stress factors in operation room and block level mismatch with surgical area may contribute to discomfort , anxiety and restlessness in patients under spinal anaesthesia .
it may provide freedom from specific discomfort and can impart some amnesia for the block procedure and surgical operation .
thus , judicious use of sedation can make surgeries under spinal anaesthesia more comfortable for the patient , the surgeon and the anaesthetist .
spinal anaesthesia itself can impart some sedative effects . the interaction between spinal local anaesthetics and sedatives can lead to an augmentation of sedation , thereby decreasing the requirement of propofol or midazolam to obtain a desired level of sedation .
oversedation may jeopardise the safety of the patient . while levels of sedation progress in a dose - response continuum , it is not always possible to predict precisely how an individual patient will respond to a particular dose .
oversedation may be associated with untoward effects of respiratory and cardiovascular depression resulting in higher chances of airway instrumentation and hypotension leading to a prolonged stay in the post - anaesthetic care unit , entailing increased burden on staff , bed availability and associated costs .
appropriate monitoring of depth of sedation thus remains important , as also the search for an agent with a shorter recovery time .
midazolam , a short - acting benzodiazepine , is frequently used as a sedative during procedures under spinal anaesthesia .
it has a property of rapid onset and offset of action after intravenous ( iv ) injection .
propofol , a non - benzodiazepine anaesthetic agent , is frequently being used as an iv sedative agent during regional anaesthetic procedures , as it has a quick onset and offset of action with easy arousability .
lower doses of propofol as sedative also produces amnesia and anxiolysis , but has the propensity of greater cardiovascular and respiratory depression when used in higher doses
bispectral index ( bis ) monitoring may be helpful when oversedation has to be avoided because clinical scales do not allow a discrimination of deep sedation . only one study has utilised the bis monitor for assessing the recovery time .
hence , we envisaged this study to compare the characteristics of recovery from sedation while patients were sedated either with propofol or midazolam under bis monitoring during spinal anaesthesia for infraumbilical surgeries .
the two drugs have been evaluated with respect to arousal times from sedation ( primary outcome ) .
correlation between the observed bis and observer 's assessment of awareness / sedation ( oaa / s ) scores was also analysed .
the present study compared the two drugs propofol and midazolam for intra - operative sedation during spinal anaesthesia in respect to  arousal time from sedation following stoppage of infusion .
intra - operative haemodynamic changes and patients satisfaction regarding quality of intra - operative sedation by utilizing 7-point likert - like verbal rating scale were also noted .
patients of either sex with age between 18 and 60 years complying with american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ) physical status i and ii criteria , posted for elective infraumbilical operations ( surgical , gynaecological , or orthopaedic ) of approximate 90 min duration were selected .
patients not willing to accept spinal anaesthesia , those not willing to receive sedation during surgery , or having any contraindication to spinal anaesthesia were excluded .
considering a difference of 30% regarding the arousal time to be clinically significant and taking an  error of 0.05 and power of the study ( 1-  ) to be 80% , the number of patients was calculated to be 44 in each group .
expecting a dropout of 20% , a total of 110 patients were recruited . using lottery method ,
they were randomly assigned to receive either propofol ( group p , n = 55 ) or midazolam ( group m , n = 55 ) .
the weight and height of all patients were noted during the pre - anaesthetic checkup . they were also given a demonstration about the use of the 7-point likert - like verbal rating scale to express their satisfaction about the quality of sedation they would receive during the intra - operative period .
ctri/2012/08/002934. in the pre - operative room , one large bore ( 18 g ) iv cannula was established and an infusion started with ringer 's lactate at 15 ml / kg over 30 min .
premedication was given with injection ranitidine 50 mg , injection ondansetron 4 mg and injection .
multichannel monitor ( non - invasive blood pressure , electrocardiogram , pulse oximeter ) was attached and the baseline parameters ( mean arterial pressure [ map ] , heart rate [ hr ] and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation [ spo2 ] ) were recorded . the anaesthesia machine with resuscitating facilities was kept ready for use in emergency .
the forehead and both the temples of the patient were cleaned with spirit and the four electrodes of bis monitor ( aspect medical systems , inc .
the infusion pump was readied with injection propofol or injection midazolam as per the study group .
spinal anaesthesia was given in the left lateral decubitus position with 2.53.0 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine heavy using quincke needle ( 26 g ) at the l3l4 interspinous space .
after a sensory block to t6 , sedation was initiated as appropriate for the group of study and the surgery was started .
the patients in the group p were given a bolus of propofol ( 1 mg / kg ) followed by infusion of propofol ( at 3 mg / kg / h ) .
the group m received a bolus of midazolam ( 0.05 mg / kg ) , followed by infusion of midazolam at 0.06 mg / kg / h .
the infusion was continued until a bis score of 70 was reached . at this point ,
the oaa / s score was also noted as a clinical measurement of the patient 's sedation status .
map was measured continually at 5 min intervals and hr , spo2 were monitored continuously throughout the surgery .
