato’s gods were spiritual and not carnal--but the regeneration of the pure in the form of gods.
-and in the same spirit plutarch too contemplated the possibility of some men’s souls becoming first heroes, and from heroes rising to the rank of ‘daemons,’ and from ‘daemons’ coming to share, albeit but rarely, in real godhead[1527].
 thus even the highest aspirations of the most spiritually-minded of pagan thinkers owed much to the purely popular religion.
 the orphic tablet links up the popular conception of death as a wedding with the platonic conception of the deification of the soul.
 ‘i was admitted to the embrace of despoina, queen of the underworld’: ‘happy and blessed one, thou shalt be god instead of mortal.’
 but if plato, even in his conception of a purely spiritual life hereafter, owed something to the popular religion, he drew upon it far more freely in his conception of love.
 in the symposium one speech after another culminates in the assertion of that belief which found its highest expression in the mysteries.
-‘so then i say,’ says phaedrus, ‘that love is the most venerable of the gods, the most worthy of honour, the most powerful to grant virtue and blessedness unto mankind both in life and after death[1528].’ and in the same tone too eryximachus: ‘he it is that wields the mightiest power and is the source for us of all blessedness and of our power to have loving fellowship both with one another and with the gods that are stronger than we[1529].’ and finally aristophanes: it is love, ‘who in this present life gives us most joys by drawing like unto like, and for our hereafter displays hopes most high, if we for our part display piety towards the gods, that he will restore us to our erstwhile nature and will heal us and will make us happy and blessed[1530].’
 this is not platonic philosophy but popular religion.
 phrase after phrase reveals the origin of this conception of love.
 the hopes most high were the hopes held forth by the mysteries; the blessedness and the loving fellowship with gods were the fulfilment of those hopes.
@@ -29636,133 +27806,80 @@ in such language did men ever hint at the joys to which their mystic sacraments
 and plato here ventures yet further.
 the author of those high hopes, the founder of that blessedness, he proclaims, is none other than love--love that appealed not to the soul only of the initiated, but to the whole man, both soul and body--love that meant not only the yearning after wisdom and holiness and spiritual equality with the gods, but that same passion which drew together man and woman, god and goddess--the passion of mankind for their deities, fed in this life by manifold means of communion and even by sacramental union, satisfied hereafter in the full fruition of wedded bliss.
  footnotes:
-[1358] il.
 xi.
 241.
-[1359] hes.
 w. and d. 116.
-[1360] e.g.
 hom.
 il.
 xvi.
-454 and 672; xiv.
 231.
-[1361] hes.
 theog.
 212, 756.
-[1362] see preller, griech.
 myth.
 i.
 690 ff.
-[1363] paus.
-v. 18.
 1. cf.
 iii.
 18.
 1.
-[1364] passow, popul.
 carm.
 cccxcvi.
-[1365] hom.
 od.
-xxiv.
 1.
-[1366] virg.
 aen.
-iv.
 242 ff.
-[1367] see above, pp.
 96 ff.
-and pp.
 134 ff.
-[1368] paus.
 viii.
 2.
 5.
-[1369] paus.
 ibid.
 § 4.
-[1370] passow, pop.
 carm.
 no.
 364.
-[1371] passow, pop.
 carm.
 no.
 374.
-[1372] the word χαρὰ, (‘joy’), as i have pointed out elsewhere, is indeed often used technically of marriage.
-[1373] passow, pop.
 carm.
 no.
 38 (ll.
 13-18) and also nos.
 65, 152, 180.
-[1374] see above, pp.
 255 ff.
-[1375] abbott, macedon.
-folklore, p. 255.
-[1376] passow, pop.
 carm.
 no.
 370. the phrase κάνει χαρὰ, which i have inadequately rendered as ‘maketh glad,’ is technically used of marriage.
-see above, p. 127.
-[1377] for authorities see lobeck, aglaoph.
-i. pp.
 76 ff.
-[1378] soph.
 antig.
 574-5. i do not know how much stress may be laid on the repetition of the pronoun ὅδε in these two lines (viz.
 στερήσεις τῆσδε and τούσδε τοὺς γάμους); but the lines follow closely on that in which creon bids ismene speak no more of antigone as ἥδε, and an ironical stress might well be laid by creon on the word τούσδε as he uses it, which would suggest to his audience its antithesis τοὺς ἐκεὶ γάμους.
-[1379] soph.
 antig.
 804-5.
-[1380] ibid.
 810-16.
-[1381] ibid.
 891-2.
-[1382] ibid.
 1203-7.
-[1383] ibid.
 1240-1.
-[1384] pindar, fragm.
 139 (bergk).
-[1385] aesch.
 prom.
 940 ff.
-[1386] oneirocr.
 ii.
 49. the word τέλη denotes here not merely a ‘rite,’ but a ‘consummation’ by which a man becomes τέλειος.
-see below, p. 591.
-[1387] ibid.
 i.
 80. to translate the passage more fully is not convenient; i append the original: θεῷ δὲ ἢ θεᾷ μιγῆναι ἢ ὑπὸ θεοῦ περανθῆναι νοσοῦντι μὲν θάνατον σημαίνει· τότε γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ τὰς τῶν θεῶν συνόδους τε καὶ μίξεις μαντεύεται, ὅταν ἐγγὺς ᾖ τοῦ καταλιπεῖν τὸ σῶμα ᾧ ἐνοικεῖ.
-[1388] ibid.
 ii.
 65.
-[1389] oneirocr.
 ii.
 49.
-[1390] the majority of the references to ancient usage given below are borrowed from becker’s charicles.
-[1391] thuc.
 ii.
 15.
-[1392] eur.
 phoen.
 347.
-[1393] aeschines, epist.
-x. p. 680.
-[1394] cf.
 pollux, iii.
 43.
-[1395] soph.
 antig.
 901.
-[1396] de luctu, 11.
-[1397] abbott, macedonian folklore, p. 193.
-[1398] for a discussion of this point see becker, charicles pp.
 483-4.
-[1399] harpocrat.
-s.v.
 λουτροφόρος.
 ἔθος δὲ ἦν καὶ τοῖς ἀγάμοις ἀποθανοῦσι λουτροφορεῖν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα ἐφίστασθαι.
 τοῦτο δὲ ἦν παῖς ὑδρίαν ἔχων.
@@ -29770,49 +27887,26 @@ the same words are repeated by photius and suidas.
 with ἐφίστασθαι it appears necessary to supply λουτροφόρον.
 cf.
 pollux viii.
-66 τῶν δ’ ἀγάμων λουτροφόρος τῷ μνήματι ἐφίστατο, κόρη ἀγγεῖον ἔχουσα ὑδροφόρον.... for other references see becker, charicles p. 484. this information, as regards the emblem used, is held to be incorrect.
 the λουτροφόρος was not a boy bearing a pitcher, but the pitcher itself.
 see frazer, pausanias, vol.
-v. p. 388.
-[1400] for this view see frazer, pausanias, vol.
-v. p. 389.
 ‘it may be suggested that originally the custom of placing a water-pitcher on the grave of unmarried persons ... may have been meant to help them to obtain in another world the happiness they had missed in this.
 in fact it may have been part of a ceremony designed to provide the dead maiden or bachelor with a spouse in the spirit land.
 such ceremonies have been observed in various parts of the world by peoples, who, like the greeks, esteemed it a great misfortune to die unmarried.’
-[1401] plut.
 529.
-[1402] cf.
 lucian, de luctu 11.
-[1403] for a discussion of the point in relation to funerals see becker, charicles pp.
-385 f. and in relation to marriage pp.
 486 f.
-[1404] lucian, de luctu 11.
-[1405] i.
 6.
-[1406] cf.
 passow, popul.
 carm.
 graec.
 recent.
 no.
-415, and tournefort, voyage du levant, i. p. 153, who describes a dead woman, whose funeral he witnessed, as ‘parée à la gréque de ses habits de nôces.’
-[1407] passow, popul.
 carm.
 378.
-[1408] charicles p. 487.
-[1409] lucian, de luctu 11. aristoph.
 lysist.
 602 etc.
-[1410] the influence of the church was against the use of garlands in early times and perhaps suppressed it in some districts.
 cf.
-minucius, p. 109 ‘nec mortuos coronamus.
-ergo vos (the heathen) in hoc magis miror, quemadmodum tribuatis exanimi aut [non] sentienti facem aut non sentienti coronam: cum et beatus non egeat, et miser non gaudeat floribus.’ the first non is clearly to be deleted.
-[1411] cf.
-abbott, macedonian folklore, p. 193.
-[1412] cf.
 ibid.
-p. 197.
-[1413] hom.
 hymn.
 in demet.
 372 ff.
@@ -29820,39 +27914,22 @@ hence the pomegranate was treated as ‘an accursed thing’ in the worship of d
 viii.
 37.
 7.
-[1414] paus.
 ii.
 17.
 4.
-[1415] see above, p. 548.
-[1416] see above, p. 80.
-[1417] the following references are in the main taken from lobeck, aglaophamus.
-[1418] soph.
 fragm.
 719 (dind.
 ).
-[1419] hom.
 hymn.
 ad cer.
 480 ff.
-[1420] pind.
 fragm.
 137 (bergk).
-[1421] id.
 fragm.
-129. see above, p. 518.
-[1422] aristoph.
 ranae 440-459.
-[1423] isocr.
 paneg.
-p. 46.
-[1424] aglaoph.
-i. p. 70.
-[1425] περὶ εἰρήνης, p. 166.
-[1426] aristid.
 eleusin.
 259 (454).
-[1427] julian.
 or.
 vii.
 238. the same story in similar words recurs in diog.
@@ -29862,121 +27939,68 @@ vi.
 de aud.
 poet.
 ii.
-p. 21 f.
-[1428] crinagoras, ep.
 xxx.
-[1429] cic.
 de leg.
 ii.
 § 36.
-[1430] mathem.
-i. p. 18, ed.
 buller.
-[1431] aglaoph.
-i. pp.
 39 f.
-[1432] see lobeck, aglaoph.
-i. pp.
 6 ff.
-[1433] diodorus, v. 77. cf.
-miss harrison, prolegomena to the study of greek religion, p. 567.
-[1434] for references on this point, see lobeck, aglaophamus, i.
 14 ff.
-[1435] for the evidence that the achaeans adopted the language of the pelasgians, and not vice versâ, see ridgeway, early age of greece, vol.
-i. p. 631 ff.
-[1436] protrept.
 § 55.
-[1437] hom.
 il.
 i.
 221 f.
-[1438] euseb.
 demonstr.
 evang.
-v. 1, 268 e.
-[1439] praep.
 evang.
-xv.
 1, 788 c.
-[1440] προτρεπτ.
 § 61.
-[1441] synes.
-de prov.
 ii.
 124 b.
-[1442] cf.
 artemid.
 oneirocr.
 bk iii.
-cap.
 61.
-[1443] in thera, as i myself witnessed, and until recently at delphi.
 greeks with whom i have spoken of this custom have often seen or heard of it somewhere.
-[1444] i regret that my notes contain no mention of my informant’s name.
 i must apologise to him for the omission.
-[1445] asterius, encom.
 in ss.
 martyr.
 in migne, patrolog.
 graeco-lat.
 vol.
 xl.
-p. 324.
-[1446] adv.
 valentin.
-cap.
 i.
-[1447] eusebius, hist.
 eccles.
-iv.
 11. cf.
-sainte-croix, recherches sur les mystères, 2nd ed., i. p. 366.
-[1448] loc.
 cit.
-[1449] [origen] philosophumena, p. 115 (ed.
-miller), p. 170 (ed.
 cruice).
 cf.
 miss j. harrison, proleg.
 to study of gk relig.
-p. 549.
-[1450] clem.
 alex.
 protrept.
 ii.
 18.
-[1451] dieterich, eine mithras-liturgie, p. 125, cited by miss j. harrison, proleg.
 to study of gk relig.
-p. 155, note 3.
-[1452] hesiod, theog.
 970 f. cf.
 hom.
 od.
-v. 125.
-[1453] theocr.
 id.
 iii.
 49 ff.
-(a. lang’s translation).
-[1454] plutarch, de fac.
 in orb.
 lun.
 28, cited by miss harrison, proleg.
 to study of gk relig.
-p. 267.
-[1455] see above, pp.
 91 f. and 96 ff.
-[1456] theocr.
 id.
 iii.
 46 ff.
-[1457] protrept.
 § 14.
-[1458] theocr.
 id.
-xv.
 86.
-[1459] orph.
 hymn.
 lvi.
 ; bion, id.
@@ -29988,220 +28012,115 @@ xi.
 1; macrob.
 saturn.
 i.
-21; procop.
 in esai.
 xviii.
-p. 258. cf.
 lenormant, monogr.
 de la voie sacrée éleusin., where many other references are given.
-[1460] dem.
-κατὰ νεαίρας, pp.
 1369-1371 et passim.
 cf.
 arist.
 ἀθην.
 πολ.
 3.
-[1461] etymol.
 mag.
 227.
 36.
-[1462] hesych.
-s.v.
 γεραραί.
-[1463] see above, pp.
 339 ff.
-[1464] plutarch, de defectu orac.
-cap.
-14 (p. 417).
-[1465] see above, p. 139.
-[1466] not so, however, to artemidorus.
 cf.
 oneirocr.
 i.
 80.
-[1467] protrept.
 § 34.
-[1468] l. c.
-[1469] protrept.
 § 16.
-[1470] theophr.
 char.
 28 (ed.
 jebb).
-[1471] l. c.
-[1472] clem.
 alex.
 protrept.
 ii.
 15.
-[1473] the cymbal certainly belonged to demeter also (see miss harrison, op.
 cit.
-p. 562) but not, i think, the kettle-drum.
-[1474] psellus (quaenam sunt graecorum opiniones de daemonibus, 3, ed.
 migne) refers the formulary to the rites of demeter and kore.
-but i cannot agree with miss j. harrison (prolegomena to the study of greek religion, p. 569) as to the importance of psellus’ testimony in any respect.
 he appears to me to give no more than a résumé of information derived from clement’s protreptica, misunderstood and even more confused.
-[1475] paus.
 ii.
 17.
 3.
-[1476] miss j. harrison, op.
 cit.
-p. 536, commenting on philosophumena, ed.
-cruice, v. 3.
-[1477] a title under which both zeus and hermes were known; see aristoph.
 pax, 42, and schol.
 ibid.
 649.
-[1478] clem.
 alex.
 protrept.
 § 54.
-[1479] athen.
 vi.
-p. 253 a. shortly afterwards he quotes a song (253 d) in which it is the name of demeter which is coupled with that of demetrius.
-[1480] athen.
 vi.
 253 a, and 261 b.
-[1481] glycon was alexander’s new god, a re-incarnation of asclepius, born in the form of a snake out of an egg discovered by alexander.
-[1482] a superstitious old roman entrapped by alexander.
-[1483] lucian, alexander seu pseudomantis, cap.
 38-39 (ii.
 244 ff.
 ).
-[1484] see miss j. harrison, op.
 cit.
-pp.
 549 ff.
-[1485] paton, inscr.
-of cos, 386, cited by rouse, greek votive offerings, p. 246.
-[1486] plutarch, conjug.
 praec.
 ad init.
-[1487] schol.
 ad soph.
 antig.
 1241.
-[1488] photius, lex.
 rhet.
 vol.
 ii.
-p. 670 (ed.
-porson), cited by farnell, cults of the greek states, i. p. 245.
-[1489] for the chief references, see farnell, loc.
 cit.
-[1490] farnell, op.
 cit.
-p. 191.
-[1491] diod.
 sic.
-v. 73; pollux iii.
 38. cf.
-farnell, op.
 cit.
-p. 246.
-[1492] pollux, l. c. ταύτῃ (τῇ ἤρᾳ) τοῖς προτελείοις προὐτέλουν τὰς κόρας.
-[1493] cf.
 plutarch, amator.
 narrat.
 1, where the girls of haliartus are said to have bathed themselves in the spring cissoessa immediately before making the sacrifices just mentioned, and evidently as part of the same ritual.
-[1494] [aeschines] epist.
-10, p. 680.
-[1495] chariton iv.
 4.
-[1496] gorgias, p. 493 b.
-[1497] frazer, ad pausan.
 x.
 31.
 9 (vol.
-v. p. 389).
-[1498] i cannot pretend to have gone into the whole literature of the subject, but i find no reference to this passage either in dr frazer’s pausanias, l. c., or in miss harrison’s proleg.
 to study of gk relig.
-pp.
 614 ff., where the same topic is fully discussed.
-[1499] lucian, dial.
 marin.
 6.
 3.
-[1500] eustath.
 ad hom.
 il.
 xxiii.
 141.
-[1501] anthol.
 pal.
 vii.
 507.
-[1502] for other examples see lenormant, monographie de la voie sacrée éleusinienne, pp.
 50 f., where also the above example is quoted.
-[1503] auson.
 epitaph.
 no.
 33.
-[1504] prolegomena to study of gk religion, pp.
 573 ff.
-[1505] op.
 cit.
-p. 586; kaibel, c.i.g.i.s., 641.
-[1506] see above, p. 586.
-[1507] see above, p. 586.
-[1508] see above, p. 589.
-[1509] i am forced by these considerations to dissent from miss harrison’s view as expressed op.
 cit.
-p. 594, ‘here the symbolism seems to be of birth rather than of marriage,’ and again ‘this rite of birth or adoption ...’: and indeed this view seems hardly to tally with that which she suggests later (p. 600), “burial itself may well have been to them (the pythagoreans) as to antigone a mystic marriage: ‘i have sunk beneath the bosom of despoina, queen of the underworld.’”
-[1510] furtwängler, die idee des todes, p. 293.
-[1511] see above, p. 585.
-[1512] plutarch, sympos.
-iv.
 5.
 3.
-[1513] aristoph.
 aves, 1737.
-[1514] cf.
 schol.
 ad aristoph.
 l. c.
-[1515] this, i am aware, is not an unique case.
 plato applies the same epithet to the gods as a whole, but above all to eros, clearly, i think, with something of the same significance.
 see plato, sympos.
-§ 21, p. 195 a.
-[1516] cf.
 theo smyrnaeus, math.
 i.
 18; aristid.
 eleusin.
-p. 415; plato, phaedrus, p. 48.
-[1517] lenormant, monographie de la voie sacrée éleusinienne, p. 54.
-[1518] l. c.
-[1519] for a long list of such monuments dealing with the story of persephone, see clarac, musée de sculpt.
 anc.
-at mod.--‘bas-reliefs grecs et romains,’ pp.
 209-10.
-[1520] monographie de la voie sacrée éleusinienne, p. 56.
-[1521] aristoph.
 aves, 1737.
-[1522] soph.
 antig.
 787 ff.
-[1523] pind.
 nem.
 vi.
 init.
-[1524] plato, phaedo, cap.
-32, p. 82 b, c.
-[1525] see geddes’ notes ad loc.
-[1526] for other evidence confirming this view, see geddes’ notes ad loc.
-[1527] plutarch, de defect.
 orac.
-cap.
-10, p. 415.
-[1528] plato, symp.
-§ 7, p. 180.
-[1529] ibid.
-§ 15, p. 188.
-[1530] ibid.
-§ 19, p. 193.
  general index
  ablutions, at weddings and at funerals, 555
 aborigines, regarded as wizards, 248; their relations with invaders, 244
@@ -30231,7 +28150,6 @@ apis, story of, 459
 apollonius of tyana, 257
 apostasy, 409
 apple, symbolic usage of, 558
-‘arabs’ (a class of demons), 211, 276 f.; identified with vrykolakes (q.v.
 ), 277
 ariadne, story of, how represented on sepulchral monuments, 598
 aristomenes, 76
@@ -30261,7 +28179,6 @@ beehive tombs, original use of, 94
 bells, worn at popular festivals, 224 ff.
 ‘binding’ and ‘loosing,’ 397
 binding-spells, 19; means of loosing, 19
-birds, as messengers, in modern ballads, 316 f.; as messengers of particular gods, 309; colloquial application of word, 315; in popular ballads, 315; still acknowledged as messengers of heaven, 315; which classes observed for auspices (q.v.
 ), 308 f.; why selected for divination, 308
 black-handled knife, as charm, 286
 blessing the waters, 197
@@ -30365,7 +28282,6 @@ the room was lighted on one side by four small square windows, and on the other
 the unpainted brick walls were black with smoke, and the ceiling, which was built of timber, was almost black.
 in the middle stood a large stove, the furnace of which served as its foundation, and around this stove and along the walls were also long, wide boards, which served as beds for the lodgers.
 the walls smelt of smoke, the earthen floor of dampness, and the long wide board of rotting rags.
-the place of the proprietor was on the top of the stove, while the boards surrounding it were intended for those who were on good terms with the owner and who were honoured by his friendship.
 during the day the captain passed most of his time sitting on a kind of bench, made by himself by placing bricks against the wall of the courtyard, or else in the eating house of egor vavilovitch, which was opposite the house, where he took all his meals and where he also drank vodki.
 before renting this house, aristid kuvalda had kept a registry office for servants in the town.
 if we look further back into his former life, we shall find that he once owned printing works, and previous to this, in his own words, he "just lived!
@@ -30385,7 +28301,6 @@ and if there were such papers they were shown.
 the captain would then put them in his bosom, seldom taking any interest in them, and would say:
 "everything is in order.
 two kopecks for the night, ten kopecks for the week, and thirty kopecks for the month.
-go and get a place for yourself, and see that it is not other people's, or else they will blow you up.
 the people that live here are particular."
 "don't you sell tea, bread, or anything to eat?"
 "i trade only in walls and roofs, for which i pay to the swindling proprietor of this hole--judas petunikoff, merchant of the second guild--five roubles a month," explained kuvalda in a business-like tone.
@@ -30516,7 +28431,6 @@ all this must have pleased him, as he did not protest against such liberties.
 he spoke very little to them, and when he did so he did it cautiously as if afraid that his words would hurt or contaminate them.
 he passed many hours thus as their companion and plaything, watching their lively faces with his gloomy eyes.
 then he would thoughtfully and slowly direct his steps to the eatinghouse of vaviloff, where he would drink silently and quickly till all his senses left him.
-*      *      *      *      *
 almost every day after his reporting he would bring a newspaper, and then gather round him all these creatures that once were men.
 on seeing him, they would come forward from all corners of the court-yard, drunk, or suffering from drunken headache, dishevelled, tattered, miserable, and pitiable.
 then would come the barrel-like, stout aleksei maksimovitch simtsoff, formerly inspector of woods and forests, under the department of appendages, but now trading in matches, ink, blacking, and lemons.
@@ -30524,9 +28438,7 @@ he was an old man of sixty, in a canvas overcoat and a wide-brimmed hat, the gre
 he had a thick white beard, out of which a small red nose turned gaily heavenwards.
 he had thick, crimson lips and watery, cynical eyes.
 they called him "kubar," a name which well described his round figure and buzzing speech.
-after him, kanets appeared from some corner--a dark, sad-looking, silent drunkard: then the former governor of the prison, luka antonovitch martyanoff, a man who existed on "remeshok," "trilistika," and "bankovka,"* and many such cunning games, not much appreciated by the police.
 he would throw his hard and oft-scourged body on the grass beside the teacher, and, turning his eyes round and scratching his head, would ask in a hoarse, bass voice, "may i?"
-*note by translator.--well-known games of chance, played by the lower classes.
 the police specially endeavour to stop them, but unsuccessfully.
 then appeared pavel solntseff, a man of thirty years of age, suffering from consumption.
 the ribs of his left side had been broken in a quarrel, and the sharp, yellow face, like that of a fox, always wore a malicious smile.
@@ -30730,7 +28642,6 @@ kuvalda must have put this into his head ... to look about to see where the old
 probably they did not believe what they said.
 there was one strange thing about these men, namely, that they painted themselves to others worse than they actually were.
 a man who has good in him does not mind sometimes showing his worse nature.
-*      *      *      *      *
 when all these people were gathered round the teacher, then the reading of the newspaper would begin.
 "well, what does the newspaper discuss to-day?
 is there any feuilleton?"
@@ -30890,7 +28801,6 @@ when the laughter stopped, aleksei maksimovitch simtsoff remembered that he too
 those men spoke very little to each other about their past, and they recalled it very seldom and then only its general outlines.
 when they did mention it, it was in a cynical tone.
 probably, this was just as well, since, in many people, remembrance of the past kills all present energy and deadens all hope for the future.
-*      *      *      *      *
 on rainy, cold, or dull days in the late autumn, these "creatures that once were men" gathered in the eatinghouse of vaviloff.
 they were well known there, where some feared them as thieves and rogues, and some looked upon them contemptuously as hard drinkers, although they respected them, thinking that they were clever.
 the eating-house of vaviloff was the club of the main street, and the "creatures that once were men" were its most intellectual members.
@@ -30977,7 +28887,6 @@ he shouts angrily.
 "i understand, yakov, that you cannot help beating your wife," the teacher's sad and thoughtful voice again breaks in.
 "you have many reasons for doing so ... it is your wife's character that causes you to beat her so incautiously ...  but your own dark and sad life ..."
 "you are right!"
-shouts yakov.
 "we live in darkness, like the chimney-sweep when he is in the chimney!"
 "you are angry with your life, but your wife is patient; the closest relation to you--your wife, and you make her suffer for this, simply because you are stronger than she.
 she is always with you, and cannot get away.
@@ -31003,7 +28912,6 @@ and if you try to get away from her, you cannot, you feel the chain ..."
 "wait," says yakovleff; "but you beat your wife too."
 "did i say that i did not?
 i beat her...  there is nothing else handy...  do you expect me to beat the wall with my fist when my patience is exhausted?"
-"i feel just like that too..." says yakov.
 "how hard and difficult our life is, my brothers!
 there is no real rest for us anywhere!"
 "and even you beat your wife by mistake," some one remarks humorously.
@@ -31039,7 +28947,6 @@ the grey wooden eating-house of vaviloff, with its bent roof covered with patche
 the captain was thinking that they would very soon be making new houses to replace the old building.
 "they will destroy the dosshouse even," he reflected.
 "it will be necessary to look out for another, but such a cheap one is not to be found.
-it seems a great pity to have to leave a place to which one is accustomed, though it will be necessary to go, simply because some merchant or other thinks of manufacturing candles and soap."
 and the captain felt that if he could only make the life of such an enemy miserable, even temporarily, oh!
 with what pleasure he would do it!
 yesterday, ivan andreyevitch petunikoff was in the dosshouse yard with his son and an architect.
@@ -31169,13 +29076,10 @@ we will make an estimate of it all, counting the time it will take too, and we w
 cried vaviloff, but his eyes shone with a greedy light.
 "you lie!
 he will give it ...  use your brains... what else can he do?
-but look here, egorka, mind you don't go in for doing it on the cheap.
 they are sure to try to buy you off.
-don't sell yourself cheap.
 they will probably use threats, but rely upon us..."
 the captain's eyes were alight with happiness, and his face red with excitement.
 he worked upon vaviloff's greed, and urging upon him the importance of immediate action in the matter, went away in a very joyful and happy frame of mind.
-*      *      *      *      *
 in the evening everyone was told of the captain's discovery, and they all began to discuss petunikoff's future predicament, painting in vivid colours his excitement and astonishment on the day the court messenger handed him the copy of the summons.
 the captain felt himself quite a hero.
 he was happy and all his friends highly pleased.
@@ -31184,7 +29088,6 @@ they all knew the merchant, petunikoff, who passed them very often, contemptuous
 he was well fed, and that exasperated them still more; and now how splendid it was that one of themselves had struck a hard blow at the selfish merchant's purse!
 it gave them all the greatest pleasure.
 the captain's discovery was a powerful instrument in their hands.
-every one of them felt keen animosity towards all those who were well fed and well dressed, but in some of them this feeling was only beginning to develop.
 burning interest was felt by those "creatures that once were men" in the prospective fight between kuvalda and petunikoff, which they already saw in imagination.
 for a fortnight the inhabitants of the dosshouse awaited the further development of events, but petunikoff never once visited the building.
 it was known that he was not in town and that the copy of the petition had not yet been handed to him.
@@ -31325,7 +29228,6 @@ they sat in a circle on the grass and conversed about all sorts of things, discu
 this society of "creatures that once were men" had one fine characteristic--no one of them endeavoured to make out that he was better than the others, nor compelled the others to acknowledge his superiority.
 the august sun seemed to set their tatters on fire as they sat with their backs and uncovered heads exposed to it ... a chaotic mixture of the vegetable, mineral, and animal kingdoms.
 in the corners of the yard the tall steppe grass grew luxuriantly....  nothing else grew there but some dingy vegetables, not even attractive to those who nearly always felt the pangs of hunger.
-*      *      *      *      *
 the following was the scene that took place in vaviloff's eating-house.
 young petunikoff entered slowly, took off his hat, looked around him, and said to the eating-house keeper:
 "egor terentievitch vaviloff?
@@ -31514,7 +29416,6 @@ presumably it was not in use, or hadn't made the grade.
 wilson chewed his fingernails and fretted.
 was alice on number one or number three, or was she on number two and it had foundered?
 if she were still alive, what kind of fellow survivors were with her?
-he hoped she was with a group.
 if she had blown out in a lifeship with only one other--well, ted wilson did not like the idea.
 of course, it was more customary than not for a young woman to love lightly before she mated permanently.
 there was a lot less chance of wading into matrimony wide-eyed and ignorant of what it was all about.
@@ -31535,7 +29436,6 @@ wilson thought glumly that they had discovered enough space meteors, gas clouds,
 then his attention was taken from his own personal troubles by the arrival of another squadron from centauri.
 he found himself busy readjusting the search pattern to accommodate this new contingent.
 he eyed the pattern in the stereo and hoped it was good enough.
-*       *       *       *       *
 there was the basic aggregate of nine full squadrons spread out flat in a space lattice that ran back and forth from narrow end to wide end of the cone of probability.
 there was one full squadron of roving ships that went aimlessly back and forth across the pattern, just to cope with the happenstance factor.
 one squadron was parked at either end of the search grid as space markers, with a computer ship at either end to maintain a constant check on their space coordinates.
@@ -31596,7 +29496,6 @@ one thing he knew well--never run down a rival.
 it always brought on a defensive attitude.
 build the rival up, and the return might be sympathetic.
 a clever course could be traveled between build-up and tear-down.
-*       *       *       *       *
 looking at alice thoughtfully, andrews got up and began to rummage through a few lockers.
 eventually he found a blanket and brought it to her.
 "i'm not too familiar with these life cans," he told her, with a disarming smile.
@@ -31644,9 +29543,7 @@ then stone said:
 ship should be along in another hour or two."
 "yeah--thanks, admiral stone.
 and the joke was funny, at least the first time i heard it, it was.
-i'll get on the cubes and wait for the ship."
 wearily commodore ted wilson climbed out of his bunk and began to dress....
-*       *       *       *       *
 viggon sarri said, "now we know more about this race.
 they definitely are of the class where the individual is of extreme importance to the whole.
 this belies both the communal, or insect type and the anarchistic, or individualistic type.
@@ -31706,7 +29603,6 @@ he was half standing with his hands closed into fists, his knuckles on the table
 "or," he added scathingly, "are you two firebrands so youthful that you don't know that a man has only one single lone chance at this business of living?
 and that your finest reward at eventide is knowing you have lived a full and eventful life without screwing it up somewhere along the line by making a lot of idiotic moves?"
 viggon sarri turned on a heel and walked out.
-*       *       *       *       *
 naylo and twill turned to linus brein.
 "what do you think?"
 twill asked.
@@ -31748,7 +29644,6 @@ as he spoke, the hemisphere over their heads flashed a full bright green, then w
 a bell tinkled somewhere and a couple of techs dropped their tools and headed for the back room on the double.
 a couple of others stood up from their work and lit cigarettes because their instruments had gone dead.
 some of the rest continued to nurse their particular circuits because that section was still running.
-[illustration: the dome became a riot of flaming green.]
 after scanning the operation to see which section had gone blooey, allison went on.
 "we've never tested this outfit under anything but ideal conditions.
 we've had spacecraft sent out to specified distances, fired up the gizmo and found fragments of response right where there should be a response."
@@ -31791,7 +29686,6 @@ a kilowatt covers two point one, seven nine three six plus parsecs.
 two kilowatts covers twice that distance minus the ninth root of two point, seven nine three six plus.
 three kilowatts covers three times two point et cetera, minus two times the ninth root."
 allison shrugged and spread his hands.
-*       *       *       *       *
 "and so on it goes," he said, "indicating that at some devilish distance--i've forgotten the figure but we had the master computer chew it out on the big machine at radiation once--an additional kilowatt just shoves the signal coverage distance out by a micron.
 but if you don't put in your honest kilowatt, you don't excite the infraspace that carries infrawaves.
 and if you put in a kilowatt and a half, you have to dissipate the half."
@@ -31842,13 +29736,11 @@ our spacial coordinates--well, i'm afraid we--" his voice trailed away unhappily
 wilson picked up the interphone and barked a call.
 "weston?
 look, hugh, can you get over here quick with a couple of your top astrogators?
-we've got a bunch of longhairs with a fancy infrawave detector and ranger, but the damned coordinates are set axially with the ship."
 he listened to hugh weston's reply.
 "yeah," he said then.
 "we know where the target is with respect to the ship, but we don't know the spacial attitude of the ship with respect to the galactic check points.
 right over?
 good."
-*       *       *       *       *
 as wilson hung up the dome flickered, then went into a regular flash-flash-flash until something else came unglued and the dome went blank.
 there was shouting and rather heart-felt cussing, and some running around again before the dome light came back.
 a tech--not the one that had come up before--moved into place alongside the commodore.
@@ -31906,7 +29798,6 @@ he sat down on the edge of the divan, beside her, and put a gentle hand on her s
 they're really scouring space for us.
 we'll be all right.
 you'll see."
-*       *       *       *       *
 unexpectedly he bent and kissed her chastely on the forehead.
 alice tensed at first, but relaxed almost immediately because the warmth of that honest affection made her feel less alone and cold, in the depths of uncharted space.
 some of the worry and concern was erased, at least.
@@ -31951,7 +29842,6 @@ norton turned around angrily.
 "that's damned poor payment for having to live with the likes of you in a space can this cramped."
 andrews eyed the pilot with distaste.
 "tell me," he said smoothly, "did my last effort on the pedal generator go for power storage, or for a couple of gallons of hot water for that shave and shower you've enjoyed?"
-norton stretched and stood up.
 "i figured that having a clean face might help morale," he said pointedly.
 "you're a cheap, chiseling--"
 "easy, andrews!
@@ -31964,7 +29854,6 @@ norton chuckled.
 you may push me far enough to make me forget that you're a decrepit old man who has to buy what your physique can't get you."
 "now see here!"
 roared andrews.
-*       *       *       *       *
 he was stopped short by norton who took one long step forward to grasp him by the coat lapels.
 andrews' face went white, because he was looking into the face of dark anger.
 norton's other hand was clenched in a large, tight fist.
@@ -31992,7 +29881,6 @@ andrews turned to alice.
 "you're not going to go for that fancy routine, are you?"
 he demanded crossly.
 "what routine?"
-"first he uses power for hot water, power that i was storing up.
 now he's going to pedal that thing to waste more power."
 alice shrugged.
 "he's the spaceman," she said simply.
@@ -32045,17 +29933,14 @@ all looked expectantly at linus brein.
 "we've been recalculating our probabilities at the introduction of each new phase of their behaviour," linus brein said seriously.
 "from their actions, i would say that they do not know, grasp, or perhaps even guess that space has flaws and warps in the continuum.
 they have been going at their search in a pattern of solid geometrical precision, but have been paying no attention to those rifts, small as they are, that actually make a straight course bend aside for a distance.
-so due to the fact that their search pattern has already passed over one of these rifts in which the one lifeship lies, and passed beyond in their line of search, we have produced a nine-nines probability that they will not locate this lifeship."
 "and the other?"
 prompted viggon sarri, with interest.
 "i'm not done with the first yet," linus brein said quietly.
-"there remains the random search group.
 therein lies the eight-oughts-one positive probability."
 viggon snorted.
 "i call ten to the minus ten chances rather hopeless.
 but go on, linus."
 "the other has a sixty-forty chance," he said.
-"if the infrawave detector locates the space rift that lies along our coordinate three seventy-six, when the ship is near seven sixty-seven, then the scout craft will pass within magnetic detection range of the lifeship.
 that's a lot of 'ifs', i know, but they add up to a sixty-forty chance.
 i say this because space rifts tend to produce strong responses in any of the primitive detecting gear.
 they've certainly been busy running down space warps, which indicates that they've been getting a lot of spurious responses."
@@ -32067,7 +29952,6 @@ viggon waved a hand to indicate he had heard enough.
 "i've been criticized for waiting, but what one man calls study the other man calls timidity.
 we'll continue to wait for the final factor.
 then we'll know...."
-*       *       *       *       *
 the stereo pattern in the information center of commodore ted wilson's flagship was slowly being filled with the hazy white that indicated that these volumes had been combed carefully.
 as he watched, he could see how the search was progressing, and it was painfully obvious that the search was not going good at all.
 the flights of spacecraft in set patterns back and forth through the stereo had covered nearly all of the truncated space cone.
@@ -32102,7 +29986,6 @@ find something, will?"
 will logan said, "solid target detected on radar, commander.
 approached and found.
 i am now within five thousand yards of what appears to be lifeship one."
-the entire fleet went silent, except for the detector ship, the scout craft, and wilson's flagship.
 allison asked, "was that our target, logan?"
 the habits of a lifetime which keeps the mind clear and the nerve firm.
 lois went on quietly preparing some sandwiches, which in all probability would never be eaten, and mrs. carmichael resigned martial occupation for the cutting-out of a baby's pinafore for an east-end child whom she had under her special patronage.
@@ -32118,7 +30001,6 @@ she had looked upon a native as a toy fit to play with, to break and throw away.
 did they not all, behind their seeming tolerance and christian principles, hide an equal depreciation?
 was she even as bad as some?
 how many men revealed to their syces their darkest moods, their lowest passions?
-how many women were to their ayahs subjects for contemptuous bazaar gossip.
 they were all to blame, and this was the harvest, the punishment for the neglect of a heavy responsibility.
 the thought that she had been unjust was iron through mrs. carmichael's soul, for above all things she prided herself on her fairness.
 she pushed her work away and went over to beatrice's side.
@@ -32153,7 +30035,6 @@ when the silence grew unbearable, it was mrs. carmichael who had the courage to
 "you should put the butter on before you cut them," she said tartly, "and as little as possible.
 i'm quite sure it has gone rancid, and then george won't touch them.
 he is so fussy about the butter."
-mrs. berry looked up.
 the perspiration of physical fear stood on her cold forehead, but her roused will-power fought heroically and conquered.
 "and, please, would you mind making one or two without butter?"
 she said.
@@ -32185,7 +30066,6 @@ it has all been my fault.
 i would give ten lives if i had them to see the harm undone.
 but that isn't possible.
 oh, lois, there is surely nothing worse than helpless remorse!"
-the hand within her own tightened in its clasp.
 "is it ever helpless, though?"
 "i can't give the dead life--i can't give back a man's faith, can i?"
 the light of understanding deepened in lois' eyes.
@@ -32757,7 +30637,6 @@ they glanced instinctively at the wooden partition which divided them from the f
 let's have a look at these fellows."
 he went over to a huddled-up figure lying in the shadow.
 the corner of a military cloak had been thrown over the face.
-he drew it on one side and then let it drop.
 "gone!"
 he said laconically.
 he passed on to the next.
@@ -32768,14 +30647,12 @@ two of them were dead.
 they are out of it a little sooner, that's all."
 the third man was travers.
 he lay on his back, his face turned slightly toward the wall, his eyes closed.
-he seemed asleep.
 the colonel nodded somberly.
 "another ten hours," he calculated.
 he came back to the table, where the others waited, and drew out a paper from his pocket.
 "give me your light a moment, nicholson," he said.
 no one spoke while he examined the list before him.
 all around them was a curious hush--a new thing in their struggle, and one that seemed surcharged with calamity.
-after a moment colonel carmichael looked up.
 he was many years the senior of his companions, but just then there seemed no difference in years between them.
 they were three wan, haggard men, weakened with hunger, exhausted with sleepless watching.
 that week had killed the youth in two of them.
@@ -32797,7 +30674,6 @@ a rising with a leader is a lengthy business to tackle, and it requires its vict
 in this case we are the victims."
 he smiled grimly.
 "we have only one thing left to do--make a dash for it while we have the strength.
-you must know as well as i do that there is scarcely anything worth calling a hope, but it's a more agreeable way of dying than being starved out like rats and then butchered like sheep.
 i know these devils."
 he glanced around the shadowy room with a curious light in his eyes.
 "my best friend was murdered in this room," he added.
@@ -32935,7 +30811,6 @@ i believe i shall see other things; but not these things that are so beautiful.
 they stayed there looking at the panorama.
 below, in the piazza del popólo, they saw a red tram slipping along, which looked, at that distance, like a toy.
 a tilbury, driven by a woman, stopped near their carriage.
-the woman was blond with green eyes, prominent cheek-bones, and a little fur cap.
 at her feet lay an enormous dog with long flame-coloured hair.
 “she must be a russian,” said cæsar.
 “yes.
@@ -33259,7 +31134,6 @@ you are courageous, my dear man.... after this, i don’t doubt of your success.
 if i can be of any use, let me know.”
 “i will let you know.”
 cæsar and kennedy took a walk about the streets, and at twilight they took leave of each other affectionately.
- xiv.
 new attempts, new rambles
 cardinal spada
  “i have arranged two interesting conferences for you,” said kennedy, a few days later.
@@ -33442,7 +31316,6 @@ will you join me?”
 cæsar remembered having seen that face in the altemps palace.
 he was doubtless one of the domestic monks who had been with the abbé preciozi.
 the waiter came bringing cæsar’s breakfast.
-“will you tell me what it is?” said cæsar to the ecclesiastic, while he filled his cup.
 the monk waited until the waiter was gone, and then said in a hard voice:
 “his eminence the cardinal sent me to bid you not to present yourself anywhere again, giving his name.”
 “what?
@@ -33487,7 +31360,6 @@ fortunately the waiter had come in on hearing the bell.
 “yes, please escort this clerical gentleman to the door, and tell him on the way not to come back here.”
 days later cæsar found out that there had been a great disturbance at the altemps palace in consequence of the calls he had made.
 preciozi had been punished and sent away from rome, and the various spanish monasteries and colleges warned not to receive cæsar.
- xv.
 giovanni battista, pagan
  “my dear cæsar,” said kennedy, “i believe it will be very difficult for you to find what you want by looking for it.
 you ought to leave it a little to chance.”
@@ -33617,7 +31489,6 @@ this young man was a painter too, cortés said; he wore a green hat with a cock
 “nobody does,” cortés declared roundly.
 “everybody says what he thinks.”
 “is the gallery near here?”
-“yes, just a step.”
 in company with cortés and the german with the green hat with the cock’s feather, cæsar went to the piazza del collegio romano, where the doria palace is.
 they saw a lot of pictures which didn’t seem any better to cæsar than those in the antique shops and the pawnbrokers’, but which drew learned commentaries from the german.
 then cortés took them to a cabinet hung in green and lighted by a skylight.
@@ -33641,7 +31512,6 @@ it is curious.”
 “not curious,” exclaimed cortés, “but admirable.”
 “for me it is more curious than admirable.
 there is something brutal in this pope; through his grey beard, which is so thin, you can see his projecting chin.
-the good gentleman was of a marked prognathism, a type of degeneration, indifference, intellectual torpor, and nevertheless, he reached the top.
 perhaps in the church it’s the same as in water, only corks float.”
 legend and history
  cæsar went out of the cabinet, leaving the german and cortés seated on the sofa, absorbed in the picture; he looked at various paintings in the gallery, went back, and sat down, beside the artists.
@@ -33668,7 +31538,6 @@ the german with the green hat, who understood something of the conversation, was
 he asked him if he understood latin, and cæsar told him no, and then, in a strange gibberish, half latin and half italian, he let loose a series of facts, dates, and numbers.
 then he asserted that all artistic things of great merit were german: greece.
 rome, gothic architecture, the italian renaissance, leonardo da vinci, velázquez, all german.
-the snub-nosed young person, with his cape and his green hat with its cock-feather, did not let a mouse escape from his german mouse-trap.
 the data of the befeathered german were too much for cæsar, and he took his leave of the painters.
  xvii.
 evil days
@@ -33883,9 +31752,7 @@ her husband grew serious and took her hand.
 "it was stormy, my dear; the sails were flapping, and it was a question of life and death.
 but i shouldn't have told you.
 well--we'd better say good night now, gerda."
-the manufacturer and his wife got up.
 then the first man from bergen made another speech.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the manufacturer stayed with us for the promised three days, and then made ready to travel again.
 his mood never changed; he was contented and entertaining the whole time.
 every evening one whisky and soda was brought him--no more.
@@ -33899,14 +31766,12 @@ paul's head was bent now, but he seemed even more hurt that the manufacturer sho
 he said.
 "well, let him stay there, for all i care!"
 the manufacturer cracked jokes to the very end.
-of course he was a little depressed by the farewells, too, but he had to keep his family's courage up.
 his wife stood holding one of his arms with both hands, and the children clung to his other arm.
 "i can't salute you," the manufacturer said to us, smiling.
 "i'm not allowed to say good-bye."
 the children rejoiced at this and cried, "no, he can't have his arm back; mummy, you hold him tight, too!"
 "come, come!"
 the father said.
-"i've got to go to scotland, just a short trip.
 and when you come home from the mountains, i'll be there, too."
 "scotland?
 what are you going to scotland for?"
@@ -33948,7 +31813,6 @@ there is every reason to think so--unless our descendants are more intelligent t
 now, my friend, you mustn't believe me; this is the point where you must shake your head.
 there is a professor scuttling about the country, a born mediocrity with a little school knowledge about history; you had better ask him.
 he'll give you just as much mediocre information, my friend, as your vision can grasp and your brain endure.
-*       *       *       *       *
 hardly had manufacturer brede left when paul began to live a most irregular life again.
 more and more all roads were closed to him; he saw no way out and therefore preferred to make himself blind, which gave him an excuse for not seeing.
 seven of our permanent guests now left together: the telephone operators, tradesman batt, schoolmistresses johnsen and palm, and two men who were in some sort of business, i don't quite know what.
@@ -34037,7 +31901,6 @@ anyhow, you were the first one to talk about it."
 in the end they came to an agreement.
 "you won't tell anyone?"
 the lawyer said to me.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the lawyer was missed in the course of the morning; he was not in his room, and not in the garden.
 "perhaps the danish mountaineer can tell us where he is," i said.
 but it transpired that the dane had not even thought of climbing the blue peak that day, and knew nothing whatever about the expedition.
@@ -34135,7 +31998,6 @@ but he had given his word, and there was nothing to be done about it.
 besides, it was raining now.
 haymaking had to stop; they could not even stack what had already been gathered.
 outside, three cartloads of fodder were going to waste.
-*       *       *       *       *
 before long the novelty of the tore peak resort wore off again.
 the newspapermen wrote and sent telegrams about other gratifying misfortunes, the death on the blue peak having lost its news value.
 it had been an intoxication; now came the morning after.
@@ -34150,7 +32012,6 @@ then two young men arrived, sprouts off the norwegian tree, sportsmen to their f
 they, too, wanted to see the blue peak to the best of their ability; after all, one must keep pace with modern life.
 but they were so young that when they looked up at the peak, they were afraid.
 solem had learned more than one trick in tourist company; craftily he led them on, and then extorted money from them in return for a promise not to expose their foolishness.
-so all was well; the young sprouts came down the mountain again, bragging and showing off their sportsmanship.
 one of them brought down a bloodstained rag which he flung on the ground, saying,
 "there's what's left of your lawyer that fell off."
 "ha, ha, ha, ha!"
@@ -34217,7 +32078,6 @@ the torsen type no doubt lies in her solitary bed at night, reveling in the sens
 but her friend, the actor?
 he was in no sense the other's equal.
 there was nothing of the bull in him, nothing of action, only the braggadocio of the theater....
-*       *       *       *       *
 here am i, growing small and petty with this life.
 i question solem about the accident.
 we are alone together in the woodshed.
@@ -34241,7 +32101,6 @@ these were the typical symptoms.
 and to take the bull by the horns: no doubt you suspect me of dwelling on the subject of miss torsen out of self-interest?
 in that case i must have concealed well in these pages that i never think of her except as an object, as a theme; turn back the pages and you will see!
 at my age, one does not fall in love without becoming grotesque, without making even the pharaohs laugh.
-*       *       *       *       *
 finis.
 but there is one thing i cannot finish doing, and that is withdrawing to my room, and sitting alone with the good darkness round me.
 this, after all, is the last pleasure.
@@ -34323,7 +32182,6 @@ i lie for another hour or two; the birds have long since gone to rest, and darkn
 i walk on the hay that has been left outdoors; it is tough and black, and i slip on it because it is already rotting.
 as i approach the houses, bats fly noiselessly past me, as though on wings of foam.
 a slight shudder convulses me whenever they pass.
-suddenly i stop.
 a man is walking here.
 i can see him against the wall of the new house.
 he has on a coat that looks like the actor's raincoat, but it is not the little comedian himself.
@@ -34418,7 +32276,6 @@ she was corrupt, but she was also cunning, with the cunning of a madman.
 so corrupt.
 dear child, pharaoh laughs before his pyramids; standing before his pyramids he laughs.
 he would laugh at me, too.
-*       *       *       *       *
 next day we three remaining guests were sitting in the living room.
 the lady and the actor read one book; i read another.
 "will you," she says to him, "do me a great favor?"
@@ -34483,7 +32340,6 @@ oh, well, it's my opinion nobody can understand women, anyhow.
 but they're a mighty sex, the women, a mighty sex.
 they certainly are."
 he sat on a while, but he had no peace of mind, and soon went out again.
-*       *       *       *       *
 that evening the lady was in the dining room before us; she was there when we came in, and we all nodded slightly in greeting.
 to the actor she was very kind, quite making up for her petulance of the afternoon.
 when he sat down he found a letter in his table napkin: a written note folded into the napkin.
@@ -34639,7 +32495,6 @@ the many houses on the farm confuse him a little; the roofs are all too big for
 once he asked josephine if it was right that his hands and fingers should run away from him every day across the fields.
 so they put mittens on his hands, but he took to chewing them; in fact he ate everything he was given, and enjoyed a good digestion.
 so they must be thankful he had his health, josephine said, and could be up and about.
-*       *       *       *       *
 i did not follow the others across the field, but returned the way i had come last spring, down toward the woods and the sea.
 it is fitting that i should go back, always back, never forward again.
 i passed the hut where solem and i had lived together, and then the lapps--the two old people and olga, this strange cross between a human being and a dwarf birch.
@@ -34662,7 +32517,6 @@ do not let this rouse your hatred for me.
 i shall be merry again with you later, when my strings are tuned to merriment.
 i have no power over them.
 now they are tuned to a chorale....
-*       *       *       *       *
 at dawn, in the bright moonlight, i leave the hut and push on quickly in order to reach the village as soon as possible.
 but i must have started too early or walked too fast, for at this rate i shall reach the village at high noon.
 what am i chasing after?
@@ -34703,7 +32557,6 @@ here am i, meeting an old acquaintance, the thief of last winter, the pork thief
 what luck, what a satisfaction!
 this was eilert.
 he took in paying guests now.
-at first he pretended not to recognize me, but he soon gave that up.
 once he had done so, however, he carried the thing off in style:
 "well, well," he said, "what a nice surprise!
 you are most welcome under my humble roof, and such it is!"
@@ -34716,7 +32569,6 @@ he had therefore had to arrange to house them, because after all, you can't expe
 that's all the hotel there is to it.
 my neighbor olaus can't do any more either, even if he builds a place that's ten times as big.
 look over there--now he's building another house--a shed, i'd call it--and he's got three grown men working on it so he can get it done by next summer.
-but it won't be much bigger than my place at that, and anyhow, the gentry don't want to be bothered walking all that distance to his place when here's my house right at the car stop.
 and besides it was me that started it, and if i was olaus i wouldn't have wanted to imitate me like a regular monkey and started keeping boarders which i didn't know the first thing about.
 but he can't make himself any different from what he is, so he puts up a few old bits of canvas and rugs and cardboard inside his barn and gets people to sleep there.
 but i'd never ask the gentry to sleep in a barn, a storehouse for fodder and hay for dumb beasts, if you'll excuse my mentioning it!
@@ -34753,7 +32605,6 @@ very well, at once.... well, see you later.
 you'll be stopping here, too, i expect?"
 he hurried up the stairs.
 eilert and i followed to my room.
-*       *       *       *       *
 as a matter of fact, i went out again with eilert at once.
 he had a great deal to tell me and explain to me, and i was not unwilling to listen to him then.
 really, eilert was not too bad, a fine fellow with four ragged, magnificent youngsters by his first wife, who had died two years before, and another child by his second wife.
@@ -34807,7 +32658,6 @@ after all, he had not heard about the great seas i had sailed without the slight
 "yes, i get seasick sometimes, too," says eilert.
 that evening i sat eating alone in the dining room.
 since we had not brought back any haddock, the visitors upstairs had no desire to come down.
-all they wanted, eilert's wife said, was some bread and butter and milk to be sent up.
  xxviii
  next morning they had gone.
 yes, indeed, they left at four in the morning, at dawn; i heard them perfectly well, for my room was near the stairs.
@@ -34829,7 +32679,6 @@ it was really quite interesting to watch the boat getting smaller and smaller; f
 as it was not yet quite light, i could not see them very clearly, but the red hat was still discernible.
 then the boat disappeared behind an island.
 i dressed and went down.
-the children were all still in bed, but the wife, regine, was up.
 how calmly and naturally she took everything!
 "do you know where your husband is?"
 i asked her.
@@ -34856,7 +32705,6 @@ very likely she found it embarrassing to be called the "missis," and this was wh
 so she had beaten a retreat, with her friend and her knapsack.
 well, it was not much to go away with, but perhaps that doesn't matter.
 as long as one has a reason to go away.
-*       *       *       *       *
 later in the forenoon eilert returned home.
 he was alone, but he came up the path carrying one of the knapsacks--the larger one.
 he was in a furious temper, and kept saying they'd better not try it on him--no, they'd just better not.
@@ -34886,7 +32734,6 @@ when he had eaten, drunk his coffee, and rested for a while, he was not so livel
 he had been brooding and speculating ever since last summer, when the motor traffic started, and did i think it would be a good idea for him to hire three grown men, too, and build a much bigger house than olaus's?
 so he had caught it, too--the great, modern norwegian disease!
 the knapsack was back in her room again; yes, these were her clothes; i recognized her blouses, her skirts and her shoes.
-i hardly looked at them, of course; just unpacked them, folded them neatly, and put them back in the bag again; because no doubt eilert had had them all out in a heap.
 this was really my only reason for unpacking them.
  xxix
  once more i was run into a party of english, the last for this year.
@@ -34936,7 +32783,6 @@ here were his boys, losing a handsome tip merely because they could not swear ba
 the boys themselves had also something to think about: "that driver, that scoundrel, that southerner!
 but just wait!"
 they had heard that bits of broken bottle were very good for tires....
-*       *       *       *       *
 i return to her knapsack and her clothes, and the reason why i do so is that eilert is so little to be trusted.
 i want to count her clothes to make sure none of them disappear; it was a mistake not to have done so at once.
 it may seem as though i kept returning to these clothes and thinking about them; but why should i do that?
@@ -34982,7 +32828,6 @@ what can a sitting man do with honor?
 a man on his feet can use it; to a sitting man it is only a possession.
 but honor is meant to be used, not to be sat with.
 let sitting men wear warm stockings.
-*       *       *       *       *
 what a coincidence: another barn on my road, just as in the days of the golden horn!
 it offers me plenty of straw and shelter for the night; but where is the girl who gave me the letter?
 how warm her breath was, coming between lips a little parted!
@@ -35076,7 +32921,6 @@ said he, pretending playfully to whimper.
 "what is it?"
 "nothing.
 can't i say 'ingeborg' to my own wife?"
-"i'm not your own wife," she said, getting up.
 "pish!
 we were man and wife last night.
 it says so in the visitors' book."
@@ -35304,7 +33148,6 @@ where was harold?
 ah, it was no good expecting anything from harold.
 down, down went the little old spider, and then, to his horror, old mr. neave saw him slip past the dining-room and make for the porch, the dark drive, the carriage gates, the office.
 stop him, stop him, somebody!
-old mr. neave started up.
 it was dark in his dressing-room; the window shone pale.
 how long had he been asleep?
 he listened, and through the big, airy, darkened house there floated far-away voices, far-away sounds.
@@ -35333,7 +33176,6 @@ you weren’t asleep—were you?
 but i’ve just given my lady her tea, and there was such a nice cup over, i thought, perhaps....
 ... not at all, madam.
 i always make a cup of tea last thing.
-she drinks it in bed after her prayers to warm her up.
 i put the kettle on when she kneels down and i say to it, “now you needn’t be in too much of a hurry to say your prayers.” but it’s always boiling before my lady is half through.
 you see, madam, we know such a lot of people, and they’ve all got to be prayed for—every one.
 my lady keeps a list of the names in a little red book.
@@ -35367,7 +33209,6 @@ last words she ever said was—very slow, “look in—the—look—in—” and
 ... no, madam, i can’t say i noticed it.
 perhaps some girls.
 but you see, it’s like this, i’ve got nobody but my lady.
-my mother died of consumption when i was four, and i lived with my grandfather, who kept a hair-dresser’s shop.
 i used to spend all my time in the shop under a table dressing my doll’s hair—copying the assistants, i suppose.
 they were ever so kind to me.
 used to make me little wigs, all colours, the latest fashions and all.
@@ -35381,7 +33222,6 @@ he caught hold of the tongs—i shall never forget it—grabbed me by the hand a
 it was a fearful burn.
 i’ve got the mark of it to-day.
 ... well, you see, madam, he’d taken such pride in my hair.
-he used to sit me up on the counter, before the customers came, and do it something beautiful—big, soft curls and waved over the top.
 i remember the assistants standing round, and me ever so solemn with the penny grandfather gave me to hold while it was being done.... but he always took the penny back afterwards.
 poor grandfather!
 wild, he was, at the fright i’d made of myself.
@@ -35478,7 +33318,6 @@ i always tuck in my lady’s feet, every night, just the same.
 and she says, “good night, ellen.
 sleep sound and wake early!” i don’t know what i should do if she didn’t say that, now.
 ... oh dear, i sometimes think... whatever should i do if anything were to.... but, there, thinking’s no good to anyone—is it, madam?
-thinking won’t help.
 not that i do it often.
 and if ever i do i pull myself up sharp, “now, then, ellen.
 at it again—you silly girl!
@@ -35493,7 +33332,6 @@ late scholar of christ's college, cambridge
  london g. bell and sons, ltd. 1910
 post 8vo edition, illustrated first published, december 1901. second edition, revised, march 1902. third edition, revised, january 1903. fourth edition, revised, september 1907. reprinted, january 1910.
  crown 8vo edition first published, september 1904. reprinted, october 1907; july 1910.
- dedicated to the right honourable lord acton, k.c.v.o., d.c.l., ll.d.
 regius professor of modern history in the university of cambridge, in admiration of his profound historical learning, and in gratitude for advice and help generously given.
  preface
  an apology seems to be called for from anyone who gives to the world a new life of napoleon i. my excuse must be that for many years i have sought to revise the traditional story of his career in the light of facts gleaned from the british archives and of the many valuable materials that have recently been published by continental historians.
@@ -35527,20 +33365,16 @@ i could not have accomplished this task, even in the present inadequate way, but
 my heartfelt thanks are due to lord acton, regius professor of modern history in the university of cambridge, for advice of the highest importance; to mr. hubert hall of the public record office, for guidance in my researches there; to baron lumbroso of rome, editor of the "bibliografia ragionata dell' epoca napoleonica," for hints on italian and other affairs; to dr. luckwaldt, privat docent of the university of bonn, and author of "oesterreich und die anfänge des befreiungs-krieges," for his very scholarly revision of the chapters on german affairs; to mr. f.h.e.
 cunliffe, m.a., fellow of all souls' college, oxford, for valuable advice on the campaigns of 1800, 1805, and 1806; to professor caudrillier of grenoble, author of "pichegru," for information respecting the royalist plot; and to messrs. j.e.
 morris, m.a., and e.l.s.
-horsburgh, b.a., for detailed communications concerning waterloo, the nieces of the late professor westwood of oxford most kindly allowed the facsimile of the new napoleon letter, printed opposite p. 156 of vol.
 i., to be made from the original in their possession; and miss lowe courteously placed at my disposal the papers of her father relating to the years 1813-15, as well as to the st. helena period.
 i wish here to record my grateful obligations for all these friendly courtesies, which have given value to the book, besides saving me from many of the pitfalls with which the subject abounds.
 that i have escaped them altogether is not to be imagined; but i can honestly say, in the words of the late bishop of london, that "i have tried to write true history."
 j.h.r.
-[note.--the references to napoleon's "correspondence" in the notes are to the official french edition, published under the auspices of napoleon iii.
 the "new letters of napoleon" are those edited by léon lecestre, and translated into english by lady mary loyd, except in a very few cases where m. léonce de brotonne's still more recent edition is cited under his name.
 by "f.o.," france, no.----, and "f.o.," prussia, no.----, are meant the volumes of our foreign office despatches relating to france and prussia.
 for the sake of brevity i have called napoleon's marshals and high officials by their names, not by their titles: but a list of these is given at the close of vol.
-ii.]
 preface to the third edition
  the demand for this work so far exceeded my expectations that i was unable to make any considerable changes in the second edition, issued in march, 1902; and circumstances again make it impossible for me to give the work that thorough recension which i should desire.
 i have, however, carefully considered the suggestions offered by critics, and have adopted them in some cases.
-professor fournier of vienna has most kindly furnished me with details which seem to relegate to the domain of legend the famous ice catastrophe at austerlitz; and i have added a note to this effect on p. 50 of vol.
 ii.
 on the other hand, i may justly claim that the publication of count balmain's reports relating to st. helena has served to corroborate, in all important details, my account of napoleon's captivity.
 it only remains to add that i much regret the omission of mr. oman's name from ii.
@@ -35548,13 +33382,9 @@ it only remains to add that i much regret the omission of mr. oman's name from i
 j.h.r.
 october, 1902.
 notes have been added at the end of ch.
-v., vol.
 i.; chs.
-xxii., xxiii., xxviii., xxix., xxxv., vol.
 ii.
-; and an appendix on the battle of waterloo has been added on p. 577, vol.
 ii.
-*       *       *       *       *
  contents
  chapter
  vol.
@@ -35565,9 +33395,7 @@ ii.
 the french revolution and corsica
 iii.
 toulon
-iv.
 vendémiaire
-v. the italian campaign (1796)
 vi.
 the fights for mantua
 vii.
@@ -35583,9 +33411,7 @@ xii.
 the new institutions of france
 xiii.
 the consulate for life
-xiv.
 the peace of amiens
-xv.
 a french colonial empire: st. domingo--louisiana--india--australia
 xvi.
 napoleon's interventions
@@ -35614,8 +33440,6 @@ french map of the south of australia, 1807
 ii
  xxii.
 ulm and trafalgar xxiii.
-austerlitz xxiv.
-prussia and the new charlemagne xxv.
 the fall of prussia xxvi.
 the continental system: friedland xxvii.
 tilsit xxviii.
@@ -35624,8 +33448,6 @@ erfurt xxx.
 napoleon and austria xxxi.
 the empire at its height xxxii.
 the russian campaign xxxiii.
-the first saxon campaign xxxiv.
-vittoria and the armistice xxxv.
 dresden and leipzig xxxvi.
 from the rhine to the seine xxxvii.
 the first abdication xxxviii.
@@ -35638,31 +33460,17 @@ appendix i: list of the chief appointments and dignities bestowed by napoleon
 appendix ii: the battle of waterloo
 index
  maps and plans
-battle of ulm battle of austerlitz battle of jena battle of friedland battle of wagram central europe after 1810 campaign in russia battle of vittoria the campaign of 1813 battle of dresden battle of leipzig the campaign of 1814                              to face plan of the waterloo campaign battle of ligny battle of waterloo, about 11 o'clock a.m.    to face st. helena
 note on the republican calendar
  the republican calendar consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, each month being divided into three "decades" of ten days.
 five days (in leap years six) were added at the end of the year to bring it into coincidence with the solar year.
-an    i began sept. 22, 1792. "
-ii  "      "       1793. "
-iii  "      "       1794. "
-iv (leap year)     1795.
-*       *       *       *       *
 "  viii began sept. 22, 1799. "
 ix   "   sept. 23, 1800. "
-x   "      "      1801.
-*       *       *       *       *
-"   xiv   "      "      1805.
-the new computation, though reckoned from sept. 22, 1792, was not introduced until nov. 26, 1793 (an ii).
 it ceased after dec. 31, 1805.
 the months are as follows:
-vendémiaire              sept. 22 to oct. 21. brumaire                 oct. 22  "  nov. 20. frimaire                 nov. 21  "  dec. 20. nivôse                   dec. 21  "  jan. 19. pluviôse                 jan. 20  "  feb. 18. ventôse                  feb. 19  "  mar.
-20. germinal                 mar.
-21  "  april 19. floréal                  april 20 "  may 19. prairial                 may 20   "  june 18. messidor                 june 19  "  july 18. thermidor                july 19  "  aug. 17. fructidor                aug. 18  "  sept. 16.
 add five (in leap years six) "sansculottides" or "jours complémentaires."
 in 1796 (leap year) the numbers in the table of months, so far as concerns all dates between feb. 28 and sept. 22, will have to be reduced by one, owing to the intercalation of feb. 29, which is not compensated for until the end of the republican year.
 the matter is further complicated by the fact that the republicans reckoned an viii as a leap year, though it is not one in the gregorian calendar.
 hence that year ended on sept. 22, and an ix and succeeding years began on sept. 23. consequently in the above table of months the numbers of all days from vendémiaire 1, an ix (sept. 23, 1800), to nivôse 10, an xiv (dec. 31, 1805), inclusive, will have to be increased by one, except only in the next leap year between ventôse 9, an xii, and vendémiaire 1, an xiii (feb. 28-sept, 23, 1804), when the two revolutionary aberrations happen to neutralize each other.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the life of napoleon i
 chapter i
 parentage and early years
@@ -35690,7 +33498,6 @@ from the depths of debasement of that cynical age the buonapartes were saved by
 yet the embassies discharged at intervals by the more talented members of the family showed that the gifts for intrigue were only dormant; and they were certainly transmitted in their intensity to the greatest scion of the race.
 in the year 1529 francis buonaparte, whether pressed by poverty or distracted by despair at the misfortunes which then overwhelmed italy, migrated to corsica.
 there the family was grafted upon a tougher branch of the italian race.
-to the vulpine characteristics developed under the shadow of the medici there were now added qualities of a more virile stamp.
 though dominated in turn by the masters of the mediterranean, by carthaginians, romans, vandals, by the men of pisa, and finally by the genoese republic, the islanders retained a striking individuality.
 the rock-bound coast and mountainous interior helped to preserve the essential features of primitive life.
 foreign powers might affect the towns on the sea-board, but they left the clans of the interior comparatively untouched.
@@ -35702,13 +33509,11 @@ forthwith there began a blood feud, a vendetta, which frequently dragged on its
 no corsican was so loathed as the laggard who shrank from avenging the family honour, even on a distant relative of the first offender.
 the murder of the duc d'enghien by napoleon in 1804 sent a thrill of horror through the continent.
 to the corsicans it seemed little more than an autocratic version of the vendetta traversale.
-[1]
 the vendetta was the chief law of corsican society up to comparatively recent times; and its effects are still visible in the life of the stern islanders.
 in his charming romance, "colomba," m. prosper mérimée has depicted the typical corsican, even of the towns, as preoccupied, gloomy, suspicious, ever on the alert, hovering about his dwelling, like a falcon over his nest, seemingly in preparation for attack or defence.
 laughter, the song, the dance, were rarely heard in the streets; for the women, after acting as the drudges of the household, were kept jealously at home, while their lords smoked and watched.
 if a game at hazard were ventured upon, it ran its course in silence, which not seldom was broken by the shot or the stab--first warning that there had been underhand play.
 the deed always preceded the word.
-in such a life, where commerce and agriculture were despised, where woman was mainly a drudge and man a conspirator, there grew up the typical corsican temperament, moody and exacting, but withal keen, brave, and constant, which looked on the world as a fencing-school for the glorification of the family and the clan[2].
 of this type napoleon was to be the supreme exemplar; and the fates granted him as an arena a chaotic france and a distracted europe.
 amidst that grim corsican existence the buonapartes passed their lives during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
 occupied as advocates and lawyers with such details of the law as were of any practical importance, they must have been involved in family feuds and the oft-recurring disputes between corsica and the suzerain power, genoa.
@@ -35726,7 +33531,6 @@ his patriotism is evinced in his ardent support of paoli, by whose valour and en
 amidst these patriotic triumphs charles confronted his destiny in the person of letizia ramolino, a beautiful girl, descended from an honourable florentine family which had for centuries been settled in corsica.
 the wedding took place in 1764, the bridegroom being then eighteen, and the bride fifteen years of age.
 the union, if rashly undertaken in the midst of civil strifes, was yet well assorted.
-both parties to it were of patrician, if not definitely noble descent, and came of families which combined the intellectual gifts of tuscany with the vigour of their later island home[3].
 from her mother's race, the pietra santa family, letizia imbibed the habits of the most backward and savage part of corsica, where vendettas were rife and education was almost unknown.
 left in ignorance in her early days, she yet was accustomed to hardships, and often showed the fertility of resource which such a life always develops.
 hence, at the time of her marriage, she possessed a firmness of will far beyond her years; and her strength and fortitude enabled her to survive the terrible adversities of her early days, as also to meet with quiet matronly dignity the extraordinary honours showered on her as the mother of the french emperor.
@@ -35744,15 +33548,12 @@ destiny had already linked the fortunes of the young napoleon buonaparte with th
 after the downfall of genoese rule in corsica, france had taken over, for empty promises, the claims of the hard-pressed italian republic to its troublesome island possession.
 it was a cheap and practical way of restoring, at least in the mediterranean the shattered prestige of the french bourbons.
 they had previously intervened in corsican affairs on the side of the genoese.
-yet in 1764 paoli appealed to louis xv.
 for protection.
 it was granted, in the form of troops that proceeded quietly to occupy the coast towns of the island under cover of friendly assurances.
-in 1768, before the expiration of an informal truce, marbeuf, the french commander, commenced hostilities against the patriots[4].
 in vain did rousseau and many other champions of popular liberty protest against this bartering away of insular freedom: in vain did paoli rouse his compatriots to another and more unequal struggle, and seek to hold the mountainous interior.
 poor, badly equipped, rent by family feuds and clan schisms, his followers were no match for the french troops; and after the utter break-up of his forces paoli fled to england, taking with him three hundred and forty of the most determined patriots.
 with these irreconcilables charles buonaparte did not cast in his lot, but accepted the pardon offered to those who should recognize the french sway.
 with his wife and their little child joseph he returned to ajaccio; and there, shortly afterwards, napoleon was born.
-as the patriotic historian, jacobi, has finely said, "the corsican people, when exhausted by producing martyrs to the cause of liberty, produced napoleon buonaparte[5]."
 seeing that charles buonaparte had been an ardent adherent of paoli, his sudden change of front has exposed him to keen censure.
 he certainly had not the grit of which heroes are made.
 his seems to have been an ill-balanced nature, soon buoyed up by enthusiasms, and as speedily depressed by their evaporation; endowed with enough of learning and culture to be a voltairean and write second-rate verses; and with a talent for intrigue which sufficed to embarrass his never very affluent fortunes.
@@ -35784,7 +33585,6 @@ what a position for a proud and exacting child!
 little wonder that the official report represented him as silent and obstinate; but, strange to say, it added the word "imperious."
 it was a tough character which could defy repression amidst such surroundings.
 as to his studies, little need be said.
-in his french history he read of the glories of the distant past (when "germany was part of the french empire"), the splendours of the reign of louis xiv., the disasters of france in the seven years' war, and the "prodigious conquests of the english in india."
 but his imagination was kindled from other sources.
 boys of pronounced character have always owed far more to their private reading than to their set studies; and the young buonaparte, while grudgingly learning latin and french grammar, was feeding his mind on plutarch's "lives"--in a french translation.
 the artful intermingling of the actual and the romantic, the historic and the personal, in those vivid sketches of ancient worthies and heroes, has endeared them to many minds.
@@ -35800,7 +33600,6 @@ the masterful energy and all-conquering will of the old roman, his keen insight
 indeed, the career of cæsar was destined to exert a singular fascination over the napoleonic dynasty, not only on its founder, but also on napoleon iii.
 ; and the change in the character and career of napoleon the great may be registered mentally in the effacement of the portraits of leonidas and paoli by those of cæsar and alexander.
 later on, during his sojourn at ajaccio in 1790, when the first shadows were flitting across his hitherto unclouded love for paoli, we hear that he spent whole nights poring over cæsar's history, committing many passages to memory in his passionate admiration of those wondrous exploits.
-eagerly he took cæsar's side as against pompey, and no less warmly defended him from the charge of plotting against the liberties of the commonwealth[6].
 it was a perilous study for a republican youth in whom the military instincts were as ingrained as the genius for rule.
 concerning the young buonaparte's life at brienne there exist few authentic records and many questionable anecdotes.
 of these last, that which is the most credible and suggestive relates his proposal to his schoolfellows to construct ramparts of snow during the sharp winter of 1783-4. according to his schoolfellow, bourrienne, these mimic fortifications were planned by buonaparte, who also directed the methods of attack and defence: or, as others say, he reconstructed the walls according to the needs of modern war.
@@ -35808,7 +33607,6 @@ in either case, the incident bespeaks for him great power of organization and co
 but there were in general few outlets for his originality and vigour.
 he seems to have disliked all his comrades, except bourrienne, as much as they detested him for his moody humours and fierce outbreaks of temper.
 he is even reported to have vowed that he would do as much harm as possible to the french people; but the remark smacks of the story-book.
-equally doubtful are the two letters in which he prays to be removed from the indignities to which he was subjected at brienne[7].
 in other letters which are undoubtedly genuine, he refers to his future career with ardour, and writes not a word as to the bullying to which his corsican zeal subjected him.
 particularly noteworthy is the letter to his uncle begging him to intervene so as to prevent joseph buonaparte from taking up a military career.
 joseph, writes the younger brother, would make a good garrison officer, as he was well formed and clever at frivolous compliments--"good therefore for society, but for a fight--?"
@@ -35828,7 +33626,6 @@ in spite of lessons at paris and private lessons which he afterwards took at val
 the death of his father during the year which the youth spent at paris sharpened his sense of responsibility towards his seven younger brothers and sisters.
 his own poverty must have inspired him with disgust at the luxury which he saw around him; but there are good reasons for doubting the genuineness of the memorial which he is alleged to have sent from paris to the second master at brienne on this subject.
 the letters of the scholars at paris were subject to strict surveillance; and, if he had taken the trouble to draw up a list of criticisms on his present training, most assuredly it would have been destroyed.
