We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field the deepest imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of ancillary Hubble Space Telescope optical images five filters spanning 0.40.9 m and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.85 m including seven mediumband filters and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hr per filter. We combine all our data at gt2.3 m to construct an ultradeep image reaching as deep as 31.4 AB mag in the stack and 30.331.0 AB mag 5 r  0.1 circular aperture in individual filters. We measure photometric redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts z  11.515. These objects show compact halflight radii of R SUB12SUB  50200 pc stellar masses of M SUBSUB  10SUP7SUP10SUP8 SUP M SUBSUB and star formation rates  0.11 M SUBSUB yrSUP1SUP. Our search finds no candidates at 15 lt z lt 20 placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forwardmodeling approach to infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the impact of nondetections. We find a z  12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of 2.5 from z  12 to z  14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
['Early universe', 'Galaxy formation', 'Galaxy evolution', 'High-redshift galaxies', 'Reionization', '435', '595', '594', '734', '1383', 'Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies', 'Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics']
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field Luminosity Function and Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density 300 Myr after the Big Bang
{'Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic Star-Formation Rate Density 300 Myr after the Big Bang': "Brant Robertson, 1 Benjamin D. Johnson, 2 Sandro Tacchella, 3, 4 Daniel J. Eisenstein, 2 Kevin Hainline, 5 Santiago Arribas , 6 William M. Baker, 3, 4 Andrew J. Bunker, 7 Stefano Carniani, 8 Courtney Carreira, 1 Phillip A. Cargile, 2 Stephane Charlot, 9 Jacopo Chevallard, 7 Mirko Curti, 10 Emma Curtis-Lake, 11 Francesco D'Eugenio, 3, 4 Eiichi Egami, 5 Ryan Hausen, 12 Jakob M. Helton, 5 Peter Jakobsen, 13, 14 Zhiyuan Ji, 5 Gareth C. Jones, 7 Roberto Maiolino, 3, 4, 15 Michael V. Maseda, 16 Erica Nelson, 17 Pablo G. P'erez-Gonz'alez, 6 D'avid Pusk'as, 3, 4 Marcia Rieke, 5 Renske Smit, 18 Fengwu Sun, 5 Hannah Ubler, 3, 4 Lily Whitler, 5 Christina C. Williams, 19 Christopher N. A. Willmer, 5 Chris Willott, 20 and Joris Witstok 3, 4  \n1 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 96054, USA 2 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge MA 02138 USA  \n- 3 Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK\n- 4 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK  \n5  \nSteward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA  \nCentro de Astrobiolog'ıa (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Cra. de Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850- Torrej'on de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain  \n6  \n- 7 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK 8 Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy\n- 9 Sorbonne Universit'e, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France 10 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany  \n11 Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK  \n12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218 13 Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark  \n- 14 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark\n- 15 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK\n- 16\n- NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA 20 NRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada  \nDepartment of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 475 N. Charter St., Madison, WI 53706 USA 17 Department for Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 18 Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK 19", 'ABSTRACT': "We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters spanning 0 . 4 -0 . 9 µ m) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0 . 8 -5 µ m, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data at > 2 . 3 µ m to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31 . 4 AB mag in the stack and 30.3-31.0 AB mag (5 σ , r = 0 . 1' circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts z = 11 . 5 -15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R 1 / 2 ∼ 50 -200pc, stellar masses of M ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 8 M ⊙ , and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0 . 1 -1 M ⊙ yr -1 . Our search finds no candidates at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results, and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2 . 5 from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.  \nKeywords: Early universe (435) - Galaxy formation (595) - Galaxy evolution (594) - High-redshift galaxies (734)", '1. INTRODUCTION': "JWST has pushed the forefront of our knowledge of galaxies in the distant universe to the first 350 million years of cosmic time. Within the first weeks of operations, surveys with JWST unveiled galaxy candidates beyond redshift z ∼ 12 in an epoch when only the most optimistic models of the cosmic star formation rate density predicted that galaxies would be easily discoverable (Naidu et al. 2022a; Castellano et al. 2022; Finkelstein et al. 2023a; Adams et al. 2023a; Atek et al. 2023; Donnan et al. 2023b; Harikane et al. 2023b; Morishita & Stiavelli 2023; Bouwens et al. 2023). The identification and spectroscopic confirmation by the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES; PIs Rieke and Lutzgendorf; Eisenstein et al. 2023a) of the galaxies JADES-GS-z12-0 at z = 12 . 6 and JADES-GS-z13-0 at z = 13 . 2 affirmatively established for the first time the reality of galaxies at z > 12 (Curtis-Lake et al. 2023; Robertson et al. 2023; D'Eugenio et al. 2023). Subsequently, other galaxy candidates have been confirmed at z ∼ 12 -13 in other surveys (Fujimoto et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023a) and many additional high-redshift candidates identified photometrically (e.g., Hainline et al. 2023a; P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. 2023a; Leung et al. 2023).  \nThe discovery of these distant sources raises substantial questions about the nature of galaxy formation in the early universe (Ferrara et al. 2023; Mason et al. 2023; Dekel et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023; Lovell et al. 2023; Shen et al. 2023a; Yung et al. 2024). The earliest known galaxies appear relatively bright (e.g., Naidu et al. 2022a; Castellano et al. 2022; Treu et al. 2023; Finkelstein et al. 2023b), show a range of stellar masses M ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 9 M ⊙ , and have young stellar ages of t ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 8 yr (Robertson et al. 2023). Structurally, these galaxies show physical sizes of r ∼ 0 . 1 -1 kpc and star formation rate surface densities of ˙ Σ ⋆ ∼ 50 -100 M ⊙ yr -1 kpc -2 (Robertson et al. 2023; Arrabal Haro et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023a). They are compact star forming galaxies undergoing rapid star formation on a timescale comparable to their local dynamical times. Individually, the properties of these objects are not extreme given the densities and dynamics of the early universe. Collectively, the apparent, albeit uncertain, abundance of such objects in the context of structure formation may be unexpectedly high. Resolving this essential quandary requires statistical constraints on the abundance of z > 12 galaxies and information on their possible origins through higher-redshift searches.  \nTo answer these questions, this work presents first results on the search for distant galaxies in the JADES Origin Field (JOF; Program ID 3215, PIs Eisenstein and Maiolino; Eisenstein et al. 2023b). The JOF observations were designed to use JWST medium bands, including NIRCam F162M, to isolate the Lymanα break at z ≳ 12 and simultaneously control for contamination by lower-redshift line emitters that can mimic the broad-band spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of distant galaxies (Naidu et al. 2022b; Zavala et al. 2023; Arrabal Haro et al. 2023; P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. 2023b). In concert with ultra-deep broad-band observations from JADES, the 9 . 05 arcmin 2 JOF provides the best current dataset for finding and characterizing z ≳ 12 galaxies. We search the JOF for objects to an effective limiting depth of f ν ∼ 2 -3 nJy, performing SED fitting analyses to select the highest redshift candidates. We then use a forward-modeling approach to infer the character of the evolving luminosity function given the properties of our sample of high-redshift candidate galaxies. Our method accounts for the photometric redshift posterior constraints of our sample's galaxies without binning in redshift or luminosity. We employ our method to study the behavior of the evolving luminosity function beyond z ∼ 12 and the abundance of galaxies at earlier times.  \nThis paper is organized as follows. In § 2 we review the JOF data, the observations, data reduction procedure, source detection, and photometry. In § 3, we describe our selection procedure based on SED template fitting. Forward modeling constraints on the galaxy candidate structural properties and inference of the distant stellar population properties are described in § 4. We characterize the galaxy luminosity functions at z ∼ 12 -15 and our constraints on the UV luminosity density at z ∼ 12 -20 in § 5, and report the inferred physical properties of the high-redshift candidates in § 6. We interpret the observational results in the context of galaxy formation theory in § 7. We summarize our conclusions and preview future work in § 8. Throughout this work, we use the AB magnitude system (Oke & Gunn 1983) and assume a flat Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology with Ω m = 0 . 3 and H 0 = 70 km s -1 Mpc -1 .", '2. DATA': 'This work uses JWST observations in the JOF to discover and constrain the abundance and properties of z > 12 galaxies. In § 2.1 we review the JOF and accompanying JADES and Hubble Space Telescope (HST)  \nobservations. In § 2.2, we present the data reduction methods used to process the imagery. The detection and photometric methods used to discover the objects are described in § 2.3.', '2.1. Observations': 'Eisenstein et al. (2023b) presents the JOF, a single JWST NIRCam pointing of exceptional depth, with about 7 days of exposure time spread between 14 filters covering an A ∼ 9 arcmin 2 area. The JOF began with the parallel imaging of deep JADES spectroscopy (Program ID 1210, presented in Bunker et al. 2023) that produced long F090W, F115W, F150W, F200W, F277W, F335M, F356W, F410M, and F444W exposures in a field adjacent to the Hubble Ultra Deep Field within the GOODS-S field. This campaign continued in Cycle 2 Program ID 3215, which observed in 6 JWST NIRCam medium bands-F162M, F182M, F210M, F250M, F300M, and F335M-again acquired in parallel to deep NIRSpec observations. We also include all JADES GOODS-S medium-depth imaging (Program ID 1180) that overlaps with the JOF. This area of GOODS-S partially overlaps with the FRESCO (Program ID 1895) F182M, F210M, and F444W data, which we incorporate. The field also has partial coverage of HST ACS F435W, F606W, F775W, F814W and F850LP images reduced and released through the Hubble Legacy Field program (Illingworth et al. 2016a) reductions of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS; Giavalisco et al. 2004) and Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS; Grogin et al. 2011; Koekemoer et al. 2011) images. In total, these data provide nineteen JWST and HST photometric bands that we use to constrain the galaxy SEDs and particularly the Lymanα break.', '2.2. Data reduction': "Our image reduction methods were outlined in Rieke et al. (2023) and Eisenstein et al. (2023a), detailed in Tacchella et al., (in prep), and we provide a summary here. We process the images with the jwst Calibration Pipeline (version 1.11.4) and Calibration Reference Data System pipeline mapping (CRDS pmap) 1130, which includes in-flight NIRCam dark, distortion, bad pixel mask, read noise, superbias and flat reference files.  \nWe use jwst Stage 1 to perform the detectorlevel corrections and ramp fitting. We run this stage with the default parameters, except for the correction of 'snowball' artifacts from cosmic rays. The identification and correction of snowballs represent a big challenge. Heuristically, we find that the following parameters provide reasonable snowball amelioration: max jump to flag neighbors =  \n1, min jump to flag neighbors = 100000, min jump area = 5, min sat area = 1, expand factor = 2, min sat radius extend = 2 . 5, and max extended radius = 200.  \nAs detailed in Rieke et al. (2023), we run jwst Stage 2 with the default parameters, but replace the STScI flats for all LW bands except F250M and F300M with custom super-sky flats. When we do not have sufficient images to produce a robust flat field, we interpolated the flatfield images from the bands adjacent in wavelength. Following Stage 2, we perform custom corrections for all additive effects including 1 /f noise, scattered light effects ('wisps' and 'claws'), and the large-scale background. Furthermore, we also updated the DQ data quality array to mask additional features imprinted visually onto the mosaics, including persistence, uncorrected wisp features, and unflagged hot pixels.  \nBefore running jwst Stage 3, we perform astrometric registration to Gaia DR2 (G. Brammer priv. comm., Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018) with a modified jwst -pipeline tweakreg code. We apply both a rotation and offset to the individual level-2 images. For images taken in the A module with the medium bands F182M, F210M, and F335M, we replace the default distortion maps with the nearest (in effective wavelength) wideband distortion map for that detector.  \nWe construct the mosaics using jwst Stage 3. We create single mosaics for each filter by combining exposures from all observations, and run jwst Stage 3 with the default parameter values while setting the pixel scale to 0.03 '/pixel and a drizzle parameter of pixfrac = 1 for the SW and LW images. Finally, we perform a custom background subtraction, following the procedure outlined in (Bagley et al. 2023a). For F090W, F115W, and F150W, hot pixels that pass median rejection are replaced with median filtered values from the local flux image.", '2.3. Detection and Photometry': "The detection and photometry methods are discussed in Rieke et al. (2023) and Eisenstein et al. (2023a) and will be detailed in Robertson et al. (in prep).  \nTo perform source detection, an inverse varianceweighted stack of the long-wavelength NIRCam F250M, F277W, F300M, F335M, F356W, F410M, and F444W SCI and ERR channels are constructed. Small-scale noise residuals from incomplete masking in the jwst pipeline are median filtered from the ERR images. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) image created from the ratio of these images is used as the detection image. An initial source significance threshold of SNR > 1 . 5 is used to select regions of interest, and a series of custom compu-  \ntational morphology algorithms inspired by NoiseChisel (Akhlaghi & Ichikawa 2015; Akhlaghi 2019) are applied to refine the segmentations. Stars and diffraction spikes are masked by constructing segmentations from stacks of all available filters and integrated into the detection segmentation map. The detection image segmentations are deblended using a logarithmic scaling of the F200W image. High-pass filtering is applied to the outer regions of large segmentations to isolate proximate satellite galaxies. After these refinements of the segmentation map, a final pass to detect potentially missed compact, faint sources is applied. The completeness as a function of flux and size for this detection algorithm has been calculated using source injection simulations and is presented in Section 4.1.  \nAfter engineering the segmentation map, we perform a set of customized photometric measurements based on the photutils (Bradley et al. 2023) analysis package. Object centroids are computed using the 'windowed positions' used by Source Extractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). Apertures for measuring Kron (1980) fluxes are determined based on the stacked signal image (the numerator of the SNR detection image) using a Kron parameter of 2 . 5. We limit the area of the Kron aperture to be less than twice an object's segmentation area. In addition to Kron fluxes, we measure circular aperture photometry with aperture radii of r = { 0 . 1' , 0 . 15' , 0 . 25' , 0 . 3' , 0 . 35' , 0 . 5' } . To provide aperture corrections, we produce a model point spread function (mPSF) following the method of Ji et al. (2023), where we inject WebbPSF models into jwst level-2 images and mosaic them using the same exposure pattern as the JOF observations to provide a composite star field. An mPSF for each band (and observing program) is then constructed from these PSF-mosaics. The circular aperture corrections are measured and tabulated, and the Kron aperture corrections computed by integrating within the corresponding elliptical apertures placed on the mPSF. For HST, we measure empirical (e)PSFs using the photutils (Bradley et al. 2023) ePSF Builder with visually inspected stars in the field.  \nWe perform a bevy of photometric validation tests. Cross validation against the CANDELS survey HST photometry using completely independent HST reductions from the Hubble Legacy Field program are presented in Rieke et al. (2023) for the broader JADES/GOODS-S field. We also compute median photometric offsets from SED templates using EAZY (Brammer et al. 2008), following the method described by Hainline et al. (2023a). We find these zeropoint offsets to be within 5 . 2%, and typically within 1%, for JWST filters.  \nWe also forward model each galaxy's surface brightness profile using the Forcepho code (B. Johnson, in prep). We use Forcepho with custom model pointspread functions to model the surface brightness profile of each galaxy in our survey simultaneously with any nearby objects in each individual exposure where pixel covariance is minimized. We restrict the modeling to the F200W and F277W bands, to minimize the chance of any PSF mismatch or astrometric errors while maximizing S/N and resolution. The surface brightness profile is assumed to be a S'ersic (1968) model, with a fast Gaussian-based factorization of the model. Forcepho provides a Bayesian estimate of the surface brightness profile parameters, including the galaxy half-light radius. We have used Forcepho to study the structure of other extremely high-redshift galaxies (e.g., Robertson et al. 2023; Tacchella et al. 2023), and we refer the reader to Baker et al. (2023) for more details on our morphological analysis methods.", '2.4. Image Depths': "With the construction of our broad- and medium-band NIRCam mosaics and the long-wavelength ( λ > 2 . 