why is freezing point of solution lower than of solvent
Freezing-point depression The freezing point is the temperature at which the vapor pressures of liquid solvent and solid solvent are equal. When a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile liquid solvent, the solution vapor pressure will be lower than that of the pure solvent. As a result the solid will reach equilibrium with the solution at a lower temperature than with the pure solvent.[1]
Refrigerant In order from the highest to the lowest potential of ozone depletion are: Bromochlorofluorocarbon, CFC then HCFC.
Base oil The least refined type which produced by Solvent Refining. It usually consists of conventional petroleum base oils.
Van der Waals equation is the volume of the container occupied by each particle (not the velocity of a particle), and k is the Boltzmann constant. It introduces two new parameters: a', a measure of the average attraction between particles, and b', the volume excluded from v by one particle.