Firefighters were called to reports of a kitchen fire at a property in Woodville, near Swadlincote, at about 05:00 BST.
Derbyshire Police has not released details about the dead man but said it has informed his family.
Officers at the scene are working with the fire service to determine the cause of the blaze in Station Road, police said.
Neighbours said they were awoken to flames pouring out of the upper windows of this house.
A man has died in a house fire in Derbyshire, police have said.