3 µ m) detection image, we can use the photometry method described in § 2.3 to measure our image depths. In Table 1, we report the median aperture corrected 5 -σ point-source depth in each filter and the stack (using the F277W PSF to estimate the stack's aperture correction). When measuring the depth in each image, we use a dilated version of the segmentation map created by the detection algorithm to mask source pixels. We note that the single-band images depths listed in Table 1 are all within 10 -25% of the 5 -σ point-source depths we reported in Eisenstein et al. (2023b) that were computed from the JWST exposure time calculator, with the longest wavelength filters showing the most improved depth. Our single-band images reach 30.3 -31.0 AB, and the combined λ > 2 . 3 µ m stack reaches 31.4 AB depth. For comparison, we also list the 5 -σ pointsource depth the corresponding λ > 2 . 3 µ m stacks from available NIRCam long-wavelength images in NGDEEP (F277W+F356W+F444W; Bagley et al. 2023b), the MIRI-UDF NIRCam parallel (F277W+F356W; P'erezGonz'alez et al. 2023a), and the JADES GOODS-S Deep region that covers the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (Rieke et al. 2023). To measure their depths, we processed these fields using identical methods and used the same F277W PSF model to aperture correct them. We report depths for each program separately, and note that where the MIRI-UDF parallel and NGDEEP NIRCam  \nTable 1. Depths of the JADES Origins Field  \nNote -a Median r = 0 . 1 '' aperture corrected 5 σ point-source depth. b This depth reflects our independent processing of the NGDEEP data, and we refer the reader to Bagley et al. (2023b) for their depth measurements. c This depth reflects our independent processing of the MIRI-UDF data, and we refer the reader to P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. (2023a) for their depth measurements.  \nimaging overlap the combined depths will be even more sensitive than listed in Table 1.", '3. SELECTION OF REDSHIFT Z ≳ 12 GALAXIES': "The photometric selection of high-redshift galaxies relies on identifying a strong Lymanα break in the restframe UV of a galaxy's SED (e.g., Guhathakurta et al. 1990; Steidel et al. 1995). Below, we detail our selection of z ≳ 12 galaxies based on this feature.", '3.1. Photometric Redshift Estimation': "To infer the photometric redshifts of galaxies in the JOF, we apply the techniques detailed in Hainline et al. (2023a) to fit templates of galaxy SEDs to our JWST and HST photometry, varying the redshift to assess the relative goodness of fit. To perform the SED fits, we use the EAZY code (Brammer et al. 2008) to compute rapidly the photometric redshift posterior distributions for each galaxy in the JOF survey. When fitting SED  \ntemplates, we use the template suite described in Hainline et al. (2023a) that includes models with strong line emission and a range of UV continua. The photometric redshifts estimated from fits to these templates were shown to have an outlier fraction (defined as the fraction of sources with | z phot -z spec | / (1 + z spec ) > 0 . 15) of f out = 0 . 05 in Rieke et al. (2023), and f out = 0 for 42 sources at z > 8 in Hainline et al. (2023a). A range of potential redshifts z = 0 . 01 -22 in ∆ z = 0 . 01 increments were considered, and for selection, we adopt the use of the redshift corresponding to the minimum χ 2 from the fit, z a . For each nominal redshift, we use the Inoue et al. (2014) model for attenuation from the intergalactic medium (see also Madau 1995). We do not adopt any magnitude priors, we impose an error floor of 5% on the photometry, and allow for negative fluxes. When fitting the SED models to determine a photometric redshift, to maximize signal-to-noise ratios we use aperture-corrected r = 0 . 1' circular aperture fluxes on the native resolution JOF images without convolution to a common PSF, multiplied by the photometric offsets discussed in Section 2.3. We have checked that we obtain comparably high-redshift solutions when using common-PSF Kron aperture photometry with lower SNR, except where noted below. We note that for some objects, the best-fit SED model has Lymanα line emission. This feature arises as an artifact of the optimization process in EAZY that mixes templates with and without Lymanα emission. We do not claim this line emission to be real. The equivalent width of Lymanα is degenerate with the redshift of the break, which can contribute to a photometric redshift offset of ∆ z ≈ 0 . 2 -0 . 4 relative to a spectroscopic redshift. Local attenuation from the galaxy interstellar medium or circumgalactic medium can shift the photometric redshift by a similar amount (e.g., D'Eugenio et al. 2023; Heintz et al. 2023)", '3.2. Selection Criteria': "In the JOF, we apply the following criteria to identify our high-redshift sample. These criteria have been adapted from Hainline et al. (2023a) but further tailored to a 12 ≲ z ≲ 20 selection. We note that these criteria both select objects previously discovered, notably by Hainline et al. (2023a), and identify new objects. We provide the provenance of each object when discussing our samples below. Our selection criteria are:  \n- 1. The redshift at the EAZY fit χ 2 minimum must be z a ≥ 11 . 5.\n- 2. Two of F277W, F356W, and F444W JWST NIRcam filters must show > 5 σ detections.  \n- 3. All the long-wavelength NIRCam fluxes (F250M, F277W, F300M, F335M, F356W, F410M, F444W) must exceed 1 . 5 σ significance.\n- 4. The redshift posterior distribution must have an integral probability of P ( z a > 11) > 0 . 68, where we take P ( z ) ∝ exp( -χ 2 / 2).\n- 5. The goodness of fit difference between the best high redshift ( z > 11) and low redshift ( z < 7) solutions must satisfy ∆ χ 2 > 4, and for the best fit we require χ 2 < 100 summed over all 19 filters.\n- 6. The flux in F090W and F115W each must be below 2 . 5 σ significance, as we expect no robust detection of flux blueward of the Lymanα break.\n- 7. To avoid objects redder than the typically blue high-redshift objects (e.g., Topping et al. 2023), we require that sources cannot have both (F277WF356W) > 0 . 125 and (F356W-F444W) > 0 . 25.\n- 8. Each object must have F150W, F162M, F182M, F210M, and F277W coverage. This criterion limits our survey area to the F162M JOF footprint.\n- 9. The NIRCam short and long wavelength local exposure time must be within a factor of four, which avoids edge effects from the mosaic pattern.\n- 10. To avoid variable sources, the flux in the NIRCam Medium bands acquired in the second year of JWST operations must not exceed the broad band NIRCam fluxes acquired in the first year by more than 1 σ in all bands simultaneously. In practice, we treat overlapping medium and broad band filters as random samples of the same flux density, and then flag when the difference between such pairs of flux estimates exceeds the quadrature sum of each pair's errors when taken in different epochs.\n- 11. We require that the source not be covered by another galaxy as determined from the segmentation map, which lowers the available area by 22%. The final available area after accounting for foreground sources is approximately A ' = 7 . 06 square arcmin.  \nWe note that without the data quality (criteria 910), minimum long-wavelength SNR threshold (criteria 2-3), or color criteria (criteria 6-7), fifteen objects would be selected. However, of these sources, one (JADES+53.05101-27.89787) sits in an oversubtracted area of a distant star diffraction spike and three more are covered by a stray light 'wisp' feature in F162M (JADES+53.08317-27.86572,  \nJADES+53.07681-27.86286, and JADES+53.0496427.88605). For a discussion of wisp features in JWST, please see Rigby et al. (e.g., 2023).  \nOf the remaining eleven, one fails the minimum SNR threshold (for JADES+53.07385-27.86072, all filters redward of F335M have f ν < 2nJy) and one fails the color criteria (JADES+53.08468-27.86666 is red). In total nine objects pass the selection; these comprise our Main Sample (see Table 2). While we will comment on the additional two interesting objects that nearly satisfy our selection, we do not consider them in our fiducial luminosity function analyses. We call this collection of two objects the 'Auxiliary Sample' at z > 11 . 5. There are also five sources in Hainline et al. (2023a) sample in the vicinity of the JOF with previously reported photometric redshifts z > 11 that are not in our sample. Of these, with the additional JOF data we find four objects to have revised photometric redshifts z < 7 or fail other selection criteria (JADES+53.02700-27.89808, JADES+53.03696-27.89422, JADES+53.0790127.87154, JADES+53.10469-27.86187). The fifth falls in the F162M gap (JADES+53.07076-27.86544; NIRCam ID 176151) and therefore does not reside in our effective area.  \nWe note that the F250M SNR criterion fixes the upper redshift limit of our selection. If we remove this criterion and the z > 11 . 5 limit, we find one additional z ∼ 11 . 4 candidate (JADES+53.10131-27.85696) detected in all filters F150W and redder with f ν ≈ 2nJy, excepting F250M which is about 1 . 5 σ low. In other words, we would find no z ≳ 20 candidates by removing the weak F250M detection criterion.  \nThe luminosity function analysis discussed below in § 5 enables the accounting of potential contributions to the inferred galaxy abundance from galaxies with maximum-likelihood photometric redshifts below the putative redshift of interest. We identified galaxies with maximum likelihood redshifts z > 8 and P ( z > 12) > 0 . 01 that otherwise satisfy the above selection criteria. There are three such galaxies, which fall in the photometric redshift z ≈ 10 . 5 -11 . 2 range, which will be referred to as the 'Contributing Sample' at z < 11 . 5. Two of these (NIRCam IDs 76035 and 172510) were previously found in Hainline et al. (2023a). A third galaxy, NIRCam ID 64312 with photometric redshift z ≈ 10 . 6 and P ( z > 12) ≈ 0 . 05 from photometry, was subsequently confirmed to lie at slightly lower redshift with P ( z < 12) < 0 . 01 and was not considered further.  \nTable 2. High-redshift candidates in the JADES Origins Field  \nNote -a The half-light size refers to the intrinsic, PSF-deconvolved size of each source, in milliarcseconds. b Best fit photometric redshift with 16- and 84-percentile uncertainties from the inferred photometric redshift distribution. c The posterior probability density for the photometric redshift of the candidate to lie at redshift z < 7, given the SED fitting method described in § 3.1. d Spectroscopically confirmed at z = 14 . 32 by Carniani et al. (submitted). e Fails red color limit. f Fails minimum SNR criterion.  \nTable 3. Aperture-corrected HST/ACS photometry a in r = 0 . 1 '' circular apertures.  \nNote -a These photometric measurements were made on the native-resolution Hubble Legacy Field images (Illingworth et al. 2016b).  \nFigure 1. F444W/F200W/F090W false color red/green/blue image of the JADES Origin Field (background image; 27.5 arcmin 2 ), the JOF F162M footprint (jade outline) and F356W+F410M+F444W/F200W+F210M/F090W+F115W false color red/green/blue thumbnail images (each 0.86 arcsec 2 ) for z ≳ 12 high-redshift galaxy candidates. The RGB images of the galaxy candidates typically appear to have a green hue in this color space, as they are all detected in the filters used for both the green and red channels, but not the blue channel. Each inset thumbnail lists the best-fit EAZY photometric redshift and the JADES NIRCam ID, and we indicate the shared angular scale of the thumbnails with a scale bar showing 0.2'. Table 2 lists the designations of the objects based on [RA, Dec]. NIRCam ID 183348 was spectroscopically confirmed as JADES-GS-z14-0 by Carniani et al. (submitted) at z = 14 . 32.  \n<!-- image -->  \nTable 4. Aperture-corrected short-wavelength JWST/NIRCam photometry in r = 0 . 1 '' circular apertures.  \ncandidates in our Main Sample, and the two auxiliary objects that have photometric redshifts z > 11 . 5 but that fail data quality or redness cuts.", '3.3. Sample': "Given the selection criteria presented in § 3.2, our entire 11 . 5 < z < 15 sample consists of eight galaxy candidates (our 'Main Sample'). Table 2 lists their designations based on [RA, Dec], the internal JADES NIRCam ID, and the best-fit redshift z a . Five of these objects (ID 16699, 33309, 13731, 11457, and 55733) were previously identified in Hainline et al. (2023a); the other three are new here. We also record galaxy sizes measured from our Forcepho modeling in Table 2. For each object, we provide r = 0 . 1' circular aperture photometry for HST ACS bands in Table 3, and JWST 0 . 1'-radius circular aperture photometry for the NIRCam short-wavelength and long-wavelength filters appear in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Note the fluxes we report in Tables 3-5 are measured on the native resolution images and are not convolved to a common PSF.  \nFigure 1 shows an F444W/F200W/F090W red/green/blue false color mosaic of the JOF region. Of the 27.5 arcmin 2 area shown, about 9.05 arcmin 2 has acceptable F162M coverage. The inset thumbnail images for each galaxy candidate show 0 . 86 arcsec 2 regions with red/green/blue colors provided by  \nF356W+F410M+F444W/F200W+F210M/F090W+F115W, along with the best fit redshift z a and the JADES NIRCam ID referenced in Table 2. We plot the eight galaxy  \nNext, in order of increasing photometric redshift, we introduce each galaxy candidate with some summary discussion and a figure of the SED fits to the 0 . 1'-radius circular aperture photometry. We show the photometric redshift posterior distribution and best-fit redshift for each and the redshift posterior distribution limited to z < 7, as well as the best-fit SED and most likely low-redshift SEDs. We also show the JWST filter transmission curves and the fourteen JWST filter cutouts for each galaxy.", '3.3.1. JADES+53.09731-27.84714; NIRCam ID 74977': 'Figure 2 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.09731-27.84714 (NIRCam ID 74977). The object is remarkably faint with m AB ≈ 30 . 5 redward of Lymanα , and has a best-fit redshift of z a = 11 . 5. The best low-redshift solution has z low = 2 . 7, but exceeds the observed F115W constraint.', '3.3.2. JADES+53.02618-27.88716; NIRCam ID 16699': "Figure 3 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.02618-27.88716 (NIRCam ID 16699, Hainline et al. 2023a). The best-fit redshift is z a = 11 . 6 for this faint source, which has m AB ≈ 30 . 2 -30 . 5 in the NIRCam long-wavelength channels. The best lowredshift solution has z low = 2 . 6. We note that using the BAGPIPES SED-fitting code (Carnall et al. 2018) to constrain the photometric redshift of this galaxy candi-  \nTable 5. Aperture-corrected long-wavelength JWST/NIRCam photometry in r = 0 . 1 '' circular apertures.  \nte provides a slightly lower redshift of z ≈ 11 . 3, without Lymanα emission and with still non-zero P ( z > 11).", '3.3.3. JADES+53.04017-27.87603; NIRCam ID 33309': 'Figure 4 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.04017-27.87603 (NIRCam ID 33309, Hainline et al. 2023a). The best-fit SED model has z a = 12 . 1, while the best low-redshift solution has z low = 3 . 2. The source is also remarkably faint, with m AB ≈ 30 . 2 in the NIRCam long-wavelength filters.', '3.3.4. JADES+53.03547-27.90037; NIRCam ID 160071': 'Figure 5 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.03547-27.90037 (NIRcam ID 160071). The flux densities of this object are f ν ≈ 3 . 5 nJy ( m AB ≈ 30). When fitting an SED model, the observed photometry, including the strong break in F150W, constrain the redshift to be z a = 12 . 4. The best solution at low redshift has z low = 3 . 4.', '3.3.5. JADES+53.06475-27.89024; NIRCam ID 13731': 'Figure 6 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.06475-27.89024 (NIRCam ID 13731, Hainline et al. 2023a). The long-wavelength JWST/NIRCam photometry shows m AB ≈ 29 . 5, and constrains the posterior photometric redshift distribution to be peaked strongly near z a = 12 . 9. The best-fit low-redshift solution at z low = 3 . 5 would exceed the F090W, F115W, F150W, and F162M photometry by several standard deviations.', '3.3.6. JADES+53.02868-27.89301; NIRCam ID 11457': 'Figure 7 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.02868-27.89301 (NIRCam ID 11457, Hainline et al. 2023a). The object has NIRCam flux densities redward of the break of f ν ≈ 4 -6 nJy ( m AB ≈ 29 . 5 -29 . 9), that constrain SED models to yield a bestfit redshift z a = 13 . 5. The best-fit low-redshift solution SED at z low = 3 . 6 exceeds the F090W and F150W constraints by several standard deviations. The second peak in the high-redshift p ( z ) at z ≈ 12 . 7 is driven by the marginal (2 . 3 σ ) detection in F162M, which if real would prefer a slightly lower redshift than the mode but still within our selection criteria. However, we caution that the F162M detection, the F182M-F210M color, and the rising SED shape longward of 3 . 5 µ m could indicate a potential low-redshift contaminant not well-modeled by our SED template set. We therefore proceed with caution while including this candidate in our sample.', '3.3.7. JADES+53.07557-27.87268; NIRCam ID 376946': "Figure 8 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.07557-27.87268 (NIRcam ID 376946). This faint ( m AB = 30 . 5) object at redshift z a = 14 . 4 is slightly redder than most of the other candidates. JADES+53.07557-27.87268 displays an unusual SED in that either the F182M and F210M fluxes must be biased low by several sigma to be consistent with the F200W flux, and the high-redshift solution does not match well the observed F182M, F200W, and F210M data. The best solution at low redshift has z low = 3 . 8 with nearly 8% of the EAZY probability, although it overpredicts  \nFigure 2. SED model, photometric redshift posterior distributions, and JWST NIRCam image thumbnails for galaxy candidate JADES+53.09731-27.84714 (NIRcam ID 74977). The upper left panel shows the aperture-corrected r = 0 . 1' flux density f ν in nJy of the NIRCam (purple points with 1 σ uncertainties) and HST/ACS (red points with 1 σ uncertainties) photometry for the object, with median photometric offset corrections applied. The best-fit SED is shown in blue, while the best fit low-redshift solution is shown in gray. The synthetic model photometry for both models are shown as open squares, and the JWST NIRCam filter transmission curves are shown as colored regions. The upper right panel shows the posterior distribution of photometric redshifts for the object (blue), the best-fit redshift (vertical dashed line), the photoz posterior if only redshifts z < 7 are considered (light gray), and the best-fit redshifts provided as an annotation, as is the posterior probability density at redshifts below z ∼ 7. The bottom panel shows inverted grayscale thumbnails of the fourteen NIRCam filters in a 0 . 