the elimination of bacteria present in the root canal system is the fundamental objective of endodontic treatment as they play an important role in the development and maintenance of periapical lesions11,21 .
the high percentages of failure after endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesions9,11,12,17,21,23have been related to implications of microbial origin . among the phases of endodontic treatment , the biomechanical preparation aims at removal of organic and inorganic debris and modeling of the root canal7 . during the biomechanical preparation
sodium hypochlorite solution has been largely used in endodontic treatment of teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions18 .
the antimicrobial activity , capacity to dissolve organic tissue , low surface tension and detergent action5are important properties attributed to sodium hypochlorite solution .
the residual effect of chlorhexidine solution after usage as an endodontic irrigating solution10,15plays an important role in the disinfection of the root canal system .
the aim of this study was to evaluate , in vivo , the microbiological conditions of root canals of teeth with chronic periapical lesions after biomechanical preparation using different endodontic irrigants .
the research project was approved by the ethics committee in animal experimentation of araraquara dental school .
the teeth selected for the study were the second , third and fourth mandibular premolars and the second and third maxillary premolars , adding up to seventy - eight root canals .
after the premolar coronal cavities were opened , the exploration of the root canals was done with # 25 k - file ( dentsply maillefer , swiss ) at 1.5 to 2 mm from the radiographic apex . with the k - file
positioned at this point , radiographs were taken for determination of the total root canal length .
the working length was established approximately 2 mm short of this measurement . following this ,
the apical foramen was perforated by using # 20 to # 30 k - files at the total root length .
the root canals remained exposed to the oral environment for seven days , with the objective of permitting their contamination .
after this period , the irrigation / aspiration of the pulp chamber was carried out with saline solution , and crown opening was sealed with zinc oxide / eugenol cement ( pulposan  s.s.white artigos dentrios ltda .
after sixty days , radiographic controls were taken to verify the radiolucent images indicating the presence of chronic periapical lesion , according to the method proposed by leonardo , et al.8(1994 ) .
after experimental induction of periapical lesions , the root canals were prepared using the following solutions for irrigation : group 1 ) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite ( naocl ) ; group 2 ) 2% chlorhexidine ( chx ) ; group 3 ) saline solution and group 4 ) control group with no biomechanical preparation ( table 1 ) .
after radiographic detection of the periapical lesions , isolation of teeth in one quadrant was carried out using rubber dam and antisepsis of operating field was done using 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution . following this , after removal of coronal sealing , material was collected from the root canals for microbiological evaluation before biomechanical preparation .
the root canal was filled with saline solution and the material was collected with two absorbent paper points , placed in sequence and maintained in the root canal for one minute . then the absorbent paper points were placed into test tubes containing reduced transport fluid ( rtf ) .
the biomechanical preparation was carried out using k - files up to # 60 or 70 at the working length . during the whole time of biomechanical preparation ,
then , the root canals were dried and filled with edta solution ( edta , biodinmica qumica e farmacutica ltda .
, pr , brazil ) , followed by irrigation with saline solution and drying with absorbent paper points ( tanariman ind .
, rio de janeiro , brazil ) , which was condensed on a glass ionomer base ( vitremer , 3 m , st paul , mn , usa ) made at the pulp chamber .
once the 30-day experimental period had elapsed , after isolating each quadrant using rubber dam , the coronal seal was removed and material was collected within the root canals using the method already described , to once again evaluate the microbiological conditions .
the contaminated paper points were placed in test tubes with rtf and sent for microbiological processing . at the microbiology laboratory , 4 - 6
glass beads and a sterile metal wing were added to the test tubes containing the samples .
the tubes were agitated for 2 min in a mixtron mixer ( toptronix , so paulo , brazil ) at maximum speed .
subsequently , the samples were serially diluted up to 5 - 10 times in sorensen phosphate buffer ( spb ) under laminar airflow .
a volume of 0.05 ml of the pure samples and of each dilution was plated , with a sterile calibrated pipette , onto plates containing blood agar ( as ) , mitis salivarius agar ( ms ; difco , detroit , mi , usa ) and blood agar supplemented with 5.0 g / ml haemin and 1.0 g / ml menadione ( ask ; sigma chemical co. , st .
