The ballot was called over fears of forthcoming redundancies.
UCU said 74% of those who voted backed strike action, and 79% said they were prepared to take action short of a strike.
The university said it was disappointed, and aimed to continue talks with UCU officials.
Industrial action was called off in June after an agreement to prevent compulsory redundancies was reached.
Members of the University and College Union (UCU) at the University of Aberdeen have voted in favour of strike action.