93 × 0 . 93 arcsec 2 region around each object, the stretch applied to each filter scaled with the mean value in the thumbnail. The signal-to-noise ratio of the aperture-corrected r = 0 . 1' circular aperture photometry for each band is noted in the corresponding thumbnail. The JADES NIRCam ID is also provided on the left side of the image.  \n<!-- image -->  \nthe observed F150W flux. We note that when using the BAGPIPES SED-fitting code (Carnall et al. 2018) with a broad log-uniform prior ( M ⋆ ∈ [10 5 , 10 13 ] M ⊙ ) on stellar mass to constrain the photometric redshift of this galaxy candidate, we find a yet larger low-redshift probability density than with EAZY. The best fit redshift is still z > 14 and most of its photometric redshift posterior probability is at very high-redshift. We also note that this object has the largest increase in the lowredshift probability density when using common-PSF Kron aperture fluxes to fit a photometric redshift, but, given the loss in SNR for this exceedingly faint object, the photometric SED become much noisier.", '3.3.8. JADES+53.08294-27.8556; NIRCam ID 183348': "JADES+53.08294-27.8556 (NIRcam ID 183348) with redshift z = 14 . 4 is the most remarkable object in our sample, with a best-fit SED shown in Figure 10. The object appears relatively bright ( f ν ≈ 30nJy; r = 0 . 1'  \nradius aperture) but shows strong break from F210M to F182M and no significant flux at shorter wavelengths. Before the JOF ultradeep JWST/NIRCam medium band data was acquired, based on JADES JWST/NIRCam broadband data Hainline et al. (2023a) first discussed this source with a photometric redshift of z phot = 14 . 51. Owing to the observed brightness of the source and its close proximity to another lower-redshift source, 183348 was rejected from their main sample. Subsequently, Williams et al. (2023) determined a lower photometric redshift z phot = 3 . 38, and found the source was detected by JWST/MIRI at 7 µ m from the SMILES program (PID 1207; PI Rieke). Given the addition of our ultradeep JOF JWST/NIRCam medium band data, we find the photometric redshift posterior of 183348 distribution is sharply peaked at z ∼ 14 . 4. This high redshift peak is now much more strongly favored than low redshift solutions as the new JOF medium band mea-  \n20  \nFigure 3. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.02618-27.88716 (NIRCam ID 16699).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 4. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.04017-27.87603 (NIRCam ID 33309).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 5. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.03547-27.90037 (NIRCam ID 160071).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 6. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.06475-27.89024 (NIRCam ID 13731).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 7. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.02868-27.89301 (NIRCam ID 11457).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 8. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.07557-27.87268 (NIRCam ID 376946).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 9. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy candidate JADES+53.10762-27.86013 (NIRCam ID 55733).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 10. Same as Figure 2, but for galaxy JADES+53.08294-27.85563 (NIRCam ID 183348). We note this object has been discussed previously in Hainline et al. (2023a) and Williams et al. (2023), and spectroscopically confirmed by Carniari et al. (submitted). The F162M data for this object has been omitted because of data quality issues.  \n<!-- image -->  \nsurements better constrain the shape and depth of the break at ∼ 1 . 8 µ mwhile placing limits on strong emission lines redward of the break. While low-redshift solutions have low probability, the low-redshift photometric redshift posterior distribution is very sharply peaked near z low = 3 . 4 and requires a very red object with strong emission lines in F200W and F277W. A principal concern regarding 183348 is the close proximity of a neighboring galaxy (NIRCam ID 183349) that has a best-fit photometric redshift of z a ≈ 3 . 4. This alignment obviously supported the previous suspicion that 183348 was also at the lower redshift. However, our analysis of the initial JOF NIRCam medium-band photometry as well as JWST/MIRI photometry (Helton et al., submitted) further supported the higher redshift, and on that basis, the galaxy was selected for spectroscopic followup. Carniani et al. (submitted) present a spectroscopic redshift confirmation of z = 14 . 32, and we refer the reader to that work for a detailed analysis of the properties of this intriguing galaxy. Here, we do compare the properties inferred for this galaxy along with other objects in the Main Sample measured in the same manner. We note that the photometric and spectroscopic redshift distributions are very similar, and our choice to adopt its photometric redshift distribution during the luminosity function inference has little impact on our results. We also note that gravitational lensing by the neighbor is considered by Carniani et al. (submitted), but find the magnification to be small.", '3.3.9. JADES+53.10762-27.86013; NIRCam ID 55733': 'Figure 9 shows the best-fit SED for object JADES+53.10762-27.86013 (NIRCam ID 55733, Hainline et al. 2023a). The galaxy candidate has NIRCam long-wavelength fluxes of m AB ≈ 29 . 9 and a best-fit redshift of z a ≈ 14 . 6. The best low-redshift solution has z low = 3 . 9 with 2% of the EAZY probability, although the corresponding SED model would substantially exceed the observed F150W. We note that this object shows F162M flux at 1 . 1 σ significance, and confirmation of this hint of a signal would negate a possible high-redshift solution.', '3.3.10. Auxiliary Objects': 'We also provide SED fits for the Auxiliary candidates JADES+53.07385-27.86072 (Figure 11), and JADES+53.08468-27.86666. (Figure 12).  \nJADES+53.07385-27.86072 (NIRcam ID 54586) is exceedingly faint and is relegated to our Auxiliary sample by failing the minimum SNR criteria, with some long-wavelength NIRCam filters showing m AB > 30 . 5 flux levels. The high-redshift posterior distribution for  \nthis object is correspondingly broader, with a peak at z a = 13 . 1. The best low redshift solution has z low = 3 . 6. Finally, JADES+53.08468-27.86666 (NIRCam ID 44962, Hainline et al. 2023a) is in our Auxiliary sample owing to its red SED that increases from f ν ≈ 3 nJy in F182M to f ν ≈ 6nJy in F444W. The redshift posterior distribution is double-valued, with a peak at z a = 12 . 9. The best low-redshift solution has z low = 3 . 5.', '4. COMPLETENESS SIMULATIONS': 'The detection and selection of high-redshift galaxy candidates impose limitations that reduce the completeness of a sample. To convert the number of observed galaxies satisfying the selection criteria into a measurement of the galaxy number density, the completeness of the detection and selection process can be computed and incorporated. Below, in § 4.1 we use simulations to characterize our detection completeness and in § 4.2 we simulate our selection completeness. These calculations are used in § 5 to include completeness corrections in the rest-UV luminosity function.  \nWe note that the requirement to compute the completeness suggests that the detection and selection process should be algorithmic and automatable. We therefore do not apply any cuts based on visual inspection or judgment beyond crafting the detection method described in § 2.3 or the selection criteria presented in § 3. This restriction allows us to simulate both the detection and selection completeness.', '4.1. Detection Completeness': "To compute the detection completeness of our photometric pipeline, we performed detailed source injection simulations using a wide range of input sources. First, we create a mock input galaxy catalog by drawing from randomized distributions of galaxy physical properties including redshift, star formation rate, stellar mass, size, S'ersic (1968) surface brightness profile index, position angle, and axis ratio. The objects are selected to have properties comparable to the z > 8 sources reported by Hainline et al. (2023a). We use the Prospector code (Johnson et al. 2021) to compute the object fluxes given their physical properties and redshift. With this mock catalog, we use the GalSim (Rowe et al. 2015) image simulation software to create simulated S'ersic (1968) profile objects distributed across a grid on the sky. We compute the overlap of the JOF mosaics in each filter with this grid of objects, and then add the randomized objects as injected sources in the JOF images. The result is a large set of synthetic JOF mosaics with injected sources. We can then process the images identically to the real data and attempt to discover sources.  \nFigure 11. Same as Figure 2, but for Auxiliary galaxy candidate JADES+53.07385-27.86072 (NIRCam ID 54586).  \n<!-- image -->  \nFigure 12. Same as Figure 2, but for Auxiliary galaxy candidate JADES+53.08468-27.86666 (NIRCam ID 44962).  \n<!