in 1988 , reaven introduced the term syndrome x , which consisted a cluster of syndromes including hyperinsulinemia , hypertension , dyslipidemia , hyperglycemia , and resistance to insulin - stimulated glucose uptake ( 1 ) .
he claimed that insulin resistance ( ir ) plays a central role in the etiology and clinical course of patients with diabetes mellitus , high blood pressure ( bp ) , and coronary heart disease ( 2 ) . in 1998 ,
the world health organization recognized the importance of this clustering and further defined the components of metabolic syndrome ( mets ) ( 3 ) . in 2001 ,
the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel iii ( atp iii ) provided criteria for this syndrome that are now often used in general practice ( 4 ) .
the components proposed in the atp iii guidelines include obesity ( high waist circumference ) ( 5 ) , high serum triglyceride ( tg ) level ( 6 ) , high bp ( 7 ) , high fasting plasma glucose ( fpg ) level ( 8) , and low level of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ) ( 9 ) .
in addition , subjects with mets are considered to have ir and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) ( 10 ) .
identifying patients with ir is clinically important because ir is associated with increased cvd - related mortality and incidence of diabetes mellitus ( 11 ) .
however , few data show whether the atp iii criteria are suitable for detecting ir .
therefore , the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between ir and the atp iii criteria for mets and to evaluate the ability to detect ir from the method of insulin suppression test ( ist ) in subjects fulfilling those criteria .
we enrolled 511 subjects ( 218 men and 293 women , aged 20 - 75 with mean 45.82.2 yr ) during routine health checkups at our hospital .
subjects with a history of hypertension or other clinically significant medical or surgical diseases were excluded .
we excluded the diabetic subjects because ir is the major patho physiological defect of type 2 diabetes and in most of the diabetic patients fulfilling the criteria of mets .
thus , this might lessen the impact of the results when interpreting the data to explore our major purpose in the present study .
the nature , purpose , and potential risks of the study were explained to the patients , and we obtained their written informed consent to participate in the study .
all patients underwent complete routine physical examination to rule out cardiovascular , respiratory , renal , or endocrine disorders .
no patient had received any medication known to affect glucose metabolism for at least 3 weeks before the study .
three days before the study , patients were prescribed a stable diet . the patients ' ability to process a glucose load
after an overnight fast , an intravenous catheter was placed in each of the patients ' arms .
one arm was used to administer a 180-min infusion of somatostatin at a rate of 250 g / hr , insulin at 25 mu / m / min , and glucose at 240 mg / m / min . the other arm was used to collect blood samples .
blood was initially sampled every 30 min and then at 10-min intervals from minutes 150 to 180 of the infusion .
these samples were used to determine the steady - state plasma insulin ( sspi ) and steady - state plasma glucose ( sspg ) concentrations for each subject .
the sspi concentrations were comparable in all individuals ; therefore , the sspg concentrations were used to measure the efficacy of insulin in processing the infused glucose load .
because reaven suggested that the top 25% of sspg values in the general population indicated ir ( 1 ) , we divided our subjects into four groups by sspg quartiles .
their height and weight were measured to the nearest 0.5 cm and 0.1 kg , respectively .
body mass index ( bmi ) was calculated as weight divided by [ height ] . because waist circumstances were not available for all subjects , we substituted a bmi 27 kg / m as an index of obesity
; this was the level the taiwanese department of health defined in 2002 as indicating obesity .
other four specific criteria included tg 1.7 mm / l , bp 130/85 mmhg , fpg concentration 6.1 mm / l , and hdl - c 1.04 mm / l for men or 1.30
subjects who fulfilled at least three out of five criteria met the definition of mets ( 4 ) .
bp was measured according to the criteria of the seventh joint national committee on prevention , detection , evaluation , and treatment of high blood pressure .
plasma was separated from the blood samples within 1 hr of their collection and stored at -30 until analyzed .