-undoubtedly, however, he would have sympathized with the unknown critic in his complaint of the unsuitableness of sumptuous meals to youths who were destined for the hardships of the camp.
 at brienne he had been dubbed "the spartan," an instance of that almost uncanny faculty of schoolboys to dash off in a nickname the salient features of character.
 the phrase was correct, almost for napoleon's whole life.
 at any rate, the pomp of paris served but to root his youthful affections more tenaciously in the rocks of corsica.
@@ -35836,7 +33633,6 @@ in september, 1785, that is, at the age of sixteen, buonaparte was nominated for
 this was his first close contact with real life.
 the rules of the service required him to spend three months of rigorous drill before he was admitted to his commission.
 the work was exacting: the pay was small, viz., 1,120 francs, or less than £45, a year; but all reports agree as to his keen zest for his profession and the recognition of his transcendent abilities by his superior officers.
-[8] there it was that he mastered the rudiments of war, for lack of which many generals of noble birth have quickly closed in disaster careers that began with promise: there, too, he learnt that hardest and best of all lessons, prompt obedience.
 "to learn obeying is the fundamental art of governing," says carlyle.
 it was so with napoleon: at valence he served his apprenticeship in the art of conquering and the art of governing.
 this spring-time of his life is of interest and importance in many ways: it reveals many amiable qualities, which had hitherto been blighted by the real or fancied scorn of the wealthy cadets.
@@ -35868,7 +33664,6 @@ the foregoing recital of facts must have already suggested one obvious explanati
 nature had dowered him so prodigally with diverse gifts, mainly of an imperious order, that he could scarcely have limited his sphere of action to corsica.
 profoundly as he loved his island, it offered no sphere commensurate with his varied powers and masterful will.
 it was no empty vaunt which his father had uttered on his deathbed that his napoleon would one day overthrow the old monarchies and conquer europe.
-[9] neither did the great commander himself overstate the peculiarity of his temperament, when he confessed that his instincts had ever prompted him that his will must prevail, and that what pleased him must of necessity belong to him.
 most spoilt children harbour the same illusion, for a brief space.
 but all the buffetings of fortune failed to drive it from the young buonaparte; and when despair as to his future might have impaired the vigour of his domineering instincts, his mind and will acquired a fresh rigidity by coming under the spell of that philosophizing doctrinaire, rousseau.
 there was every reason why he should early be attracted by this fantastic thinker.
@@ -35923,9 +33718,7 @@ in its headlong quest of tangible results his eager spirit scorns so tardy a met
 everything which mars the unity of the social contract shall be shattered, so that the state may have a clear field for the exercise of its beneficent despotism.
 such is buonaparte's political and religious creed at the age of seventeen, and such it remained (with many reservations suggested by maturer thought and self-interest) to the end of his days.
 it reappears in his policy anent the concordat of 1802, by which religion was reduced to the level of handmaid to the state, as also in his frequent assertions that he would never have quite the same power as the czar and the sultan, because he had not undivided sway over the consciences of his people.
-[10] in this boyish essay we may perhaps discern the fundamental reason of his later failures.
 he never completely understood religion, or the enthusiasm which it can evoke; neither did he ever fully realize the complexity of human nature, the many-sidedness of social life, and the limitations that beset the action even of the most intelligent law-maker.
-[11]
 his reading of rousseau having equipped him for the study of human society and government, he now, during his first sojourn at auxonne (june, 1788--september, 1789), proceeds to ransack the records of the ancient and modern world.
 despite ill-health, family troubles, and the outbreak of the french revolution, he grapples with this portentous task.
 the history, geography, religion, and social customs of the ancient persians, scythians, thracians, athenians, spartans, egyptians, and carthaginians--all furnished materials for his encyclopædic note-books.
@@ -35939,7 +33732,6 @@ his first sketch of this work runs as follows:
 "23 october, 1788. auxonne.
 "this work will begin with general ideas as to the origin and the enhanced prestige of the name of king.
 military rule is favourable to it: this work will afterwards enter into the details of the usurped authority enjoyed by the kings of the twelve kingdoms of europe.
-"there are very few kings who have not deserved dethronement[12]."
 this curt pronouncement is all that remains of the projected work.
 it sufficiently indicates, however, the aim of napoleon's studies.
 one and all they were designed to equip him for the great task of re-awakening the spirit of the corsicans and of sapping the base of the french monarchy.
@@ -35952,11 +33744,9 @@ in him nature carved out a character of rock-like firmness, but she adorned it w
 at his first parting from his brother joseph at autun, when the elder brother was weeping passionately, the little napoleon dropped a tear: but that, said the tutor, meant as much as the flood of tears from joseph.
 love of his relatives was a potent factor of his policy in later life; and slander has never been able wholly to blacken the character of a man who loved and honoured his mother, who asserted that her advice had often been of the highest service to him, and that her justice and firmness of spirit marked her out as a natural ruler of men.
 but when these admissions are freely granted, it still remains true that his character was naturally hard; that his sense of personal superiority made him, even as a child, exacting and domineering; and the sequel was to show that even the strongest passion of his youth, his determination to free corsica from france, could be abjured if occasion demanded, all the force of his nature being thenceforth concentrated on vaster adventures.
-*      *      *      *      *
  chapter ii
 the french revolution and corsica
  "they seek to destroy the revolution by attacking my person: i will defend it, for i am the revolution."
-such were the words uttered by buonaparte after the failure of the royalist plot of 1804. they are a daring transcript of louis xiv.
 's "l'état, c'est moi."
 that was a bold claim, even for an age attuned to the whims of autocrats: but this of the young corsican is even more daring, for he thereby equated himself with a movement which claimed to be wide as humanity and infinite as truth.
 and yet when he spoke these words, they were not scouted as presumptuous folly: to most frenchmen they seemed sober truth and practical good sense.
@@ -36016,7 +33806,6 @@ in its jealousy of the royal authority, the national assembly seized very many o
 the results were disastrous.
 laws remained without force, taxes went uncollected, the army was distracted by mutinies, and the monarchy sank slowly into the gulf of bankruptcy and anarchy.
 thus, in the course of three years, the revolutionists goaded the clergy to desperation, they were about to overthrow the monarchy, every month was proving their local self-government to be unworkable, and they themselves split into factions that plunged france into war and drenched her soil by organized massacres.
-*       *       *       *       *
 we know very little about the impression made on the young buonaparte by the first events of the revolution.
 his note-book seems even to show that he regarded them as an inconvenient interference with his plans for corsica.
 but gradually the revolution excites his interest.
@@ -36033,7 +33822,6 @@ but his patriotism and audacity carry him still further.
 he journeys to bastia, the official capital of his island, and is concerned in an affray between the populace and the royal troops (november 5th, 1789).
 the french authorities, fortunately for him, are nearly powerless: he is merely requested to return to ajaccio; and there he organizes anew the civic force, and sets the dissident islanders an example of good discipline by mounting guard outside the house of a personal opponent.
 other events now transpired which began to assuage his opposition to france.
-thanks to the eloquent efforts of mirabeau, the corsican patriots who had remained in exile since 1768 were allowed to return and enjoy the full rights of citizenship.
 little could the friends of liberty at paris, or even the statesman himself, have foreseen all the consequences of this action: it softened the feelings of many corsicans towards their conquerors; above all, it caused the heart of napoleon buonaparte for the first time to throb in accord with that of the french nation.
 his feelings towards paoli also began to cool.
 the conduct of this illustrious exile exposed him to the charge of ingratitude towards france.
@@ -36053,18 +33841,15 @@ the schism was widened by the dictatorial tone of paoli, a demeanour which ill b
 in fact, it soon became apparent that corsica was too small a sphere for natures so able and masterful as those of paoli and napoleon buonaparte.
 the first meeting of these two men must have been a scene of deep interest.
 it was on the fatal field of ponte nuovo.
-napoleon doubtless came there in the spirit of true hero-worship.
 but hero-worship which can stand the strain of actual converse is rare indeed, especially when the expectant devotee is endowed with keen insight and habits of trenchant expression.
 one phrase has come down to us as a result of the interview; but this phrase contains a volume of meaning.
 after paoli had explained the disposition of his troops against the french at ponte nuovo, buonaparte drily remarked to his brother joseph, "the result of these dispositions was what was inevitable."
-[13]
 for the present, buonaparte and other corsican democrats were closely concerned with the delinquencies of the comte de buttafuoco, the deputy for the twelve nobles of the island to the national assembly of france.
 in a letter written on january 23rd, 1791, buonaparte overwhelms this man with a torrent of invective.--he it was who had betrayed his country to france in 1768. self-interest and that alone prompted his action then, and always.
 french rule was a cloak for his design of subjecting corsica to "the absurd feudal régime" of the barons.
 in his selfish royalism he had protested against the new french constitution as being unsuited to corsica, "though it was exactly the same as that which brought us so much good and was wrested from us only amidst streams of blood."
 --the letter is remarkable for the southern intensity of its passion, and for a certain hardening of tone towards paoli.
 buonaparte writes of paoli as having been ever "surrounded by enthusiasts, and as failing to understand in a man any other passion than fanaticism for liberty and independence," and as duped by buttafuoco in 1768.
-[14] the phrase has an obvious reference to the paoli of 1791, surrounded by men who had shared his long exile and regarded the english constitution as their model.
 buonaparte, on the contrary, is the accredited champion of french democracy, his furious epistle being printed by the jacobin club of ajaccio.
 after firing off this tirade buonaparte returned to his regiment at auxonne (february, 1791).
 it was high time; for his furlough, though prolonged on the plea of ill-health, had expired in the preceding october, and he was therefore liable to six months' imprisonment.
@@ -36077,7 +33862,6 @@ buonaparte had dedicated to him his work on corsica, and had sent him the manusc
 after keeping it an unconscionable time, the old man now coldly replied that he did not desire the honour of buonaparte's panegyric, though he thanked him heartily for it; that the consciousness of having done his duty sufficed for him in his old age; and, for the rest, history should not be written in youth.
 a further request from joseph buonaparte for the return of the slighted manuscript brought the answer that he, paoli, had no time to search his papers.
 after this, how could hero-worship subsist?
-the four months spent by buonaparte at auxonne were, indeed, a time of disappointment and hardship.
 out of his slender funds he paid for the education of his younger brother, louis, who shared his otherwise desolate lodging.
 a room almost bare but for a curtainless bed, a table heaped with books and papers, and two chairs--such were the surroundings of the lieutenant in the spring of 1791. he lived on bread that he might rear his brother for the army, and that he might buy books, overjoyed when his savings mounted to the price of some coveted volume.
 perhaps the depressing conditions of his life at auxonne may account for the acrid tone of an essay which he there wrote in competition for a prize offered by the academy of lyons on the subject--"what truths and sentiments ought to be inculcated to men for their happiness."
@@ -36098,7 +33882,6 @@ he governs england.
 but is he not tormented by all the daggers of the furies?"
 --the words ring false, even for this period of buonaparte's life; and one can readily understand his keen wish in later years to burn every copy of these youthful essays.
 but they have nearly all survived; and the diatribe against ambition itself supplies the feather wherewith history may wing her shaft at the towering flight of the imperial eagle.
-[15]
 at midsummer he is transferred, as first lieutenant, to another regiment which happened to be quartered at valence; but his second sojourn there is remarkable only for signs of increasing devotion to the revolutionary cause.
 in the autumn of 1791 he is again in corsica on furlough, and remains there until the month of may following.
 he finds the island rent by strifes which it would be tedious to describe.
@@ -36111,7 +33894,6 @@ but all attempts to get the home office to reconsider miss warren's case or to s
 so long as the cabinet held vivie under lock and key, the suffrage movement--they foolishly believed--was hamstrung.
 so the months went by, and vivie almost lost count of time and almost became content to wait.
 till war was declared on august 4th, 1914. a few days afterwards followed the amnesty to suffragist prisoners.
-from this the home office strove at first to exclude vivien warren on the plea that her crime was an ordinary crime and admitted of no political justification; but at this the wrath of rossiter and the indignation of the w.s.p.u.
 became so alarming that the agitated secretary of state--not at all sure how we were going to come out of the war--gave way, and an order was signed for vivie's release on the 11th of august; on the understanding that she would immediately proceed abroad; an understanding to which she would not subscribe but which in her slowly-formed hatred of the british government she resolved to carry out.
 mrs. warren, assured by praed and rossiter that vivie's release was a mere matter of a few days, had left for brussels on the 5th of august.
 if--as was then hoped--the french and belgian armies would suffice to keep the germans at bay on the frontier of belgium, she would prefer to resume her life there in the villa de beau-séjour.
@@ -36189,12 +33971,10 @@ you never see a single good-looking man or woman.
 do let's go and have that dinner you spoke of.
 i've got a prison appetite."
  at ghent another delay and a few uneasy rumours.
-the court was said to be removing from brussels and establishing itself at antwerp.
 the train at last drew into the main station at brussels half an hour after midnight.
 vivie's mother was nowhere to be seen.
 she had evidently gone back to the villa beau-séjour while she could.
 it was too late for any tram in the direction of tervueren.
-there were no taxis owing to the drivers being called up.
 leaving most of her luggage at the cloak-room--it took her about three-quarters of an hour even to approach the receiving counter--vivie walked across to the palace hotel and asked the night porter to get her a room.
 but every room was occupied, they said--americans, british, wealthy war refugees from southern belgium, military officers of the allies.
 the only concession made to her--for the porter could hold out little hope of any neighbouring hotel having an empty room--was to allow her to sit and sleep in one of the comfortable basket chairs in the long atrium.
@@ -36247,7 +34027,6 @@ she felt herself capable of writing a universal history which would be far truer
 on the 17th of august she took the tram into brussels.
 it seemed however as if it would never get there, and when she reached the porte de namur she was too impatient to wait for the connection.
 she could not find any gendarme, but at a superior-looking flower-shop she obtained the address of the british legation.
-she asked at the lodge for mr. hawk; but there was only a belgian coachman in charge, and he told her the minister and his staff had followed the court to antwerp.
 mr. hawk had only left that morning.
 "what a nuisance," said vivie to herself.
 "i might have found out from him whether there is any truth in the rumours that are flying about tervueren."
@@ -36323,7 +34102,6 @@ she is in the hall outside--feels a little faint i think with shock--might she--
 "miss warren--"
 "my dear miss warren, of course.
 we are enemies--pour le moment--but we germans are not monsters.
-("what about those peasants' stories?"
 said vivie to herself.)
 your lady mother must come in here and take that fauteuil.
 then we can talk better at our ease."
@@ -36362,7 +34140,6 @@ it is only with the wälsch, the wallon part we disagree.... but there is so muc
 let us begin our business.
 i must first introduce myself.
 i am oberst gottlieb von giesselin of the saxon army.
-(he rose, clicked heels, bowed, and sat down.)
 i see you have three heavy bags you look at often.
 what is it?"
 vivie (taking courage): "it is my mother's jewellery and some plate.
@@ -36377,9 +34154,7 @@ i must intrude myself on your hospitality.
 but better for you perhaps if i stay here at present.
 i will put a few of my men in your--your--buildings.
 most of them shall go with their officers to tervueren for billet."
-(turning to mrs.
 warren.)
-"madam, you must cheer up.
 i foresee your daughter and i will be great friends.
 let us now look through the rooms and see what disposition we can make.
 i think i will have to take this room for my writing, for my work.
@@ -36465,7 +34240,6 @@ two months, in which vivie only saw german newspapers--which she read with the a
 their contents filled her with despair.
 they made very little of the marne rebuff, much of the capture of antwerp and ostende, and the occupation of all belgium (as they put it).
 vivie noted that the german emperor's heart had bled for the punishment inflicted on louvain.
-(she wondered how that strange personality, her father, had fared in the destruction of monastic buildings.)
 but she had then no true idea of what had taken place, and the far-reaching harm this crime had done to the german reputation.
 she noted that the german press expressed disappointment that the cause of germany, the crusade against albion, had received no support from the irish nationalists, or from the "revolting" women, the suffragettes, who had been so cruelly maltreated by the administration of asquith and sir grey.
 this point was discussed by the colonel, but vivie found herself speaking as a patriot.
@@ -36643,7 +34417,6 @@ they were worthy and wealthy belgian citizens, but presumably would not have dee
 there were also a few belgian socialists--a few, but enough--who took posts under the german provisional government, on the plea that until you could be purely socialistic it did not matter under what flag you drew your salary.
 von giesselin was most benevolently intentioned, in reality a kind-hearted man, a sentimentalist.
 not quite prepared to go to the stake himself in place of any other victim of prussian cruelty, but ready to make some effort to soften hardships and reduce sentences.
-(there were others like him--saxon, thuringian, hanoverian, württembergisch--or the german occupation of belgium might have ended in a vast sicilian vespers, a boiling-over of a maddened people reckless at last of whether they died or not, so long as they slew their oppressors.)
 he hoped through the pieces played at the theatres and through his censored, subsidized press to bring the belgians round to a reasonable frame of mind, to a toleration of existence under the german empire.
 but his efforts brought down on him the unsparing ridicule of the parisian-minded bruxellois.
 they were prompt to detect his attempts to modify the text of french operettas so that these, while delighting the lovers of light music, need not at the same time excite a military spirit or convey the least allusion of an impertinent or contemptuous kind towards the central powers.
@@ -36711,7 +34484,6 @@ in the hot summer months she would sometimes be allowed to accompany red cross s
 these would cheer up at the sound of her pleasant voice speaking their tongue.
 yet she would witness on such occasions incongruous incidents of german brutality.
 once there came out of the train an english and a french soldier, great friends evidently.
-they were only slightly wounded and the english soldier stretched his limbs cautiously to relieve himself of cramp.
 at that moment a german soldier on leave came up and spat in his face.
 the frenchman felled the german with a resounding box on the ear.
 alarums!
@@ -36732,10 +34504,8 @@ par jugement du 9 octobre, 1915, le tribunal de campagne a prononcé les condamn
 4° louis severin, pharmacien à bruxelles;
 5° comtesse jeanne de belleville, à montignies.
 à la peine de mort
-*       *       *       *       *
 vivie then went on to read with eyes that could hardly take in the words a list of other names of men and women condemned to long terms of hard labour for the same offence--assisting young belgians to leave the belgium that was under german occupation.
 and further, the information that of the five condemned to death, philip bauck and edith cavell had already been executed.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the monsters!
 oh that von bissing.
 how gladly she would die if she might first have the pleasure of killing him!
@@ -36774,14 +34544,12 @@ it is just simply the ordinary sentimental flip-flap that a french versifier can
 "it is far worse than that!
 it is a horrible--what the french call 'acrostiche,' a deadly insult to our people.
 and i never saw it, the editor never saw it, and you, even, never guessed its real meaning!
-[1] the original, as you say, was in typewriting, and at the bottom was the name and address of a very well-known homme de lettres: and the words: 'offert à la rédaction de l'ami de l'ordre.'
 he say now, never never did he send it.
 it was a forgery.
 when we came to understand what it meant all the blame fall on me.
 i am sent back to the army--i shall be killed before verdun, so good-bye dear miss--we have been good friends.
 oh this war: this d-r-r-eadful war--it has spoilt everything.
 now we can never be friends with england again."
-[footnote 1: i have obtained a copy and give it here as it had an almost historical importance in the events of the german occupation.
 but the reader must interpret its meaning for himself.
 la guerre
 ma soeur, vous souvient-il qu'aux jours de notre enfance, en lisant les hauts fails de l'histoire de france, remplis d'admiration pour nos frères gaulois, des généraux fameux nous vantions les exploits?
@@ -36791,7 +34559,6 @@ les batailles prenaient des allures de fêtes et nous ne songions pas qu'aux hur
 ah!
 nous la connaissons, hélas, l'horrible guerre: le fléau qui punit les crimes de la terre, le mot qui fait trembler les mères à genoux et qui seme le deuil et la mort parmi nous!
 mais ou sqnt les lauriers que réserve l'histoire a celui qui demain forcera la victoire?
-nul ne les cueillira: les lauriers sont flétris seul un cypres s'élève aux torubes de nos fils.]
 he gave way to much emotion.
 vivie, though still dazed with the reverberating horror of edith cavell's execution, tried to regain her mind balance and thank him for the kindness he had shown them.
 but it was now necessary to see her mother who might also be undergoing a shock.
@@ -36906,7 +34673,6 @@ for answer, the soldiers took them by the shoulders and whirled them through the
 englische küpplerin," shouted the soldiers as they retreated and locked the revolving door.
 mrs. warren turned purple and swayed.
 vivie caught her round the waist with her strong arm.... thus was mrs. warren ejected from the once homely inn which she had converted by her energy, management and capital into the second most magnificent hostelry of brussels; thus was vivie expelled from the place of her birth....
-hearing the shouting and seeing the crowd a belgian gendarme came up.
 to him vivie said, "si vous êtes chrétien et pas allemand--" "prenez garde, madame," he said warningly--"vous m'aiderez à porter ma mère à quelqu' endroit ou elle peut se remettre..."
 he assisted her to carry the inert old woman across the street and a short distance along the opposite pavement.
 here, there was a pleasant, modest-looking tea-shop with the name of walcker over the front, and embedded in the plate glass were the words "tea rooms."
@@ -36918,16 +34684,12 @@ behind the shop was a cosy little room where the more intimate clients were serv
 thither mrs. warren was carried or supported.
 she regained consciousness slightly as she was placed on a chair, opened her eyes, and said "thank you, my dears."
 then her head fell over to one side and she was dead--seemingly....
-the agent de police went away to fetch a doctor and to disperse the crowd of ketjes[1] and loafers which had transferred itself from the hotel to the tea-shop.
 the shop woman, who was one of those angels of kindness that turn up unexpectedly in the paths of unhappy people, called in a stout serving wench from the kitchen, and the three of them carried mrs. warren out of the inner tea-room into the back premises and a spare bedroom.
 here she was laid on the bed, partially undressed and all available and likely restoratives applied.
-[footnote 1: street urchins of brussels.
-how they harassed the germans and maddened them by mimicking their military manoeuvres!]
 the doctor when he came pronounced her dead, thought it was probably an effusion of blood on the brain but couldn't be certain till he had made an autopsy.
 "what am i to do?"
 said vivie thinking aloud....
 "why, stay here till all the formalities are over and you can find rooms elsewhere," said mme.
-trouessart, the owner-servant of the tea-shop.
 "i have another spare room.
 for the moment my locataires are gone.
 i know you both very well by sight, you were clients of ours in the happy days before the war.
@@ -36954,15 +34716,12 @@ appearing in her red cross uniform, she was admitted, announced herself as the g
 the manager replied that inasmuch as the all highest himself was to arrive that very evening to take up his abode at the hotel impérial, the hotel premises had been requisitioned, etc., etc.
 he still refused absolutely to allow vivie to proceed to her room and look for her money.
 she might perhaps be allowed to do so when the emperor was gone.
-as to her luggage he would have it sent over to the tea-shop.
-(the money, it might be noted, she never recovered.
 there were many things also missing from her mother's trunks and no satisfaction was ever obtained.)
 so there was vivie, one dismal, rainy november evening in 1915; homeless, her mother lying dead in a room of this tea-shop, and in her own pocket only a matter of thirty thousand francs to provide for her till the war was over.
 a thousand pounds in fluctuating value was all that was left of a nominal twenty thousand of the year before.
 but the financial aspect of the case for the time being did not concern her.
 the death of her mother had been a stunning shock, and when she crossed over to the hotel--what irony, by the bye, to think she had been born there thirty-nine years ago, in the old inn that had preceded the twice rebuilt hotel!--when she crossed the street with minna, it had been with blazing, tearless eyes and the desire to take the hotel manager and his minions by the coat collar, fling them into the street, and assert her right to go up to her room.
 but now her violence was spent and she was a broken, weeping woman as she sat all night by the bedside of her dead mother, holding the cold hand, imprinting kisses on the dead face which was now that of a saintly person with nothing of the reprobate in its lineaments.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the burial for various reasons had to take place in the cemetery of st. josse-ten-noode, near the shuddery national shooting range where edith cavell and numerous belgian patriots had recently been executed.
 minna von stachelberg left her hospital, with some one else in charge, and insisted on accompanying vivie to the interment.
 this might have been purely "laïc"; not on account of any harsh dislike to the religious ceremony on vivie's part; only due to the fact that she knew no priest or pastor.
@@ -36985,7 +34744,6 @@ there was even present a more distinguished acquaintance of the past: a long-ret
 he appeared in the tightly-buttoned frock-coat of civil life, with a minute disc of some civic decoration in his button hole, and an incredibly tall chimney-pot hat.
 he came to render his respectueux hommages to the maîtresse-femme who had conducted her business within the four corners of the law, "sans avoir maille à partir avec la police des moeurs."
 mrs. warren at least died with the reputation of one who promptly paid her bills; and the whole assistance, as it walked slowly back to brussels, recalled many a deed of kindness and jovial charity on the part of the dead englishwoman.
-*       *       *       *       *
 vivie, on sizing up her affairs, got monsieur walcker, the baptist pasteur, to convey a letter to the american consulate general.
 walcker was used to such missions as these, of which the german government was more or less cognizant.
 the germans, among their many contradictory features, had a great respect for religion, a great tolerance as to its forms.
@@ -37102,7 +34860,6 @@ i asked him what town he came from.
 they behaved very well.
 "die sind besser als die deutschen--they're better than the germans...."
 but the theatre orderly interrupted us and asked us to "send two or three across."
-i went to the prep.
 to see if there were any new arrivals.
 it was full once again and the wounded were streaming into the station.
 it was quite dark outside.
@@ -37113,9 +34870,7 @@ soon the benches round the stove were crowded with dark figures whose hands and
 a man with haggard features and a bandage round his head began to talk in a mournful voice:
 "oh, it's 'ard ter lose yer mates.
 there was three of us--we was always together--we couldn't bear the idea o' separatin'.
-one of us copped a packet [got wounded] about three months ago an' went inter dock [hospital]--'e wasn't 'alf upset when 'e left us, though 'e was a sure blighty--'e was afeard they'd send 'im to another mob when 'e got well agin.
 but 'e came back to us arter all--we didn't 'alf 'ave a bust up that evenin'.
-the two of us was absolutely canned to the wide [dead drunk]--'e wasn't though, 'e didn' drink much--'e was better'n what we was--well-spoken like--didn' go arter no tarts--didn' do no swearin'.
 yer never came acrorst a better mate'n what 'e was!
 we was goin' over the top when a shell busted in front of us.
 it blinded me for a moment and then when i could see agin--gorblimy--it must 'a' copped 'im in the stomach an' ripped it open--ugh!--'e was rollin' over wi' all 'is guts 'angin' out--ugh!--yer should 'a' 'eard 'im groan.
@@ -37130,12 +34885,10 @@ oh, it's 'ard when yer've bin together all the time an' shared everythink."
 he buried his face in his hands and made no further sound except an occasional sniff and a hasty drawing in of the breath through trembling lips.
 "it's bloody murder up the line," said a full corporal.
 "we were in a trench four feet deep and up to our waist in water.
-a jerry sniper spotted us and one man got biffed, [killed] and then the next, and then the next all along the trench.
 we were packed together like sardines and had no cover at all for our heads and shoulders.
 i got the wind up terribly 'cause i knew my turn was coming.
 he only gave me a blighty though--i reckon i'm bloody lucky!"
 "we was ready for to go over the top an' waitin' for the whistle to blow.
-we didn't 'alf 'ave the wind up.
 you could 'ear the teeth chatterin' all along the trench.
 i was shiverin' all over, i...."
 "next man!"
@@ -37145,7 +34898,6 @@ i could never sleep at the right time and i was always dead tired on duty.
 once i worked forty-three hours at a stretch and after that i had to do a guard in our trench.
 i felt sleepy all of a sudden.
 i pinched myself and banged the butt of my rifle on my toes, but everything seemed to swim round me.
-then, i don't know how, i went off to sleep.
 i was awakened by an officer who shook me and swore at me.
 i was a bit dazed at first and then suddenly it struck me what had happened.
 i never had the wind up so much in all my life and i implored him not to report me.
@@ -37249,7 +35001,6 @@ it descended like a flash, i started back in spite of myself and held one hand o
 i felt a kind of numb pain in my right foot--nothing very bad.
 i looked down and, oh joy, i saw a big, jagged bit of shell imbedded in my foot.
 i tried to move it, but the pain was too great.
-joy seemed to catch me by the throat, i began to dance, but such a pang shot through my leg that i had to stop.
 i dropped my rifle and hopped towards the dressing-station.
 i think it was the happiest moment in my life.
 i lost the sensation of weariness for the time being.
@@ -37271,7 +35022,6 @@ fritz'll send one over with me number on it, that's a bloody cert!"
 "if yer number's up it's up," said the other, who had a big patch over his right ear.
 "if yer've got ter die yer've got ter die, an' it's no use worryin' about it."
 their turn came before long and i helped each one to get on to a table.
-then i went over to the prep.
 to see if any more walking wounded had arrived, but there were none at all.
 i stood out in the open for a few minutes in order to breathe the fresh air.
 there was a roar and rumble of distant drum-fire.
@@ -37286,11 +35036,8 @@ air-raids
 about a dozen of us were pitching a marquee in leisurely fashion, when suddenly there was a shout of "fritz up!"
 we gazed at the sky, and, after searching for a while, saw a tiny white speck moving slowly across the blue at an immense height.
 then, at some distance from it, a small white puff, like a little ball of cotton-wool, appeared.
-a few seconds passed and we heard a faint pop.
-more puffs appeared around the moving speck, each one followed by a pop.
 all at once, behind us, a bright tongue of flame flashed out above a group of bushes.
 there was a sharp report and a whizzing, rustling noise that died down gradually.
-then another puff and another pop.
 the bright flames flashed out again in rapid succession.
 the little speck moved on and on.
 grouped closely round it were compact little balls of cotton-wool, but trailing behind were thin wisps and semi-transparent whitish blurs.
@@ -37358,14 +35105,12 @@ a man who had been in the war from the beginning answered:
 i'll never forget the last time we were bombed.
 we were out on rest about fifteen miles behind the line.
 fritz came over and i had the wind up so badly that i left the tent to go into the open fields.
-(i'd had a taste of it before, you know, and that makes all the difference.)
 then he bombed us before i knew where i was.
 i ran for my life.
 there was a hell of a crash behind me and a bit caught me in the shoulder and knocked me down.
 when it was all over i got up and went back, although my shoulder hurt like anything.
 a lot of our fellows were running about and shouting.
 where my tent used to be, there was a big bomb-hole and my mates were lying dead all round--fourteen of them.
-i didn't recognize most of them, they were so smashed up.
 fritz had dropped one right on the tent.
 i reckon i was lucky to get off with a blighty!
 i was in hospital six weeks and then i got ten days' sick leave in london.
@@ -37437,7 +35182,6 @@ he was the pluckiest man i ever knew and capable of any piece of foolhardy darin
 but this time he was near a nervous breakdown.
 we went to bed full of anxiety.
 for a long while we lay awake, straining our ears to catch the sound of firing or the drone of german propellers.
-but no sound broke the stillness of the night, and one by one we dropped off to sleep.
 the next morning was clear and sunny.
 the sky remained blue all day.
 not a cloud could be seen.
@@ -37467,7 +35211,6 @@ and all at once, without any warning, the thunder was loosened upon us.
 there was an ear-splitting roar and in a moment candles were swept away, benches and tables overturned, and the whole crowd of men was down on the floor, trembling and panic-stricken.
 another detonation, and then another, shaking the ground and reverberating, and sending up showers of stones and loose earth that came rattling down on to the canteen-roof, while the huddled, sprawling mass of human bodies shook and squirmed with terror.
 the droning of propellers could be plainly heard, then it grew weaker and weaker, until it passed away.
-one by one the men got up.
 someone lit a candle.
 tables, benches, and prostrate bodies had been thrown into confusion.
 cards and coins and overturned beer-mugs littered the floor.
@@ -37571,7 +35314,6 @@ the buzzing noise became more and more feeble.
 i got up and walked back to the marquee, trembling and weak at the knees.
 the others followed.
 most of us went to bed, but a few continued to pace up and down in great agitation.
-one man picked up his blankets in a bundle and went off in order to sleep in the open fields, far away from the camp.
 an hour had hardly passed before distant anti-aircraft fire broke out again.
 anxiety began to renew its tortures.
 we heard the dull, sullen roar of bombs exploding at intervals.
@@ -37653,7 +35395,6 @@ you're so helpless--no dug-outs, no shelters anywhere...."
 you never know when they won't be coming back though--that's just the worst of it."
 the noise of the propellers was indeed dying away.
 several voices muttered "thank god," but one man's teeth were still chattering as though he was so absorbed by his own fear that he had not noticed the disappearance of its cause.
-soon there was complete silence and one by one we fell asleep.
 another clear day and another clear night.
 we lay awake listening anxiously to the bursting of bombs and the muttering of anti-aircraft fire.
 but we went to sleep in the end and felt drowsy all the following day--a clear day.
@@ -37661,7 +35402,6 @@ casualties came in from a camp that had been bombed overnight, and we saw shatte
 several of our men were looking pale through lack of sleep and had dark rings round their eyes.
 another clear night.
 the agonizing vigil began again, but i was so weary that i went to sleep a few minutes after lights out.
-sullen thunders mingled with my dreams and did not wake me up.
 another clear day.
 would the fine weather never end?
 late in the afternoon, however, a few clouds collected on the horizon.
@@ -37692,7 +35432,6 @@ they knew summat about it, we didn't.
 all the same, i know one or two old reg'lars 'oo was in it from the first an' never 'ad the wind up any time--there's not many like that though, generally it's the old soldiers what's the worst o' the lot for wanglin' out o' risky jobs."
 "napoleon was right," observed a small, red-haired lance-corporal, whose remarks generally had a sardonic touch, "when he said the worse the man the better the soldier.
 it's only people who have no imagination and no intelligence who are courageous in modern war.
-nobody with any sense would expose himself unnecessarily and rush a machine-gun position or do the sort of thing they give you a v.c.
 for.
 of course, there are a few cases where it's deserved, and it isn't always the one who deserves it that gets it.
 i'm quite certain the refined, sensitive, imaginative kind of man is no good as a soldier.
@@ -37712,9 +35451,7 @@ i didn't know what fear was afore i joined the army.
 i know now, you bet!
 i'm a bloody coward now--i don't mind admittin' it.
 there's things i used ter do what i wouldn't dare do now.
-when we go up the line i'm in a blue funk from the time i 'ears the first shell burst to the time we goes over the top.
 an' when we goes over i forgets everythink an' don't know what i'm doin'.
-p'raps i'll get a v.c.
 some day wi'out knowin' what i done ter get it.
 and i'm not the only one like that.
 anyone 'oo's bin out 'ere a few months an' says 'e ain't windy up the line's a bloody liar, there now...."
@@ -37739,7 +35476,6 @@ if he were to rise from his grave, would he think the loss 'insignificant'?
 if only he could think of everything from the very beginning, of his childhood, his family, his beloved wife, and how he went to the war and how, seized by the most conflicting thoughts and emotions, he felt afraid, and how it all ended in death and horror.... but they try to convince us that 'our losses are insignificant.'
 think of it, godless writer!
 go to your master the devil with your clever arithmetic.... how this man revolts me--may the devil take him!"
-(andreyeff.)
  throughout the winter one question above all others was discussed by the few who took an interest in the war: "what were the germans going to do?"
 it was clear that they had been able to withdraw many divisions from their eastern front.
 would they be numerically equal or superior to the allies on the western front?
@@ -37854,7 +35590,6 @@ then the newspapers arrived.
 the somme front had collapsed.
 the fifth army was in full retreat.
 the germans had taken bapaume and peronne and were threatening amiens.
-*       *       *       *       *
 had i been living in germany during the war i would have felt a powerful tendency to defend the cause of the allies, to excuse their misdeeds, to overrate their ability, while being highly critical and censorious of every german shortcoming.
 a nation at war is a mob whose very blatancy, injustice and cruelty drive one to hatred and opposition.
 the enemy mob seems less detestable because it is out of sight and one thinks almost involuntarily: "it cannot be as bad as our own."
@@ -37873,7 +35608,6 @@ it is then that the diplomatists who lied and schemed to bring on the monstrous
 they all are justified.
 but if, instead of victory, there is defeat, then they tremble lest they should be disgraced and lose their places, lest they should be victims of a disillusioned people's anger, lest they should forfeit their plunder, lest they should be called to account for the lies with which they fooled the masses.
 defeat is the defeat of evil, victory is the victory of evil.
-*       *       *       *       *
 a second batch of papers arrived.
 the german advance was continuing.
 the british reverse was becoming catastrophic.
@@ -37893,7 +35627,6 @@ we stood in groups and discussed these problems hour by hour.
 one day we were returning from work and passing through the village.
 a crowd of civilians was standing round the window of the mairie, where a written notice was exposed.
 an old woman dressed in black was moaning, "mon dieu, mon dieu, mon dieu."
-the '19, '20, and '21 classes had been called up.
 then the german advance came to an end.
 a french army had arrived and saved the situation.
 the shelling of the back areas had ceased.
@@ -37947,7 +35680,6 @@ we waited in a long queue outside the cook-house.
 the cooks served out the greasy stew as quickly as they could, but we were so tired and ill-tempered that we shouted abuse at them without reason and without being provoked, and banged our plates and tins.
 the war, the advance, the slaughter were forgotten.
 we were conscious of nothing but weariness, stiffness, and petty irritation.
-the following day we marched to a ration dump.
 the wooden cases of rations were piled up in gigantic cubes, so that the entire dump looked like a town of windowless, wooden buildings.
 we formed one long file that circled slowly past the stacks, each man taking one case on to his shoulder or back and carrying it to the train.
 and so we circled round and round throughout the monotonous day.
@@ -38006,7 +35738,6 @@ they could not tell us much, except that the germans were still advancing.
 we cleared out afore it got too 'ot."
 several famished "battle-stragglers" had entered our camp in order to beg for food.
 they sat round the cook-house and ate in gloomy silence.
-in the adjoining field a number of tents had sprung up.
 blue figures were moving in and out amongst them.
 the french had arrived.
 the next morning, about breakfast time, the first shell burst near the camp--a short rapid squeal followed by a sharp report.
@@ -38106,7 +35837,6 @@ and then sleep descended and brought entire oblivion.
  viii
 home on leave
  "i have several times expressed the thought that in our day the feeling of patriotism is an unnatural, irrational, and harmful feeling, and a cause of a great part of the ills from which mankind is suffering; and that, consequently, this feeling should not be cultivated, as is now being done, but should, on the contrary, be suppressed and eradicated by all means available to rational men."
-(tolstoy.)
 a change had come over us all.
 instead of long spells of dreary silence interrupted by outbursts of irritability, by grumbling and by violent quarrels over nothing, there was animated conversations and sometimes even gaiety.
 our talk was all about one subject--not about peace, for we had abandoned all hope of peace and hardly ever thought of it--but about leave.
@@ -38122,9 +35852,7 @@ no doubt the fortnight would pass very quickly, but i determined to enjoy every
 how many hours were there in a fortnight?
 more than three hundred!
 many would be wasted in sleep, but still, there would be many left and by dwelling upon each one, the fortnight would seem an age.
-*       *       *       *       *
 an afternoon and an evening in a train that travelled all too slowly.
-a night and half a day at calais rest camp.
 how terrible was the rankling impatience that gnawed our hearts as the hours dragged on.
 but at last we were on the leave boat.
 there was another long delay, and then, with a feeling of immense relief, we heard the engines throb and the paddle-wheels begin to turn.
@@ -38278,7 +36006,6 @@ i almost smiled with self-contempt when i thought how i had set out the previous
 i looked at the other readers.
 they were mostly old men, engrossed in their studies, just as they had been in peace time.
 i wondered what they thought about the war.
-i knew they would not allow it to disturb them much or interfere with their studies and their sleep.
 and after all, why should they care?
 it was only youth that was being slaughtered on the battlefields and not old age.
 the sleepy dullness of the museum became unbearable and i walked out into the street.
@@ -38415,7 +36142,6 @@ this was amazing.
 "aren't you happy at park hill?"
 "i've been very happy."
 maynard went swiftly through a card file on his desk.
-"you have--let's see--five more months of internship.
 then--"
 "then i'd planned to enter private practice.
 but something personal has come up and i think a change is for the best."
@@ -38428,7 +36154,6 @@ but, frankly, new york city no longer appeals to me.
 i think perhaps a small hospital is more suited to my temperament."
 "i'm certainly sorry to hear this, corson.
 but i won't try to dissuade you.
-normally, i might bring a little more personal pressure to bear, but i sense that your mind is made up.
 we're sorry to see you go, but the best of luck to you."
 "thank you, sir."
 after frank corson left, superintendent maynard sorted a memo out of the pile on his desk.
@@ -38440,7 +36165,6 @@ too bad.
 but let the minnesota hospital, wherever it was, worry about the trouble and perhaps put corson on the right track again.
 he was their baby now.
 maynard took corson's card from the files and wrote across it: transfer approved with regret.
-*       *       *       *       *
 brent taber stood in the shelter of a doorway on the lower east side of manhattan and watched an entrance across the street.
 he had been there for over an hour.
 another hour passed and taber shifted from one aching foot to the other as a man in a blue suit emerged from the entrance and moved off down the street.
@@ -38475,7 +36199,6 @@ do they all pay in cash?"
 this money has been turning up around times square."
 "the other's a man--quiet, no trouble, pays his rent right on the dot every week.
 john dennis his name is and he doesn't look like no counterfeiter."
-taber took a forward step.
 "what's his room number?"
 "six--on the second floor.
 but he isn't in now.
@@ -38526,7 +36249,6 @@ mostly, he thought, it was the simplification that had come about.
 there had been so many confusing and bewildering complications in the affair; improbability piled on the impossible; the ridiculous coupled with the incredible.
 but now, with one stroke of a knife, it had been simplified and brought into terms everyone could understand; into terms captain abrams of the new york police department would grasp in an instant.
 a killer was on the loose.
-*       *       *       *       *
 one of senator crane's priceless gifts was a sense of timing.
 much of his success had sprung from the instinctive knowledge of when to act.
 he had a sense of the dramatic which never deserted him.
@@ -38561,7 +36283,6 @@ the last he'd heard there had been much doubt as to--
 and this is not because of any lack of knowledge on the part of the government.
 it has been because of the petty natures of the men to whom this secret has been entrusted.
 jealousies have dictated policy where selfless public service was of the most vital importance ..."
-the floor was filling up.
 the visitor's gallery was wrapped in hushed silence.
 newsmen, informed of sensational developments, were rushing down corridors.
 and the vice-president was wondering why he hadn't had the good sense to refuse the nomination.
@@ -38577,7 +36298,6 @@ the press and the visitors' galleries were packed as senator crane's words conti
 and in the press gallery a reporter from the sioux city clarion looked at a representative of the london times, and said, "good god!
 he's gone off his rocker!"
 the englishman, aloof but definitely enthralled, touched his mustache delicately and answered, "quite."
-*       *       *       *       *
 frank corson rang the bell and waited at the door of rhoda kane's apartment.
 the door opened.
 she wore a pale blue brunch coat.
@@ -38609,7 +36329,6 @@ i've come to say good-bye."
 "good-bye?"
 "yes.
 i'm leaving park hill--leaving new york.
-i'm going into a small minnesota hospital to finish my internship.
 then i'll probably practice out there somewhere."
 behind the new glitter of her eyes there was stark misery.
 "frank--frank--what went wrong with us?"
@@ -38651,7 +36370,6 @@ he saw the man and he saw rhoda, but they seemed unimportant.
 something had happened to his mind and he was busy struggling with it.
 that was all that was important.
 the strange lethargy that came like a cloud over his mind was beyond understanding.
-*       *       *       *       *
 captain abrams looked into the closet and back at brent taber.
 his lips were back a little off his teeth.
 with abrams, this indicated anger.
@@ -38689,7 +36407,6 @@ taber paused.
 if he's looking for a spot to hide in he wouldn't come back here and he certainly wouldn't try king's room.
 there's just a wide-open chance he might have another location.
 wait a minute while i look up an address."
-*       *       *       *       *
 an hour after he'd finished delivering his speech on the floor of the senate, crane held a press conference in one of washington's most important hotels.
 the place was crowded.
 he stood on a platform, looked out over a sea of heads, and pointed at an upraised hand for the first question.
@@ -38731,7 +36448,6 @@ good god!
 had he miscalculated?
 of course not.
 he had only to await the verdict of the nation's top newspapers before proceeding with the publicity program that might well make him presidential timber.
-*       *       *       *       *
 john dennis, for the first time since rhoda had known him, seemed nervous.
 he kept licking his lips and shifting his eyes from rhoda to frank corson.
 frank corson sat quietly, keeping his thoughts to himself.
@@ -38753,7 +36469,6 @@ frank's expression was empty, as though he'd suffered some traumatic emotional b
 john dennis stirred.
 he also appeared to be struggling.
 he turned his eyes on the drink rhoda was holding.
-he took it out of her hand and downed it in a single gulp.
 they watched as he went back to work, leafing through the notes, one at a time.
 as he came close to the end, he lifted his head and shook it violently, as though from sudden pain.
 he scowled at the empty glass he'd handed back to rhoda.
@@ -38785,7 +36500,6 @@ i--" he turned his eyes--eyes no longer empty--on rhoda.
 "i want to make love!"
 frank corson got up from his chair and hurled himself on dennis.
 rhoda screamed.
-*       *       *       *       *
 senator crane sat at his desk.
 there were a pile of newspapers in front of him.
 the first one carried a front page story with the headline:
@@ -38795,14 +36509,12 @@ crane tossed the paper aside listlessly and picked up the second one:
 senators voice concern for sanity of colleague
 crane in stunning tirade warns of science-fiction disaster.
 the third paper featured an internationally syndicated columnist, famous for his biting wit:
-*       *       *       *       *
 senator crane today launched a one-man campaign to make america space-conscious.
 if there was any madison avenue thinking behind the launching it was certainly lower madison avenue.
 in order to make his point--exactly what this was confused a vast roomful of newspapermen--the senator invented a race of creatures called androids.
 these androids, it seems, look exactly like tom smith down the block except that they'd just as soon cut your throat as not.
 we fear the senator must have been watching the wrong television shows--knives yet, ugh!--possibly jim bowie, because there wasn't a ray gun nor a disintegrator in his whole bag of exhibits.
 all in all, it would appear that the project was pointed toward making the people senator crane-conscious rather than aiming their attention at the deadly heavens.
-*       *       *       *       *
 senator crane put that paper aside and looked at the next.
 this one, more so than all the rest, was completely factual:
 senator crane deluged with wires from home
@@ -38820,7 +36532,6 @@ why, goddamn it, who the hell do you think you are?....
 fifteen minutes next wednesday?
 you're talking to a united states senator--"
 but crane was no longer talking to halliday.
-he had hung up.
 crane dialed another number.
 a pleasant female voice said, "matthew porter's office."
 "this is senator crane.
@@ -38938,7 +36649,6 @@ the android advanced with his knife raised.
 in desperation, taber fired at the lethal fist that held the weapon.
 and he was lucky.
 the hand snapped open under the ripping impact of the bullet and the knife rang sharply against the wall as it ricocheted to the ground.
-only then, did the patrolman obey the order to drop.
 he went to one knee and brent taber fired three shots into the chest of the android.
 he hesitated.
 there was only one slug left in the revolver.
@@ -38984,7 +36694,6 @@ it went in along with other items of the day's news as a more or less routine bi
 one national-hookup headliner stated: "in new york city today, a man identified as john dennis, address unknown, went berserk in a fashionable upper east side apartment.
 dennis, wielding a knife, killed a man and a woman, and seriously wounded another man before he was cut down by police bullets.
 "a jet airliner, down in the north atlantic today, imperiled the lives of seventy-six ..."
-*       *       *       *       *
 frank corson lay propped on two pillows in a private room of the park hill hospital.
 rhoda kane sat in a chair beside the bed.
 she was pale and very beautiful.
@@ -39052,8 +36761,6 @@ i'll probably leave immediately."
 "good-bye--darling."
 she turned and fled.
 and judging by the deep sadness in his soul, he knew he had hit bottom.
-there was no place to go but up.
-*       *       *       *       *
 brent taber's phone rang.
 "hello, taber.
 halliday here."
@@ -39078,7 +36785,6 @@ halliday laughed.
 "okay, pal.
 you're entitled to your little dig.
 but you know this--i'm with you and i always will be."
-"and i'm with you, too, pal," brent said wearily and hung up.
 the phone rang again.
 automatically, brent picked up the receiver.
 "brent?
@@ -39117,7 +36823,6 @@ one person maimed.
 blood in the streets.
 good job well done.
 he opened a drawer of his desk and reached for the scotch bottle.
-*       *       *       *       *
 at the newark airport he would not trust his suitcase to a porter because the leather loop holding one side of the handle was very thin and he was afraid it would break.
 once he had been ashamed of the shabbiness of the bag and had planned to buy a new one, but now there was an affinity between them, a kind of warmth.
 were they companions in misery?
@@ -39149,7 +36854,6 @@ i'll live in a stuffy room somewhere."
 "what difference does that make?
 take me."
 "you have your job.
-you're on the way up.
 it would be unthinkable."
 "i don't have any job.
 i quit.
@@ -39189,7 +36893,6 @@ five minutes later they were walking down the west tunnel to gate twenty-six.
 frank corson grinned.
 "come on, woman, i'm going to take you across state lines for immoral purposes."
 "how wonderful," she breathed.
-*       *       *       *       *
 brent taber was human and his triumph had been a thing of satisfaction to him--but only momentarily.
 now it had a slightly sour taste.
 not that he was unhappy.
@@ -39240,13 +36943,11 @@ the sinister night.
 "we watch the stars," brent said.
 "and we wait."
 the end
-*       *       *       *       *
 other significant monarch books
 ms8 the cold war by deane and david heller (a monarch select book) 50¢
 ms7 forget about calories by leland h. o'brian (a monarch select book) 35¢
 ms6 the naked rise of communism by frank l. kluckhohn (a monarch select book) 75¢
 ms5 planned parenthood by henry de forrest, m.d.
-(a monarch select book) 50¢ a study of safe and practical approaches to birth control.
 ms4 the rise and fall of the japanese empire by gary gordon 50¢
 ms3a america: listen!
 by frank l. kluckhohn (revised ed.)
@@ -39263,7 +36964,6 @@ k57 richard nixon by george johnson 35¢
 k56 sir winston churchill by edgar black 50¢
 k54 jacqueline kennedy by deane and david heller 35¢ the fascinating story of america's glamorous first lady.
 mb528 medical problems of women by martin james, m.d.
-(a monarch select book) 50¢
 mb512 folk and modern medicine by don james 50¢
 mb509 the book of miracles by zsolt aradi 50¢
 ma328 admiral "bull" halsey by jack pearl (a monarch select book) 35¢
@@ -39272,7 +36972,6 @@ ma319 u. s. marines in action by t. r. fehrenbach 50¢
 ma312 the kennedy cabinet by deane and david heller 35¢
 available at all newsstands and bookstores
 if you are unable to secure these books at your local dealer, you may obtain copies by sending the retail price plus 5¢ for handling each title to monarch books, inc., mail order department, capital building, division street, derby, connecticut.
-*       *       *       *       *
 a terrifying tale of horror in the skies
 the flying eyes
 by j. hunter holly
@@ -39288,7 +36987,6 @@ it gave the world two harrowing choices--self-destruction via fallout from the b
 a monarch science-fiction classic available at all newsstands and bookstores 35¢
 if you are unable to secure this book at your local dealer, you may obtain a copy by sending 35¢ plus 5¢ for handling to monarch books, inc., mail order department, capital building, derby, connecticut.
 a destroyer from another planet--bent on mastery of the world
-*       *       *       *       *
 encounter
 by j. hunter holly author of the green planet
 it came plummeting out of the sky--a soundless, streaking, purple glow, moving faster and faster until it ripped at the trees, crashed through them and struck sickeningly against a hill.
@@ -39300,7 +36998,6 @@ a science fiction thriller from
 monarch books, inc.
 available at all newsstands and bookstores 35¢
 if you are unable to secure this book at your local dealer, you may obtain a copy by sending 35¢ plus 5¢ for handling to monarch books, inc., mail order division, capital building, derby, connecticut.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the power of evil
 "you might call it a fight," elizabeth said, "but they never actually laid a hand on each other."
 dr. carew stared at her in puzzlement as she went on.
@@ -39314,13 +37011,11 @@ i ran, slamming the door in his face, locking him in.
 he laughed evilly and called after me, 'why waste time running away, elizabeth?
 i'll come to get you, and you won't be able to resist me now!'"
 this is one of the unforgettable scenes from monarch books' new fiction thriller--
-*       *       *       *       *
 witch house
 by evangeline walton
 a spine-tingling tale of a group of tormented men and women forced to live in a house saturated with evil.
 on sale at all newsstands and bookstores 35¢
 if you are unable to secure this book at your local dealer, you may obtain a copy by sending 35¢ plus 5¢ for handling to monarch books, inc., mail order department, capital building, derby, connecticut.
-*       *       *       *       *
 revenge in an alien world
 when gail loring chose bill drake to be her husband--in name only--for the duration of the flight to mars, she didn't know that she had just signed his death warrant.
 jealous dr. spartan, leader of the expedition, swore to get revenge and force gail to share his maniacal plan for power.
@@ -39328,14 +37023,12 @@ bound together in space, five men and a woman strained against the powerful tug
 but all plans were forgotten when they landed on the red planet and encountered the martians--half animal, half vegetable, with acid for blood and radar for sight.
 when the martians launched an assault against the space ship, linking their electrical energy in an awesome display of power, spartan realized that this was the perfect moment for personal revenge--and touched off his own diabolical plan of destruction against his fellow crewmen ...
 this is the exciting plot of the new monarch books science-fiction thriller--
-*       *       *       *       *
 the red planet
 by russ winterbotham
 a tense novel of violence and intrigue--a million miles in space.
 on sale at all newsstands and bookstores 35¢
 if you are unable to secure this book at your local dealer, you may obtain a copy by sending 35¢ plus 5¢ for handling to monarch books, inc., mail order department, capital building, derby, connecticut.
 it spread a new electrical virus that turned men into ruthless monsters
-*       *       *       *       *
 the space egg
 by russ winterbotham
 flying forty-two miles above kansas, something phenomenal had happened to test pilot fayburn.
@@ -39349,7 +37042,6 @@ only time would tell as he daringly laid siege to an important air base and bega
 a monarch science-fiction classic
 available at all newsstands and bookstores 35¢
 if you are unable to secure this book at your local dealer, you may obtain a copy by sending 35¢ plus 5¢ for handling to monarch books, inc., mail order department, capital building, derby, connecticut.
-*       *       *       *       *
 ten from infinity
 ten men walked earth--ten men in different cities in the united states.
 each one was the exact replica of the other--from the tips of his fingers down to the beating of his twin hearts.
@@ -39370,7 +37062,6 @@ we know you will like "spacehounds" even better than the "skylark" series.
  illustrated by wesso
  chapter i
 the ipv arcturus sets out for mars
- a narrow football of steel, the interplanetary vessel arcturus stood upright in her berth in the dock like an egg in its cup.
 a hundred feet across and a hundred and seventy feet deep was that gigantic bowl, its walls supported by the structural steel and concrete of the dock and lined with hard-packed bumper-layers of hemp and fibre.
 high into the air extended the upper half of the ship of space--a sullen gray expanse of fifty-inch hardened steel armor, curving smoothly upward to a needle prow.
 countless hundred of fine vertical scratches marred every inch of her surface, and here and there the stubborn metal was grooved and scored to a depth of inches--each scratch and score the record of an attempt of some wandering cosmic body to argue the right-of-way with the stupendous mass of that man-made cruiser of the void.
@@ -39386,7 +37077,6 @@ the chief pilot smiled as he shook hands cordially.
 i'm simple enough to believe almost anything, but some things just aren't being done.
 we have been yelling, and yelling hard, for trained computers ever since they started riding us about every one centimeter change in acceleration, but i know that you're no more an i-p computer than i am a digger indian.
 they don't shoot sparrows with coast-defense guns!"
-[illustration]
 "thanks for the compliment, breck, but i'm your computer for this trip, anyway.
 newton, the good old egg, knows what you fellows are up against and is going to do something about it, if he has to lick all the rest of the directors to do it.
 he knew that i was loose for a couple of weeks and asked me to come along this trip to see what i could see.
@@ -39416,7 +37106,6 @@ the first assistant scanned his meters narrowly as he swung a multi-point switch
 "converter efficiency 100, projector reactivity 100; on each of numbers one to forty-five inclusive.
 all x."
 "dirigible projectors!"
-*       *       *       *       *
 two more gleaming switches leaped from point to point.
 "converter efficiency 100, projector reactivity 100, dirigibility 100, on each of numbers one to thirty-two, inclusive, of upper band; and numbers one to thirty-two, inclusive, of lower band.
 all x."
@@ -39460,7 +37149,6 @@ all set to go," the computer stated, as he changed, by fractions of arc, the cou
 "what's all this commotion about?
 dish out the low-down."
 "well, it's like this, steve.
-we pilots are having one sweet time--we're being growled at on every trip.
 the management squawks if we're thirty seconds plus or minus at the terminals, and the passenger department squalls if we change acceleration five centimeters total en route--claims it upsets the dainty customers and loses business for the road.
 they're tightening up on us all the time.
 a couple of years ago, you remember, it didn't make any difference what we did with the acceleration as long as we checked in somewhere near zero time--we used to spin 'em dizzy when we reversed at the half-way station--but that kind of stuff doesn't go any more.
@@ -39473,7 +37161,6 @@ i can't help but think that the astronomers are lying down on the job.
 they are so sure that you pilots are to blame that it hasn't occurred to them to check up on themselves very carefully.
 however, we'll know pretty quick, and then we'll take steps."
 "i hope so--but say, steve, i'm worried about using that much plus equilibrium power.
-remember, we've got to hit m14 in absolutely good shape, or plenty heads will drop."
 "i'll say they will.
 i know just how the passengers will howl if we hold them weightless for half an hour, waiting for those two moons to get out of the way, and i know just what the manager will do if we check in minus thirty-one minutes.
 wow!
@@ -39507,7 +37194,6 @@ lift!"
 he touched a button and a set of plunger switches drove home, releasing into the forty-five enormous driving projectors the equilibrium power--the fifteen-thousand-and-odd kilofranks of energy that exactly counterbalanced the pull of gravity upon the mass of the cruiser.
 simultaneously there was added from the potentiometer, already set to the exact figure given by the computer, the plus-equilibrium power--which would not be changed throughout the journey if the ideal acceleration curve were to be registered upon the recorders--and the immense mass of the cruiser of the void wafted vertically upward at a low and constant velocity.
 the bellowing, shrieking siren had cleared the air magically of the swarm of aircraft in her path, and quietly, calmly, majestically, the arcturus floated upward.
-*       *       *       *       *
 breckenridge, sixty seconds after the initial lift, actuated the system of magnetic relays which would gradually cut in the precisely measured "starting power," which it would be necessary to employ for sixty-nine minutes--for, without the acceleration given by this additional power, they would lose many precious hours of time in covering merely the few thousands of miles during which earth's attraction would operate powerfully against their progress.
 faster and faster the great cruiser shot upward as more and more of the starting power was released, and heavier and heavier the passengers felt themselves become.
 soon the full calculated power was on and the acceleration became constant.
@@ -39573,8 +37259,6 @@ how could you dope this out, with only the recorder charts?"
 "because i know the kind of stuff you pilots are--and those humps are altogether too big to be accounted for by anything i know about you.
 another thing--the next station, p6, i think is keeping himself all x. if so, when you corrected for e2, which was wrong, it'd throw you all off on p6, which was right, and so on--a bad hump at almost every check-station.
 see?"
-*       *       *       *       *
-true to prediction, the pilot ray of p6 came in almost upon the exact center of the micrometer screen, and breckenridge smiled in relief as he began really to enjoy the trip.
 "how do we check on chronometers?"
 asked p6 when stevens had been introduced.
 "by my time you seem to be about two and a half seconds plus?"
@@ -40377,7 +38061,6 @@ they did not speak again till they were just parting, when the chief justice bro
 "why the deuce couldn't the fellow take his beastly photograph with him?"
 "it's very absurd," answered sir robert, "but i feel just the same about it."
 "i'm hanged if you're not a gentleman, perry," said the chief justice, and he hastened away, blowing his nose.
- chapter xxiv.
 three against the world.
  though the house had risen early that evening, the central club sat very late.
 the smoking-room was crowded, and tongues wagged briskly.
@@ -40507,9 +38190,7 @@ he drew himself up to his height, and the air of despondency fell from him.
 the girl's brave love braced him to meet the world again.
 "no, by jove, we're not beat yet, daisy!"
 he said, and she kissed him again and laughed softly as she made him sit, and herself sat upon his knee.
- chapter xxv.
 the truth too late.
- by four o'clock the next afternoon the club had gathered ample materials for fresh gossip.
 the formalities attendant on the change of government, the composition of the new cabinet, the prospects of the election--these alone would have supplied many hours, and besides them, indeed supplanting them temporarily by virtue of an intenser interest, there was the account of the inquest on benyon's body.
 medland had gone to it, almost direct from his final interview with the governor, and kilshaw had been there, fresh from a conference with perry.
 the inquiry had ended, as was foreseen directly ned evans' evidence was forthcoming, in a verdict of murder against gaspard; but the interest lay in the course of the investigation, not in its issue.
@@ -40634,7 +38315,6 @@ you parade your--your interest in this man----"
 "i shall never speak to him again."
 "i'm glad to hear it, and, if you come into my drawing-room, i will thank you to behave yourself properly and be civil to my guests," and lady eynesford walked out of the room.
 alicia huddled herself in a heap on the sofa, turning her face to the wall.
-she felt lady eynesford's scornful rebuke like the stroke of a whip.
 she had descended to a vulgar wrangle, and had been worsted in it: the one thing of all which it concerned her to hide had by her own act been opened to the jeer of a stranger; she had violated every rule of good breeding and self-respect.
 no words--not even lady eynesford's--were too strong to describe what she had done.
 yet she could not help it; she could not hear a creature like that abuse or condemn a man like medland--though all that he had said she had said, and more, to medland himself.
@@ -40726,7 +38406,6 @@ the oriental civilizations on the contrary were sacerdotal in character.
 as in medieval europe, the scholars of asia and egypt were priests.
 in the temples the nature of the gods and of man were not the only subjects of discussion; mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philology and history were also studied.
 the successors of berosus, a priest from babylonia, and {32} manetho, a priest from heliopolis, were considered deeply versed in all intellectual disciplines as late as the time of strabo.
-[13]
 this state of affairs proved detrimental to the progress of science.
 researches were conducted according to preconceived ideas and were perverted through strange prejudices.
 astrology and magic were the monstrous fruit of a hybrid union.
@@ -40736,16 +38415,13 @@ an ever enlarging conception of the universe kept transforming the modes of beli
 faith presumed to enslave both physics and metaphysics.
 the credit of every discovery was given to the gods.
 thoth in egypt and bel in chaldea were the revealers not only of theology and the ritual, but of all human knowledge.
-[14] the names of the oriental hipparchi and euclids who solved the first problems of astronomy and geometry were unknown; but a confused and grotesque literature made use of the name and authority of hermes trismegistus.
 the doctrines of the planetary spheres and the opposition of the four elements were made to support systems of anthropology and of morality; the theorems of astronomy were used to establish an alleged method of divination; formulas of incantation, supposed to subject divine powers to the magician, were combined with chemical experiments and medical prescriptions.
 this intimate union of erudition and faith continued {33} in the latin world.
 theology became more and more a process of deification of the principles or agents discovered by science and a worship of time regarded as the first cause, the stars whose course determined the events of this world, the four elements whose innumerable combinations produced the natural phenomena, and especially the sun which preserved heat, fertility and life.
 the dogmas of the mysteries of mithra were, to a certain extent, the religious expression of roman physics and astronomy.
 in all forms of pantheism the knowledge of nature appears to be inseparable from that of god.
-[15] art itself complied more and more with the tendency to express erudite ideas by subtle symbolism, and it represented in allegorical figures the relations of divine powers and cosmic forces, like the sky, the earth, the ocean, the planets, the constellations and the winds.
 the sculptors engraved on stone everything man thought and taught.
 in a general way the belief prevailed that redemption and salvation depended on the revelation of certain truths, on a knowledge of the gods, of the world and of our person, and piety became gnosis.
-[16]
 but, you will say, since in the classic age philosophy also claimed to lead to morality through instruction and to acquaint man with the supreme good, why did it yield to oriental religions that were in reality neither original nor innovating?
 quite right, and if a powerful rationalist school, possessed of a good critical method, had led the minds, we may believe that it would have checked the invasion of the barbarian mysteries or at least limited their field of action.
 however, as has frequently been pointed out, even in ancient greece the philosophic critics had very little hold on {34} popular religion obstinately faithful to its inherited superstitious forms.
@@ -40771,11 +38447,9 @@ it is a matter of frequent observation that the philosophy of the latin world ne
 questions that could rouse and divide her were those having a direct application to life, like the doctrine of grace.
 the old religion of the romans had to respond to this demand of their genius.
 its poverty was honest.
-[17] its mythology did not possess the poetic charm of that of greece, nor did its gods have the imperishable beauty of the olympians, but they were more moral, or at least pretended to be.
 a large number were simply personified qualities, like chastity and piety.
 with the aid of the censors they imposed the practice of the national virtues, that is to say of the qualities useful to society, temperance, courage, chastity, obedience to parents and magistrates, reverence for the oath and the law, in fact, the practice of every form of patriotism.
 during the last century of the republic the pontiff scaevola, one of the foremost men of his time, rejected as futile the divinities of fable and poetry, as superfluous or obnoxious those of the philosophers and the exegetists, {36} and reserved all his favors for those of the statesmen, as the only ones fit for the people.
-[18] these were the ones protecting the old customs, traditions and frequently even the old privileges.
 but in the perpetual flux of things conservatism ever carries with it a germ of death.
 just as the law failed to maintain the integrity of ancient principles, like the absolute power of the father of the family, principles that were no longer in keeping with the social realities, so religion witnessed the foundering of a system of ethics contrary to the moral code that had slowly been established.
 the idea of collective responsibility contained in a number of beliefs is one instance.
@@ -40786,7 +38460,6 @@ people ceased to admit that the gods crushed the good as well as the wicked in o
 often, also, the divine anger was thought to be as ridiculous in its manifestations as in its cause.
 the rural superstitions of the country districts of latium continued to live in the pontifical code of the roman people.
 if a lamb with two heads or a colt with five legs was born, solemn supplications were prescribed to avert the misfortunes foreboded by those terrifying prodigies.
-[19]
 all these puerile and monstrous beliefs that burdened {37} the religion of the latins had thrown it into disrepute.
 its morality no longer responded to the new conception of justice beginning to prevail.
 as a rule rome remedied the poverty of her theology and ritual by taking what she needed from the greeks.
@@ -40798,9 +38471,7 @@ at the time of the proscriptions and the civil wars under nero or commodus it wa
 the idea of reward or punishment beyond the grave found little credit.
 the notions of future life were hazy, uncertain, doubtful and contradictory.
 everybody knows juvenal's famous lines: "that there are manes, a subterranean kingdom, a ferryman with a long pole, and black frogs in the whirlpools of the styx; that so many thousand men could cross the waves in a single boat, to-day even children refuse to believe.
-"[20]
 after the fall of the republic indifference spread, the temples were abandoned and threatened to tumble into ruins, the clergy found it difficult to recruit members, the festivities, once so popular, fell into desuetude, and {38} varro, at the beginning of his antiquities, expressed his fear lest "the gods might perish, not from the blows of foreign enemies, but from very neglect on the part of the citizens.
-"[21] it is well known that augustus, prompted by political rather than by religious reasons, attempted to revive the dying religion.
 his religious reforms stood in close relation to his moral legislation and the establishment of the imperial dignity.
 their tendency was to bring the people back to the pious practice of ancient virtues but also to chain them to the new political order.
 the alliance of throne and altar in europe dates from that time.
@@ -40812,33 +38483,22 @@ the asiatic religions fulfilled the requirements.
 the change of régime, although unwelcome, brought about a change of religion.
 the increasing tendency of cæsarism toward absolute monarchy made it lean more and more upon the oriental clergy.
 true to the traditions of the achemenides and the pharaohs, those priests preached doctrines tending to elevate the sovereign above humanity, and they supplied the emperors with dogmatic justification for their despotism.
-[22]
 it is a noteworthy fact that the rulers who most loudly proclaimed their autocratic pretentions, like {39} domitian and commodus, were also those that favored foreign creeds most openly.
 but his selfish support merely sanctioned a power already established.
-the propaganda of the oriental religions was originally democratic and sometimes even revolutionary like the isis worship.
 step by step they advanced, always reaching higher social classes and appealing to popular conscience rather than to the zeal of functionaries.
 as a matter of fact all these religions, except that of mithra, seem at first sight to be far less austere than the roman creed.
 we shall have occasion to note that they contained coarse and immodest fables and atrocious or vile rites.
 the egyptian gods were expelled from rome by augustus and tiberius on the charge of being immoral, but they were called immoral principally because they opposed a certain conception of the social order.
 they gave little attention to the public interest but attached considerable importance to the inner life and consequently to the value of the individual.
 two new things, in particular, were brought to italy by the oriental priests: mysterious methods of purification, by which they claimed to wash away the impurities of the soul, and the assurance that a blessed immortality would be the reward of piety.
-[23]
-these religions pretended to restore lost purity[24] to the soul either through the performance of ritual ceremonies or through mortifications and penance.
 they had a series of ablutions and lustrations supposed to restore original innocence to the mystic.
 he had to wash himself in the sacred water according to certain prescribed forms.
 this was really a magic rite, because bodily purity acted sympathetically upon the soul, or {40} else it was a real spiritual disinfection with the water driving out the evil spirits that had caused pollution.
 the votary, again, might drink or besprinkle himself with the blood of a slaughtered victim or of the priests themselves, in which case the prevailing idea was that the liquid circulating in the veins was a vivifying principle capable of imparting a new existence.
-[25] these and similar rites[26] used in the mysteries were supposed to regenerate the initiated person and to restore him to an immaculate and incorruptible life.
-[27]
 purgation of the soul was not effected solely by liturgic acts but also by self-denial and suffering.
-[28] the meaning of the term expiatio changed.
 expiation, or atonement, was no longer accomplished by the exact performance of certain ceremonies pleasing to the gods and required by a sacred code like a penalty for damages, but by privation and personal suffering.
 abstinence, which prevented the introduction of deadly elements into the system, and chastity, which preserved man from pollution and debility, became means of getting rid of the domination of the evil powers and of regaining heavenly favor.
-[29] macerations, laborious pilgrimages, public confessions, sometimes flagellations and mutilations, in fact all forms of penance and mortifications uplifted the fallen man and brought him nearer to the gods.
 in phrygia a sinner would write his sin and the punishment he suffered upon a stela for every one to see and would return thanks to heaven that his prayer of repentance had been heard.
-[30] the syrian, who had offended his goddess by eating her sacred fish, dressed in sordid rags, covered himself with a sack and sat in the public highway humbly to proclaim his misdeed in order to obtain forgiveness.
-[31] {41} "three times, in the depths of winter," says juvenal, "the devotee of isis will dive into the chilly waters of the tiber, and shivering with cold, will drag herself around the temple upon her bleeding knees; if the goddess commands, she will go to the outskirts of egypt to take water from the nile and empty it within the sanctuary.
-"[32] this shows the introduction into europe of oriental asceticism.
 but there were impious acts and impure passions that contaminated and defiled the soul.
 since this infection could be destroyed only by expiations prescribed by the gods, the extent of the sin and the character of the necessary penance had to be estimated.
 it was the priest's prerogative to judge the misdeeds and to impose the penalties.
@@ -40847,10 +38507,7 @@ the priest was no longer simply the guardian of sacred traditions, the intermedi
 he taught his flock the long series of obligations and restrictions for shielding their weakness from the attacks of evil spirits.
 he knew how to quiet remorse and scruples, and to restore the sinner to spiritual calm.
 being versed in sacred knowledge, he had the power of reconciling the gods.
-frequent sacred repasts maintained a spirit of fellowship among the mystics of cybele, mithra or the baals,[33] and a daily service unceasingly revived the faith of the isis worshipers.
 in consequence, the clergy were entirely absorbed in their holy office and lived only for and by their temples.
-unlike the sacerdotal colleges of rome in which the secular and religious functions were not yet clearly differentiated,[34] they were not an {42} administrative commission ruling the sacred affairs of the state under the supervision of the senate; they formed what might almost be called a caste of recluses distinguished from ordinary men by their insignia, garb, habits and food, and constituting an independent body with a hierarchy, formulary and even councils of their own.
-[35] they did not return to every-day duties as private citizens or to the direction of public affairs as magistrates as the ancient pontiffs had done after the solemn festival service.
 we can readily understand that these beliefs and institutions were bound to establish the oriental religions and their priests on a strong basis.
 their influence must have been especially powerful at the time of the cæsars.
 the laxity of morals at the beginning of our era has been exaggerated but it was real.
@@ -40862,22 +38519,17 @@ they applied to the oriental priests for spiritual remedies.
 people flattered themselves that by performing the rites they would attain a condition of felicity after death.
 all barbarian mysteries pretended to reveal to their adherents the secret of blessed immortality.
 participation in the occult ceremonies of the sect was a {43} chief means of salvation.
-[36] the vague and disheartening beliefs of ancient paganism in regard to life after death were transformed into the firm hope of a well-defined form of happiness.
-[37]
 this faith in a personal survival of the soul and even of the body was based upon a strong instinct of human nature, the instinct of self-preservation.
 social and moral conditions in the empire during its decline gave it greater strength than it had ever possessed before.
-[38] the third century saw so much suffering, anguish and violence, so much unnecessary ruin and so many unpunished crimes, that the roman world took refuge in the expectation of a better existence in which all the iniquity of this world would be retrieved.
 no earthly hope brightened life.
 the tyranny of a corrupt bureaucracy choked all disposition for political progress.
 science stagnated and revealed no more unknown truths.
 growing poverty discouraged the spirit of enterprise.
 the idea gained ground that humanity was afflicted with incurable decay, that nature was approaching her doom and that the end of world was near.
-[39] we must remember all these causes of discouragement and despondency to understand the power of the idea, expressed so frequently, that the spirit animating man was forced by bitter necessity to imprison itself in matter and that it was delivered from its carnal captivity by death.
 in the heavy atmosphere of a period of oppression and impotence the dejected soul longed with incredible ardor to fly to the radiant abode of heaven.
 to recapitulate, the oriental religions acted upon the senses, the intellect and the conscience at the same time, and therefore gained a hold on the entire man.
