who was responsible for establishing the supreme court as an independent branch of the government
John Marshall The longest-serving chief justice and the fourth longest-serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history, Marshall played a significant role in the development of the American legal system during his 34 years in office, authoring nearly half of the Court's decisions during his tenure. He reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, by overturning purported laws, both state and federal, if they violate the United States Constitution. Marbury v. Madison (1803) remains the foundational case for this authority. Thus Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent, co-equal, and influential branch of government. Furthermore, the Marshall Court made several important decisions relating to federalism, affecting the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic. In particular, Marshall repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers. He most clearly articulated his philosophy in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).
Supreme Court of the United States Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari, commonly referred to as "cert". The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals "by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case."[155] Court may only review "final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had" if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law.[156] The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent. All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent, regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda. If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court, when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona.
Granville Austin Austin is the author of two seminal political histories of the constitution of India, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation and Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience.[2]
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are: