additional information about study design , ethical considerations , and laboratory methods can be found in supplementary materials .
we studied 72 children ( n = 21 ) and adults with type 1 diabetes without known renal impairment ( estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml / min/1.73 m ) ( supplementary tables 1 and 2 ) . patients underwent a standard mmtt ( 1 ) .
additional samples were taken at 30 , 60 , and 120 min in pediatric patients ( n = 18 ) , allowing area under the curve ( auc ) to be calculated .
urine was collected as a fasting second morning void immediately before the start of the mmtt ( 0 min ) and after 120 min .
nmol / l , in accordance with the diabetes control and complications trial ( 8) .
urine was collected in boric acid 120 min after the evening meal following a premeal void .
adult patients collected further home urine samples 120 min after a standard 60-g carbohydrate breakfast and following the patients own lunch .
urine samples were brought to the research center within 24 h , measured in aliquots , and frozen at 80c .
we assessed the association between 90-min scp ( 1 ) and both the mmtt 120-min ucpcr and after the home evening meal ( spearman rank correlation coefficient ) . in the pediatric cohort , correlations were also determined between auc scp and 120-min ucpcr .
ucpcr ( 120 min ) following a home evening meal was compared with that after a mmtt ( wilcoxon test for paired samples ) .
additional samples were taken at 30 , 60 , and 120 min in pediatric patients ( n = 18 ) , allowing area under the curve ( auc ) to be calculated .
urine was collected as a fasting second morning void immediately before the start of the mmtt ( 0 min ) and after 120 min .
nmol / l , in accordance with the diabetes control and complications trial ( 8) .
urine was collected in boric acid 120 min after the evening meal following a premeal void .
adult patients collected further home urine samples 120 min after a standard 60-g carbohydrate breakfast and following the patients own lunch .
urine samples were brought to the research center within 24 h , measured in aliquots , and frozen at 80c .
we assessed the association between 90-min scp ( 1 ) and both the mmtt 120-min ucpcr and after the home evening meal ( spearman rank correlation coefficient ) . in the pediatric cohort , correlations were also determined between auc scp and 120-min ucpcr .
ucpcr ( 120 min ) following a home evening meal was compared with that after a mmtt ( wilcoxon test for paired samples ) .
mmtt 120-min ucpcr was highly correlated with the 90-min scp ( r = 0.97 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
nmol / l ) was 0.53 nmol / mmol , with 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity ( fig .
a strong correlation was also seen between auc for scp and 120-min ucpcr during the mmtt ( r = 0.96 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
scatter diagram showing the relationship between 90-min scp and 120-min ucpcr in the mmtt ( a ) and following the patients own evening meal at home ( b ) .
a : 120-min ucpcr is well correlated with 90-min scp in the mmtt ( r = 0.97 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
b : 120-min postprandial ucpcr is well correlated with 90-min scp in the mmtt ( r = 0.91 ) .
home postprandial evening meal ucpcr ( 120 min ) was well correlated with 90-min scp ( r = 0.91 ; p < 0.0001 ) ( fig .
the equivalent ucpcr cutoff was 0.37 nmol / mmol , with 84% sensitivity and 97% specificity ( fig .
1b ) . using the ucpcr cutoff 0.53 nmol / mmol in the home evening meal samples yielded lower levels of sensitivity ( 71% ) and specificity ( 97% ) for significant endogenous insulin secretion .
this is probably explained by a lower stimulus , as shown by the lower 120-min ucpcr in the home postprandial samples than in those in the mmtt ( 0.16 nmol / mmol [ interquartile range 0.010.76 ] vs. 0.35 nmol / mmol [ 0.041.41 ] ; p < 0.0001 ) .
the correlations were similar in adults and children when analyzed separately ( supplementary tables 4 and 5 ) .
result tables for combined ( supplementary table 3 ) and separate analysis of adults ( supplementary table 4 ) and children ( supplementary table 5 ) are given in the supplementary materials .
mmtt 120-min ucpcr was highly correlated with the 90-min scp ( r = 0.97 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
nmol / l ) was 0.53 nmol / mmol , with 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity ( fig .
a strong correlation was also seen between auc for scp and 120-min ucpcr during the mmtt ( r = 0.96 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
scatter diagram showing the relationship between 90-min scp and 120-min ucpcr in the mmtt ( a ) and following the patients own evening meal at home ( b ) .
a : 120-min ucpcr is well correlated with 90-min scp in the mmtt ( r = 0.97 ; p < 0.0001 ) .
b : 120-min postprandial ucpcr is well correlated with 90-min scp in the mmtt ( r = 0.91 ) .
home postprandial evening meal ucpcr ( 120 min ) was well correlated with 90-min scp ( r = 0.91 ; p < 0.0001 ) ( fig .
the equivalent ucpcr cutoff was 0.37 nmol / mmol , with 84% sensitivity and 97% specificity ( fig .