bispectral index score was observed continuously after the induction of spinal anaesthesia till the arousal of the patient .
the arousal time from sedation ( i.e. time from stoppage of infusion of study drug till a bis score of 90 is achieved ) was recorded . at this point ,
oaa / s score was observed . the time taken to reach oaa / s score of 5 ( patient is awake clinically ) was also noted .
correlation between the 2 times was derived from the recorded data to determine the correlation between electro - encephalogram ( eeg ) defined and clinical based recovery profiles .
the patient 's satisfaction with the sedation was assessed by the 7-point  likert - like verbal rating scale with some questions like  where will you put your experience with this sedation on this scale? in a language which the patient understands , at a point of time when the patient had a mental state suitable for communication .
data were charted on the excel workbook ( microsoft office home and student 2007 , microsoft corporation , one microsoft way redmond , wa 98052 usa ) and analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences ( spss ) for windows ( version 12.0 , spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) .
, two patients had to be converted to general anaesthesia and in one , surgery ended much earlier than in the study protocol . in group m ,
two patients needed general anaesthesia and two patients had surgeries of much shorter duration than in study protocol .
thus , data from 103 patients ( group p [ n = 52 ] , group m [ n = 51 ] ) were analysed .
the groups p and m were found to be comparable in respect of age , weight , height , sex distribution , the asa physical status and duration of surgery [ table 1 ] .
the intra - operative haemodynamic parameters ( map and hr ) and the peripheral oxygen saturation were compared at various time points .
the map and the hr were lower in the group p than in group m , but the intra - group map and hr in both the groups were stable throughout .
the map and hr [ figures 1 and 2 ] showed a slight rise nearing the end of surgery and recovery in both groups . in both groups , the spo2 values were distributed in an almost linear fashion with no wide variations .
group p patients receiving injection propofol ; group m patients receiving injection midazolam haemodynamic parameters : heart rate .
group p -patients receiving injection propofol ; group m patients receiving injection midazolam the arousal time from sedation was significantly lower for the group p when compared to group m ( p = 0.000 ) ; the time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 was also found to be lower for group p ( p = 0.000 ) as cited in table 2 .
recovery characteristics the mean arousal time from sedation ( bis score 90 ) with injection propofol was 7.54  3.70 min , whereas , with injection midazolam it was 15.54  6.93 min , the difference being statistically significant . the time taken to reach an oaa
/ s score of 5 was 6.81  2.54 min with propofol versus 13.51  6.24 min with midazolam . at bis score of 90 ,
the point of recovery , the number of patients with oaa / s score of 4 were 13 ( in group p ) and 12 ( in group m ) respectively , and those with oaa
/ s score of 5 were 39 ( 75% patients ) in either of groups p and m. spearman 's correlation was calculated between the arousal time from sedation and the time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 in both the study groups . in group p , the spearman 's correlation was 0.890 ( p = 0.000 ) , which was very strong , and in group m , it was 0.837 ( p = 0.000 ) , which was also strong .
this is also evident from the figure 3 showing near - parallel graphs ( within a group ) when the  arousal time from sedation and the  time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 was plotted on a scatter diagram .
scatter diagram showing the relation between the arousal time from sedation ( bispectral index 90 ) and time taken to reach an observer 's assessment of awareness / sedation score of 5 in both the study groups .
group p -patients receiving injection propofol and group m patients receiving injection midazolam the patients satisfaction scores on the 7-point likert - like verbal rating scale were comparable in both the groups [ table 3 ] .
in the present study , the time to reach bis score of 90 ( arousal time from sedation ) was lower with injection propofol than midazolam ( 7.54  3.70 min and 15.54  6.93 min , respectively ) .
similarly , the patients became clinically awake ( time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 ) earlier when sedated with propofol ( 6.81  2.54 min with propofol vs. 13.51  6.24 min with midazolam ) .
found that the recovery was quicker with propofol ( 8.9  2.8 min ) than with midazolam ( 12.5  3.5 min ) , monitoring sedation clinically .
this may be due to the higher clearance rate of propofol ( around 30 ml / kg / min ) with respect to that of midazolam ( 6 - 11 ml / kg / min ) , which is claimed to be a result of extrahepatic metabolism of propofol .
furthermore , the concentration of propofol in the brain falls rapidly owing to its redistribution , leading to quick recovery . in comparison
, the concentration of midazolam in the brain tissue has an initial phase of rapid decrease due to redistribution , which is followed by a slower phase resulting from the metabolism of the drug .
midazolam on metabolism in the liver produces an active metabolite , 1-hydroxy midazolam , which may be responsible for its delayed offset of action .
the emergence time from sedation may thus depend on the total dose of midazolam infused as the metabolite accumulates on prolonged infusion .
the metabolites of propofol have not been reported to have any such sedative - hypnotic activity .
the context - sensitive half - time , which depends on the clearance of the drug from the body compartments when an infusion is given , is much lower for propofol than for midazolam .
this perhaps explains the earlier recovery from sedation with propofol when compared with midazolam . in the present study , the time to reach bis score of 90 ( arousal time from sedation ) was found to tally with the time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 , at which the patient was awake on clinical observation .
there was a strong correlation between the 2 times when they were analysed statistically ( spearman 's correlation was 0.890 in group p and 0.837 in group m ) .
the oaa / s score was 5 in > 75% of patients in either group at a bis score of 90 , the point of recovery in the study .
the above findings imply that both the eeg based monitoring ( bis monitoring ) and clinical monitoring ( oaa / s ) techniques were equally effective in monitoring recovery from sedation , and thus either can be relied upon independent of the other .
this is however in contrast to the finding that the bis score and oaa / s score have poor correlation during onset of sedation while using the same two drugs , more so with midazolam .
bispectral index monitoring for assessing the level of sedation is appealing as it can help in better titration of propofol resulting in reduced dose requirement of propofol and potential economic benefits compared with clinical monitoring of depth of sedation .
reported that bis monitoring reduced propofol requirement by 47% during combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for gynaecological surgeries .
they reported that delayed recovery occurred in bis monitored group as most of the patients maintained desired level of sedation ( bis value around 70 ) , whereas earlier recovery occurred in control group ( without bis monitoring ) due to frequent intra - operative awakening as a result of clinical assessment .
it is already established that bis scores may vary for a particular level of clinical sedation and variable recovery pattern can be seen with different sedatives - hypnotics .
hence , it can be said that relying solely on eeg - based monitor ( like bis ) may not ensure the attainment of proper recovery . as clinical sedation is our area of interest , the combination of both methods of monitoring can provide complementary facts and can consolidate a better understanding of patient 's response to sedation than when using either method singly .
at least , additional clinical assessment should be done after attainment of the desired instrumental score , if repeated stimulation is to be avoided with the concern of changing sedation level as might occur during clinical monitoring of depth of sedation .
propofol does not change hr significantly and has a minimal action on the sinus node or atrioventricular node .
blunting of the tachycardic response to hypotension may lead to a lower hr among those receiving propofol in the present study .
propofol can produce hypotension when given in bolus or infusion as a result of vasodilatation and negative inotropic action on the heart .
midazolam also produces hypotension to a lesser magnitude , only when it is given as an induction agent which entails a higher dose over a short time .
this hypotension may be due to its curtailing effect on sympathetic tone during onset of anaesthesia .
this difference in the mechanism of hypotension may have resulted in the lower map in patients receiving propofol compared with midazolam in this study . during recovery ,
the map and hr increased , probably due to cessation of infusion and thus waning of the effect .
use of target - controlled infusion with patient - controlled feedback was also not possible owing to lack of resources .
placebo - controlled study design was not followed because the authors considered it to be unethical to give sedation to one group while denying sedation in other group of patients .
a shorter arousal time from sedation during spinal anaesthesia can be achieved using propofol compared with midazolam while monitoring the depth of sedation with bis monitor .
similar findings were evident when clinical sedation score was analysed and both the monitoring systems were found to correlate strongly during the recovery from sedation .
 background and aims : studies have already compared propofol and midazolam as sedatives during regional anaesthesia . 
 a few studies have focused on recovery characteristics and very few have utilised both instrumental and clinical sedation monitoring for assessing recovery time . 
 this study was designed primarily to compare arousal time from sedation using propofol with that of midazolam during spinal anaesthesia for infraumbilical surgeries , while depth of sedation was monitored continuously with bispectral index ( bis ) monitor . 
 the correlation between the bis score and observer 's assessment of awareness / sedation ( oaa / s ) score during recovery from sedation was also studied.methods:a total of 110 patients were randomly assigned to receive either propofol ( group p , n = 55 ) or midazolam ( group m , n = 55 ) . 
 patients in the group p received bolus of propofol ( 1 mg / kg ) , followed by infusion at 3 mg / kg / h ; group m received bolus of midazolam ( 0.05 mg / kg ) , followed by infusion at 0.06 mg / kg / h and titration until bis score 70 was achieved and maintained between 65 and 70 . 
 oaa / s score was noted at bis 70 and again at bis 90 during recovery . the time to achieve oaa / s score 5 
 was noted . 
 spearman 's correlation was calculated between the arousal time from sedation and the time taken to reach an oaa / s score of 5 in both the study groups.results:arousal time from sedation was found lower for group p compared to group m ( 7.54  3.70 vs. 15.54  6.93 min , respectively , p = 0.000 ) . 
 the time taken to reach oaa / s score 5 was also found to be lower for group p than group m ( 6.81  2.54 min vs. 13.51  6.24 min , respectively , p = 0.000).conclusion : a shorter arousal time from sedation during spinal anaesthesia can be achieved using propofol compared with midazolam , while depth of sedation was monitored with bis monitor and oaa / s score . both objective and clinical scoring 
 correlate strongly during recovery from sedation . 