/*
 * Problem C. Recycled Numbers
 * 
 * Do you ever become frustrated with television because you keep seeing the
 * same things, recycled over and over again? Well I personally don't care about
 * television, but I do sometimes feel that way about numbers.
 * 
 * Let's say a pair of distinct positive integers (n, m) is recycled if you can
 * obtain m by moving some digits from the back of n to the front without
 * changing their order. For example, (12345, 34512) is a recycled pair since
 * you can obtain 34512 by moving 345 from the end of 12345 to the front. Note
 * that n and m must have the same number of digits in order to be a recycled
 * pair. Neither n nor m can have leading zeros.
 * 
 * Given integers A and B with the same number of digits and no leading zeros,
 * how many distinct recycled pairs (n, m) are there with A â¤ n < m â¤ B?
 * 
 * Input
 * 
 * The first line of the input gives the number of test cases, T. T test cases
 * follow. Each test case consists of a single line containing the integers A
 * and B.
 * 
 * Output
 * 
 * For each test case, output one line containing "Case #x: y", where x is the
 * case number (starting from 1), and y is the number of recycled pairs (n, m)
 * with A â¤ n < m â¤ B.
 * 
 * Limits
 * 
 * 1 â¤ T â¤ 50.
 * 
 * A and B have the same number of digits.

Small dataset

1 â¤ A â¤ B â¤ 1000.

Large dataset

1 â¤ A â¤ B â¤ 2000000.

Sample


Input 
 	
Output 
 
4
1 9
10 40
100 500
1111 2222
Case #1: 0
Case #2: 3
Case #3: 156
Case #4: 287
 */

package google.codejam.y2012.qualifications;

import google.codejam.commons.Utils;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

/**
 * @author Marco Lackovic <marco.lackovic@gmail.com>
 * @version 1.0, Apr 14, 2012
 */
public class RecycledNumbers {

	private static final String INPUT_FILE_NAME = "C-large.in";
	private static final String OUTPUT_FILE_NAME = "C-large.out";

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		String[] input = Utils.readFromFile(INPUT_FILE_NAME);
		String[] output = new String[input.length];
		int x = 0;
		for (String line : input) {
			StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(line);
			int a = Integer.valueOf(st.nextToken());
			int b = Integer.valueOf(st.nextToken());
			System.out.println("Computing case #" + (x + 1));
			output[x++] = "Case #" + x + ": " + recycledNumbers(a, b);
		}
		Utils.writeToFile(output, OUTPUT_FILE_NAME);
	}

	private static int recycledNumbers(int a, int b) {
		int count = 0;
		for (int n = a; n < b; n++) {
			count += getNumGreaterRotations(n, b);
		}
		return count;
	}

	private static int getNumGreaterRotations(int n, int b) {
		int count = 0;
		char[] chars = Integer.toString(n).toCharArray();
		for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
			chars = rotateRight(chars);
			if (chars[0] != '0') {
				int m = Integer.valueOf(new String(chars));
				if (n == m) {
					break;
				} else if (n < m && m <= b) {
					count++;
				}
			}
		}
		return count;
	}

	private static char[] rotateRight(char[] chars) {
		char last = chars[chars.length - 1];
		for (int i = chars.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
			chars[i + 1] = chars[i];
		}
		chars[0] = last;
		return chars;
	}

}

package programminginjava;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.Math;

class recycledNos {
    
    int factorial(int no){
        if (no == 1 || no == 0)
            return 1;
        else return (no*factorial(no-1));
    }
    
    public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException {
        BufferedReader f = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("recycledNos.in"));
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("recycledNos.out")));
        
        recycledNos recycledNosRef = new recycledNos();
        
        int T = Integer.parseInt(f.readLine());
        
        for(int i=0; i<T; i++){
            String line = f.readLine();
            String [] lines = line.split(" ");
            int A = Integer.parseInt(lines[0]);
            int B = Integer.parseInt(lines[1]);
            
            HashMap hm = new HashMap();
            HashMap local = new HashMap();
            long totalPairs = 0;
            for(int j=A; j<=B; j++){
                int no = j;
                //System.out.print("no is : "+no);
                if(hm.containsKey(no))
                    continue;
                
                String noStr = Integer.toString(no);
                int len = noStr.length();
                
                int newPairs;
                int rem, quo, newQuo, tenPow, iterCount, firstDigit;
                tenPow = (int) Math.pow(10, len-1);
                iterCount = 1; 
                local.put(no, true);
                for(int k=0; k<len-1; k++){
                    quo = no/10; 
                    rem = no % 10;
                    newQuo = rem * tenPow;
                    //firstDigit = no/tenPow;
                    no = newQuo + quo;
                    
                    if(local.containsKey(no) || (rem==0) || no<A || no>B)
                        continue;
                    iterCount++; 
                    local.put(no, true);
                   // System.out.println(" and the iterCount is : "+iterCount);
                }
                
                long noOfCombinations = 0;
                if(iterCount > 1)
                  noOfCombinations = recycledNosRef.factorial(iterCount)/(recycledNosRef.factorial(iterCount-2)*2);
                
                hm.putAll(local);
                local.clear();
                totalPairs += noOfCombinations;
            }
            
            out.println("Case #"+(i+1)+": "+totalPairs);
            
        }
        
        out.close();
        System.exit(0);
    }
}