 {44} compared with the ancient creeds, they appear to have offered greater beauty of ritual, greater truth of doctrine and a far superior morality.
 the imposing ceremonial of their festivities and the alternating pomp and sensuality, gloom and exaltation of their services appealed especially to the simple and the humble, while the progressive revelation of ancient wisdom, inherited from the old and distant orient, captivated the cultured mind.
-the emotions excited by these religions and the consolations offered strongly attracted the women, who were the most fervent and generous followers and most passionate propagandists[40] of the religions of isis and cybele.
 mithra was worshiped almost exclusively by men, whom he subjected to a rigid moral discipline.
 thus souls were gained by the promise of spiritual purification and the prospect of eternal happiness.
 the worship of the roman gods was a civic duty, the worship of the foreign gods the expression of a personal belief.
@@ -40889,7 +38541,6 @@ through a sudden illumination {45} they furnished the intuition of a spiritual l
 this stirring appeal of supernatural life made the propaganda irresistible.
 the same ardent enthusiasm guaranteed at the same time the uncontested domination of neo-platonism among the philosophers.
 antiquity expired and a new era was born.
-*       *       *       *       *
  {46}
 asia minor.
 the first oriental religion adopted by the romans was that of the goddess of phrygia, whom the people of pessinus and mount ida worshiped, and who received the name of magna mater deum idea in the occident.
@@ -40912,14 +38563,10 @@ even then it could look back upon a long period of development.
 it combined beliefs of various origin.
 it contained primitive usages of the religion of anatolia, some of which have survived to this day in spite of christianity and islam.
 like the kizil-bash peasants of to-day, the ancient inhabitants of the peninsula met on the summits of mountains covered with woods no ax had desecrated, and {48} celebrated their festal days.
-[1] they believed that cybele resided on the high summits of ida and berecyntus, and the perennial pines, in conjunction with the prolific and early maturing almond tree, were the sacred trees of attis.
 besides trees, the country people worshiped stones, rocks or meteors that had fallen from the sky like the one taken from pessinus to pergamum and thence to rome.
 they also venerated certain animals, especially the most powerful of them all, the lion, who may at one time have been the totem of savage tribes.
-[2] in mythology as well as in art the lion remained the riding or driving animal of the great mother.
 their conception of the divinity was indistinct and impersonal.
-a goddess of the earth, called mâ or cybele, was revered as the fecund mother of all things, the "mistress of the wild beasts"[3] that inhabit the woods.
 a god attis, or papas, was regarded as her husband, but the first place in this divine household belonged to the woman, a reminiscence of the period of matriarchy.
-[4]
 when the phrygians at a very early period came from thrace and inserted themselves like a wedge in the old anatolian races, they adopted the vague deities of their new country by identifying them with their own, after the habit of pagan nations.
 thus attis became one with the dionysus-sabazius of the conquerors, or at least assumed some of his characteristics.
 this thracian dionysus was a god of vegetation.
@@ -40928,13 +38575,11 @@ mortals who were anxious to know the powerful divinity ruling these solitudes ha
 seeing the creeks descend in noisy foaming cascades, or hearing the roaring of steers in the uplands and the strange sounds of the wind-beaten forests, the thracians thought they heard the voice and the calls of the lord of that empire, and imagined a god who was fond of extravagant leaps and of wild roaming over the wooded mountains.
 this conception inspired their religion, for the surest way for mortals to ingratiate themselves with a divinity was to imitate him, and as far as possible to make their lives resemble his.
 for this reason the thracians endeavored to attain the divine delirium that transported their dionysus, and hoped to realize their purpose by following their invisible yet ever-present lord in his chase over the mountains.
-"[5]
 in the phrygian religion we find the same beliefs and rites, scarcely modified at all, with the one difference that attis, the god of vegetation, was united to the goddess of the earth instead of living "in sullen loneliness."
 when the tempest was beating the forests of the berecyntus or ida, it was cybele traveling about in her car drawn by roaring lions mourning her lover's death.
 a crowd of worshipers followed her through woods and thickets, mingling their shouts with the shrill sound of flutes, with the dull beat of tambourines, with the rattling of castanets and the dissonance of brass cymbals.
 intoxicated with shouting and with uproar of the instruments, excited by their impetuous advance, breathless and panting, they surrendered to the raptures of a sacred enthusiasm.
 catullus has left us a dramatic description of this divine ecstasy.
-[6] {50}
 the religion of phrygia was perhaps even more violent than that of thrace.
 the climate of the anatolian uplands is one of extremes.
 its winters are rough, long and cold, the spring rains suddenly develop a vigorous vegetation that is scorched by the hot summer sun.
@@ -40951,21 +38596,16 @@ the sacred ecstasy, the voluntary mutilations and the eagerly sought sufferings
 the ascetic tendencies went so far as to create a kind of begging monachism--the métragyrtes.
 they also harmonized with some of the ideas of renunciation taught by greek philosophy, and at an early period hellenic theologians took an interest in this devotion that attracted and repelled them at the same time.
 timotheus the eumolpid, who was one of the founders of the alexandrian religion of serapis, derived the inspiration for his essays on religious reform, among other sources, from the ancient phrygian myths.
-those thinkers undoubtedly succeeded in making the priests of pessinus themselves admit many speculations quite foreign to the old anatolian nature worship.
-the votaries of cybele began at a very remote period to practise "mysteries"[7] in which the initiates were made acquainted, by degrees, with a wisdom that was always considered divine, but underwent peculiar variations in the course of time.
-*       *       *       *       *
 such is the religion which the rough romans of the punic wars accepted and adopted.
 hidden under theological and cosmological doctrines it contained an ancient stock of very primitive and coarse religious ideas, such as the worship of trees, stones and animals.
 besides this superstitious fetichism it involved ceremonies that were both sensual and ribald, including all the wild and mystic rites of the bacchanalia which the public authorities were to prohibit a few years later.
 when the senate became better acquainted with the divinity imposed upon it by the sibyls, it must have been quite embarrassed by the present of king attalus.
 {52} the enthusiastic transports and the somber fanaticism of the phrygian worship contrasted violently with the calm dignity and respectable reserve of the official religion, and excited the minds of the people to a dangerous degree.
 the emasculated galli were the objects of contempt and disgust and what in their own eyes was a meritorious act was made a crime punishable by law, at least under the empire.
-[8] the authorities hesitated between the respect due to the powerful goddess that had delivered rome from the carthaginians and the reverence for the mos maiorum.
 they solved the difficulty by completely isolating the new religion in order to prevent its contagion.
 all citizens were forbidden to join the priesthood of the foreign goddess or to participate in her sacred orgies.
 the barbarous rites according to which the great mother was to be worshiped were performed by phrygian priests and priestesses.
 the holidays celebrated in her honor by the entire nation, the megalensia, contained no oriental feature and were organized in conformity with roman traditions.
-a characteristic anecdote told by diodorus[9] shows what the public feeling was towards this asiatic worship at the end of the republic.
 in pompey's time a high priest from pessinus came to rome, presented himself at the forum in his sacerdotal garb, a golden diadem and a long embroidered robe--and pretending that the statue of his goddess had been profaned demanded public expiation.
 but a tribune forbade him to wear the royal crown, and the populace rose against him in a mob and compelled him to seek refuge in his house.
 although apologies were made later, this story shows how little the people of that period felt {53} the veneration that attached to cybele and her clergy after a century had passed.
@@ -40976,12 +38616,10 @@ on those days the senate granted them the right to go from house to house to col
 the remainder of the year they confined themselves to the sacred enclosure of the palatine, celebrating foreign ceremonies in a foreign language.
 they aroused so little notice during this period that almost nothing is known of their practices or of their creed.
 it has even been maintained that attis was not worshiped together with his companion, the great mother, during the times of the republic, but this is undoubtedly wrong, because the two persons of this divine couple must have been as inseparable in the ritual as they were in the myths.
-[10]
 but the phrygian religion kept alive in spite of police surveillance, in spite of precautions and prejudices; a breach had been made in the cracked wall of the old roman principles, through which the entire orient finally gained ingress.
 directly after the fall of the republic a second divinity from asia minor, closely related to the great mother, became established in the capital.
 during the wars against mithridates the roman soldiers learned to revere mâ, the great goddess of the two comanas, who was worshiped by a whole people of hierodules in the ravines of the taurus and along the banks of the {54} iris.
 like cybele she was an ancient anatolian divinity and personified fertile nature.
-her worship, however, had not felt the influence of thrace, but rather that of the semites and the persians,[11] like the entire religion of cappadocia.
 it is certain that she was identical with the anâhita of the mazdeans, who was of much the same nature.
 the rites of her cult were even more sanguinary and savage than those of pessinus, and she had assumed or preserved a warlike character that gave her a resemblance to the italian bellona.
 the dictator sulla, to whom this invincible goddess of combats had appeared in a dream, was prompted by his superstition to introduce her worship into rome.
@@ -40991,33 +38629,26 @@ the view of the running blood excited them, and they besprinkled the statue of t
 finally a prophetic delirium would overcome them, and they foretold the future.
 this ferocious worship aroused curiosity at first, but it never gained great consideration.
 it appears that the cappadocian bellona joined the number of divinities that were subordinated to the magna mater and, as the texts put it, became her follower (pedisequa).
-[12] the brief popularity enjoyed by this exotic mâ at the beginning of our era shows, nevertheless, the growing {55} influence of the orient, and of the religions of asia minor in particular.
 after the establishment of the empire the apprehensive distrust in which the worship of cybele and attis had been held gave way to marked favor and the original restrictions were withdrawn.
 thereafter roman citizens were chosen for archigalli, and the holidays of the phrygian deities were solemnly and officially celebrated in italy with even more pomp than had been displayed at pessinus.
 according to johannes lydus, the emperor claudius was the author of this change.
 doubts have been expressed as to the correctness of the statement made by this second-rate compiler, and it has been claimed that the transformation in question took place under the antonines.
 this is erroneous.
 the testimony of inscriptions corroborates that of the byzantine writer.
-[13] in spite of his love of archaism, it was claudius who permitted this innovation to be made, and we believe that we can divine the motives of his action.
 under his predecessor, caligula, the worship of isis had been authorized after a long resistance.
 its stirring festivities and imposing processions gained considerable popularity.
 this competition must have been disastrous to the priests of the magna mater, who were secluded in their temple on the palatine, and caligula's successor could not but grant to the phrygian goddess, so long established in the city, the favor accorded the egyptian divinity who had been admitted into rome but very recently.
 in this way claudius prevented too great an ascendency in italy of this second stranger and supplied a distributary to the current of popular superstition.
 isis must have been held under great {56} suspicion by a ruler who clung to old national institutions.
-[14]
 the emperor claudius introduced a new cycle of holidays that were celebrated from march 15th to march 27th, the beginning of spring at the time of the revival of vegetation, personified in attis.
 the various acts of this grand mystic drama are tolerably well known.
 the prelude was a procession of cannophori or reed-bearers on the fifteenth; undoubtedly they commemorated cybele's discovery of attis, who, according to the legends, had been exposed while a child on the banks of the sangarius, the largest river of phrygia, or else this ceremony may have been the transformation of an ancient phallephory intended to guarantee the fertility of the fields.
-[15] the ceremonies proper began with the equinox.
 a pine was felled and transferred to the temple of the palatine by a brotherhood that owed to this function its name of "tree-bearers" (dendrophori).
 wrapped like a corpse in woolen bands and garlands of violets, this pine represented attis dead.
-this god was originally only the spirit of the plants, and the honors given to the "march-tree"[16] in front of the imperial palace perpetuated a very ancient agrarian rite of the phrygian peasants.
 the next day was a day of sadness and abstinence on which the believers fasted and mourned the defunct god.
 the twenty-fourth bore the significant name of sanguis in the calendars.
 we know that it was the celebration of the funeral of attis, whose manes were appeased by means of libations of blood, as was done for any mortal.
 mingling their piercing cries with the shrill sound of flutes, the galli flagellated themselves and cut their flesh, and neophytes performed the supreme {57} sacrifice with the aid of a sharp stone, being insensible to pain in their frenzy.
-[17] then followed a mysterious vigil during which the mystic was supposed to be united as a new attis with the great goddess.
-[18] on march 25th there was a sudden transition from the shouts of despair to a delirious jubilation, the hilaria.
 with springtime attis awoke from his sleep of death, and the joy created by his resurrection burst out in wild merry-making, wanton masquerades, and luxurious banquets.
 after twenty-four hours of an indispensable rest (requietio), the festivities wound up, on the twenty-seventh, with a long and gorgeous procession through the streets of rome and surrounding country districts.
 under a constant rain of flowers the silver statue of cybele was taken to the river almo and bathed and purified according to an ancient rite (lavatio).
@@ -41025,8 +38656,6 @@ the worship of the mother of the gods had penetrated into the hellenic countries
 the greek mind felt an unconquerable aversion to the dubious nature of attis.
 the magna mater, who is thoroughly different from her hellenized sister, penetrated into all latin provinces and imposed herself upon them with the roman religion.
 this was the case in spain, brittany, the danubian countries, africa and especially in gaul.
-[19] as late as the fourth century the car of the goddess drawn by steers was led in great state through the fields and vineyards of autun in order to stimulate their fertility.
-[20] in the provinces the dendrophori, who carried the sacred pine in the spring festivities, formed associations recognized by the state.
 these associations had charge of the work of our {58} modern fire departments, besides their religious mission.
 in case of necessity these woodcutters and carpenters, who knew how to fell the divine tree of attis, were also able to cut down the timbers of burning buildings.
 all over the empire religion and the brotherhoods connected with it were under the high supervision of the quindecimvirs of the capital, who gave the priests their insignia.
@@ -41044,30 +38673,22 @@ moreover, people founded great hopes on the pious practice of this religion.
 like the thracians, the phrygians began very early to believe in the immortality of the soul.
 just as attis died and came to life again every year, these believers were to be born to new life after their death.
 one of the sacred hymns said: "take courage, oh mystics, because the god is saved; and for you also will come salvation from your trials.
-"[21] even the funeral ceremonies were affected by the strength of that belief.
-in some cities, especially at amphipolis in macedonia, graves have been found adorned with earthenware statuettes representing the shepherd attis;[22] and even in germany the gravestones are frequently decorated with the figure of a young man in oriental costume, leaning dejectedly upon a knotted stick (pedum), who represented the same attis.
 we are ignorant of the conception of immortality held by the oriental disciples of the phrygian priests.
 maybe, like the votaries of sabazius, they believed that the blessed ones were permitted to participate with hermes psychopompos in a great celestial feast, for which they were prepared by the sacred repasts of the mysteries.
-[23] {60}
 another agent in favor of this imported religion was, as we have stated above, the fact of its official recognition.
 this placed it in a privileged position among oriental religions, at least at the beginning of the imperial régime.
 it enjoyed a toleration that was neither precarious nor limited; it was not subjected to arbitrary police measures nor to coercion on the part of magistrates; its fraternities were not continually threatened with dissolution, nor its priests with expulsion.
 it was publicly authorized and endowed, its holidays were marked in the calendars of the pontiffs, its associations of dendrophori were organs of municipal life in italy and in the provinces, and had a corporate entity.
 therefore it is not surprising that other foreign religions, after being transferred to rome, sought to avert the dangers of an illicit existence by an alliance with the great mother.
-the religion of the latter frequently consented to agreements and compromises, from which it gained in reality as much as it gave up.
 in exchange for material advantages it acquired complete moral authority over the gods that accepted its protection.
 thus cybele and attis absorbed a majority of the divinities from asia minor that had crossed the ionian sea.
 their clergy undoubtedly intended to establish a religion complex enough to enable the emigrants from every part of the vast peninsula, slaves, merchants, soldiers, functionaries, scholars, in short, people of all classes of society, to find their national and favorite devotions in it.
 as a matter of fact no other anatolian god could maintain his independence side by side with the deities of pessinus.
-[24]
 we do not know the internal development of the {61} phrygian mysteries sufficiently to give details of the addition of each individual part.
 but we can prove that in the course of time certain religions were added to the one that had been practised in the temple of the palatine ever since the republic.
 in the inscriptions of the fourth century, attis bears the cognomen of menotyrannus.
 at that time this name was undoubtedly understood to mean "lord of the months," because attis represented the sun who entered a new sign of the zodiac every month.
-[25] but that was not the original meaning of the term.
 "mèn tyrannus" appears with quite a different meaning in many inscriptions found in asia minor.
-tyrannos ([greek: turannos]), "lord," is a word taken by the greeks from the lydian, and the honorable title of "tyrant" was given to mèn, an old barbarian divinity worshiped by all phrygia and surrounding regions.
-[26] the anatolian tribes from caria to the remotest mountains of pontus worshiped a lunar god under that name who was supposed to rule not only the heavens but also the underworld, because the moon was frequently brought into connection with the somber kingdom of the dead.
 the growth of plants and the increase of cattle and poultry were ascribed to his celestial influence, and the villagers invoked his protection for their farms and their district.
 they also placed their rural burial grounds under the safeguard of this king of shadows.
 no god enjoyed greater popularity in the country districts.
@@ -41079,17 +38700,11 @@ in asia itself, attis and mèn were sometimes considered identical, and this inv
 a marble statue discovered at ostia represents attis holding the lunar crescent, which was the characteristic emblem of mèn.
 his assimilation to the "tyrant" of the infernal regions transformed the shepherd of ida into a master of the underworld, an office that he combined with his former one as author of resurrection.
 a second title that was given to him reveals another influence.
-a certain roman inscription is dedicated to attis the supreme ([greek: attei hupsistôi]).
-[27] this epithet is very significant.
 in asia minor "hypsistos" was the appellation used to designate the god of israel.
-[28] a number of pagan thiasi had arisen who, though not exactly submitting to the practice of the synagogue, yet worshiped none but the most high, the supreme god, the eternal god, god the creator, to whom every mortal owed service.
-these must have been the attributes ascribed to cybele's companion by the author of the inscription, because the verse continues: ([greek: kai sunechonti to pan]) "to thee, who containest and maintainest all things.
-"[29] must we then believe that hebraic monotheism had some influence upon the mysteries of the great mother?
 this is not at all improbable.
 we know that numerous jewish colonies were established in phrygia by the seleucides, and that {63} these expatriated jews agreed to certain compromises in order to conciliate their hereditary faith with that of the pagans in whose midst they lived.
 it is also possible that the clergy of pessinus suffered the ascendancy of the biblical theology.
 under the empire attis and cybele became the "almighty gods" (omnipotentes) par excellence, and it is easy to see in this new conception a leaning upon semitic or christian doctrines, more probably upon semitic ones.
-[30]
 we shall now take up the difficult question of the influence of judaism upon the mysteries during the alexandrian period and at the beginning of the empire.
 many scholars have endeavored to define the influence exercised by the pagan beliefs on those of the jews; it has been shown how the israelitic monotheism became hellenized at alexandria and how the jewish propaganda attracted proselytes who revered the one god, without, however, observing all the prescriptions of the mosaic law.
 but no successful researches have been made to ascertain how far paganism was modified through an infiltration of biblical ideas.
@@ -41099,9 +38714,7 @@ the magical texts which are almost the only original literary documents of pagan
 in them we frequently find names like iao (yahveh), sabaoth, or the names of angels side by side with those of egyptian or greek divinities.
 especially in asia {64} minor, where the israelites formed a considerable and influential element of the population, an intermingling of the old native traditions and the religion of the strangers from the other side of the taurus must have occurred.
 this mixture certainly took place in the mysteries of sabazius, the phrygian jupiter or dionysus.
-[31] they were very similar to those of attis, with whom he was frequently confounded.
 by means of an audacious etymology that dates back to the hellenistic period, this old thraco-phrygian divinity has been identified with "yahveh zebaoth," the biblical "lord of hosts."
-the corresponding expression ([greek: kurios sabaôth]) in the septuagint has been regarded as the equivalent of the kurios sabazios ([greek: kurios sabazios]) of the barbarians.
 the latter was worshiped as the supreme, almighty and holy lord.
 in the light of a new interpretation the purifications practised in the mysteries were believed to wipe out the hereditary impurity of a guilty ancestor who had aroused the wrath of heaven against his posterity, much as the original sin with which adam's disobedience had stained the human race was to be wiped out.
 the custom observed by the votaries of sabazius of dedicating votive hands which made the liturgic sign of benediction with the first three fingers extended (the benedictio latina of the church) was probably taken from the ritual of the semitic temples through the agency of the jews.
@@ -41112,7 +38725,6 @@ in fact, the church itself formed a kind of secret society sprung from the synag
 if it is a fact, then, that judaism influenced the worship of sabazius, it is very probable that it influenced the cult of cybele also, although in this case the influence cannot be discerned with the same degree of certainty.
 the religion of the great mother did not receive rejuvenating germs from palestine only, but it was greatly changed after the gods of more distant persia came and joined it.
 in the ancient religion of the achemenides, mithra, the genius of light, was coupled with anâhita, the goddess of the fertilizing waters.
-in asia minor the latter was assimilated with the fecund great mother, worshiped all over the peninsula,[32] and when at the end of the first century of our era the mysteries of mithra spread over the latin provinces, its votaries built their sacred crypts in the shadow of the temples of the magna mater.
 everywhere in the empire the two religions lived in intimate communion.
 by ingratiating themselves with the phrygian priests, the priests of mithra obtained the support of an official institution and shared in the protection granted by the state.
 moreover, men alone could participate in the secret ceremonies of the persian liturgy, at least in the occident.
@@ -41125,17 +38737,13 @@ on an open platform a steer was killed, and the blood dropped down upon the myst
 "through the thousand crevices in the wood," says the poet, "the bloody dew runs down into the pit.
 the neophyte receives the falling drops on his head, clothes and body.
 he leans backward to have his cheeks, his ears, his lips and his nostrils wetted; he pours the liquid over his eyes, and does not even spare his palate, for he moistens his tongue with blood and drinks it eagerly.
-"[33] after submitting to this repulsive sprinkling he offered himself to the veneration of the crowd.
 they believed that he was purified of his faults, and had become the equal of the deity through his red baptism.
 although the origin of this sacrifice that took place in the mysteries of cybele at rome is as yet shrouded in obscurity, recent discoveries enable us to trace back {67} very closely the various phases of its development.
 in accordance with a custom prevalent in the entire orient at the beginning of history, the anatolian lords were fond of pursuing and lassoing wild buffalos, which they afterwards sacrificed to the gods.
 beasts caught during a hunt were immolated, and frequently also prisoners of war.
 gradually the savagery of this primitive rite was modified until finally nothing but a circus play was left.
 during the alexandrian period people were satisfied with organizing a corrida in the arena, in the course of which the victim intended for immolation was seized.
-this is the proper meaning of the terms taurobolium and criobolium ([greek: taurobolion, kriobolion.
-]), which had long been enigmas,[34] and which denoted the act of catching a steer or a ram by means of a hurled weapon, probably the thong of a lasso.
 without doubt even this act was finally reduced to a mere sham under the roman empire, but the weapon with which the animal was slain always remained a hunting weapon, a sacred boar spear.
-[35]
 the ideas on which the immolation was based were originally just as barbarous as the sacrifice itself.
 it is a matter of general belief among savage peoples that one acquires the qualities of an enemy slain in battle or of a beast killed in the chase by drinking or washing in the blood, or by eating some of the viscera of the body.
 the blood especially has often been considered as the seat of vital energy.
@@ -41146,9 +38754,7 @@ under their influence, especially under that of mazdaism, which made the mythica
 by complying with it, people no longer thought they were acquiring the buffalo's strength; the blood, as the principle of life, was no longer supposed to renew physical energy, but to cause a temporary or even an eternal rebirth of the soul.
 the descent into the pit was regarded as burial, a melancholy dirge accompanied the burial of the old man who had died.
 when he emerged purified of all his crimes by the sprinkling of blood and raised to a new life, he was regarded as the equal of a god, and the crowd worshiped him from a respectful distance.
-[36]
 the vogue obtained in the roman empire by the practice of this repugnant rite can only be explained by the extraordinary power ascribed to it.
-he who submitted to it was in aeternum renatus,[37] according to the inscriptions.
 we could also outline the transformation of other phrygian ceremonies, of which the spirit and sometimes the letter slowly changed under the influence of more advanced moral ideas.
 this is true of the sacred feasts attended by the initiates.
 one of the few liturgic formulas antiquity has left us refers to these phrygian banquets.
@@ -41159,16 +38765,12 @@ the religious bond of the thiasus or sodalicium took the place of the natural re
 sometimes other effects were expected of the food eaten in common.
 when the flesh of some animal supposed to be of a divine nature was eaten, the votary believed that he became identified with the god and that he shared in his substance and qualities.
 in the beginning the phrygian priests probably attributed the first of these two meanings to their barbarous communions.
-[38] towards the end of the empire, moral ideas were particularly connected with the assimilation of sacred liquor and meats taken from the tambourine and cymbal of attis.
 they became the staff of the spiritual life and were to sustain the votary in his trials; at that period he considered the gods as especially "the guardians of his soul and thoughts.
-"[39]
 as we see, every modification of the conception of the world and of man in the society of the empire had its reflection in the doctrine of the mysteries.
 even the conception of the old deities of pessinus was constantly changing.
 when astrology and the semitic religions caused the establishment of a solar henotheism as the leading religion at rome, attis was considered as the sun, "the shepherd of the twinkling stars."
-he was identified with adonis, bacchus, pan, osiris and mithra; he was made a "polymorphous"[40] being in which all celestial powers manifested {70} themselves in turn; a pantheos who wore the crown of rays and the lunar crescent at the same time, and whose various emblems expressed an infinite multiplicity of functions.
 when neo-platonism was triumphing, the phrygian fable became the traditional mould into which subtle exegetists boldly poured their philosophic speculations on the creative and stimulating forces that were the principles of all material forms, and on the deliverance of the divine soul that was submerged in the corruption of this earthly world.
 in his hazy oration on the mother of the gods, julian lost all notion of reality on account of his excessive use of allegory and was swept away by an extravagant symbolism.
-[41]
 any religion as susceptible to outside influences as this one was bound to yield to the ascendancy of christianity.
 from the explicit testimony of ecclesiastical writers we know that attempts were made to oppose the phrygian mysteries to those of the church.
 it was maintained that the sanguinary purification imparted by the taurobolium was more efficacious than baptism.
@@ -41176,11 +38778,8 @@ the food that was taken during the mystic feasts was likened to the bread and wi
 a christian author, writing at rome about the year 375, furnishes some remarkable information on this subject.
 as we have seen, a mournful ceremony was celebrated on march 24th, the dies sanguinis in the course of which the galli shed their blood and sometimes mutilated themselves in commemoration of the wound that had caused attis's death, ascribing an expiatory and atoning power to the blood thus shed.
 the pagans {71} claimed that the church had copied their most sacred rites by placing her holy week at the vernal equinox in commemoration of the sacrifice of the cross on which the divine lamb, according to the church, had redeemed the human race.
-indignant at these blasphemous pretensions, st. augustine tells of having known a priest of cybele who kept saying: et ipse pileatus christianus est--"and even the god with the phrygian cap [i. e., attis] is a christian.
-"[42]
 but all efforts to maintain a barbarian religion stricken with moral decadence were in vain.
 on the very spot on which the last taurobolia took place at the end of the fourth century, in the phrygianum, stands to-day the basilica of the vatican.
-*       *       *       *       *
 there is no oriental religion whose progressive evolution we could follow at rome so closely as the cult of cybele and attis, none that shows so plainly one of the reasons that caused their common decay and disappearance.
 they all dated back to a remote period of barbarism, and from that savage past they inherited a number of myths the odium of which could be masked but not eradicated by philosophical symbolism, and practices whose fundamental coarseness had survived from a period of rude nature worship, and could never be completely disguised by means of mystic interpretations.
 never was the lack of harmony greater between the moralizing tendencies of theologians and the cruel shamelessness of tradition.
@@ -41189,7 +38788,6 @@ the men of letters and senators attending those mysteries saw them performed by
 we can imagine the repugnance these ceremonies caused in everybody whose judgment had not been destroyed by a fanatical devotion.
 of no other pagan superstition do the christian polemicists speak with such profound contempt, and there is undoubtedly a reason for their attitude.
 but they were in a more fortunate position than their pagan antagonists; their doctrine was not burdened with barbarous traditions dating back to times of savagery; and all the ignominies that stained the old phrygian religion must not prejudice us against it nor cause us to slight the long continued efforts that were made to refine it gradually and to mould it into a form that would fulfil the new demands of morality and enable it to follow the laborious march of roman society on the road of religious progress.
-*       *       *       *       *
  {73}
 egypt.
 we know more about the religion of the early egyptians than about any other ancient religion.
@@ -41205,87 +38803,62 @@ was serapis of native origin, or was he imported from sinope or seleucia, or eve
 each of these opinions has found supporters very recently.
 is his name derived from that of the egyptian god osiris-apis, or from that of the chaldean deity sar-apsi?
 grammatici certant.
-[1]
 whichever solution we may adopt, one fact remains, namely, that serapis and osiris were either immediately identified or else were identical from the beginning.
 the divinity whose worship was started at alexandria by ptolemy was the god that ruled the dead and shared his immortality with them.
 he was fundamentally an egyptian god, and the most popular of the deities of the nile.
 herodotus says that isis and osiris were revered by every inhabitant of the country, and their traditional holidays involved secret ceremonies whose sacred meaning the greek writer dared not reveal.
-[2]
 recognizing their osiris in serapis, the egyptians readily accepted the new cult.
 there was a tradition that a new dynasty should introduce a new god or give a sort of preeminence to the god of its own district.
 from time immemorial politics had changed the {75} government of heaven when changing that of earth.
 under the ptolemies the serapis of alexandria naturally became one of the principal divinities of the country, just as the ammon of thebes had been the chief of the celestial hierarchy under the pharaohs of that city, or as, under the sovereigns from sais, the local neith had the primacy.
 at the time of the antonines there were forty-two serapeums in egypt.
-[3]
 but the purpose of the ptolemies was not to add one more egyptian god to the countless number already worshiped by their subjects.
 they wanted this god to unite in one common worship the two races inhabiting the kingdom, and thus to further a complete fusion.
 the greeks were obliged to worship him side by side with the natives.
 it was a clever political idea to institute a hellenized egyptian religion at alexandria.
-a tradition mentioned by plutarch[4] has it that manetho, a priest from heliopolis, a man of advanced ideas, together with timotheus, a eumolpid from eleusis, thought out the character that would best suit the newcomer.
 the result was that the composite religion founded by the lagides became a combination of the old creed of the pharaohs and the greek mysteries.
 first of all, the liturgic language was no longer the native idiom but greek.
 this was a radical change.
 the philosopher demetrius of phalerum, who had been cured of blindness by serapis, composed poems in honor of the god that were still sung under the cæsars several centuries later.
-[5] we can easily imagine that the poets, who lived on the bounty of the ptolemies, vied with each other in their efforts to celebrate their benefactors' god, and the old rituals that were translated from the egyptian were also enriched with {76} edifying bits of original inspiration.
-a hymn to isis, found on a marble monument in the island of andros,[6] gives us some idea of these sacred compositions, although it is of more recent date.
 in the second place, the artists replaced the old hieratic idols by more attractive images and gave them the beauty of the immortals.
 it is not known who created the figure of isis draped in a linen gown with a fringed cloak fastened over the breast, whose sweet meditative, graciously maternal face is a combination of the ideals imagined for hera and aphrodite.
 but we know the sculptor of the first statue of serapis that stood in the great sanctuary of alexandria until the end of paganism.
 this statue, the prototype of all the copies that have been preserved, is a colossal work of art made of precious materials by a famous athenian sculptor named bryaxis, a contemporary of scopas.
 it was one of the last divine creations of hellenic genius.
 the majestic head, with its somber and yet benevolent expression, with its abundance of hair, and with a crown in the shape of a bushel, bespoke the double character of a god ruling at the same time both the fertile earth and the dismal realm of the dead.
-[7]
 as we see, the ptolemies had given their new religion a literary and artistic shape that was capable of attracting the most refined and cultured minds.
 but the adaptation to the hellenic feeling and thinking was not exclusively external.
 osiris, the god whose worship was thus renewed, was more adapted than any other to lend his authority to the formation of a syncretic faith.
 at a very early period, in fact before the time of herodotus, osiris had been identified with dionysus, and isis with demeter.
-m. foucart has {77} endeavored to prove in an ingenious essay that this assimilation was not arbitrary, that osiris and isis came into crete and attica during the prehistoric period, and that they were mistaken for dionysus and demeter[8] by the people of those regions.
 without going back to those remote ages, we shall merely say with him that the mysteries of dionysus were connected with those of osiris by far-reaching affinities, not simply by superficial and fortuitous resemblances.
 each commemorated the history of a god governing both vegetation and the underworld at the same time, who was put to death and torn to pieces by an enemy, and whose scattered limbs were collected by a goddess, after which he was miraculously revived.
 the greeks must have been very willing to adopt a worship in which they found their own divinities and their own myths again with something more poignant and more magnificent added.
 it is a very remarkable fact that of all the many deities worshiped by the egyptian districts those of the immediate neighborhood, or if you like, the cycle of osiris, his wife isis, their son harpocrates and their faithful servant anubis, were the only ones that were adopted by the hellenic populations.
 all other heavenly or infernal spirits worshiped by the egyptians remained strangers to greece.
-[9]
 in the greco-latin literature we notice two opposing attitudes toward the egyptian religion.
 it was regarded as the highest and the lowest of religions at the same time, and as a matter of fact there was an abyss between the always ardent popular beliefs and the enlightened faith of the official priests.
 the greeks and romans gazed with admiration upon the splendor of the temples and ceremonial, upon the fabulous {78} antiquity of the sacred traditions and upon the erudition of a clergy possessed of a wisdom that had been revealed by divinity.
 in becoming the disciples of that clergy, they imagined they were drinking from the pure fountain whence their own myths had sprung.
 they were overawed by the pretensions of a clergy that prided itself on a past in which it kept on living, and they strongly felt the attraction of a marvelous country where everything was mysterious, from the nile that had created it to the hieroglyphs engraved upon the walls of its gigantic edifices.
-[10] at the same time they were shocked by the coarseness of its fetichism and by the absurdity of its superstitions.
 above all they felt an unconquerable repulsion at the worship of animals and plants, which had always been the most striking feature of the vulgar egyptian religion and which, like all other archaic devotions, seems to have been practised with renewed fervor after the accession of the saite dynasty.
 the comic writers and the satirists never tired of scoffing at the adorers of the cat, the crocodile, the leek and the onion.
 juvenal says ironically: "o holy people, whose very kitchen-gardens produce gods.
-"[11] in a general way, this strange people, entirely separated from the remainder of the world, were regarded with about the same kind of feeling that europeans entertained toward the chinese for a long time.
 a purely egyptian worship would not have been acceptable to the greco-latin world.
 the main merit of the mixed creation of the political genius of the ptolemies consisted in the rejection or modification of everything repugnant or monstrous like the phallophories of abydos, and in the retention of none but {79} stirring or attractive elements.
 it was the most civilized of all barbarian religions; it retained enough of the exotic element to arouse the curiosity of the greeks, but not enough to offend their delicate sense of proportion, and its success was remarkable.
 it was adopted wherever the authority or the prestige of the lagides was felt, and wherever the relations of alexandria, the great commercial metropolis, extended.
 the lagides induced the rulers and the nations with whom they concluded alliances to accept it.
-king nicocreon introduced it into cyprus after having consulted the oracle of the serapeum,[12] and agathocles introduced it into sicily, at the time of his marriage with the daughter-in-law of ptolemy i (298).
-[13] at antioch, seleucus callinicus built a sanctuary for the statue of isis sent to him from memphis by ptolemy euergetes.
-[14] in token of his friendship ptolemy soter introduced his god serapis into athens, where the latter had a temple at the foot of the acropolis[15] ever after, and arsinoë, his mother or wife, founded another at halicarnassus, about the year 307.
-[16] in this manner the political activity of the egyptian dynasty was directed toward having the divinities, whose glory was in a certain measure connected with that of their house, recognized everywhere.
 through apuleius we know that under the empire the priests of isis mentioned the ruling sovereign first of all in their prayers.
-[17] and this was simply an imitation of the grateful devotion which their predecessors had felt toward the ptolemies.
-protected by the egyptian squadrons, sailors and merchants propagated the worship of isis, the goddess of navigators, simultaneously on the coasts of syria, {80} asia minor and greece, in the islands of the archipelago,[18] and as far as the hellespont and thrace.
-[19] at delos, where the inscriptions enable us to study this worship somewhat in detail, it was not merely practised by strangers, but the very sacerdotal functions were performed by members of the athenian aristocracy.
 a number of funereal bas-reliefs, in which the deified dead wears the calathos of serapis on his head, prove the popularity of the belief in future life propagated by these mysteries.
 according to the egyptian faith he was identified with the god of the dead.
-[20]
 even after the splendor of the court of alexandria had faded and vanished; even after the wars against mithridates and the growth of piracy had ruined the traffic of the ægean sea, the alexandrian worship was too deeply rooted in the soil of greece to perish, although it became endangered in certain seaports like delos.
 of all the gods of the orient, isis and serapis were the only ones that retained a place among the great divinities of the hellenic world until the end of paganism.
-[21]
-*       *       *       *       *
 it was this syncretic religion that came to rome after having enjoyed popularity in the eastern mediterranean.
 sicily and the south of italy were more than half hellenized, and the ptolemies had diplomatic relations with these countries, just as the merchants of alexandria had commercial relations with them.
 for this reason the worship of isis spread as rapidly in those regions as on the coasts of ionia or in the cyclades.
-[22] it was introduced into syracuse and catana during the earliest years of the third century by {81} agathocles.
-the serapeum of pozzuoli, at that time the busiest seaport of campania, was mentioned in a city ordinance of the year 105 b. c.[23] about the same time an iseum was founded at pompeii, where the decorative frescos attest to this day the power of expansion possessed by the alexandrian culture.
 after its adoption by the southern part of the italian peninsula, this religion was bound to penetrate rapidly to rome.
 ever since the second century before our era, it could not help but find adepts in the chequered multitude of slaves and freedmen.
 under the antonines the college of the pastophori recalled that it had been founded in the time of sulla.
-[24] in vain did the authorities try to check the invasion of the alexandrian gods.
-five different times, in 59, 58, 53, and 48 b. c., the senate ordered their altars and statues torn down,[25] but these violent measures did not stop the diffusion of the new beliefs.
 the egyptian mysteries were the first example at rome of an essentially popular religious movement that was triumphant over the continued resistance of the public authorities and the official clergy.
 why was this egyptian worship the only one of all oriental religions to suffer repeated persecutions?
 there were two motives, one religious and one political.
@@ -41294,7 +38867,6 @@ its morals were loose, and the mystery surrounding it excited the worst suspicio
 moreover, it appealed violently to the emotions and senses.
 all these factors offended the grave decency that a roman was wont to {82} maintain in the presence of the gods.
 the innovators had every defender of the mos maiorum for an adversary.
-in the second place, this religion had been founded, supported and propagated by the ptolemies; it came from a country that was almost hostile to italy during the last period of the republic;[26] it issued from alexandria, whose superiority rome felt and feared.
 its secret societies, made up chiefly of people of the lower classes, might easily become clubs of agitators and haunts of spies.
 all these motives for suspicion and hatred were undoubtedly more potent in exciting persecution than the purely theological reasons, and persecution was stopped or renewed according to the vicissitudes of general politics.
 as we have stated, the chapels consecrated to isis were demolished in the year 48 b. c. after cæsar's death, the triumvirs decided in 43 b. c. to erect a temple in her honor out of the public funds, undoubtedly to gain the favor of the masses.
@@ -41305,14 +38877,12 @@ in 28 b. c. an ordinance was issued forbidding the erecting of altars to the ale
 tiberius acted on the same principle and in 19 a. d. instituted the bloodiest persecution against the priests of isis that they ever suffered, in consequence of a scandalous affair in which a matron, a noble and some priests of isis were implicated.
 all these police measures, however, were strangely ineffectual.
 the egyptian worship was excluded from rome and her immediate neighborhood in theory if not in fact, but the rest of the world remained open to its propaganda.
-[27]
 with the beginning of the empire it slowly invaded the center and the north of italy and spread into the provinces.
 merchants, sailors, slaves, artisans, egyptian men of letters, even the discharged soldiers of the three legions cantoned in the valley of the nile contributed to its diffusion.
 it entered africa by way of carthage, and the danubian countries through the great emporium of aquileia.
 the new province of gaul was invaded through the valley of the rhone.
 at that period many oriental emigrants went to seek their fortunes in these new countries.
 intimate relations existed between the cities of arles and alexandria, and we know that a colony of egyptian greeks, established at nimes by augustus, took the gods of their native country thither.
-[28] at the beginning of our era there set in that great movement of conversion that soon established the worship of isis and serapis from the outskirts of the sahara to the vallum of britain, and from the mountains of asturias to the mouths of the danube.
 the resistance still offered by the central power could not last much longer.
 it was impossible to dam in this overflowing stream whose thundering waves struck the {84} shaking walls of the pomerium from every side.
 the prestige of alexandria seemed invincible.
@@ -41324,29 +38894,21 @@ as a matter of fact, her fervent believers maintained her sanctuaries, despite t
 under cæsar, alexandrian astronomers had reformed the calendar of the pontiffs, and alexandrian priests soon marked the dates of isis holidays upon it.
 the decisive step was taken soon after the death of tiberius.
 caligula erected the great temple of isis campensis on the campus martius probably in the year 38.
-[29] in order to spare the sacerdotal susceptibilities, he founded it outside of the sacred enclosure of the city of servius.
 later domitian made one of rome's most splendid monuments of that temple.
 from that time isis and serapis enjoyed the favor of every imperial dynasty, the flavians as well as the antonines and the severi.
 about the year 215 caracalla built an isis temple, even more magnificent than that of domitian, on the quirinal, in the heart of the city, and perhaps another one on the coelian.
 as the apologist minucius felix states, the egyptian gods had become entirely roman.
-[30]
 the climax of their power seems to have been reached at the beginning of the third century; later on the popular vogue and official support went to other divinities, like the syrian baals and the persian {85} mithras.
 the progress of christianity also deprived them of their power, which was, however, still considerable until the end of the ancient world.
-the isis processions that marched the streets of rome were described by an eye witness as late as the year 394,[31] but in 391 the patriarch theophilus had consigned the serapeum of alexandria to the flames, having himself struck the first blow with an ax against the colossal statue of the god that had so long been the object of a superstitious veneration.
 thus the prelate destroyed the "very head of idolatry," as rufinus put it.
-[32]
 as a matter of fact, idolatry received its death blow.
-the worship of the gods of the ptolemies died out completely between the reigns of theodosius and justinian,[33] and in accordance with the sad prophecy of hermes trismegistus[34] egypt, egypt herself, lost her divinities and became a land of the dead.
 of her religions nothing remained but fables that were no longer believed, and the only thing that reminded the barbarians who came to inhabit the country of its former piety, were words engraved on stone.
-*       *       *       *       *
 this rapid sketch of the history of isis and serapis shows that these divinities were worshiped in the latin world for more than five centuries.
 the task of pointing out the transformations of the cult during that long period, and the local differences there may have been in the various provinces, is reserved for future researches.
 these will undoubtedly find that the alexandrian worship did not become latinized under the empire, but that its oriental character became more and more pronounced.
 when domitian restored the iseum of the campus martius and that of beneventum, he {86} transferred from the valley of the nile sphinxes, cynocephali and obelisks of black or pink granite bearing borders of hieroglyphics of amasis, nectanebos or even rameses ii.
 on other obelisks that were erected in the propyleums even the inscriptions of the emperors were written in hieroglyphics.
-[35] half a century later that true dilettante, hadrian, caused the luxuries of canopus to be reproduced, along with the vale of tempe, in his immense villa at tibur, to enable him to celebrate his voluptuous feasts under the friendly eyes of serapis.
 he extolled the merits of the deified antinous in inscriptions couched in the ancient language of the pharaohs, and set the fashion of statues hewn out of black basalt in the egyptian style.
-[36] the amateurs of that period affected to prefer the hieratic rigidity of the barbarian idols to the elegant freedom of alexandrian art.
 those esthetic manifestations probably corresponded to religious prejudices, and the latin worship always endeavored to imitate the art of temples in the nile valley more closely than did the greek.
 this evolution was in conformity with all the tendencies of the imperial period.
 by what secret virtue did the egyptian religion exercise this irresistible influence over the roman world?
@@ -41355,22 +38917,18 @@ did the success of their preaching mean progress or retrogression from the stand
 these are complex and delicate questions that would require minute analysis and cautious treatment with a constant and exact observation of shades.
 i am compelled to limit myself to a rapid sketch, which, i {87} fear, will appear rather dry and arbitrary, like every generalization.
 the particular doctrines of the mysteries of isis and serapis in regard to the nature and power of the gods were not, or were but incidentally, the reasons for the triumph of these mysteries.
-it has been said that the egyptian theology always remained in a "fluid state,"[37] or better in a state of chaos.
 it consisted of an amalgamation of disparate legends, of an aggregate of particular cults, as egypt herself was an aggregate of a number of districts.
 this religion never formulated a coherent system of generally accepted dogmas.
 it permitted the coexistence of conflicting conceptions and traditions, and all the subtlety of its clergy never accomplished, or rather never began, the task of fusing those irreconcilable elements into one harmonious synthesis.
-[38] for the egyptians there was no principle of contradiction.
 all the heterogeneous beliefs that ever obtained in the various districts during the different periods of a very long history, were maintained concurrently and formed an inextricable confusion in the sacred books.
 about the same state of affairs prevailed in the occidental worship of the alexandrian divinities.
 in the occident, just as in egypt, there were "prophets" in the first rank of the clergy, who learnedly discussed religion, but never taught a theological system that found universal acceptance.
 the sacred scribe cheremon, who became nero's tutor, recognized the stoical theories in the sacerdotal traditions of his country.
-[39] when the eclectic plutarch speaks of the character of the egyptian gods, he finds it agrees surprisingly with his own philosophy,[40] and when the neo-platonist {88} iamblichus examines them, their character seems to agree with his doctrines.
 the hazy ideas of the oriental priests enabled every one to see in them the phantoms he was pursuing.
 the individual imagination was given ample scope, and the dilettantic men of letters rejoiced in molding these malleable doctrines at will.
 they were not outlined sharply enough, nor were they formulated with sufficient precision to appeal to the multitude.
 the gods were everything and nothing; they got lost in a sfumato.
 a disconcerting anarchy and confusion prevailed among them.
-by means of a scientific mixture of greek, egyptian and semitic elements "hermetism"[41] endeavored to create a theological system that would be acceptable to all minds, but it seems never to have imposed itself generally on the alexandrian mysteries which were older than itself, and furthermore it could not escape the contradictions of egyptian thought.
 the religion of isis did not gain a hold on the soul by its dogmatism.
 it must be admitted, however, that, owing to its extreme flexibility, this religion was easily adapted to the various centers to which it was transferred, and that it enjoyed the valuable advantage of being always in perfect harmony with the prevailing philosophy.
 moreover, the syncretic tendencies of egypt responded admirably to those that began to obtain at rome.
@@ -41380,18 +38938,12 @@ in the same manner isis and osiris had absorbed several local divinities under t
 the same process continued under the ptolemies when the religion of egypt came into contact with greece.
 isis was identified simultaneously with demeter, aphrodite, hera, semele, io, tyche, and others.
 she was considered the queen of heaven and hell, of earth and sea.
-she was "the past, the present and the future,"[42] "nature the mother of things, the mistress of the elements, born at the beginning of the centuries.
-"[43] she had numberless names, an infinity of different aspects and an inexhaustible treasure of virtues.
 in short, she became a pantheistic power that was everything in one, una quae est omnia.
-[44]
 the authority of serapis was no less exalted, and his field no less extensive.
 he also was regarded as a universal god of whom men liked to say that he was "unique."
-([greek: heis zeus sarapis]) in him all energies were centered, although the functions of zeus, of pluto or of helios were especially ascribed to him.
-for many centuries osiris had been worshiped at abydos both as author of fecundity and lord of the underworld,[45] and this double character early caused him to be identified with the sun, which fertilizes the earth during its diurnal course and travels through the subterranean realms at night.
 thus the conception of this nature divinity, that had already prevailed along the nile, accorded without difficulty with the solar pantheism that was the last form of roman paganism.
 this theological system, which did not gain the upper hand in the occident until the {90} second century of our era, was not brought in by egypt.
 it did not have the exclusive predominance there that it had held under the empire, and even in plutarch's time it was only one creed among many.
-[46] the deciding influence in this matter was exercised by the syrian baals and the chaldean astrology.
 the theology of the egyptian mysteries, then, followed rather than led the general influx of ideas.
 the same may be said of their ethics.
 it did not force itself upon the world by lofty moral precepts, nor by a sublime ideal of holiness.
@@ -41399,11 +38951,9 @@ many have admired the edifying list in the book of the dead, that rightfully or
 if one considers the period in which it appears, this ethics is undoubtedly very elevated, but it seems rudimentary and even childish if one compares it with the principles formulated by the roman jurists, to say nothing of the minute psychological analyses of the stoic casuists.
 in this range of ideas also, the maintenance of the most striking contrasts characterizes egyptian mentality, which was never shocked by the cruelties and obscenities that sullied the mythology and the ritual.
 like epicurus at athens, some of the sacred texts actually invited the believers to enjoy life before the sadness of death.
-[47]
 isis was not a very austere goddess at the time she entered italy.
 identified with venus, as harpocrates was with eros, she was honored especially by the women with whom love was a profession.
 in alexandria, the city of pleasure, she had lost all severity, and at rome this good goddess remained very indulgent to human weaknesses.
-juvenal harshly refers to {91} her as a procuress,[48] and her temples had a more than doubtful reputation, for they were frequented by young men in quest of gallant adventures.
 apuleius himself chose a lewd tale in which to display his fervor as an initiate.
 but we have said that egypt was full of contradictions, and when a more exacting morality demanded that the gods should make man virtuous, the alexandrian mysteries offered to satisfy that demand.
 at all times the egyptian ritual attributed considerable importance to purity, or, to use a more adequate term, to cleanliness.
@@ -41413,19 +38963,13 @@ it was considered a means of exorcising malevolent demons or of putting the prie
 it was similar to the diet, shower-baths and massage prescribed by physicians for physical health.
 the internal status of the officiating person was a matter of as much indifference to the celestial spirits as the actual worth of the deceased was to osiris, the judge of the underworld.
 all that was necessary to have him open the fields of aalu to the soul was to pronounce the liturgic formulas, and if the soul declared its innocence in the prescribed terms its word was readily accepted.
-but in the egyptian religion, as in all the religions of antiquity,[49] the original conception was gradually transformed and a new idea slowly took its place.
 the sacramental acts of purification were now {92} expected to wipe out moral stains, and people became convinced that they made man better.
-the devout female votaries of isis, whom juvenal[50] pictures as breaking the ice to bathe in the tiber, and crawling around the temple on their bleeding knees, hoped to atone for their sins and to make up for their shortcomings by means of these sufferings.
-when a new ideal grew up in the popular conscience during the second century, when the magicians themselves became pious and serious people, free from passions and appetites, and were honored because of the dignity of their lives more than for their white linen robes,[51] then the virtues of which the egyptian priests enjoined the practice also became less external.
 purity of the heart rather than cleanliness of the body was demanded.
 renunciation of sensual pleasures was the indispensable condition for the knowledge of divinity, which was the supreme good.
-[52] no longer did isis favor illicit love.
 in the novel by xenophon of ephesus (about 280 a. d.) she protects the heroine's chastity against all pitfalls and assures its triumph.
 according to the ancient belief man's entire existence was a preparation for the formidable judgment held by serapis after death, but to have him decide in favor of the mystic, it was not enough to know the rites of the sect; the individual life had to be free from crime; and the master of the infernal regions assigned everybody a place according to his deserts.
-[53] the doctrine of future retribution was beginning to develop.
 however, in this regard, as in their conception of the divinity, the egyptian mysteries followed the general progress of ideas more than they directed it.
 {93} philosophy transformed them, but found in them little inspiration.
-*       *       *       *       *
 how could a religion, of which neither the theology nor the ethics was really new, stir up at the same time so much hostility and fervor among the romans?
 to many minds of to-day theology and ethics constitute religion, but during the classical period it was different, and the priests of isis and serapis conquered souls mainly by other means.
 they seduced them by the powerful attraction of the ritual and retained them by the marvelous promises of their doctrine of immortality.
@@ -41437,63 +38981,41 @@ if a divinity was invoked according to the correct forms, especially if one knew
 the sacred words were an incantation that compelled the superior powers to obey the officiating person, no matter what purpose he had in view.
 with the knowledge of the liturgy men acquired an immense power over the world of spirits.
 porphyry was surprised and indignant because the egyptians sometimes dared to threaten the gods in their orations.
-[54] in the consecrations the priest's summons compelled the gods to come and animate their {94} statues, and thus his voice created divinities,[55] as originally the almighty voice of thoth had created the world.
-[56]
-the ritual that conferred such superhuman power[57] developed in egypt into a state of perfection, completeness and splendor unknown in the occident.
 it possessed a unity, a precision and a permanency that stood in striking contrast to the variety of the myths, the uncertainty of the dogmas and the arbitrariness of the interpretations.
 the sacred books of the greco-roman period are a faithful reproduction of the texts that were engraved upon the walls of the pyramids at the dawn of history, notwithstanding the centuries that had passed.
 even under the cæsars the ancient ceremonies dating back to the first ages of egypt, were scrupulously performed because the smallest word and the least gesture had their importance.
 this ritual and the attitude toward it found their way for the most part into the latin temples of isis and serapis.
 this fact has long been ignored, but there can be no doubt about it.
 a first proof is that the clergy of those temples were organized just like those of egypt during the period of the ptolemies.
-[58] there was a hierarchy presided over by a high priest, which consisted of prophetes skilled in the sacred science, stolistes, or ornatrices,[59] whose office it was to dress the statues of the gods, pastophori who carried the sacred temple plates in the processions, and so on, just as in egypt.
 as in their native country, the priests were distinguished from common mortals by a tonsure, by a linen tunic, and by their habits as well as by their garb.
 they devoted themselves entirely to their ministry and had no other profession.
 this {95} sacerdotal body always remained egyptian in character, if not in nationality, because the liturgy it had to perform remained so.
-in a similar manner the priests of the baals were syrians,[60] because they were the only ones that knew how to honor the gods of syria.
 in the first place a daily service had to be held just as in the nile valley.
 the egyptian gods enjoyed a precarious immortality, for they were liable to destruction and dependent on necessities.
 according to a very primitive conception that always remained alive, they had to be fed, clothed and refreshed every day or else perish.
 from this fact arose the necessity of a liturgy that was practically the same in every district.
 it was practised for thousands of years and opposed its unaltering form to the multiplicity of legends and local beliefs.
-[61]
 this daily liturgy was translated into greek, perhaps later into latin also; it was adapted to the new requirements by the founders of the serapeum, and faithfully observed in the roman temples of the alexandrian gods.
-the essential ceremony always was the opening (apertio)[62] of the sanctuary.
 at dawn the statue of the divinity was uncovered and shown to the community in the naos, that had been closed and sealed during the night.
-[63] then, again as in egypt, the priest lit the sacred fire and offered libations of water supposed to be from the deified nile,[64] while he chanted the usual hymns to the sound of flutes.
 finally, "erect upon the threshold"--i translate literally from porphyry--"he awakens the god by calling to him in the egyptian language.
-"[65] as we see, the god was revived by the sacrifice and, as under the pharaohs, awoke from his slumber at the calling of {96} his name.
 as a matter of fact the name was indissolubly connected with the personality; he who could pronounce the exact name of an individual or of a divinity was obeyed as a master by his slave.
-[66] this fact made it necessary to maintain the original form of that mysterious word.
 there was no other motive for the introduction of a number of barbarian appellatives into the magical incantations.
-it is also probable that the toilet of the statue was made every day, that its body and head were dressed,[67] as in the egyptian ritual.
 we have seen that the ornatrices or stolistes were especially entrusted with these duties.
 the idol was covered with sumptuous raiment and ornamented with jewels and gems.
-an inscription furnishes us with an inventory of the jewels worn by an isis of ancient cadiz;[68] her ornaments were more brilliant than those of a spanish madonna.
 during the entire forenoon, from the moment that a noisy acclamation had greeted the rising of the sun, the images of the gods were exposed to the silent adoration of the initiates.
-[69] egypt is the country whence contemplative devotion penetrated into europe.
 then, in the afternoon, a second service was held to close the sanctuary.
-[70]
 the daily liturgy must have been very absorbing.
 this innovation in the roman paganism was full of consequences.
 no longer were sacrifices offered to the god on certain occasions only, but twice a day elaborate services were held.
-as with the egyptians, whom herodotus had termed the most religious of all peoples,[71] devotion assumed a tendency to fill out the whole existence and to dominate private and public interests.
 the constant repetition of the same prayers {97} kept up and renewed faith, and, we might say, people lived continually under the eyes of the gods.
 besides the daily rites of the abydos liturgy the holidays marking the beginning of the different seasons were celebrated at the same date every year.
-[72] it was the same in italy.
-the calendars have preserved the names of several of them, and of one, the navigium isidis, the rhetorician apuleius[73] has left us a brilliant description on which, to speak with the ancients, he emptied all his color tubes.
-on march 5th, when navigation reopened after the winter months, a gorgeous procession[74] marched to the coast, and a ship consecrated to isis, the protectress of sailors, was launched.
 a burlesque group of masked persons opened the procession, then came the women in white gowns strewing flowers, the stolistes waving the garments of the goddess and the dadophori with lighted torches.
 after these came the hymnodes, whose songs mingled in turn with the sharp sound of the cross-flutes and the ringing of the brass timbrels; then the throngs of the initiates, and finally the priests, with shaven heads and clad in linen robes of a dazzling white, bearing the images of animal-faced gods and strange symbols, as for instance a golden urn containing the sacred water of the nile.
-the procession stopped in front of altars[75] erected along the road, and on these altars the sacred objects were uncovered for the veneration of the faithful.
 the strange and sumptuous magnificence of these celebrations made a deep impression on the common people who loved public entertainments.
-but of all the celebrations connected with the worship of isis the most stirring and the most suggestive {98} was the commemoration of the "finding of osiris" (inventio, [greek: heuresis]).
 its antecedents date back to remote antiquity.
 since the time of the twelfth dynasty, and probably much earlier, there had been held at abydos and elsewhere a sacred performance similar to the mysteries of our middle ages, in which the events of osiris's passion and resurrection were reproduced.
 we are in possession of the ritual of those performances.
-[76] issuing from the temple, the god fell under set's blows; around his body funeral lamentations were simulated, and he was buried according to the rites; then set was vanquished by horus, and osiris, restored to life, reentered his temple triumphant over death.
 the same myth was represented in almost the same manner at rome at the beginning of each november.
-[77] while the priests and the believers moaned and lamented, isis in great distress sought the divine body of osiris, whose limbs had been scattered by typhon.
 then, after the corpse had been found, rehabilitated and revived, there was a long outburst of joy, an exuberant jubilation that rang through the temples and the streets so loudly that it annoyed the passers-by.
 this mingled despair and enthusiasm acted as strongly upon the feelings of the believers as did the spring-holiday ceremony in the phrygian religion, and it acted through the same means.
 moreover, there was an esoteric meaning attached to it that none but the pious elect understood.
@@ -41501,39 +39023,24 @@ besides the public ceremonies there was a secret worship to which one was admitt
 the hero of apuleius had to submit to the ordeal three times in order to obtain the whole revelation.
 in egypt the {99} clergy communicated certain rites and interpretations only upon a promise not to reveal them.
 in fact this was the case in the worship of isis at abydos and elsewhere.
-[78] when the ptolemies regulated the greek ritual of their new religion, it assumed the form of the mysteries spread over the hellenic world and became very like those of eleusis.
 the hand of the eumolpid timotheus is noticeable in this connection.
-[79]
 but while the ceremonial of the initiations and even the production of the liturgic drama were thus adapted to the religious habits of the greeks, the doctrinal contents of the alexandrian mysteries remained purely egyptian.
 the old belief that immortality could be secured by means of an identification of the deceased with osiris or serapis never died out.
 perhaps in no other people did the epigram of fustel de coulanges find so complete a verification as in the egyptians: "death was the first mystery; it started man on the road to the other mysteries.
-"[80] nowhere else was life so completely dominated by preoccupation with life after death; nowhere else was such minute and complicated care taken to secure and perpetuate another existence for the deceased.
 the funeral literature, of which we have found a very great number of documents, had acquired a development equaled by no other, and the architecture of no other nation can exhibit tombs comparable with the pyramids or the rock-built sepulchers of thebes.
 this constant endeavor to secure an after-existence for one's self and relatives manifested itself in various ways, but it finally assumed a concrete form in the worship of osiris.
 the fate of osiris, the god who died and returned to life, became the prototype of the {100} fate of every human being that observed the funeral rites.
 "as truly as osiris lives," says an egyptian text, "he also shall live; as truly as osiris is not dead, shall he not die; as truly as osiris is not annihilated, shall he not be annihilated.
-"[81]
 if, then, the deceased had piously served osiris-serapis, he was assimilated to that god, and shared his immortality in the underworld, where the judge of the dead held forth.
 he lived not as a tenuous shade or as a subtle spirit, but in full possession of his body as well as of his soul.
 that was the egyptian doctrine, and that certainly was also the doctrine of the greco-latin mysteries.
-[82]
 through the initiation the mystic was born again, but to a superhuman life, and became the equal of the immortals.
-[83] in his ecstasy he imagined that he was crossing the threshold of death and contemplating the gods of heaven and hell face to face.
-[84] if he had accurately followed the prescriptions imposed upon him by isis and serapis through their priests, those gods prolonged his life after his decease beyond the duration assigned to it by destiny, and he participated eternally in their beatitude and offered them his homage in their realm.
-[85] the "unspeakable pleasure" he felt when contemplating the sacred images in the temple[86] became perpetual rapture when he was in the divine presence instead of in the presence of the image, and drawn close to divinity his thirsting soul enjoyed the delights of that ineffable beauty.
-[87]
 when the alexandrian mysteries spread over italy under the republic, no religion had ever brought to mankind so formal a promise of blest immortality as these, and this, more than anything else, lent them an {101} irresistible power of attraction.
 instead of the vague and contradictory opinions of the philosophers in regard to the destiny of the soul, serapis offered certainty founded on divine revelation corroborated by the faith of the countless generations that had adhered to it.
-what the votaries of orpheus had confusedly discovered through the veil of the legends, and taught to magna grecia,[88] namely, that this earthly life was a trial, a preparation for a higher and purer life, that the happiness of an after-life could be secured by means of rites and observances revealed by the gods themselves, all this was now preached with a firmness and precision hitherto unknown.
 these eschatological doctrines in particular, helped egypt to conquer the latin world and especially the miserable masses, on whom the weight of all the iniquities of roman society rested heavily.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the power and popularity of that belief in future life has left traces even in the french language, and in concluding this study, from which i have been compelled to exclude every picturesque detail, i would like to point out how a french word of to-day dimly perpetuates the memory of the old egyptian ideas.
 during the cold nights of their long winters the scandinavians dreamed of a walhalla where the deceased warriors sat in well-closed brilliantly illuminated halls, warming themselves and drinking the strong liquor served by the valkyries; but under the burning sky of egypt, near the arid sand where thirst kills the traveler, people wished that their dead might find a limpid spring in their future wanderings to assuage the heat that devoured them, and that they might be {102} refreshed by the breezes of the north wind.
-[89] even at rome the adherents of the alexandrian gods frequently inscribed the following wish on their tombs: "may osiris give you fresh water.
-"[90] soon this water became, in a figurative sense, the fountain of life pouring out immortality to thirsting souls.
 the metaphor obtained such popularity that in latin refrigerium became synonymous with comfort and happiness.
-the term retained this meaning in the liturgy of the church,[91] and for that reason people continue to pray for spiritual rafraîchissement of the dead although the christian paradise has very little resemblance to the fields of aalu.
-*       *       *       *       *
  {103}
 syria.
 the religions of syria never had the same solidarity in the occident as those from egypt or asia minor.
@@ -41542,8 +39049,6 @@ the isolation in which they remained and the persistent adherence of their belie
 they doggedly preserved their local gods and semitic dialects.
 it would be impossible to outline each one of these religions in detail at this time and to reconstruct their history, because our meager information would not permit it, but we can indicate, in a general way, how they penetrated into the occidental countries at various periods, and we can try to define their common characteristics by showing what new elements the syrian paganism brought to the romans.
 the first semitic divinity to enter italy was {104} atargatis, frequently mistaken for the phoenician astarte, who had a famous temple at bambyce or hierapolis, not far from the euphrates, and was worshiped with her husband, hadad, in a considerable part of syria besides.
-the greeks considered her as the principal syrian goddess ([greek: suria thea]), and in the latin countries she was commonly known as dea syria, a name corrupted into iasura by popular use.
-we all remember the unedifying descriptions of her itinerant priests that lucian and apuleius[1] have left.
 led by an old eunuch of dubious habits, a crowd of painted young men marched along the highways with an ass that bore an elaborately adorned image of the goddess.
 whenever they passed through a village or by some rich villa, they went through their sacred exercises.
 to the shrill accompaniment of their syrian flutes they turned round and round, and with their heads thrown back fluttered about and gave vent to hoarse clamors until vertigo seized them and insensibility was complete.
@@ -41554,34 +39059,24 @@ this picturesque description, based on a novel by {105} lucius of patras, is und
 it is difficult to believe that the sacerdotal corps of the goddess of hierapolis should have consisted only of charlatans and thieves.
 but how can the presence in the occident of that begging and low nomadic clergy be explained?
 it is certain that the first worshipers of the syrian goddess in the latin world were slaves.
-during the wars against antiochus the great a number of prisoners were sent to italy to be sold at public auction, as was the custom, and the first appearance in italy of the chaldaei[2] has been connected with that event.
 the chaldaei were oriental fortune-tellers who asserted that their predictions were based on the chaldean astrology.
 they found credulous clients among the farm laborers, and cato gravely exhorts the good landlord to oust them from his estate.
-[3]
 beginning with the second century before christ, merchants began to import syrian slaves.
 at that time delos was the great trade center in this human commodity, and in that island especially atargatis was worshiped by citizens of athens and rome.
-[4] trade spread her worship in the occident.
-[5] we know that the great slave revolution that devastated sicily in 134 b. c. was started by a slave from apamea, a votary of the syrian goddess.
 simulating divine madness, he called his companions to arms, pretending to act in accordance with orders from heaven.
-[6] this detail, which we know by chance, shows how considerable a proportion of semites there was in the gangs working the fields, and how much authority atargatis enjoyed in the rural centers.
 being too poor to build temples for their national goddess, those agricultural laborers {106} waited with their devotions until a band of itinerant galli passed through the distant hamlet where the lot of the auction had sent them.
 the existence of those wandering priests depended, therefore, on the number of fellow-countrymen they met in the rural districts, who supported them by sacrificing a part of their poor savings.
 towards the end of the republic those diviners appear to have enjoyed rather serious consideration at rome.
 it was a pythoness from syria that advised marius on the sacrifices he was to perform.
-[7]
 under the empire the importation of slaves increased.
 depopulated italy needed more and more foreign hands, and syria furnished a large quota of the forced immigration of cultivators.
 but those syrians, quick and intelligent as they were strong and industrious, performed many other functions.
 they filled the countless domestic positions in the palaces of the aristocracy and were especially appreciated as litter-bearers.
-[8] the imperial and municipal administrations, as well as the big contractors to whom customs and the mines were farmed out, hired or bought them in large numbers, and even in the remotest border provinces the syrus was found serving princes, cities or private individuals.
 the worship of the syrian goddess profited considerably by the economic current that continually brought new worshipers.
 we find her mentioned in the first century of our era in a roman inscription referring in precise terms to the slave market, and we know that nero took a devout fancy to the stranger that did not, however, last very long.
-[9] in the popular trastevere quarter she had a temple until the end of paganism.
-[10] {107}
 during the imperial period, however, the slaves were no longer the only missionaries that came from syria, and atargatis was no longer the only divinity from that country to be worshiped in the occident.
 the propagation of the semitic worship progressed for the most part in a different manner under the empire.
 at the beginning of our era the syrian merchants, syri negotiatores, undertook a veritable colonization of the latin provinces.
-[11] during the second century before christ the traders of that nation had established settlements along the coast of asia minor, on the piraeus, and in the archipelago.
 at delos, a small island but a large commercial center, they maintained several associations that worshiped their national gods, in particular hadad and atargatis.
 but the wars that shook the orient at the end of the republic, and above all the growth of piracy, ruined maritime commerce and stopped emigration.
 this began again with renewed vigor when the establishment of the empire guaranteed the safety of the seas and when the levantine traffic attained a development previously unknown.
@@ -41589,7 +39084,6 @@ we can trace the history of the syrian establishments in the latin provinces fro
 the syrians' love of lucre was proverbial.
 active, compliant and able, frequently little scrupulous, they knew how to conclude first small deals, then larger ones, everywhere.
 using the special talents of their race to advantage, they succeeded in establishing themselves on all coasts of the mediterranean, even in {108} spain.
-[12] at malaga an inscription mentions a corporation formed by them.
 the italian ports where business was especially active, pozzuoli, ostia, later naples, attracted them in great numbers.
 but they did not confine themselves to the seashore; they penetrated far into the interior of the countries, wherever they hoped to find profitable trade.
 they followed the commercial highways and traveled up the big rivers.
@@ -41659,8 +39153,6 @@ james williams, you would have guessed, was about twenty-four.
 it will gratify you to know that your estimate was so accurate.
 he was exactly twenty-three years, eleven months and twenty-nine days old.
 he was well built, active, strong-jawed, good-natured and rising.
-he was on his wedding trip.
-dear kind fairy, please cut out those orders for money and 40 h. p. touring cars and fame and a new growth of hair and the presidency of the boat club.
 instead of any of them turn backward—oh, turn backward and give us just a teeny-weeny bit of our wedding trip over again.
 just an hour, dear fairy, so we can remember how the grass and poplar trees looked, and the bow of those bonnet strings tied beneath her chin—even if it was the hatpins that did the work.
 can’t do it?
@@ -41887,7 +39379,6 @@ haven’t you heard from your friend since you left?”
 you see, the west is a pretty big proposition, and i kept hustling around over it pretty lively.
 but i know jimmy will meet me here if he’s alive, for he always was the truest, stanchest old chap in the world.
 he’ll never forget.
-i came a thousand miles to stand in this door to-night, and it’s worth it if my old partner turns up.”
 the waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.
 “three minutes to ten,” he announced.
 “it was exactly ten o’clock when we parted here at the restaurant door.”
@@ -42019,7 +39510,6 @@ after our dinner, which i will try to make as pleasant as possible, i will bid y
 “in this old dress and hat!”
 “never mind that,” said chandler, cheerfully.
 “i’m sure you look more charming in them than any one we shall see in the most elaborate dinner toilette.”
-“my ankle does hurt yet,” admitted the girl, attempting a limping step.
 “i think i will accept your invitation, mr. chandler.
 you may call me—miss marian.”
 “come then, miss marian,” said the young architect, gaily, but with perfect courtesy; “you will not have far to walk.
@@ -42080,14 +39570,12 @@ i slipped on the sidewalk and turned my ankle.
 i could not walk, so i hobbled into a restaurant and sat there until i was better.
 that is why i was so long.”
 the two girls sat in the window seat, looking out at the lights and the stream of hurrying vehicles in the avenue.
-the younger one cuddled down with her head in her sister’s lap.
 “we will have to marry some day,” she said dreamily—“both of us.
 we have so much money that we will not be allowed to disappoint the public.
 do you want me to tell you the kind of a man i could love, sis?”
 “go on, you scatterbrain,” smiled the other.
 “i could love a man with dark and kind blue eyes, who is gentle and respectful to poor girls, who is handsome and good and does not try to flirt.
 but i could love him only if he had an ambition, an object, some work to do in the world.
-i would not care how poor he was if i could help him build his way up.
 but, sister dear, the kind of man we always meet—the man who lives an idle life between society and his clubs—i could not love a man like that, even if his eyes were blue and he were ever so kind to poor girls whom he met in the street.”
  by courier
  it was neither the season nor the hour when the park had frequenters; and it is likely that the young lady, who was seated on one of the benches at the side of the walk, had merely obeyed a sudden impulse to sit for a while and enjoy a foretaste of coming spring.
@@ -42152,7 +39640,6 @@ the gravel spun from beneath the boy’s feet.
 he stood by the other bench.
 the man’s eyes interrogated him, hungrily.
 the boy’s were shining with the impersonal zeal of the translator.
-“de lady says dat she’s on to de fact dat gals is dead easy when a feller comes spielin’ ghost stories and tryin’ to make up, and dat’s why she won’t listen to no soft-soap.
 she says she caught yer dead to rights, huggin’ a bunch o’ calico in de hot-house.
 she side-stepped in to pull some posies and yer was squeezin’ de oder gal to beat de band.
 she says it looked cute, all right all right, but it made her sick.
@@ -42238,7 +39725,6 @@ five months of ceaseless interrogation and the inevitable negative.
 so much time spent by day in questioning managers, agents, schools and choruses; by night among the audiences of theatres from all-star casts down to music halls so low that he dreaded to find what he most hoped for.
 he who had loved her best had tried to find her.
 he was sure that since her disappearance from home this great, water-girt city held her somewhere, but it was like a monstrous quicksand, shifting its particles constantly, with no foundation, its upper granules of to-day buried to-morrow in ooze and slime.
-the furnished room received its latest guest with a first glow of pseudo-hospitality, a hectic, haggard, perfunctory welcome like the specious smile of a demirep.
 the sophistical comfort came in reflected gleams from the decayed furniture, the ragged brocade upholstery of a couch and two chairs, a foot-wide cheap pier glass between the two windows, from one or two gilt picture frames and a brass bedstead in a corner.
 the guest reclined, inert, upon a chair, while the room, confused in speech as though it were an apartment in babel, tried to discourse to him of its divers tenantry.
 a polychromatic rug like some brilliant-flowered rectangular, tropical islet lay surrounded by a billowy sea of soiled matting.
@@ -42486,8 +39972,6 @@ decorated
 by charles
 robinson
 grosset & dunlap
-publishers           new york
-by arrangement with g. p. putnam's sons
  copyright, 1922
 by
 a. a. milne
@@ -42507,7 +39991,6 @@ well, what do we mean by that?
 is the wind in the willows a children's book?
 is alice in wonderland?
 is treasure island?
-these are masterpieces which we read with pleasure as children, but with how much more pleasure when we are grown-up.
 in any case what do we mean by "children"?
 a boy of three, a girl of six, a boy of ten, a girl of fourteen--are they all to like the same thing?
 and is a book "suitable for a boy of twelve" any more likely to please a boy of twelve than a modern novel is likely to please a man of thirty-seven; even if the novel be described truly as "suitable for a man of thirty-seven"?