1b ) . using the ucpcr cutoff 0.53 nmol / mmol in the home evening meal samples yielded lower levels of sensitivity ( 71% ) and specificity ( 97% ) for significant endogenous insulin secretion .
this is probably explained by a lower stimulus , as shown by the lower 120-min ucpcr in the home postprandial samples than in those in the mmtt ( 0.16 nmol / mmol [ interquartile range 0.010.76 ] vs. 0.35 nmol / mmol [ 0.041.41 ] ; p < 0.0001 ) .
the correlations were similar in adults and children when analyzed separately ( supplementary tables 4 and 5 ) .
result tables for combined ( supplementary table 3 ) and separate analysis of adults ( supplementary table 4 ) and children ( supplementary table 5 ) are given in the supplementary materials .
ucpcr measured during an mmtt or after a home meal is highly correlated with mmtt scp .
our results showed strong correlations between stimulated ucpcr and serum c - peptide ( r = 0.910.97 ) during an mmtt .
because ucpcr is stable at room temperature for 3 days in boric acid preservative ( 7 ) , home samples could be collected following a liquid mixed meal or the patients own home meal and a spot urine sample collected and posted for analysis directly .
this would allow assessment to be done at home and to be noninvasive  a particular advantage for children .
as would be predicted , ucpcr values were lower after a meal compared with the standard mmtt , and so a lower concentration of ucpcr was required to suggest clinically significant insulin deficiency .
the slight loss of precision compared with the standard mmtt needs to be balanced by the practicality of this approach because it would remove the need for inpatient testing and allow widespread screening .
the strong correlation of ucpcr with serum c - peptide in the mmtt is supported by previous studies that have shown that timed measures of urinary c - peptide are a useful marker of endogenous insulin secretion ( 7,913 ) .
this allowed spot samples to be taken rather than sampling over 24 h , in which case complete collection is difficult .
this is similar to the practical reason why spot albumin creatinine ratio is used as opposed to 24 h urine collections in the assessment of renal protein excretion .
a strong correlation between auc c - peptide and 120-min ucpcr was demonstrated ( r = 0.96 ) ; however , numbers were small ( n = 18 ) and further work is needed to explore this .
the test can be difficult in young children , especially those who are still in nappies .
the ease of use means that , if used in conjunction with formal mmtt , ucpcr may be useful for screening patients for initial inclusion and also follow - up during intervention trials . in conclusion , our study demonstrates that in children and adults with type 1 diabetes , ucpcr may be a practical noninvasive alternative to the mmtt for use in routine clinical practice .
our results showed strong correlations between stimulated ucpcr and serum c - peptide ( r = 0.910.97 ) during an mmtt .
because ucpcr is stable at room temperature for 3 days in boric acid preservative ( 7 ) , home samples could be collected following a liquid mixed meal or the patients own home meal and a spot urine sample collected and posted for analysis directly .
this would allow assessment to be done at home and to be noninvasive  a particular advantage for children .
as would be predicted , ucpcr values were lower after a meal compared with the standard mmtt , and so a lower concentration of ucpcr was required to suggest clinically significant insulin deficiency .
the slight loss of precision compared with the standard mmtt needs to be balanced by the practicality of this approach because it would remove the need for inpatient testing and allow widespread screening .
the strong correlation of ucpcr with serum c - peptide in the mmtt is supported by previous studies that have shown that timed measures of urinary c - peptide are a useful marker of endogenous insulin secretion ( 7,913 ) .
this allowed spot samples to be taken rather than sampling over 24 h , in which case complete collection is difficult .
this is similar to the practical reason why spot albumin creatinine ratio is used as opposed to 24 h urine collections in the assessment of renal protein excretion .
a strong correlation between auc c - peptide and 120-min ucpcr was demonstrated ( r = 0.96 ) ; however , numbers were small ( n = 18 ) and further work is needed to explore this .
the test can be difficult in young children , especially those who are still in nappies .
the ease of use means that , if used in conjunction with formal mmtt , ucpcr may be useful for screening patients for initial inclusion and also follow - up during intervention trials . in conclusion , our study demonstrates that in children and adults with type 1 diabetes , ucpcr may be a practical noninvasive alternative to the mmtt for use in routine clinical practice .
 objectivestimulated serum c - peptide ( scp ) during a mixed - meal tolerance test ( mmtt ) is the gold standard measure of endogenous insulin secretion , but practical issues limit its use . 
 we assessed urine c - peptide creatinine ratio ( ucpcr ) as an alternative.research design and methodsseventy - two type 1 diabetic patients ( age of diagnosis median 14 years [ interquartile range 1022 ] ; diabetes duration 6.5 [ 2.332.7 ] ) had an mmtt . 
 scp was collected at 90 min . 
 urine for ucpcr was collected at 120 min and following a home evening meal.resultsmmtt 120-min ucpcr was highly correlated to 90-min scp ( r = 0.97 ; p < 0.0001 ) . 
 ucpcr 0.53 nmol / mmol had 94% sensitivity/100% specificity for significant endogenous insulin secretion ( 90-min scp 0.2 
 nmol / l ) . 
 the 120-min postprandial evening meal ucpcr was highly correlated to 90-min scp ( r = 0.91 ; p < 0.0001 ) . 
 ucpcr 0.37 nmol / mmol had 84% sensitivity/97% specificity for scp 0.2 nmol / l.conclusionsucpcr testing is a sensitive and specific method for detecting insulin secretion . 
 ucpcr may be a practical alternative to serum c - peptide testing , avoiding the need for inpatient investigation . 