Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty  It is commonly thought that this happens because <b> aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity </b>  However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs
Since <b> creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist' s entry into the field </b>, the study' s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields
The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.