@@ -42528,8 +40011,6 @@ contents
 i.--the king of euralia has a visitor to breakfast
 ii.--the chancellor of barodia has a long walk home
 iii.--the king of euralia draws his sword
-iv.--the princess hyacinth leaves it to the countess
-v.--belvane indulges her hobby
 vi.--there are no wizards in barodia
 vii.--the princess receives a letter and writes one
 viii.--prince udo sleeps badly
@@ -42538,8 +40019,6 @@ x.--charlotte patacake astonishes the critics
 xi.--watercress seems to go with the ears
 xii.--we decide to write to udo's father
 xiii.--"pink" rhymes with "think"
-xiv.--"why can't you be like wiggs?"
-xv.--there is a lover waiting for hyacinth
 xvi.--belvane enjoys herself
 xvii.--the king of barodia drops the whisker habit
 xviii.--the veteran of the forest entertains two very young people
@@ -42575,10 +40054,8 @@ belvane leading the way with her finger to her lips
 merriwig following with an exaggerated caution
 he was a pleasant-looking person, with a round clean-shaven face
 roger scurvilegs
-[frontispiece: a map of euralia showing the adjacent country of barodia and the far-distant araby]
 chapter i
 the king of euralia has a visitor to breakfast
-[illustration: he was a man of simple tastes]
 king merriwig of euralia sat at breakfast on his castle walls.
 he lifted the gold cover from the gold dish in front of him, selected a trout and conveyed it carefully to his gold plate.
 he was a man of simple tastes, but when you have an aunt with the newly acquired gift of turning anything she touches to gold, you must let her practise sometimes.
@@ -42634,10 +40111,8 @@ it was, of course, a lesson to him.
 he decided that in the future he must proceed by a recognised route, sailing lightly from landmark to landmark.
 such a route his geographers prepared for him--an early morning constitutional, of three hundred miles or so, to be taken ten times before breakfast.
 he gave himself a week in which to recover his nerve and then started out on the first of them.
-[illustration: "most extraordinary," said the king]
 now the kingdom of euralia adjoined that of barodia, but whereas barodia was a flat country, euralia was a land of hills.
 it was natural then that the court geographers, in search of landmarks, should have looked towards euralia; and over euralia accordingly, about the time when cottage and castle alike were breakfasting, the king of barodia soared and dipped and soared and dipped again.
-* * * * *
 "a mother's tender hand," said the king of euralia, "is--er--never--good gracious!
 what's that?"
 there was a sudden rush of air; something came for a moment between his majesty and the sun; and then all was quiet again.
@@ -42715,7 +40190,6 @@ but fortunately for women, infidels are more numerous than they ever were before
 "st. gregory the great describes the virtue of a priest, who through motives of piety had discarded his wife... their wives, in immense numbers, were driven forth with hatred and with scorn... pope urban ii.
 gave license to the nobles to reduce to slavery the wives of priests who refused to abandon them."
 --lecky.
- appendix p.
 1.
 "hallam denies that respect for women is due to christianity. "
 --buckle.
@@ -42756,28 +40230,23 @@ middleton wrote in 1750.... as long as the theological spirit was alive nothing
 --ibid.
 4.
 "the questions which presented themselves to the acuter minds of a hundred years ago were present to the acuter minds who lived hundreds of years before that.... but the church had known how to deal with intellectual insurgents, from abelard in the twelfth century down to bruno and vanini in the seventeenth.
-they were isolated, and for the most part submissive; and if they were not, the arm of the church was very long and her grasp mortal.... they [the thinkers] could have taught europe earlier than the church allowed it to learn, that the sun does not go round the earth, and that it is the earth which goes round the sun.... after the middle of the last century the insurrection against the pretensions of the church and against the doctrines of christianity was marked in one of its most important phases by a new, and most significant, feature.... it was an advance both in knowledge and in moral motive.... the philosophical movement was represented by "diderot" [leading the encyclopaedist circle.]...
 broadly stated the great central moral of it was this: that human nature is good, that the world is capable of being made a desirable abiding-place, and that the evil of the world is the fruit of bad education and bad institutions.
 this cheerful doctrine now strikes on the ear as a commonplace and a truism.
 a hundred years ago in france it was a wonderful gospel, and the beginning of a new dispensation.... into what fresh and unwelcome sunlight it brought the articles of the old theology... every social improvement since has been the outcome of that new doctrine in one form or another.... the teaching of the church paints men as fallen and depraved.
 the deadly chagrin with which churchmen saw the new fabric rising was very natural.... the new secular knowledge clashed at a thousand points, alike in letter and spirit, with the old sacred lore.... a hundred years ago this perception was vague and indefinite, but there was an unmistakable apprehension that the catholic ideal of womanhood was no more adequate to the facts of life, than catholic views about science, or popery, or labor, or political order and authority."
 --morley.
 and it took the rising infidels to discover the fact.
-see morley, "diderot," p. 76.
 "the greatest fact in the intellectual history of the eighteenth century is the decisive revolution that overtook the sustaining conviction of the church.
 the central conception, that the universe was called into existence only to further its creator's purpose toward man, became incredible (by the light of the new thought).
 what seems to careless observers a mere metaphysical dispute was in truth, and still is, the decisive quarter of the great battle between theology and a philosophy reconcilable with science."
 --morley.
-"the man who ventured to use his mind [diderot] was thrown into the dungeon at vincennes."
 --ibid.
 5.
-"those thinkers [voltaire, rousseau, and diderot] taught men to reason; reasoning well leads to acting well; justness in the mind becomes justice in the heart.
 those toilers for progress labored usefully.... the french revolution was their soul.
 it was their radiant manifestation.
 it came from them; we find them everywhere in that blest and superb catastrophe, which formed the conclusion of the past and the opening of the future.... the new society, the desire for equality and concession, and that beginning of fraternity which called itself tolerance, reciprocal good-will, the just accord of men and rights, reason recognized as the supreme law, the annihilation of prejudices and fixed opinions, the serenity of souls, the spirit of indulgence and of pardon, harmony, peace--behold what has come from them!"
 --victor hugo, "oration on voltaire."
  appendix r.
-"he [mohammed] promulgated a mass of fables, which he pretended to have received from heaven.... after enjoying for twenty years a power without bounds, and of which there exists no other example, he announced publicly, that, if he had committed any act of injustice, he was ready to make reparation.
 all were silent.... he died; and the enthusiasm which he communicated to his people will be seen to change the face of three-quarters of the globe.... i shall add that the religion of mohammed is the most simple in its dogmas, the least absurd in its practices, above all others tolerant in its principles."
 --condorcet.
  appendix s.
@@ -42819,18 +40288,15 @@ infidels (two so-called, one avowed)............................ 3
 present these two tables to those who assure you that crime follows in the wake of infidelity, and you will have time to take a comfortable nap before your christian friend returns to the attack or braces up after the shock sustained by his sentiments and inflicted by these two small but truly suggestive tables.
 one cold fact like this will inoculate one of the faithful with more modesty than an hour of usual argument based upon the assumptions of the clergy and the ignorance of his hearers.
 infidels are not perfect.
-many of them need reconstruction sadly, but the above data seem to indicate that they compare rather favorably with their fellow-men in the matter of good citizenship.
  appendix t.
 "moreover, as goethe has already shown, the celebrated mosaic moral precepts, the so-called ten commandments, were not upon the tables upon which moses wrote the laws of the covenant which god made with his people.
 "even the extraordinary diversity of the many religions diffused over the surface of the earth suffices to show that they can stand in no necessary connection with morals, as it is well known that wherever tolerably well-ordered political and social conditions exist, the moral precepts in their essential principles are the same, whilst when such conditions are wanting, a wild and irregular confusion, or even an entire deficiency of moral notions is met with.
-* history also shows incontrovertibly that religion and morality have by no means gone hand in hand in strength and development, but that even contrariwise the most religious times and countries have produced the greatest number of crimes and sins against the laws of morality, and indeed, as daily experience teaches, still produce them.
 the history of nearly all religions is filled with such horrible abominations, massacres, and boundless wickednesses of every kind that at the mere recollection of them the heart of a philanthropist seems to stand still, and we turn with disgust and horror from a mental aberration which could produce such deeds.
 if it is urged in vindication of religion that it has advanced and elevated human civilization, even this merit appears very doubtful in presence of the facts of history, and at least as very rarely or isolatedly the case.
 in general, however, it cannot be denied that most systems of religion have proved rather inimical than friendly to civilization.
 for religion, as already stated, tolerates no doubt, no discussion, no contradiction, no investigations, those eternal pioneers of the future of science and intellect!
 even the simple circumstance that our present state of culture has already long since left far behind it all and even the highest intellectual ideals established and elaborated by former religions may show how little intellectual progress is influenced by religion.
 mankind is perpetually being thrown to and fro between science, and religion, but it advances moro intellectually, morally and physically in proportion as it turns away from religion and to science.
-* "in china, where people are, as is well-known, very indifferent or tolerant in religious matters, this fine proverb is current: religions are various, but reason is one, and we are all brothers.'"
 "it is therefore clear that for our present age and for the future a foundation must be sought and found for culture and morality, different from that which can be furnished to us by religion.
 it is not the fear of god that acts amelioratingly or ennoblingly upon manners, of which the middle ages furnish us with a striking proof; but the ennobling of the conception of the world in general which goes hand in hand with the advance of civilization.
 let us then give up making a show of the profession of hypocritical words of faith, the only purpose of which seems to be that they may be continually shown to be lies by the actions and deeds of their professors!
@@ -42866,7 +40332,6 @@ beliefs we may and must have, but a belief to be changed with new and advancing
 "it is time this delicacy were thrown aside, and such theologians plainly told that the skepticism and infidelity--if skepticism and infidelity there be--lies all on their own side.
 "there is no skepticism so offensive as that which doubts the facts of honest and careful observation; no infidelity so gross as that which disbelieves the deductions of competent and unbiased judgments."
 --david page, "man," etc., edinburgh, 1867.
- appendix v.
 since i have recorded this incident of my lecture in chicago, it is peculiarly fitting and pleasant to be able to give the following extract from the review of the first edition of this book printed in the chicago times.
 no great daily paper would have dared to print such a comment a few years ago.
 to-day it is stated as a matter quite beyond controversy:
@@ -42882,7 +40347,6 @@ although i cannot enter into private correspondence with, nor grant personal int
 there is no answer.
 all the priests in the world cannot explain away her objections.
 there is no explanation.
-they should remain dumb unless they can show that the impossible is the probable, that slavery is better than freedom, that polygamy is the friend of woman, that the innocent can justly suffer for the guilty, and that to persecute for opinion's sake is an act of love and worship."
 now, whenever any one of these gentlemen who wish to convert me will show that the colonel is wrong in this brief paragraph; whenever they will, in print or in public, refute the arguments to which he refers, and to which they object, i shall not be slow to respond.
 2. it must be argument, not personal abuse, and it must be conducted in a courteous manner and tone.
 3. it must proceed upon the basis that i am as honest, as earnest, and as virtuous in my motives and intentions as they are in theirs.
@@ -42927,15 +40391,11 @@ sincerely,
 helen h. gardener.
 transcriber's note:
 this etext was produced from astounding stories october 1931. extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the u.s. copyright on this publication was renewed.
- [illustration: at this the titanic thing went wholly, colossally mad.]
  the red hell of jupiter
 a complete novelette
  by paul ernst
-*       *       *       *       *
  chapter i
 the red spot
-[sidenote: what is the mystery centered in jupiter's famous "red spot"?
-two fighting earthmen, caught by the "pipe-men" like their vanished comrades, soon find out.]
  commander stone, grizzled chief of the planetary exploration forces, acknowledged captain brand bowen's salute and beckoned him to take a seat.
 brand, youngest officer of the division to wear the triple-v for distinguished service, sat down and stared curiously at his superior.
 he hadn't the remotest idea why he had been recalled from leave: but that it was on a matter of some importance he was sure.
@@ -42962,7 +40422,6 @@ brand's chin sank to rest on the stiff high collar of his uniform.
 he mused.
 "why, he was like an older brother to me.
 and now ... he's gone."
-*       *       *       *       *
 there was silence in commander stone's sanctum for a time.
 then brand raised his head.
 "did you have any radio reports at all from any of the three ships concerning the nature of the red spot?"
@@ -42998,7 +40457,6 @@ but i would advise you not to try to land in the red area.
 simply fly low over it, and see what you can discern from the air.
 good-by, and good luck."
 brand saluted, and went out, to go to his own quarters and make the few preparations necessary for his sudden emergency flight.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the work of exploring the planets that swung with earth around the sun was still a new branch of the service.
 less than ten years ago, it had been, when ansen devised his first crude atomic motor.
 at once, with the introduction of this tremendous new motive power, men had begun to build space ships and explore the sky.
@@ -43013,7 +40471,6 @@ to stop the foolish waste of life, the earth government stepped in.
 it was decreed that no space ship might be owned or built privately.
 it was further decreed that those who felt an urge to explore must join the regular service and do so under efficient supervision.
 and there was created the government bureau designated as the planetary exploration control board, which was headed by commander stone.
-*       *       *       *       *
 under this board the exploration of the planets was undertaken methodically and efficiently, with a minimum of lives sacrificed.
 mercury was charted, tested for essential minerals, and found to be a valueless rock heap too near the sun to support life.
 venus was visited and explored segment by segment; and friendly relations were established with the rather stupid but peaceable people found there.
@@ -43024,7 +40481,6 @@ the atmosphere was too rare to support it; and the theory was that it had consta
 then jupiter had been reached: and here the methodical planet by planet work promised to be checked for a long time to come.
 jupiter, with its mighty surface area, was going to take some exploring!
 it would be years before it could be plotted even superficially.
-*       *       *       *       *
 brand had been to jupiter on four different trips; and, as he walked toward his quarters from stone's office, he reviewed what he had learned on those trips.
 jupiter, as he knew it, was a vast globe of vague horror and sharp contrasts.
 distant from the sun as it was, it received little solar heat.
@@ -43039,7 +40495,6 @@ and among the distorted trees, from the blanket of soft white fog that hid all f
 it made the blood run cold just to listen--and to speculate on what gigantic but tiny-brained monsters made them.
 now and then, when brand had been flying dangerously low over the surface, a wind had risen strong enough to dispel the fog banks for an instant; and he had caught a flash of jovian life.
 just a flash, for example, of a monstrous lizard-like thing too great to support its own bulk: or a creature all neck and tail, with ridges of scale on its armored hide and a small serpentine head weaving back and forth among the jungle growths.
-*       *       *       *       *
 occasionally he had landed--always staying close to the space ship, for jupiter's gravity made movement a slow and laborious process, and he didn't want to be caught too far from security.
 at such times he might hear a crashing and splashing and see a reptilian head loom gigantically at him through the fog.
 then he would discharge the deadly explosive gun which was earth's latest weapon, and the creature would crash to the ground.
@@ -43055,8 +40510,6 @@ shrugging his shoulders, he turned into the fifty story building in which was hi
 there he found, written by the automatic stylus on his radio pad, the message: "be with you at seven o'clock.
 best regards, and i hope you strangle.
 dex harlow."
-*       *       *       *       *
-dex harlow was a six-foot senior lieutenant who had been on many an out-of-the-way exploratory trip.
 like brand he was just under thirty and perpetually thirsting for the bizarre in life.
 he was a walking document of planetary activity.
 he was still baked a brick red from a trip to mercury a year before: he had a scar on his forehead, the result of jumping forty feet one day on the moon when he'd meant to jump only twenty; he was minus a finger which had been irreparably frost-bitten on mars; and he had a crumpled nose that was the outcome of a brush with a ten-foot bandit on venus who'd tried to kill him for his explosive gun and supply of glass, dyite-containing cartridges.
@@ -43081,8 +40534,6 @@ i know your attitude toward a real jaunt.
 and it's a real jaunt we've got ahead of us, too, old boy.
 we're going to the red spot.
 immediately."
-*       *       *       *       *
-dex's sandy eyebrows shot up.
 "the red spot!
 that's where coblenz and heiroy were lost!"
 "and journeyman," added brand.
@@ -43127,9 +40578,7 @@ for god's sake, be careful," came the answer, minutes later.
 "say something at least every half hour, to let us know communication is unbroken.
 we will sound at ten second intervals."
 the sounding began: peep, a shrill little piping noise like the fiddle of a cricket.
-ten seconds later it came again: peep.
 thereafter, intermittently, it keened through the control room--a homely, comforting sound to let them know that there was a distant thread between them and earth.
-*       *       *       *       *
 lower the shell rocketed.
 the endless plain slowly ceased its rushing underneath them as they entered the planet's atmosphere and began to be pulled around with it in its revolution.
 far to the west a faint red glow illumined the sky.
@@ -43143,7 +40592,6 @@ they shot the space ship toward it, and halted a few hundred miles away.
 watery white light from the satellites, "that jitter around in the sky like a bunch of damned waterbugs," as dex put it, was now the sole illumination.
 they hung motionless in their space shell, to wait through the five-hour jovian night for the succeeding five hours of daylight to illumine a slow cruise over the red area that, in less than a year, had swallowed up three of earth's space ships.
 and ever as they waited, dozing a little, speculating as to the nature of the danger they faced, the peep, peep of the radio shrilled in their ears to tell them that there was still a connection--though a very tenuous one--with their mother planet.
-*       *       *       *       *
 "red spot ten miles away," said brand in the transmitter.
 "we're approaching it slowly."
 the tiny sun had leaped up over jupiter's horizon; and with its appearance they had sent the ship planing toward their mysterious destination.
@@ -43166,7 +40614,6 @@ ahead of them for hundreds of miles they knew it extended.
 "we're right on it now," called brand.
 "right on it--we're going over the edge--we're--"
 next instant he was sprawling on the floor, with dex rolling helplessly on top of him, while the space ship bounced up twenty thousand feet as though propelled by a giant sling.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the peep, peep of the radio signalling stopped.
 the space ship rolled helplessly for a moment, then resumed an even keel.
 brand and dex gazed at each other.
@@ -43201,7 +40648,6 @@ and the metallic red surface under them grew nearer as they steadily lost altitu
 "we're on our way to the center of the red spot, i guess--to find whatever it was that journeyman found.
 and the radio communication his been broken somehow...."
 wordlessly, they stared out the panel, while the shell, quivering with the strain of the atomic motor's fight against whatever unseen force it was that relentlessly drew them forward, bore them swiftly toward the heart of the vast crimson area.
-*       *       *       *       *
 "look!"
 cried brand.
 for over an hour the ship had been propelled swiftly, irresistibly toward the center of the red spot.
@@ -43222,7 +40668,6 @@ now they were soaring slowly down a wide thoroughfare; and now, at last, they ho
 lower they dropped.
 lower.
 and then they settled with a slight jar on a surface made of reddish metal; and the figures rushed to surround them.
-*       *       *       *       *
 looking out the glass panel at these figures, both brand and dex exclaimed aloud and covered their eyes for a moment to shut out the hideous sight of them.
 now they examined them closely.
 manlike they were: and yet like no human being conceivable to an earth mind.
@@ -43233,9 +40678,7 @@ set directly on the pipe-like body, as a pumpkin might be balanced on a pole, wa
 the nose was but a tab of flesh.
 the mouth was a minute, circular thing, soft and flabby looking, which opened and shut regularly with the creature's breathing.
 it resembled the snout-like mouth of a fish, of the sucker variety; and fish-like, too, was the smooth and slimy skin that covered the beanpole body.
-*       *       *       *       *
 hundreds of the repulsive things, there were.
-and all of them shoved and crowded, as a disorderly mob on earth might do, to get close to the earthmen's ship.
 their big dull eyes peered in through the glass panels, and their hands--mere round blobs of gristle in the palms of which were set single sucker disks--pattered against the metal hull of the shell.
 "god!"
 said brand with a shudder.
@@ -43253,7 +40696,6 @@ i'm waiting for orders."
 "we're safe in the shell till we're starved out.
 at least they can't get in to attack us."
 but it developed that, while the slimy looking things might not be able to get in, they had ways of reaching the earthmen just the same!
-*       *       *       *       *
 the creature with the gun-like tube extended it somewhat further toward brand.
 brand felt a sharp, unpleasant tingle shoot through his body, as though he had received an electric shock.
 he winced, and cried out at the sudden pain of it.
@@ -43279,9 +40721,7 @@ this time the shock that came from it was sufficient to throw the two men to the
 dex nodded.
 "climb out of here and take as many of these skinny horrors with us into hell as we can," he agreed.
 once more the shock stung them, as a reminder not to keep their captors waiting.
-with their shoulders bunched for abrupt action, and their guns in hand, the two men walked to the trap-door of the ship.
 they threw the heavy bolts, drew a deep breath--and flung open the door to charge unexpectedly toward the thickest mass of creatures that surrounded the ship!
-*       *       *       *       *
 in a measure their charge was successful.
 its very suddenness caught some of the tall monstrosities off guard.
 half a dozen of them stopped the fragile glass bullets to writhe in horrible death on the red metal paving of the square.
@@ -43301,10 +40741,8 @@ his sturdy earth leg went back to sweep the stalk-like legs of his attackers fro
 one of the things went down, to twist weakly in a laborious attempt to rise again.
 but the other, by sheer force of height and reach, began to bear dex down.
 savagely he laced out with his fists, battering the pulpy face that was pressing down close to his.
-the big eyes blinked shut, but the four hose-like arms did not relax their clasp.
 dex's hands sought fiercely for the thing's throat.
 but it had no throat: the head, set directly on the thin shoulders, defied all throttling attempts.
-*       *       *       *       *
 then, just as dex was feeling that the end had come, he felt the creature wrench from him, and saw it slide in a tangle of arms and legs over the smooth metal pavement.
 he got shakily to his feet, to see brand standing over him and flailing out with his fists at an ever tightening circle of towering figures.
 "thanks," panted dex.
@@ -43327,12 +40765,10 @@ a swarm of pipe-like bodies smothered them, and the fight was over.
 the coming of greca
  the numbing shock from the tubes left the earthmen's bodies almost paralyzed for a time; but their brains were unfogged enough for them to observe only too clearly all that went on from the point of their capture.
 they were bound hand and foot.
-at a piping cry from the leader, several of the gangling figures picked them up in reedy arms and began to walk across the square, away from the ship.
 brand noticed that his bearers' arms trembled with his weight: and sensed the flabbiness of the substance that took the place in them of good solid muscle.
 physically these things were soft and ineffectual indeed.
 they had only the ominous tubes with which to fight.
 the eery procession, with the bound earthmen carried in the lead, wound toward a great building fringing the square.
-in through the high arched entrance of this building they went, and up a sloping incline to its tower-top.
 here, in a huge bare room, the two were unceremoniously dumped to the floor.
 while three of the things stood guard with the mysterious tubes, another unbound them.
 a whole shower of high pitched, piping syllables was hurled at them, speech which sounded threatening and contemptuous but was otherwise, of course, entirely unintelligible, and then the creatures withdrew.
@@ -43348,7 +40784,6 @@ brand shrugged.
 "i guess we'll find out their intentions soon enough.
 let's see what our surroundings look like."
 they walked to the nearest window-aperture, and gazed out on a startling and marvelous scene.
-*       *       *       *       *
 beneath their high tower window, extending as far as the eye could reach, lay the city, lit by the reddish glare of the peculiar metal with which its streets were paved.
 for the most part the metropolis consisted of perfectly square buildings pierced by many windows to indicate that each housed a large number of inmates.
 but here and there grotesque turrets lanced the sky, and symbolic domes arched above the surrounding flat metal roofs.
@@ -43362,7 +40797,6 @@ they could only see it by leaning far out of the window; and it would not have c
 "for their damned shock-tubes, perhaps, among other things--"
 he broke off abruptly as a sound of sliding bolts came from the doorway.
 the two men whirled around to face the door, their fists doubling instinctively against whatever new danger might threaten them.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the door was opened and two of their ugly, towering enemies came in, their tubes held conspicuously before them.
 behind came another figure; and at sight of this one, so plainly not of the race of jupiter, the earthmen gasped with wonder.
 they saw a girl who might have come from earth, save that she was taller than most earth women--of a regal height that reached only an inch or two below brand's own six foot one.
@@ -43375,7 +40809,6 @@ the girl smiled graciously at the admiration in the eyes of both the men--a mess
 she advanced, and held the metal container toward them.
 "eat," she said softly.
 "it is good food, and life giving."
-*       *       *       *       *
 for an instant brand was dumbfounded.
 for here was language he could understand--which was incredible on this far-flung globe.
 then he suddenly comprehended why her sentences were so intelligible.
@@ -43398,7 +40831,6 @@ she smiled--a tragic, wistful smile.
 i can only remain with you a little while."
 she sat down on the floor with them--the few bench-like things obviously used by the tall creatures as chairs were too high for them--and with the informality of adversity the three captives began to talk.
 swiftly brand got a little knowledge of greca's position on jupiter, and of the racial history that led up to it.
-*       *       *       *       *
 four of the nine satellites of jupiter were now the home of living beings.
 but two only, at the dawn of history as greca knew it, had been originally inhabited.
 these were the fourth and the second.
@@ -43410,7 +40842,6 @@ the things, it seemed, had crowded over the limits of their own globe, and had b
 they had made captive the entire population of the satellite.
 then--for like all dangerous vermin they multiplied rapidly--they had overflowed to the first and fifth satellites--the others were uninhabitable--and finally to the dangerous surface of jupiter itself.
 everywhere they had gone, they had taken droves of greca's people to be their slaves, "and the source of their food," added greca, with a shudder; a statement that was at the moment unintelligible to the two men.
-*       *       *       *       *
 brand stared sympathetically at her.
 "they treat them very badly?"
 he asked gently.
@@ -43432,7 +40863,6 @@ brand turned from personal history to more vital subjects.
 things are so heavy here, somehow.
 so their first thought was to drive my enslaved people to the casting and laying of the metal squares and the metal beams that connect them, in order to make things weigh less."
 "but how do the plates function?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 greca did not know this, save vaguely.
 she tried to express her little knowledge of the scientific achievements of the savage rogans.
 after some moments brand turned to dex and said:
@@ -43453,7 +40883,6 @@ they came here to jupiter from the satellites."
 "their vessels are crude, clumsy things.
 the journey from the nearest satellite is the limit of their flying range.
 they have nothing like your wonderful little ships, and they want to know how to build and power them."
-*       *       *       *       *
 she gazed sorrowfully at them and went on: "you see, yours is the fourth space ship to visit their kingdom; and that makes them fearful because it shows they are vulnerable to invasion.
 they want to stop that by invading your planet first.
 besides their fear, there is their greed.
@@ -43481,7 +40910,6 @@ as long as ships disappear in this red inferno, so long will the old man keep se
 the rogans will capture them as easily as they captured us.
 and eventually someone will happen along who'll weaken under torture.
 then--"
-*       *       *       *       *
 he stopped.
 a dread vision filled his mind of earth depopulated by the feebly ferocious rogans, of rank on rank of earth's vast armies falling in stricken rows at the shock of the rogans' tubes.
 greca caught the vision.
@@ -43501,7 +40929,6 @@ he asked quietly.
 "i do not know, exactly," replied the girl.
 "there is some sort of machinery in it, and to it go connecting beams from all the square metal plates everywhere.
 that is all i know."
-brand started to question her further, but her time was up.
 the two guards poked their loathsome pumpkin heads in the doorway and contemptuously beckoned her out.
 she answered resignedly, in the piping rogan tongue, and went with them.
 but she turned to wave shyly, commiseratingly at the two men; and the expression in her clear blue eyes as they rested on brand made his heart contract and then leap on with a mighty bound.
@@ -43522,7 +40949,6 @@ though how they could get away in the ship when the rogans seemed able to propel
 one of jupiter's short nights had passed, however--a night weirdly made as light as day by red glares from the plates, which seemed to store up sunlight, among their other functions--and the tiny sun had risen to slant into their window at a sharp angle.
 suddenly they heard the familiar drawing of the great bolts outside their door.
 it was opened, and a dozen or more of the rogans came in, with greca cowering piteously in their midst and attempting to communicate her distress to brand.
-*       *       *       *       *
 at the head of the little band of rogans was one the prisoners had not seen before.
 he was of great height, fully two feet taller than the others; and he carried himself with an air that proclaimed his importance.
 the tall one turned to greca and addressed a few high-pitched, squeaky words to her.
@@ -43544,7 +40970,6 @@ brand nodded to show he understood the message.
 "he says he is going to ask you a few questions, and that you are to answer truthfully if you value your lives:"
 "first, he wants to know what the people of your world are like.
 are they all the same as you?"
-*       *       *       *       *
 dex started to reply to that; but brand flung him a warning look.
 "tell him we are the least of the earth people," he answered steadily.
 "tell him we are of an inferior race.
@@ -43569,8 +40994,6 @@ now the tall one barked out a few syllables in a squeaky voice.
 brand bit his lips.
 "check," he muttered.
 "the brute has a brain in that ugly head."
-*       *       *       *       *
-the rogan leader spoke for a long time then; and at each singsong word, greca quivered as though lashed by a whip.
 at length she turned to brand.
 "he has been telling what his hordes can do, answering your boasts with boasts of his own.
 his words are awful!
@@ -43589,7 +41012,6 @@ it seemed devoid of all mechanism--simply a tube of reddish metal with a sort of
 the rogan pointed the tube at the distant figure.
 greca screamed, and screamed again.
 coincident with her cry, as though the sound of it had felled him, the distant slave dropped to the pavement.
-*       *       *       *       *
 that was all.
 the tube had merely been pointed: as far as brand could see, the rogan's "hand" had not moved on the barrel of the tube, nor even constricted about the coil of wire that formed its handle.
 yet that distant figure had dropped.
@@ -43608,7 +41030,6 @@ she rose from her crouching position on the floor; and at length formulated the
 dex laughed.
 it was a short bark of sound, totally devoid of humor, but very full of defiance.
 brand thrust his hands into the pockets of his tunic, spread his legs apart, and began to whistle.
-*       *       *       *       *
 a quiver that might have been of anger touched the rogan leader's repulsive little mouth.
 he glared balefully at the uncowed earthmen and spoke again, evidently repeating his command.
 the two turned their backs to him to indicate their refusal to obey.
@@ -43645,7 +41066,6 @@ there was a long rack of cruelly pointed and twisted instruments.
 under this was a row of long, delicate pincers, with coils on the handles to indicate that they might be heated to fiendish precision of temperatures.
 there were gleaming metal racks with calibrated slide-rods and spring dials to denote just what pull was being exerted on whatever unhappy creature might be stretched taut on them.
 there were tiny cones of metal whose warped, baked appearance testified that they were little portable furnaces that could be placed on any desired portion of the anatomy, to slowly bake the selected disk of flesh beneath them.
-*       *       *       *       *
 dex shuddered; and a low moan came from greca, whose clear blue eyes had rested on the contents of this vast room before in her capacity as hostage and interpreter for the inhuman rogans.
 and now another sense of dex's began to register perception on his brain.
 a peculiar odor came to his nostrils.
@@ -43717,7 +41137,6 @@ and suddenly the thought came to her: 'if i don't let the servants know i'm here
 had she shut the drawing-room window when she returned so blindly?
 perhaps already--!
 in a fever, she rang the bell, and unlocked the door.
-the maid came up.
 "please shut the drawing-room, window, ellen; and tell betty i'm afraid i got a little chill travelling.
 i'm going to bed.
 ask her if she can manage with baby."
@@ -43774,7 +41193,6 @@ for lunch she drank some beef tea, keeping up the fiction of her indisposition.
 after that, she sat down at her bureau to write.
 something must be decided!
 there she sat, her forehead on her hand, and nothing came--not one word--not even the way to address him; just the date, and that was all.
-at a ring of the bell she started up.
 she could not see anybody!
 but the maid only brought a note from aunt rosamund, and the dogs, who fell frantically on their mistress and instantly began to fight for her possession.
 she went on her knees to separate them, and enjoin peace and good-will, and their little avid tongues furiously licked her cheeks.
@@ -43783,7 +41201,6 @@ nearly a day since she had seen her--was it possible?
 nearly a day without sight of those solemn eyes and crinkled toes and fingers!
 and followed by the dogs, she went upstairs.
 the house was invisible from the music-room; and, spurred on by thought that, until fiorsen knew she was back, those two might be there in each other's arms any moment of the day or night, gyp wrote that evening:
-"dear gustav,--we are back.--gyp."
 what else in the world could she say?
 he would not get it till he woke about eleven.
 with the instinct to take all the respite she could, and knowing no more than before how she would receive his return, she went out in the forenoon and wandered about all day shopping and trying not to think.
@@ -43827,7 +41244,6 @@ and, without her will, against her will, the words slipped out: "i'm afraid you'
 his stare wavered; he began to walk up and down.
 "missed!
 missed everything!
-i have been very miserable, gyp.
 you've no idea how miserable.
 yes, miserable, miserable, miserable!"
 with each repetition of that word, his voice grew gayer.
@@ -43947,7 +41363,6 @@ he received his pupils in a large back room overlooking a little sooty garden.
 a walloon by extraction, and of great vitality, he grew old with difficulty, having a soft corner in his heart for women, and a passion for novelty, even for new music, that was unappeasable.
 any fresh discovery would bring a tear rolling down his mahogany cheeks into his clipped grey beard, the while he played, singing wheezily to elucidate the wondrous novelty; or moved his head up and down, as if pumping.
 when gyp was shown into this well-remembered room he was seated, his yellow fingers buried in his stiff grey hair, grieving over a pupil who had just gone out.
-he did not immediately rise, but stared hard at gyp.
 "ah," he said, at last, "my little old friend!
 she has come back!
 now that is good!"
@@ -43960,7 +41375,6 @@ and, seizing her by the elbow, he almost forced her to the piano.
 "take off your furs.
 sit down!"
 and while gyp was taking off her coat, he fixed on her his prominent brown eyes that rolled easily in their slightly blood-shot whites, under squared eyelids and cliffs of brow.
-she had on what fiorsen called her "humming-bird" blouse--dark blue, shot with peacock and old rose, and looked very warm and soft under her fur cap.
 monsieur harmost's stare seemed to drink her in; yet that stare was not unpleasant, having in it only the rather sad yearning of old men who love beauty and know that their time for seeing it is getting short.
 "play me the 'carnival,'" he said.
 "we shall soon see!"
@@ -44067,14 +41481,12 @@ he was often impatient, too, of the time she gave to the baby.
 his own conduct with the little creature was like all the rest of him.
 he would go to the nursery, much to betty's alarm, and take up the baby; be charming with it for about ten minutes, then suddenly dump it back into its cradle, stare at it gloomily or utter a laugh, and go out.
 sometimes, he would come up when gyp was there, and after watching her a little in silence, almost drag her away.
-suffering always from the guilty consciousness of having no love for him, and ever more and more from her sense that, instead of saving him she was, as it were, pushing him down-hill--ironical nemesis for vanity!--gyp was ever more and more compliant to his whims, trying to make up.
 but this compliance, when all the time she felt further and further away, was straining her to breaking-point.
 hers was a nature that goes on passively enduring till something snaps; after that--no more.
 those months of spring and summer were like a long spell of drought, when moisture gathers far away, coming nearer, nearer, till, at last, the deluge bursts and sweeps the garden.
  xv
 the tenth of july that year was as the first day of summer.
 there had been much fine weather, but always easterly or northerly; now, after a broken, rainy fortnight, the sun had come in full summer warmth with a gentle breeze, drifting here and there scent of the opening lime blossom.
-in the garden, under the trees at the far end, betty sewed at a garment, and the baby in her perambulator had her seventh morning sleep.
 gyp stood before a bed of pansies and sweet peas.
 how monkeyish the pansies' faces!
 the sweet peas, too, were like tiny bright birds fastened to green perches swaying with the wind.
@@ -44085,7 +41497,6 @@ rosek was coming from the drawing-room window.
 rather startled, gyp looked at him over her shoulder.
 what had brought him at eleven o'clock in the morning?
 he came up to her, bowed, and said:
-"i came to see gustav.
 he's not up yet, it seems.
 i thought i would speak to you first.
 can we talk?"
@@ -44142,7 +41553,6 @@ you did not believe me then.
 i told you, too, that i loved you.
 i love you more, now, a hundred times!
 don't move!
-i am going up to gustav."
 he turned, and gyp thought he was really going; but he stopped and came back past the line of the window.
 the expression of his face was quite changed, so hungry that, for a moment, she felt sorry for him.
 and that must have shown in her face, for he suddenly caught at her, and tried to kiss her lips; she wrenched back, and he could only reach her throat, but that he kissed furiously.
@@ -44282,7 +41692,6 @@ he said more gruffly than ever:
 "may i ask what 'as given us the honour?"
 "i came to see your daughter."
 his little piggy eyes travelled from her face to her feet, to the walls of the room, to his own watch-chain, to his hands that had begun to rub themselves together, back to her breast, higher than which they dared not mount.
-their infinite embarrassment struck gyp.
 she could almost hear him thinking: 'now, how can i discuss it with this attractive young female, wife of the scoundrel who's ruined my daughter?
 delicate-that's what it is!'
 then the words burst hoarsely from him.
@@ -44356,7 +41765,6 @@ but gyp noticed none of them, except now and again a dog which sniffed her knees
 for months she had resolutely cultivated insensibility, resolutely refused to face reality; the barrier was forced now, and the flood had swept her away.
 "proceedings!"
 mr. wagge had said.
-to those who shrink from letting their secret affairs be known even by their nearest friends, the notion of a public exhibition of troubles simply never comes, and it had certainly never come to gyp.
 with a bitter smile she thought: 'i'm better off than she is, after all!
 suppose i loved him, too?
 no, i never--never--want to love.
@@ -44413,7 +41821,6 @@ ho--what a lover!"
 gyp saw the old man quiver; she sprang up and cried:
 "you brute!"
 fiorsen ran forward, stretching out his arms toward monsieur harmost, as if to take him by the throat.
-the old man drew himself up.
 "monsieur," he said, "you are certainly drunk."
 gyp slipped between, right up to those outstretched hands till she could feel their knuckles against her.
 had he gone mad?
@@ -44533,7 +41940,6 @@ winton put his hand on the perambulator.
 "steady, now!
 go out as usual with this thing.
 it's about your time; and wait for me at the turning to regent's park.
-i'll come on in my cab and pick you all up.
 don't get flurried; don't take anything; do exactly as you usually would.
 understand?"
 it is not in the nature of stout women with babies in their charge to receive such an order without question.
@@ -44612,7 +42018,6 @@ and betty, who had feared him ever since their encounter so many years ago, eyed
 before he reached home, winton stopped at a post-office, and sent this telegram:
 "gyp and the baby are with me letter follows.--winton."
 it salved a conscience on which that fellow's figure in the doorway weighed; besides, it was necessary, lest fiorsen should go to the police.
-the rest must wait till he had talked with gyp.
 there was much to do, and it was late before they dined, and not till markey had withdrawn could they begin their talk.
 close to the open windows where markey had placed two hydrangea plants--just bought on his own responsibility, in token of silent satisfaction--gyp began.
 she kept nothing back, recounting the whole miserable fiasco of her marriage.
@@ -44679,7 +42084,6 @@ rosek lit a cigarette but did not sit down.
 he struck even fiorsen by his unsmiling pallor.
 "you had better look out for mr. wagge, gustav; he came to me yesterday.
 he has no music in his soul."
-fiorsen sat up.
 "satan take mr. wagge!
 what can he do?"
 "i am not a lawyer, but i imagine he can be unpleasant--the girl is young."
@@ -44794,7 +42198,6 @@ on the little calendar, a pencil-cross was set against to-day--wednesday, anothe
 what for?
 music-lessons!
 he reached to a pigeon-hole, and took out her address-book.
-"h--harmost, 305a, marylebone road," and against it the words in pencil, "3 p.m."
 three o'clock.
 so that was her hour!
 his eyes rested idly on a little old coloured print of a bacchante, with flowing green scarf, shaking a tambourine at a naked cupid, who with a baby bow and arrow in his hands, was gazing up at her.
@@ -44817,7 +42220,6 @@ nearly three o'clock.
 if he went for once and saw what she really did--went, and offered her his escort home!
 an attention.
 it might please her.
-better, anyway, than waiting here until she chose to come in with her face all closed up.
 he drank a little more brandy--ever so little--took his hat and went.
 not far to walk, but the sun was hot, and he reached the house feeling rather dizzy.
 a maid-servant opened the door to him.
@@ -44908,7 +42310,6 @@ will you have a drink?"
 the girl shook her head, and, with a sudden movement, slipped her arm out of this madman's and dived away like a swallow through the pavement traffic.
 fiorsen stood still and laughed with his head thrown back.
 the second time to-day.
-she had slipped from his grasp.
 passers looked at him, amazed.
 the ugly devils!
 and with a grimace, he turned out of piccadilly, past st. james's church, making for bury street.
@@ -44943,7 +42344,6 @@ ah, there it was--a monsieur as usual closing the window, drawing the curtains!
 always same thing!
 the violin and the bow were thrust back into his hands; and the tall strange monsieur was off as if devils were after him--not badly drunk, that one!
 and not a sou thrown down!
-with an uneasy feeling that he had been involved in something that he did not understand, the lame, dark fiddler limped his way round the nearest corner, and for two streets at least did not stop.
 then, counting the silver fiorsen had put into his hand and carefully examining his fiddle, he used the word, "bigre!"
 and started for home.
  xix
@@ -45051,7 +42451,6 @@ and gyp felt--as on the first night he came home drunk--a merging of all other e
 "i'm going to stay.
 don't worry about anything.
 keep quite quiet, and you'll soon be well."
-in a quarter of an hour, he was asleep.
 his wasted look went to her heart, and that expression of terror which had been coming and going until he fell asleep!
 anything to do with the brain was so horrible!
 only too clear that she must stay--that his recovery depended on her.
@@ -45179,12 +42578,9 @@ we are now fighting against a foe so formidable, as the whole world knows, that
 we have sufficient patience and fortitude, but we cannot run the risk of sacrificing our very existence without some protest when we think that we are not being treated with justice and equity.
 i am glad to add that the views we hold seem to have come at last to be shared by the more responsible part of the french amongst the governmental circle, as well as by the general public.
 the newspapers which are still sticking to their old contention are very few in number, and they seem to have some particular reasons of their own.
-i can never think a nation like france could consciously and wilfully offend against justice and equity, and the only thing we anxiously hope for is that the declaration of the french government may be honestly and effectually followed up.
 whatever may be one's intention, the drift of events often creates unlooked-for incidents, and that too often against one's will, when it is too late to avoid the consequences.
 let all parties concerned be careful in this matter of vital importance.
-[1] the deutsche revue, june 1905.
  x
-japan and europe[1]
  you ask my opinion on the future of the yellow peril cry.
 from an ethical point of view it is an unjust and unreasonable accusation.
 from a practical point of view it is idle and useless talk.
@@ -45231,9 +42627,7 @@ in either case, it is not at all a laudable action; indeed, i may say it is wast
 the people who entertain that idea would be doing far better service to their country, to the progress of civilisation, to the general cause of humanity, if only they put aside such a silly notion, and busy themselves in teaching their fellow country-folks to accustom themselves to the changed circumstances of the time.
 it would be a far more manly and noble act if they revised their old notions, which in a measure may be called prejudice.
 as to ourselves, the japanese, we shall only be glad if we can enjoy a peaceful and harmonious life in the happy family of the world, as we are determined to do, in spite of all the obstacles which may be laid before us.
-[1] written for the potentia organisation, july 1905.
  xi
-the indo-china question[1]
 interview with the baron suyematsu
  the eminent statesman, baron suyematsu, kindly dictated in english to one of our editors answers relating to certain questions with regard to the relation between japan and europe, especially france and germany.
 with the disclosure of the alleged kodama report in view, how far may one give credit to the alleged japanese plan of invasion of indo-china?
@@ -45272,7 +42666,6 @@ the combined action of russia, germany and france, for imposing on japan an alte
 i can positively say that there are many eminent persons in germany and in france who regret that action.
 even in russia, in certain quarters, a belief seems to be entertained that, but for the fault then committed, the present misfortunes would not have happened.
 as to ourselves, we are not hypnotised by the errors then committed by those three powers.
-we intend to remain friends of france, of germany, and even of russia, in spite of the injustice we have suffered, provided, of course, those powers wish to keep friendship.
 we do not overlook the possibility of another combination which those powers may have an idea of forming against us, and it behoves us to be watchful.
 nevertheless, to tell you my candid opinion, it is scarcely possible that a similar intervention should be renewed.
 i do not think france would push her docility so far as to follow germany a second time.
@@ -45298,9 +42691,7 @@ even in that case we would not raise objections, unless it were done with a view
 is it really worth your while to develop there incessantly your military and naval forces in order to oppose japan?
 would not the enterprise be rather costly?
 would it not be infinitely better to employ your energy in cultivating a good understanding between your country and ours instead of rivalling each other by crossing armaments?
-[1] l'européen, august 5, 1905.
  xii
-the australian question[1]
 an interview
  baron suyematsu gave a daily news representative his opinion of the 'spectre of japan' as conceived by many europeans.
 the japanese baron, a burly, cheerful man, laughed heartily as he dealt with the alarmist fears of the 'yellow peril.'
@@ -45350,9 +42741,7 @@ the tartar races have been merged in the russian empire.
 'i am sure,' added baron suyematsu, in a final word, 'that europe will soon find its fears about the "spectre of japan" are all ill-founded.
 england, i am glad to believe, never had those fears, and before long i hope to see her colonies in the same frame of mind.
 i hope the commonwealth parliament will lead the way.'
-[1] the daily news.
  xiii
-the anglo-japanese alliance and america[1]
 an interview
  'our people,' said baron suyematsu, 'like the british people, favour the renewal of the anglo-japanese alliance.
 they also favour its extension.
@@ -45381,8 +42770,6 @@ american theory and practice, in my judgment, will go on diverging until the not
 'therefore i refuse to regard as hopeless the idea of an american-anglo-japanese alliance, guaranteeing the peaceful development of the vast resources of the far east.
 such an alliance exists essentially now--an alliance springing from cognate ideas, wishes, purposes and principles.
 this is the best possible foundation for that formal compact which the evolution of industry and commerce seems to me unmistakably to foreshadow.'
-[1] an extract from the chicago daily news.
- note to dialogue v.
 since the bulk of the present work went to press, i came across the following communication printed in the outlook.
 i take the liberty of subjoining it herewith, without any vain intention of flaunting the virtues of my countrymen.--k.s.
  japanese character
@@ -45444,7 +42831,6 @@ what excuse has he to offer for the gross and discreditable and unfounded insult
  earrings, remarks on eating fruit without peeling education in japan -- the system of -- common and military elementary lessons on budo england, her political attitude.
 england and america, relations between, with regard to japan english press views on japanese character -- sympathy for japan
  feeling and sentiment in japan feudal system in japan fiction, japanese fighting, modes of finance of the imperial government at the beginning of the great change financial and economical annual financial system, progress of firearms, the first use of, in japan flowers, art of arrangement of -- sale of food, japanese forecast on the issue of the war france and her women -- relations with england french nationalists and socialists with regard to japan fushimi, battle of
- garden, a japanese, described geishas, their life german policy 'go,' the game of government, the japanese -- described 'great change,' the greek and roman comedies -- customs greek inspiration griffis, the rev.
 w.e.
  hakodate hana-karuta hanawa hearn, lafcadio -- life of -- remarks on hetaira hideyoshi hirosé, commandant -- mrs., her letter to an english admiral hizen hogen monogatari house of representatives
  imperial army department -- government and military reform imperial japan imperial succession -- troops independent review indo-china question inouyé, count -- a sketch of his life intermarriages, japanese international conventions and japan irving, sir henry, and the japanese stage ito, marquis -- an old speech by -- a sketch of his life izawa hanrioshi
@@ -45462,15 +42848,11 @@ swords
  taira takasago takasugi takeda shingen telegraphs in japan telephones in japan things japanese (1898) togo, admiral tokio -- the history of -- the patois of tokugawa -- régime -- feudatories under tolstoy, count leo trans-siberian railway trip to japan, details concerning tsu-shima, battle of
  uta-karuta utamaro
  washington, george weapons, japanese
-proofreading team at https://www.pgdp.net (this file was produced from images generously made available by the internet archive.)
 babylonian-assyrian birth-omens
 and their cultural significance
  by morris jastrow, jr. ph.
 d. (leipzig) professor of semitic languages in the university of pennsylvania (philadelphia)
  gießen 1914 verlag von alfred töpelmann (vormals j. ricker)
- =religionsgeschichtliche versuche und vorarbeiten=
-begründet von albrecht dieterich und richard wünsch herausgegeben von richard wünsch und ludwig deubner in münster i. w.      in königsberg i. pr.
-xiv.
 band.
 5. heft
  to
@@ -45478,84 +42860,25 @@ sir william osler
 regius professor of medicine oxford university
 this volume is dedicated as a mark of esteem and admiration.
 "most fine, most honour'd, most renown'd."
-(king henry v, 2d part, act iv, 5, 164.)
- =analysis=
- divination in babylonia and assyria                                1
-three chief methods: hepatoscopy, astrology and birth-omens      1-6
-spread of hepatoscopy and astrology to hittites, etruscans, greeks and romans and to china                                   3-4
-the transition motif in religious rites and popular customs      5-6
-omen collections in ashurbanapal's library                       6-7
-birth-omen reports                                              9-12
-animal birth-omens                                             12-28
-double foetus                                                  13-16
-principles of interpretation                                   14-15
-multiple births among ewes                                     17-18
-malformation of ears                                           19-22
-excess number of ears                                          20-22
-ewe giving birth to young resembling lion                      23-26
-ewe giving birth to young resembling other animals             27-28
-human birth-omens                                              28-41
-twins                                                          29-30
-monstrosities                                                     30
-multiple births                                                   31
-malformation of ears                                           32-33
-malformation of mouth, nostrils, jaws, arms, lips, hand        33-34
-malformation of anus, genital member, thigh, feet              35-36
-principles of interpretation                                      36
-misshapen embryos                                                 37
-weaklings, cripples, deaf-mutes, still-births, dwarfs          38-39
-talking infants, with bearded lips and teeth                      39
-infants with animal features                    32.
 33.
 35-36.
 40-41
-study of human physiognomy among greeks and romans             43-44
-resemblances between human and animal features                    45
-porta's and lavater's views                                    45-48
-study of human physiognomy based on birth-omens                49-50
-birth-omens in julius obsequens                                50-52
-birth-omens in valerius maximus                                   52
-cicero on birth-omens                                          53-54
-macrobius on birth-omens                                          55
-birth-omens among greeks and in asia minor                     56-58
-birth-omens as basis of belief in fabulous and hybrid beings                                                         59-62
-dragons, hippocentaurs and hybrid creatures in babylonian-assyrian literature and art                         63-64
-fabulous creatures of greek mythology and birth-omens          64-66
-egyptian sphinxes                                              67-70
-totemism                                                          70
-metamorphosis of human beings into animals and vice versa      70-72
-talking animals in fairy tales                                    71
-history of monsters and persistency of belief in monsters      72-78
-lycosthenes' work                                              73-75
-summary                                                        78-80
-index                                                          81-86
- "... they do observe unfather'd heirs and loathly births of natures" (king henry v. 2nd part act iv, 4, 121-122).
  i
- as a result of researches in the field of babylonian-assyrian divination, now extending over a number of years[1], it may be definitely said that apart from the large class of miscellaneous omens[2], the babylonians and assyrians developed chiefly three methods of divination into more or less elaborate systems--divination through the inspection of the liver of a sacrificial animal or hepatoscopy, through the observation of the movements in the heavens or astrology, (chiefly directed to the moon and the planets but also to the sun and the prominent stars and constellations), and through the observance of signs noted at birth in infants and the young of animals or birth-omens.
-elsewhere[3], i have suggested a general division of the various forms of divination methods into two classes, voluntary and involuntary divination, meaning by the former the case in which a sign is deliberately selected and then observed, by the latter where the sign is not of your own choice but forced upon your attention and calling for an interpretation.
-hepatoscopy falls within the former category[4], astrology and birth-omens in the latter.
 each one of these three methods rests on an underlying well-defined theory and is not the outcome of mere caprice or pure fancy, though of course these two factors are also prominent.
 in the case of hepatoscopy, we find the underlying theory to have been the identification of the 'soul' or vital centre of the sacrificial victim--always a sheep--with the deity to whom the animal is offered,--at least to the extent that the two souls are attuned to one another.
-the liver being, according to the view prevalent among babylonians and assyrians as among other peoples of antiquity at a certain stage of culture, the seat of the soul[5], the inspection of the liver followed as the natural and obvious means of ascertaining the mind, i. e., the will and disposition of the deity to whom an inquiry has been put or whom one desired to consult.
 the signs on the liver--the size and shape of the lobes, and of the gall bladder, the character or peculiarities of the two appendices to the upper lobe, (the processus pyramidalis and the processus papillaris), and the various markings on the liver were noted, and on the basis of the two main principles conditioning all forms of divination (1) association of ideas and (2) noting the events that followed upon certain signs, a decision was reached as to whether the deity was favorably or unfavorably disposed or, what amounted to the same thing, whether the answer to the inquiry was favorable or unfavorable.
 in the case of astrology,--a relatively more advanced method of divination,--the underlying theory rested on the supposed complete correspondence between movements and phenomena in the heavens and occurrences on earth.
 the gods, being identified with the heavenly bodies,--with the moon, sun, planets, and fixed stars--or as we might also put it, the heavenly bodies being personified as gods, the movements in the heavens were interpreted as representing the activity of the gods preparing the events on earth.
 therefore, he who could read the signs in the heavens aright would know what was to happen here below.
 astrology corresponded in a measure to the modern weather bureau in that it enabled one to ascertain a little in advance what was certain to happen, sufficiently so in order to be prepared for it.
 compared with hepatoscopy, astrology not only represents a form of divination that might be designated as semi-scientific--only relatively scientific of course--but also occupies a higher plane, because there was no attempt involved to induce a deity unfavorably disposed to change his mind.
-the signs were there; they pointed unmistakably to certain occurrences on earth that were certain to occur and it was the task of the diviner--the =bârû= or 'inspector' as the babylonian called him--to indicate whether what the gods were preparing would be beneficial or harmful.
-both hepatoscopy and astrology as developed by the babylonians and assyrians =bârû=-priests exerted a wide influence, the former spreading to the hittites and etruscans and through the one or the other medium to greeks and romans[6], while babylonian-assyrian astrology passing to the greeks became the basis for graeco-roman and mediaeval astrology, profoundly influencing the religious thought of europe[7] and in a modified form surviving even to our own days.
-the chain of evidence has recently been completed[8] to prove the direct transfer of the cuneiform astrological literature to greek astrologers and astronomers.
 the possibility also of a spread or at least of a secondary influence of both systems to the distant east is also to be considered.
-in fact considerable evidence is now available to show that babylonian-assyrian astrological notions and in part also astronomical data spread to china[9].
  ii
  the observation of signs observed in young animals and in infants at the time of birth constitutes a third division of babylonian-assyrian divination, quite equal in prominence to hepatoscopy and astrology.
 here too we are justified in seeking for some rational or quasi-rational basis for the importance attached by babylonians and assyrians, and as we shall see by other nations as well, to anything of a noteworthy or unusual character observed at the moment that a new life was ushered into the world.
 the mystery of life made as deep an impression upon primitive man and upon ancient peoples as it does on the modern scientist, who endeavors with his better equipment and enriched by the large experience of past ages, to penetrate to the very source of life.
 a new life issuing from another life--what could be stranger, what more puzzling, what more awe-inspiring?
-if we bear in mind that there is sufficient evidence to warrant us in saying that among peoples in a primitive state of culture, the new life was not associated with the sexual act[10], the mystery must have appeared still more profound.
 the child or the young animal was supposed to be due to the action of some spirit or demon that had found its way into the mother, just as death was supposed to be due to some malicious demon that had driven the spirit of life out of the body.
-the many birth customs found in all parts of the world[11], are associated with this impression of mystery made by the new life; they centre largely round the idea of protection to the mother and her offspring at a critical period.
 the rejoicing is tempered by the fear of the demons who were supposed to be lurking near to do mischief to the new life and to the one who brought it forth.
 the thought is a natural one, for the young life hangs in the balance, while that of the mother appears to be positively threatened.
 all bodily suffering and all physical ailments being ascribed to the influence of bad demons, or to the equally malevolent influence of persons who could by their control of the demons or in some other way throw a spell over the individual, birth, puberty, marriage and death as the four periods in life which may be regarded as critical and transitional are marked by popular customs and religious rites that follow mankind from primitive times down to our own days.
@@ -45567,72 +42890,41 @@ the analogy between the new life and the processes of nature is complete, for th
 normal conditions were naturally without special significance, but any deviation from the normal was regarded as a sign calling for interpretation.
 such deviations covered a wide and almost boundless range from peculiar formations of any part of the body or of the features, to actual malformations and monstrosities.
 the general underlying principle was, the greater the abnormality, the greater the significance attached to it; and as in the case of the movements in the heaven, the unusual was regarded as an indication of some imminent unusual occurrence.
-we are fortunate in possessing among the tablets of ashurbanapal's library, unearthed by layard just fifty years ago and which is still our main source for the babylonian-assyrian religious literature, many hundreds of texts furnishing lists of birth omens and their interpretation[12], just as we have many hundreds of texts dealing with liver divination[13], and even more dealing with astrology[14], apart from the many hundreds of texts dealing with miscellaneous omens of which up to the present only a small proportion has been published[15].
-from this division of the great collection gathered by ashurbanapal's scribes chiefly from the temple archives of babylonia, it appears that the =bârû=-priests made extensive collections of all kinds of omens which served the purpose of official hand-books to be consulted in case of questions put to the priests as to the significance of any particular phenomenon, and which were also used as textbooks for the training of the aspirants to the priesthood.
-confining ourselves to the birth-omens[16], the first question that arises is whether the signs entered are based on actual occurrences or are fanciful.
-in the case of many entries, as will presently be made evident, the anomalies noted rest upon =actual= observation, but with the desire of the priests to embrace in their collections all possible contingencies so as to be prepared for any question that might at any time arise, a large number of signs were entered which the diviners thought might occur.
-in other words, in order to be on the safe side the diviners allowed their fancy free rein and registered many things that we can positively say never did occur and never could occur[17].
 with the help of hand-books on human and animal pathology, we can without difficulty distinguish between two classes.
-thus, twins being regarded as significant and triplets even more so, the priests did not stop at this point but provided for cases when four, five six up to eight and more infants were born at one time[18].
-again in regard to animals, inasmuch as bitches and sows may throw a litter of ten and even more, the priests in their collections carried the number up to thirty[19] which is, of course, out of the question.
 for sheep and goats the number was extended up to ten, though it probably never happened that more than triplets were ever born to an ewe or to a mother-goat.
 even twins are rare, and i am told that there are few authenticated cases of triplets.
 malformations among infants and the young of animals were of course plentiful, but here too the anomalies and monstrosities are not as numerous and varied as were entered in the handbooks of the babylonian and assyrian diviners.
 the factor of fancy to which i have referred enters even more largely in the entries of many actual malformations, through the assumption of a more or less fanciful resemblance of some feature or of some part of an infant or of the young of an animal with the features or parts of some animal.
 an excess number of limbs--three legs or four arms in the case of an infant, or five or six legs in the case of a lamb, puppy, pig or foal, or two heads--is not uncommon.
-on this basis the priests entered cases of excess legs and arms and heads up to nine and more[20]; and similarly in regard to ears and eyes.
-that, however, despite the largely fanciful character of the entries in the omen texts, these collections not only rested on a firm basis of actual observation, but served a practical purpose is shown by the examples that we have of official reports made by the =bârû=-priests of human and animal anomalies, with the interpretations attached that represent quotations from the collections[21].
-a report of this kind in reference to an animal monstrosity reads in part as follows[22]:
 'if it is a double foetus, but with one head, a double spine, two tails and one body, the land that is now ruled by two will be ruled by one person.
 if it is a double foetus with one head, the land will be safe.'
-we have here two quotations from a text furnishing all kinds of peculiarities connected with a double foetus and we are fortunate in having the text from which the quotations are made[23].
-evidently an ewe has given birth to a monstrosity such as is here described, the case has been reported to the diviners who furnish the king[24] with this report, indicating that since the monstrosity has only one head, what might have been an unfavorable omen is converted into a favorable one.
-another report[25] regarding a monstrosity born of a sow reads:
 'if a foetus has eight feet and two tails, the ruler will acquire universal sway.
 a butcher, uddanu by name, reported as follows: a sow gave birth (to a young) having eight feet and two tails.
 i have preserved it in salt and kept it in the house.
-from nergal-eṭir[26].'
-here we have the name of the =bârû=-priest who made the report expressly indicated.
 the report begins with a quotation from the collections, indicating the interpretation to be put upon the occurrence, after which the report of the actual event that took place is given in detail; and nergal-eṭir is careful to add that he has preserved the specimen as a proof of its occurrence, precisely as to-day such a monstrosity would be bottled and kept in a pathological museum.
-in another report[27] containing various quotations from the collections of birth-omens and closing with one in regard to a mare that had given birth to two colts, one male and one female, with smooth hair over the ears, over the feet, mouth and hoofs, which is interpreted as a favorable sign[28], the one who makes the report adds 'whether this is so, i shall ascertain.
 it will be investigated according to instructions'.
 evidently, the facts had not been definitely ascertained and the diviner, while furnishing the interpretations for various possibilities, promises to inform himself definitely and report again as to the exact nature of the unusual occurrence.
-frequently these omen reports contain interesting and important allusions to historical events which are then embodied in the collections[29].
-in fact the event which followed upon any unusual or striking sign, whether in the heavens or among the newly born or what not, was carefully noted and on the principle of =post hoc propter hoc= was regarded as the event presaged by the sign in question.
 the definite indication of the interpretation to be put upon the omen itself was supplied by the actual event that followed upon the appearance of some sign, though it was not supposed that the sign would always be followed by the same occurrence.
 the point to which attention was primarily directed was whether the occurrence was of a favorable or an unfavorable nature.
 if favorable, the conclusion was drawn that the sign was a favorable one and hence in the event of its recurrence some favorable incident might be expected according to existing circumstances--victory in an impending battle, suppression of an uprising, recovery of some member of the royal household who may be lying ill, good crops at the approaching harvest or whatever the case may be--or in general a favorable answer to any question put by a ruler.
 the same would apply to a combination of signs, one of the fundamental principles of divination being--once favorable, always favorable.
-among the birth-omen reports we have one containing a historical reference of unusual interest[30].
 'if the foetus is male and female--omen of azag-bau who ruled the land.
 the king's country will be seized.
-if a foetus is male and female, without testicles, a son of the palace[31] will rule the land or will assert himself against the king.'
 we must assume in this case that a monstrosity has been born, having partly male and partly female organs.
 the priest by way of interpretation notes a series of signs registered in the collections, all prognosticating an abnormal state of affairs--a woman on the throne, captivity, seizure of the throne by an usurper and revolt.
 we frequently find in the collections several interpretations registered in this way,--a valuable indication of the manner in which these collections were compiled by the priests from a variety of documents before them.
-the name of this female ruler, hitherto known only from this report and from a list of proper names in which azag-bau occurred, has now turned up in an important list of early dynasties ruling in the euphratean valley, discovered and published by scheil[32].
 we may conclude, therefore, that at the time that azag-bau sat on the throne or shortly before, such a monstrosity actually came to light.
 as an unusual occurrence it presaged something unusual, and was naturally associated with the extraordinary circumstance of a woman mounting the throne.
 azag-bau according to the newly discovered list is the founder of a dynasty ruling in erech as a centre and whose date appears to be somewhere between 2800 and 3000 b. c.--possibly even earlier.
 as a founder of a dynasty that overthrew a previous one, azag-bau must have engaged in hostilities with other centres, so that the second interpretation that 'the king's country will be seized' may well refer to some historical event of the same general period.
 be that as it may, the important point for us is that we have here another proof of the practical purpose served by the observation of birth-omens.
  iv
- passing now to some illustrations of birth-omens from the collections of the =bârû=-priests, let us first take up some texts dealing with omens from the young of animals.
 naturally, the animals to which attention was directed were the domesticated ones--sheep, goats, cows, dogs, horses and pigs.
-among these the most prominent is the sheep, corresponding to the significance attached to the sheep in liver divination where it is, in fact, the only animal whose liver is read as a means of forecasting the future[33].
-as a result of this particularly prominent position taken by the sheep in birth-omens, the word =isbu=, designating the normal or abnormal foetus--human or animal--when introduced without further qualification generally indicates the foetus of a sheep[34].
-a text[35] dealing with a double foetus, i. e., of a sheep[36], reads in part as follows:
 'if it is a double foetus with slits (?)
 on the head and tail, the land will be secure.
-if it is a double foetus and enclosed[37], confusion in the country, the dynasty [will come to an end].
-if it is a double foetus, encompassed like an enclosure, the king will [subdue ?]
 the land.
-if it is a double foetus and encompassed like an enclosure, confusion in the land, hostilities [in the country].
 if it is a double foetus, encompassed like an enclosure, with slits on the body, end of the dynasty, confusion and disturbances in the country.
 if it is a double foetus, encompassed like an enclosure, with twisted necks and only one head, the land will remain under one head.
-*       *       *       *       *
-if it is a double foetus, the heads enclosed, with eight legs and only one spine, the land will be visited by a destructive storm[38].
-if it is a double foetus with only one head, the land will be secure, the ruler will prevail against his enemy, peace and prosperity in the country[39].
 if it is a double foetus with one head, a double spine, eight feet, two necks and two tails, the king will enlarge his land.
 if it is a double foetus with one head, double spine, two tails and one body, then the land that is ruled by two will be ruled by one.
 if it is a double foetus with only one head and one spine, eight feet, two necks and two tails, the king will enlarge his land.
@@ -45641,64 +42933,37 @@ if it is a double foetus with only one spine, the ruler will enlarge his land.
 if it is a double foetus with only one mouth, the land will remain under the command of the king.
 if it is a double foetus with only one breast, the land will be enlarged, rule of a legitimate king.
 in order to grasp the principles underlying the interpretation of such omens, we must take as our starting point the conceptions connected with the various parts of the body.
-bearing in mind that the omens deal primarily with public affairs and the general welfare and only to a limited extent with private and individual concerns[40], the head of the foetus by a natural association stands for the ruler or occasionally for the owner of the mother lamb.
 one head to the double foetus, therefore, indicates unity--a single rule--whereas two heads point to disruption of some kind.
 if the double foetus is so entwined as to be shut in within an enclosure, a similarly natural association of ideas would lead to the country being shut in, in a state of confusion, the land in a condition of subjugation or the like.
 on the other hand, if merely the heads are enclosed so as to give the impression of unity and the rest of the two bodies is disentangled, the unfavorable sign is converted into a favorable one.
 a second principle involved in the interpretation results in a more favorable conclusion if the double foetus shows less complications.
 so, a single neck or a single spine or a single breast or a single mouth point again, like a single head, towards unity and therefore to flourishing conditions in the land.
-in the case of legs and tails, to be sure, the conditions seem to be reversed--the eight legs and two tails and two necks with one head pointing to enlargement of the land, whereas a double foetus with only six or five feet forebodes some impending misfortune[41].
 let us proceed further with this text.
-if it is a double foetus, one well formed and the second issuing from the mouth of the first[42], the king will be killed and his army will [revolt ?
-], his oil plantation and his dwelling will be destroyed[43].
-if it is a double foetus, the second lying at the tail [of the first], with two breasts and two tails, there will be no unity in the land[44].
 if it is a double foetus, and the second lies at the tail of the first and enclosed and both are living, ditto.
 if it is a double foetus, and one rides over the other, victory, throne will support throne.
 if it is a double foetus and one rides over the other and there is only one head, the power of the king will conquer the enemy's land.
-if it is a double foetus, one above and one below, with only one spine and eight feet, four [variant: 'two'] ears, and two tails, throne will support throne.
 if it is a double foetus with the faces downward, approach of the son of the king, who will take the throne of his father, or a second son of the king will die, or a third son of the king will die.
-*       *       *       *       *
-if it is a double foetus with five feet, serious hostility in the country, the house of the man will perish, his stall[45] will be destroyed.
 if it is a double foetus with six feet, the population will be diminished, confusion in the land.
-if it is a foetus within a foetus, the king will weaken his enemy, his possessions will be brought into the palace[46].
-*       *       *       *       *
-if a foetus gives birth to a second foetus[47], the king will assert himself against his opponent.
-it will be observed that in quite a number of cases two alternative interpretations are given, one of an official character referring to the public welfare, or to occurrences in the royal household[48], the other of an unofficial character bearing on the welfare of the individual to whom the mother lamb that had produced the monstrosity belonged.
 one foetus issuing from the other, or one within the other, appears to have been a favorable or an unfavorable sign, according to the position of the second.
 if the one lay above the other, the association of ideas pointed to a control of the ruler over his enemy.
-in some cases, the association of ideas leading to the interpretation is not clear; and we must perhaps assume in such instances an entry of an event that =actually= occurred after the birth of the monstrosity in question.
-a certain measure of arbitrariness in the interpretations also constitutes a factor to be taken into consideration; and the last thing that we need to expect in any system of divination is a =consistent= application of any principle whatsoever.
 the text passes on to an enumeration of the case of an ewe giving birth to more than two lambs.
-the 'official' interpretations are throughout unfavorable[49], and the priests were quite safe in their entries which were purely arbitrary in these cases, since such multiple births never occurred.
 it is worth while to quote these interpretations as an illustration of the fanciful factor that, as already indicated, played a not insignificant part in the system unfolded.
 if an ewe gives birth to three (lambs), the prosperity of the country will be annulled, but things will go well with the owner of the ewe, his stall will be enlarged.
 if an ewe gives birth to three fully developed (lambs), the dynasty will meet with opposition, approach of an usurper, the country will be destroyed.
 if an ewe gives birth to four, the land will encounter hostility, the produce of the land will be swept away, approach of an usurper, destruction in the land.
-if an ewe gives birth to four fully developed lambs, [locusts (?)]
-will come and [destroy] the country.
 if an ewe gives birth to four, approach of an usurper, the country will be destroyed.
 if an ewe gives birth to five, destruction will ravage the country, the owner of the house will die, his stall will be destroyed.
-if an ewe gives birth to five, one with the head of a bull[50], one with a lion-head, one with a jackal-head, one with a dog-head and one with the head of a lamb[51], devastation will take place in the country.
 if an ewe gives birth to six, confusion among the population.
 if an ewe gives birth to seven,--three male and four female--, the king will perish.
 if an ewe gives birth to eight, approach of an usurper, the tribute of the king will be withheld.
 if an ewe gives birth to nine, end of the dynasty.
-if an ewe gives birth to ten, a weakling will acquire universal sovereignty[52].
-the general similarity of the interpretations may be taken as a further indication that the =bârû=-priests were simply giving their fancy free scope in making prognostications for conditions that could never arise; nor is it of serious moment that in the case of triplets the interpretation is favorable to the owner of the ewe, or that in the case of ten lambs, even the official interpretation is not distinctly unfavorable--in view of the purely 'academic' character of such entries.
-an extract from a long text[53] furnishing omens derived from all kinds of peculiarities and abnormal phenomena noted on the ears of an animal--primarily again the sheep, though no doubt assumed to be applicable to other domesticated animals--will throw further light on the system of divination devised by the =bârû=-priests, and will also illustrate the extravagant fancy of the priests in their endeavor to make their collections provide for all possible and indeed for many impossible contingencies.
-if a foetus[54] lacks the right ear, the rule of the king will come to an end, his palace will be destroyed, overthrow of the elders of the city, the king will be without counsellors, confusion in the land, diminution of the cattle in the land, the enemy will acquire control[55].
 if the foetus lacks a left ear, a god will harken to the prayer of the king, the king will take the land of his enemy, the palace of the enemy will be destroyed, the enemy will be without a counsellor, the cattle of the enemy's country will be diminished, the enemy will lose control.
-if the right ear of the foetus is detached, the stall[56] will be destroyed.
 if the left ear of the foetus is detached, the enemy's stall will be destroyed.
-if the right ear of the foetus is split, the herd will be destroyed or the leaders of the city will leave (it)[57].
 if the left ear of the foetus is split, the herd will be enlarged, the leaders of the enemy's country will leave (it).
-if the right ear of the foetus is split and swollen with clay, the country [will have a rival].
 if the left ear of the foetus is split and swollen with clay, the enemy's country will have a rival.
 if the right ear of the foetus is destroyed, the stall will be enlarged, the stall of the enemy will be diminished.
 if the outside of the right ear is destroyed, the land will yield to the enemy's land.
-if the right ear of the foetus lies near the cheek[58], the enemy will prevail against the power of the king, the king will be without counsellors, a ruler will not inhabit the land, or the son of the king of universal sway[59] will be king.
 if the left ear of the foetus lies near the cheek, an enemy will be installed in the royal palace.
-if the right ear of the foetus lies near the jaw, birth of a demon[60] in my land, or in the house of the man[61].
 if the left ear of the foetus lies near the jaw, birth of a demon in the enemy's land, or the land of the enemy will perish.
 the guiding principle of the interpretation in these instances is the natural association of the right as your side and the left with the enemy's side.
 a defect on the right side is unfavorable to you, i. e., to the king or to the country or to the individual in whose household the birth occurs, while the same defect on the left side is unfavorable to the enemy and, therefore, favorable to you.
@@ -45708,15 +42973,8 @@ if the foetus has two ears on the right side and none on the left, the boundary
 if the foetus has two ears on the left side and none on the right, your boundary city will become subject to the enemy.
 if the foetus has two ears on the right side and one on the left, the land will remain under the control of the ruler.
 if the foetus has two ears on the left side and one on the right, the land will revolt.
-if within the right ear of the foetus a second ear[62] appears, the ruler will have counsellors.
 if within the left ear of the foetus there is a second ear, the counsellors of the ruler will advise evilly.
 if behind the right ear of the foetus there is a second ear, the ruler will have counsellors.
-if behind the left ear of the foetus there is a second ear, confusion in the land, the land will be destroyed[63].
-*       *       *       *       *
-if a foetus has [four] ears, a king of universal sway will be in the land.
-[if a foetus has four ears], two lying in front (and) two in back, the ruler will acquire possessions in a strange country[64].
-*       *       *       *       *
-if behind the right ear, there are two ears, visible on the outside[65], the inhabitants of the boundary city will become subject to the enemy.
 if behind the left ear there are two ears visible on the outside, the inhabitants of the boundary city of the enemy will become subject to you.
 if a foetus has three ears, one on the left side and two on the right side, the angry gods will return to the country.
 if a foetus has three ears, one on the left side and two on the right, the gods will kill within the country.
@@ -45726,61 +42984,39 @@ if behind each of the two ears there are three ears visible on the outside, conf
 if within each of two ears there are three ears visible on the inner side, things will go well with the ruler's army.
 if within each of the two ears there are three ears, visible on the outside and the inside, the army of the ruler will forsake him and his land will revolt.
 if within each of the two ears there are three ears, visible on the outside and the inside, the army of the ruler will forsake him and his land will revolt.
-if the ears of a foetus are choked up[66], in place of a large king a small king will be in the land.
