what uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of atp
Electrochemical gradient In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, respectively.[2]
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ which increases without bound as n goes to infinity. Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit, the series does not have a sum.
Primary nutritional groups Phototrophs: Light is absorbed in photo receptors and transformed into chemical energy. Chemotrophs: Bond energy is released from a chemical compound.
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