the british thoracic society have provided guidelines that detail a systematic approach to the investigation of unilateral pleural effusion .
our case highlights the potential for serious harm when pleural procedures are performed without bedside pleural ultrasound . pulmonary tuberculosis ( tb ) is a leading cause of death worldwide , especially in developing countries .
diagnosis can be made from sputum for microscopy for acid - fast bacilli ( afb ) and tb culture .
pleural tb usually presents with symptoms such as pleuritic chest pain , cough , and fever and it is recommended that when pleural tb is suspected , patients should undergo thoracocentesis and a blind closed pleural biopsy ( bcpb ) . in our institution , bcpb is not performed , which posed a dilemma since the patient was deemed too unwell for a thoracoscopy .
our patient was an 86-year - old man , never smoker , who presented to a regional hospital with a 4 weeks history of nonproductive cough , dyspnea , and left pleuritic chest pain .
he had migrated to australia from korea 40 years ago , and his only significant medical illness was atrial fibrillation for which he was receiving oral digoxin 125 mcg daily . at the time of hospital presentation , blood tests demonstrated leukopenia 3.2  10  9/l and lymphopenia 0.76  10  9/l .
c - reactive protein was 145 mg / l ( normal < 5 mg / l ) .
however , the medical officer did not use image guidance and mistakenly attempted the thoracocentesis on the right hemithorax instead of the left side .
chest x - ray showing moderate amount of left sided pleural effusion in our institution , we performed a bedside pleural ultrasound - guided thoracocentesis .
the pleural fluid analysis revealed the fluid to be an exudate ( protein 54 g / l and lactate dehydrogenase 289 u / l ) .
since the cause of the effusion was unknown , 1 week later a 2 thoracocentesis was performed which was also nondiagnostic .
the patient underwent a computed tomography ( ct ) chest which revealed a moderate amount of left - sided pleural effusion and an irregular left upper lobe linear nodular opacity [ figure 2 ] .
our institution does not offer an induced sputum test , and consequently , the patient underwent a bronchoscopy , and bronchial lavage was performed on the left upper lobe .
computed tomography chest showing left sided pleural effusion and apical pulmonary nodular opacity clinically , the patient continued to deteriorate and was now bed bound . to obtain a pathological diagnosis ,
it was decided that a pleural biopsy must be performed as a next step investigation .
bcpb equipment was not available in our institution . due to his poor performance status ,
furthermore , there was no discrete pleural tissue that could be biopsied using ct image guidance .
six weeks later the bronchial lavage culture grew mycobacterium tb , which was sensitive to first - line anti - tb agents .
hence , he was commenced on standard daily regimen antibiotic treatment consisting of isoniazid 300 mg daily , pyridoxine 25 mg daily rifampicin 600 mg daily , pyrazinamide 1500 mg daily , and ethambutol 800 mg daily were prescribed for 2 months followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for 4 months . over the course of the 6 months ,
finally , 8 months after he initially presented to hospital , he was discharged from the respiratory clinic after completion of anti - tb treatment .
we believe that this case report has highlighted three pertinent issues in the management of patients ' with pleural effusion : wrong side thoracocentesis , lack of equipment to perform bcpb and induced sputum .
it is estimated that approximately 178,000 thoracenteses are performed per year in the united states .
typically , thoracocentesis is a safe procedure but can result in significant complications including pneumothorax , hemorrhage , and death . despite these efforts , wrong side thoracocentesis can still occur .
they found that absence of verification images to be cause in almost 50% of cases .
consequently , there has been a trend to the widespread implementation of ultrasonography , training , and restriction of thoracentesis to experienced health care professionals .
another reason for the delay in diagnosis was the lack of availability of equipment to perform a bcpb in our institution .
however , it has now been demonstrated that if the pleural biopsy is guided by an imaging technique ( ultrasound or computed tomography ) , its yield is even better .
the increasing availability of video - assisted thoracoscopy and the low prevalence of tb effusions in developed countries has led to the declining use and experience with bcpb .
the third reason for delays in the diagnosis of tb was the lack of availability of induced sputum in our institution .
a randomized study previously demonstrated that induced sputum has a greater diagnostic yield and is more cost - effective than bronchoalveolar lavage in detecting active pulmonary tb in patients who can not produce spontaneous sputum .
induced sputum is performed with hypertonic saline solution delivered by nebulizer and samples can be obtained readily .
this is in contrast to bronchoscopy , where immediate availability is not always possible due to staffing , bronchoscopy suite availability , and time constraints .
this case highlights certain health care system deficiencies that resulted in delays and potential harm to our patient with pleural tb .
importantly , these deficiencies are readily amenable to correction , and our health care service is currently undertaking reform to rectify these errors .
 we report the case of an elderly asian man where a medical error and diagnostic delays obscured the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis ( tb ) . 
 the patient was hospitalized for evaluation of a unilateral pleural effusion . 
 initially , the patient was subjected to a pleural aspiration on the wrong side due to a lack of bedside ultrasound guidance . 
 subsequently , the patient underwent several investigations but not a blind closed pleural biopsy ( bcpb ) due to a lack of equipment . 
 furthermore , the patient was deemed to be too sick to undergo a thoracoscopic pleural procedure . 
 eventually , a bronchoscopy was performed , and washings from the right upper lobe were cultured , which established the diagnosis of tb . 
 this case highlights the need to use bedside ultrasound in the investigation of pleural effusions , the role of bcpb especially in frail patients and finally the utility of bronchoscopy in establishing a diagnosis of pleural tb . 