-in general, therefore, an excess number of ears points to enlargement, increased power, stability of the government and the like; and this is probably due in part to the association of wisdom and understanding with the ear in babylonian[67], for as a general thing an excess of organs or of parts of the body is an unfavorable sign, because a deviation from the normal.
-in the same way as in the case of the ears, we have birth-omen texts dealing with the head, lips, mouth, eyes, feet, joints, tail, genital organs, hair, horns and other parts of the body[68].
 in many of these texts dealing with all kinds of peculiar formations and abnormalities in the case of one organ or one part of the body or the other, a comparison is instituted between the features or parts of one animal with those of another and the interpretation is guided by the association of ideas with the animal compared.
-a moment's reflection will show the importance of this feature in extending the field of observation almost =ad infinitum=.
 a lamb born with a large head might suggest a lion, a small long head that of a dog, or a very broad face might suggest the features of a bull.
 from comparisons of this kind, the step would be a small one to calling a lamb with lion-like features, a lion, or a lamb with features recalling those of a dog, a dog and so on through the list, the interpretations being chosen through the ideas associated with the animal in question.
-a text of this kind[69], of which we have many, reads in part as follows.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, the abandoned weapons will make an attack (again), the king will be without a rival.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but with a head of a 'rain bow' bird[70], the son will seize the throne of his father.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but (some of) the features are (also) human, the power of the king will conquer a powerful country.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but (some of) the features are those of a lamb, the young cattle will not prosper.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but (some of) the features are those of an ass, severe famine will occur in the country.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but (some of) the features are those of a dog, nergal[71] will cause destruction.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion but (some of) the features are those of a =khupipi=[72], the ruler will be without a rival and will destroy the land of his enemy.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, but with the mouth of a wild cow, the rule of the king will not prosper.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion but with the mouth of a bull, famine will ensue.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion with the horny exuberance of an ibex on its face, prices will be lowered[73].
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion with the horny exuberance of an ibex on its face and if the eyes are open[74], prices will be high.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion with fatty flesh on the nose, the land will be well nourished.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, and the right temple is covered with fatty flesh, the land will be richly blessed.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, and the left temple is covered with fatty flesh,--rivalry.
 if an ewe gives birth to a lion, and it is covered all over with fatty flesh, the king will be without a rival.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion but without a head[75], death of the ruler.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion with the gorge torn off[76], destruction of the land, the mistress[77] will die.
-if an ewe gives birth to a lion with the gorge torn off and a mutilated tail[78], the land [will be destroyed (?)]
 from texts like these it would appear that the phrase of 'an ewe giving birth to a lion' had acquired a purely conventional force to describe a lamb whose head or general features suggested those of a lion.
 it may have come to be used indeed for a newly born lamb of unusually large proportions.
 hence one could combine with the description of a lion-lamb such further specifications as that it also suggested human features, or looked like an ass or a dog, or that while it came under the category of a lion-lamb, it yet had some of the features of a normal lamb.
 at all events we must not credit the babylonians or assyrians with so absurd a belief as that an ewe could actually produce a lion.
 such a supposition is at once disposed of when we come to other texts where we find entries of an ewe producing a whole series of animals--a jackal, dog, fox, panther, hyena, gazelle, etc.
-and where we must perforce assume resemblances between a young lamb and the animals in question and not any extravagant views of possible cross-breeding[79].
-to clinch the matter, we have quite a number of passages in which the preposition 'like' is introduced[80] instead of the direct equation, showing that when the texts speak of an ewe giving birth to a lion, a jackal, a dog, etc., the priests had in mind merely a resemblance as the basis of such statements.
 the general idea associated with the lion in divination texts is that of power, success, increase and the like.
 the sign, therefore, of an ewe producing a lion is a favorable one; it is only through attendant circumstances that the character of the sign is transformed into an unfavorable or partly unfavorable omen.
 so in case the lion-lamb has a head suggestive of the variegated colors of the rainbow bird, the sign still points to power, but to a power exercised by the crown prince against the father.
 if some of the features suggest those of an ass or of a dog or of a pig, the ideas associated with these animals convert what would otherwise have been a favorable sign into an unfavorable one.
 the mouth of a wild cow or of a bull, thus interfering with the complete identification of the young lamb as a lion-lamb, similarly, brings about an unfavorable interpretation.
 fatty flesh by a natural association points to increased prosperity, while mutilations of the head, tail or of any other part naturally carry with them unfavorable prognostications.
-it is interesting to see from a long list of comparisons of a new-born lamb with all kinds of animals[81] the extent to which the association of ideas connected with the animals in question is carried.
 if an ewe gives birth to a dog ... the king's land will revolt.
-if an ewe gives birth to a beaver[82] (?
 ), the king's land will experience misery.
-if an ewe gives birth to a fox, enlil[83] will maintain the rule of the legitimate king for many years, or[84] the king will strengthen his power.
-if an ewe gives birth to a mukh-dul[85], the enemy will carry away the inhabitants of the land, the land will despite its strength go to ruin, the dynasty will be opposed, confusion in the land.
 if an ewe gives birth to a panther, the kingdom of the ruler will secure universal sway.
 if an ewe gives birth to a hyena (?
 ), approach of elam.
 if an ewe gives birth to a gazelle, the days of the ruler through the grace of the gods will be long, or the ruler will have warriors.
 if an ewe gives birth to a hind, the son of the king will seize his father's throne, or the approach of subartu will overthrow the land.
-if an ewe gives birth to a roebuck, the son of the king will seize his father's throne, or destruction of cattle[86].
 if an ewe gives birth to a wild cow, revolt will prevail in the land.
 if an ewe gives birth to an ox, the weapons of the ruler will prevail over the weapons of the enemy.
-if an ewe gives birth to an ox that has ganni[87], the ruler will weaken the land of his enemy.
-if an ewe gives birth to an ox with two tails, omen of ishbi-ura[88], who was without a rival.
 if an ewe gives birth to a cow, the king will die, another king will draw nigh and divide the country.
 one might have supposed that such omens represent a purely imaginative theoretical factor, but the introduction of the historical reference proves conclusively that the babylonians and assyrians attached an was--different,' she whispered.
 'how?'
@@ -45886,7 +43122,6 @@ she said.
 'you will not say so in five minutes.
 if you care nothing for yourself, have a care for your friends.'
 'you said i had none,' she retorted hoarsely.
-'none that can help you,' he replied; 'some that you can help.'
 she started and looked at him wildly, her lips apart, her eyes wide with hope, fear, expectation.
 what did he mean?
 what could he mean by this new turn?
@@ -45899,7 +43134,6 @@ he said lightly.
 she whispered, her cheeks grown white.
 'prisoners; and under sentence of death.'
 'where?'
-'in my camp.'
 'why?'
 she muttered.
 but alas!
@@ -45923,7 +43157,6 @@ what have they done to you?'
 for a moment after that they stood confronting one another while the sound of the women sobbing in a corner, and the occasional jingle of a bridle outside, alone broke the silence.
 behind her the room was dark; behind him, through the open windows, lay the road, glimmering pale through the dusk.
 suddenly the door at her back opened, and a bright light flashed on his face.
-it was marie wort bringing in a lamp.
 no one spoke, and she set the lamp on the table, and going by him began to close the shutters.
 still the countess stood as if turned to stone, and he stood watching her.
 'where are they?'
@@ -45945,7 +43178,6 @@ in his exultation he went a step nearer to her.
 he was about to touch her--to lay his hand on her hair, believing his evil victory won, when suddenly two dark figures rose like shadows behind her chair.
 he recoiled, dropping his hand.
 in a moment a pistol barrel was thrust into his face.
-he fell back another step.
 'one word and you are a dead man!'
 a stern voice hissed in his ear.
 then he saw another barrel gleam in the lamplight, and he stood still.
@@ -45971,7 +43203,6 @@ he said, scowling unutterable curses at us.
 'what does this mean?'
 'this!'
 i said, producing a piece of hide rope.
-'we are going to tie you up.
 if you struggle, general, you die.
 if you submit, you live.
 that is all.
@@ -46003,7 +43234,6 @@ we must go to them on foot.
 there are eight of us here, and young jacob and ernst are watching outside.
 are all ready?'
 my lady looked round; her eye fell on fraulein max, who with a little bundle in her arms had just re-entered and stood shivering by the door.
-the dutch girl winced under her glance, and dropping her bundle, stooped hurriedly to pick it up.
 'that woman does not go!'
 the countess said suddenly.
 i answered in a low tone that i thought she must.
@@ -46045,7 +43275,6 @@ the moon had not yet risen.
 the gloom was such that i could barely make out the third figure before me; and though all manner of noises--the chorus of a song, the voice of a scolding hag, even the rattle of dice on a drumhead--came clearly to my ears, and we seemed to be enclosed on all sides, the darkness proved an effectual shield.
 we met no one, and five minutes after leaving the house, reached the bank of the little creek i have mentioned.
 here we paused and waited, a group of huddled figures, while steve groped about for a plank he had hidden.
-before us lay the stream, behind us the camp.
 at any moment the alarm might be raised.
 i pictured the outcry, the sudden flickering of lights, the galloping this way and that, the discovery.
 and then, thank heaven!
@@ -46154,7 +43383,6 @@ and mind the stumps.
 it will be rough work.'
 it was rough work.
 we had to wind in and out, leading and coaxing the frightened horses, that again and again stumbled to their knees.
-every minute i feared that we should find the way impassable or meet with a mishap.
 but in time, going very patiently, we made out the willows in front of us.
 then the water grew more shallow, and this gave the animals courage.
 twenty steps farther, and we passed into the shadow of the trees.
@@ -46170,7 +43398,6 @@ it helped even my lady to look her worst.
 fraulein anna sat a mere lifeless lump in her saddle.
 the waiting-women cried softly; they had cried all night.
 the waldgrave looked dazed, as if he barely understood where he was or why he was there.
-to think over-much in such a place was to weep.
 instead, i hastened to get them all off their horses, and with steve's help and a great bundle of osiers and branches which we cut, i made nests for them in the lower boughs of the willows, well out of reach of the water.
 when they had all taken their places, i served out food and a dram of dantzic waters, which some of us needed; for a white mist, drawn up from the swamp by the rising sun, began to enshroud us, and, hanging among the osiers for more than an hour, prolonged the misery of the night.
 still, even that rolled away at last--about six o'clock--and let us see the sun shining overhead in a heaven of blue distance and golden clouds.
@@ -46191,7 +43418,6 @@ the oily plop of a water-rat, as it dived from a stump, or the scream of a dista
 i looked at the sun.
 it lay south-west.
 it was three o'clock then.
- [illustration: we were alone.... i whispered in her ear ...]
  a light touch fell on my knee.
 i started, looked down, and for a moment stared in sleepy wonder.
 a tiny bunch of blue flowers, such as i could see growing in a dozen places on the edge of the island, lay on it, tied up with a thread of purple silk.
@@ -46227,9 +43453,7 @@ i said; 'why?'
 then the colour came into her face like the sunlight itself.
 'because you love me,' she whispered, shutting her eyes.
 and i did not gainsay her.
- chapter xxiv.
 missing!
- we lay in the osier bed two whole days and a night, during which time two at least of us were not unhappy, in spite of peril and hardship.
 we left it at last, only because our meagre provision gave out, and we must move or starve.
 we felt far from sure that the danger was over, for steve, who spent the second day in a thick bush near the road, saw two troops of horse go by; and others, we believed, passed in the night.
 but we had no choice.
@@ -46298,9 +43522,7 @@ it came from behind me, from the brow of the hill; and i started as if i had bee
 hard on it a volley of shouts and screams flared up in the same direction, and while my heart stood still with terror and fear of what had happened, i heard the thunder of hoofs come down the road, with a clatter of blows and whips.
 they were coming headlong--my lady and the rest.
 the danger was behind them, then.
-i had just time to turn and get to the side of the road before they were on me at a gallop.
 i could not see who was who in the darkness, but i caught at the nearest stirrup, and, narrowly escaping being ridden down, ran on beside the rider.
-the horses, spurred down the slope, had gained such an impetus that it was all i could do to keep up.
 i had no breath to ask questions, nor state my fear that there was danger ahead also.
 i had to stride like a giant to keep my legs and run.
 some one else was less lucky.
@@ -46394,7 +43616,6 @@ but only the owl answered.
 then, knowing nothing else i could do, i went down wringing my hands, and found my lady standing over the body in the road.
 she had come back with steve and the others.
 i had to listen to their amazement, and a hundred guesses and fancies, which, god help me!
-had nothing certain in them, and gave me no help.
 the men searched both sides of the road, and beat the moor for a distance, and tried to track the horse--for that was missing too, and there lay my only hope--but to no purpose.
 at last my lady came to me and said sorrowfully that nothing more could be done.
 'in the morning!'
@@ -46426,7 +43647,6 @@ marie was gone and already might be half a dozen miles away.
 so the bonds of custom and duty held me.
 dazed and bewildered, i lacked the strength that was needed to run counter to all.
 i was no knight-errant, but a plain man, and i reeled on through the last hour of the night and the first grey streaks of dawn, with my head on my breast and sobs of despair in my throat.
- chapter xxv.
 nuremberg.
  if it had been our fate after that to continue our flight in the same weary fashion we had before devised, lying in woods by day, and all night riding jaded horses, until we passed the gates of some free city, i do not think that i could have gone through with it.
 doubtless it was my duty to go with my lady.
@@ -46474,7 +43694,6 @@ our clothes, even my lady's, were dyed with mud and torn in a score of places.
 we had not washed for days, and our faces were lean with famine.
 some of the women were shoeless and had their hair about their ears, while steve was bare-headed and bare-armed, and looked so huge a ruffian the stocks must have yawned for him anywhere.
 they drew up and gazed at us, and then count hugo came riding down the column and saw us.
-my lady went forward a step.
 'count leuchtenstein,' she said, her voice breaking; she had only seen him once, and then under the mask of a plain name.
 but he was safety, honour, life now, and i think that she could have kissed him.
 i think for a little she could have fallen into his arms.
@@ -46614,7 +43833,6 @@ and certainly i had never known such a hurly-burly, nor heard of it except at th
 the night after we lay at erlangen, which we found fortified, trenched, and guarded, with troops lying in the square, and the streets turned into stables.
 from that place to nuremberg was a matter of ten miles only; but the press was so great on the road that it took us a good part of the day to ride from one to the other.
 in the open country on either side of the way strong bodies of horse and foot were disposed.
-it seemed to me that here was already an army and a camp.
 but when late in the afternoon we entered nuremberg itself, and viewed the traffic in the streets, and the endless lines of gabled houses, the splendid mansions and bridges, the climbing roofs and turrets and spires of this, the greatest city in germany, then we thought little of all we had seen before.
 here thousands upon thousands rubbed shoulders in the streets; here continuous boats turned the river into solid land.
 here we were told were baked every day a hundred thousand loaves of bread; and i saw with my own eyes a list of a hundred and thirty-eight bakehouses.
@@ -46629,7 +43847,6 @@ but i noticed that even they, as we drew nearer to the heart of the city, fell s
 for myself and steve and the men, we were as good as nought.
 a house in the ritter-strasse was assigned to my lady for her quarters--no one could lodge in the city without the leave of the magistrates; and we were glad to get into it and cool our dizzy heads, and look at one another.
 count hugo stayed awhile, standing with my lady and the waldgrave in one of the great oriels that overlooked the street.
-but a mounted messenger, sent on from the town house, summoned him, and he took horse again for the camp.
 i do not know what we should have done without him at entering.
 the soldiers, who crowded the streets, showed scant respect for names, and would as soon have jostled my lady as a citizen's wife; but wherever he came hats were doffed and voices lowered, and in the greatest press a way was made for him as by magic.
 for that night we had seen enough.
@@ -46670,7 +43887,6 @@ at that time count tilly's crooked, dwarfish figure and pale horse's face, and t
 well, i was to know; for through the crowd at the junction of these four roads, while we stood waiting to pass, there came a man on a white horse, followed by half a score of others on horseback; and in a moment i knew from the shouting and the way women thrust papers into his hands that we saw the king of sweden.
 he wore a plain buff coat and a grey flapped hat with a feather; a tall man and rather bulky, his face massive and fleshy, with a close moustache trimmed to a point and a small tuft on his chin.
 his aspect was grave; he looked about him with a calm eye, and the shouting did not seem to move him.
-they told me that it was ba[=n]er, the swedish general, who rode with him, and our bernard of weimar who followed.
 but my eye fell more quickly on count leuchtenstein, who rode after, with the great chancellor oxenstierna; in him, in his steady gaze and serene brow and wholesome strength, i traced the nearest likeness to the king.
 and so i first saw the great gustavus adolphus.
 it was said that he would at times fall into fits of berserk rage, and that in the field he was another man, keen as his sword, swift as fire, pitiless to those who flinched, among the foremost in the charge, a very thunderbolt of war.
@@ -46842,7 +44058,6 @@ i asked him.
 the person i addressed smiled.
 'he is a member of the council of safety,' he said dryly.
 'his brother is prefect of this ward.
-but here is herr krapp.
 doubtless he has been at st. sebald's drilling.'
 i thanked him, and made but two steps to herr krapp's side.
 he was the other's twin--elderly, soberly dressed, his only distinction a sword and pistol in his girdle and a white shoulder sash.
@@ -46946,7 +44161,6 @@ that thought, which should have entered my thick head an hour before, sped me fr
 before i reached the corner i was running; and i ran through street after street, sweating with fear.
 but quickly as i went, my thoughts outpaced me.
 my lady was alone save for her women.
-the men were drilling, the waldgrave was in the camp.
 the crowded state of the streets at sunset, and the number of strangers who thronged the city favoured certain kinds of crime; in a great crowd, as in a great solitude, everything is possible.
 i had this in my mind.
 judge, then, of my horror, when, as i approached the ritter strasse, i became aware of a dull, roaring sound; and hastening to turn the corner, saw a large mob gathered in front of our house, and filling the street from wall to wall.
@@ -46996,7 +44210,6 @@ the third gable-end does not belong to it, though doubtless it once did.'
 'no?'
 i exclaimed.
 and for a moment i stood taken aback, cursing my carelessness.
-then i stammered, 'but this third gable--i saw no door in it, herr krapp.'
 'no, the door is in another street,' he answered.
 'or rather it opens on the churchyard at the back of st. austin's.
 so you may have seen her after all.
@@ -47119,50 +44332,27 @@ i thought his occupation an odd one, considering the state of the city; but i ha
 here, sure enough, i found the mouth of a very narrow passage which, starting between the last house and a blind wall, ran in the required direction.
 it was a queer place, scarcely wider than my shoulders, and with two turns so sharp that i remember wondering how they brought their dead out.
 in one part it wound under the timbers of a house; it was dark and somewhat foul, and altogether so ill-favoured a path that i was glad i had brought my arms.
-their independence (crichton and wheaton, i, 375, 376; geijer, pp.
 50, 81, 89, 97, 103), so that they ultimately enabled gustavus vasa to throw off the danish yoke.
-yet they had at first refused to recognise him, being satisfied with their own liberties; and afterwards they gave him much serious trouble (otté, scandinavian history, 1874, pp.
-228, 235; geijer, pp.
 109, 112, 115, 116, 118, 120-24).
-slavery, too, was definitely abolished in sweden as early as 1335 (geijer, pp.
 57, 86; crichton and wheaton, i, 316, 333).
-as regards the regal power, the once dominant theory that the swedish kings in the thirteenth century obtained a grant of all the mines, and of the province of the four great lakes (crichton and wheaton, i, 332), appears to be an entire delusion (geijer, pp.
 51, 52).
 such claims were first enforced by gustavus vasa (id.
-p. 129).
-as regards the clergy, they appear from the first, quâ churchmen, to have been kept in check by the nobles, who kept the great church offices largely in the hands of their own order (geijer, p. 109), though magnus ladulas strove to strengthen the church in his own interest (id.
-pp.
 52-53).
 thus the nobles became specially powerful (id.
-pp.
 50, 56, 108); and when in the fifteenth century sweden was subject to denmark, they specially resented the sacerdotal tyranny (crichton and wheaton, i, 356).
 in sweden, as in the other scandinavian states, however, physical strife and mental stagnation were the ruling conditions.
 down till the sixteenth century her history is pronounced "a wretched detail of civil wars, insurrections, and revolutions, arising principally from the jealousies subsisting between the kings and the people, the one striving to augment their power, the other to maintain their independence.
-"[670] the same may be said of the sister kingdoms, all alike being torn and drained by innumerable strifes of faction and wars with each other.
 the occasional forcible and dynastic unions of crowns came to nothing; and the union of calmar (1397), an attempt to confederate the three kingdoms under one crown, repeatedly collapsed.
 the marvel is that in such an age even the attempt was made.
-the remarkable woman who planned and first effected it, queen margaret of norway, appealed in the first instance with heavy bribes for the co-operation of the clergy,[671] who, especially in sweden, where they preferred the danish rule to the domination of the nobles,[672] were always in favour of it for ecclesiastical reasons.
 had such a union permanently succeeded, it would have eliminated a serious source of positive political evil; but to carry forward scandinavian civilisation under the drawbacks of the medieval difficulty of inter-communication (involving lack of necessary culture-contacts), the natural poverty of the soil, and the restrictive pressure of the catholic church, would have been a task beyond the power of a monarchy comprising three mutually jealous sections.
 as it was, the old strifes recurred almost as frequently as before, and moral union was never developed.
 if historical evidence is to count for anything, the experience of the scandinavian stocks should suffice to discredit once for all the persistent pretence that the "teutonic races" have a faculty for union denied to the celtic, inasmuch as they, apparently the most purely teutonic of all, were even more irreconcilable, less fusible, than the anglo-saxons before the norman conquest and the germans down till our own day, and much more mutually jealous than the quasi-teutonic provinces of the netherlands, which, after the severance of belgium, have latterly lost their extreme repulsions, while those of scandinavia are not yet dead.
-[673] the explanation, of course, is not racial in any case; but it is for those who affirm that capacity for union is a teutonic gift to find a racial excuse.
 with the reformation, though that was nowhere more clearly than in scandinavia a revolution of plunder, there began a new progress, in respect not of any friendliness of the lutheran system to thought and culture, but of the sheer break-up of the intellectual ice of the old regimen.
 in denmark the process is curiously instructive.
-christian ii, personally a capable and reformative but cruel tyrant, aimed throughout his life at reducing the power alike of the clergy and the nobles, and to that end sought on the one hand to abolish serfdom and educate the poor and the burghers,[674] and on the other to introduce lutheranism (1520).
 from the latter attempt he was induced to desist, doubtless surmising that the remedy might for him be a new disease: but on his enforcing the reform of slavery he was rebelled against and forced to fly by the nobility, who thereupon oppressed the people more than ever.
-[675] his uncle and successor, frederick of schleswig-holstein, accepted the mandate of the nobles to the extent of causing to be publicly burned in his presence all the laws of the last reign in favour of the peasants, closing the poor schools throughout the kingdom, burning the new books,[676] and pledging himself to expel lutheranism.
 he seems, however, to have been secretly a protestant, and to have evaded his pledge; and the rapid spread of the new heresy, especially in the cities, brought about a new birth of popular literature in the vernacular, despite the suppression of the schools.
-[677] in a few years' time, frederick, recognising the obvious interest of the crown, and finding the greater nobles in alliance with the clergy, made common cause with the smaller nobility, and so was able (1527) to force on the prelates, who could hope for no better terms from the exiled king, the toleration of protestantism, the permission of marriage to the clergy, and a surrender of a moiety of the tithes.
-[678] a few years later (1530) the monasteries were either stormed by the populace or abandoned by the monks, their houses and lands being divided among the municipalities, the king and his courtiers, and the secular clergy.
-[679] after a stormy interregnum, in which the catholic party made a strenuous reaction, the next king, christian iii, taking the nobles and commons-deputies into partnership, made with their help an end of the catholic system; the remaining lands, castles, and manors of the prelates going to the crown, and the tithes being parcelled among the landowners, the king, and the clergy.
-naturally a large part of the lands, as before, was divided among the nobles,[680] who were in this way converted to protestantism.
 thus whereas heathen kings had originally embraced christianity to enable them to consolidate their power, christian kings embraced protestantism to enable them to recover wealth and power from the catholic church.
-creed all along followed interest;[681] and the people had small concern in the change.
-[682]
 norway, being under the same crown, followed the course of denmark.
-in sweden the powerful gustavus vasa saw himself forced at the outset of his reign to take power and wealth from the church if he would have any of his own; and after the dramatic scene in the diet of westeras (1527), in which he broke out with a passionate vow to renounce the crown if he were not better supported,[683] he carried his point.
-the nobles, being "squared"[684] by permission to resume such of their ancestral lands as had been given to churches and convents since 1454, and by promise of further grants, forced the bishops to consent to surrender to the king their castles and strongholds, and to let him fix their revenues; all which was duly done.
-the monasteries were soon despoiled of nearly all their lands, many of which were seized by or granted in fief to the barons;[685] and the king became head of the church in as full a degree as henry viii in england;[686] sagaciously, and in part unscrupulously, creating for the first time in scandinavia a strong yet not wholly despotic monarchy, with such revenues from many sources[687] as made possible the military power and activity of gustavus adolphus, and later the effort of charles xii to create an "empire"--an effort which, necessarily failing, reduced sweden permanently to her true economic basis.
 apart from those remarkable episodes, the development of the scandinavian states since the sixteenth century has been, on their relatively small scale, that of the normal monarchic community with a variously vigorous democratic element; shaken frequently by civil strife; wasting much strength in insensate wars; losing much through bad kings and gaining somewhat from the good; passing painfully from bigotry to tolerance; getting rid of their old aristocracies and developing new; exhibiting in the mass the northern vice of alcoholism, yet maintaining racial vigour; disproportionately taxing their producers as compared with their non-producers; aiming, nevertheless, at industry and commerce, and suffering from the divisive social influences they entail; meddling in international strifes, till latterly the surrounding powers preponderated too heavily; disunited and normally jealous of each other, even when dynastically united, through stress of crude patriotic prejudice and lack of political science; frequently retrograding, yet in the end steadily progressing in such science as well as in general culture and well-being.
 losses of territory--as finland and schleswig-holstein--at the hands of stronger rivals, and the violent experiences and transitions of the napoleonic period, have left them on a relatively stable and safe basis, albeit still mutually jealous and unable to pass beyond the normal monarchic stage.
 to-day their culture is that of all the higher civilisations, as are their social problems.
@@ -47171,15 +44361,10 @@ in the history of scandinavian culture, however, lie some special illustrations
 the remarkable fact that the first great development of old norse literature occurred in the poor and remote colonial settlement of iceland is significant of much.
 to the retrospective yearning of an exiled people, the desire to preserve every memory of the old life in the fatherland, is to be attributed the grounding of the saga-cult in iceland; and the natural conditions, enforcing long spells of winter leisure, greatly furthered the movement.
 but the finest growth of the new literature, it turns out, is due to culture-contacts--an unexpected confirmation, in a most unlikely quarter, of a general principle arrived at on other data.
-the vigilant study of our own day has detected, standing out from the early icelandic literature, "a group of poems which possess the very qualities of high imagination, deep pathos, fresh love of nature, passionate dramatic power, and noble simplicity of language, which [other] icelandic poetry lacks.
 the solution is that these poems do not belong to iceland at all.
-they are the poetry of the 'western islands'"[688]--that is, the poetry of the meeting and mixing of the "celtic" and scandinavian stocks in ireland and the hebrides--the former already much mixed, and proportionally rich in intellectual variations.
 it was in this area that "a magnificent school of poetry arose, to which we owe works that for power and beauty can be paralleled in no teutonic language till centuries after their date.... this school, which is totally distinct from the icelandic, ran its own course apart and perished before the thirteenth century.
-"[689]
 compare messrs. vigfusson and powell's corpus poeticum boreale, 1883, vol.
 i, introd.
-pp.
-lxii, lxiii; and, as regards the old irish civilisation, the author's saxon and celt, pp.
 127, 128, 131-33.
 the theory of celtic influence, though established in its essentials, is not perfectly consistent as set forth in the britannica article.
 thus, while the celticised literature is remarked for "noble simplicity of language," the true icelandic, primarily like the old english, is said to develop a "complexity of structure and ornament, an elaborate mythological and enigmatical phraseology, and a regularity of rhyme, assonance, luxuriance, quantity, and syllabification which it caught up from the latin and celtic poets."
@@ -47195,9 +44380,6 @@ so continual domestic feuds checked mental evolution in iceland as in old scandi
 mere christianity without progressive conditions of culture availed less for imaginative art than free paganism had done; and when higher culture-contacts became possible, the extreme poverty of iceland tended more than ever to send the enterprising people where the culture and comfort were.
 it is in fact not a possible seat for a relatively flourishing civilisation in the period of peaceful development.
 the reformation seems there to have availed for very little indeed.
-it was vehemently resisted,[690] but carried by the preponderant acquisitive forces: "nearly all who took part in it were men of low type, moved by personal motives rather than religious zeal.
-"[691] "the glebes and hospital lands were a fresh power in the hands of the crown, and the subservient lutheran clergy became the most powerful class in the island; while the bad system of underleasing at rack-rent and short lease with unsecured tenant-right extended in this way over at least a quarter of the better land, stopping any possible progress."
-for the rest, "the reformation had produced a real poet [hallgrim petersen], but the material rise of iceland"--that is, the recent improvements in the condition of the people--"has not yet done so,"[692] though poetry is still cultivated in iceland very much as music is elsewhere.
 thus this one little community may be said to have reached the limits of its evolution, as compared with others, simply because of the strait natural conditions in which its lot was cast.
 but to think of it as a tragically moribund organism is merely to proceed upon the old hallucinations of race-consciousness.
 men reared in iceland have done their part in making european civilisation, entering the more southerly scandinavian stocks as these entered the stocks of western europe; and the present population, who are a remnant, have no more cause to hang their heads than any family that happens to have few members or to have missed wealth.
@@ -47205,42 +44387,26 @@ failure is relative only to pretension or purpose.
 the modern revival of scandinavian culture, as must needs be, is the outcome of all the european influences.
 at the close of the sixteenth century, in more or less friendly intercourse with the other protestant countries of north europe, denmark began effectively to develop a literature such as theirs, imaginative and scientific, in the vernacular as well as in latin; and so the development went on while sweden was gaining military glory with little enlightenment.
 then a rash attack upon sweden ended in a loss of some of the richest danish provinces (1658); whereafter a sudden parliamentary revolution, wrought by a league of king and people against the aristocracy, created not a constitutional but an absolute and hereditary monarchy (1660), enthroning divine right at the same instant in denmark and norway as in england.
-thereafter, deprived of their old posts and subjected to ruinous taxes, the nobility fell rapidly into poverty;[693] and the merchant class, equally overtaxed, withdrew their capital; the peasantry all the while remaining in a state of serfdom.
-[694] then came a new series of wars with sweden, recurring through generations, arresting, it is said, literature, law, philosophy, and medicine,[695] but not the natural sciences, then so much in evidence elsewhere: tycho brahe being followed in astronomy by horrebow, while chemistry, mathematics, and even anatomy made progress.
 but to this period belongs the brilliant dramatist and historian holberg, the first great man of letters in modern scandinavia (d. 1754); and in the latter half of the eighteenth century the two years of ascendency of the freethinking physician struensee as queen's favourite (1770-72) served partially to emancipate the peasants, establish religious toleration, abolish torture, and reform the administration.
-nor did his speedy overthrow and execution wholly undo his main work,[696] which outdid that of many generations of the old régime.
 still, the history of his rise and fall, his vehement speed of reconstruction and the ruinous resistance it set up, is one of the most dramatic of the many warnings of history against thinking suddenly to elevate a nation by reforms imposed wholly from without.
-[697]
 thenceforward, with such fluctuations as mark all culture-history, the scandinavian world has progressed mentally nearly step for step with the rest of europe, producing scholars, historians, men of science, artists, and imaginative writers in more than due proportion.
-many names which stand for solid achievement in the little-read scandinavian tongues are unknown save to specialists elsewhere; but those of holberg, linnæus, malte-brun, rask, niebuhr, madvig, oehlenschläger, thorwaldsen, and swedenborg tell of a comprehensive influence on the thought and culture of europe during a hundred years in which europe was being reborn; and in our own day some of the greatest imaginative literature of the modern world comes from norway, long the most backward of the group.
 ibsen, one of a notable company of masters, stood at the head of the drama of the nineteenth century; and the society which sustained him, however he may have satirised it, is certificated abreast of its age.
  § 5
 in one aspect the scandinavian polities have a special lesson for the larger nations.
 they have perforce been specially exercised latterly, as of old, by the problem of population; and in norway there was formerly made one of the notable, if not one of the best, approaches to a practical solution of it.
-malthus long ago[698] noted the norwegian marriage-rate as the lowest in europe save that of switzerland; and he expressed the belief that in his day norway was "almost the only country in europe where a traveller will hear any apprehension expressed of a redundant population, and where the danger to the happiness of the lower classes of people is in some degree seen and understood.
-"[699] this state of things having long subsisted, there is a presumption that it persists uninterruptedly from pagan times, when, as we have seen, there existed a deliberate population-policy; for christian habits of mind can nowhere be seen to have set up such a tendency, and it would be hard to show in the history of norway any great political change which might effect a rapid revolution in the domestic habits of the peasantry, such as occurred in france after the revolution.
 broadly speaking, the mass of the norwegian people had till the last century continued to live under those external or domiciliary restraints on multiplication which were normal in rural europe in the middle ages, and which elsewhere have been removed by industrialism; yet without suffering latterly from a continuance of the severer medieval destructive checks.
 they must, therefore, have put a high degree of restraint on marriage, and probably observed parental prudence in addition.
 when it is found that in sweden, where the conditions and usages were once similar, there was latterly at once less prudential restraint on marriage and population, and a lower standard of material well-being, the two cases are seen to furnish a kind of experimentum crucis.
 the comparatively late maintenance of a powerful military system in sweden having there prolonged the methods of aristocratic and bureaucratic control while they were being modified in denmark-norway, swedish population in the eighteenth century was subject to artificial stimulus.
 from about the year 1748, the government set itself, on the ordinary empirical principle of militarism, to encourage population.
-[700] among its measures were the variously wise ones of establishing medical colleges and lying-in and foundling hospitals, the absolute freeing of the internal trade in grain, and the withdrawal in 1748 of an old law limiting the number of persons allowed to each farm.
 the purpose of that law had been to stimulate population by spreading tillage; but the spare soil being too unattractive, the young people emigrated.
-on the law being abolished, population did increase considerably, rising between 1751 and 1800 from 1,785,727 to 2,347,308,[701] though some severe famines had occurred within the period.
 but in the year 1799, when malthus visited the country, the increased population suffered from famine very severely indeed, living mainly and miserably on bark bread.
-[702] it was one of malthus's great object-lessons in his science.
-on one side a poor country was artificially over-populated; on the other, the people of norway, an even poorer country, directly and indirectly[703] restrained their rate of increase, while the government during a long period wrought to the same end by the adjustment of its military system and by making a certificate of earning power or income necessary for all marriages.
-[704] the result was that, save in the fishing districts, where speculative conditions encouraged early marriages and large families, the norwegian population were better off than the swedish.
-[705]
 already in malthus' youth the norwegian-danish policy had been altered, all legal and military restrictions on marriage having been withdrawn; and he notes that fears were expressed as to the probable results.
 it is one of his shortcomings to have entirely abstained from subsequent investigation of the subject; and in his late addendum as to the state of sweden in 1826 he further fails to note that as a result of a creation there after 1803 of 6,000 new farms from land formerly waste, the country ceased to need to import corn and was able to export a surplus.
-[706] it still held good, however, that the norwegian population, being from persistence of prudential habit[707] much the slower in its rate of increase, had the higher standard of comfort, despite much spread of education in sweden.
 within the past half-century the general development of commerce and of industry has tended broadly to equalise the condition of the scandinavian peoples.
 as late as 1835 a scarcity would suffice to drive the norwegian peasantry to the old subsistence of bark bread, a ruinous resort, seeing that it destroyed multitudes of trees of which the value, could the timber have found a market, would have far exceeded that of a quantity of flour yielding much more and better food.
 at that period the british market was closed by duties imposed in the interest of the canadian timber trade.
-[708] since the establishment of british free trade, norwegian timber has become a new source of wealth; and through this and other and earlier commercial developments prudential family habits were affected.
 thus, whereas the population of sweden had all but doubled between 1800 and 1880, the population of norway had grown even faster.
-[709] and whereas in 1834 the proportion of illegitimate to legitimate births in stockholm was 1 to 2.26[710] (one of the results of foundling hospitals, apparently), in 1890 the total swedish rate was slightly below 1 to 10, while in norway it was 1 to 14. the modern facilities for emigration have further affected conjugal habits.
 latterly, however, there are evidences of a new growth of intelligent control.
 in recent years the statistics of emigration and population tell a fairly plain story.
 in norway and sweden alike the excess of births over deaths reached nearly its highest in 1887, the figures being 63,942 for sweden and 29,233 for norway.
@@ -47254,7 +44420,6 @@ in 1911 the population was 2,775,076--a rapid rise; and in 1910 the surplus of b
 here, then, is a group of kindred peoples apparently at least as capable of reaching a solution of the social problem as any other, and visibly prospering materially and morally in proportion as they bring reason to bear on the vital lines of conduct, though still in the stage of curing over-population by emigration.
 given continued peaceful political evolution in the direction first of democratic federation, and further of socialisation of wealth, they may reach and keep the front rank in civilisation, while the more unmanageably large communities face risks of dire vicissitude.
 footnotes:
-[footnote 638: as in carlyle's early kings of norway, the caput mortuum of his historical method.
 much more instructive works on scandinavian history are available to the english reader.
 the two volumes on scandinavia by crichton and wheaton (1837) are not yet superseded, though savouring strongly of the conservatism of their period.
 dunham, who rapidly produced, for gardner's cabinet cyclopædia series, histories of spain and portugal (5 vols.
@@ -47269,242 +44434,73 @@ in one of trans.
 1878).
 otté's scandinavian history, 1874, is an unpretending and unliterary but well-informed work, which may be used to check crichton and wheaton.
 the more recent work of mr. r. nisbet bain, scandinavia: a political history of denmark, norway, and sweden from 1513 to 1900 (camb.
-univ.
 press, 1905), is useful for the period covered, but has little sociological value.
 for the history of ancient scandinavian literature, the introduction to vigfusson and powell's corpus poeticum boreale (1883), and prof. powell's article on icelandic literature in the 10th ed.
 of the encyclopædia britannica, are preferable to schweitzer's geschichte der skandinavischen literatur (1886, 2 bde.
-), which, however, is useful for the modern period.]
-[footnote 639: see geijer's history of the swedes, eng.
 tr.
 of pt.
 i, 1-vol.
 ed.
-p. 30, as to the special persistence in scandinavia of the early religious conception of kingship.
-cp.
-crichton and wheaton's scandinavia, 1837, i, 157.]
-[footnote 640: such new testament passages as rom.
-xiii, 1-7, and titus iii, 1, seem to have been penned or interpolated expressly to propitiate the roman government.]
-[footnote 641: it was by entirely overlooking this historic fact that m. fustel de coulanges, in the last chapter of his cité antique, was able to propound a theory of historic christianity as something extra-political.
-he there renounced the inductive method for a pure ecclesiastical apriorism, and the result is a very comprehensive sociological misconception.]
-[footnote 642: geijer, pp.
-31, 33; crichton and wheaton, i, 102, 104, 183, 184.]
-[footnote 643: tacitus, germania, cc.
-7, 11.]
-[footnote 644: cp.
 zschokke, des schweizerlands geschichte, c. 7, as to the psychological effect of an organised worship in a great building on heathens without any such centre.
-and see the frank admission of j.r. green, short history, p. 54, that among the anglo-saxons "religion had told against political independence."]
-[footnote 645: cp.
 c.f.
-allen, history of denmark, french tr., copenhagen, 1878, i, 55, 56.]
-[footnote 646: crichton and wheaton, scandinavia, i, 129-32; hardwick, church history: middle age, 1853, p. 115. knut was a great supporter of missionaries.
-hardwick attributes to gorm a "bitter hatred" of the church, and also "violence," but gives no details.]
-[footnote 647: even svend is said to have laboured for christianity in his latter years--another suggestion that it was found to answer monarchic purposes.
-see hardwick, p. 115, note 9.]
-[footnote 648: cp.
 dasent, introd.
-to the burnt njal, p.
-ix.]
-[footnote 649: hardwick, as cited, p.
-117.]
-[footnote 650: hardwick, as cited.]
-[footnote 651: a warlike priest of bremen is said to have converted him in germany; and he was baptised in the scilly islands, which he had visited on a piratical expedition.
 finally he was confirmed in england, which he promised to treat in future as a friendly state.
-(id.
-ib.)]
-[footnote 652: crichton and wheaton, i, 151.]
-[footnote 653: cp.
 hardwick.
-p. 118, note 3.]
-[footnote 654: though this was often of the most brutal description, there were some comparatively "mild-mannered" pirates, who rarely "cut a throat or scuttled ship."
-see c.-f. allen, histoire de danemark, i, 21.]
-[footnote 655: geijer, history of sweden, eng.
 tr.
-p.
-31.]
-[footnote 656: it is actually on record that the practice long subsisted in iceland, despite the efforts of st. olaf to suppress it.
-hardwick, church history: middle age, p. 119, note, citing torfaens, hist.
 norveg.
 ii, 2, and neander.
 among the slavonic pomeranians in the twelfth century it was still common to destroy female children at birth.
 id.
-p. 224, note.]
-[footnote 657: cp.
 c.-f. allen, histoire de danemark, fr.
 tr.
-1878, i, 20.]
-[footnote 658: "qu'est-ce que c'est que l'angleterre?
-une colonie français mal tournée."]
-[footnote 659: thus rolf the ganger fared forth to france because harold fairhair would not suffer piracy on any territory acquired by him.]
-[footnote 660: essay on the principle of population, 7th ed.
-p.
-139.]
-[footnote 661: crichton and wheaton, i, 254. dr. ph.
 schweitzer (geschichte der skandinavischen literatur, § 19), makes the surprising statement that the quantity of old coins found in scandinavia (over 100,000 within the last century) proves that the ancient scandinavian commerce was very great (ein ganz grossartiger).
-his own account of the occasional barter of the vikings shows that there was nothing "grossartig" about it, and the coins prove nothing beyond piracy.]
-[footnote 662: crichton and wheaton, i, 263, 287.]
-[footnote 663: id.
-pp.
-251, 252, 277, 377.]
-[footnote 664: id.
-pp.
-304, 305, 311.]
-[footnote 665: id.
-ii, 350. cp.
 laing, journal of a residence in norway (1834-36), ed.
-1851, p. 135. bain, however, pronounces that in norway in the latter part of the fifteenth century "the peasantry were mostly thralls" (scandinavia, 1905, p.
-10).]
-[footnote 666: crichton and wheaton, i, 305, 310.]
-[footnote 667: id.
-p. 332; geijer, p.
-135.]
-[footnote 668: geijer, pp.
-88, 91; crichton and wheaton, i, 331.]
-[footnote 669: crichton and wheaton, i, 324.]
-[footnote 670: crichton and wheaton, i, 331.]
-[footnote 671: id.
-p.
-336.]
-[footnote 672: geijer, pp.
-100, 109; otté, scandinavian history, 1874, p.
-252.]
-[footnote 673: cp.
 milman, latin christianity, 4th ed.
 ii, 225, on anglo-saxon separatism.
-since this was written there has taken place the decisive separation between norway and sweden.]
-[footnote 674: otté, scandinavian history, 1874, pp.
 214-18. himself an excellent latinist, he sought to raise the learned professions, and compelled the burghers to give their children schooling under penalty of heavy fines.
 he further caused new and better books to be prepared for the public schools, and stopped witch-burning.
-cp.
-allen, histoire de danemark, i, 281.]
-[footnote 675: crichton and wheaton, i, 377-79, 383; allen, as cited, i, 286, 310.]
-[footnote 676: otté, p. 222; allen, i, 287, 290.]
-[footnote 677: crichton and wheaton, i, 384-86; allen, pp.
-287-90.]
-[footnote 678: allen, i, 299, 300.]
-[footnote 679: crichton and wheaton, pp.
 386, 387. these writers suppress the details as to frederick's anti-popular action; and otté's history, giving these, omits all mention of his act of toleration.
-allen's is the best account, i, 293, 299, 301, 305.]
-[footnote 680: crichton and wheaton, pp.
-394-96; otté, pp.
 222-24. according to some accounts, the great bulk of the spoils went to the nobility.
 villers, essay on the reformation, eng.
 tr.
-1836, p.
-105.]
-[footnote 681: it is notable that even in the thirteenth century there was a norwegian king (erik) called the priest-hater, because of his efforts to make the clergy pay taxes.]
-[footnote 682: "the bulk of the people, at least in the first instance, and especially in sweden and norway, were by no means disposed to look to wittenberg rather than to rome for spiritual guidance" (bain, scandinavia, p. 86; cp.
-pp.
-60, 64).]
-[footnote 683: geijer, p. 177; otté, p.
-234.]
-[footnote 684: as the king wrote later to an acquisitive noble: "to strip churches, convents, and prebends of estates, manors, and chattels, thereto are all full willing and ready; and after such a fashion is every man a christian and evangelical"--i.e.
 lutheran.
-geijer, p. 126. cp.
-p. 129 as to the practice of spoliation.]
-[footnote 685: geijer, pp.
-119, 129.]
-[footnote 686: id.
-p. 125; otté, p. 236. the prelates were no longer admitted to any political offices, though the bishops and pastors sat together in the diet.]
-[footnote 687: see geijer, pp.
-129-36.]
-[footnote 688: prof. york powell, article on icelandic literature, in encyclopædia britannica, 10th ed.
 xii, 621; 11th ed.
-xiv, 233.]
-[footnote 689: id.
-(11th ed.
-xiv, 234).]
-[footnote 690: bain, scandinavia, pp.
-100-1.]
-[footnote 691: powell, article on icelandic literature, ency.
 brit.
 10th ed.
-xii, 621.]
-[footnote 692: id.
-p.
-623.]
-[footnote 693: shaftesbury (characteristics, ed.
-1900, ii, 262) writes in 1713 of "that forlorn troop of begging gentry extant in denmark or sweden, since the time that those nations lost their liberties."]
-[footnote 694: crichton and wheaton, ii, 104.]
-[footnote 695: id.
-ii, 321-22.]
-[footnote 696: laing in 1839 (tour in sweden, p. 13) thought the danes as backward as they had been in 1660, quoting the ambassador molesworth as to the effect of lutheran protestantism in destroying danish liberties (pp.
 10, 11).
 but it is hard to see that there were any popular liberties to destroy, save in so far as the party which set up the reformation undid the popular laws of christian ii.
-the greatest social reforms in denmark are certainly the work of the last half-century.]
-[footnote 697: it will be remembered that the marquis of pombal, in portugal, at the same period, was similarly overthrown after a much longer and non-scandalous reformatory rule, the queen being his enemy.]
-[footnote 698: his particulars were gathered during a tour he made in 1799. thus the norse practice he notes had been independent of any effect produced by his own essay.]
-[footnote 699: essay on the principle of population, 7th ed.
-pp.
-126, 133.]
-[footnote 700: this was doubtless owing to the loss of finland (1742), a circumstance not considered by malthus.]
-[footnote 701: malthus (p. 141) gives higher and clearly erroneous figures for both periods, and contradicts them later (p. 143) with figures which he erroneously applies to sweden and finland.
-he seems to have introduced the latter words in the wrong passage.]
-[footnote 702: id.
-p.
-141.]
-[footnote 703: see p. 131 as to the restrictions on subdivision of farms by way of safeguarding the forests.]
-[footnote 704: id.
-p. 126. a priest would often refuse to marry a couple who had no good prospect of a livelihood: so far could rational custom affect even ecclesiastical practice.]
-[footnote 705: cp.
 crichton and wheaton, ii, 339-50; laing, journal of a residence in norway (1834-36), ed.
-1851, pp.
-22, 23, 34, 35, 191, 214.]
-[footnote 706: crichton and wheaton, ii, 345. laing (tour in sweden, pp.
-277-82) thought the swedish peasants better off than the scotch, though morally inferior to the norwegian.]
-[footnote 707: laing, norway, p.
-213.]
-[footnote 708: laing, as cited, p. 220; crichton and wheaton, ii, 368.]
-[footnote 709: sweden in 1800 stood at 2,347,303; in 1880, at 4,565,668; in 1900, at 5,136,441. estimate for 1910, 5,521,943. norway in 1815 stood at 886,656; in 1910 at 2,391,782.]
-[footnote 710: laing, as cited, p. 103, note.]
  chapter iii
 the hansa
  systematic commerce in the north of europe, broadly speaking, begins with the traffic of the hansa towns, whose rise may be traced to the sudden development of civic life forced on germany in the tenth century by the emperor henry i, as a means of withstanding the otherwise irresistible raids of the hungarians.
-[711] once founded, such cities for their own existence' sake gave freedom to all fugitive serfs who joined them, defending such against former masters, and giving them the chance of earning a living.
-[712] that is by common consent the outstanding origin of german civic industry, and the original conditions were such that the cities, once formed, were gradually forced[713] to special self-reliance.
 faustrecht, or private war, was universal, even under emperors who suppressed feudal brigandage; and the cities had to fight their own battle, like those of italy, from the beginning.
 as compared with the robber baronage and separate princes, they stood for intelligence and co-operation, and supplied a basis for organisation without which the long german chaos of the middle ages would have been immeasurably worse.
 taking their commercial cue from the cities of italy, they reached, as against feudal enemies, a measure of peaceful union which the less differentiated italian cities could not attain save momentarily.
 the decisive conditions were that whereas in italy the enemies were manifold--sometimes feudal nobles, sometimes the emperor, sometimes the pope--the german cities had substantially one objective, the protection of trade from the robber-knights.
 thus, as early as the year 1284, seventy cities of south germany formed the rhenish league, on which followed that of the swabian towns.
 the league of the hansa cities, like the other early "hansa of london," which united cities of flanders and france with mercantile london, was a growth on all fours with these.
-[714] starting, however, in maritime towns which grew to commerce from beginnings in fishing, as the earlier scandinavians had grown to piracy, the northern league gave its main strength to trade by sea.
-its special interest for us to-day lies in the fact that it was ultra-racial, beginning in 1241 in a pact between the free cities of lübeck and hamburg,[715] and finally including wendish, german, dutch, french, and even spanish cities, in fluctuating numbers.
 the motive to union, as it had need be, was one of mercantile gain.
-beginning, apparently, by having each its separate authorised hansa or trading-group in foreign cities, the earlier trading-towns of the group, perhaps from the measure of co-operation and fraternity thus forced on them abroad,[716] saw their advantage in a special league for the common good as a monopoly maintained against outsiders; and this being extended, the whole league came to bear the generic name.
 see kohlrausch for the theory that contact in foreign cities is the probable cause of the policy of union (history of germany, eng.
-tr., p. 260; cp.
 ashley, introd.
 to economic history, i, 104, 110).
 as to the origin of the word, see stubbs, i, 447, note.
 the hans or hansa first appears historically in england as a name apparently identical with gild; and, starting with a hansa or hanse-house of their own, english cities in some cases are found trading through subordinate hansas in other cities, not only of normandy but of england itself.
 thus arose the flemish hansa or "hansa of london," ignored in so many notices of the better-known hanseatic league.
 early in the thirteenth century it included a number of the towns of flanders engaged in the english wool-trade; and later it numbered at one time seventeen towns, including chalons, rheims, st. quentin, cambray, and amiens (ashley, introd.
-to economic history, i, 109; cp.
 prof. schanz, englische handelspolitik, 1889, i, 6, citing varenbergh, hist.
-des relations diplomatiques entre le comte de flandre et l'angleterre au moyen âge, bruxelles, 1874, p. 146 sq.).
 there is some obscurity as to when the foreign hansards were first permitted to have warehouses and residences of their own in london.
-cp.
 cunningham, growth of english industry and commerce, vol.
 i, § 68; and ashley, i, 105, following schanz, who dates this privilege in the reign of henry iii, though the merchants of cologne (id.
-p. 110) had a hansa or gildhall in london in the reign of richard i. under whatever conditions, it is clear that london was one of the first foreign cities in which the german hansard traders came in friendly contact.
 a reciprocal and normal egoism furthered as well as thwarted the hansard enterprise.
 trade in the feudal period being a ground of privilege like any other, the monopolied merchants of every city strove to force foreign traders to deal with them only.
-on the other hand, the english nobility sought to deal rather with the foreigner directly than with the english middlemen; and thus in each feudal country, but notably in england,[717] the interest of the landed class tended to throw foreign trade substantially in foreign hands, which did their best to hold it.
-in the reigns of the edwards privileges of free trade with natives were gradually conferred on the foreign traders[718] in the interests of the landed class--the only "general consumers" who could then make their claims felt--in despite of the angry resistance of the native merchant class.
-for the rest, in a period when some maritime english cities, like those of france and germany, could still carry on private wars with each other as well as with foreign cities,[719] a trader of one english town was in any other english town on all fours with a foreigner.
-[720] when, therefore, the foreigners combined, their advantage over the native trade was twofold.
 naturally the cities least liable to regal interference carried on a cosmopolitan co-operation to the best advantage.
-the hansa of london, being made up of flemish and french cities, was hampered by the divided allegiance of its members and by their national jealousies;[721] while the german cities, sharing in the free german scramble under a nominal emperor much occupied in italy, could combine with ease.
-cologne, having early hansa rights in london, sought to exclude the other cities, but had to yield and join their union;[722] and the hansa of london dwindled and broke up before their competition.
 as the number of leagued cities increased, it might be thought, something in the nature of an ideal of free trade must have partly arisen, for the number of "privileged" towns was thus apparently greater than that of the outside towns traded with.
 to the last, however, the faith seems to have been that without monopoly the league must perish; and in the closing protestant period the command of the baltic, as against the dutch and the scandinavians, was desperately and vainly battled for.
 but just as the cities could not escape the play of the other political forces of the time, and were severally clutched by this or that potentate, or biassed to their own stock, so they could not hinder that the principle of self-seeking on which they founded should divide themselves.
 as soon as the dutch affiliated cities saw their opening for trade in the baltic on their own account, they broke away.
 while the league lasted, it was as remarkable a polity as any in history.
-with its four great foreign factories of bruges, london, bergen, and novgorod, and its many minor stations, all conducted by celibate servitors living together like so many bodies of friars;[723] with its four great circles of affiliated towns, and its triennial and other congresses, the most cosmopolitan of european parliaments; with its military and naval system, by which, turning its trading into fighting fleets, it made war on scandinavian kings and put down piracy on every hand--it was in its self-seeking and often brutal way one of the popular civilising influences of northern europe for some two hundred and fifty years; and the very forces of separate national commerce, which finally undermined it, were set up or stimulated by its own example.
 with less rapacity, indeed, it might have conciliated populations that it alienated.
 a lack of any higher ideals than those of zealous commerce marks its entire career; it is associated with no such growth of learning and the fine arts as took place in commercial holland; and its members seem to have been among the most unrefined of the northern city populations.
-[724] but it made for progress on the ordinary levels.
 in a world wholly bent on privilege in all directions, it at least tempered its own spirit of monopoly in some measure by its principle of inclusion; and it passed away as a great power before it could dream of renewing the ideal of monopoly in the more sinister form of oriental empire taken up by the dutch.
 and, while its historians have not been careful to make a comparative study of the internal civic life which flourished under the commercial union, it does not at all appear that the divisions of classes were more steep, or the lot of the lower worse, than in any northern european state of the period.
 the "downfall" of such a polity, then, is conceptual only.
@@ -47512,59 +44508,25 @@ all the realities of life evolved by the league were passed on to its constituen
 in an age of private war, without transcending the normal ethic, it practically limited private war as regarded its german members; and while joining battle at need with half-barbarian northern kings, or grudging foreigners, it of necessity made peace its ideal.
 its dissolution, therefore, marked at once the advance of national organisation up to its level, and the persistence of the more primitive over the more rational instincts of coalition.
 footnotes:
-[footnote 711: menzel, geschichte der deutschen, bk.
-ix, cap.
 147; kohlrausch, history of germany, eng.
-tr., pp.
 157, 162, 257; dunham, history of the germanic empire, 1835, i, 108; sharon turner, history of europe during the middle ages, 2nd ed.
-i, 13. the main authority is the old annalist wittikind.]
-[footnote 712: heeren, essai sur l'influence des croisades, 1808, pp.
 269-72; smith, wealth of nations, bk.
 iii, ch.
-3.]
-[footnote 713: as to the process of evolution, see a good summary in robertson's view of the progress of society in europe (prefixed to his charles v), note xvii to sect.
-i.]
-[footnote 714: the spanish hermandad was originally an organisation of cities set up in similar fashion.
-e. armstrong, introduction to major martin hume's spain, 1898, p.
-12.]
-[footnote 715: lübeck was founded in 1140 by a count of holstein, and won its freedom in the common medieval fashion by purchase.
 hamburg bought its freedom of its bishop in 1225. hallam, middle ages, 11th ed.
 iii, 324. many dutch, supposed to have been driven from their own land by an inundation, settled on the baltic coast between bremen and dantzic in the twelfth century.
-heeren, essai sur les croisades, 1808, pp.
 266-69, citing leibnitz and hoche.
-cp.
 g.h.
-schmidt, zur agrargeschichte lübecks, 1887, p. 30 sq.]
-[footnote 716: "the league ... would scarcely have held long together or displayed any real federal unity but for the pressure of external dangers" (art.
 "hanseatic league" in ency.
 brit., 10th ed.
-xi, 450).]
-[footnote 717: cp.
-ashley, as cited, i, 104-112; schanz, as cited, i, 331.]
-[footnote 718: cp.
-w. von ochenkowski, englands wirtschaftliche entwickelung im ausgange des mittelalters, 1879. pp.
-177-82, 221-31. cp.
 the author's trade and tariffs, pt.
 ii, ch.
-ii, § 1.]
-[footnote 719: hallam, middle ages, iii, 335. on private war in general see robertson's view, note 21 to § i.]
-[footnote 720: ashley, i, 108, 109.]
-[footnote 721: whereas in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries england and flanders had freely exchanged trading privileges, in the fifteenth century they begin to withdraw them, treating each other as trading rivals (schanz, i, 7, 8).]
-[footnote 722: ashley, i, 110.]
-[footnote 723: this principle may have been copied from the practice of the lombard umiliati.
 the common account of that order is that when in 1014 the emperor banished a number of lombards, chiefly milanese, into germany, they formed themselves into a religious society, called "the humbled," and in that corporate capacity devoted themselves to various trades, in particular to wool-working.
 returning to milan in 1019, they developed their organisation there.
 down to 1140 all the members were laymen; but thereafter priests were placed in control.
 for long the organisation was in high repute both for commercial skill and for culture.
-ultimately, like all other corporate orders, they grew corrupt; and in 1571 they were suppressed by pius v. (pignotti, hist.
 of tuscany, eng.
 trans.
-1823, pp.
-266-67, note, following tiraboschi.)]
-[footnote 724: in such accounts as m'culloch's (treatises and essays) and those of the german patriotic historians the hansa is seen in a rather delusive abstract.
 the useful monograph of miss zimmern (the hansa towns: story of the nations series) gives a good idea of the reality.
-see in particular pp.
-82-147. it should be noted, however, that lübeck is credited with being the first northern town to adopt the oriental usage of water-pipes (macpherson, annals of commerce, 1802, i, 381).]
  chapter iv
 holland
 note on literature
@@ -47600,7 +44562,6 @@ dutch works on the history of the low countries in general, and the united provi
 the good general history of the netherlands by n.g.
 van kampen, which appeared in german in the series of heeren and uckert (1831-33), is only partially superseded by the geschichte der niederlande of wenzelburger (bd.
 i, 1879; ii, 1886), which is not completed.
-but the most readable general history of the netherlands yet produced is that of p.j.
 blok, geschiedenis van het nederlandsche volk (1892, etc.
 ), of which there is a competent but unfortunately abridged english translation (putnams, vol.
 i, 1898).
@@ -47622,92 +44583,49 @@ here was a harvest that enemies could not destroy, that demanded no ploughing an
 when war and devastation could absolutely depopulate the cultivated land, forcing all men to flee from famine, the sea for ever yielded some return to him who could but get afloat with net or line; and he who could sail the sea had a double chance of life and freedom as against land enemies.
 thus a sea marsh could be humanly advantaged as against a fruitful plain, and could be a surer dwelling-place.
 the tables were first effectually turned when the norse pirates attacked from the sea--an irresistible inroad which seems to have driven the sea-board frisians (as it did the coast inhabitants of france) in crowds into slavery for protection, thus laying a broad foundation of popular serfdom.
-[725] when, however, the norse empire began to fail, the sea as a source of sustenance again counted for civilisation; and when to this natural basis of population and subsistence there was added the peculiar stimulus set up by a religious inculcation or encouragement of a fish diet, the fishing-grounds of the continent became relatively richer estates than mines and vineyards.
 venice and holland alike owed much to the superstition which made christians akreophagous on fridays and fast-days and all through the forty days of lent.
-when the plan of salting herrings was hit upon,[726] all christian europe helped to make the fortunes of the fisheries.
 net-making may have led to weaving; in any case weaving is the first important industry developed in the low countries.
 it depended mainly on the wool of england; and on the basis of the ancient seafaring there thus arose a sea-going commerce.
-[727] further, the position of flanders,[728] as a trade-centre for northern and southern europe, served to make it a market for all manner of produce; and round such a market population and manufactures grew together.
-it belonged to the conditions that, though the territory came under feudal rule like every other in the medieval military period, the cities were relatively energetic all along,[729] theirs being (after the dark ages, when the work was largely done by the church) the task of maintaining the sea-dykes[730] and water-ways, and theirs the wealth on which alone the feudal over-lords could hope to flourish in an unfruitful land.
-the over-lords, on their part, saw the expediency of encouraging foreigners to settle and add to their taxable population,[731] thus establishing the tradition of political tolerance long before the protestant period.
-hence arose in the netherlands, after the renaissance, the phenomenon of a dense industrial population flourishing on a soil which finally could not be made to feed them,[732] and carrying on a vast shipping trade without owning a single good harbour and without possessing home-grown timber wherewith to build their ships, or home-products to freight them.
-[733]
 one of the determinants of this growth on a partially democratic footing was clearly the primary and peculiar necessity for combination by the inhabitants to maintain the great sea-dykes, the canals, and the embankments of the low-lying river-lands in the interior.
-[734] it was a public bond in peace, over and above the normal tie of common enmities.
-the result was a development of civic life still more rapid and more marked in inland flanders,[735] where the territorial feudal power was naturally greater than in the maritime dutch provinces.
 self-ruling cities, such as ghent and antwerp, at their meridian, were too powerful to be effectively menaced by their immediate feudal lords.
 but on the side of their relations with neighbouring cities or states they all exhibited the normal foible; and it was owing only to the murderous compulsion put upon them by spain in the sixteenth century that any of the provinces of the netherlands became a federal republic.
 for five centuries after charlemagne, who subdued them to his system, the low countries had undergone the ordinary slow evolution from pure feudalism to the polity of municipalities.
-in the richer inland districts the feudal system, lay and clerical, was at its height, the baronial castles being "here more numerous than in any other part of christendom";[736] and when the growing cities began to feel their power to buy charters, the feudal formula was unchallenged,[737] while the mass of the outside population were in the usual "teutonic" state of partial or complete serfdom.
 it was only by burning their suburbs and taking to the walled fortress that the people of utrecht escaped the yoke of the norsemen.
-[738]
 mr. torrens m'cullagh is responsible for the statement that "it seems doubtful whether any portion of the inhabitants of holland were ever in a state of actual servitude or bondage," and that the northern provinces were more generally free from slavery than the others (industrial history of the free nations, 1846, ii, 39).
-motley (rise of the dutch republic, as cited, pp.
 17, 18) pronounces, on the contrary, that "in the northern netherlands the degraded condition of the mass continued longest," and that "the number of slaves throughout the netherlands was very large; the number belonging to the bishopric of utrecht enormous."
-this is substantially borne out by grattan, netherlands, pp.
 18, 34; blok, geschiedenis van het nederlandsche volk, i, 159, 160, 305-11, eng.
 tr.
-i, 203-8; wauters, les libertés communales, 1878, pp.
 222-30. as is noted by blok, the status of the peasantry fluctuated, the thirteenth century being one of partial retrogression.
-cp.
-pp.
 318, 319, as to the general depression of the peasant class.
 the great impulse to slavery, as above noted, seems to have been given by the norse pirates in general and the later norman invaders, who, under godfrey, forced every "free" frisian to wear a halter.
 the comparative protection accruing to slaves of the church was embraced by multitudes.
 in the time of the crusades, again, many serfs were sold or mortgaged to the church by the nobles in order to obtain funds for their expedition.
-the cities were thus the liberating and civilising forces;[739] and the application of townsmen's capital to the land was an early influence in improving rural conditions.
-[740] but there was no escape from the fatality of strife in the teutonic any more than in the ancient greek or in the contemporary italian world.
-flanders, having the large markets of france at hand, developed its clothmaking and other industries more rapidly than the frisian districts, where weaving was probably earlier carried on;[741] and here serfdom disappeared comparatively early,[742] the nobility dwindling through their wars; but the new industrial strifes of classes, which grew up everywhere in the familiar fashion, naturally matured the sooner in the more advanced civilisation; and already at the beginning of the fourteenth century we find a resulting disintegration.
-the monopoly methods of the trade gilds drove much of the weaving industry into the villages; then the franco-flemish wars, wherein the townspeople, by expelling the french in despite of the nobility, greatly strengthened their position,[743] nevertheless tended, as did the subsequent civil wars, to drive trade into south brabant.
 in flemish ghent and bruges the clashing interests of weavers and woollen-traders, complicated by the strife of the french (aristocratic) and anti-french (popular) factions, led to riots in which citizens and magistrates were killed (1301).
 at times these enmities reached the magnitude of civil war.
 at ypres (1303) a combination of workmen demanded the suppression of rival industries in neighbouring villages, and in an ensuing riot the mayor and all the magistrates were slain; at bruges (1302) a trade riot led to the loss of fifteen hundred lives.
-[744] when later the weaving trade had flourished in brabant, the same fatality came about: plebeians rebelled against patrician magistrates--themselves traders or employers of labour--in the principal cities; and brussels (1312) was for a time given up to pillage and massacre, put down only by the troops of the reigning duke.
-a great legislative effort was made in the "laws of cortenberg," framed by an assembly of nobles and city deputies, to regulate fiscal and industrial affairs in a stable fashion;[745] but after fifty years the trouble broke out afresh, and was ill-healed.
-[746] at length, in a riot in the rich city of louvain (1379), sixteen of its patrician magistrates were slain, whereupon many took flight to england, but many more to haarlem, amsterdam, leyden, and other dutch cities.
-[747] louvain never again recovered its trade and wealth;[748] and since the renewed franco-flemish wars of this period had nearly destroyed the commerce of flanders,[749] there was a general gravitation of both merchandise and manufacture to holland.
-[750] thus arose dutch manufactures in an organic connection with maritime commerce, the dutch municipal organisation securing a balance of trade interests where that of the flemish industrial cities had partially failed.
 the commercial lead given by the hanseatic league was followed in the netherlands with a peculiar energy, and till the spanish period the main part of dutch maritime commerce was with northern europe and the hansa cities.
 so far as the language test goes, the original hansards and the dutch were of the same "low dutch" stock, which was also that of the anglo-saxons.
-[751] thus there was seen the phenomenon of a vigorous maritime and commercial development among the continental branches of the race; while the english, having lost its early seafaring habits on its new settlement, lagged far behind in both developments.
 kinship, of course, counted for nothing towards goodwill between the nations when it could not keep peace within or between the towns; and in the fifteenth century the dutch cities are found at war with the hansa, as they had been in the thirteenth with england, and were to be again.
 but the spirit of strife did its worst work at home.
 on the one hand, a physical schism had been set up in friesland in the thirteenth century by the immense disaster of the inundation which enlarged the zuyder zee.
-[752] of that tremendous catastrophe there are singularly few historic traces; but it had the effect of making two small countries where there had been one large one, what was left of west friesland being absorbed in the specific province of holland, while east friesland, across the zuyder zee, remained a separate confederation of maritime districts.
-[753] to the south-west, again, the great flemish cities were incurably jealous of each other's prosperity, as well as inwardly distracted by their class disputes; and within the cities of holland, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while intelligible lines of cleavage between trades or classes are hard to find, the factions of hoek and kabbeljauw, the "hooks" and the "codfish," appear to have carried on a chronic strife, as irrational as any to be noted in the cities of italy.
 thus in the north as in the south, among teutons as among "latins" and among ancient greeks, the primary instincts of separation checked democratic growth and coalition; though after the period of local feudal sovereignties the powerful monarchic and feudal forces in the netherlands withheld the cities from internecine wars.
 the most sympathetic historians are forced from the first to note the stress of mutual jealousy among the cities and districts of the netherlands.
-"the engrained habit of municipal isolation," says one, "was the cause why the general liberties of the netherlands were imperilled, why the larger part of the country was ultimately ruined, and why the war of independence was conducted with so much risk and difficulty, even in the face of the most serious perils" (thorold rogers, holland, p. 26. cp.
-pp.
-35, 43; motley, pp.
-29, 30, 43; grattan, pp.
 39, 50, 51).
 van kampen avows (geschichte der niederlande, i, 131) that throughout the middle ages friesland was unprogressive owing to constant feuds.
 even as late as 1670 leyden refused to let the harle maer be drained, because it would advantage other cities; and amsterdam in turn opposed the reopening of the old rhine channel because it would make leyden maritime (temple, observations, i, 130, ch.
 iii).
 as regards the early factions of the "hooks" and the "codfish" in the dutch towns, the historic obscurity is so great that historians are found ascribing the names in contrary ways.
-grattan (p. 49) represents the hooks as the town party, and the codfish as the party of the nobles; motley (p. 21) reverses the explanation, noting, however, that there was no consistent cleavage of class or of principle (cp.
-m'cullagh, pp.
 99, 100).
 this account is supported by van kampen, i, 170, 171. the fullest survey of the hook and cod feud is given by wenzelburger, geschichte der niederlande, i, 210-42. as to feuds of other parties in some of the cities see van kampen, i, 172. they included, for example, a class feud between the rich vetkooper (fat-dealers) and the poor schieringer (eel-fishers).
 see davies, i, 180.
 thus dissident, and with feudal wars breaking out in every generation, the cities and provinces could win concessions from their feudal chiefs when the latter were in straits, as in the famous case of the "great privilege" extorted from the duchess mary, daughter of charles the bold of burgundy, after her father's overthrow by the swiss; again in the case of her husband maximilian after her death; and previously in the reaffirmation of the ill-observed laws of cortenberg, secured from the duke of brabant by the louvainers in 1372; but they could never deliver themselves from the feudal superstition, never evolve the republican ideal.
 when the rich citizens exploited the poor, it was the local sovereign's cue, as of old, to win the populace; whereupon the patricians leant to the over-lord, were he even the king of france; or it might be that the local lord himself sought the intervention of his suzerain, who again was at times the first to meddle, and against whom, as against rival potentates, the cities would at times fight desperately for their recognised head, when he was not overtaxing or thwarting them, or endangering their commerce.
-[754] it was a medley of clashing interests, always in unstable equilibrium.
 and so when sovereign powers on a great scale, as the dukes of burgundy, followed by the archduke maximilian, and later by the emperor charles, came into the inheritance of feudal prestige, the dutch and flemish cities became by degrees nearly as subordinate as those of france and germany, losing one by one their municipal privileges.
-[755] the monarchic superstition overbore the passions of independence and primary interest; and a strong feudal ruler could count on a more general and durable loyalty than was ever given to any citizen-statesman.
 james van arteveldt, who guided ghent in the fourteenth century, and whose policy was one of alliance with the english king against the french, the feudal over-lord, was "the greatest personality flanders ever produced.
-"[756] but though arteveldt's policy was maintained even by his murderers, murdered he was by his fellow-citizens, as the great de witt was to be murdered in holland three hundred years later.
 the monarchised netherlanders were republicans only in the last resort, as against insupportable tyranny.
 philip of burgundy, who heavily oppressed them, they called "the good."
-at the end of the fifteenth century maximilian was able, even before he became emperor, not only to crush the "bread-and-cheese" rebellion of the exasperated peasantry in friesland and guelderland,[757] but to put down all the oligarchs who had rebelled against him, and finally to behead them by the dozen,[758] leaving the land to his son as a virtually subject state.
-in the sixteenth century, under charles v, the men of ghent, grown once again a great commercial community,[759] exhibited again the fatal instability of the undeveloped democracy of all ages.
 called upon to pay their third of a huge subsidy of 1,200,000 caroli voted by the flemish states to the emperor, they rang their bell of revolt and defied him, offering their allegiance to the king of france.
 that monarch, by way of a bargain, promptly betrayed the intrigue to his "brother," who thereupon marched in force through france to the rebel city, now paralysed by terror; and without meeting a shadow of resistance, penalised it to the uttermost, beheading a score of leading citizens, banishing many more, annulling its remaining municipal rights, and exacting an increased tribute.
-[760] it needed an extremity of grievance to drive such communities to an enduring rebellion.
-when charles v abdicated at brussels in favour of his son philip in 1555, he had already caused to be put to death netherlanders to the number at least of thousands for religious heresy;[761] and still the provinces were absolutely submissive, and the people capable of weeping collectively out of sympathy with the despot's infirmities.
-[762] he, on his part, born and educated among them, and knowing them well, was wont to say of them that there was not a nation under the sun which more detested the name of slavery, or that bore the reality more patiently when managed with discretion.
-[763] he spoke whereof he knew.
  § 2. the revolt against spain
 that the people who endured so much at the hands of a despot should have revolted unsubduably against his son is to be explained in terms of certain circumstances little stressed in popular historiography.
 in the narratives of the rhetorical historians, no real explanation arises.
@@ -47720,53 +44638,35 @@ charles had always figured as a native of the netherlands, at home among his peo
 after his punishment of ghent they were his boon subjects; and in his youth it was the spaniards who were jealous of the flemish and dutch.
 this state of things had begun under his flemish-german father, philip i, who became king of spain by marriage, and under whom the netherland nobles showed in spain a rapacity that infuriated the spaniards against them.
 it was a question simply of racial predominance; and had the dynasty chosen to fix its capital in the north rather than in the south, it would have been the lot of the netherlanders to exploit spain--a task for which they were perfectly ready.
-the gross rapacity of the flemings in spain under philip i is admitted by motley (rise, as cited, pp.
 31, 75); but on the same score feeling was passionately strong in spain in the earlier years of the reign of charles.
-cp.
 robertson, charles v, bk.
 i (works, ed.
 1821, iv, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 77 78); and van kampen, geschichte der niederlande, i, 277, 278. it took more than ten years to bring charles in good relations with the spaniards.
-see mr. e. armstrong's introduction to major martin hume's spain, 1898, pp.