the ms and sb20 plates were incubated in microareophilic environment using the candle jar system for 23 days , and the ask plates aerobically for 2448 h , at 37c .
after incubation , colonies were counted using a stereomicroscope ( nikon , yokohama , japan ) under reflected light and the cfu / ml was determined . to evaluate the microbiological results ,
the colony forming units were counted , in cfus , for the different culture mediums .
the number of colony forming units was converted into decimal logarithms and statistical comparison was done by analyzing the variance of three factors : 1 ) group , 2 ) microorganisms : aerobic , anaerobic and microareophilic , and 3 ) time , being either before or after biomechanical preparation .
this analysis was complemented by the tukey test and by the student test at a 5% significance level .
the contaminated paper points were placed in test tubes with rtf and sent for microbiological processing . at the microbiology laboratory , 4 - 6
glass beads and a sterile metal wing were added to the test tubes containing the samples .
the tubes were agitated for 2 min in a mixtron mixer ( toptronix , so paulo , brazil ) at maximum speed .
subsequently , the samples were serially diluted up to 5 - 10 times in sorensen phosphate buffer ( spb ) under laminar airflow .
a volume of 0.05 ml of the pure samples and of each dilution was plated , with a sterile calibrated pipette , onto plates containing blood agar ( as ) , mitis salivarius agar ( ms ; difco , detroit , mi , usa ) and blood agar supplemented with 5.0 g / ml haemin and 1.0 g / ml menadione ( ask ; sigma chemical co. , st .
the ms and sb20 plates were incubated in microareophilic environment using the candle jar system for 23 days , and the ask plates aerobically for 2448 h , at 37c .
after incubation , colonies were counted using a stereomicroscope ( nikon , yokohama , japan ) under reflected light and the cfu / ml was determined . to evaluate the microbiological results ,
the colony forming units were counted , in cfus , for the different culture mediums .
the number of colony forming units was converted into decimal logarithms and statistical comparison was done by analyzing the variance of three factors : 1 ) group , 2 ) microorganisms : aerobic , anaerobic and microareophilic , and 3 ) time , being either before or after biomechanical preparation .
this analysis was complemented by the tukey test and by the student test at a 5% significance level .

 figures 1to 4represent the values of the cfu counts relative to the four experimental groups by means of a dispersion graph . in each experimental group , the cfus are divided into groups representing the aerobic , anaerobic and microaerophilic environments . in groups 1 and 2
, there was a reduction in microorganisms in relation to groups 3 and 4 , where there was an increase in the number of microorganisms .
the analysis of variance indicated that the only significant interaction was between group and time .
the results indicated that " before " biomechanical preparation the groups were homogeneous as to the number of microorganisms . and " after " , there were significant differences between the means ( table 2 ) .
groups 1 ( naocl ) and 2 ( chx ) presented significant cfu reduction , less than the mean of groups 3 ( saline solution ) and 4 ( no mechanical preparation ) . in relation to the microorganisms , the anaerobes presented a greater mean of reduction ( p<0.05 ) and the other two , aerobic and microaerophilic , presented lower means , but were not significantly different to each other ( p<0.05 ) .
during the biomechanical preparation of teeth with periapical lesions , the antimicrobial action of endodontic irrigants played an important role in disinfecting the root canals .
a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms after biomechanical preparation with bactericidal solutions , such as sodium hypochlorite2,4,16,18 , has been demonstrated .
the sodium hypochlorite solution , in different concentrations , is the most widely used irrigating solution5 .
the bactericidal action of sodium hypochlorite solution is proportional to its concentration . on the other hand ,
tissue irritation is higher when a concentrated solution is used20 . besides the antimicrobial activity , sodium hypochlorite solution has the capacity to dissolve organic material and detergent action , which results in good cleaning capacity when associated with edta26 .
