The film, in which Jackman plays an ageing version of the clawed mutant, is expected to feature the Australian actor's last appearance in the role.
Viceroy's House, the latest film from Gurinder Chadha, will also have its world premiere at this year's event.
Set in India in 1947, the film stars Hugh Bonneville as Lord Mountbatten.
The 67th Berlin Film Festival runs from 9 to 17 February. The event will open with Django, a biopic of jazz legend Django Reinhardt.
The long-awaited sequel to Trainspotting has also been added to Berlin's 2017 line-up.
Directed by Danny Boyle, T2: Trainspotting has its world premiere in Edinburgh on 22 January.
Jackman made his first appearance as Wolverine in 2000's X-Men and went on to reprise the character in seven more films.
Logan, which also stars Sir Patrick Stewart, opens in the UK and US at the beginning of March.
Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.
Logan, Hugh Jackman's final outing as X-Men superhero Wolverine, is to have its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival next month.