discuss the use of coupling capacitor in rc coupled amplifier
R-C coupled R-C coupled coupling is the most widely used method of coupling in multistage amplifiers. In this case the Resistance R is the resistor connected at the collector terminal and the capacitor C is connected in between the amplifiers. It is also called a blocking capacitor, since it will block DC voltage. The main disadvantage of this coupling method is that it causes some loss for the low frequency signals. However, for amplifying signals of frequencies greater than 10Â Hz, this coupling is the best and least expensive method. It is usually applied in small signal amplifiers, such as in record players, tape recorders, radio receivers, etc.
Hermitian matrix The diagonal elements must be real, as they must be their own complex conjugate.
CMOS CMOS circuits are constructed in such a way that all P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistors must have either an input from the voltage source or from another PMOS transistor. Similarly, all NMOS transistors must have either an input from ground or from another NMOS transistor. The composition of a PMOS transistor creates low resistance between its source and drain contacts when a low gate voltage is applied and high resistance when a high gate voltage is applied. On the other hand, the composition of an NMOS transistor creates high resistance between source and drain when a low gate voltage is applied and low resistance when a high gate voltage is applied. CMOS accomplishes current reduction by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET and connecting both gates and both drains together. A high voltage on the gates will cause the nMOSFET to conduct and the pMOSFET not to conduct, while a low voltage on the gates causes the reverse. This arrangement greatly reduces power consumption and heat generation. However, during the switching time, both MOSFETs conduct briefly as the gate voltage goes from one state to another. This induces a brief spike in power consumption and becomes a serious issue at high frequencies.
Rate equation k is the first order rate constant, which has units of 1/s or sâˆ’1.