the samples obtained at -5 and 0 min were analyzed for fpg , fasting plasma insulin , and lipid levels .
plasma glucose values were determined by using a glucose oxidase method and analyzer ( ysi 203 glucose analyzer ; scientific division , yellow spring instrument company , inc .
insulin was measured by a commercial solid phase radioimmunoassay kit ( coat - a - count insulin kit , diagnostic products corporation , los angeles , ca , u.s.a . ) .
serum tg values were measured by using the dry , multilayer analytical slide method ( dri - chem 3000 analyzer ; fuji photo film corporation , minato - ku , tokyo , japan ) .
serum hdl - c concentrations were determined by means of an enzymatic cholesterol assay after dextran sulfate precipitation .
the sensitivity is the proportion of mets cases of all ir cases in the study population .
the specificity is the proportion of cases not fulfilled the mets criteria of all of the cases without ir in the study population .
finally , the positive predictive value means the proportion of ir case of all mets cases in the study population .
analysis was performed by using software ( spss version 10.0 statistical package for windows ; spss , chicago , il , u.s.a . ) .
data were tested for normal distribution with the kolmogorov - smirnov test and for homogeneity of variances with the levene test .
an independent student t - test was used to evaluate anthropometric differences between men and women .
a  test was used to test differences in prevalence in categorical variables for both sexes .
associations of sspg with the criteria for mets were assessed by using spearman correlation analysis .
all statistical tests were two - sided , and p values<0.05 were considered to indicate a statistical significance .
we enrolled 511 subjects ( 218 men and 293 women , aged 20 - 75 with mean 45.82.2 yr ) during routine health checkups at our hospital .
subjects with a history of hypertension or other clinically significant medical or surgical diseases were excluded .
we excluded the diabetic subjects because ir is the major patho physiological defect of type 2 diabetes and in most of the diabetic patients fulfilling the criteria of mets .
thus , this might lessen the impact of the results when interpreting the data to explore our major purpose in the present study .
the nature , purpose , and potential risks of the study were explained to the patients , and we obtained their written informed consent to participate in the study .
all subjects were tested at our clinical research center . during enrollment , all patients underwent complete routine physical examination to rule out cardiovascular , respiratory , renal , or endocrine disorders .
no patient had received any medication known to affect glucose metabolism for at least 3 weeks before the study .
three days before the study , patients were prescribed a stable diet . the patients ' ability to process a glucose load
after an overnight fast , an intravenous catheter was placed in each of the patients ' arms .
one arm was used to administer a 180-min infusion of somatostatin at a rate of 250 g / hr , insulin at 25 mu / m / min , and glucose at 240 mg / m / min . the other arm was used to collect blood samples .
blood was initially sampled every 30 min and then at 10-min intervals from minutes 150 to 180 of the infusion .
these samples were used to determine the steady - state plasma insulin ( sspi ) and steady - state plasma glucose ( sspg ) concentrations for each subject .
the sspi concentrations were comparable in all individuals ; therefore , the sspg concentrations were used to measure the efficacy of insulin in processing the infused glucose load .
because reaven suggested that the top 25% of sspg values in the general population indicated ir ( 1 ) , we divided our subjects into four groups by sspg quartiles .
their height and weight were measured to the nearest 0.5 cm and 0.1 kg , respectively .
body mass index ( bmi ) was calculated as weight divided by [ height ] . because waist circumstances were not available for all subjects , we substituted a bmi 27 kg / m as an index of obesity ; this was the level the taiwanese department of health defined in 2002 as indicating obesity .
other four specific criteria included tg 1.7 mm / l , bp 130/85 mmhg , fpg concentration 6.1 mm / l , and hdl - c 1.04 mm / l for men or 1.30 mm / l for women ( 4 ) .
subjects who fulfilled at least three out of five criteria met the definition of mets ( 4 ) .
bp was measured according to the criteria of the seventh joint national committee on prevention , detection , evaluation , and treatment of high blood pressure .