-- image -->  \nWith the injected images, we combine the longwavelength NIRCam images as for the real data, creating an ultradeep stack. Our pipeline detection algorithm is applied to the injected mosaic stack to create a new detection catalog with simulated sources. We can then characterize the completeness of our detection method as a function of the source properties. We repeat the simulations with ten separate realizations, such that a total of 115,000 injected sources with widely-ranging intrinsic properties are used.  \nFigure 13 shows the detection completeness as a function of the two main factors affecting this completeness. The apparent brightness of the objects influence their signal-to-noise ratio in the stacked detection image. The size of the object affects the surface brightness, which in turn determines the per pixel SNR that governs the contrast an object of a given luminosity relative to the sky background. The detection algorithm reaches 90% completeness at around m AB ∼ 30 . 2 for small objects ( R 1 / 2 ≲ 0 . 1 arcsec). This completeness function can be integrated into an interpolator to allow for the object completeness as a function of apparent magnitude and size to be utilized in inferring the UV luminosity function. We note that through this simulation for the JOF we find that only about 78% of the pixels are not impacted by foreground objects, which we account for in computing our effective survey volume. Given that the objects of interest are small, only several pixels across, and our detection method reaches fairly low significance (SNR ∼ 1 . 5) per pixel such that the segmentations reach low surface brightnesses, we find this number to be representative of the impact of foreground sources on our detection completeness.", '4.2. Selection Completeness': 'To simulate the selection completeness, we can use the spectral energy distributions in our mock galaxy catalog and the photometric uncertainty measured for our galaxy sample to simulate the effects of photometric noise on our selection and consequently the inferred UV luminosity function. We create a sample of two million mock galaxies with model SEDs, induce photometric noise with a normal scatter in each HST and JWST filter of the magnitude of our measured sky background. Our measurement uncertainties are sky-dominated, so only include sky noise in our simulated fluxes. These two million noisy simulated SEDs are then provided to EAZY exactly in the same manner as our real catalog, and SED fitting is performed to each object. This enables us to estimate how the photometric noise can disrupt the mapping between true redshift and photometric redshift, and identify which redshift windows could provide non-  \nFigure 13. Detection completeness in our JOF analysis as a function of intrinsic half-light radius and F277W apparent magnitude. The detection method is complete for small objects and bright magnitudes, and the differential completeness reaches about 90% at F277W ≈ 30 . 2AB for small objects. Shown is a two-dimensional normalized histogram of object size and flux indicating the fraction of sources with such properties detected by the pipeline. The method becomes highly incomplete fainter than m AB ∼ 31 or for halflight radii above about half an arcsec. Owing to pixels covered by foreground sources, the maximum detection completeness will be reduced to ∼ 78% of that shown here.  \n<!-- image -->  \nnegligible contamination for our selection criteria. For reference, we note that in our simulations, the fraction of objects with F200W SNR > 5 that are photometric redshift outliers with ( | z a -z true | / (1 + z true )) > 0 . 1 is 3.8%.  \nFigure 14 shows the completeness of selection criteria as applied to our mock galaxy catalog, as a function of the true object redshift and absolute UV magnitude. The selection proves highly complete at M UV < -18 for redshifts z ≳ 12. At magnitudes fainter than M UV > -17 . 5, the photometric noise prevents the strict elimination of low-redshift solutions such that the objects fail the ∆ χ 2 selection described in 3. At the high-redshift end, the selection declines at z ≈ 20 when the Lymanα break affects F250M and our SNR requirement in that filter becomes limiting. As with the detection completeness, an interpolator can be constructed from the selection completeness and then used to correct the galaxy number counts for the lossy selection process. We note here that we define M UV as the rest-frame 1500 ˚ A UV luminosity density, computed by fitting a power-law to rest-frame UV photometry and marginalizing over any covariance with the spectral slope (for more details, see § 6.1).  \nFigure 14. Completeness of our selection criteria as a function of galaxy redshift and absolute magnitude. For bright objects, the selection criteria described in § 3 produce a substantially complete sample. For fainter objects, the ∆ χ 2 criterion fails as the photometric noise prevents the SED fitting procedure from distinguishing robustly between high and low photometric redshifts.  \n<!-- image -->', '5. REST-FRAME UV LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AT Z ≳ 12': 'To compute the rest-frame UV luminosity function from our sample of galaxy candidates and our completeness calculations, we can construct multiple measures of the galaxy abundance. We wish to account for several confounding effects.  \nFirst, galaxies with a range of intrinsic redshifts will contribute to the the observed number counts of galaxies at a given photometric redshift. The degree of this contamination will depend on the abundance of galaxies at other proximate intrinsic redshifts whose photometric redshifts overlap with the epoch of our measurement. We must therefore account for the evolving luminosity function and mixing between populations at different redshifts.  \nSecond, each individual galaxy has a posterior distribution for its photometric redshift. Rather than assign each galaxy to a specific redshift bin and absolute magnitude, we can allow for a posterior distribution on the photometric redshift to represent a track of inferred absolute magnitude and redshift. Each galaxy can make a fractional contribution to the UV luminosity function at redshifts where its posterior has support.  \nGiven these considerations, we want to allow for flexibility in our representation of the UV luminosity function. We can either infer a parameterized luminosity function by computing the likelihood of observing each  \ngalaxy, given the evolving distribution of galaxy counts with luminosity and redshift, fully without binning, or we could bin in magnitude and redshift but account for the photometric redshift posterior distributions of each object. In either case, with the known individual properties of each object, we want to treat the completeness of our detection and selection methods at the per-object level rather than through binning. Below, we present both methods, where we expand on the methods used by Leja et al. (2020) to infer the evolving stellar mass function at low redshift but now applied to the UV luminosity function evolution at high redshifts. We have tested both methods using mock galaxy samples constructed from specified luminosity functions and posterior photometric redshift distributions.', '5.1. Inferring Evolving Luminosity Function Parameters': 'The probability of observing an object with a given true luminosity and redshift is given by the product of the redshift dependent luminosity function Φ( L, z | θ ), the selection function S ( L, z ), and the differential comoving volume element probed V ( z ). We can assume the luminosity function depends on some parameters θ . Unfortunately, we do not know the true luminosity and redshift of each galaxy i , but instead estimate it from photometric data D i , by using SED models to construct the likelihood function L ( D i | L, z ). The likelihood of observing a galaxy with D i must then be marginalized over the unknown true parameters  \nL ( D i | θ ) ∝ ∫ dL ∫ dz L ( D i | L, z ) λ ( L, z | θ ) (1)  \nλ ( L, z | θ ) = Φ( L, z | θ ) S ( L, z ) V ( z ) (2)  \nΦ( L, z | θ ) = ϕ ( z ) ( L/L ∗ ( z )) α ( z ) e -L L ∗ ( z ) (3)  \nHere λ ( L, z ) is the differential number of objects expected to be selected from the survey, as a function of the true L and z . We have parameterized the luminosity function as a single Schechter function. The redshift evolution of the luminosity function can be treated with a dependence of the parameters on ( z -z ref ) where z ref is some reference redshift, e.g. the midpoint of the redshift range of interest. For our purposes, we will adopt either simple log-linear or log-exponential evolution with redshift. To compute the likelihood of each object marginalized over the true object redshift and luminosity we numerically integrate the marginalization integrals using samples from the probability distribution provided by EAZY.  \nL ( D i | θ ) ∼ ∑ j w i,j λ ( L i,j , z i,j | θ ) / ∑ j w i,j (4)  \nBy drawing fair samples from the probability distributions provided by EAZY, and noting that the effective  \npriors on z and L were uniform, each sample has equal weight w i,j . With the ability to compute the likelihood of each object given the model, the likelihood for an ensemble of objects is then the product of the individual likelihoods. However, we must include the overall constraint given by the number of observed objects. The total expected number of selected objects is given by the integral of the product of the luminosity function and the effective volume, and the observational constraint is given by the Poisson likelihood of the actual number of observed objects 1  \nL ( D | θ ) = e -N θ ∏ i L ( D i | θ ) (5)  \nN θ = ∫ dL ∫ dz λ ( L, z ) (6)  \nHere N θ is the total number of observed objects. Note that for redshifts and luminosities for which our observations are complete, the method accounts for the likelihood of non-detections given the chosen luminosity function parameter values.', '5.2. Estimating a Step-Wise Luminosity Function': 'While the method in § 5.1 does not bin in redshift or luminosity, the observed candidate galaxies could be assigned to specific redshift and luminosity bins. If nothing else, binning allows for the measured galaxy abundance to be usefully plotted and compared with other measurements. The binned luminosity function summarizes the information retained by the unbinned parameterized LF for which representing constraints on the galaxy abundance requires access to samples of the posterior distribution of LF parameters.  \nConsider the photometric redshift posterior distribution p i ( z ) of a candidate galaxy i with observed apparent magnitude m i . In the absence of photometric noise, the absolute magnitude of the object is M i = m i -DM ( z ), where DM ( z ) is the cosmological distance modulus including K -correction. Accounting for photometric noise, we will instead have some distribution of absolute magnitudes p ( M i | m i , z ) for each object at a given photometric redshift. The distribution of inferred absolute magnitudes in some redshift bin z 1 to z 2 is  \np ( M i | z 1 , z 2 ) = ∫ z 2 z 1 dz ∫ dm i p ( M i | m i , z ) p ( z ) . (7)  \nThe contribution of a galaxy to an absolute magnitude bin would then be  \nN i ( M 1 , M 2 , z 1 , z 2 ) = ∫ M 2 M 1 p ( M i | z 1 , z 2 ) dM i . (8)  \nThe total number density per magnitude n j in a magnitude bin M 1 < M j < M 2 would then be  \nn j ( M 1 , M 2 , z 1 , z 2 ) = ∑ i N i ( M 1 , M 2 , z 1 , z 2 ) ( M 2 -M 1 ) V j (9)  \nwhere V j is the average effective volume in the bin, allowing for the completeness to vary for each object i . In practice, evaluating these equations involves summing over samples from the photometric posterior distributions of the galaxies while accounting for samples that lie outside the redshift bin to enforce the posterior normalization constraint ∫ p ( z ) dz = 1. We note that when computing the samples in M UV and z , to compute M UV we use the 1500 ˚ A rest-frame flux computed in the appropriate JWST filter given a putative redshift z . When computing M UV , we use the total fluxes computed from the Forcepho morphological decompositions.  \nProcedurally, for each redshift bin we take all ordered M UV samples and separate them into bins whose edges are set to maintain a comparable number of samples per bin. We sum the number of samples in each bin and divide by the total number of samples across all galaxies, which provides the (non-integer) number of galaxies per bin. The average completeness in the bin is computed from the per-object selection and detection completeness based on the object properties and the fraction of pixels in the image not covered by foreground sources. We then divide the number of galaxies in each bin by the bin width, the completeness, and the volume to get the number density. The uncertainties for each bin are estimated from number count statistics.  \nWhile we report our step-wise estimate, which accounts for photometric scatter between magnitude bins and variable completeness, we consider these measurements estimated checks on the inferred LF constraints described in § 5.1 that do not bin in either redshift or magnitude and additionally account for potential contamination from proximate redshifts and the evolving shape of the luminosity function with redshift. We emphasize here that our formal derived constraints on the luminosity function are provided through our inference procedure in the form of the computed posterior distributions of the parameters of our model evolving luminosity functions.', '5.3. Luminosity Function Constraints': "Given the measured properties of our sample galaxies, their photometric redshift distributions p ( z ), and the method described in § 5.1, we can compute marginalized constraints of an evolving UV luminosity function once we adopt a parameterized form.  \nTable 6. Step-wise Luminosity Function.  \nNote -The ranges listed for each M UV reflect the widths of the magnitude bins, which are determined by the distribution of photometric redshift posterior samples for the objects contributing to each bin.  \nTable 7. Luminosity Function Marginalized Parameter Constraints  \nNote -a The lower limit on the LF normalization is not well constrained, but the 95% upper limit is log 10 ϕ ⋆, 0 < -3 . 84. b The 95% upper limit on the characteristic magnitude is M ⋆ < -19 . 9. c We constrain the evolution parameter to be η < -0 . 08 at 95%.  \nFor the luminosity function, we adopt a redshiftdependent Schechter (1976) function  \nϕ UV ( M UV , z ) = 0 . 4 log 10 ϕ ⋆ ( z )[10 0 . 4( M ⋆ -M UV ) ] α +1 × exp[ -10 0 . 4( M ⋆ -M UV ) ] (10)  \nwhere the redshift-dependent normalization ϕ ⋆ ( z ) can be further parameterized. Our fiducial choice for the normalization evolution is  \nlog 10 ϕ l ⋆ ( z ) = log 10 ϕ ⋆, 0 + η ( z -z 0 ) . (11)  \nWe will refer to z 0 as the reference redshift, which we will take fixed at z 0 = 12 unless otherwise noted. The default parameters of the model then include ⃗ θ = [ M ⋆ , α, ϕ ⋆, 0 , η ], or the characteristic magnitude M ⋆ , the faint-end slope α , the normalization at the reference redshift ϕ ⋆, 0 , and the log-linear rate of change with redshift η . In practice, we fit in maggies l = -0 . 4 M UV and  \nthen convert to absolute magnitudes after inference. We adopt log-uniform priors for ϕ ⋆, 0 and η , a uniform prior in magnitude, and a uniform prior in α . The priors are reported in Table 7, along with our inferred constraints on the parameters. We emphasize again that information from all redshifts where the selection function has non-negligible support is included by our inference procedure, which accounts both for regions of redshift and magnitude space with detections and those absent samples that could have been detected if present. The effective redshift range where our model is informative for the luminosity function is mostly set by the selection completeness (Figure 14), or roughly z ∼ 11 -20. We present the full posterior distributions on the parameters in Figure 15. We here emphasize that the clear covariance between ϕ ⋆ and M ⋆ mostly acts to keep the luminosity density ρ UV ∝ L ⋆ ϕ ⋆ roughly constant at a given redshift. This feature is reflected in our constraints on ρ UV shown in Figure 17.  \nSince we constrain the abundance of galaxies at all selected and detectable redshifts and magnitudes simultaneously, evaluating the luminosity function at any one redshift requires computing the marginal distribution of the luminosity function equation 10 over the posterior distribution of parameters for a given redshift and range of absolute magnitudes. At each z and M UV , equation 10 is evaluated for all posterior samples, and the cumulative distribution of ρ UV weighted by the sample weights w k constructed. Figure 16 shows the marginal constraint on the UV luminosity function at redshift z = 12, with the 16-84% of ϕ UV shown as a shaded region and the median ϕ UV shown as a white line. We also show the median inferred ϕ UV at z = 14 as a light gray line. Note that none of these ϕ UV percentiles are guaranteed to follow equation 10 individually, but we do report the marginalized constraints on the luminosity function parameters in Table 7. We also show our stepwise luminosity function estimates computed in redshift bins of 11 . 5 < z < 13 . 5 and 13 . 5 < z < 15. These stepwise luminosity function measures are reported in Table 6.  \nIn Figure 16, we also show z ∼ 12 -14 luminosity function determinations reported in the literature. These measurements include the z ∼ 12 data from Harikane et al. (2023b), Harikane et al. (2023a), P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. (2023a) and Willott et al. (2023), the Adams et al. (2023b) constraints at z ∼ 12 . 5, z ∼ 13 measurements from Donnan et al. (2023a) and McLeod et al. (2023), and the z ∼ 14 determinations from Finkelstein et al. (2023a). The median luminosity function constraints inferred from our sample and our forward modeling approach agree with the available observations to within  \nFigure 15. Posterior distributions of the evolving luminosity function parameters. Shown are the posterior distributions for the luminosity function normalization log 10 ϕ ⋆ [Mpc -3 mag -1 ], the normalization evolution parameter η , the characteristic magnitude M ⋆ in absolute magnitude, and the faint-end slope α . Contours represent the 68% and 90% enclosed probabilities for each parameter. The marginalized posterior distributions for each parameter are shown at the top of each column, along with the 16%, 50% and 84% marginal constraints (see also Table 7). The lower limits on ϕ ⋆ and M ⋆ are not well constrained, but we constrain at 95% probability that log 10 ϕ ⋆ < -3 . 84 and M ⋆ < -19 . 9. We note that η < 0 with > 95% probability, indicating that we infer a declining luminosity density at z > 12.  \n<!