The 35-year-old was fishing from the bank of the River Carron near Falkirk at 18:45 on Saturday when she fell.
The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service said the woman did not land in the water but was unable to move.
A spokeswoman said: "She was put on a spinal board and transferred to an ambulance and is being treated at Forth Valley Royal Hospital."
A woman has suffered spinal injuries and a suspected broken leg after an accident while fishing.