plasma was separated from the blood samples within 1 hr of their collection and stored at -30 until analyzed .
the samples obtained at -5 and 0 min were analyzed for fpg , fasting plasma insulin , and lipid levels .
plasma glucose values were determined by using a glucose oxidase method and analyzer ( ysi 203 glucose analyzer ; scientific division , yellow spring instrument company , inc . , yellow spring , oh , u.s.a . ) .
insulin was measured by a commercial solid phase radioimmunoassay kit ( coat - a - count insulin kit , diagnostic products corporation , los angeles , ca , u.s.a . ) .
serum tg values were measured by using the dry , multilayer analytical slide method ( dri - chem 3000 analyzer ; fuji photo film corporation , minato - ku , tokyo , japan ) .
serum hdl - c concentrations were determined by means of an enzymatic cholesterol assay after dextran sulfate precipitation .
the sensitivity is the proportion of mets cases of all ir cases in the study population .
the specificity is the proportion of cases not fulfilled the mets criteria of all of the cases without ir in the study population .
finally , the positive predictive value means the proportion of ir case of all mets cases in the study population .
analysis was performed by using software ( spss version 10.0 statistical package for windows ; spss , chicago , il , u.s.a . ) .
data were tested for normal distribution with the kolmogorov - smirnov test and for homogeneity of variances with the levene test .
an independent student t - test was used to evaluate anthropometric differences between men and women .
a  test was used to test differences in prevalence in categorical variables for both sexes .
associations of sspg with the criteria for mets were assessed by using spearman correlation analysis .
all statistical tests were two - sided , and p values<0.05 were considered to indicate a statistical significance .
in general , men had higher bps and bmis and lower hdl - c levels than the women .
the prevalence of various components of mets did not differ between the sexes , except that bmi was higher in men than in women .
the commonest abnormality related to mets was a low hdl - c value , followed by high bp , and then the other components ( table 2 ) .
the sensitivity to detect ir by using the criteria for mets was about 47% overall ; the sensitivity was slightly higher in men than in women ( 53% vs. 41% ) ( table 3 ) .
the positive predictive value was higher in men ( 70% ) than in women ( 60% ) , with an overall value of 64.8% .
table 4 presents the predictive value to detect ir in subjects who fulfilled the criteria for mets . in general , the predictive value for ir increased as increasing numbers of components of mets were combined .
the most common combination in subjects with both mets and ir were obesity , high bp , and low hdl - c level .
a positive correlation was seen in each component of mets with sspg except for hdl - c values , which had a negative correlation . the strongest factor correlated with
reaven proposed that ir has a central role in mets , and study data have confirmed that a finding of baseline ir is associated with subsequent cvd ( 11 ) .
the purpose of the atp iii criteria for mets is to identity individuals at high risk for cvd .
our data showed that men had high bmis and bps and low hdl - c levels compared with women , a finding that might have accounted for the differences in prevalence .
traditional risk factors for cvd include abnormal lipid profiles , hypertension , obesity , and diabetes .
individuals with mets are believed have an increased risk of diabetes mellitus ( 14 ) .
this is also true for individuals with ir , who have an increased risk for cvd and diabetes .
the ist has a very high correlation ( r=0.93 ) with the gold standard - hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp for evaluating ir ( 15 ) .
assessment for hyperinsulinemia , a surrogate measurement of ir , or the homeostatic model assessment of ir is usually used in epidemiologic studies .
the demonstration that the criteria for mets can be used to identify subjects with ir is clinically important .
the criteria of mets proposed by atp iii are more clinically applicable than the world health organization criteria proposed in 1999 .
our data revealed that the sensitivity to detect ir by using the atp iii criteria was less than 50% , with a slightly higher rate in men than in women .
the sex - related difference may be attributed to the different prevalences of the individual components .
therefore , the criteria do not seem to be useful for evaluating subjects with mets for detecting ir .
