After his 96 in the first innings, Hughes made 137 not out as Derbyshire declared on 260-2 and a lead of 141 when the two captains shook hands.
The 25-year-old struck 20 fours and one six in his 239-ball knock.
In a game dominated by batsmen, captain Hamish Rutherford also made 78 in a second-wicket stand of 174 with Hughes.
Derbyshire opener Chesney Hughes hit a fine unbeaten hundred as their Division Two game with Gloucestershire ended in a draw on a flat surface at Bristol.