 31-37, 57, 76. even in his latter years they are found protesting against his customary absence from spain, and his perpetual wars.
 robertson, bk.
-vi, p. 494. cp.
 bk.
 xii, vol.
-v, p. 417, as to the disregard shown him after his abdication.
 while it lasted, the flemish exploitation of spain was as shameless as the spanish exploitation of italy.
 the italian peter martyr angleria, residing at the court of spain, reckoned that in ten months the flemings there remitted home over a million ducats (robertson, bk.
-i, p. 53).
 a lad, nephew of charles's flemish minister chievres, was appointed to the archbishopric of toledo, in defiance of general indignation.
 the result was a clerico-popular insurrection.
 everything goes to show that but for the emperor's prudence his flemings would have ruined him in spain, by getting him to tyrannise for their gain, as philip ii later did for the church's sake in the netherlands.
-it is not unwarrantable to say that had not charles had the sagacity to adapt himself to the spanish situation, learning to speak the language and even to tolerate the pride of the nobles[764] to a degree to which he never yielded before the claims of the burghers of the netherlands, and had he not in the end identified himself chiefly with his spanish interests, the history of spain and the netherlands might have been entirely reversed.
-had he, that is, kept his seat of rule in the netherlands, drawing thither the unearned revenues of the americas, and still contrived to keep spain subject to his rule, the latter country would have been thrown back on her great natural resources, her industry, and her commerce, which, as it was, developed markedly during his reign,[765] despite the heavy burdens of his wars.
 and in that case spain might conceivably have become the protestant and rebellious territory, and the netherlands on the contrary have remained catholic and grown commercially decrepit, having in reality the weaker potential economic basis.
-the theorem that the two races were vitally opposed in "religious sentiment," and that "it was as certain that the netherlanders would be fierce reformers as that the spaniards would be uncompromising persecutors" (motley, p. 31), is part of the common pre-scientific conception of national development, and proceeds upon flat disregard of the historical evidence.
 it is well established that there was as much heresy of the more rational protestant and unitarian sort in spain, to begin with, as in holland.
 under ferdinand and isabella the inquisition seems to have struck mainly at judaic and moorish monotheistic heresy, which was not uncommon among the upper classes, while the lower were for the most part orthodox (armstrong, introd.
-to major hume's spain, pp.
 14, 18).
 thus there is good ground for the surmise that ferdinand's object was primarily the confiscation of the wealth of jews and other rich heretics.
-(see u.r.
 burke, history of spain, 1895, ii, 101; hume's ed.
 1900, ii, 74.)
-in aragon, valencia, and catalonia there was general resistance to the inquisition; in cordova there was a riot against it; in saragossa the inquisitor was murdered before the altar (armstrong, p. 18; llorente, hist.
 crit.
 de l'inquisition d'espagne, éd.
 1818, i, 185-213; m'crie, reformation in spain, ed.
-1856, pp.
-52-53. cp.
 u.r.
 burke, as cited, ii, 97, 98, 101, 103, 111; hume's ed.
 ii, 66, 70-71, 74-77, 82; as to the general and prolonged resistance of the people).
 during that reign torquemada is credited with burning ten thousand persons in eighteen years (prescott, history of ferdinand and isabella, kirk's ed.
-1889, p. 178, citing llorente.
-but see p. 746, note, as to possible exaggeration.
-cp.
 burke, ii, 113; hume's ed.
 ii, 84).
-in the early lutheran period the spread of scholarly protestantism in spain was extremely rapid (la rigaudière, histoire des persécutions religieuses en espagne, 1860, p. 245 sq.
 ), and in the early years of philip ii it needed furious persecution to crush it, thousands leaving the kingdom (prescott, philip ii, bk.
 ii, ch.
 iii; m'crie, reformation in spain, ch.
@@ -47779,51 +44679,32 @@ v, eng.
 tr.
 1-vol.
 ed.
-p. 136).
 had philip ii had flemish sympathies and chosen to make brussels his capital, the stress of the inquisition could have fallen on the netherlands as successfully as it actually did on spain.
 his father's reign had proved as much.
-according to motley, not only multitudes of anabaptists but "thousands and tens of thousands of virtuous and well-disposed men and women" had then been "butchered in cold blood" (rise, p. 43), without any sign of rebellion on the part of the provinces, whose leading men remained catholic.
 in 1600 most of the inhabitants of groningen were catholics (davies, ii, 347).
-a protestant historian (grattan, p. 93) admits that the protestants "never, and least of all in these days, formed the mass."
 another has admitted, as regards those of germany, that "nothing had contributed more to the undisturbed progress of their opinions than the interregnum after maximilian's death, the long absence of charles, and the slackness of the reins of government which these occasioned" (robertson, charles v, bk.
 v, ed.
 cited of works, vol.
-iv, p. 387).
-"it was only tanners, dyers, and apostate priests who were protestants at that day in the netherlands" (motley, p. 124).
-the same conditions would have had similar results in spain, where many catholics thought philip much too religious for his age and station (motley, p. 76).
 it seems necessary to insist on the elementary fact that it was netherlanders who put protestants to death in the netherlands; and that it was spaniards who were burnt in spain.
-in the middle ages "nowhere was the persecution of heretics more relentless than in the netherlands" (motley, p. 36; cp.
-p. 132).
 grenvelle, most zealous of heresy-hunters, was a burgundian; viglius, an even bitterer persecutor, was a frisian.
 the statement of prescott (philip ii, kirk's ed.
-1894, p. 149) that the netherlanders "claimed freedom of thought as their birthright" is a gratuitous absurdity.
 as regards, further, the old hallucination of "race types," it has to be noted that charles, a devout catholic and persecutor, was emphatically teutonic, according to the established canons.
-his stock was burgundo-austrian on the father's side; his spanish mother was of teutonic descent; he had the fair hair, blue eyes, and hanging jaw and lip of the teutonic hapsburgs (see menzel, geschichte der deutschen, cap.
 341), and so had his descendants after him.
-on the other hand, william the silent was markedly "spanish" in his physiognomy (motley, p. 56), and his reticence would in all ages pass for a spanish rather than a "teutonic" characteristic.
-motley is reduced to such shifts of rhetoric concerning philip ii as the proposition (p. 75) that "the burgundian and austrian elements of his blood seemed to have evaporated."
 but his descendant, philip iv, as seen in the great portraits of velasquez, is, like him, a "typical" teuton; and the stock preserved the teutonic physiological tendency to gluttony, a most "un-spanish" characteristic.
 it is true that, as buckle argues, the many earthquakes in spain tended to promote superstitious fear; but then on his principles the dutch seafaring habits, and the constant risks and frequent disasters of inundation, had the same primary tendency.
-for the rest, the one serious oversight in buckle's theory of spanish civilisation is his assumption (cp.
 3-vol.
 ed.
 ii, 455-61; 1-vol.
 ed.
-p. 550) that spanish "loyalty" was abnormal and continuous from the period of the first struggles with the moors.
 as to this see the present writer's notes in the 1-vol.
 ed.
 of buckle, as cited.
-even ferdinand, as an aragonese, was disrespectfully treated by the castilians (cp.
-armstrong as cited, pp.
 5, 31, etc.
 ; de castro, history of religious intolerance in spain, eng.
 tr.
-1853, pp.
 40, 41); and philip i and charles v set up a new resistance.
 an alien dynasty could set up disaffection in spain as elsewhere.
-it should be noted, finally, that the stiff ceremonialism which is held to be the special characteristic of spanish royalty was a burgundo-teutonic innovation, dating from philip i, and that even in the early days of philip the cortes petitioned "that the household of the prince don carlos should be arranged on the old spanish lines, and not in the pompous new-fangled way of the house of burgundy" (major hume's spain, p. 127).
 prescott (philip ii, ed.
-cited, pp.
 655, 659) makes the petition refer to the king's own household, and shows it to have condemned the king's excessive expenditure in very strong terms, saying the expense of his household was "as great as would be required for the conquest of a kingdom."
 at the same time the cortes petitioned against bull-fights, which appear to have originated with the moors, were strongly opposed by isabella the catholic, and were much encouraged by the teutonic charles v (u.r.
 burke, history of spain, 1895, ii, 2-4; hume's ed.
@@ -47834,116 +44715,68 @@ hist.
 4th ed.
 i, 5).
 no doubt the dutch disaffection to philip, which began to reveal itself immediately after his accession, may be conceived as having economic grounds.
-indeed, his creation of fresh bishoprics, and his manipulation of the abbey revenues, created instant and general resentment among churchmen and nobles,[766] as compared with his mere continuation of religious persecution; and despite his pledges to the contrary, certain posts in the low countries were conferred on spaniards.
-[767] but had he shown his father's adaptability, all this could have been adjusted.
 had he either lived at brussels or made the flemings feel that he held them an integral part of his empire, he would have had the zealous support of the upper classes in suppressing the popular heresy, which repelled them.
 heresy in the netherlands, indeed, seems thus far to have been on the whole rather licentious and anarchic than austere or "spiritual."
 the pre-protestant movements of the béguines, beghards, and lollards, beginning well, had turned out worse than the orders of friars in the south; and the decorous "brethren of the common lot" were in the main "good churchmen," only a minority accepting protestantism.
-[768] in face of the established formulas concerning the innate spirituality of the teuton, and of the play of his "conscience" in his course at the reformation, there stand the historic facts that in the teutonic world alone was the reformation accompanied by widespread antinomianism, debauchery, and destructive violence.
 in france, spain, and italy there were no such movements as the anabaptist, which so far as it could go was almost a dissolution of sane society.
-[769] from holland that movement drew much of its strength and leadership, even as, in a previous age, the antinomian movement of tanquelin had there had its main success.
-[770] such was the standing of dutch protestantism in 1555; and no edict against heresy could be more searching and merciless than that drawn up by charles in 1550[771] without losing any upper-class loyalty.
 philip did but strive to carry it out.
-[772]
-had philip, further, maintained a prospect of chronic war for the nobility of the netherlands, the accruing chances of wealth[773] would in all likelihood have sufficed to keep them loyal.
 in the early wars of his reign with france immense gains had been made by them in the way of ransoms and booty.
 when these ceased, luxury continuing, embarrassment became general.
-[774] but when philip's energies were seen to be mainly bent on killing out heresy, the discontented nobles began to lean to the side of the persecuted commonalty.
 at the first formation of the confederacy of the "beggars" in 1566, almost the only zealous protestant among the leaders was william's impetuous brother louis of nassau, a calvinist by training, who had for comrade the bibulous brederode.
 the name of "gueux," given to the malcontents in contempt by the councillor berlaimont, had direct application to the known poverty or embarrassment of the great majority.
-[775] there was thus undisguisedly at work in the netherlands the great economic force which had brought about "the reformation" in all the teutonic countries; and the needy nobles insensibly grew protestant as it became more and more clear that only the lands of the church could restore their fortunes.
-[776] this holds despite the fact that the more intelligent protestantism which latterly spread among the people was the comparatively democratic form set up by calvin, which reached the low countries through france, finding the readier reception among the serious because of the prestige accruing to its austerity as against the moral disrepute which now covered the german forms.
-[as to the proportional success of lutheranism and calvinism, see motley, pp.
-132, 133; and grattan, pp.
 110, 111.
-(on p. 110 of grattan there is a transposition of "second" and "third" groups, which the context corrects.)
 motley, an inveterate celtophobe, is at pains to make out that the walloons rebelled first and were first reconciled to rome, "exactly like their celtic ancestors, fifteen centuries earlier."
 he omits to comment on the fact that it was only the french form of protestantism, that of calvin, that became viable in the netherlands at all, or on the fact that indecent anabaptism flourished mainly in friesland; though he admits that the lutheran movement left all religious rights in the hands of the princes, the people having to follow the creed of their rulers.
 the "racial" explanation is mere obscurantism, here as always.
 the walloons of south flanders were first affected simply because they were first in touch with huguenotism.
-that they were never converted in large numbers to protestantism is later admitted by motley himself (p. 797), who thereupon speaks of the "intense attachment to the roman ceremonial which distinguished the walloon population."
 thus his earlier statement that they had rebelled against "papal rome" is admittedly false.
 they had rebelled simply against the spanish tyranny.
 yet the false statement is left standing--one more illustration of the havoc that may be worked in a historian's intelligence by a prejudice.
-(for other instances see, in the author's volume the saxon and the celt, the chapters dealing with mommsen and burton.)
-it was the teutonic-speaking city populations of north flanders and brabant who became protestants in mass after the troubles had begun (motley, p. 798).
 when the walloon provinces withdrew from the combination against spain, the cities of ghent, antwerp, bruges, and ypres joined the dutch union of utrecht.
-they were one and all reduced by the skill and power of alexander of parma, who thereupon abolished the freedom of protestant worship.
 the protestants fled in thousands to england and the dutch provinces, the remaining population, albeit mostly teutonic, becoming catholic.
 at this moment one-and-a-half of the four-and-a-half millions of dutch are catholics; while in belgium, where there are hardly any protestants, the flemish-speaking and french-speaking populations are nearly equal in numbers.
 van kampen, who anticipated motley in disparaging the walloons as being frenchly fickle (geschichte, i, 366), proceeds to contend that even the flemings are more excitable than the dutch and other teutons; but he notes later that as the dutch poet cats was much read and imitated in belgium, he was thus proved to have expressed the spirit of the whole netherlands (ii, 109).
-once more, then, the racial theory collapses.]
 thus the systematic savagery of the inquisition under philip, for which the people at first blamed not at all the king but his flemish minister, cardinal granvelle, served rather to make a basis and pretext for organised revolt than directly to kindle it.
 in so far as the people spontaneously resorted to violence, in the image-breaking riots, they compromised and imperilled the nationalist movement in the act of precipitating it.
-the king's personal equation, finally, served to make an enemy of the masterly william of orange, who, financially embarrassed like the lesser nobility,[777] could have been retained as an administrator by a wise monarch.
-a matter so overlaid with historical declamation is hard to set in a clear light; but it may serve to say of william that he was made a "patriot," as was robert the bruce, by stress of circumstances;[778] and that in the one case as in the other it was exceptional character and capacity that made patriotism a success;[779] william in particular having to maintain himself against continual domestic enmity, patrician as well as popular.
 nothing short of the ferocity and rapacity of the spanish attack, indeed, could have long united the netherlands.
 the first confederacy dissolved at the approach of alva, who, strong in soldiership but incapable of a statesmanlike settlement, drove the dutch provinces to extremities by his cruelty, caused a hundred thousand artisans and traders to fly with their industry and capital, exasperated even the catholic ministers in flanders by his proposed taxes, and finally by imposing them enraged into fresh revolt the people he had crushed and terrorised, till they were eager to offer the sovereignty to the queen of england.
 when requesens came with pacificatory intentions, it was too late; and the pacification of ghent (1576) was but a breathing-space between grapples.
 what finally determined the separation and independence of the dutch provinces was their maritime strength.
 antwerp, trading largely on foreign bottoms, represented wealth without the then indispensable weapons.
 dutch success begins significantly with the taking of brill (1572) by the gang of william van der marck, mostly pirates and ruffians, whose methods william of orange could not endure.
-[780] but they had shown the military basis for the maritime states.
-it was the dutch fleet that prevented parma's from joining "the" armada under medina-sidonia,[781] thereby perhaps saving england.
 such military genius and energy as parma's might have made things go hard with the dutch states had he lived, or had he not been called off against his judgment to fight in france; but his death well balanced the assassination of william of orange, who had thus far been the great sustainer and welder of the movement of independence.
 plotted against and vilified by the demagogues of ghent, betrayed by worthless fellow nobles, teutonic and french alike; chronically insulted in his own person and humiliated in that of his brother john, whom the states treated with unexampled meanness; stupidly resisted in his own leadership by the same states, whose egoism left maestricht to its fate when he bade them help, and who cast on him the blame when it fell; thwarted and crippled by the fanaticism and intolerant violence of the protestant mobs of the towns; bereaved again and again in the vicissitude of the struggle, william turned to irrelevance all imputations of self-seeking; and in his unfailing sagacity and fortitude he finally matches any aristocrat statesman in history.
 doubtless he would have served philip well had philip chosen him and trusted him.
-but as it lay in one thoroughly able man, well placed for prestige in a crisis, to knit and establish a new nation, so it lay in one fanatical dullard[782] to wreck half of his own empire, with the greatest captains of his age serving him; and to bring his fabled treasury to ruin while his despised rebels grew rich.
-as to the vice of the dutch constitution, the principle of the supremacy of "state rights," see m'cullagh, p. 215; motley, rise, pp.
 794, 795 (pt.
 vi, ch.
 ii, end), and united netherlands, ed.
-1867, iv, 564. wicquefort (l'histoire des provinces-unies, la haye, 1719, pp.
 5, 16), following grotius, laid stress long ago on the fact that the estates of each province recognised no superior, not even the entire body of the republic.
 it was only the measure of central government set up in the burgundo-austrian and spanish periods that made the seven provinces capable of enough united action to repel spanish rule during a chronic struggle of eighty years.
-cp.
-van kampen (i, 304), who points out (p. 306) that the word "state" first appears in holland in the fifteenth century.
 it arose in flanders in the thirteenth, and in brabant in the fourteenth.
 only in 1581, after some years of war, did the united provinces set up a general executive council.
-in the same year the prince of orange was chosen sovereign (motley, pp.
 838, 841).
  § 3. the supremacy of dutch commerce
-the conquest of flanders by alexander of parma, reducing its plains to wolf-haunted wildernesses, and driving the great mass of the remaining artisans from its ruined towns,[783] helped to consummate the prosperity of the united provinces, who took over the industry of ghent with the commerce of antwerp.
-[784] getting the start of all northern europe in trade, they had become at the date of their assured independence the chief trading state in the world.
 whatever commercial common sense the world had yet acquired was there in force.
 and inasmuch as the wealth and strength of these almost landless states, with their mostly poor soil and unavoidably heavy imposts, depended so visibly on quantity of trade turnover, they not only continued to offer a special welcome to all immigrants, but gradually learned to forego the congenial protestant strife of sects.
 it was indeed a reluctantly-learned lesson.
-even as local patriotisms constantly tended to hamper unity during the very period of struggle, so the primary spirit of self-assertion set the ruling calvinistic party upon persecuting not only catholics and lutherans, but the new heresy of arminianism:[785] so little does "patriotic" warfare make for fraternity in peace.
 the judicial murder of the statesman john van olden barneveldt (1619) at the hands of maurice of orange, whom he had guarded in childhood and trained to statesmanship, was accomplished as a sequel to the formal proscription of the arminian heresy in the synod of dort; and barneveldt was formally condemned for "troubling god's church" as well as on the charge of treason.
-[786] on the same pretexts grotius was thrown into prison; and the freedom of the press was suspended.
-[787] it was doubtless the shame of the memory of the execution of barneveldt (the true founder of the republic as such),[788] on an absolutely false charge of treason, and the observation of how, as elsewhere, persecution drove away population, that mainly wrought for the erection of tolerance (at least as between protestant sects) into a state principle.
 the best side of the dutch polity was its finance, which was a lesson to all europe.
 already in the early stages of the struggle with spain, the states were able on credit to make war, in virtue of their character for commercial honour.
-where the king of spain, with all his revenues mortgaged past hope,[789] got from the pope an absolution from the payment of interest on the sums borrowed from spanish and genoese merchants, and so ruined his credit,[790] the dutch issued tin money and paper money, and found it readily pass current with friends and foes.
-[791]
 of all the protestant countries, excepting switzerland, the dutch states alone disposed of their confiscated church lands in the public interest.
-[792] there was indeed comparatively little to sell,[793] and the money was sorely needed to carry on the war; but the transaction seems to have been carried through without any corruption.
 it was the suggestion of what might be accomplished in statecraft by the new expertise of trade, forced into the paths of public spirit and checked by a stress of public opinion such as had never come into play in venice.
 against such a power as spain, energy ruled by unteachable unintelligence, a world-empire financed by the expedients of provincial feudalism, the dutch needed only an enduring resentment to sustain them, and this philip amply elicited.
 had he spent on light cruisers for the destruction of dutch commerce the treasure he wasted on the armadas against england and on his enormous operations by land, typified in the monstrous siege of antwerp, he might have struck swiftly and surely at the very arteries of dutch life; but in yielding to them the command of their primary source and channel of wealth, the sea, he insured their ultimate success.
-in the franco-spanish war of 1521-25 the french cruisers nearly ruined the herring fishery of holland and zealand;[794] and it was doubtless the memory of that plight that set the states on maintaining predominant power at sea.
-[795]
 throughout the war, which from first to last spread over eighty years, the dutch commerce grew while that of spain dwindled.
-under charles v, flanders and brabant alone had paid nearly two-thirds of the whole imperial taxation of the netherlands;[796] but after a generation or two the united provinces must have been on an equality of financial resources with those left under spanish rule, even in a state of peace.
 yet in this posture of things there had grown up a burden which represented, in the warring commercial state, the persistent principle of class parasitism; for at the peace of münster (1648) the funded public debt of the province of holland alone amounted to nearly 150,000,000 florins, bearing interest at five per cent.
-[797] of this annual charge, the bulk must have gone into the pockets of the wealthier citizens, who had thus secured a mortgage on the entire industry of the nation.
 all the while, holland was nominally rich in "possessions" beyond sea.
 when, in 1580, philip annexed portugal, with which the dutch had hitherto carried on a profitable trade for the eastern products brought as tribute to lisbon, they began to cast about for an asiatic trade of their own, first seeking vainly for a north-east passage.
-the need was heightened when in 1586 philip, who as a rule ignored the presence of dutch traders in his ports under friendly flags, arrested all the dutch shipping he could lay hands on;[798] and when in 1594 he closed to them the port of lisbon, he forced them to a course which his successors bitterly rued.
 in 1595 they commenced trading by the cape passage to the indies, and a fleet sent out by spain to put down their enterprise was as usual defeated.
-[799] then arose a multitude of companies for the east indian trade, which in 1602 were formed by the government into a great semi-official joint-stock concern, at once commercial and military, reminiscent of the hanseatic league.
 the result was a long series of settlements and conquests.
 amboyna and the moluccas were seized from the portuguese, now subordinate to spain; java, where a factory was founded in 1597, was in the next generation annexed; henry hudson, an english pilot in the dutch company's service, discovered the hudson river and bay in 1609, and founded new amsterdam about 1624. in 1621 was formed the dutch west india company, which in fifteen years fitted out 800 ships of trade and war, captured 545 from the spanish and portuguese, with cargoes valued at 90,000,000 florins, and conquered the greater part of what had been the portuguese empire in brazil.
 no such commercial development had before been seen in europe.
-about 1560, according to guicciardini,[800] 500 ships had been known to come and go in a day from antwerp harbour in the island of walcheren; but in the spring of 1599, it is recorded, 640 ships engaged solely in the baltic trade discharged cargoes at amsterdam;[801] and in 1610, according to delacourt, there sailed from the ports of holland in three days, on the eastward trade alone, 800 or 900 ships and 1,500 herring boats.
-[802] at the date of the peace of münster these figures were left far behind, whence had arisen a reluctance to end the war, under which commerce so notably flourished.
 many hollanders, further, had been averse to peace in the belief that it would restore antwerp and injure their commerce, even as prince maurice of orange, the republic's general and stadthouder, had been averse to it as likely to lessen his power and revenue.
-[803] but between 1648 and 1669 the trade increased by fifty per cent.,[804] holland taking most of the spanish trade from the shipping of england and the hansa, and even carrying much of the trade between spain and her colonies.
 when the dutch had thus a mercantile marine of 10,000 sail and 168,000 men, the english carried only 27,196 men; and the dutch shipping was probably greater than that of all the rest of europe together.
-[805]
 this body of trade, as has been seen, was built up by a state which, broadly speaking, had a surplus wealth-producing power in only one direction, that of fishing; and even of its fishing, much was done on the coasts of other nations.
-in that industry, about 1610, it employed over 200,000 men; and the greenland whale fishery, which was a monopoly from 1614 to 1645, began to expand rapidly when set free,[806] till in 1670 it employed 120 ships.
-[807] for the rest, though the country exported dairy produce, its total food product was not equal to its consumption; and as it had no minerals and no vineyards, its surplus wealth came from the four sources of fishing, freightage, extorted colonial produce, and profits on the handling of goods bought and sold.
 par excellence, it was, in the phrase of louis xiv, the nation of shopkeepers, of middlemen; and its long supremacy in the business of buying cheap and selling dear was due firstly to economy of means and consumption, and secondarily to command of accumulated money capital at low rates of interest.
 the sinking of interest was the first sign that the limits to its commercial expansion were being reached; but it belonged to the conditions that, with or without "empire," its advantage must begin to fall away as soon as rival states were able to compete with it in the economies of "production" in the sense of transport and transfer.
 in such economies the dutch superiority grew out of the specially practical basis of their marine--habitual fishing and the constant use of canals.
@@ -47953,70 +44786,48 @@ one of the worst military mistakes of spain was the creation of great galleons i
 the sight of the big ships terrorised the dutch once, in 1606; but as all existing seacraft had been built up in small vessels, there was no sufficient science for the navigation of the great ones in stress of weather, or even for the building of them on sound lines.
 the english and dutch, on the other hand, fought in vessels of the kind they had always been wont to handle, increasing their size only by slow degrees.
 in the reign of henry viii, again, nothing came of the english expeditions of discovery fitted out by him (schanz, englische handelspolitik, i, 321), but private voyages were successfully made by traders (id.
-pp.
 321, 327).
 in the seventeenth century, however, and until far on in the eighteenth, all dutch shipping was more economically managed than the english.
 in all likelihood the dutch traders knew and improved upon the systematic control of ship-construction which the venetians and genoese had first copied from the byzantines, and in turn developed.
-(above, p.
 197.)
 raleigh was one of the first to point out that the broad dutch boats carried more cargo with fewer hands than those of any other nation (observations touching trade, in works, ed.
 1829, viii, 356).
-later in the century petty noted that the dutch practised freight-economies and adaptations of every kind, having different sorts of vessels for different kinds of traffic (essays in political arithmetic [1690], ed.
-1699, pp.
 179, 180, 182, 183).
 this again gave them the primacy in shipbuilding for the whole of europe (mémoires de jean de witt, ptie.
 i, ch.
 vi), though they imported all the materials for the purpose.
-when colbert began navy-building, his first care was to bring in dutch shipwrights (dussieux, étude biographique sur colbert, 1886, p. 101).
 compare, as to the quick sailing of the dutch, motley, united netherlands, ed.
 1867, iv, 556. in the next century the english marine had similar economic advantages over the french, which was burdened by royal schemes for multiplying seamen (see tucker, essay on trade, 4th ed.
-p. 37).
 the frugality which pervaded the whole of dutch life may, however, have had one directly disastrous effect.
 sir william temple noted that the common people were poorly fed (observations upon the united provinces, ch.
 iv: works, ed.
 1814, i, 133, 147); and though their fighting ships were manned by men of all nations, the tendency was to feed them in the native fashion.
 such a practice would tell fatally in the sea-fights with the english.
-cp.
 gardiner, commonwealth and protectorate, ii, 123.
 in addition to this expertness in handling, the dutch traders seem to have bettered the lesson taught them by the practice of the hansa, as to the importance of keeping up a high character for probity.
-at a time when british goods were open to more or less general suspicion as being of short measure or bad quality,[808] the dutch practice was to insure by inspection the right quality and quantity of all packed goods, especially the salted herrings, which were still the largest source of dutch income.
-[809] and that nothing might be left undone to secure the concourse of commerce to their ports, they maintained under almost every stress[810] of financial hardship the principle of minimum duties on imports of every description.
 the one notable exception to this policy of practically free trade--apart from the monopoly of the trade in the indies--was the quite supererogatory veto on the importation of fish from other countries at a time when most of the fishing of northern europe was in dutch hands.
-[811] where imports were desirable they were encouraged.
 thus it came about that landless amsterdam was the chief european storehouse for grain, and treeless holland the greatest centre of the timber trade.
 before such a spectacle the average man held up his hands and confessed the incomparable ingenuity of the hollanders.
 but others saw and stated the causation clearly enough.
 "many writing on this subject," remarks sir william petty, "do magnifie the hollanders as if they were more, and all other nations less, than men, as to the matters of trade and policy; making them angels, and all others fools, brutes, and sots, as to those particulars; whereas," he continues, giving a sound lesson in social science to his generation, "i take the foundation of their achievements to be originally in the situation of the country, whereby they do things inimitable by others, and have advantages whereof others are incapable.
-"[812] and sir josiah child, of the same generation, declared similarly against transcendentalism in such matters.
 "if any," he roundly declares, "shall tell me it is the nature of those people to be thrifty, i answer, all men by nature are alike; it is only laws, custom, and education that differ men; their nature and disposition, and the disposition of all people in the world, proceed from their laws.
-"[813] for "laws" read "circumstances and institutions," adding reservations as to climate and temperament and variation of individual capacity and bias, and the proposition is the essence of all sociology.
 economic lessons which petty and child could not master have since been learned; but their higher wisdom has hardly yet been assimilated.
 the sufficient proof that holland had no abnormal enlightenment even in commerce was that, like her rivals, she continued to maintain the system of monopoly companies.
 her "empire" in the east, to which was falsely ascribed so much of her wealth, in reality stood for very little sound commerce.
 the east india company being conducted on high monopoly lines, the profits were made rather through the smallness than the greatness of the trade done.
-thus, while the company paid enormous dividends,[814] the imports of spice were kept at a minimum, in order to maintain the price, large quantities being actually destroyed for the purpose.
 for a time they contrived to raise pepper to double the old portuguese price.
-[815] such methods brought it about that when the republic had in all 10,000 sail, the east india trade employed only ten or twelve ships.
-[816] all the while the small class of capitalists who owned the shares were able to satisfy the people that the merely monetary and factitious riches thus secured to the company's shareholders was a form of public wealth.
-[817]
-it is a complete error to say, as did professor seeley (expansion of england, p. 112), that holland "made her fortune in the world" because the war with spain "threw open to her attack the whole boundless possessions of her antagonist in the new world, which would have been closed to her in peace.
 by conquest she made for herself an empire, and this empire made her rich."
 in the first place it was not in the new world that she mainly sought her empire, but in the east indies, in the sphere of the portuguese conquests.
 her hold of brazil lasted only from 1621 to 1654, and was not a great source of wealth, though she captured much spanish and portuguese shipping.
 but even her eastern trade was, as we have seen, small in quantity, and as a source of wealth was not to be compared with the herring fishery.
 in 1601 john keymor declared that more wealth was produced by the northern fisheries "in one year than the king of spain hath in four years out of the indies" (observations made upon the dutch fishing about the year 1601--reprint in phoenix, 1707, i, 225).
 the dutch takings in six months' fishing were then reckoned at 3,600,000 barrels, valued at as many pounds sterling (id.
-p. 224); the fishing fleet numbered 4,100 sail of all kinds, with over 3,000 tenders, out of a roughly estimated total of 20,000; while the whole indian fleet is stated at only 40 or 50, employing 5,000 or 6,000 men (id.
-p. 223), as against a total of some 200,000 of dutch seafaring population.
 howell, writing in 1622 (ed.
 bennett, 1891, vol.
 i, 205), also puts the amsterdam ships in the indian trade at 40. professor seeley's statement cannot have proceeded on any comparison of the european dutch trade with the revenue from the conquered "empire."
-it stands for an endorsement of the vulgar delusion that "possessions" are the great sources of a nation's wealth, though seeley elsewhere (p. 294) protests against the "bombastic language of this school," and notes that "england is not, directly at least, any the richer" for her connection with her "dependencies."
 against the class-interest behind the east india company the republican party, as led and represented by de witt, were strongly arrayed.
-they could point to the expansion of the greenland whaling trade that had followed on the abolition of the original monopoly in that adventure--an increase of from ten to fifteen times the old quantity of product[818]--and the treatise expounding their policy strongly condemned the remaining monopolies of all kinds.
 but there was no sufficient body of enlightened public opinion to support the attack; and the menaced interests spontaneously turned to the factor which could best maintain them against such pressure--the military power of the house of orange.
 the capitalist monopolists and "imperialists" of the republic were thus the means first of artificially limiting its economic basis, and later of subverting its republican constitution--a disservice which somewhat outweighs the credit earned by them, as by the merchant oligarchies of venice, for an admirable management of their army.
-[819]
  "and you have no further thought of her?"
 she asked.
 "as far as marriage is concerned, no," i responded.
@@ -48049,7 +44860,6 @@ in those brief sunny hours i had fondly believed that our love would last always
 it is ever the same.
 youth is ever foolish.
 "i should have loved her now," i answered at last, "were it not for one fact."
-there was a mystery which had ended our love, and i saw now an opportunity of clearing it up.
 "to what fact do you refer?"
 "to the reason of our parting."
 "the reason!"
@@ -48101,7 +44911,6 @@ i asked, determined to act with caution, for the startling stories i had heard h
 "i will promise if you wish, madame, that no word shall pass my lips," i said.
 "but as to assistance, i cannot promise until i am aware of the nature of the service demanded of me."
 "of course," she exclaimed, with a faint attempt at a smile.
-my words had apparently reassured her, for she instantly became calmer, as though relying upon me for help.
 "then as you give me your promise upon your honour to say nothing, you shall know the truth.
 come with me."
 she led the way down the long corridor, and turning to the left suddenly opened the door of a large and handsome bed-chamber, the wooden sun-blinds of which were closed to keep out the crimson glow of the sunset.
@@ -48162,7 +44971,6 @@ she observed in a tone of distinct suspicion.
 what was it?"
 i hesitated.
 i could not tell her that i suspected her daughter to be a spy.
-"in order to assure her of my continued good friendship."
 she smiled, rather superciliously i thought.
 "but how did the terrible affair occur?"
 "we have no idea," answered the countess brokenly.
@@ -48197,7 +45005,6 @@ no doctor can return her to me," she wailed.
 "but in our own interests we must send for a medical man, and if it is found to be actually a case of foul play, for the police.
 i'll send a line to doctor deane, an englishman whom i know, who is generally called in to see anybody at the embassy who chances to be ill.  he is a good fellow, and his discretion may be relied upon."
 so saying, i scribbled a line on the back of a card, and told the man to take a cab down to the rue du havre, where the doctor occupied rooms over a hosier's shop a stone's throw from the bustling gare st. lazare.
-a very curious mystery was evidently connected with this startling discovery, and i was anxious that my friend, dick deane, one of my old chums of rugby days, should assist me in clearing it up.
 the countess de foville, whose calmness had been so remarkable while speaking with me before we entered the death-chamber, had now given way to a flood of emotion.
 she sank back into her chair, and, burying her face in her hands, cried bitterly.
 i tried to obtain some further information from her, but all that escaped her was:
@@ -48280,7 +45087,6 @@ it was addressed to "baronne maillac, chateau des grands sablons, seine et marne
 the little escritoire contained four small drawers; the contents of each i carefully scrutinised.
 they were, however, mostly private letters of a social character--some from persons whom i knew well in society.
 suddenly, from the bottom of one of the smaller drawers, i drew forth several sheets of plain octavo paper of a pale yellow shade.
-there were, perhaps, half-a-dozen sheets, carefully wrapped in a sheet of plain blue foolscap.
 i opened them, and, holding one up to the light, examined the water-mark.
 next instant the truth was plain.
 that paper was the official paper used in french government offices for written reports.
@@ -48765,7 +45571,6 @@ inquired deane in french.
 "how were you occupied during that time?"
 "i was writing a letter."
 "and before you rose did you feel the curious giddiness?"
-"no, not until after i stood up.
 i tried to shout and attract help, but could not.
 then i reached to press the bell, but stumbled forward, and the next instant i was lost in what seemed to be a dense fog."
 "curious!"
@@ -48773,7 +45578,6 @@ ejaculated trepard, who stood by with folded arms, eagerly listening to every wo
 "did you feel any strange sensation on the left side of your neck beneath the ear, or upon your lower lip?"
 inquired deane earnestly.
 she reflected for a moment, then said:
-"now that i remember, there was a curious numbness of my lip."
 "followed immediately by unconsciousness?"
 "yes, almost immediately."
 the doctors exchanged glances, which showed that the mark upon the lip was the chief enigma of the situation.
@@ -48796,7 +45600,6 @@ i regret it all, gerald, save that you and i have met again;" and she stretched
 "and this meeting has really given you satisfaction?"
 i whispered to her, heedless of the presence of the others.
 "not only satisfaction," she answered, so softly that i alone could catch her words, and looking into my face with that expression of passionate affection which can never be simulated; "it has given back to me a desire for happiness, for life, for love."
-there were tears in those wonderful blue eyes, and her small hand trembled within my grasp.
 my heart at that moment was too full for mere words.
 true, i loved her with a mad fondness that i had never before entertained for any woman; yet, nevertheless, a hideous shadow arose between us, shutting her off from me for ever--the shadow of her secret--the secret that she, my well-beloved, was actually a spy.
 chapter nine.
@@ -48887,7 +45690,6 @@ my chief sauntered by, chatting with his close personal friend, prince olsoufief
 the latter, as he passed, exclaimed confidentially in russian to my chief, who understood that language, having been first secretary of embassy in petersburg earlier in his career:
 "da, ya po-ni-mai-u.
 ya sam napishu."
-("yes, i understand.
 i will write for you myself.")
 keen antagonists in diplomacy though they very often were, yet in private life a firm friendship existed between the pair--a friendship dating from the days when the one had been british attache in petersburg and the other had occupied a position in the russian ministry of foreign affairs--that large grey building facing the winter palace.
 "the lion and the bear strolling together," laughed the toothless old baronne, after they had passed.
@@ -49174,7 +45976,6 @@ i asked fervently, taking her hand in mine again.
 "come, tell me that you will--that you will not hold me aloof like this?
 i cannot bear it--indeed i can't, for i love you;" and i bent until my lips touched her finger-tips.
 "i cannot!"
-she cried at last, with an effort rising and firmly withdrawing her hand from my grasp.
 "you cannot?
 why?"
 i demanded, taken somewhat aback by her sudden attitude of determination.
@@ -49249,7 +46050,6 @@ suddenly he heard a detail of wagons clanking up the road, and conjectured right
 he ran silently toward them, and stooping low, saw against the skyline that the cavalry guard had worked up in front, impatient to shave the time when they should reach their quarters.
 it was a wood train, and it clanked and ground and jingled to the quartermaster's corral, bearing one log on the last wagon which was john ermine and his fortunes.
 this log slid to the ground and walked swiftly away.
-*       *       *       *       *
 the time for "taps" was drawing near, and the post buzzed in the usual expectation of that approaching time of quiet.
 a rifle-shot rang loud and clear up on the officers' row; it was near major searles's house, every one said as they ran.
 women screamed, and tongue river cantonment laid its legs to the ground as it gathered to the place.
@@ -49265,7 +46065,6 @@ who have you killed?
 talk up quick!"
 "me killi him.
 you come--you see."
-by this time the crowd drew in with questions and eager to help.
 a sergeant arrived with a lantern, and the guard laid rude hands on the crow scout, sharp-nose, who was well known.
 he was standing over the prostrate figure, and continued to reiterate, "me killi him."
 the lantern quickly disclosed the man on the ground to be john ermine, late scout and fugitive from justice, shot through the heart and dead, with his blanket and rifle on the ground beside him.
@@ -49279,215 +46078,156 @@ the macmillan juvenile library
  this series has taken its place as one of the most important popular-priced editions.
 the "library" includes only those books which have been put to the test of public opinion and have not been found wanting,--books, in other words, which have come to be regarded as standards in the fields of knowledge--literature, religion, biography, history, politics, art, economics, sports, sociology, and belles lettres.
 together they make the most complete and authoritative works on the several subjects.
-=each volume, cloth, 12mo, 50 cents net; postage, 10 cents extra=
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 by jane addams
 "shows such sanity, such breadth and tolerance of mind, and such penetration into the inner meanings of outward phenomena as to make it a book which no one can afford to miss."
 --new york times.
-=bailey--the country life movement in the united states=
 by l. h. bailey
 "... clearly thought out, admirably written, and always stimulating in its generalization and in the perspectives it opens."
 --philadelphia press.
-=bailey and hunn--the practical garden book=
 by l. h. bailey and c. e. hunn
 "presents only those facts that have been proved by experience, and which are most capable of application on the farm."
 --los angeles express.
-=campbell--the new theology=
 by r. j. campbell
 "a fine contribution to the better thought of our times written in the spirit of the master."--st.
 paul dispatch.
-=clark--the care of a house=
 by t. m. clark
 "if the average man knew one-ninth of what mr. clark tells him in this book, he would be able to save money every year on repairs, etc."
 --chicago tribune.
-=conyngton--how to help: a manual of practical charity=
 by mary conyngton
 "an exceedingly comprehensive work with chapters on the homeless man and woman, care of needy families, and the discussions of the problems of child labor."
-=coolidge--the united states as a world power=
 by archibald cary coolidge
 "a work of real distinction ... which moves the reader to thought."
 --the nation.
-=croly--the promise of american life=
 by herbert croly
 "the most profound and illuminating study of our national conditions which has appeared in many years."
 --theodore roosevelt.
-=devine--misery and its causes=
 by edward t. devine
 "one rarely comes across a book so rich in every page, yet so sound, so logical, and thorough."
 --chicago tribune.
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 by alice morse earle
 "a book which throws new light on our early history."
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 by richard t. ely
 "the benefit of competition and the improvement of the race, municipal ownership, and concentration of wealth are treated in a sane, helpful, and interesting manner."
 --philadelphia telegraph.
-=ely--monopolies and trusts=
 by richard t. ely
 "the evils of monopoly are plainly stated, and remedies are proposed.
 this book should be a help to every man in active business life."
 --baltimore sun.
-=french--how to grow vegetables=
 by allen french
 "particularly valuable to a beginner in vegetable gardening, giving not only a convenient and reliable planting-table, but giving particular attention to the culture of the vegetables."
 --suburban life.
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 w. h. goodyear
 "a thorough and scholarly interpretation of artistic development."
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 --chicago tribune.
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 --boston globe.
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 --boston herald.
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 --philadelphia telegraph.
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 --boston herald.
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 the centenary edition of this popular work.
 a clear, simple, narrative biography of the great missionary, explorer, and scientist.
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 --boston transcript.
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 "an able conspectus of modern psychological investigation, viewed from the christian standpoint."
 --philadelphia public ledger.
-=london--the war of the classes=
 by jack london
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 --springfield republican.
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 by jack london
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 --chicago standard.
-=mahaffy--rambles and studies in greece=
-by j. p. mahaffy
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-=mathews--the church and the changing order=
 by shailer mathews
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 --the living church.
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 by shailer mathews
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 --service.
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 --continent.
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 --louisville courier-journal.
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 "an excellent campaign document for a non-protectionist."
 --independent.
-=rauschenbusch--christianity and the social crisis=
 by walter rauschenbusch
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 --new york times.
-=riis--the making of an american=
 by jacob riis
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 --publisher's weekly.
-=riis--theodore roosevelt, the citizen=
 by jacob riis
 "a refreshing and stimulating picture."
 --new york tribune.
-=ryan--a living wage; its ethical and economic aspects=
-by rev.
 j. a. ryan
 "the most judicious and balanced discussion at the disposal of the general reader."
 --world to-day.
-=st.
-maur--a self-supporting home=
-by kate v. st. maur
 "each chapter is the detailed account of all the work necessary for one month--in the vegetable garden, among the small fruits, with the fowls, guineas, rabbits, and in every branch of husbandry to be met with on the small farm."
 --louisville courier-journal.
-=sherman--what is shakespeare?=
 by l. a. sherman
 "emphatically a work without which the library of the shakespeare student will be incomplete."
 --daily telegram.
-=sidgwick--home life in germany=
 by a. sidgwick
 "a vivid picture of social life and customs in germany to-day."
-=smith--the spirit of american government=
 by j. allen smith
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 --new york evening telegram.
-=spargo--socialism=
 by john spargo
 "one of the ablest expositions of socialism that has ever been written."
 --new york evening call.
-=tarbell--history of greek art=
 by t. b. tarbell
 "a sympathetic and understanding conception of the golden age of art."
-=valentine--how to keep hens for profit=
 by c. s. valentine
 "beginners and seasoned poultrymen will find in it much of value."
 --chicago tribune.
-=van dyke--the gospel for a world of sin=
 by henry van dyke
 "one of the basic books of true christian thought of to-day and of all times."
 --boston courier.
-=van dyke--the spirit of america=
 by henry van dyke
 "undoubtedly the most notable interpretation in years of the real america.
 it compares favorably with bryce's 'american commonwealth.'"
 --philadelphia press.
-=veblen--the theory of the leisure class=
 by thorstein b. veblen
 "the most valuable recent contribution to the elucidation of this subject."
 --london times.
-=wells--new worlds for old=
 by h. g. wells
 "as a presentation of socialistic thought as it is working to-day, this is the most judicious and balanced discussion at the disposal of the general reader."
 --world to-day.
-=white--the old order changeth=
 by william allen white
 "the present status of society in america.
 an excellent antidote to the pessimism of modern writers on our social system."
@@ -49495,152 +46235,110 @@ an excellent antidote to the pessimism of modern writers on our social system."
  the macmillan fiction library
  a new and important series of some of the best popular novels which have been published in recent years.
 these successful books are now made available at a popular price in response to the insistent demand for cheaper editions.
-=each volume, cloth, 12mo, 50 cents net; postage, 10 cents extra=
- =allen--a kentucky cardinal=
 by james lane allen
 "a narrative, told with naïve simplicity, of how a man who was devoted to his fruits and flowers and birds came to fall in love with a fair neighbor."
 --new york tribune.
-=allen--the reign of law=      =a tale of the kentucky hempfields=
 by james lane allen
 "mr. allen has style as original and almost as perfectly finished as hawthorne's.... and rich in the qualities that are lacking in so many novels of the period."
 --san francisco chronicle.
-=atherton--patience sparhawk=
 by gertrude atherton
 "one of the most interesting works of the foremost american novelist."
-=child--jim hands=
 by richard washburn child
 "a big, simple, leisurely moving chronicle of life.
 commands the profoundest respect and admiration.
 jim is a real man, sound and fine."
 --daily news.
-=crawford--the heart of rome=
 by marion crawford
 "a story of underground mysterie."
-=crawford--fair margaret: a portrait=
 by marion crawford
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 --boston transcript.
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 --nancy huston banks in the bookman.
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 --chicago record-herald.
-=elizabeth and her german garden=
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 --new york times.
-=gale--loves of pelleas and etarre=
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 --outlook.
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-=london--adventure=
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 --los angeles tribune.
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 by jack london
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 --the springfield union.
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 --brooklyn daily eagle.
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-by e. v. lucas
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 --the independent.
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 by a. e. w. mason
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 --new york press.
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 by kathleen norris
 "worth its weight in gold."
 --catholic columbian.
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 --the craftsman.
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 by mrs. roger a. pryor
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 by frederic remington
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 by charles g. d. roberts
 "the author catches the spirit of forest and sea life, and the reader comes to have a personal love and knowledge of our animal friends."
 --boston globe.
-=robins--the convert=
 by elizabeth robins
 "'the convert' devotes itself to the exploitation of the recent suffragist movement in england.
 it is a book not easily forgotten, by any thoughtful reader."
 --chicago evening post.
-=robins--a dark lantern=
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-=wells--the wheels of chance=
 by h. g. wells
 "mr. wells is beyond question the most plausible romancer of the time."
 --the new york tribune.
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  this collection of juvenile books contains works of standard quality, on a variety of subjects--history, biography, fiction, science, and poetry--carefully chosen to meet the needs and interests of both boys and girls.
-=each volume, cloth, 12mo, 50 cents net; postage, 10 cents extra=
- =altsheler--the horsemen of the plains=
 by joseph a. altsheler
 "a story of the west, of indians, of scouts, trappers, fur traders, and, in short, of everything that is dear to the imagination of a healthy american boy."
 --new york sun.
-=bacon--while caroline was growing=
 by josephine daskam bacon
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 --boston herald.
-=carroll--alice's adventures, and through the looking glass=
 by lewis carroll
 "one of the immortal books for children."
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 --washington times.
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 by homer greene
 "the story presents a picture of truth and honor that cannot fail to have a vivid impression upon the reader."
 --toledo blade.
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-by e. v. lucas
 "the record of an english family's coaching tour in a great old-fashioned wagon.
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 --booknews monthly.
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 by h. w. mabie
 "a beautiful collection of christmas verse and prose in which all the old favorites will be found in an artistic setting."
 --the st. louis mirror.
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 by charles major
 "an exciting story with all the thrills the title implies."
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 by charles major
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 --cleveland leader.
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 --the nation.
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 by mabel osgood wright
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-=wright--aunt jimmy's will=
 by mabel osgood wright
 "barbara has written no more delightful book than this."
  transcriber's note
@@ -49648,16 +46346,11 @@ by mabel osgood wright
 page numbers cited in illustration captions refer to their original placement in the text.
 illustrations have been moved near their mention in the text.
 "" surrounding text represents italics.
-"=" surrounding text represents bold.
 punctuation, capitalization, accents and formatting markup have been made consistent.
 page 34, "ba-chua-hish-a" changed to "ba-cher-hish-a" for consistency.
-(ba-cher-hish-a sobbed and wailed all night in her lodge, while the foster-father walked outside, speculating endlessly with his friends.)
 page 94, "trial" changed to "trail".
-(now we must blind our trail; their scouts will find it in the morning.)
 page 5 of the advertisements, "these" changed to "there".
-(there is interwoven with it a play of mild philosophy and of pointed wit.)
 page 12 of the advertisements, "john" changed to "frederic".
-(by frederic remington)
 page 14 of the advertisements has been left as originally published.
 the accompanying comment for "aunt jimmy's will" by mabel osgood wright has been left to read: "barbara has written no more delightful book than this."
 “i believe”
@@ -49666,19 +46359,15 @@ by
 guy thorne
 author of “when it was dark,” “first it was ordained,” “made in his image,” etc., etc.
 london
-f. v. white & co., limited 14, bedford street, strand, w.c.
 1907
  richard clay & sons, limited, bread street hill, e.c., and bungay, suffolk.
  contents
  i.
 “i believe” ii.
 the fires of moloch iii.
-the historicides of oxford iv.
-the brown and yellow peril v. the menaces of modern sport vi.
 vagrom men vii.
 an author’s post-bag
  dedication
-to f. v. white, esquire.
  my dear white,
 the publication of this book is a business arrangement between you and me.
 its dedication however has nothing to do with the relations of author and publisher in those capacities, but is merely an expression of friendship and esteem.
@@ -49852,9 +46541,7 @@ unsectarian christianity consists in shirking the difficulty without meeting it,
 it proclaims the love of christ as our motive, whilst it declines to make up its mind whether christ was god or man; or endeavours to escape a categorical answer under a cloud of unsubstantial rhetoric.
 but the difference between man and god is infinite, and no effusion of superlatives will disguise the plain fact from honest minds.
 to be a christian in any real sense you must start from a dogma of the most tremendous kind, and an undogmatic creed is as senseless as a statue without shape or a picture without colour.
-unsectarian means un-christian.“--from freethinking and plainspeaking (pp.
 122-4), by leslie stephen.
-(longmans, london.)
 the considerations which seemed to compel the clearheaded author of this extract to his own well-known intellectual position no longer apply.
 in england, at any rate, the church is not bound down to any mechanical theory of the inspiration of the bible, and accepts all the discoveries of modern physical science without misgiving.
 such books as the late archbishop of canterbury (dr. temple) gave us in his bampton lectures have long ago shown the futility of attempting to map out the exact terms of a reconciliation between the claims of science and religion, but they have shown that religion and science are not destructive and contradictory of each other.
@@ -49979,7 +46666,6 @@ but there are some who can only be described by a quotation: “they are the ene
 of jesus christ they have said, “we will not have this man to reign over us;” and if there be any chance that a man’s books may catch the eye of the public and rouse people to think whether opportunism is really statesmanship, and empiricism in politics really prudent, if, in a word, the principles of christianity are offered as a solution of social problems, then the author is attacked on every side.
 it is suggested that his intention is insincere, that his knowledge is inadequate.
 the things which have been part of his painful discipline and development are described as his accepted environment.
-if a bishop happens to find an illustration for a sermon in his pages, or a prominent nonconformist divine recognizes that the laity like to read them, and says so; if any of those true hearts who love the lord jesus christ in sincerity have been ready to see that men who have been rescued de profundis, men who have had experience of [greek: ta bathea tou satana] are not thereby disqualified for duty in the field of faith; if, in a word, books which claim for christianity the first place in the thought of the time are successful, a very malignant hostility is aroused.
 it is most probable that this hatred of christianity will grow and increase.
 the world has never before been as it is to-day.
 the system of party politics has placed power in the hands of the democracy.
@@ -50046,7 +46732,6 @@ there is only one perfect philosophy, and all other half-true philosophies in th
 without the incentive of the christian faith and without the light of the incarnation one may sit in a corner and think till “all’s blue in cloud cuckoo land.” christianity can alone be reconciled with economics, theory and practice celebrating always the marriage of the king’s son, the wedding of heaven and earth, the spiritual and the material.
 plato knew that it was impossible to raise the greek state to the level of his philosophic principles, and aristotle frankly abandons the attempt to connect ethics and politics with the highest conclusions of his creed.
 we are in the same position to-day if we ignore the supreme truth which is our possession and which was not vouchsafed to the great greek thinkers.
-*       *       *       *       *
 there is one cause and one cause only of the decline in the birth-rate and the beginning of the country’s spiritual and material suicide.
 the way of nature is for every species to increase nearly to its possible maximum of numbers.
 this is a proved law, and nothing but the limitation of families by artificial means, or infanticide, can check its operation.
@@ -50083,7 +46768,6 @@ much of the importance of mineral veins is due to the fact that they are often m
 the most common vein stones are quartz and calcite.
 fluorite (calcium fluoride), a mineral harder than calcite and crystallizing in cubes of various colors, and barite (barium sulphate), a heavy white mineral, are abundant in many veins.
 the gold-bearing quartz veins of california traverse the metamorphic slates of the sierra nevada mountains.
-below the zone of solution (p. 45) these veins consist of a vein stone of quartz mingled with pyrite (p. 13), the latter containing threads and grains of native gold.
 but to the depth of about fifty feet from the surface the pyrite of the vein has been dissolved, leaving a rusty, cellular quartz with grains of the insoluble gold scattered through it.
 the placer deposits of california and other regions are gold- bearing deposits of gravel and sand in river beds.
 the heavy gold is apt to be found mostly near or upon the solid rock, and its grains, like those of the sand, are always rounded.
@@ -50146,7 +46830,6 @@ the thickness of the stratified rocks now exposed upon the eroded surface of the
 in the appalachian region the strata are seven or eight miles thick, and still greater thicknesses have been measured in several other mountain ranges.
 the aggregate thickness of all the formations of the stratified rocks of the earth's crust, giving to each formation its maximum thickness wherever found, amounts to not less than forty miles.
 knowing how slowly sediments accumulate upon the sea floor, we must believe that the successive cycles which the earth has seen stretch back into a past almost inconceivably remote, and measure tens of millions and perhaps even hundreds of millions of years.
-how the formations are correlated and the geological record made up.
 arranged in the order of their succession, the formations of the earth's crust would constitute a connected record in which the geological history of the planet may be read, and therefore known as the geological record.
 but to arrange the formations in their natural order is not an easy task.
 a complete set of the volumes of the record is to be found in no single region.
@@ -50180,13 +46863,10 @@ the largest assemblages of formations are known as groups, while the correspondi
 groups are subdivided into systems, and systems into series.
 series are divided into stages and substages,--subdivisions which do not concern us in this brief treatise.
 the corresponding divisions of time are given in the following table.
-strata     time group      era system     period series     epoch
 the geologist is now prepared to read the physical history--the geographical development--of any country or of any continent by means of its formations, when he has given each formation its true place in the geological record as a time scale.
 the following chart exhibits the main divisions of the record, the name given to each being given also to the corresponding time division.
 thus we speak of the cambrian system, meaning a certain succession of formations which are classified together because of broad resemblances in their included organisms; and of the cambrian period, meaning the time during which these rocks were deposited.
 group and era system and period series and epoch
-|quaternary-----|recent cenozoic------|                |pleistocene | |tertiary-------|pliocene |miocene |eocene |cretaceous mesozoic------|jurassic |triassic
- |permian |carboniferous--|pennsylvanian |                |mississippian paleozoic-----|devonian |silurian |ordovician |cambrian
 algonkian archean
 fossils and what they teach
 the geological formations contain a record still more important than that of the geographical development of the continents; the fossils imbedded in the rocks of each formation tell of the kinds of animals and plants which inhabited the earth at that time, and from these fossils we are therefore able to construct the history of life upon the earth.
@@ -50549,7 +47229,6 @@ they have been so numerous, so widely distributed, and so well preserved because
 climate.
 the life of cambrian times in different countries contains no suggestion of any marked climatic zones, and as in later periods a warm climate probably reached to the polar regions.
 chapter xvii
-the ordovician and silurian [footnote: often known as the lower silurian.]
 the ordovician
  in north america the ordovician rocks lie conformably on the cambrian.
 the two periods, therefore, were not parted by any deformation, either of mountain making or of continental uplift.
@@ -50604,7 +47283,6 @@ the waters now had cleared.
 colonies of brachiopods and other lime-secreting animals occupied the sea bottom, and their debris mantled it with sheets of limy ooze.
 the sandy limestones of the calciferous record the transition stage from the cambrian when some sand was still brought in from shore.
 the highly fossiliferous limestones of the trenton tell of clear water and abundant life.
-we need not regard this epicontinental sea as deep.
 no abysmal deposits have been found, and the limestones of the period are those which would be laid in clear, warm water of moderate depth like that of modern coral seas.
 the shales of the utica and hudson show that the waters of the sea now became clouded with mud washed in from land.
 either the land was gradually uplifted, or perhaps there had arrived one of those periodic crises which, as we may imagine, have taken place whenever the crust of the shrinking earth has slowly given way over its great depressions, and the ocean has withdrawn its waters into deepening abysses.
@@ -50729,7 +47407,6 @@ life of the silurian
 in this brief sketch it is quite impossible to relate the many changes of species and genera during the silurian.
 corals.
 some of the more common types are familiarly known as cup corals, honeycomb corals, and chain corals.
-in the cup corals the most important feature is the development of radiating vertical partitions, or septa, in the cell of the polyp.
 some of the cup corals grew in hemispherical colonies (fig.
 288), while many were separate individuals (fig.
 289), building a single conical, or horn-shaped cell, which sometimes reached the extreme size of a foot in length and two or three inches in diameter.
@@ -50754,13 +47431,11 @@ their conformable systems are so closely related, and the change in their faunas
 subdivisions and physical geography.
 the devonian is represented in new york and southward by the following five series.
 we add the rocks of which they are chiefly composed.
-5 chemung     .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
-sandstones and sandy shales 4 hamilton    .
 .
 .
 .
@@ -50772,7 +47447,6 @@ shales and sandstones 3 corniferous .
 .
 .
 .
-limestones 2 oriskany    .
 .
 .
 .
@@ -50883,9 +47557,7 @@ but along with these embryonic characters, which were common to all devonian fis
 the vertebrates had already advanced far enough to prove the superiority of their type of structure to all others.
 their internal skeleton afforded the best attachment for muscles and enabled them to become the largest and most powerful creatures of the time.
 the central nervous system, with the predominance given to the ganglia at the fore end of the nerve cord,--the brain,-- already endowed them with greater energy than the invertebrates; and, still more important, these structures contained the would have made it illegal, during the war, to teach the doctrine that the kaiser’s government should be overthrown by force; and, since then, the support of kolchak or denikin against the soviet government would have been illegal.
-such consequences, of course, were not intended, and result only from bad draughtsmanship.
 what was intended appears from another law passed at the same time, applying to teachers in state schools.
-this law provides that certificates permitting persons to teach in such schools shall be issued only to those who have “shown satisfactorily” that they are “loyal and obedient to the government of this state and of the united states,” and shall be refused to those who have advocated, no matter where or when, “a form of government other than the government of this state or of the united states.” the committee which framed these laws, as quoted by the new republic, laid it down that the teacher who “does not approve of the present social system......must surrender his office,” and that “no person who is not eager to combat the theories of social change should be entrusted with the task of fitting the young and old for the responsibilities of citizenship.” thus, according to the law of the state of new york, christ and george washington were too degraded morally to be fit for the education of the young.
 if christ were to go to new york and say, “suffer the little children to come unto me,” the president of the new york school board would reply: “sir, i see no evidence that you are eager to combat theories of social change.
 indeed, i have heard it said that you advocate what you call the kingdom of heaven, whereas this country, thank god, is a republic.
 it is clear that the government of your kingdom of heaven would differ materially from that of new york state, therefore no children will be allowed access to you.” if he failed to make this reply, he would not be doing his duty as a functionary entrusted with the administration of the law.
@@ -50917,19 +47589,16 @@ education should have two objects: first, to give definite knowledge—reading a
 the first of these we may call information, the second intelligence.
 the utility of information is admitted practically as well as theoretically; without a literate population a modern state is impossible.
 but the utility of intelligence is admitted only theoretically, not practically; it is not desired that ordinary people should think for themselves, because it is felt that people who think for themselves are awkward to manage and cause administrative difficulties.
-only the guardians, in plato’s language, are to think; the rest are to obey, or to follow leaders like a herd of sheep.
 this doctrine, often unconsciously, has survived the introduction of political democracy, and has radically vitiated all national systems of education.
 the country which has succeeded best in giving information without intelligence is the latest addition to modern civilization, japan.
 elementary education in japan is said to be admirable from the point of view of instruction.
 but, in addition to instruction, it has another purpose, which is to teach worship of the mikado—a far stronger creed now than before japan became modernized.
-[3] thus the schools have been used simultaneously to confer knowledge and to promote superstition.
 since we are not tempted to mikado-worship, we see clearly what is absurd in japanese teaching.
 our own national superstitions strike us as natural and sensible, so that we do not take such a true view of them as we do of the superstitions of nippon.
 but if a travelled japanese were to maintain the thesis that our schools teach superstitions just as inimical to intelligence as belief in the divinity of the mikado, i suspect that he would be able to make out a very good case.
 for the present i am not in search of remedies, but am only concerned with diagnosis.
 we are faced with the paradoxical fact that education has become one of the chief obstacles to intelligence and freedom of thought.
 this is due primarily to the fact that the state claims a monopoly; but that is by no means the sole cause.
-(2) propaganda.—our system of education turns young people out of the schools able to read, but for the most part unable to weigh evidence or to form an independent opinion.
 they are then assailed, throughout the rest of their lives, by statements designed to make them believe all sorts of absurd propositions, such as that blank’s pills cure all ills, that spitzbergen is warm and fertile, and that germans eat corpses.
 the art of propaganda, as practised by modern politicians and governments, is derived from the art of advertisement.
 the science of psychology owes a great deal to advertisers.
@@ -50958,7 +47627,6 @@ the objection to propaganda is not only its appeal to unreason, but still more t
 equality of opportunity among opinions is essential if there is to be real freedom of thought; and equality of opportunity among opinions can only be secured by elaborate laws directed to that end, which there is no reason to expect to see enacted.
 the cure is not to be sought primarily in such laws, but in better education and a more sceptical public opinion.
 for the moment, however, i am not concerned to discuss cures.
-(3) economic pressure.—i have already dealt with some aspects of this obstacle to freedom of thought, but i wish now to deal with it on more general lines, as a danger which is bound to increase unless very definite steps are taken to counteract it.
 the supreme example of economic pressure applied against freedom of thought is soviet russia, where, until the trade agreement, the government could and did inflict starvation upon people whose opinions it disliked—for example, kropotkin.
 but in this respect russia is only somewhat ahead of other countries.
 in france, during the dreyfus affair, any teacher would have lost his position if he had been in favour of dreyfus at the start or against him at the end.
@@ -51038,19 +47706,11 @@ the committee earnestly appeal for either donations or subscriptions from year t
 contributions may be forwarded to the hon.
 treasurer.
 on behalf of the executive committee:—
-(mrs.) c. fletcher smith and ernest carr, hon.
 secretaries.
-(mrs.) f. m. cockburn, hon.
 treasurer, “peradeniya,” northampton road, croydon.
  printed by watts and co., johnson’s court, fleet street, e.c.4.
- [footnotes]
- [1] i should add that they re-appointed me later, when war passions had begun to cool.
-[2] see the new republic, feb. 1, 1922, p. 259 ff.
-[3] see the invention of a new religion.
 by professor chamberlain, of tokio.
 published by the rationalist press association.
-(now out of print.)
- team at http://www.pgdp.net (this file was produced from images generously made available by the internet archive)
  transcriber's note: minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
 irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.
 words printed in italics are noted with underscores: italics.
@@ -51069,7 +47729,6 @@ by eve blantyre simpson thomas chalmers.
 by professor w. garden blaikie james boswell.
 by w. keith leask tobias smollett.
 by oliphant smeaton fletcher of saltoun.
-by g. w. t. omond the blackwood group.
 by sir george douglas norman macleod.
 by john wellwood sir walter scott.
 by professor saintsbury kirkcaldy of grange.
@@ -51095,27 +47754,16 @@ published by oliphant anderson & ferrier edinburgh and london
 1899.
  contents
  page
-introduction                                                        7
  chapter i
-early life                                                         11
  chapter ii
-wanderjahre--social life in scotland--beginning of his literary work                                                  27
  chapter iii
-philosophy before ferrier's day                                    41
  chapter iv
-'fierce warres and faithful loves'                                 56
  chapter v
-development of 'scottish philosophy, the old and the new'--ferrier as a correspondent                                   72
  chapter vi
-ferrier's system of philosophy--his philosophical works            88
  chapter vii
-the coleridge plagiarism--miscellaneous literary work             106
  chapter viii
-professorial life                                                 122
  chapter ix
-life at st. andrews                                               138
  chapter x
-last days                                                         152
  james frederick ferrier
  introduction
  mr. oliphant smeaton has asked me to write a few words of preface to this little book.
@@ -51171,7 +47819,6 @@ in scotland, where, in spite of politics, traditions are honoured to a degree un
 his father was a writer to the signet, john ferrier by name, whose sister was the famous scottish novelist, susan ferrier, authoress of the inheritance, destiny, and marriage.
 susan ferrier did for high life in scotland what gait achieved for the humbler ranks of society, and attained to considerable eminence in the line of fiction which she adopted.
 her works are still largely read, have recently been republished, and in their day were greatly admired by no less an authority than sir walter scott, himself a personal friend of the authoress.
-[1] ferrier's grandfather, james ferrier, also a writer to the signet, was a man of great energy of character.
 he acted in a business capacity for many years both to the duke of argyle of the time and to various branches of the clan campbell: it was, indeed, through the influence of the duke that he obtained the appointment which he held of principal clerk of session.
 james ferrier, like his daughter, was on terms of intimate friendship with sir walter scott, with whom he likewise was a colleague in office.
 scott alludes to him in his journal as 'uncle adam,' the name of a character in miss ferrier's inheritance, drawn, as she herself acknowledges, from her father.
@@ -51181,7 +47828,6 @@ he was a man with strong passions and strong prejudices, but with generous and m
 james ferrier's wife, miss coutts, was remarkable for her beauty: a large family was born to her, the eldest son of whom was james frederick ferrier's father.
 young ferrier, the subject of this sketch, used frequently to dine with his grandfather at his house in morningside, where susan ferrier acted in the capacity of hostess; and it is easy to imagine the bright talk which would take place on these occasions, and the impression which must have been made upon the lad, both then and after he attained to manhood; for miss ferrier survived until 1854. in later life, indeed, her wit was said to be somewhat caustic, and she was possibly dreaded by her younger friends and relatives as much as she was respected; but this, to do her justice, was partly owing to infirmities.
 she was at anyrate keenly interested in the fortunes of her nephew, to whom she was in the habit of alluding as 'the last of the metaphysicians'--scarcely, perhaps, a very happy title for one who was somewhat of an iconoclast, and began a new era rather than concluded an old.
-[1] in a life of susan ferrier, lately published, an account of the family is given which was written by miss ferrier, for her nephew, the subject of our memoir.
 james frederick ferrier's mother, margaret wilson, was a sister of professor john wilson--the 'christopher north' of immortal memory, whose daughter he was afterwards to marry.
 margaret ferrier was a woman of striking personal beauty.
 her features were perfect in their symmetry, as is shown in a lovely miniature, painted by saunders, a well-known miniature painter of the day, now in the possession of professor ferrier's son, her grandson.
@@ -51191,7 +47837,6 @@ while yet a boy, we are told, he sat upon sir walter's knee; the ettrick shepher
 in surroundings such as these james frederick ferrier was born on the 16th day of june 1808, his birthplace being heriot row, in the new town of edinburgh--a street which has been made historic to us by the recollections of another child who lived there long years afterwards, and who left the grey city of his birth to die far off in an island in the pacific.
 but of ferrier's child-life we know nothing: whether he played at 'tig' or 'shinty' with the children in the adjoining gardens, or climbed arthur's seat, or tried to scale the 'cats' nick' in the salisbury crags close by; or whether he was a grave boy, 'holding at' his lessons, or reading other books that interested him, in preference to his play.
 ferrier did not dwell on these things or talk much of his youth; or if he did so, his words have been forgotten.
-what we do know are the barest facts: that his second name was given him in consideration of his father's friendship with lord frederick campbell, lord clerk register of scotland; that his first name, as is usual in scotland for an elder son, was his paternal grandfather's; and that he was sent to live with the rev.
 dr. duncan, the parish minister of ruthwell, in dumfriesshire, to receive his early education.
 dr. duncan of ruthwell was a man of considerable ability and energy of character, though not famous in any special sphere of learning.
 he is well known, however, in the south of scotland as the originator of savings banks there, and his works on the seasons bear evidence of an interest in the natural world.
@@ -51203,20 +47848,16 @@ from school, as the manner of the time was, the boy passed to the university of
 at edinburgh, ferrier distinguished himself in the class of moral philosophy, and carried off the prize of the year for a poem which was looked upon as giving promise of literary power afterwards fulfilled.
 his knowledge of latin and greek were considered good (the standard might not have been very high), but in mathematics he was nowhere.
 at oxford he was entered in 1828 as a 'gentleman-commoner' at magdalen college, the college of his future father-in-law, john wilson.
-a gentleman-commoner of magdalen in the earlier half of the century is not suggestive of severe mental exercise,[2] and from the very little one can gather from tradition--for contemporaries and friends have naturally passed away--james ferrier was no exception to the common rule.
 that he rode is very clear; the college was an expensive one, and he was probably inclined to be extravagant.
 tradition speaks of his pelting the deer in magdalen park with eggs; but as to further distinction in more intellectual lines, record does not tell.
 in this respect he presents a contrast to his predecessor at oxford, and friend of later days, sir william hamilton, whose monumental learning created him a reputation while still an undergraduate.
 sir roundell palmer, afterwards lord selborne, was a contemporary of ferrier's at oxford; sheriff campbell smith was at the bar of the house of lords acting as palmer's junior the day after ferrier's death, and sir roundell told him that he remembered ferrier well at college; he described him as 'careless about university work,' but as writing clever verses, several of which he repeated with considerable gusto.
-of other friends the names alone are preserved, william edward collins, afterwards collins-wood of keithick, perthshire, who died in 1877, and j. p. shirley of ettington park, in warwickshire;[3] but what influences were brought to bear upon him by his university life, or whether his interest in philosophical pursuits were in any way aroused during his time at college, we have no means of telling.
 a later friend, henry inglis, wrote of these early days: 'my friendship with ferrier began about the time he was leaving oxford, or immediately after he had left it--i should say about 1830 or thereabout.
 at that university i don't think he did anything more remarkable than contracting a large tailor's bill; which annoyed him for many years afterwards.
 at that time he was a wonderfully handsome, intellectual-looking young man,--a tremendous "swell" from top to toe, and with his hair hanging down over his shoulders.'
 though later on in life this last characteristic was not so marked, ferrier's photographs show his hair still fairly long and brushed off a finely-modelled square forehead, such as is usually associated with strongly developed intellectual faculties.
-[2] the gentlemen-commoners at magdalen, as elsewhere, paid higher fees and wore a distinctive costume; at magdalen they had a common room of their own, distinct from that of the fellows, or the demies or scholars, and seldom read for honours.
 in ferrier's days magdalen college admitted no ordinary commoners, and there were but few resident undergraduates, many of the thirty demies being graduates and non-resident.
 in the year of his matriculation there were only ten gentlemen-commoners; thus, as far as undergraduates went, the college was a small one.
-[3] mr. shirley was member of parliament for south warwickshire, a well-known genealogist, and the author of the noble and gentle men of england.
 it is known that ferrier took his bachelor's degree in 1832, and that he had by that time managed to acquire a very tolerable knowledge of the classics and begun to study philosophy, so that his time could not have been entirely idle.
 for the rest, he probably passed happily through his years at college, as many others have done before and after him, without allowing more weighty cares to dwell upon his mind.
 another friend of after days, the late principal tulloch, after noting the fact that oxford had not then developed the philosophic spirit which in recent years has marked her schools, and which had not then taken root any more than the high church movement which preceded it, goes on: 'it may be doubted, indeed, whether oxford exercised any definite intellectual influence on professor ferrier.
@@ -51261,11 +47902,9 @@ and so it may have been with ferrier.
 but he was endowed with considerable calmness and self-command, combined with a confidence in his powers sufficient to carry him through many difficulties that might otherwise have got the better of him.
 wilson's home, elleray, near the lake of windermere, was the centre of a circle of brilliant stars.
 ferrier recollected, while still a lad of seventeen years of age, meeting there at one time, in the summer of 1825, scott, wordsworth, lockhart, and canning, a conjunction difficult to beat.
-[4] once more, we are told, and on a sadder occasion, he came into association with the greatest scottish novelist.
 'it was on that gloomy voyage when the suffering man was conveyed to leith from london, on his return from his ill-fated foreign journey.
 mr. ferrier was also a passenger, and scarcely dared to look on the almost unconscious form of one whose genius he so warmly admired.'
 the end was then very near.
-[4] this meeting occurred after the irish tour of scott, miss anne scott, and lockhart, when they visited wilson at elleray.
 canning was staying at storre, in the neighbourhood.
 professor ferrier's daughter tells us that long after, in the summer of 1856, the family went to visit the english lakes, the centre of attraction being elleray, mr. ferrier's old home and birthplace.
 'the very name of elleray breathes of poetry and romance.
@@ -51283,7 +47922,6 @@ have patience, and in the meantime let me take events in their natural order, an
 we drifted on, i know not how, and toward evening were within gunshot of inchkeith; on the following morning we were in sight of the bass, and in sight of the same we continued during the whole day.
 for the next two or three days we went beating up against a head-wind, which forced us to tack so much that whenever we made one mile we travelled ten, a pleasant mode of progressing, is it not?
 however, i had the whole ship to myself, and plenty of female society in the person of the captain's lady, who, being fond of pleasure, had chosen to diversify her monotonous existence at leith by taking a delightful summer trip to rotterdam, which confined her to her crib during almost the whole of our passage under the pressure of racking headaches and roaring sickness.