the criteria for mets included at least three component combinations and individual components associated with ir ; therefore , subjects who fulfill the criteria for mets might reasonably be thought to have a high probability of ir .
however , the relationship among these five components that can influence each other may explain the lower sensitivity to predict ir .
our results were similar to those of a previous study in which about two - thirds of the subjects with diagnosed with mets had ir ( 16 ) .
our correlation value ( r=0.139~-0.48 ) was relatively low because the association between sspg and each component of the mets was weaker than previously reported ( r=0.39 - 0.59 ) .
however , a similar finding was that the two components most strongly associated with ir were obesity and high tg levels .
however , the sensitivity to detect ir in subjects fulfilling the criteria for mets was low ( table 4 ) .
in general , the predictive value increased as more components were included . of interest , subjects with four of the criteria ( all of the criteria excluding tg ) had a relatively low positive predictive value of 33% .
this finding may imply that subjects with mets and having the high tg concentrations may tend to have ir .
furthermore , in subjects fulfilled the mets criteria with three - component combinations , the predictive values of three - component combinations were 67 to 88% if bmi and hdl - c components were included .
oppositely , the rate of mets or ir and positive predictive rate were low if three - component combinations included any two of bmi , hdl - c , and bmi plus one of bp or fpg component .
furthermore , our data suggest that the prevalence of ir based on individual components of the mets was highest for bmi and tg ( 60% and 52% , respectively , data not shown ) .
when combinations of two components were evaluated , the lowest positive predictive value for ir was for bp and fpg ( 0% ) ; this supports the aforementioned findings .
further supportive data was that the association to ir was lower in bp and fpg than that of tg and bmi .
however , the highest predictive value for ir was obtained by the combination of bmi and low hdl - c ( 64% , data not shown ) , though the weakest association was observed between ir and hdl - c . the different prevalence ( 67% vs. 14% )
may explain why hdl - c had a higher predictive value than that of tg .
second , the relatively higher prevalence of low hdl - c levels in both sexes may need to be clarified .
last , we used bmi as an index of obesity with the same cut - off levels for both genders ; this application might have influenced our results .
furthermore , the criteria of bmi might have contributed to the lower prevalence of mets in this study , and thus , the interpretation of results should be accomplished cautiously with the consideration of the atp iii criteria that include the criteria of waist circumstance . in conclusion , obesity and a high tg level were associated with ir and may be important markers for ir in subjects with mets . however ,
therefore , the criteria for mets may not be practical for determining whether subjects have ir .
meanwhile , in terms of the prevention of cvd , obesity and high tg levels might play an important role than other criteria in subjects with mets .
 the objectives of this cohort analysis were to explore the relationship between insulin resistance ( ir ) and the criteria for metabolic syndrome ( mets ) and to evaluate the ability to detect ir in subjects fulfilling those criteria . 
 we enrolled 511 healthy subjects ( 218 men and 283 women ) and measured their blood pressure ( bp ) , body mass index , high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ) , triglyceride ( tg ) , and fasting plasma glucose levels . 
 insulin suppression testing was done to measure insulin sensitivity as the steady - state plasma glucose ( sspg ) value . 
 subjects with an sspg value within the top 25% were considered to have ir . 
 the commonest abnormality was a low hdl - c level , followed by high bp . 
 the sensitivity to detect ir in subjects with mets was about 47% , with a positive predictive value of about 64.8% , which has higher in men than in women . 
 in general , the addition of components to the criteria for mets increased the predictive value for ir . the most common combination of components in subjects with mets and ir were obesity , high bp , and low hdl - c levels . 
 all of the components were positive except for hdl - c , which was negatively correlated with sspg . 
 the correlation was strongest for obesity , followed by high tg values . in subjects with mets , 
 sensitivity for ir was low . 
 however , body mass index and tg values were associated with ir and may be important markers for ir in subjects with mets . 