chlorhexidine solution has demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness , along with its continuing action for long periods of time10,13,24 . in this study , microbiological evaluation of the root canals
this period was important to evaluate the possibility of reinfection of the root canal by microorganisms remaining within the root canal system2,4 . since the endodontic microbiota is complex and diverse , being predominantly anaerobic1,11,21 , it was necessary to use diverse culture mediums containing different nutrients and incubated under different ambient conditions ( aerobic , anaerobic and microaerophilic ) to isolate the various different microorganisms from the root canal4,19 . for the canals in which saline solution was used ,
a similar result was observed in the control group , where no mechanical preparation was undertaken .
the reduction of cfus was only observed when biomechanical preparation was undertaken using antimicrobial irrigating solutions ( naocl and chx ) . in these groups ,
the microorganisms were detected , but in lower numbers than the canals prepared with saline solution or in the control group .
the best results obtained with the chlorhexidine solution may be associated to its residual action .
rosenthal et al.15(2004 ) evaluated the residual effect or substantivity of chlorhexidine solution in root canal systems .
root canals of bovine teeth were obturated either with or without previous immersion in 2% chlorhexidine solution .
the evaluation of dentin samples demonstrated that chlorhexidine provided antimicrobial effect up to twelve weeks after root canal obturation . the minor antimicrobial effect observed for sodium hypochlorite solution
chlorhexidine solution presents the lowest capacity to clean the root canal walls , as demonstrated by yamashita , et al.26 , 2003 , using an scanning electron microscope . in this way , an alternative option could be to do the final irrigation with chlorhexidine solution and use sodium hypochlorite solution during biomechanical preparation .
ercan , et al.3(2004 ) studied the antimicrobial action of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution and 2% chlorhexidine in human teeth having necrotic pulp and periapical lesion , using the culture technique , and reported a significant reduction in the microbiota for both irrigation solutions tested .
the partial action of biomechanical preparation to disinfect the root canal , even with the use of bactericidal solutions , suggests that the role of intracanal dressing is fundamental in the endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesions .
holland , et al.6(1992 ) studied the influence of irrigation and intracanal dressing on the healing process of dogs ' teeth with apical periodontitis and observed that the intracanal dressing was more important for success than the type of irrigating solution used ( saline solution or 0.5% naocl at 0.5% ) .
the employment of hydroxide - based intracanal dressing in the endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesions is important to deactivate the effects of endotoxins released by gram - negative microorganisms , since the irrigating solutions do not have this capacity22 .
tanomaru filho , et al.23(2002 ) studied the influence of naocl and chx irrigating solutions and the use of calcium hydroxide - based intracanal dressing for periapical repair after endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesions in dogs .
the root canals irrigated with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine solution were obturated in a single visit or after the use of an intracanal dressing with a calcium hydroxide paste .
the results demonstrated that utilization of the intracanal dressing was more important for periapical repair than the irrigating solution used .
it can be concluded that the use of antimicrobial irrigating solutions during biomechanical preparation promotes the reduction of endodontic microbiota .
 the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of biomechanical preparation using different irrigating solutions . 
 seventy - eight root canals from premolars of four dogs were used . 
 after experimental induction of periapical lesions , the root canals were prepared using the following solutions for irrigation : group 1 ) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite ( naocl ) ; group 2 ) 2% chlorhexidine ( chx ) ; group 3 ) saline solution and group 4 ) control group with no biomechanical preparation 
 . the microbiological evaluation of the root canals was performed by counting the colony forming units ( cfus ) using different culture mediums . 
 two absorbent paper cones were used in each root canal in order to collect the microbiological samples before , and thirty days after the biomechanical preparation . 
 the culture plates were incubated in aerobic , anaerobic and microaerophilic environment . 
 statistical evaluation was carried out using analysis of variance , tukey and student tests . 
 the results demonstrated that there was reduction in the number of microorganisms in the naocl and chx groups ( p<0.05 ) . 
 there was greater effectiveness in the chlorhexidine group . 
 the group that used saline solution and the control group presented an increased number of microorganisms . 
 it can be concluded that the use of antimicrobial irrigating solutions during biomechanical preparation promotes the reduction of endodontic microbiota . 
 however , a considerable number of microorganisms were still observed . 