-she had a weary time of it, poor woman, and nothing could do her any good--neither spelding, cheese, nor finnan haddies, nor bacon, nor broth, nor salt beef, nor ale, nor gin, nor brandy and water, nor epsom salts, though of one or other of these she was aye takin' a wee bit, or a little drop.
 we were nearly a week in clearing our own firth, and did no good till we got as far as scarborough.
 at this place i had serious intentions of getting ashore if possible, and making out the rest of my journey by means that were more to be depended on.
 just in the nick of time, however, a fair wind sprang up, and from scarborough we had a capital run, with little or no interruption, to the end of our voyage.'
@@ -51371,8 +48009,6 @@ a friend and student of the st. andrews' days writes of ferrier: 'he married his
 no more charming woman have i ever seen or heard making game of mankind in general, and in particular of pedants and hypocrites.
 she would even laugh at her husband on occasion, but it was dangerous for any volunteer to try to help her in that sport.
 a finer-looking couple i have never seen.
-[5]
-[5] another sister married william edmondstoune aytoun, the poet.
 it was regarding professor aytoun's proposal for miss wilson's hand that the following story is told.
 when the engagement was being formed, aytoun somewhat demurred to interviewing the father of the lady, and she herself undertook the mission.
 presently she returned with a card pinned upon her breast bearing the satisfactory inscription, 'with the author's compliments'!
@@ -51524,11 +48160,9 @@ the scepticism of hume and gibbon was logical, if utterly impossible as a workin
 the question had become summed up in one of superlative importance, namely, the distinction that existed between the natural and supernatural sides of our existence.
 the materialistic school had practically done away with the latter in its entirety, had said that nature is capable of being explained by mechanical means, and that these must necessarily suffice for us.
 but the orthodox section adopted other lines; it accepted all the ordinarily received ideas of god, immortality, and the like, but it maintained the existence of an absolute which can only be inferred, but not presented to the mind, and, strangest of all, declared that the 'last and highest consecration of all true religion must be an altar "to the unknown and unknowable god.
-"'[6] this so-called 'pious' philosophy declares that 'to think that god is, as we can think him to be, is blasphemy,' and 'a god understood would be no god at all.'
 the german philosophy saw that if once we are to renounce our reason, or trust to it only within a certain sphere, all hope for us is lost, as far as withstanding the attack of outside enemies is concerned.
 we are liable to sceptical attacks from every side, and all we can maintain against them is a personal conviction which is not proof.
 how, then, was the difficulty met?
-[6] philosophy of the unconditioned (sir william hamilton), p. 15.
 kant, as we have said, made an important development upon the position of hume.
 hume had arrived at the point of declaring the particular mind and matter equally incompetent to afford an ultimate explanation of things, and he suggested experience in their place.
 this is the first note of the new philosophy: experience, not a process of the interaction of two separate things, mind on the one hand, matter on the other, but something comprehending both.
@@ -51586,7 +48220,6 @@ the exercise of the senses is the condition upon which we are permitted to appre
 this, shortly, is the position from which he starts.
  chapter iv
 'fierce warres and faithful loves'
- 'if ferrier's life should be written hereafter,' said one, who knew and valued him, just after his death,[7] 'let his biographer take for its motto these five words from the faery queen which the biographer of the napiers has so happily chosen.'
 ferrier's life was not, what it perhaps seems, looking back on its comparatively uneventful course, consistently calm and placid,--a life such as is commonly supposed to befit those who soar into lofty speculative heights, and find the 'difficult air' in which they dwell suited to their contemplative temperaments.
 ferrier was intrepid and daring in his reasoning; a sort of free lance, dr. skelton says he was considered in orthodox philosophical circles; a high tory in politics, yet one who did not hesitate to probe to the bottom the questions which came before him, even though the task meant changing the whole attitude of mind from which he started.
 and once sure of his point, ferrier never hesitated openly to declare it.
@@ -51597,7 +48230,6 @@ he loved his friends even better than he hated his foes.
 his prejudices were invincible; but, apart from his prejudices, his mind was open and receptive--prepared to welcome truth from whatever quarter it came.'
 such a keen, eager nature was sure to be in the fray if battle had to be fought, and we think none the worse of him for that.
 battles of intellect are not less keen than battles of physical strength, and much more daring and subtlety may be called into play in the fighting of them; and ferrier, refined, sensitive, fastidious, as he was, had his battles to fight, and fought them with an eagerness and zeal almost too great for the object he had in view.
-[7] the late sir john skelton, k.c.b.
 after his marriage in 1837, ferrier devoted his attention almost entirely to the philosophy he loved so well.
 he did not succeed--did not perhaps try to succeed--at the bar, to which he had been called.
 many qualities are required by a successful advocate besides the subtle mind and acute reasoning powers which ferrier undoubtedly possessed: possibly--we might almost say probably--these could have been cultivated had he made the effort.
@@ -51779,7 +48411,6 @@ his father's even richer than dad."
 sidney literally blinked before the picture pola drew--blinked and blushed that she had dared angle for mr. dugald herself like the forty-to-fourteen single ladies.
 mr. dugald belonged to a world that was foreign to the romley girls, pola's dazzling, peacock-world.
 sidney felt immensely flattered that pola had taken her in among her peacocks.
-(secretly, too, she considered that she carried herself well among them.
 she was most careful of her dress, now!)
 she did not know that pola's sort instinctively seeks out someone to dazzle, that pola's generosity was a part of the dazzling process.
 she thought pola wonderful to accept so casually her gilded privileges.
@@ -51833,7 +48464,6 @@ pola went on:
 "i'm a dreadful little snob, anyway.
 but i suppose that is the result of my education.
 it would be funny to go to the most expensive schools and have all the culture that europe can offer and not be a snob."
-still sidney stared into her teacup.
 she thought pola was all wrong, but she did not know how to say it.
 pola herself had told her that she had gone to grace hall because it had no examinations and graduated a girl anyway--so much for pola's education.
 and culture--what benefited all the culture of europe if pola found enjoyment only in the company of youths her mother would not permit in the house?
@@ -51853,7 +48483,6 @@ those were the things which set people apart from their fellows, sidney thought,
 "like what?"
 pola demanded again and this time her voice was a little haughty.
 "oh, i don't know," sidney laughed.
-"i'm all mixed up.
 i guess i was trying to say something mr. dugald said once to me."
 "oh, dug!"
 laughed pola.
@@ -51914,8 +48543,6 @@ don't know as i know when i've cried before.
 and cryin' before i have anything as i can see to cry for.
 but sidney, i set such a lot on that boy--it's like i was his mother and his father and his brothers and his sisters all mixed up in one--gran'ma, too.
 he was such a little mite when i took him, y'see and then he's not like other boys and i've had to do a heap of lovin' to make up to him.
-i've prayed every day of my life for the lord to keep him happy in spite of things and that was a pretty big prayer for i don't suppose the lord wants us all to be happy all the time, that ain't his way of bringing us up.
-but i thought he might make an exception for lav.
 land sakes, how i go on--and you nigh to cryin' yourself."
 for she had caught sidney blinking back something glistening from her own eyes.
 "aunt achsa, lavender is wonderful.
@@ -51988,11 +48615,9 @@ let's go out to the arabella this morning."
 but mart declared she was tired of all that.
 in fact she was tired of doing lots of the silly things they'd been doing.
 she'd promised gert bartow to go there right after lunch.
-sidney had no choice but to go on alone in search of lav.
 she was discouraged to the point of tears.
 yet she knew in her heart that she deserved mart's coldness.
 she remembered how she had felt once when nancy had deserted her for a new girl at miss downs'.
-and it had seriously threatened their friendship.
 as she wandered slowly toward the town sidney wondered what mart and gert bartow were going to do.
 gert bartow was a girl of nineteen at least, and much more grown up than even that.
 mart had pointed her out to sidney.
@@ -52080,7 +48705,6 @@ to tell his story meant confessing his state of mind.
 jealous.
 i get that way lots of times--all hot inside because i'm different.
 and i go off somewhere alone and stay there until i fight it down."
-"i know, lav.
 aunt achsa told me.
 did you go to the dunes?"
 "one night i did.
@@ -52110,7 +48734,6 @@ as long as lavender knew what he knew she felt that she would be justified in te
 "it isn't rum--lav," she whispered, "it's diamonds!"
 "diamonds!
 oh, go on, where did you get that stuff?"
-"it's diamonds, lav."
 then sidney solemnly repeated what the old captain had told her concerning the letter and the reward.
 "he asked me not to tell a soul, but you're different because you know.
 and he said that the reward would be posted everywhere in two weeks at least and it's that long now.
@@ -52257,7 +48880,6 @@ it's--it's--"
 "sidney romley i'll bet you're up to something!
 and if you are, you simply have got to let me in on it!
 i'm just pepped up to some excitement.
-tell me what's up."
 the girls turned slowly and walked toward lav and the dory, pola between them.
 "it isn't any fun," sidney explained slowly.
 "it's something serious--and--and dangerous.
@@ -52351,7 +48973,6 @@ at that someone laughed, horribly.
 "huh--him!
 why we could twist every crooked bone in his body until he wouldn't know 'em.
 him--ha, that's a joke!
-why, a look 'ud scare him to a pulp.
 the girl, too."
 sidney, reaching her hand out instinctively, caught lavender's and held it tight.
 she felt the writhing of his body.
@@ -52407,7 +49028,6 @@ cried sidney.
 "i'm going to swim ashore.
 it's the only way.
 i don't know how long this old tub'll stand a sea and the wind's rising.
-we got to get help."
 "you shan't swim alone, lavender green.
 we'll all swim.
 that's nothing of a swim--"
@@ -52424,7 +49044,6 @@ i guess i'll stay with her too!"
 "oh, gran'ma!"
 mart's voice choked.
 "but she'd be the one to tell me to stay--"
-"it's no use our all trying it," muttered lav.
 "i'll get there or i won't get anywhere."
 "maybe it's too far for you to swim!"
 sidney was at lavender's side, her hands on his arm.
@@ -52580,7 +49199,6 @@ she could scarcely hunt out the greens and sidney at that hour.
 she took a room at the hotel for the night and sat for a while at its window straining her eyes out into the darkness.
 the howling of the wind intensified her apprehension; somewhere out in that strange blackness that enwrapped her was her little sister.
 perhaps sidney needed her that very moment!
-finally she crept into bed and fell into a troubled sleep.
 she did not hear the running steps that passed under her window or the muffled voices of excited men.
  chapter xxi
 "what the night held"
@@ -52611,11 +49229,8 @@ i talk back to her lots of times when i shouldn't."
 and--i was thinking of aunt achsa.
 i shouldn't have deceived her--about coming out here.
 i fooled myself into thinking that even a lie didn't matter considering what we were trying to do.
-but the honor of cape cod isn't worth anything happening to lav.
 and if anything does happen there won't be anyone to tell about jed starrow, anyway!
-oh, mart, i can't bear to think about lav.
 why did we let him do it?
-dear old lav.
 i've been mean to him, too.
 he adores poetry and i--i never even told him that my father was a poet and that i know lots and lots of poems and--and--that i've written most a book myself."
 "honest, sid, was your father a poet?
@@ -52673,7 +49288,6 @@ and now i'm going up on deck and get some air.
 we must be most to halifax by this time."
 "halifax!"
 but this time pola did not scream.
-*       *       *       *       *
 lavender, after his first plunge, had struck out toward the lighthouse.
 his mr. dugald had taught him the science of swimming and because it was the one thing he could do easily and well, in spite of his misshaped body, lavender had taken pride in perfecting the practice.
 his assurance helped him now; he had no fear, he knew how to save his strength; he swam first with one stroke, then with another, always keeping in sight the beacon of light.
@@ -52721,7 +49335,6 @@ she's at rockman's!"
 captain davies ran toward rockman's wharf.
 before jed starrow's men, concealed behind the shed could guess their intention, three men had jumped into the big motor boat and had swung her free of the wharf.
 "what the hell--" shouted an ugly voice after them, but the sally only chugged out into the darkness of the bay.
-*       *       *       *       *
 "look, sid--light!
 it's--it's--morning!"
 mart's voice came in a thin whisper.
@@ -52977,7 +49590,6 @@ on the morrow they would send her home--in disgrace.
 she might not even be allowed to see lavender, or mart, or pola--or mr. dugald.
 someone would telegraph to trude and trude would meet her back at middletown.
 she would live a long, sad life of penance behind the crumbing stone wall she had so detested.
-but the thought of the wall and the shelter of the old house brought such a surcease of torment that the girl had fallen into a heavy sleep.
 when she wakened it was to a consciousness of bright sunshine--and someone looking at her, someone different, and someone smiling.
 she sat bolt upright and rubbed her eyes.
 then she flung out her arms with a low glad cry that was half sob.
@@ -53125,8 +49737,6 @@ now for the others.
 you slip upstairs, and i’ll dispose of them one by one.
 you are taken suddenly ill. teddy will not be back for an hour.
 dr. coleman has moved.”
-[illustration]
- [illustration]
  v
  a lamp burned in the sea-room, and the two girls were sitting in their evening gowns before a bright log fire.
 miss decker was in white this time—an elaborate french concoction of embroidered muslin which made her look like an expensive fashion plate.
@@ -53157,7 +49767,6 @@ the manservant threw back the portière.
 “mr.
 trent!”
 “heavens!” cried edith, under her breath; “i forgot to give orders that we were not receiv—how do you do, mr. trent?”
-“and which is his ring?” jessica made a frenzied dab at the jewels in her lap.
 she slipped the sapphire on her finger and hid the others under a cushion.
 trent, who had been detained a moment by miss decker, advanced to her.
 “it is very soon to come again,” he said, “but i simply had to call and inquire if you felt better.
@@ -53295,8 +49904,6 @@ pendleton will only have set one more fashion,” he said.
 “i shall be there.”
 as he left the room by one door, jessica crossed the room and opened another.
 “good night,” she said to the astounded company, and withdrew.
-[illustration]
- [illustration]
  vi
  severance sauntered up and down the “forty steps,” the repose of his bearing belying the agitation within.
 “why on earth doesn’t she come?” he thought uneasily.
@@ -53336,7 +49943,6 @@ he put it in his pocket with never a word.
 she raised the emerald.
 “mr.
 trent, this is yours?—or is it the sapphire?”
-[illustration: “‘well, why don’t you go?’”]
 “the emerald,” snorted trent.
 she dropped it in his nerveless palm with a gracious bend of the head, and turned to teddy.
 “you gave me a solitaire, i remember,” she said sweetly.
@@ -53373,7 +49979,6 @@ and now—you are going to marry me.”
 no one was in sight.
 he put his arm about her shoulders, forcing her own to her sides, then bent back her head and kissed her on the mouth.
 “checkmate!” he said.
-[illustration]
  gertrude atherton was born in san francisco and received her early education in california and kentucky, but her best training was in her grandfather’s library, a collection, it is said, of english masterpieces only, containing no american fiction whatever.
 yet mrs. atherton is as thorough an american as a niece, in the third generation, of benjamin franklin should be.
 it seems to have been the english critics who first recognised her originality, power, intensity, vividness, and vitality, but from her first book, “what dreams may come,” published in 1888, her writings have revealed the unusual combination of brains and feeling.
@@ -53399,15 +50004,11 @@ in close relation to “the conqueror” stands mrs. atherton’s still more rec
 incidentally it is the surest refutation of some of the hasty criticisms upon the picture of him in “the conqueror,” where, as mr. le gallienne justly observes, “it was reserved for mrs. atherton to make him really alive to the present generation.”
  the macmillan little novels
 by favourite authors
-handsomely bound in decorated cloth 16mo        50 cents each
-*        *        *        *        *
 philosophy four a story of harvard university by owen wister author of “the virginian,” etc.
 man overboard by f. marion crawford author of “cecilia,” “marietta,” etc.
 mr. keegan’s elopement by winston churchill author of “the crisis,” “richard carvel,” etc.
 mrs. pendleton’s four-in-hand by gertrude atherton author of “the conqueror,” “the splendid idle forties,” etc.
-*        *        *        *        *
 the macmillan company 66 fifth avenue, new york
-*        *        *        *        *
 transcriber’s notes:
 spelling and hyphenation have been retained as in the original publication.
 punctuation errors have been corrected without note.
@@ -53417,12 +50018,10 @@ see 51064-h.htm or 51064-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51064/51064-h/51
  images of the original pages are available through internet archive/american libraries.
 see https://archive.org/details/rubiytofmoto00well
 rubáiyát of a motor car
- [illustration]
  rubáiyát of a motor car
 by
 carolyn wells
 author of idle idyls, folly for the wise, a nonsense anthology, &c.
- [illustration]
  with illustrations by frederick strothmann
 new york dodd, mead company 1906
 copyright, 1906, by the curtis publishing company copyright, 1906, by dodd, mead and company published, march, 1906
@@ -53434,7 +50033,6 @@ come, fill the tank, adjust the valve and spring, your automobile garments 'roun
 and as the corkscrew drawing out the cork, i crank my car and try to make it work.
 you know how little while we have to ride; and once departed, may go to new york.
 whether at naishápúr or babylon, whether the car shall jerk or sweetly run, the wine of life is in a motor trip, (though all the parts keep breaking one by one!)
-[illustration]
  why, if the soul can know this glorious game, all other stunts seem dry and dull and tame; this is the ultimate, triumphant joy, automobile elation is its name!
 would you your last remaining thousands spend about the secret?
 quick about it, friend!
@@ -53442,28 +50040,22 @@ a hair perhaps divides this make from that— and on that hair, prithee, may lif
 now the new year reviving old desires, the thoughtful soul to catalogues retires; he scorns his last year’s runabout, and to the newest, biggest touring car aspires!
 each year a hundred models brings, you say; yes, but who buys the car of yesterday?
 and every mail brings in new catalogues that make a last year’s model fade away!
-[illustration]
  waste not your hour nor in the vain pursuit of demonstrators who will loud dispute; “this one is best, because it’s painted red!” “that one, because it has a louder toot!”
 ’tis only a beginner, young and green, who thinks he wants an odorless machine; what fragrance is to rose or violet, so to the motor-car is gasolene.
 some advocate gear-driven cars, and some sigh for a jockey-pulley yet to come; oh, crank your car, and let the old thing go!
 nor heed the brake upon your sprocket drum.
 ’tis but a toy on which one spends a pile, and brags about it for a little while; ambition rises—and the foolish man sighs, and prepares to buy another style.
-[illustration]
  they say the lion and the lizard keep the record for hill-climbing, rough and steep; i do not know those makes.
-i’ll hunt them up.
-i’d like to buy one, if they’re not too cheap.
 you know, my friends, with what a brave carouse i put a second mortgage on my house so i could buy a great big touring-car, and run down chickens, dogs, and even cows!
 for it my future income did i owe, and with mine own hand wrought to make it go; and this was all the wisdom that i reap’d— “we cost like thunder and like lightning go!”
 and those “accessories” advertisements that offer you supplies at slight expense; you read them over, and they always make your own belongings look like thirty cents.
 look to the blowing horn before us—“lo,” “gaily,” it says, “into the world i blow!” behold its lovely bulb, and sweet-toned reed,— (the most expensive in the garden show!)
 i had to have a snakeskin auto-coat, a leather foot-muff, lined with thibet goat; a steering-apron, and a sleeping-bag; for these things help a motorer to mote.
-[illustration]
  and then my luncheon-kit, and hamper, swell, robbed me of many a hard-earned dollar!
 well, i often wonder what the dealers buy one-half so easy as the folks they sell.
 myself when young, did eagerly frequent garage and club, and heard great argument about it and about,—yet evermore came out more addled than when in i went.
 indeed, with my big car i’ve run so long it seems to me there’s always something wrong; faulty ignition, or a blown out shoe, or maybe the compression is too strong.
 then to the laughing face that lurks behind the veil, i lifted up mine eyes to find two pouting lips, demurely murmuring, “i don’t see why you ever bought this kind!”
-[illustration]
  indeed, i’ve learned to treat it as a joke when nuts work loose, or carburetors choke; and then, and then—the spring, and then the belt, a punctured tire, or change-speed lever broke!
 a look of anguish underneath the car, another start,—a squeak,—a grunt,—a jar!
 the aspiration pipe is working loose!
@@ -53472,11 +50064,9 @@ and there you are!
 for i remember stopping by the way to tinker up the old machine one day, and with a reckless and unbridled tongue, i muttered,—well, i wouldn’t like to say!
 why, even saints and sages would have cuss’d if, speeding through the world, their tires had bust!
 like foolish people now, whose words of scorn are utter’d while their mouths are stopt with dust.
-[illustration]
  when suddenly, an angel shape was seen approaching in an up-to-date machine, bearing a vessel which he offered me, and bid me smell of it.
 ’twas gasolene!
 the stuff that can with logic absolute the two-and-seventy jarring parts confute; the sovereign alchemist that in a trice a drop of oil will into power transmute.
-[illustration]
  whose secret presence through the motor’s veins running quicksilver-like defies our pains; cutting up tricks from here to jericho,— we try to start the car,—but it remains!
 strange, is it not, that of the myriads who have empty tanks and know not what to do, not one will tell of it when he returns!
 as for ourselves,—why, we deny it too.
@@ -53485,11 +50075,9 @@ out of oily nothing to invoke a powerful something, born of fire and smoke!
 an unremitting pleasure, if it goes; an everlasting worriment, if broke.
 we are no other than a moving row of automobile cranks that come and go.
 and what with goggles and tale-windowed veils, in motoring get-up, we’re a holy show!
-[illustration]
  but helpless pieces of the game bestowed upon the checker-board of hill and road; hither and thither moved and sped and stopped, and one by one back to the garage towed.
 the car no question makes of ayes or noes, but here or there as strikes its fancy goes.
 but the bystander, offering advice, he knows about it all—he knows—he knows!
-[illustration]
  and if in vain down on the stubborn floor of earth you lie.
 and weary, cramped and sore, you gaze to-day; you may be jolly sure to-morrow ’twill be worse than ’twas before!
 yesterday’s troubles made you mad for fair.
@@ -53505,39 +50093,30 @@ helpless you skid upon your anti-skids, but starting a self-starter is the worst
 perhaps you get out your repairing-kit, and try to regulate the thing a bit; you test the coil, adjust the shifting-gear,— and then it goes?
 not so you’d notice it!
 and that inverted man, who seems to lie upon the ground, and squints with practis’d eye.
-lift not your hands to him for help.
 for he as impotently works as you or i.
-[illustration]
  ah, love, could you and i with him conspire to fix this sorry scheme of things entire, would we not take it all apart, and then remodel with no danger of back-fire?
 ah, make the most of time we yet may spend before we too, into the dust descend; dust unto dust.
 under the car to lie, sans coat, sans breath, sans temper, and—sans friend!
 and that reviving herb, whose tender green upon the julep cup is sometimes seen, ah, interview it lightly, for you know you’ll need your wits to manage your machine.
 ah, my beloved, fill the lamps that shed a steady searchlight on our path ahead; to-morrow!—why, to-morrow i may be myself with yesterday’s seven thousand dead.
-[illustration]
  why, if your car can fling the dust aside, and flying, through the air of heaven ride, were’t not a shame, were’t not a shame, i say, within speed limit, tamely to abide?
 what!
 without asking, stop our speed immense?
 and, without asking, jailward hurried hence!
 oh, many a cop of this forbidding mien, must rue the memory of his insolence!
-[illustration]
  and fear not lest a smashup closing my account and yours, machines no more shall fly; the eternal motorist has ever bought millions of bubbles like ours, and will buy.
 i sometimes think that every shining star is but the tail lamp of a motor car; which leap’d from earth in its mad ecstasy, and into space went speeding fast and far.
-[illustration]
  and this i know.
 though in a magazine perfectly-running motor cars i’ve seen, it’s quite a different proposition when they’re on the road, and filled with gasolene!
 the moving motor speeds, and having sped, moves on.
 nor all the cries and shrieks of dread shall lure it back to settle damage claims; not even if the victims are half dead!
-and when at last you’ve mastered belts and bolts, when with no fear of side-slips, jars or jolts, your sixty h. p. racer licks up miles at lightning speed,—turn on a few more volts!
 then in your glorious success exult!
 when your car plunges like a catapult, sit tight!
 hold hard!
 pass everything in sight!
 and you will be surprised at the result!
-[illustration]
- *        *        *        *        *
  transcriber’s note:
 spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained as in the original publication.
- team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by internet archive (https://archive.org)
 note: project gutenberg also has an html version of this file which includes the original illustrations.
 see 51070-h.htm or 51070-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51070/51070-h/51070-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51070/51070-h.zip)
  images of the original pages are available through internet archive.
@@ -53545,7 +50124,6 @@ see https://archive.org/details/raidersofsarhadb00dyeruoft
  transcriber's note
 text enclosed by underscores is in italics (italics).
 the raiders of the sarhad
- [illustration: a typical gorge in the sarhad.]
  the raiders of the sarhad
 being the account of a campaign of arms and bluff against the brigands of the persian-baluchi border during the great war
 by
@@ -53564,65 +50142,32 @@ the photographs are from snapshots taken by various officers during the campaign
 r.e.h.d.
  contents
  chapter i
-orders for the west page i receive my orders--german agents and india--their routes--a deal in chauffeurs--concerning an appetite and sausages--nushliki--the last of civilisation--further information--sand-holes and digging--petrol in the desert                                                15
  chapter ii
 the road to robat
-mushki-chah--the native contractor--an evening rencontre--idu of the chagai levies--the native idea of an airship--idu the invaluable--robat                           30
  chapter iii
 a plan of campaign
-an "intelligent" officer--matters political--three tribes and a fourth--their women and inter-tribal laws--sarhad conditions--a summons to the chiefs--a bid for rank--telegraph wires and sheitan--two first-class liars--a strategic scheme--an ungazetted general--lost kit--swallows and flies--forces available-- communications freed--the kacha levy and a shock--mirjawa    37
  chapter iv
 bluff and arms
-ladis and its fort--a force without arms--first sight of the enemy--shah sawar and more bluff--battle--bluff succeeds--casualties--bad news from the north--idu's proposition--jiand's stragglers--jiand's white flag          55
  chapter v
 khwash and more bluff
-jiand's surrender--a political lecture--jiand's oath--bluff for khwash--the army moves forward--khwash and its fort--mahommed-hassan comes in--beetles as scavengers--halil khan comes in--rifle prices, a comparison--idu's warning--news of izzat--order of march--bluff for bampur--the meteor hole                     69
  chapter vi
 a full bag of prisoners
-the march to kacha--the food supply--flowers in the wilderness--galugan--repeated strategy--juma khan comes in--the bag is full--the throne of the dancing maidens--landon declines--idu's doubts--suspicions aroused--halil khan closes up--kacha, oaths, and thumb-marks--the chiefs depart--bad news                     87
  chapter vii
 the race for khwash
-plans and routes--car versus legs--an equestrian interlude--the trap in the gorge--more digging--rendezvous-- mrs idu and gastronomy--a reinforcement--a message to landon--izzat's men--idu's romance--a "british bulldog"--the car abandoned                                 103
  chapter viii
 khwash and the second surrender
-doubts dispelled--organisation for defence--idu's "exiat"--and its result--jiand arrives--idu's second visit--the sarhad-dar arrives--landon at last--jiand's visit of ceremony--the gul-bibi--shah sawar's treachery--we call on the "rose lady"--a carpet and the sarhad-dar's advice--another durbar--returned loot--temporary peace                                       122
  chapter ix
 treachery and its sequel
-further reinforcements--entrenchments and gardens-- government inquiries--food supplies--an offer to jiand--murad and straw--shah sawar again--sentence--idu's suggestion--re-enter the rose lady--news of jiand's intentions--a vital moment--a round-up--the sarhad-dar's advice--a bhusa hunt--distrustful wives                     143
  chapter x
 failure and fresh plans
-slave buying--a diet discovery--poetic justice--disposition of prisoners--incredible news--the sawar's story--disposal of forces--the march to kamalabad--jiand gains his freedom--retreat to khwash                                  165
  chapter xi
 success in miniature
-the night attack--the hazaras arrive--jiand retires--we march on the sar-i-drokan valley--cavalry strategy-- "gushti's" decision and opinion--"the hole of judgment"--attack and retirement--a lost and regained water-supply--the sarhadis as humorists--the mud fort--halil khan's arrival--the fight at dawn--exit halil khan--a prophet--the hazaras' request                 181
  chapter xii
 victory and peace
-news of the herds--towards dast-kird--water!--mutton for all--dast-kird--a stampede--back to khwash--on the track of the gamshadzais--twice a prophet--the sarhad-dar's roost--before jalk--rejected terms--more strategy and a bloodless victory--remain only terms and sick leave         201
- index                                                       221
  list of illustrations
-page a typical gorge in the sarhad                     frontispiece
-in difficulties between nasaratabad and robat     facing   25
-"a good liar," landon's orderly and chief spy         "      49
-questioning a sarhadi prisoner                        "      59
-jiand's men coming in to parley                       "      71
-khwash fort                                           "      75
-surrendered raiders, (centre) jiand, (right) shah sawar, (left) halil khan                 "      89
-camel corps sawars at the termination of an expedition                                            "      97
-the durbar at khwash                                  "     141
-raider chiefs at the durbar at khwash                 "     141
-raided slaves on the way to their homes               "     167
-a persian girl captured by juma khan                  "     167
-captured raiders on the way to kacha                  "     173
-on the march towards gusht, and the morpeish hills    "     185
-hazaras on a picket post below which halil khan was killed                                            "     197
 water!
-on the march to the sar-i-drokan               "     203
-hazara pioneers widening a passage for loaded camels  "     215
-chahgird fort in jalk                                 "     217
  maps
 page sketch map of the persian-baluchi-afghan frontiers  facing  15
-sketch map of the fight in the morpeish hills           "    181
- [illustration: sketch map of the persian-baluchi-afghan frontiers]
  the raiders of the sarhad
  chapter i
 orders for the west
@@ -53709,7 +50254,6 @@ he replied that he was an old man and could not do much by himself, but that a c
 so off i went again, flushed my "quarry", and, with the help of large bribes, persuaded all the able-bodied men to come back to the car.
 fortunately we carried a good strong rope as part of our kit, so soon had the car out and running again.
 allan was never again ordered to drive through water on that route.
-[illustration: in difficulties between nasaratabad and robat.]
 on the second day our troubles recommenced, for we had barely done a dozen miles than we stuck in another sand-hill, and the laborious digging-out process had to be done all over again.
 fortunately, the party who had got the car out of the lake the night before were close behind, and for an obvious reason.
 they had been given so many rupees for their timely help that, knowing the difficulties lying ahead, they had followed in the hope of further largesse.
@@ -53815,11 +50359,9 @@ i asked them what they were doing there, and the voice that had answered me befo
 "to fight me?"
 i exclaimed.
 "whatever for?"
-"well, sahib," returned the man who had said his name was idu, "we thought you were a german airship."
 and he went on to explain that for a long time he and his companions had been watching powerful lights floating about in the sky, and as they knew that germans were the only people in the world who had hawaiijihaz or airships, they were convinced the lights they had seen belonged to one of these.
 and when it had alighted on the hill in front of them, the majority of his companions had been so terrified that they had run away, and only himself and his two comrades had had the bravery to stay where they were and face the unknown danger.
 then it dawned on me what he was driving at.
-the flashing electric lights of the car, lighting up the distant, rising slopes of the desert, had appeared to these men to come from the sky, and my harmless motor-car the dreaded german airship.
 cars, of course, along this route were as great a novelty as airships, and doubtless not one of the men in front of me had ever seen one before.
 i reassured them as completely as i could, adding that i was delighted to meet such redoubtable warriors, and hoped that now they would come with me and help me, as my business was to fight germans, airships and all.
 this was strictly true, for, but for german influence, there would have been no need to wage war on the raiders who had only been induced to become our enemies by lying german propaganda.
@@ -53888,9 +50430,7 @@ all three of these tribes possess approximately one thousand families apiece, an
 each of these tribes, at the time of which i write, could muster, roughly, from one to two thousand riflemen, chiefly armed with mauser courage.
 as the man emerges upon the narrow platform, he is engulfed in the swirling flakes, and often is pinned against the masonry so tightly by the wind that he cannot move a limb; at other times he is swept almost off his feet.
 while engaged in his freezing task, he also runs the risk of being drenched by a rising comber.
-[illustration:
 by permission of the “syren and shipping.”
-combined kitchen and living-room in the lighthouse.]
 the men on the lonely, exposed tillamook rock, off the oregon coast, have had more than one occasion to respect the storm-fiend.
 one night, while a fearful gale was raging, a huge mass of rock was torn away from the islet, snatched by the waves, and thrown high into the air.
 it fell with terrific force upon the dome of the lantern, splintering the roof and smashing the light, so that no welcome rays could be thrown from the tower again that night.
@@ -53958,9 +50498,7 @@ the pull causes the float to disappear, the man’s finger presses the button, a
 there is an explosion, and pieces of shark and showers of water fly into the air.
 the incident is all over too quickly for the fish to marvel about the strange indigestibility of the tainted meat he grabbed so greedily.
 the men enjoy this sport hugely when it can be followed, as they regard the shark with intense detestation.
-[illustration:
 by permission of the “syren and shipping.”
-keeper cleaning the lamp after it has cooled down.]
 despite the vigilance of the various powers, slave-running is still a lucrative business on these forbidding coasts.
 now and again a forced labourer gets away from his taskmaster, and comes panting into the lighthouse territory.
 this is sanctuary to the hapless wretch, and although the keepers invariably receive a call from the runaway’s master, he meets with scant courtesy, while his demand for the surrender of the fugitive is answered by a point-blank refusal.
@@ -53981,10 +50519,8 @@ the man’s arm had been wrenched off, and he was burned terribly.
 it was a stroke of luck that the liner hove in sight at the moment she did.
 there was no chance of extending succour to the injured man on the spot, and he would have died before a doctor could have been summoned by boat from ballycastle, nine miles away.
 the surgeon bound up the man’s injuries, lowered him into his boat, and, on regaining the liner, placed him in the hospital, where he was tended until the vessel’s arrival in liverpool, where he was landed and placed in hospital.
-[illustration:
 by permission of “syren and shipping.”
 a lighthouse bedroom.
-owing to the limited space the furniture is reduced to the minimum, the bunks being built against the wall.]
 more remarkable was the accident which happened at the flannen islands light-station in 1900; it remains an unsolved mystery to this day.
 this is one of scotland’s lonely lights, mounting guard over a group of islets fifteen miles off the hebrides.
 on december 26 the relief-tender approached the station on her usual fortnightly visit, but, to the amazement of those on board, no signs of the keepers or the usual signals were to be seen, while the lantern was not dressed in its daylight garb.
@@ -54009,7 +50545,6 @@ indeed, the associations were so deep-rooted and long that the beacon became pop
 even when she attained the age of eighty years she was as active and attentive to her charge as on the day, in 1861, when she first assumed responsibility for its safe-keeping.
 in those times there was a beacon established on the end of the wooden pier, which railed off an area of the restless lake for the purposes of the inland port.
 those were strenuous days.
-her home was on shore, and every night and morning she tramped the long arm of woodwork to light and extinguish the lamp.
 lard-oil was used, and during the winter the food for the lamp had to be heated to bring it into a fluid condition before she set out from home.
 it was no easy matter struggling along on a blusterous, gusty evening, with a pail of hot oil in one hand and a lamp in the other, over a narrow plank.
 often, when a gale was raging, progress was so slow that by the time the beacon was reached the oil had cooled and congealed, rendering it a difficult matter to induce the lamp to burn.
@@ -54036,12 +50571,10 @@ the official log has to be kept posted with a host of facts, such as temperature
 ; while, when the lighthouse is a marine signal-station as well, passing ships have to be signalled and reported.
 the spell of labour varies from four to five hours or more.
 obviously, the task is more exacting and arduous in the winter than in summer.
-during the former season the lamps have to be lighted as early as 3.15 p.m., and are not extinguished until eight o’clock the next morning.
 in the summer, on the other hand, the lamps may be required for less than six hours or so.
 in northern latitudes where the daylight is continuous owing to the midnight sun, the light scarcely seems necessary.
 yet it is kept burning during the scheduled hours of darkness.
 thus, night in and night out the whole year round, a comparatively small band of faithful toilers keeps alert vigil over the dangers of the deep, for the benefit of those who “go down to the sea in ships, and do their business in great waters.” the safety of thousands of human lives and of millions sterling of merchandise is vested in their keeping.
-the resources of the shipbuilder, the staunchness of the ship, the skill and knowledge of the captain--all would count for nothing were it not for the persistent, steady glare of the fixed, the twinkling of the occulting, or the rhythmic, monotonous turning spokes of the revolving light, thrown over the waste of waters from the lighthouse and the lightship.
  index
  aberbrothock, abbot of, 96
 acetylene: as illuminant, daléngas, 49, 274; systems for floating lighthouses, 238, 278, 285-95; cost of lighting by, 282; dissolved, french system of using, 291; use in sweden, 291-94
@@ -54060,7 +50593,6 @@ altacarry head, 313
 ambrose channel, 251
 american thimble shoal lighthouse, 308
 amour point light, 169
-anderson, lieutenant-colonel william p., 172, 174, 217
 anglo-saxon, allan liner, wreck, 163-64
 anticosti, 171
 antifer, cap d’, lighthouse, 39
@@ -54351,7 +50883,6 @@ lloyd’s, signalling-station at the fastnet, 131
 longfellow, lines to minot’s ledge light, 176
 longships light, 82, 92, 311
 longstones lighthouse, 95, 314
-louis xiv.
 and the eddystone, 75
 lundy island, 92
 lupata, sailing-ship, wreck, 183
@@ -54605,7 +51136,6 @@ see macquarie tower
 tay, firth of, 96
 terawhiti, cape, 238
 thames lightships, 240-41
-thomas, o. p., 260
 three kings rock, 236
 tierra del fuego, 268
 tillamook head, 183
@@ -54706,12 +51236,9 @@ rigdon and lambdin in 1815.
 rigdon exhibits spaulding's manuscript.
 rigdon foreknows the coming and contents of the book of mormon.
 iii.
-from rigdon to smith via p. p. pratt.
 rigdon visits smith before mormonism.
-the conversion of parley p. pratt.
 rigdon's miraculous conversion.
 the plagiarism clinched.
-iv.
 for the love of gold, not god.
 concluding comment.
 the origin of the book of mormon.
@@ -54726,7 +51253,6 @@ the facts of the spaulding manuscript.
 the task of the present writer.
 the enemies of the prophet.
 "dr." philastus hurlburt.
-rev.
 adamson bently, et al.
 ii.
 the "second" spaulding manuscript.
@@ -54748,11 +51274,6 @@ rigdon's opportunity to steal spaulding's manuscript.
 did rigdon exhibit the spaulding manuscript.
 did rigdon foreknown the coming and contents of the book of mormon?
 alexander campbell and the book of mormon in 1831.
-{morning}                                                  553-555 {evening}                                                  556-557 general                                                    558-574
- book five metrical psalms                                                575-600
- book six responses, chants, doxologies, and amens {responses}                                                601-609 {the lord’s prayer}                                            610 {offertories}                                              611-612 {benedictions}                                             613-614 {doxologies}                                               615-618 {amens}                                                    619-623
- page principal works consulted                                          395
- indexes (1) index of scripture texts                                       400 (2) topical index of the metrical psalms                           402 (3) composers and sources of tunes                                 402 (4) authors, translators and sources                               407 (5) alphabetical index of tunes                                    412 (6) original first lines of translations                           417 (7) index of first lines                                           419
  preface
  the aim of this book is to serve as a companion to the mennonite hymnary.
 it seeks to explain, as far as possible, the origin of the words and music of every hymn in the hymnary.
@@ -54769,7 +51290,6 @@ the original versions of translated hymns are not always readily available and f
 translated hymns are usually selections from a much larger number of stanzas and it is often instructive to be able to study the whole structure of the original work.
 acknowledgements.
 i wish to acknowledge valuable help received from the following and to express hereby my gratitude to them: to dr. robert mccutchan, author of our hymnody, who generously responded to my request for information on a dozen or more hymns on which i had no data; to dr. henry wilder foote, of harvard university, author of three centuries of american hymnody, for biographical material on several hymn writers, and the use of books from his private library; to dr. reginald mcall, executive secretary of the hymn society of america for helpful material; to dr. ruth messenger, archivist for the hymn society of america, who furnished nearly all the latin originals, and the italian original of savonarola’s hymn, and information concerning these hymns; to dr. armin heussler, author of a forth-coming handbook to the evangelical hymnal, for material on several of the chorales; to wm.
-runyan of the hope publishing company, and to dr. john trowbridge of the bible institute of los angeles, for information concerning several of the gospel songs; to dr. cornelius krahn who made the rich hymnic treasures of the mennonite historical library at bethel college available to me; to the late rev.
 c. e. krehbiel who loaned me material from his private library for this work but did not live to see its completion; to b. bargen for help in preparing the manuscript for publication; to mrs. beatrice buller for reading the manuscripts and proofs of the german chorales; to my wife, charity steiner hostetler, who read all the manuscripts and proofs and whose constant interest and assistance were indispensable; and to others, too numerous to mention, who in any way facilitated the completion of the work.
 the book, written during spare moments of a busy pastorate, is sent forth with the prayer that, in spite of errors and imperfections, it may inspire all who use it to sing with greater devotion the praises of him who loved us and redeemed us.
 lester hostetler
@@ -54781,12 +51301,10 @@ c. (circa) means approximate date.
 tr.
 is prefixed to the names of all translators.
 anon.
-(anonymous) means without any name acknowledged, as that of author or composer.
 the word “number” has been omitted: thus hymn 22 means hymn no.
 22.
 cf.
 means compare.
-(latin: confer).
 the original texts of german hymns found throughout the handbook, especially in the section of chorales, book iv, are the versions used in one or more of the following works: gesangbuch mit noten, (berne, ind., 1890); gesangbuch der mennoniten, (canadian, 1942); the handbook to the lutheran hymnal, (concordia pub.
 house, 1942); gesangbuch zum gottesdienstlichen und häuslichen gebrauch in evangelischen mennoniten-gemeinden, (konferenz der süddeutschen mennoniten zu ludwigshafen a. rh.
 1910); and knapp, evangelischer liederschatz.
@@ -54829,7 +51347,6 @@ its message must be simple, not subtle.
 it must read well and sing well.
 in modern usage, the hymn is not limited to the praise of god but includes other moods of worship such as resignation and consecration.
  2. the beginnings of christian song.
-hymn singing has always been associated with christian worship.
 jesus and the twelve sang a hymn, presumably a portion of the hallel (ps.
 115-118), after the supper was ended.
 paul and silas sang hymns, “songs of the night,” during the midnight hours of their imprisonment in philippi.
@@ -54844,7 +51361,6 @@ i cor.
 14:15.
 the jewish converts who at first composed the church had a rich heritage of song in the book of psalms.
 this was their hymnbook, used in the temple worship and in the home and probably also in the synagogue services.
-the use of the psalms, carried over from the jewish service, forms to this day an important element in christian worship.
 besides the psalms, the early church sang the nativity lyrics that adorn the first two chapters of the gospel of luke.
 it also made extensive use of hallelujah as a part of the people’s praise, adding, in the course of time, the gloria patri, the sanctus, the te deum, and other canticles.
 the nativity hymns in luke, five in all, are extensively used in roman catholic and anglican services.
@@ -54896,7 +51412,6 @@ while only remnants of the music survive, many hymns from the western church hav
  latin hymns in the hymnary
 prudentius, 348-c. 413, “bethlehem, of noblest cities” (88) gregory the great, 540-604, “father, we praise thee” (24) anonymous, 6th or 7th century, “christ is made the sure” (277) “joy dawned again on easterday” (415) theodulph of orleans, 9th century, “all glory, laud, and honor” (100) bernard of clairvaux, 1091-1153, “jesus the very thought” (155) “o sacred head, now wounded” (539) bernard of cluny, 12th century, “jerusalem, the golden” (262-3) anonymous, 12th century, “o come, o come, emmanuel” (67) savonarola, 1452-98 (italian), “jesus, refuge of the weary” (536) anonymous, 17th-18th centuries, “o come, all ye faithful” (80) “the year is gone beyond recall” (382)
  5. hymns of the bohemian brethren.
-the followers of john hus who came to be known as the bohemian brethren, and later as the moravians, were the first protestant group to introduce congregational singing into their worship.
 they also published the first protestant hymnbooks, one in 1501 and another in 1505, containing 89 and 400 hymns, respectively, in their native bohemian tongue.
 their efforts to introduce congregational singing were sternly opposed by the roman hierarchy.
 the council of constance condemned hus to be burned at the stake and warned his successor, jacob of misi, to cease the singing of hymns in the churches.
@@ -54907,7 +51422,6 @@ all returned unsuccessful.
 no such christians had been found.
 they therefore remained in their own country, giving themselves assiduously to the translation and printing of the bible.
 in 1522 the brethren sent two messengers to luther to greet him and ask his advice.
-luther became interested in them and welcomed their fellowship.
 he was impressed with the hymnbook the brethren had published, and later used some of the hymns in his own work.
 two centuries later, the brethren, known now as the moravians, settled on count zinzendorf’s estates in saxony, spreading rapidly from thence into other countries in europe and to the united states.
 one of england’s foremost hymn writers and hymnologists, james montgomery, was an adherent to their faith.
@@ -55017,7 +51531,6 @@ the practice prevailed in their churches for two hundred years.
 the first book printed by them was the bay psalm book, in 1640, at cambridge, massachusetts.
 it contained no original hymns.
 the singing of psalms, and later of hymns borrowed from england made up nearly the entire repertory of church music until the middle of the 19th century.
-on the other hand, the german speaking colonists, including the mennonites, had brought with them the hymn books of the lutheran tradition and continued the use of the german chorales in their worship.
 the two streams of hymnody, english psalms and german chorales, went their independent courses for two centuries, scarcely influencing each other.
 in the meantime there was very little original hymnody produced in america, with the exception of the work of the wesleys during their brief experiment in georgia, and the composition of certain hymns and tunes by the german people of pennsylvania, which have remained, until recently, in manuscript form.
 timothy dwight’s hymn on the church, “i love thy kingdom, lord” (275) is probably the earliest american hymn still in use.
@@ -55050,15 +51563,12 @@ gospel songs have a legitimate place, particularly in special services and reviv
 neither the music nor the words possess the strength and dignity entirely adequate for the worshipful praise of the eternal.
 the principal names associated with gospel songs are the following:
 authors.
-fanny j. crosby, philip p. bliss, robert lowry, katherine hankey, e. a. hoffman, and many others.
 most of the words, though not all, were written by americans during the latter part of the nineteenth century.
 miss crosby was by far the most prolific of them all and many of her works are found in all modern hymnals of denominations that use this type of music.
 in germany, ernst gebhardt became the leader of the gospel song movement, composing words and music, publishing numerous song books, and serving as song leader in great revival meetings.
 music.
-william b. bradbury, robert lowry, w. h. doane, philip philips, james mcgranahan, george c. stebbins, p. p. bliss, d. w. towner, wm.
 j. kirkpatrick, and others.
 song leaders.
-p. p. bliss, ira sankey, james mcgranahan, george c. stebbins, charles alexander, homer rodeheaver.
 it should be noted that there is no absolute line of demarcation between hymns and some of the gospel songs.
 some of the numbers in the gospel songs section of the hymnary might well be classified as hymns, e.g., nos.
 441, 444, 447, 458, 463, 468, 470, 471, 472, and 492. either words or music meet the generally accepted standards of a hymn.
@@ -55072,10 +51582,8 @@ joyce put his arm around him for support, and tended him gently.
 “you have a lot to do, old man,” he said soon after.
 “the foolscap has come, and a great jar of ink, and you can start copying out the manuscript to-morrow.”
 “ah yes, i can do that,” said noakes.
-“now go to sleep.
 i ’ll sit by you, if you like,” said joyce.
 he moved the lamp to a ledge behind noakes’s head, and sat down near by, with the budget of newspapers.
-noakes composed himself to sleep.
 at last he spoke, without turning round.
 “joyce.”
 “yes, old man.”
@@ -55119,7 +51627,6 @@ within its precincts you can do anything in reason and out of reason.
 you can knit all day long like penelope, or you can go among the sirens with or without the precautions of ulysses.
 you can consume anything from a biscuit to a ten-course dinner.
 you can play dominoes at centime points or roulette with a forty-franc minimum.
-you can listen to music, you can dance, you can go to sleep.
 you can write letters, send telegrams, and open a savings-bank account.
 by moving to one side or the other of a glass screen you can sit in the warm sunshine or in the keen sea wind.
 you can study the fashions of europe from st. petersburg to dublin, and if you are a woman, you can wear the most sumptuous garments providence has deigned to bestow on you.
@@ -55129,7 +51636,6 @@ she was there with sophia and evan wilmington.
 it was always a great pleasure, she used to say, to have young people about her; and very naturally, since young people can be particularly useful in strange places to a middle-aged lady.
 the brother and sister fetched and carried for her all day long, which was very nice and suitable, and mrs. winstanley was in her most affable mood.
 on the day in question, however, she saw, to her astonishment and annoyance, canon chisely and yvonne making their way towards her through the crowded lines of tables.
-“good gracious, everard!” she said as they came up.
 “how did you find your way here?
 i thought you were going to switzerland.”
 “so we are,” replied the canon.
@@ -55255,7 +51761,6 @@ he nodded, went through the motions of preparing the drink, and laughed.
 “i had a touch lately,” he went on.
 “that was the second.
 the third i shall be prrrt--flambé!
-they tell me to give it up.
 never in life.”
 “but if it will kill you?”
 “bah.
@@ -55286,7 +51791,6 @@ for some moments she did not hear him as he spoke.
 at last perception returned.
 “and you are pretty,” amédée bazouge was saying.
 “mais jolie à croquer--prettier than you ever were.
-and i--i am going down the hill at the gallop.
 tiens, yvonne.
 let us celebrate this meeting.
 come and see me safe to the bottom.
@@ -55492,7 +51996,6 @@ the canon called upon her soon after his return to invite herself and the wilmin
 it was his last evening at ostend, and yvonne was not feeling well enough to spend it, as usual, at the kursaal.
 “yvonne is still poorly, everard?” she asked, with her air of confidential responsibility.
 “a little.
-she has been gadding about somewhat too much lately, and it has knocked her up.”
 “has it not occurred to you that her encounter this morning may have had something to do with it?”
 “of course not,” replied the canon, sharply.
 “it would be ridiculous.”
@@ -55521,7 +52024,6 @@ what are you trying to insinuate?”
 “i certainly wish that you had,” said he, growing angry.
 “it is an insult to yvonne which i cannot permit.
 my wife is above suspicion.”
-“like caesar’s,” said the lady with a curl of the lip.
 “do you know that we are beginning to quarrel, everard?
 it is slightly vulgar.
 i am your oldest friend, remember, and i am trying to acquit myself of a painful duty to you.”
@@ -55727,12 +52229,10 @@ the light revealed her to him so wan and exhausted that he was moved with compun
 we must pray to god for strength to bear it.
 i shall leave you now.
 i shall see that you have all you want.
-try to sleep.
 good-night.”
 “good-night,” she said miserably.
 and so, without touch of hand, they parted.
 the hours of the evening wore on, and night came.
-at last she cried herself to sleep.
 it had been a day of tears.
 they left ostend quietly the following morning by the dover boat.
 during the whole journey the canon treated yvonne with the deferential courtesy he could always assume to women, seeing to her comforts, anticipating her wants, even exchanging now and then casual remarks on passing objects of interest.
@@ -55769,9 +52269,7 @@ if the boy had stopped there, we might have concluded that he was lacking in ima
 in my own personal experience (and i have told this story often in the german ballad form to girls of ten and twelve in the high schools in england) i have never found one girl who sympathised with the lady or who failed to appreciate the poetic justice meted out to her in the end by the dignified renunciation of the knight.
 chesterton defines sentimentality as “a tame, cold, or small and inadequate manner of speaking about certain matters which demand very large and beautiful expression.”
 i would strongly urge upon young teachers to revise, by this definition, some of the stories they have included in their repertory, and see whether they would stand the test or not.
-iv.--stories containing strong sensational episodes.
 the danger is all the greater because many children delight in it, and some crave for it in the abstract, but fear it in the concrete.
-[19]
 an affectionate aunt, on one occasion, anxious to curry favour with a four-year-old nephew, was taxing her imagination to find a story suitable for his tender years.
 she was greatly startled when he suddenly said, in a most imperative tone: “tell me the story of a bear eating a small boy.” this was so remote from her own choice of subject that she hesitated at first, but coming to the conclusion that as the child had chosen the situation he would feel no terror in the working up of its details, she began a most thrilling and blood-curdling story, leading up to the final catastrophe.
 but just as she had reached the great dramatic moment, the child raised his hands in terror and said: “oh!
@@ -55792,14 +52290,12 @@ kate douglas wiggin has said:
 avoid the shuddering tale of ‘the wicked boy who stoned the birds,’ lest some hearer should be inspired to try the dreadful experiment and see if it really does kill.”
 i must emphasise the fact, however, that it is only the excess of this dramatic element which i deplore.
 a certain amount of excitement is necessary; but this question belongs to the positive side of the subject, and i shall deal with it later on.
-v.--stories presenting matters quite outside the plane of the child (unless they are wrapped in mystery, which is of great educational value).
 the element i wish to eliminate is the one which would make children world-wise and old before their time.
 a small american child who had entertained a guest in her mother's absence, when questioned as to whether she had shown all the hospitality the mother would have considered necessary, said: “oh!
 yes.
 and i talked to her in the kind of ‘dressy’ tone you use on your ‘at home’ days.”
 on one occasion i was lecturing in the town of cleveland, and was to stay in the house of a lady whom i had met only once, in new york, but with true american hospitality she had begged me to make her house my home during the whole of my stay in cleveland.
 in writing to invite me, she mentioned the pleasure it would afford her little ten-year-old daughter to make my acquaintance, and added this somewhat enigmatic sentence: “mignon has asked permission to dedicate her last work to you.” i was alarmed at the word last, given the age of the author, and felt sorry that the literary faculty had developed quite so early, lest the unfettered and irresponsible years of childhood should have been sacrificed.
-i was still more troubled when, upon my arrival, i learned that the title of the book which was to be dedicated to me was “the two army girls,” and contained the elaborate history of a double courtship.
 but, as the story was read to me, i was soon disarmed.
 a more innocent recital i never heard--and it was all the quainter because of certain little grown-up sentences gathered from the conversation of elders in unguarded moments, which evidently conveyed but slight meaning to the youthful authoress.
 the final scene between two of the lovers is so characteristic that i cannot refrain from quoting the actual words.
@@ -55814,7 +52310,6 @@ when the nursery toys have all gone astray, one little child exclaims joyfully:
 “why, the old rocking-horse's nose has turned up in the oven!”
 “it couldn't” remarks a tiresome, facetious doctor, far more anxious to be funny than to sympathise with the joy of the child; “it was the purest grecian, modelled from the elgin marbles.”
 now, for grown-up people this is an excellent joke, but for a child who has not yet become acquainted with these grecian masterpieces, the whole remark is pointless and hampering.
-[20]
 vi.--stories which appeal to fear or priggishness.
 this is a class of story to be avoided which scarcely counts to-day and against which the teacher does not need a warning; but i wish to make a passing allusion to it, partly to round off my subject and partly to show that we have made some improvement in choice of subject.
 when i study the evolution of the story from the crude recitals offered to our children within the last hundred years, i feel that, though our progress in intelligent mental catering may be slow, it is real and sure.
@@ -55845,7 +52340,6 @@ description of a good boy.
 he is diligent in learning his book, and takes a pleasure in improving himself in everything that is worthy of praise.
 he rises early in the morning, makes himself clean and decent, and says his prayers.
 he loves to hear good advice, is thankful to those who give it and always follows it.
-he never swears[21] or calls names or uses ill words to companions.
 he is never peevish and fretful, always cheerful and good-tempered.”
 vii.--stories of exaggerated and coarse fun.
 in the chapter on the positive side of this subject i shall speak more in detail of the educational value of robust and virile representation of fun and of sheer nonsense, but as a representation to these statements, i should like to strike a note of warning about the element of exaggerated and coarse fun being encouraged in our school stories, partly because of the lack of humour in such presentations--a natural product of stifling imagination--and partly because the train of the abnormal has the same effect as the too frequent use of the melodramatic.
@@ -55906,9 +52400,7 @@ could we imagine a lower standard of a deity than that presented here to the chi
 to-day the teacher would commend jane for a laudable interest in botany, but might add a word of caution about choosing inclined planes as a hunting-ground for specimens and a popular, lucid explanation of the inexorable law of gravity.
 here we have an instance of applying a moral when we have finished our story, but there are many stories where nothing is left to chance in this matter, and where there is no means for the child to use ingenuity or imagination in making out the meaning for himself.
 henry morley has condemned the use of this method as applied to fairy stories.
-he says: “moralising in a fairy story is like the snoring of bottom in titania's lap.”
 but i think this applies to all stories, and most especially to those by which we do wish to teach something.
-john burroughs says in his article,[22] “thou shalt not preach”:
 “didactic fiction can never rank high.
 thou shalt not preach or teach; though shalt pourtray and create, and have ends as universal as nature.... what art demands is that the artist's personal convictions and notions, his likes and dislikes, do not obtrude themselves at all; that good and evil stand judged in his work by the logic of events, as they do in nature, and not by any special pleading on his part.
 he does not hold a brief for either side; he exemplifies the working of the creative energy.... the great artist works in and through and from moral ideas; his works are indirectly a criticism of life.
@@ -55923,22 +52415,13 @@ in the second instance, it develops slowly, coming to perfection in fulness of t
 x.--lastly, the element to avoid is that which rouses emotions which cannot be translated into action.
 mr. earl barnes, to whom all teachers owe a debt of gratitude for the inspiration of his education views, insists strongly on this point.
 the sole effect of such stories is to produce a form of hysteria, fortunately short-lived, but a waste of force which might be directed into a better channel.
-[23] such stories are so easy to recognise that it would be useless to make a formal list, but i shall make further allusion to this in dealing with stories from the lives of the saints.
 these, then, are the main elements to avoid in the selection of material suitable for normal children.
 much might be added in the way of detail, and the special tendency of the day may make it necessary to avoid one class of story more than another; but this care belongs to another generation of teachers and parents.
  footnotes:
-[18] such works as “ministering children,” “the wide, wide world,” “the fairchild family,” are instances of the kind of story i mean, as containing too much analysis of emotion.
-[19] one child's favourite book bore the exciting title of “birth, life and death of crazy jane.”
-[20] this does not imply that the child would not appreciate in the right context the thrilling and romantic story in connection with the finding of the elgin marbles.
-[21] one is almost inclined to prefer marjorie fleming's little innocent oaths.
 “but she was more than usual calm.
 she did not give a single dam.”
-[22] from “literary values.”
-[23] a story is told of confucius, that having attended a funeral he presented his horse to the chief mourner.
 when asked why he bestowed this gift, he replied: “i wept with the man, so i feel i ought to do something for him.”
- chapter v.
 elements to seek in choice of material.
- in “the choice of books” frederic harrison has said: “the most useful help to reading is to know what we shall not read, ... what we shall keep from that small cleared spot in the overgrown jungle of information which we can call our ordered patch of fruit-bearing knowledge.”[24]
 now, the same statement applies to our stories, and, having busied myself, during the last chapter, with “clearing my small spot” by cutting away a mass of unfruitful growth, i am now going to suggest what would be the best kind of seed to sow in the patch which i have “reclaimed from the jungle.”
 again i repeat that i have no wish to be dogmatic, and that in offering suggestions as to the stories to be told, i am only catering for a group of normal school-children.
 my list of subjects does not pretend to cover the whole ground of children's needs, and just as i exclude the abnormal or unusual child from the scope of my warning in subjects to avoid, so do i also exclude that child from the limitation in choice of subjects to be sought, because you can offer almost any subject to the unusual child, especially if you stand in close relation to him and know his powers of apprehension.
@@ -55952,7 +52435,6 @@ in “the marsh king's daughter,” h. c. andersen says:
 they suit them to their age and capacity.
 the young ones are quite satisfied with kribble, krabble, or some such nonsense, and find it charming; but the elder ones want something with more meaning.”
 one of the most interesting experiments to be made in connection with this subject is to tell the same story at intervals of a year or six months to some individual child.
-[25] the different incidents in the story which appeal to it (and you must watch it closely, to be sure the interest is real, and not artificially stimulated by any suggestion on your part) will mark its mental development and the gradual awakening of its imagination.
 this experiment is a very delicate one, and will not be infallible, because children are secretive and the appreciation is often (unconsciously) simulated, or concealed through shyness or want of articulation.
 but it is, in spite of this, a deeply interesting and helpful experiment.
 to take a concrete example: let us suppose the story of andersen's tin soldier told to a child of five or six years.
@@ -55974,9 +52456,7 @@ the abnormal behaviour of familiar objects, such as a doll, leads from the ordin
 this story is to be found in a little book called “very short stories,” a most interesting collection for teachers and children.
 we now come to the second element we should seek in material--namely, the element of the unusual, which we have already anticipated in the story of the tin soldier.
 this element is necessary in response to the demand of the child who expressed the needs of his fellow-playmates when he said: “i want to go to the place where the shadows are real.” this is the true definition of “faerie” lands, and is the first sign of real mental development in the child when he is no longer content with the stories of his own little deeds and experiences, when his ear begins to appreciate sounds different from the words in his own everyday language, and when he begins to separate his own personality from the action of the story.
-george goschen says[26]:
 “what i want for the young are books and stories which do not simply deal with our daily life.
-i like the fancy (even) of little children to have some larger food than images of their own little lives, and i confess i am sorry for the children whose imaginations are not sometimes stimulated by beautiful fairy tales which carry them to worlds different from those in which their future will be passed.... i hold that what removes them more or less from their daily life is better than what reminds them of it at every step.”
 it is because of the great value of leading children to something beyond the limited circle of their own lives that i deplore the twaddling boarding-school stories written for girls and the artificially-prepared public school stories for boys.
 why not give them the dramatic interest of a larger stage?
 no account of a cricket match, or a football triumph, could present a finer appeal to boys and girls than the description of the peacestead in the “heroes of asgaard”:
@@ -56019,7 +52499,6 @@ there is little difficulty with the children.
 i can remember, in my own experience as a teacher in london, making the experiment of reading or repeating passages from milton and shakespeare to children from nine to eleven years of age, and the enthusiastic way they responded by learning those passages by heart.
 i have taken, with several sets of children, such passages from milton as “echo song,” “sabrina,” “by the rushy fringed bank,” “back, shepherds, back,” from comus, “may morning,” “ode to shakespeare,” “samson on his blindness,” etc.
 i even ventured on several passages from paradise lost, and found “now came still evening on” a particular favourite with the children.
-it seemed even easier to interest them in shakespeare, and they learned quite readily and easily many passages from “as you like it,” “merchant of venice,” “julius cæsar”; from “richard ii,” “henry iv,” and “henry v.”
 the method i should recommend in the introduction of both poets occasionally into the story-hour would be threefold.
 first, to choose passages which appeal for beauty of sound or beauty of mental vision called up by those sounds: such as, “tell me where is fancy bred,” titania's lullaby, “how sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank.”
 secondly, passages for sheer interest of content, such as the trial scene from “the merchant of venice,” or the forest scene in “as you like it.”
@@ -56028,17 +52507,14 @@ it may not be wholly out of place to add here that the children learned and repe
 i discussed quite openly with them the method i considered best, trying to make them see that simplicity of delivery was not only the most beautiful but the most effective means to use; and, by the end of a few months, when they had been allowed to experiment and express themselves, they began to see that mere ranting was not force, and that a sense of reserve power is infinitely more impressive and inspiring than mere external presentation.
 i encouraged them to criticise each other for the common good, and sometimes i read a few lines with over-emphasis and too much gesture, which they were at liberty to point out, so that they might avoid the same error.
 a very good collection of poems for this purpose of narrative is to be found in:
-mrs. p. a. barnett's series of song and story, published by a. and c. black.
 and for older children:
 the call of the homeland, anthology.
 edited by dr. scott and miss katharine wallas, published by blackie and son.
 also in a collection published (i believe) in boston by miss agnes repplier.
 golden numbers.
-(k. d. wiggin and n. a. smith).
 it will be realised from the scanty number of examples offered in this section that it is only a side issue, a mere suggestion of an occasional alternative for the story-hour, as likely to develop the imagination.
 i think it is well to have a good number of stories illustrating the importance of common sense and resourcefulness.
 for this reason i consider that stories treating of the ultimate success of the youngest son are very admirable for the purpose, because the youngest child, who begins by being considered inferior to the elder ones, triumphs in the end, either from resourcefulness, or from common sense, or from some high quality, such as kindness to animals, courage in overcoming difficulties, etc.
-[27]
 thus we have the story of cinderella.
 the cynic might imagine that it was the diminutive size of her foot that ensured her success: the child does not realise any advantage in this, but, though the matter need not be pressed, the story leaves us with the impression that cinderella had been patient and industrious, forbearing with her sisters.
 we know that she was strictly obedient to her godmother, and in order to be this she makes her dramatic exit from the ball which is the beginning of her triumph.
@@ -56047,9 +52523,7 @@ another such story is “jesper and the hares.” here, however, it is not at fi
 at the end, he does win by his own ingenuity and resourcefulness, and if we regret that his trickery has such wonderful results, we must remember that the aim was to win the princess for herself, and that there was little choice left him.
 i consider the end of this story to be one of the most remarkable i have found in my long years of browsing among fairy tales.
 i should suggest stopping at the words: “the tub is full,” as any addition seems to destroy the subtlety of the story.
-[28]
 another story of this kind, admirable for children from six years and upwards, is “what the old man does is always right.” here, perhaps, the entire lack of common sense on the part of the hero would serve rather as a warning than a stimulating example, but the conduct of the wife in excusing the errors of her foolish husband is a model of resourcefulness.
-in the story of “hereafter--this”[29] we have just the converse: a perfectly foolish wife shielded by a most patient and forbearing husband, whose tolerance and common sense save the situation.
 one of the most important elements to seek in our choice of stories is that which tends to develop, eventually, a fine sense of humour in a child.
 i purposely use the word “eventually,” because i realise first that humour has various stages, and that seldom, if ever, can you expect an appreciation of fine humour from a normal child, that is, from an elemental mind.
 it seems as if the rough-and-tumble element were almost a necessary stage through which children must pass--a stage, moreover, which is normal and healthy; but up to now we have quite unnecessarily extended the period of elephantine fun, and though we cannot control the manner in which children are catered for along this line in their homes, we can restrict the folly of appealing too strongly or too long to this elemental faculty in our schools.
@@ -56108,18 +52582,15 @@ for one or other of these reasons, i should avoid the detailed history of st. ju
 the danger of telling children stories connected with sudden conversions is that they are apt to place too much emphasis on the process, rather than the goal to be reached.
 we should always insist on the splendid deeds performed after a real conversion--not the details of the conversion itself; as, for instance, the beautiful and poetical work done by st. christopher when he realised what work he could do most effectively.
 on the other hand, there are many stories of the saints dealing with actions and motives which would appeal to the imagination and are not only worthy of imitation, but are not wholly outside the life and experience even of the child.
-[30]
 having protested against the elephantine joke and the too-frequent use of exaggerated fun, i now endeavour to restore the balance by suggesting the introduction into the school curriculum of a few purely grotesque stories which serve as an antidote to sentimentality or utilitarianism.
 but they must be presented as nonsense, so that the children may use them for what they are intended, as pure relaxation.
 such a story is that of “the wolf and the kids.” i have had serious objections offered to this story by several educational people, because of the revenge taken by the goat on the wolf, but i am inclined to think that if the story is to be taken as anything but sheer nonsense, it is surely sentimental to extend our sympathy towards a caller who has devoured six of his hostess' children.
 with regard to the wolf being cut open, there is not the slightest need to accentuate the physical side.
 children accept the deed as they accept the cutting off of a giant's head, because they do not associate it with pain, especially if the deed is presented half-humorously.
 the moment in the story where their sympathy is aroused is the swallowing of the kids, because the children do realise the possibility of being disposed of in the mother's absence.
-(needless to say, i never point out the moral of the kids' disobedience to the mother in opening the door.)
 i have always noticed a moment of breathlessness even in a grown-up audience when the wolf swallows the kids, and that the recovery of them “all safe and sound, all huddled together” is quite as much appreciated by the adult audience as by the children, and is worth the tremor caused by the wolf's summary action.
 i have not always been able to impress upon the teachers that this story must be taken lightly.
 a very earnest young student came to me once after i had told it, and said in an awestruck voice: “do you correlate?” having recovered from the effect of this word, which she carefully explained, i said that as a rule i preferred to keep the story apart from the other lessons, just an undivided whole, because it had effects of its own which were best brought about by not being connected with other lessons.
-[31] she frowned her disapproval and said: “i am sorry, because i thought i would take the goat for my nature study lesson, and then tell your story at the end.” i thought of the terrible struggle in the child's mind between his conscientious wish to be accurate and his dramatic enjoyment of the abnormal habits of a goat who went out with scissors, needle and thread; but i have been most careful since to repudiate any connection with nature study in this and a few other stories in my répertoire.
 one might occasionally introduce one of edward lear's “book of nonsense.” for instance:
 there was an old man of cape horn, who wished he had never been born; so he sat in a chair till he died of despair, that dolorous man of cape horn.
 now, except in case of very young children, this could not possibly be taken seriously.
@@ -56127,7 +52598,6 @@ the least observant normal boy or girl would recognise the hollowness of the pes
 the following i have chosen as repeated with intense appreciation and much dramatic vigour by a little boy just five years old:
 there was an old man who said, “hush!
 i perceive a young bird in this bush!” when they said, “is it small?” he replied, “not at all!
-it is four times as big as the bush!”[32]
 one of the most desirable of all elements to introduce into our stories is that which encourages kinship with animals.
 with very young children this is easy, because in those early years when the mind is not clogged with knowledge, the sympathetic imagination enables them to enter into the feelings of animals.
 andersen has an illustration of this point in his “ice maiden”:
@@ -56137,7 +52607,6 @@ people are in the habit of saying strange things.”
 felix adler says: “perhaps the chief attraction of fairy tales is due to their representing the child as living in brotherly friendship with nature and all creatures.
 trees, flowers, animals, wild and tame, even the stars are represented as comrades of children.
 that animals are only human beings in disguise is an axiom in the fairy tales.
-animals are humanised, that is, the kinship between animal and human life is still keenly felt; and this reminds us of those early animistic interpretations of nature which subsequently led to doctrines of metempsychosis.”[33]
 i think that beyond question the finest animal stories are to be found in the indian collections, of which i furnish a list in the appendix.
 with regard to the development of the love of nature through the telling of the stories, we are confronted with a great difficult in the elementary schools, because so many of the children have never been out of the towns, have never seen a daisy, a blade of grass and scarcely a tree, so that in giving, in form of a story, a beautiful description of scenery, you can make no appeal to the retrospective imagination, and only the rarely gifted child will be able to make pictures whilst listening to a style which is beyond his everyday use.
 nevertheless, once in a way, when the children are in a quiet mood, not eager for action but able to give themselves up to the pure joy of sound, then it is possible to give them a beautiful piece of writing in praise of nature, such as the following, taken from the divine adventure, by fiona macleod:
@@ -56152,7 +52621,6 @@ but at a reverent distance one gets a clear impression of the whole, and can aff
 in presenting such passages (and it must be done very sparingly) experience has taught me that we should take the children into our confidence by telling them frankly that nothing exciting is going to happen, so that they will be free to listen to the mere words.
 a very interesting experiment might occasionally be made by asking the children some weeks afterwards to tell you in their own words what pictures were made on their minds.
 this is a very different thing from allowing the children to reproduce the passage at once, the danger of which proceeding i speak of later in detail.
-(see chapter on questions.)
 we now come to the question as to what proportion of dramatic excitement we should present in the stories for a normal group of children.
 personally, i should like, while the child is very young (i mean in mind, not in years) to exclude the element of dramatic excitement, but though this may be possible for the individual child, it is quite utopian to hope we can keep the average child free from what is in the atmosphere.
 children crave for excitement, and unless we give it to them in legitimate form, they will take it in any riotous form it presents itself, and if from our experience we can control their mental digestion by a moderate supply of what they demand, we may save them from devouring too eagerly the raw material they can so easily find for themselves.
@@ -56189,17 +52657,14 @@ this passage illustrates also the difference between the highly-developed imagin
 tom could enter into the elementary question of giving his school-fellow a black eye, but could not possibly enter into the drama of the imaginary arrival of a lion.
 he was sorely in need of fairy stories.
 it is for this element we have to cater, and we cannot shirk our responsibilities.
-william james says: “living things, moving things or things that savour of danger or blood, that have a dramatic quality, these are the things natively interesting to childhood, to the exclusion of almost everything else, and the teacher of young children (until more artificial interests have grown up) will keep in touch with his pupils by constant appeal to such matters as those.”[34]
 of course the savour of danger and blood is only one of the things to which we should appeal, but i give the whole passage to make the point clearer.
 this is one of the most difficult parts of our selection, namely, how to present enough excitement for the child and yet include enough constructive element which will satisfy him when the thirst for “blugginess” is slaked.
 and here i should like to say that, whilst wishing to encourage in children great admiration and reverence for the courage and other fine qualities which have been displayed in times of war, and which have mitigated its horrors, i think we should show that some of the finest moments in these heroes' lives had nothing to do with their profession as soldiers.
-thus we have the well-known story of sir philip sidney and the soldier; the wonderful scene where roland drags the bodies of his dead friends to receive the blessing of the archbishop after the battle of roncevalles[35]; and of napoleon sending the sailor back to england.
 there is a moment in the story of gunnar when he pauses in the midst of the slaughter of his enemies, and says, “i wonder if i am less brave than others, because i kill men less willingly than they.”
 and in the “njal's burning” from andrew lang's “book of romance” we have the words of the boy thord when his grandmother, bergthora, urges him to go out of the burning house.
 “you promised me when i was little, grandmother, that i never should go from you till i wished it of myself.
 and i would rather die with you than live after you.”
 here the moral courage is so splendidly shown; none of these heroes feared to die in battle or in open single fight, but to face a death by fire for higher considerations is a point of view worth presenting to the child.
-in spite of all the dramatic excitement roused by the conduct of our soldiers and sailors,[36] should we not try to offer also in our stories the romance and excitement of saving as well as taking life?
 i would have quite a collection dealing with the thrilling adventures of the life-boat and the fire brigade, of which i hope to present examples in the final story list.
 finally, we ought to include a certain number of stories dealing with death, especially with children who are of an age to realise that it must come to all, and that this is not a calamity but a perfectly natural and simple thing.
 at present the child in the street invariably connects death with sordid accidents.
@@ -56224,28 +52689,12 @@ what for the journey through day and night?
 give or withhold from him power and fame, but give to him love of the earth's delight.
 let him be lover of wind and sun and of falling rain; and the friend of trees; with a singing heart for the pride of noon, and a tender heart for what twilight sees.
 let him be lover of you and yours-- the child and mary; but also pan, and the sylvan gods of the woods and hills, and the god that is hid in his fellow-man.
-love and a song and the joy of earth, these be the gifts for his scrip to keep till, the journey ended, he stands at last in the gathering dark, at the gate of sleep.
 ethel clifford.
 and so our stories should contain all the essentials for the child's scrip on the road of life, providing the essentials and holding or withholding the non-essentials.
-but, above all, let us fill the scrip with gifts that the child need never reject, even when he passes through “the gate of sleep.”
  footnotes:
-[24] chapter i, page 3.
-[25] this experiment cannot be made with a group of children, for obvious reasons.
-[26] from an address on the “cultivation of the imagination.”
-[27] “the house in the wood” (grimm) is a good instance of triumph for the youngest child.
-[28] to be found in andrew lang's collection.
 see list of stories.
-[29] to be found in jacob's “more english tales.”
-[30] for selection of suitable stories among legends of the saints, see story lists.
-[31] i believe that i am quite in a minority among educationists in this matter.
 possibly my constantly specialising in the stories may have formed my opinion.
-[32] these words have been set most effectively to music by miss margaret ruthven lang.
-(boston.)
-[33] from “moral instruction of children,” page 66.
 “the use of fairy tales.”
-[34] from “talks to teachers,” page 93.
-[35] an excellent account of this is to be found in “the song of roland,” by arthur way and frederic spender.
-[36] this passage was written before the great war.
  chapter vi.
 how to obtain and maintain the effect of the story.
  we are now coming to the most important part of the question of story-telling, to which all the foregoing remarks have been gradually leading, and that is the effects of these stories upon the child, apart from the dramatic joy he experiences in listening to them, which would in itself be quite enough to justify us in the telling.
@@ -56259,7 +52708,6 @@ after thinking some little time over the matter, she said with some embarrassmen
 now, i am not holding any brief for this story in particular.
 i think the reason it was remembered was because of the dramatic form in which it was presented to her, which fired her imagination and kept the memory alight.
 i quite realise that a scientific fact might also have been easily remembered if it was presented in the form of a successful chemical experiment: but this also has something of the dramatic appeal and will be remembered on that account.
-sully says: “we cannot understand the fascination of a story for children save in remembering that for their young minds, quick to imagine, and unversed in abstract reflection, words are not dead things but winged, as the old greeks called them.”[37]
 the red queen (in “through the looking-glass”) was more psychological than she knew when she made the memorable statement: “when once you've said a thing that fixes it, and you must take the consequences.”
 in curtin's introduction to “myths and folk tales of the russians,” he says:
 “i remember well the feeling roused in my mind at the mention or sight of the name lucifer during the early years of my life.
@@ -56353,16 +52801,13 @@ it is true, both gentlemen amassed large fortunes, but surely the school age is
 one wearies of the tales of boys who arrive in a town with one cent in their pockets, and leave it as millionaires, with the added importance of a mayoralty, not to speak of a knighthood.
 it is true that the romantic prototype of these boys is dick whittington, for whom we unconsciously cherish the affection which we often bestow on a far-off personage.
 perhaps--who knows?--it is the picturesque adjunct of the cat--lacking to modern millionaires.
-[38]
 i do not think it utopian to present to children a fair share of stories which deal with the importance of things “untouched by hand.” they too can learn at an early age that “the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are unseen are spiritual.” to those who wish to try the effect of such stories on children, i present for their encouragement the following lines from whitcomb riley:
  the treasure of the wise man.
-[39]
 oh, the night was dark and the night was late, when the robbers came to rob him; and they picked the lock of his palace-gate, the robbers who came to rob him-- they picked the lock of the palace-gate, seized his jewels and gems of state his coffers of gold and his priceless plate,-- the robbers that came to rob him.
 but loud laughed he in the morning red!-- for of what had the robbers robbed him?
 ho!
 hidden safe, as he slept in bed, when the robbers came to rob him,-- they robbed him not of a golden shred of the childish dreams in his wise old head-- “and they're welcome to all things else,” he said, when the robbers came to rob him.
 there is a great deal of this romantic spirit, combined with a delightful sense of irresponsibility, which i claim above all things for small children, to be found in our old nursery rhymes.
-i quote from the following article written by the rev.
 r. l. gales for the nation.
 after speaking on the subject of fairy stories being eliminated from the school curriculum, the writer adds:
 “this would be lessening the joy of the world and taking from generations yet unborn the capacity for wonder, the power to take a large unselfish interest in the spectacle of things, and putting them forever at the mercy of small private cares.
@@ -56398,15 +52843,12 @@ there is a book used in american schools called “little citizens of other land
 stories of this kind are particularly necessary to prevent the development of insular notions, and are a check on that robust form of philistinism, only too prevalent, alas!
 among grown-ups, which looks askance at new suggestions and makes the withering remark: “how un-english!
 how queer!”--the second comment being, it would seem, a natural corollary to the first.
-[40]
 i have so constantly to deal with the question of confusion between truth and fiction in the mind of children that it might be useful to offer here an example of the way they make the distinction for themselves.
 mrs. ewing says on this subject:
 “if there are young intellects so imperfect as to be incapable of distinguishing between fancy and falsehood, it is most desirable to develop in them the power to do so, but, as a rule, in childhood, we appreciate the distinction with a vivacity which as elders our care-clogged memories fail to recall.”
-mr. p. a. barnett, in his book on the “commonsense of education,” says, alluding to fairy tales:
 “children will act them but not act upon them, and they will not accept the incidents as part of their effectual belief.
 they will imagine, to be sure, grotesque worlds, full of admirable and interesting personages to whom strange things might have happened.
 so much the better; this largeness of imagination is one of the possessions that distinguish the better nurtured child from others less fortunate.”
-the following passage from stevenson's essay on child play[41] will furnish an instance of children's aptitude for creating their own dramatic atmosphere:
 “when my cousin and i took our porridge of a morning, we had a device to enliven the course of a meal.
 he ate his with sugar, and explained it to be a country continually buried under snow.
 i took mine with milk, and explained it to be a country suffering gradual inundation.
@@ -56424,7 +52866,6 @@ queyrat speaks of play as one of the distinct phases of a child's imagination; i
 now to return to the point which mrs. ewing makes, namely, that we should develop in normal children the power of distinguishing between truth and falsehood.
 i should suggest including two or three stories which would test that power in children, and if they fail to realise the difference between romancing and telling lies then it is evident that they need special attention and help along this line.
 i give the titles of two stories of this kind in the collection at the end of the book.
-[42]
 so far we have dealt only with the negative results of stories, but there are more important effects, and i am persuaded that if we are careful in our choice of stories, and artistic in our presentation (so that the truth is framed, so to speak, in the memory), we can unconsciously correct evil tendencies in children which they only recognise in themselves when they have already criticised them in the characters of the story.
 i have sometimes been misunderstood on this point, therefore i should like to make it quite clear.
 i do not mean that stories should take the place entirely of moral or direct teaching, but that on many occasions they could supplement and strengthen moral teaching, because the dramatic appeal to the imagination is quicker than the moral appeal to the conscience.
@@ -56436,17 +52877,14 @@ the english ship was destroyed by fire.
 farmer, the captain, was killed, and the officers taken prisoners:
 “they dealt with us as brethren, they mourned for farmer dead; and as the wounded captives passed, each breton bowed the head.
 then spoke the french lieutenant, 'twas the fire that won, not we: you never struck your flag to us; you'll go to england free.
-'[43]
 'twas the sixth day of october, seventeen-hundred-seventy-nine, a year when nations ventured against us to combine, quebec was burned and farmer slain, by us remembered not; but thanks be to the french book wherein they're not forgot.
 and you, if you've to fight the french, my youngster, bear in mind those seamen of king louis so chivalrous and kind; think of the breton gentlemen who took our lads to brest, and treat some rescued breton as a comrade and a guest.”
 this poem is specially to be commended because it is another example of the finer qualities which are developed in war.
-[44]
 now, such a ballad as this, which, being pure narrative, could easily be introduced into the story-hour, would do as much to foster “l'entente cordiale” as any processions or civic demonstrations, or lavish international exchange of hospitality.
 it has also a great practical application now that we are encouraging visits between english and foreign children.
 let us hope the entente cordiale will not stop at france.
 there must be many such instances of magnanimity and generosity displayed to us by other nations, and it might be well to collect them and include them among stories for the school curriculum.
 but in all our stories, in order to produce desired effects we must refrain from holding, as burroughs says, “a brief for either side,” and we must leave the decision of the children free in this matter.
-[45]
 in a review of ladd's psychology in the “academy,” we find a passage which refers as much to the story as to the novel: mr. myre read the letter; and, as he read, his face became more like the hue of badly-made paste.
 he was a long time reading it, gaston latour’s sleepy eyes never leaving him.
 he burst into a harsh laugh, and flung the letter into the air:
@@ -56634,7 +53072,6 @@ she sighed sadly:
 he called for a drink and some biscuits for her; and whilst they were being brought, he asked her:
 “what became of you, madelaine--after the old widow snacheur was killed?”
 she sighed sadly:
-“i went to work in a millinery shop.” she shrugged her slender shoulders.
 “they starved me too,” she said--“just like the widow snacheur.
 so----”
 she slipped her hand through his arm, laid her head against his shoulder, and smiled:
@@ -56663,16 +53100,13 @@ she nodded:
 “i have had no sleep for three nights.”
 “what have you been doing?” he asked.
 “i walked about the streets,” she answered simply.
-“come,” he said, “we must first sup.”
 she gathered up her skirts, and slipped her hand through his arm.
 they climbed up to the courtyard, and so into the street, and out into the night.
  madelaine sat on the side of the bed and undressed.
 it was a sadly simple undressing.
-she was languid with sleep.
 noll went and looked out of the window, where paris lay below him, blinking her thousand eyes....
 he roused and went to the bed.
 the dark head on the pillow lay very still.
-the girl was fast asleep.
 noll went back to the window--it was the window from which horace had gazed down upon the world the night before noll and betty had come to paris.
 and as noll so stood, his brows hard knit upon the problems of his life, the night slowly passed.
 the rustle of a woman’s skirt had been in his ears all day--in his blood.
@@ -56737,7 +53171,6 @@ don’t break the butterfly.
 tell him also that both of you have much of my heart.
 yours,
 noll.
-p.s.--i am tired of myself.
 i am off to find betty.”
 noll sealed the letter and wrote a third--to the concierge:
 “madame,
@@ -56748,10 +53181,8 @@ agréez, etc.,
 oliver baddlesmere.”
 he stole to where madelaine slept, and on the chair by her bed he put her letter and some banknotes.
 he collected clothes from about the room, packed them into his large leather kit-bag, and carried it to where the candle gave light.
-from the walls he took down the portraits of betty and one or two trinkets, and very carefully wrapped them up.
 they too went into the bag.
 he was near singing more than once.
-the place was astir with the sound of betty’s skirts, the echo of her gaiety, the sound of her light footstep.
 the air was sweet with the breath of her uncomplaining good-nature.
 he shut up the bag, tied a label upon it, put on his cloak and hat, blew out the candle, and softly let himself out of the room.
  in the darkness noll stood upon the bridge at the end of the boule miche, the pleasant highway of youth.
@@ -56764,7 +53195,6 @@ he cast from him the devil of mere intellect, and it went out of him demurely in
 as the awakened youth stood there, the black night passed over the edge of the populous city, and its smoky shadow slowly followed it.
 the lights of the lamps paled in the dawn; the stars went out; and out of the daffodil east the day came up--and there was light in the world.
  before the day was well begun, noll went home.
-*       *       *       *       *
 in the still grey dawn, in dripping drizzle, gavroche the anarchist slouched forth from prison-cell to his harsh doom.
 he was dejected.
 he missed the band, the public eye, the shouts of the comrades.
@@ -56845,7 +53275,6 @@ he gripped his hand upon the other’s shoulder, affectionately.
 gomme signed him to a seat:
 “sit down, noll--i’ll be all right in a minute.” he blew his nose.
 “no--better still, light the gas.
-i must stop.
 tears will not bring back one’s dead, nor grief annul the things that are done.
 light up!
 a man can only cry comfortably in the dark.”
@@ -56860,7 +53289,6 @@ the old attic was now so rich of hue and yet so stiffly chaste that noll almost
 it was indeed a handsome room; and yet----
 some faint whisper of the how and the why these things had chanced flashed through noll’s consciousness.
 here julia had put the savings of her hard-won earnings.
-a tidy mind frets at the ordered disorder of the workshop.
 she was of a precise habit that has a ruthless distaste for chips.
 she had secretly consulted the old lady, who had grimly advised her to “let the man’s room be”; but he who takes to the council of war a decided intention is irked by opposition, and smiles away the wisdom of older heads as the mere caution of senility.
 and indeed there was something of the poetic intention behind her gentle obstinacy, as there was behind everything she did; for (and she knew it in her secret heart to be not wholly without a little of such jealous venom as her gentle blood could hold) she had been passionately set upon bringing into this man’s life a fresh influence, a fragrance that she was sure he had not known--she was aglow with the glamour of the love-mood to be the all-in-all in the atmosphere of her lover’s day.
@@ -57080,7 +53508,6 @@ and when i bow, you bow: and when i rub my hands, you rub your hands; and don’
 and you, fluffy, play the general ass.
 i’ll stick to the door here.... are we all right now?...
 no, blotte’s not enough disguised.
-here, doome, fasten this fierce moustache on his lip, whilst i shut up.... o lor!
 here they come!”
 rippley had scarcely hurried into his coat when there entered and halted in the great doorway a hesitating figure in the white satin dress of a courtier of charles the first, lace frills at his weak knees, white stockings, white shoes, and holding a plumed hat in his hand.
 his eyeglass dropped out of his eye, and he stood there stuttering and aghast.
@@ -57110,7 +53537,6 @@ we shall meet in sunshine----”
 rippley stepped to the door:
 “quick!” said he in a hushed whisper, “make a line, quick there, you fluffy, doome, blotte, to my left here at the door.
 here comes pangbutt.... he blows his nose like the old nobility.... come along.
-blotte--don’t look like a broken-down anarchist in an advanced stage of pip.
 you must affect the smiling, friendly, neapolitan manner, expectant of a fee.”
 as blotte’s pale face took on a deathly smile, rippley bowed, and there stepped into the open doorway the well-groomed figure of their host.
 pangbutt halted, perplexed.
@@ -57514,7 +53940,6 @@ preventive or prophylactic.--a medicine or method that tends to prevent disease,
 protective.--a substance used for protecting the parts to which it is applied, as collodion, etc.
 pungent.--any substance producing a sharp, pinching, penetrating effect, as ammonia.
 purgative.--a medicine causing copious evacuations of the bowels.
-(see cathartics.)
 pustulant.--a medicine which irritates and gives rise to the formation of pustules, as cantharides, croton oil, etc.
 recuperative.--a medicine which restores health and energy, as extract of malt, cod liver oil, etc.
 refrigerant.--a medicine or agent having cooling properties or the power of lowering internal or external temperature, as potassium nitrate, aconite, cold water, etc.
@@ -57572,32 +53997,14 @@ if alkalies are given before digestion begins, diffusion of the acid-forming con
 anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper inhaler.
  tables used in prescription writing
  apothecaries or troy weight.
-20 grains (granum)                (gr.
 or grs.)
-= 1 scruple.
-3 scruples (scrupulum)           (sc.)
-= 1 drachm (60 grs.)
-8 drachms (drachma)              (ʒ) = 1 ounce.
-12 ounces (uncia)                 (℥) = 1 pound (℔)
 in prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always express large quantities by ounces.
  apothecaries’ liquid measure.
-60 minims (minimum)               (m. or ms.) = 1 fluid drachm.
 8 fluid drachms (fluid drachma)  (fl.
-ʒ) = 1 fluid ounce.
-16 fluid ounces (fluid uncia)     (fl.
-℥) = 1 pint.
-2 pints (octarius)               (o.)
-= 1 quart.
-4 quarts or 8 pints = 1 gallon   (congius--c.)
 in prescribing liquids the abbreviation for quarts (qts.)
 is never used.
 if a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (oij).
  appropriate equivalents of wine units in domestic measures.
-teaspoon      = ʒi.
-dessert spoon = ʒii.
-table spoon   = ℥ss.
-cup           = ℥iv.
-tumbler       = ℥viii.
  tables for regulating the doses for young animals
  horses.
 3 years old and upward, full dose.
@@ -57611,7 +54018,6 @@ from 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose.
 from ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose.
 from 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose.
 from 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
- sheep.
 2 years old and upward, full dose.
 from 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose.
 from ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose.
@@ -57640,22 +54046,14 @@ the practice of conjoining several active medicines has wisely been abandoned.
 occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give together two medicines producing their effects in somewhat different ways.
 thus, spasms of the bowels are more often effectually controlled by the conjunction of a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium than by either given alone.
 pain which is not alleviated by either morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giving them together.
-(2) the adjuvant is introduced in order to increase, moderate or modify the action of the basis.
 frequently its chief object is to insure solubility and ready absorption.
-(3) a corrective is occasionally required to temper the effects of the basis.
 thus a small dose of opium is prescribed with oil or other laxative in cases of diarrhoea; ginger is generally added to the aloetic mass to prevent its griping.
-(4) the vehicle generally consists of some comparatively inert substance, added to facilitate administration, such as the treacle, linseed meal or licorice powder used as an excipient for boluses and pills, the benzoated lard or vaseline used for making ointments, and the water given in drenches.
 example:
 ℞ barb.
-aloes                  ℥i.
-calomel                      ʒi.
-ginger                       ʒii.
-molasses                     ℥ss.
 m. et fiat massa, in bolus 1. sig.
 give at once.
 --john jones.
 in the above prescription aloes is the basis; calomel as an adjuvant, ginger as a corrective, molasses as an excipient.
-*       *       *       *       *
 a prescription is composed of several parts, which may be considered as follows:
 1. heading.
 2. names and quantities of drugs.
@@ -57669,15 +54067,12 @@ july 22, 1916.
 sulph.
 exsic., aa.
 ℥iss.
-{ pulv.
-belladonna fol., { pulv.
 gentian rad.
 aa.
 ℥iii.
 3. m. ft. chart no.
 xii.
 4.
-sig.--one powder three or four times daily in syrup.
 --john jones.
  abbreviations
  prescription writing.
@@ -57709,25 +54104,20 @@ b. i. d.--bis in die.
 twice daily.
 t. i. d., or t. d.--three times daily, ter in die.
 q. d.--quarter in die; four times daily.
-p.
 æ.--partes æquales, equal parts.
-div.--divide.
 gtt.--guttæ, drops.
 grs.--grains.
 ʒ--drachma, dram.
 ℥--uncia, ounce.
-m.--minims about a drop.
 ℈--scruple.
 m. ft.--mistura fiat; let a mixture be made.
 pil.--pilula; pill.
 destil.--destilla; distill.
 liq.--liquor a solution.
-pulv.--pulvis; powder.
 fl.--fluidus, fluid.
 bol.--bolus, large pill.
 cola--strain.
 filtra--filter.
-capsula--cap.
 a capsule.
 charta--chart.
 a paper (medicated).
@@ -57738,7 +54128,6 @@ a pill--mass.
 unguentum--ungt.
 an ointment.
 syrups--syr.
-a syrup.
 vinum.--vin.
 a wine.
 aqua fontana--aq.
@@ -57793,7 +54182,6 @@ alcohol and vinegar have been used with good results, both internally and extern
  acidum salicylicum--salicylic acid
  an organic acid, existing naturally in combination in various plants, but largely prepared synthetically from carbolic acid.
 derivation.--made by passing carbonic dioxide through sodium carbolate at a temperature of 428° f. (220° c.).
-2 nac₆h₅o (sodium carbolate) + co₂ = na₂c₇h₄o₃ (sodium salicylate) + c₆h₆o (phenol).
 sodium salicylate is treated with hydrochloric acid when salicylic acid is precipitated.
 properties.--light, fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, odorless, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in air.
 soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases its solubility.
@@ -57838,7 +54226,6 @@ those parcels, whether of leaves or roots, should always be rejected which are d
 aconite root is officially described as being “slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm.
 long, 10 to 20 mm.
 thick at the crown; occasionally split; longitudinally wrinkled; dark brown and marked with coarse whitish root-scars; fracture short, horny or mealy; internally whitish or light brown; the cambium zone irregular and 5 to 7-angled; odor very slight; taste sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation, followed by numbness.”
-preparations of the leaves are not official in the u. s. p. the root is five times stronger than the leaves.
 constituents.--the alkaloid representing the action of the drug is aconitine, which is precipitated by ammonia from an aqueous solution of an alcoholic extract of the root of various species.
 it is a colorless, crystalline or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether and 1 part of chloroform.
 its salts are soluble in water.
@@ -57888,7 +54275,6 @@ it is also advantageously used in lung disorders.
  aether--ether--pure ether
  a liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, of absolute ether or ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of alcohol containing a little water.
 derivation.--prepared by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid.
-there are two steps in the production of ether; sulphorvinic acid and water are formed in the first step.
 sulphorvinic acid is then further acted upon by alcohol.
 the distillate is freed from water by agitation with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected to redistillation.
 properties.--a transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor and a burning and sweetish taste.
@@ -57941,7 +54327,6 @@ glucose is further acted upon by yeast containing the torula cerevisiae, which c
 the weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated distillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated.
 in the natural fermentation of fruit sugar in grape juice, during the formation of wine, the amount of alcohol is self-limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent, since the ferment is killed by a larger amount of alcohol than this.
 derivation.--the official alcohol is derived from rectified spirits, by maceration, first with anhydrous potassium carbonate, then freshly fused calcium chloride, and finally by distillation.
-properties.--a liquid composed of about 92.3 per cent, by weight, or 94.9 per cent, by volume, of ethyl alcohol (c₂h₅oh) and about 7.7 per cent, by weight, of water (u. s. p.).
 a transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable odor and a burning taste.
 specific gravity about .816 at 15.6° c. (60° f.).
 miscible with water in all proportions and without any trace of cloudiness.
@@ -58005,7 +54390,6 @@ the wines develop ethers with age and these improve their flavor and action.
 champagne contains about 10 per cent of absolute alcohol and carbonic acid gas, which acts as a local sedative upon the stomach.
 ale, stout and beers contain from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol, together with bitters and malt extracts.
 cider contains 5 to 9 per cent of absolute alcohol.
-imported sherry (b. p.) contains 15 to 20 per cent of absolute alcohol.
 alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in pharmacy, dissolving alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, balsams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, some fats and fixed oils.
 dose.--horses and cattle, 3 to 6 oz.
 ; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 oz.
@@ -58210,7 +54594,6 @@ they stimulate the cardiac respiratory and spinal systems.
 they irritate the nose when inhaled, but reflexly they stimulate the circulation and respiration, they are good stimulants as they do not affect the brain.
 the aromatic spirits of ammonia is also a carminative.
 externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants.
-uses.--its antacid and stimulant properties recommend ammonia in indigestion, tympanites, and spasmodic colic, especially in cattle and sheep.
 stimulating the spinals and respiratory systems, it is valuable in the treatment of influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy and similar complaints.
 the fumes of ammonia are occasionally used to arouse animals from shocks, collapse, or chloroform intoxication, but must be used cautiously, lest excessive irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane be produced.
 it is a promptly acting antidote in poisoning by opium, aconite, digitalis, and ether narcotic and sedative drugs.
@@ -58220,7 +54603,6 @@ to develop its more general effects its alcoholic proportions should be prescrib
 externally used in the form of liniment of ammonia, with oils, camphor, etc., proves useful as a stimulant in rheumatism, stiff-joints, muscular strains, sore throat, pleurisy, pneumonia and influenza, and for preventing the rapid chilling of fomented surfaces.
 it relieves the irritation caused by nettles, and by bites and stings of insects.
  linimentum ammoniae--ammonia liniment
-is made by mixing ammonia water, 350; cottonseed oil, 570; alcohol, 50; oleic acid, 30. the above is recognized by the u. s. p. and is advantageously used on muscular strains and where an external stimulant is indicated.
  liquor ammonii acetatis--solution of ammonium acetate
 an aqueous solution of ammonium acetate containing about seven per cent of the salt, together with small amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide.
 derivation.--ammonium carbonate is gradually added to cold, dilute acetic acid until the latter is materialized.
@@ -58260,7 +54642,6 @@ then ned whispered in his ear:
 “i guess i’ve stumbled on one of the hidden cells of the mission!” he said.
 “anyway there’s a hole leading out of this chimney that’s big enough to keep house in.”
 “we’ll be finding a train of cars and an east river ferryboat next,” jimmie chuckled.
-“we always do find something when we go away from camp.
 if we don’t find anything else, we find trouble.”
 it was thought safe, now, to turn on the electric light.
 the rays showed a room perhaps twelve feet in size with furniture and furnishings of the description of those in the chamber below.
@@ -58340,7 +54721,6 @@ in a short time the boys, proceeding mostly on their hands and knees, came to th
 the snow-line was not far away and the air was cold, notwithstanding the direct rays of the sun.
 there was no one in sight, no moving object anywhere, as the boys paused at the mouth of the passage and gazed about.
 judging from the location of the sun, they were looking straight west.
-“now,” ned said after a pause, “if we follow this little valley straight to the south, we’ll come out somewhere near our camp.”
 “yes,” jimmie answered, “i have a pious notion that our brownstone front is carved into the face of a continuation of that ridge on the other side of the little valley.”
 “perhaps we’ll find the boy scout messenger at the camp,” ned suggested.
 “if we do,” jimmie declared, “i’ll change his face for him!”
@@ -58349,11 +54729,9 @@ judging from the location of the sun, they were looking straight west.
 if i had his head in chancery right now, i’d ‘beat it’, all right!
 he ought to get a thousand years!”
 “i hope the boys are all safe,” said ned.
-jimmie told his chum of the arrival of gilroy, and then the two boys hastened toward the camp.
 “the outlaws were discussing the advisability of taking all the boys into their care,” ned said, as they hustled along, “so i’m afraid they’ve been there and taken the lads by surprise.”
  chapter ix in quest of information
  left at the camp by the departure of ned and jimmie, jack, frank and harry sat for a long time in the warm sunshine in front of the barrier and discussed the situation.
-gilroy had tucked himself into a collection of blankets at the rear of the cave and was sound asleep.
 “what do you think jimmie had in his mind when he went away alone?” asked harry.
 “he merely had some plan to carry out.”
 “oh, he’s always going off alone,” jack answered.
@@ -58408,28 +54786,23 @@ besides,” he continued, “if it is the messenger who is making the signals, y
 as the reader will remember, the signal observed by the boys had been built by jimmie in the hope of attracting the attention of ned, or of norman, the boy who had made himself so conspicuous that morning.
 in building the fires and creating the columns of dense white smoke by heaping on green boughs, the boy had not given serious thought to the effect his action might have on his chums.
 in fact, at the time of his leaving camp, he had not fully decided what course to pursue, and for this reason he had not informed the boys of his intention to set a signal for the benefit of the mysterious boy scout.
-even at the time of making the signal, he had no idea that it would actually draw his three chums away from the camp.
 he might have known what the effect would be, but, though he did stop to consider for a moment, he did not take in the whole situation.
 jimmie usually acted on impulse, and so the signal lifted to the sky without any explanation having been made to the boy scouts who were certain to see it.
 it will be remembered that when jimmie descended from the elevation where the fires had been built he did so in order to hasten in the direction of a smoke signal which he saw to the north.
 the result of this was that he was out of the vicinity of the fires long before the boys reached that point.
-when the three lads came to the finger of granite upon the top of which the two fires showed, they first made a careful examination of the thickets close by and then ascended to the top.
 “these fires were made to constitute a signal, all right!” jack declared, poking at the now dying embers.
 “sure!” answered frank.
 “you see, no cooking was done here, and there is no camp in sight.”
 “besides, the position of the blazes on this high rock shows that the fires were built so that the columns of smoke might be seen,” suggested harry.
 “it was indian talk, all right!”
-“well, there’s no one here in need of help so far as i can see!” laughed jack, “and so we may as well go back to the camp.”
 “that’s the thing to do,” frank urged.
 “to tell the truth, i don’t feel exactly right about leaving gilroy there alone.”
 “aw, we’ll hear him sleeping before we get within a rod of the cave,” laughed jack.
 “gilroy is a good old chap, and father thinks a lot of him, but he doesn’t know much about this kind of a life.
 i’ll bet that right now he’s dreaming about grizzly bears, and lions, and crocodiles, and panthers.”
-from their position in the forest, after their departure from the rock, they could see nothing of the signal from the north which had attracted jimmie’s attention, so there seemed nothing for them to do but to return to camp.
 therefore they set out at good speed.
 after a short walk, jack beckoned the boys to his side and suggested that they take a route to the camp different from that which they had followed on leaving it.
 “you see, boys,” he explained, “that was a signal, all right, and we haven’t found out the cause of it.
-so far as we know, it was put up to get us away from the camp.”
 “i’m beginning to think it was,” frank announced.
 “either to get us away from the camp for the purpose of capturing us, or for the purpose of raiding our provisions.”
 “well,” jack went on, “if we duck away to the south and return to the camp by a new course, anyone watching for us might watch in vain.”
@@ -58446,7 +54819,6 @@ although carrying the general appearance of the gang of half-breeds at his back,
 “you are jack bosworth?” he asked.
 “that’s my name,” replied the boy.
 “you are here on a mission for your father?”
-“i am here on a hunting trip.”
 “with business on the side, eh?”
 “no business at all,” replied jack.
 “we know better than that!” the stranger answered.
@@ -58458,7 +54830,6 @@ although carrying the general appearance of the gang of half-breeds at his back,
 “we are certain that you have the information we require.”
 “if i had,” jack answered, “you never would get it from me.”
 “you will gain nothing by being obstinate,” the fellow said.
-“remember that we have ned nestor, the alleged juvenile detective, at our camp.
 he seems inclined to keep what information he possesses to himself, and, before proceeding to extreme measures with him, we decided to lay the case before you.
 i am afraid nestor will receive rough treatment at the hands of my allies unless the information they demand is given them.”
 “so that was a lying message you sent nestor, was it?”
@@ -58511,7 +54882,6 @@ in five minutes after the columns of smoke became large enough to be seen at a d
 now, of course, you didn’t send out that signal.”
 “i rather think not,” smiled ned.
 “then it was sent up by this crooked messenger boy with the intention of getting us out to look for you.
-he believed, of course, that we would regard the call for help as coming from you and rush away from camp.”
 “don’t be too sure of that,” warned ned.
 “there’s something about that boy i rather like.
 besides, he really is a member of the wolf patrol, new york.”
@@ -58606,7 +54976,6 @@ ned hesitated a moment and then asked:
 “he did not,” was the answer.
 “his purpose in sending you, then, was to secure, by means of our help, proof connecting a corporation he is fighting with unlawful acts which have been or may be committed in this section?”
 “that is exactly the idea!” answered gilroy.
-“come on,” jimmie shouted, “let’s get back to camp.
 i begin to feel hungry already.
 perhaps the boys have returned.”
 before gilroy would move out of the forest he insisted on pinning up certain rents in his clothing and combing out his mussed up hair with his fingers.
@@ -58690,7 +55059,6 @@ frank examined his gun and found it empty.
 “good thing that dub didn’t know it was empty!” he laughed.
 “don’t stop now to throw bouquets at yourself!” grinned harry.
 “that’s right!” jack declared.
-“we want to be getting back to the camp.
 gilroy’ll have a fit if he wakes up and finds us gone.”
 “don’t you ever think those half-breeds will give up the chase here,” frank suggested.
 “do you know what they’ll do?” he asked, “they’ll circle around and get between us and the camp!
@@ -58698,7 +55066,6 @@ that’s what they’ll do.”
 “i sometimes think,” harry snorted, turning to jack, “that frank is getting so intelligent that he may have the gift of speech conferred upon him.
 he certainly has that proposition right.”
 “well, if we can’t go back to camp,” jack asked, “where can we go?”
-“we’ll have to glide into some gentle dell in the bosom of a friendly hill!” laughed harry, “and send a scout out to watch those fellows spy upon the camp.”
 “if they’ve got a detachment of half-breeds guarding every squad of boy scouts that have strayed away from the camp today,” jack laughed, “they must have an army in here.
 ned was coaxed away by a fake note; jimmie went to find ned and got lost himself, and we go out to answer a call for help and get mixed up with a lot of half-breeds.
 i guess we’ll have to take a company of state troops with us next time we go camping.”
@@ -58732,7 +55099,6 @@ the wrinkle, or gully, led almost to the snow line and finally ended in a little
 “you fellows ain’t half so hungry as i am or you wouldn’t feel so gay over it.”
 “now, how far are we from camp?” asked jack.
 “about two miles on the level,” frank suggested, “and about four hundred miles the way the surface of the ground runs.”
-after a short rest the boys proceeded south, climbing over jutting spurs, dipping into depressions, and sliding over stony slopes until they were almost too tired to take another step.
 “we’ll get used to this in a month or two,” harry said, sitting plump down on a boulder.
 frank followed the boy’s example, except that he stretched himself at full length, while jack pushed on a few steps and stood peering over a rim of rock which lay directly in their way.
 “look here, boys!” jack finally called.
@@ -58795,7 +55161,6 @@ the very paying of the drive crew would be a matter of guesswork.
 “i didn’t know a man could be so rotten!”
 he stared at the wreck for a minute longer, and then turned over with his foot the square, wooden box which lay upset in the middle of the mess.
 apparently it had served schaeffer as a receptacle for these same records.
-it was quite empty, but underneath lay something which brought a thoughtful, questioning expression into the searcher’s face, and made him stoop to pick it up.
 “thirty-eight caliber,” he murmured, staring at the freshly opened pasteboard box which had contained fifty cartridges.
 “hum!”
 presently he let it drop again.
@@ -58913,7 +55278,6 @@ i spose i’d better start ’em at it right away, sir.”
 “not at all,” retorted bob swiftly.
 “do nothing of the kind.
 let ’em stay just where they are, jerry!”
-at the sound of his imperative undertone calker hustled up.
 there was a brief interchange of words between the trio, during which the faces of both lumberjacks brightened--amazingly.
 then all three disappeared into the bushes a little way upstream, from which they did not emerge for a considerable time.
 when they finally appeared, bainbridge held by his side a shapeless package of considerable size.
@@ -59009,7 +55373,6 @@ there was something very taking about the stranger, and within ten minutes he fo
 his companion turned out to be wolcott sears, of boston, on a two weeks’ trip in the maine woods.
 the name was only vaguely familiar, but bob felt sure from his manner that he was a man of affairs.
 he was tremendously interested in hearing all about the peculiar conditions of this particular drive, and before bainbridge realized it he had given a brief narrative of his fight with the lumber trust and the events which had grown out of it.
-“you interest me extraordinarily, mr. bainbridge,” the older man said, in his crisp, decisive way, when at last they paused at the point several miles below the scene of the last jam, where sears had to branch off to reach his camp.
 “things of this sort always do, for it’s only those one has to struggle for which are really worth while.
 you’ve certainly had to fight hard in this case, but you’ve practically won out, haven’t you?
 after this last fracas i shouldn’t suppose there’d be much chance for further interference.”
@@ -59181,7 +55544,6 @@ in the end he decided to have nothing to do with it.
 bainbridge had trusted him and played square.
 for that reason he would be equally square and aboveboard, and let this dirty work alone.
 that was what he had decided, but now----
-he gritted his teeth, glared fiercely around, and came to an abrupt stop.
 every instinct of the riverman was aroused.
 on his left the river dropped over short falls into a narrow gorge.
 it was a spot where things were likely to happen at any time, and where a man or two should have been stationed continually.
@@ -59262,7 +55624,6 @@ more and more often as they descended the katahdin river, the boy was stirred to
 along the river were several dams placed for the purpose of regulating the head of water and facilitating the process of driving.
 they belonged to the trust, but their owners were bound at all times to allow a normal head of water when it was called for.
 instead of doing this now, they played all sorts of tricks on bainbridge.
-when he particularly needed plenty of water to float his drive past a shallow or narrow spot, the gates were arbitrarily shut down, and the drive hung up.
 again, at one point where the middle part of the drive had jammed and the crew were occupied in picking it instead of using dynamite, the gates which bob had personally closed were raised without warning, letting down a flood of water which struck the jam with terrific force.
 it gave instantly, carrying three men with it.
 two managed to escape by a miracle, and were dragged ashore with broken limbs; the other was crushed and drowned.
@@ -59294,7 +55655,6 @@ there was only one way by which he could rid himself of the stigma, and return t
 he must come at once to a certain house on the outskirts of the town, prepared to place himself absolutely in his brother’s hands.
 when the younger kollock read those lines he swore roundly.
 that even bill should dare write in such a manner made him rage.
-he was no man’s slave, and there were bounds beyond which even a brother could step.
 he was on the point of asking for time off to come to a definite, final settlement with the crowd when the attempted shooting occurred.
 at first this cowardly deed only added to his rage, but swiftly in its wake came unwonted gravity.
 disagreeable, even serious, as all those other persecutions had been, not one of them held the weight of this last culminating effort to put bob bainbridge out of the running.
@@ -59351,7 +55711,6 @@ others swore that they had been told by a clerk in the employ of the firm that t
 so the clerk said.
 and one had a hankerin' for teak and another for hoak (with odd leanin's now and agin for hafrican and portugee and french hoak), and another he said 'cuban sabicu,' and another's word was 'hackmatack' and 'chestnut' hevery time.
 so they shoved in bits here and bits there till she was a reg'lar junk-shop o' samples.
-and that's the reason she's a foreign talking argument ship.
 and a mighty good reason too."
 the crowd listened in silence.
 "if you knew as much about arguin' as you know (seemin'ly) about timbers as no man ever heerd of, your argument might stand," said mackenzie, a withered old foc'sle man.
@@ -59464,11 +55823,9 @@ the vessel ran off to port at a sharp angle to her wake.
 "up here some," yelled the mate, "and set the spanker!
 stand by the----  my god!"
 and, as old jones and simcox came on deck, the potluck was hard and fast ashore.
-with one simultaneous crack the three topmasts went over the side, and as the men and officers jumped under the shelter of the weather rail, lampert and those of the watch who were with him came tumbling down from the poop.
 they reckoned on a boiling sea coming after and sweeping them away.
 but though the malignity native to matter had set the potluck ashore, by good luck she was hard and fast in the one sheltered cove on the island.
 when lampert by instinct altered her course to port, as he heard the coast breakers at the starboard bow, he had run her in between two ledges of rock, of which the outer or more westerly one acted as a complete breakwater.
-the skipper, who had been lying flat when the others jumped for the main deck, got up and crawled forward to the break of the poop.
 he was half-paralysed with a mixture of funk and rage.
 he addressed himself and his remarks to the sky, the sea, and the island, but above all to lampert.
 "you man-drowning, slop-built caricature of a sailorman, what 'ave you bin and done with my ship?"
@@ -59495,7 +55852,6 @@ say another word and i'll break your jaw."
 "yes, sir," said hart respectfully.
 until dawn they loafed about the deck and in the cabin and foc'sle, discussing whether they were on one of the crozets or what, and whether they would stay long there, and if so what, and so on.
 and just as the dawn broke over the island they got an awful surprise.
-they saw a man standing on the low cliff on about a level with the jagged splinters of the fore-topmast where it had gone short in the cap.
 "the bloomin' hisland's in'abited," cried a foremast hand, and every one rushed forward to interview the gesticulating stranger.
 "wod's the bloke say?"
 asked the crowd.
@@ -59543,7 +55899,6 @@ said hart; "boys, i'm not clear as to whether we hain't bein' led hinto a hambus
 it hain't nateral for shipwrecked englishmen to find frenchies shipwrecked too!"
 "it ain't," said the crew suspiciously.
 "and even if it's all right, we bein' strangers might be led into makin' a treaty without knowin' all there is to know.
-i vote waitin' till the officers comes up."
 they squatted down on rocks and on the lumps of tussac grass till the captain and the two mates came along with the rest of the frenchmen.
 hart communicated his suspicions to the skipper, who was decidedly under the influence of alcohol.
 "that's all right," said the guffin thickly.
@@ -59625,7 +55980,6 @@ said the crew.
 "that'll give 'em the jumps."
 "and how am i to translate it?"
 asked the miserable simcox.
-"that's your look-out," said the guffin, with a hiccup.
 "shall i keep a dog and bark myself?
 now, 'urry and get it hover.
 and let hevery one 'ave a weapon, 'andspikes and belayin' pins.
@@ -59692,7 +56046,6 @@ the fight was short, sharp, and pretty decisive, for the potluck's crowd numbere
 against this array there were twenty-one frenchmen, and though hart, in his first onslaught, knocked down two, he was himself stretched out by a third armed with a broken hand-spike.
 and simcox fled with the infuriated foreigners at his heels.
 the true battle (for this was but an affair of outposts) joined on the crest of the rise, and in five minutes the english were in flight for the shelter of the piled-up potluck.
-old jones was keeled over once, but lampert and mackenzie dragged him away and got him down to the ship.
 he swore most terribly.
 "'ere's a pretty kettle o' fish," said he at last; "a pretty lot i 'as to my back to let a few frenchies lick 'em this way.
 what's the good o' diplomatics if my men 'asn't the guts to support me?
@@ -59742,7 +56095,6 @@ go into the fo'castle, you dogs, and consider yourselves under arrest.
 go!"
 "blimy," said the crowd, "but we're all in our own custody, so we are.
 now what's the old man goin' to do?"
-they watched him from the fo'castle as he staggered into his own part of the ship.
 "i'll be my own hambassador," said jones.
 "i'll show 'em 'ow to work things with dignity; i'll show that ass lampert what's o'clock.
 what you wants in such cases made and provided is tact, and go, and innerds.
@@ -59782,7 +56134,6 @@ and with it he started opening the case, while the frenchmen's eyes gleamed in p
 they had not had a drink for weeks.
 and as they carried the case down to the ship with jones and their own captain in the rear, they concluded that the english were not such bad chaps after all.
 "but where's my man 'art!"
-asked jones, when he came to the french camp.
 "'ere i be," cried hart, who was lashed hard and fast to a round rock.
 "lord, captain, but i've 'ad a time.
 can't you cut me adrift, sir?"
@@ -59811,7 +56162,6 @@ they asked.
 "does we dare come out?"
 jones hiccupped.
 "i releases you on your own recognition," he said.
-"so down you come and 'elp."
 when he put his foot on the deck, he mustered all hands aft.
 "and you, lampert, and you, simcox!"
 the two mates came out of their cabins.
@@ -59886,7 +56236,6 @@ corolla-lobes unappendaged.
 fruit globose.
 shrubs.--species 20. madagascar and neighbouring islands.
 some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous.
-=danais= comm.
 flowers hermaphrodite.
 corolla-lobes usually with a thread-or club-shaped appendage on the back.
 fruit oblong or linear.
@@ -59898,20 +56247,16 @@ corolla urn-shaped.
 fruit loculicidal.
 leaves opposite.--species 1. west africa.
 used medicinally.
-=pseudocinchona= a. chev.
 anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube.
 corolla-lobes appendaged.
 flowers usually 5-merous.
 140
 140. fruit loculicidal.
 corolla usually funnel-shaped.--species 3. west africa.
-=corynanthe= welw.
 fruit septicidal.
 corolla urn-or bell-shaped.
 leaves whorled.--species 3. west africa.
 they yield timber and medicaments.
-(under corynanthe welw.)
-=pausinystalia= pierre
 141. fruit loculicidal.
 calyx-segments subulate, deciduous.
 corolla-lobes erect.
@@ -59920,29 +56265,24 @@ trees.
 leaves herbaceous.
 stipules glandular-toothed.
 bracts partly petal-like.--species 8. tropics.
-=hymenodictyon= wall.
 fruit septicidal.
 142
 142. fruit splitting downwards from the apex.
 calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous.
 corolla violet.--species 4. madagascar.
-=schismatoclada= bak.
 fruit splitting upwards from the base.
 calyx-segments persistent.
 corolla pink or yellowish.
 stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth.
 placentas thick.--species 3. cultivated in the tropics.
 they yield medicaments (especially quinine).
-=cinchona= l.
 143.
-(133.)
 ovary 5-celled.
 stigmas 5. stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube.
 corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube.
 calyx-segments unequal.
 flowers in panicles.
 herbs.--species 1. southern west africa (angola).
-=pentacarpaea= hiern
 ovary 2-celled.
 stigmas 1-2.
 144
@@ -59957,8 +56297,6 @@ corolla tubular or funnel-shaped.
 stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
 fruit bursting irregularly.
 stipules lacerated.--species 15. tropics.
-(under carphalea juss.)
-=dirichletia= klotzsch
 calyx-segments equal.
 146
 146. calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments.
@@ -59966,12 +56304,10 @@ corolla salver-shaped.
 stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
 fruit opening loculicidally.
 leaves linear.--species 1. madagascar.
-=carphalea= juss.
 calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth.
 corolla tubular.
 stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
 leaves ovate.--species 1. island of socotra.
-=placopoda= balf.
 147. calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged.
 148
 calyx-segments equal or nearly so.
@@ -59981,14 +56317,12 @@ style 2-lobed.
 fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve.
 herbs.
 flowers in cymes.--species 10. central africa.
-=virecta= afzel.
 corolla hairy at the throat.
 style 2-cleft.
 149
 149. flowers in spikes.
 fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.
 undershrubs.--species 12. tropics.
-=otomeria= benth.
 flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles.
 fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.
 150
@@ -59997,23 +56331,17 @@ stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
 herbs or undershrubs.
 stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.--species 35. tropical and south africa.
 some are used as ornamental plants.
-(neurocarpaea r.
 br.)
-=pentas= benth.
 corolla yellow or white.
 stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
 shrubs or trees.
-(see 128.)
-=mussaenda= l.
 151. stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
-anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top.
 corolla rotate.
 style simple, with a capitate stigma.
 fruit opening with a lid or irregularly.
 herbs.
 stipules undivided.
 flowers in spike-or umbel-like cymes.--species 2. central africa.
-=argostema= wall.
 stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
 anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise.
 152
@@ -60024,7 +56352,6 @@ anthers included.
 placentas spindle-shaped.
 style 2-cleft.
 creeping herbs.--species 1. east africa.
-=dolichometra= k. schum.
 flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles.
 153
 153. flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous.
@@ -60034,11 +56361,9 @@ style-branches spatulate.
 fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.
 climbing herbs.
 stipules lanceolate.--species 1. central africa.
-=hekistocarpa= hook.
 fil.
 flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary.
 154
-[illustration: caprifoliaceae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60050,8 +56375,6 @@ a flowering branch.
 b flower.
 c lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.
 d fruit.
-e cross-section of fruit.]
-[illustration: valerianaceae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60065,7 +56388,6 @@ c anther.
 d flower cut lengthwise (without the anthers).
 e stigma.
 f fruit.
-g seed cut lengthwise.]
 154. flowers 5-merous.
 corolla shortly funnel-shaped.
 anthers included.
@@ -60074,8 +56396,6 @@ fruit opening loculicidally at the apex.
 herbs.
 stipules entire or toothed.
 flowers in lax cymes.--species 1. tropical and south-east africa.
-(under oldenlandia plum.)
-=pentodon= hochst.
 flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs or style simple.
 155
 155. fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded.
@@ -60084,10 +56404,7 @@ corolla rotate.
 placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules.
 undershrubs.
 flowers in terminal fascicles.--species 1. northern east africa (somaliland).
-=mitratheca= k. schum.
 fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.--species 120. some of them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments.
-(including hedyotis l. and pentanopsis rendle).
-=oldenlandia= plum.
  family 220. caprifoliaceae
 leaves opposite.
 flowers hermaphrodite.
@@ -60098,7 +56415,6 @@ ovary inferior.
 ovules axile, pendulous.
 fruit a berry or a drupe.
 seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen.--genera 4, species 15. north and east africa.
-(plate 145.)
 1. ovary 1-celled when fully developed.
 ovule 1. style very short, 3-parted.
 anthers turned inwards.
@@ -60106,10 +56422,6 @@ flowers in corymbs, regular, at least the inner ones.
 fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone.
 shrubs or trees.
 leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.--species 4. north africa.
-they yield timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the guelder-rose (v. opulus l.) and the laurustinus (v. tinus l.); the latter has poisonous fruits.
-(plate 145.)
-[tribe viburneae.]
-=viburnum= l.
 ovary 2-5-celled.
 ovules 2 or more.
 fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a several-seeded berry.
@@ -60122,8 +56434,6 @@ flowers regular, in panicles or corymbs.
 fruit a drupe.
 leaves pinnately dissected.--species 4. north and east africa; one species (s. nigra l.) only naturalized.
 the latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; another species is poisonous.
-“elder.” [tribe sambuceae.]
-=sambucus= l.
 ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell.
 style long.
 anthers turned inwards.
@@ -60131,15 +56441,12 @@ flowers more or less irregular.
 fruit a berry.
 leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.
 shrubs.
-[tribe lonicereae.]
 3
 3. ovary 2-3-celled.--species 6. north-west africa.
 some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-“honeysuckle.” =lonicera= l.
 ovary 5-celled.
 fruit many-seeded.--species 1. naturalized in the azores.
 an ornamental plant.
-=leycesteria= wall.
  family 221. valerianaceae
 herbs or undershrubs.
 leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules.
@@ -60152,19 +56459,16 @@ ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary.
 ovule 1, pendulous, inverted.
 style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted.
 seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.--genera 4, species 35.
-(plate 146.)
 1. stamen 1. corolla spurred.
 calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus crowning the fruit.
 fruit 1-celled.--species 5. north africa.
 used as ornamental plants.
-=centranthus= dc.
 stamens 2-3. corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous.
 2
 2. stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united.
 corolla 2-lipped; tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base.
 calyx-limb toothed.
 branches of the inflorescence thickened.--species 4. north-west africa.
-=fedia= moench
 stamens 3, free.
 corolla not 2-lipped.
 3
@@ -60174,13 +56478,9 @@ corolla-tube usually gibbous.
 perennial herbs or undershrubs.
 leaves divided.--species 5. north-west, east, and south africa.
 used as medicinal or ornamental plants.
-(plate 146.)
-=valeriana= l.
 calyx-limb entire or toothed.
 corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity.
 annual herbs.--species 20. north and south africa and northern east africa.
-some species, especially v. olitoria poll., are used as salad.
-“cornsalad.” =valerianella= haller
  family 222. dipsacaceae
 herbs or undershrubs.
 leaves opposite, without stipules.
@@ -60192,22 +56492,17 @@ ovule 1, pendulous, inverted.
 style simple; stigma entire or 2-parted.
 fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent.
 seed albuminous; embryo straight.--genera 7, species 50.
-(plate 147.)
 1. involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the scales of the receptacle.
 calyx-teeth numerous.
 corolla-lobes 4. stigma entire.--species 15.
-(plate 147.)
-=cephalaria= schrad.
 involucral bracts in 1-3 rows.
 2
 2. involucral bracts united.
 epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex.
 calyx-teeth 5. stigma entire.--species 2. north-west africa.
-(under scabiosa l.) =pycnocomon= hoffmsg.
 & link
 involucral bracts free.
 3
-[illustration: dipsacaceae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60218,8 +56513,6 @@ cephalaria rigida (spreng.)
 schrad.
 a flowering blanch.
 b flower with epicalyx and bract.
-c lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.]
-[illustration: cucurbitaceae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60236,11 +56529,9 @@ f staminode.
 g cross-section of ovary.
 h fruit.
 i seed.
-(h from curtis’ botanical magazine, plate 2455.)]
  3. scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed.
 calyx-teeth usually 4. stem prickly or bristly.--species 5. north and east africa.
 several species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine.
-“teasel.” =dipsacus= l.
 scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs.
 stem glabrous or hairy, rarely bristly.
 4
@@ -60248,21 +56539,17 @@ stem glabrous or hairy, rarely bristly.
 epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows.
 calyx-teeth 5. stigma entire.--species 2. north-west africa and cameroons.
 they yield dyes and medicaments.
-(under scabiosa l.) =succisa= coult.
 scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by hairs.
 5
 5. calyx-teeth 4-6. stigma 2-parted.
 epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb.
 receptacle scaly.--species 18. some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-=scabiosa= l.
 calyx-teeth 8-24.
 6
 6. calyx-teeth 8. epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a narrow, toothed limb.
 receptacle hairy.--species 2. north-west africa.
 used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-(under scabiosa l.) =knautia= coult.
 calyx-teeth 12-24. epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a saucer-shaped limb.--species 6. north africa and abyssinia.
-(under scabiosa l.) =pterocephalus= vaill.
  order campanulatae
  suborder cucurbitineae
  family 223. cucurbitaceae
@@ -60277,9 +56564,7 @@ ovules inverted.
 style undivided or cleft.
 fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more rarely dry and indehiscent.
 seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a straight embryo, without albumen.--genera 42, species 270.
-(plate 148.)
 1. filaments all united into a column.
-[tribe sicyoideae.]
 2
 filaments free or united at the base or in pairs.
 5
@@ -60287,8 +56572,6 @@ filaments free or united at the base or in pairs.
 staminal column very short.
 male flowers in panicles, yellowish.
 tendrils 2-cleft.--species 1. east africa.
-(under gerrardanthus harv.)
-=cyclantheropsis= harms
 anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted.
 3
 3. flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes.
@@ -60297,8 +56580,6 @@ herbs.
 tendrils simple or 2-cleft.
 female flowers solitary.--species 30. central and south africa.
 some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-(cephalandra schrad.)
-=coccinia= wight & arn.
 flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes.
 ovule 1, pendulous.
 tendrils 3-5-cleft.
@@ -60311,13 +56592,11 @@ shrubs.
 flowers whitish.--species 1 (s. edule swartz).
 cultivated and sometimes naturalized in north africa, the island of st. thomas, and the mascarenes.
 the stem yields fibres, the roots and fruits are edible and contain starch.
-=sechium= p. browne
 female flowers crowded in heads.
 fruit small, with a leathery rind.
 herbs.
 flowers greenish.--species 1. central africa; also cultivated in the mascarene islands.
 yields starch and medicaments.
-=sicyos= l.
 5. stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more or less cohering, 2-celled.
 petals unequal, undivided.
 ovary incompletely 3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous.
@@ -60328,16 +56607,11 @@ shrubs.
 tendrils 2-cleft.
 flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female solitary.--species 4. central and south africa.
 used medicinally.
-(including atheranthera mast.)
-[tribe fevilleae.]
-=gerrardanthus= harv.
 stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens 5, free and all fertile.
 6
 6. anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at the base or apex.
-[tribe melothrieae.]
 7
 anther-cells much curved or twisted, u-or s-shaped.
-[tribe cucurbiteae.]
 19
 7. anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. flowers large, rose-coloured, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
 calyx-segments toothed.
@@ -60348,27 +56622,19 @@ style 1. fruit very large.
 leaves compound.
 tendrils 2-cleft.--species 2. tropics.
 they yield edible oily seeds and medicaments.
-(including ampelosicyos thouars).
-[subtribe telfairiinae.]
-=telfairia= hook.
 anther-cells 2, rarely (melothria) 4, but then flowers small, white or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves simple.
 8
 8. disc at the base of the style distinctly developed.
-[subtribe melothriinae.]
 9
 disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting.
-[subtribe anguriinae.]
 10
 9. calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments.
 anthers sessile, attached by the back.
 male flowers solitary or 2-3 together, female solitary.--species 3. central africa.
-=oreosyce= hook.
 fil.
 calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments.
 anthers attached by the base.--species 30. tropical and south africa.
 they yield vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
-(including mukia arn., pilogyne schrad., and zehneria endl.)
-=melothria= l.
 10. stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx.
 11
 stamens inserted in the calyx-tube.
@@ -60378,27 +56644,21 @@ climbing or prostrate herbs.
 leaves more or less deeply divided.
 flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil.
 stigma 1, 3-lobed.--species 1. island of socotra.
-=dendrosicyos= balf.
 fil.
 stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous.
 stigmas 3.--species 30. central and south africa, one species also cultivated in north africa and the mascarene islands.
 some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
-(plate 148.)
-=momordica= l.
 12. anther-cells inflexed at the apex.
 connective broad.
 flowers small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil.
 stigmas 3.--species 2. west africa.
 they yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
-(including cladosicyos hook., under zehneria endl.)
-=cucumeropsis= naud.
 anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base.
 13
 13. calyx-tube long, cylindrical.
 flowers dioecious, the male in panicles, the female in racemes.
 ovules numerous.
 stigmas 2, 2-cleft.--species 1. madagascar.
-=trochomeriopsis= cogn.
 calyx-tube short, campanulate.
 flowers nearly always monoecious.
 14
@@ -60412,17 +56672,13 @@ ovules few in each ovary-cell.
 staminodes of the female flowers minute or wanting.
 flowers small, yellowish-green.
 fruit opening by a lid.--species 20. tropical and south africa.
-=corallocarpus= welw.
 stigmas 3-5. ovules numerous.
 staminodes hair-like or strap-shaped.--species 30. some of them (especially the cucumber, c. sativus l., and the melon, c. melo l.) yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
-=cucumis= l.
 16. leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base.
 calyx-segments awl-shaped.
 male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, female without staminodes.
 connective not prolonged.
 ovules 2-3 in each cell.--species 2. central and south-west africa.
-(ctenolepis hook.)
-=blastania= kotschy & peyr.
 leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base.
 17
 17. stem short.
@@ -60431,8 +56687,6 @@ calyx-segments narrow.
 connective narrow, not prolonged.
 stigmas 3. ovules numerous.
 leaves lobed.--species 1. south africa.
-=pisosperma= sond.
-& harv.
 stem long.
 flowers appearing with the leaves.
 18
@@ -60444,24 +56698,17 @@ calyx-segments broad.
 fruit bottle-shaped.
 seeds globose.
 leaves toothed or lobed.--species 3. south africa to ngamiland.
-=toxanthera= hook.
 staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting.
 connective prolonged at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without a beak, and leaves deeply divided.
 ovules usually few.--species 15. central and south africa.
 some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-(including coniandra schrad.
 and rhynchocarpa schrad.)
-=kedrostis= medik.
 19.
-(6.)
 ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect.
 style surrounded at the base by a disc.
 staminodes present in the female flowers.
 anthers cohering.
 petals undivided.--species 1. west africa and canary islands.
-(including trianosperma mart.)
-[subtribe abobrinae.]
-=cayaponia= manso.
 ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal, rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous.
 20
 20. petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so.
@@ -60470,7 +56717,6 @@ stem climbing.
 leaves cleft or compound.
 tendrils 2-3-cleft.
 male flowers in racemes.
-[subtribe trichosanthinae.]
 21
 petals not slit.
 22
@@ -60481,21 +56727,17 @@ leaves 3-7-lobed.
 tendrils 3-cleft.
 flowers white.--species 1. cultivated and naturalized in madagascar and the neighbouring islands.
 used as a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant.
-“snake-gourd.” =trichosanthes= l.
 stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube.
 male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
 fruit pear-shaped.
 leaves ternately compound.
 tendrils 2-cleft.--species 1. madagascar.
-=delognaea= cogn.
 22. corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft.
 ovules numerous.
 flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
 leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.
-[subtribe cucurbitinae.]
 23
 corolla more or less rotate.
-[subtribe cucumerinae.]
 26
 23. calyx-segments pinnately dissected.
 female flowers without staminodes.
@@ -60503,8 +56745,6 @@ style long, inserted on the disc.
 stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed.
 fruit dry.
 tendrils simple.--species 4. tropics.
-(raphidiocystis hook.)
-=rhaphidiocystis= hook.
 calyx-segments undivided.
 female flowers provided with staminodes.
 24
@@ -60513,7 +56753,6 @@ style short and thick.
 stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed.
 tendrils 2-or more-cleft.--species 4. cultivated and sometimes naturalized.
 they yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants.
-“pumpkin.” =cucurbita= l.
 flowers dioecious.
 style long.
 stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite.
@@ -60522,15 +56761,10 @@ tendrils simple or 2-cleft.
 25. anthers cohering.
 staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to oblong.
 fruit small.
-(see 3.)
-=coccinia= wight & arn.
 anthers free.
 staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose.
 fruit rather large.--species 6. central africa.
-(including staphylosyce hook.)
-=physedra= hook.
 26.
-(22.)
 calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder-or funnel-shaped.
 27
 calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top-or bell-shaped.
@@ -60546,13 +56780,10 @@ female flowers provided with staminodes.
 anthers folded lengthwise.
 ovary oblong.
 leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.--species 20. tropical and south africa.
-(peponia naud.)
-=peponium= naud.
 flowers dioecious.
 anthers twisted transversely.
 ovary globose.--species 9. tropics.
 used medicinally.
-=adenopus= benth.
 29. flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red.
 anthers cohering.
 rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical.
@@ -60560,8 +56791,6 @@ stigma 1, 3-lobed.
 seeds flattened.
 root tuberous.--species 15. tropical and south africa.
 some species have edible roots also used in medicine.
-(including heterosicyos welw.)
-=trochomeria= hook.
 flowers large.
 rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or wanting.
 stigmas 3. climbing herbs.
@@ -60575,13 +56804,11 @@ leaves undivided; stalk with 2 glands at the apex.
 tendrils 2-cleft.--species 1 (l. vulgaris ser., bottle-gourd).
 tropics; also cultivated and naturalized in extratropical countries.
 it yields edible fruits, also used for making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and medicinal plant.
-=lagenaria= ser.
 flowers dioecious.
 tendrils simple.
 31
 31. male flowers in racemes.
 leaves undivided.--species 5. west africa.
-=cogniauxia= baill.
 male flowers solitary or in clusters.
 corolla yellow.
 stamens with a broad connective.
@@ -60590,10 +56817,7 @@ stigmas heart-shaped.
 fruit fleshy.
 seeds nearly globose.
 leaves lobed; stalk without glands.--species 4. central africa.
-(euryandra hook.)
-=eureiandra= hook.
 32.
-(26.)
 anthers connate.
 flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes.
 leaves undivided.
@@ -60603,11 +56827,9 @@ anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers monoecious.
 33. stem herbaceous, without tendrils.
 leaves linear.
 anthers with a scale at the base.--species 1. abyssinia.
-=eulenburgia= pax
 stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils.
 leaves broad.--species 3. west africa.
 they yield oily seeds.
-=dimorphochlamys= hook.
 34. anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped.
 flowers monoecious, the male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and without staminodes.
 stigma subcapitate.
@@ -60616,7 +56838,6 @@ leaves lobed, with a stipule-like leaf at the base.
 tendrils simple.
 flowers white.
 fruit small.--species 1. west africa.
-(under bryonia l.) =dactyliandra= hook.
 fil.
 anthers free, at least when fully developed.
 35
@@ -60630,7 +56851,6 @@ ovary globose.
 placentas and stigmas 5. fruits large.
 leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.--species 1. german south-west africa and angola.
 yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments.
-=acanthosicyos= welw.
 calyx with 2-3 scales at the base.
 ovary bottle-shaped.
 placentas and stigmas 1-3. climbing or prostrate herbs.
@@ -60640,18 +56860,12 @@ flowers large, yellow, monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf
 fruits small.
 leaves slightly lobed.
 tendrils simple.--species 3. central africa.
-(raphanocarpus hook.)
-=rhaphanocarpus= hook.
 ovules 3 or more.
 stigmas 3.
 38
 38. ovules few.
 fruit constricted between the seeds.--species 1. east africa.
-(raphanistrocarpus baill.)
-=rhaphanistrocarpus= baill.
 ovules numerous.
-(see 11.)
-=momordica= l.
 39. male flowers in racemes.
 40
 male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow.
@@ -60662,7 +56876,6 @@ male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
 fruit more or less globular.
 tendrils simple.--species 4. north africa.
 poisonous and used medicinally.
-=bryonia= l.
 female flowers solitary.
 ovules numerous.
 41
@@ -60671,7 +56884,6 @@ stigma 1, 3-lobed.
 fruit large, globose.
 leafstalk with two glands at the apex.
 tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.--species 1. tropical and south africa.
-=sphaerosicyos= hook.
 flowers monoecious.
 stigmas 3, 2-lobed.
 leaf-stalk without glands.
@@ -60680,13 +56892,11 @@ leaf-stalk without glands.
 leaves lobed.
 fruit dry, opening by a lid.--species 7. tropical and south africa; one species also cultivated in north africa.
 they are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily.
-=luffa= l.
 tendrils absent.
 leaves undivided.
 flowers yellow, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
 fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when ripe.--species 1. north africa.
 a poisonous and medicinal plant.
-“squirting cucumber.” =ecballium= a. rich.
 43. male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
 ovules few.
 stem climbing.
@@ -60694,14 +56904,11 @@ tendrils two-cleft.
 flowers in clusters, small, yellowish-green, monoecious.
 fruit small, globular.--species 1. tropics.
 used as an ornamental and medicinal plant.
-=bryonopsis= arn.
 male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.
 ovules numerous.
 44
 44. connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex.
 tendrils simple, rarely wanting.
-(see 15.)
-=cucumis= l.
 connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex.
 tendrils 2-3-cleft.
 stem prostrate.
@@ -60712,9 +56919,7 @@ flowers large, monoecious.
 flowers solitary.--species 1 (b. hispida cogn.).
 cultivated in various regions.
 the fruits are eaten and used in medicine.
-=benincasa= savi.
 calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.--species 4. they yield edible fruits (chiefly from c. vulgaris neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and medicaments; some are poisonous.
-(colocynthis l.) =citrullus= neck.
  suborder campanulineae
  family 224. campanulaceae
 leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules.
@@ -60726,17 +56931,13 @@ ovules inverted, numerous and axile, rarely few and apical or basal.
 style simple.
 fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (canarina) a berry.
 seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.--genera 26, species 400.
-(including lobeliaceae and sphenocleaceae.)
-(plate 149.)
 1. anthers connate.
 flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in racemes or panicles.
-[subfamily =lobelioideae=.]
 2
 anthers free, rarely (jasione) cohering at the base, but then flowers regular and in heads.
 7
 2. petals free.
 flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.--species 2. madagascar.
-=dialypetalum= benth.
 petals united below.
 3
 3. corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one side.
@@ -60746,47 +56947,34 @@ corolla-tube not or but shortly slit.
 6
 4. fruit linear.
 all anthers hairy at the apex.--species 1. south africa.
-(under lobelia l.) =grammatotheca= presl
 fruit roundish.
 5
 5. anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time.
 all anthers hairy at the apex.
 odd sepal in front.--species 12. south and east africa and comoro islands.
 some are used as ornamental plants.
-(including dobrowskya presl and parastranthus don, under lobelia l.) =monopsis= salisb.
 anthers ripe before the stigmas.
 odd sepal usually behind.--species 120. southern and tropical africa, madeira, and azores.
 some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
-(including isolobus a. dc.
-and metzleria presl) =lobelia= l.
 6. filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle.
 corolla white.--species 1. naturalized in the island of réunion.
 a poisonous and medicinal plant.
-=isotoma= lindl.
 filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it.
 corolla blue or white.--species 10. south and north-west africa.
-(including enchysia presl) =laurentia= neck.
 7.
-(1.)
 flowers distinctly irregular.
 ovary 2-celled.
 fruit opening loculicidally and septicidally.--species 30. south and central africa.
 several species have edible tubers.
-[subfamily =cyphioideae=.]
-=cyphia= berg
 flowers regular or nearly so.
-[subfamily =campanuloideae=.]
 8
 8. corolla imbricate in the bud.
 style very short, without collecting hairs.
 ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the partition.
 fruit opening by a lid.
 flowers in spikes, small, greenish or yellowish.--species 1. tropics and egypt.
-[tribe sphenocleeae.]
-=sphenoclea= gaertn.
 corolla valvate in the bud.
 style with hairs or viscid glands for collecting the pollen.
-[tribe campanuleae.]
 9
 9. carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with them.
 10
@@ -60799,7 +56987,6 @@ large herbs or undershrubs.
 leaves elliptical.
 flowers large, in panicles.--species 2. madeira.
 used as ornamental plants.
-=musschia= dumort.
 corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate.
 filaments not broadened.
 fruit opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves.
@@ -60807,8 +56994,6 @@ seeds few.
 small herbs.
 leaves linear.
 flowers small, solitary or in clusters.--species 4. south africa.
-=microcodon= a. dc.
-11. filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up.
 fruit opening by an apical lid.
 12
 filaments free from the corolla or nearly so.
@@ -60817,18 +57002,14 @@ filaments free from the corolla or nearly so.
 flowers blue, in raceme-or panicle-like cymose inflorescences.
 leaves linear.
 herbs or undershrubs.
-=siphocodon= turcz.
 ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle.
 flowers red, in heads.
 leaves ovate.
 shrubs.--species 1. south africa.
-=rhigiophyllum= hochst.
 13. anthers cohering at the base.
 petals free or nearly so.
 ovary 2-celled.
-fruit opening loculicidally at the top.
 flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.--species 4. north africa.
-=jasione= l.
 anthers free.
 14
 14. ovules 4, basal.
@@ -60837,7 +57018,6 @@ corolla tubular-funnel-shaped.
 fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-4-seeded.
 undershrubs.
 flowers solitary, axillary.--species 4. south africa.
-=merciera= a. dc.
 ovules axile, usually numerous.
 ovary 2-10-celled.
 15
@@ -60847,7 +57027,6 @@ corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red.
 filaments broadened at the base.
 leaves opposite, the lower whorled.--species 3. east africa and canary islands.
 they yield edible roots and fruits and serve as ornamental plants.
-=canarina= l.
 fruit a capsule, rarely a nut.
 flowers usually 5-merous.
 16
@@ -60859,12 +57038,9 @@ fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores.
 17. flowers in terminal heads.
 corolla tubular.
 ovary ovoid.--species 1. south africa.
-(leptocodon sond.)
-=treichelia= vatke
 flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules.
 ovary oblong.--species 15. south africa.
 some are used as ornamental plants.
-=roëlla= l.
 18. fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, slits, or pores.
 19
 fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad.
@@ -60876,36 +57052,27 @@ fruit broad, opening by valves.
 20. fruit opening by long slits.
 ovary 2-celled.
 corolla funnel-shaped or narrowly bell-shaped.--species 20. south africa.
-=prismatocarpus= l’hér.
 fruit opening by short slits or pores.
 ovary 3-celled.
 corolla wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.--species 4. north africa.
 they serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible.
-“venus’s looking-glass.” =specularia= heist.
 21. corolla tubular.
 ovary 2-3-celled.
 style projecting far beyond the corolla.
 flowers in panicles.--species 1. north-west africa.
 used as an ornamental plant; the root is edible.
-=trachelium= l.
 corolla bell-or funnel-shaped.
 ovary 3-5-celled.
 style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla.--species 25. north africa and northern central africa.
 several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants.
-=campanula= l.
 22. stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow.
 23
 stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small.
 24
 23. petals free or nearly so, narrow.--species 50. southern and tropical africa.
-(plate 149.)
-=lightfootia= l’hér.
 petals obviously united below, or broad.--species 80. some of them serve as ornamental plants.
-(including cervicina del.)
-=wahlenbergia= schrad.
 24. petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue.
 herbs.--species 6. central and south-west africa.
-=cephalostigma= a. dc.
 petals obviously united below.
 25
 25. corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow.
@@ -60914,14 +57081,11 @@ fruit opening at the top and laterally.
 seeds numerous.
 stem woody.
 species 1. mascarene islands.
-(under wahlenbergia schrad.)
-=heterochaenia= a. dc.
 corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed.
 style much exceeding the corolla.
 fruit opening at the top only.
 seeds about ten.
 stem herbaceous.--species 1. morocco.
-(under trachelium l.) =feeria= buser
  family 225. goodeniaceae
 shrubs or trees.
 juice not milky.
@@ -60934,12 +57098,10 @@ anthers free, turned inwards.
 ovary inferior, 2-celled.
 ovules solitary in each cell, erect.
 style simple.
-stigma capitate, surrounded by a fringed cup.
 fruit a drupe.
 seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.
 genus 1, species 2. tropical and south africa.
 they yield wood for carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables, and medicaments.
-=scaevola= l.
  family 226. compositae
 leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided with stipule-like auricles.
 flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered heads which are surrounded by an involucre.
@@ -60948,7 +57110,6 @@ calyx-limb (pappus) formed of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed
 corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female flowers sometimes wanting.
 stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube.
 anthers connate, rarely free, opening inwards by
-[illustration: campanulaceae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60959,8 +57120,6 @@ lightfootia subulata l’hér.
 a flowering branch.
 b flower cut lengthwise.
 c fruit.
-d seed.]
-[illustration: compositae.
 flow.
 pl.
 afr.
@@ -60971,7 +57130,6 @@ vernonia baumii o. hoffm.
 a flowering branch.
 b flower.
 c flower cut lengthwise and pappus-bristle.
-d anther from front and back.]
 two longitudinal slits.
 ovary inferior, 1-celled.
 ovule 1, erect, inverted.
@@ -60979,11 +57137,8 @@ style of the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear s
 fruit indehiscent, mostly dry.
 seed solitary, with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous.
 embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.--genera 327, species 4200.
-(including ambrosiaceae.)
-(plate 150.)
 1. corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate).
 juice milky.
-[tribe cichorieae.]
 2
 corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped.
 juice not milky.
@@ -60991,13 +57146,10 @@ juice not milky.
 2. scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits.
 thistle-like herbs.--species 3. north africa and northern east africa.
 used as vegetables and in medicine.
-[subtribe scolyminae.]
-=scolymus= l.
 scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting.
 not thistle-like plants.
 3
 3. pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown.
-[subtribe leontodontinae.]
 4
 pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether.
 10
@@ -61011,26 +57163,19 @@ flowers yellow.
 flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large.
 leaves linear.--species 3. north africa; one of the species also naturalized in st. helena.
 used as vegetables or in medicine.
-“salsify.” (including geropogon l.) =tragopogon= l.
 pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows.
 6
 6. fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral.
 flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow.
-leaves radical.--species 1. north-west africa (algeria) =tourneuxia= coss.
-fruits straight at the top.--species 7. north and central africa; one species only cultivated.
 they yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments.
-(including podospermum dc.)
-=scorzonera= l.
 7. receptacle with scales between the flowers.
 involucral bracts in several rows.--species 6. north africa; two of the species also naturalized in south africa, st. helena, and the mascarenes.
 used in medicine.
-(including seriola l.) =hypochoeris= l.
 receptacle without scales.
 8
 8. involucral bracts in one row.
 fruits with a hollow beak.
 pappus-bristles in two rows.
 flower-heads solitary.--species 2. north africa and cape verde islands; naturalized in south africa.
-=urospermum= scop.
 involucral bracts in several rows.
 9