-- image -->  \nabout 1 σ , excepting the z ∼ 14 constraints from Finkelstein et al. (2023a) that lie above our inference. We note here that the z ∼ 11 luminosity function constraints from Donnan et al. (2023a), McLeod et al. (2023), and Finkelstein et al. (2023a) lie above our 84% inference of the z = 12 luminosity function, and that our selection function (Figure 14) by design removes z ∼ 11 galaxies from our sample. We also emphasize that our results are completely independent of the other data shown in Figure 16.", '5.3.1. Luminosity Density Evolution': "Given the evolving luminosity function parameters inferred given the sample properties, the UV luminosity density evolution ρ UV ( z ) can be computed. Figure 17 presents the marginalized constraints on the UV luminosity density evolution. Shown are 16-84% (jade shaded region) and median ρ UV (white line) integrated to M UV < -17, along with measured (left panel) or extrapolated (right panel) constraints to M UV < -17 from the literature. Our measurements have sensitivity to objects at redshifts 11 ≲ z ≲ 20, and we indicate the luminosity density evolution inferred for the model represented by equations 10 and 11. As the Figure shows, we infer that the UV luminosity density declines at highredshift at a rate of η ≡ d log ϕ ⋆ /dz ≈ -0 . 2 per unit redshift. Between z = 12 and z = 14, we therefore infer that the luminosity density declines by a factor of 10 -0 . 2(14 -12) ≈ 2 . 5. Within our statistical uncertainties, this inference agrees with almost all the literature determinations including Ishigaki et al. (2018), Bouwens et al. (2022), McLeod et al. (2023), Donnan et al. (2023b), Harikane et al. (2023b), Harikane et al. (2023a), Adams et al. (2023b), P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. (2023a), Leung et al. (2023), and Willott et al. (2023). The constraints at z ∼ 11 from Finkelstein et al. (2023a) agree with our results, but their z ∼ 14 point lies above our constraints albeit with large uncertainties. If we extrapolate the UV luminosity evolution inferred by our model, we find good agreement with the literature measurements back to z ∼ 8 (e.g., Ishigaki et al. 2018; Bouwens et al. 2022; P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. 2023a; Willott et al. 2023; Adams et al. 2023b). Also shown in Figure 17 is the corresponding evolution in the cosmic star formation rate density ρ SFR , using the approximate conversion from ρ UV of κ UV = 1 . 15 × 10 -28 M ⊙ yr -1 erg -1 s Hz from Madau & Dickinson (2014). For comparison, we also show the Madau & Dickinson (2014) model for the evolving cosmic star formation rate density.", '5.4. Caveats': 'Of course, with only nine objects at these extreme distances and depths, there are important caveats to con-  \nsider about the LF measurement. First, most of our objects are photometric candidates, and despite the closer spacing of the medium bands and our care in selection, we consider it possible that some might be lower redshift interlopers. A Lymanα break at z = 14 falls at the same wavelength as a Balmer break around z ≈ 4. We stress that false positives would likely have a redshift distribution that falls less slowly than the true Lymanα break population, so a population of false positives will typically cause the LF to appear to evolve more shallowly at extreme redshifts. However, the success of our selection method in providing a photometric redshift for 183348 of z = 14 . 32 that was confirmed by Carniani et al. (submitted) provides some evidence that our highest redshift candidates could bear out.  \nSince the remaining candidates at z > 13 . 5 have some imperfection in their cases, as discussed in § 3.3, and to illustrate the relative impact of the highest-redshift objects on our inferences, we consider the impact on the LF estimate if we were to ignore the z > 14 objects. Removing these objects makes the inferred evolution of the LF notably steeper, which we show through the UV luminosity density evolution in Figure 17 where the light jade region and gray line report the marginalized 16-84% credibility interval and median ρ UV , respectively. Since the fiducial model assumes an evolution ϕ l ⋆ ( z ) that has a log-linear dependence on redshift, the ρ UV inferred by the model beyond the redshift of our observed sample can in principle be artificially inflated by the inferred trend at z ∼ 12 -14. Instead, when removing the z > 14 objects, we explore a more rapid decline given by  \nlog ϕ e ⋆ ( z ) = log( ϕ ⋆, 0 ) × exp[( z -z 0 ) /h ϕ ] . (12)  \nThis model enables a log-exponential drop in the galaxy abundance. Indeed, without the z > 14 objects the inferred ρ UV would drop much more rapidly than in the fiducial model based on the Main Sample. For reference, by z ∼ 16 the difference between the two inferences is more than an order of magnitude. Of course, given the small number statistics, we are also sensitive to the impact of a single false negative. If any of the remaining Auxiliary Sample objects in § 3.3 were to prove out, the LF would surely rise.', '5.5. Comparison with Halo Abundance and Large-Scale Structure': "The large-scale structure of the Universe is expected to present a substantial cosmic variance uncertainty given the small size of this field. High-redshift galaxies likely live in rare halos of high mass for their epoch, leading to a large clustering bias and substantial number density fluctuations. To investigate this, we utilize the halo  \ncatalog from a cold dark matter simulation performed by the Abacus N-body code as part of the AbacusSummit suite (Garrison et al. 2021; Maksimova et al. 2021). This simulation used 6144 3 particles in a 300 h -1 Mpc box, resulting in a particle mass of 1 . 5 × 10 7 M ⊙ , and a force softening of 21 comoving kpc. Halos were found using the CompaSO algorithm (Hadzhiyska et al. 2021). While this simulation has high accuracy, we caution that the measurement of halo mass always depends on the halo-finding algorithm; we focus here on the relative trends across redshift and on the clustering.  \nIn Figure 18, we compare our LF measurements to the cumulative halo mass function as a function of redshift. One sees that if the shallow LF is correct, then matching the abundance of these galaxies to the abundance of the most massive halos would require a strongly evolving halo mass. On the other hand, if one were to discard the objects at z > 14, then the result is more similar to the abundance of a constant mass, roughly of 10 10 M ⊙ . Of course, the galaxies may live in less massive halos, with a scatter between luminosity and mass (e.g., Shen et al. 2023b; Sun et al. 2023); indeed, some scatter is inevitable (Pan & Kravtsov 2023). In what follows, we therefore consider the properties of halos with virial masses of 10 9 . 7 M ⊙ , about 340 particles, which has comparable abundance to our galaxy sample at z ∼ 12 -14.  \nWe then calculate the variation within the simulation of regions similar in size to the JOF. We use pencilshaped regions of 6 h -1 Mpc square, roughly 3 ' at z ∼ 12, with a depth appropriate to ∆ z = 1. We find that at z = 12 (11.5-12.5), there are an average of 8.3 halos above our mass threshold in a region, but with a standard deviation of 5.6. At z = 13, this abundance drops to 2 . 3 ± 2 . 3; at z = 14, the abundance drops further to 0 . 7 +1 -0 . 7 . The distribution of halo number counts becomes noticeably skewed, and by z = 14 we find that 6% of regions have ≥ 3 halos. Hence, we find that unless the host halos are much less massive (and their luminosity much more variable), the large-scale structure contributes an error at least as large as the Poisson error. We caution that this uncertainty could impact the observed rate of decline of the UV luminosity density, given our area, and motivates further studies over larger fields. However, to combat other systematics such studies should also leverage the depth and filter coverage comparable to that afforded by the JOF, which is challenging given the necessary exposure time.  \nFinally, we note that we have neglected the effect of magnification by gravitational lensing in our inference of M UV . While none of our candidates show obvious lens morphology, the high-luminosity tail of the high-redshift  \nFigure 16. UV luminosity at z ∼ 12 inferred from the JADES Origins Field (JOF). Using the method described in § 5.1, we compute the marginalized constraints on the UV luminosity function inferred from galaxies discovered in the JOF with photometric redshift distributions that overlap the redshift range 11 . 5 < z < 13 . 5. We account for photometric scatter, the photometric redshift distribution of each object, the selection completeness for each object, and potential contamination from proximate redshifts. The 16%-84% marginal constraints on the abundance ϕ UV as a function of absolute UV magnitude M UV are shown as a jade-shaded area and the median ϕ UV ( M UV ) is shown as a white line. For comparison, we also compute step-wise luminosity function constraints as described in § 5.2 at z ∼ 12 (solid black points) and at z ∼ 14 (open black circles). These step-wise estimates agree with the inferred ϕ UV , but the continuous constraints represent our results for the UV LF. We also show a variety of constraints from the literature at comparable redshifts (colored points), and note that none of these data were used to aid our inference of the UV LF.  \n<!-- image -->  \nluminosity function will likely be enhanced by lensing (e.g., Wyithe et al. 2011; Mason et al. 2015; Ferrami & Wyithe 2023), which might affect interpretations of the luminosity function in the context of theories of galaxy formation.", '6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH-REDSHIFT POPULATION': 'Beyond the abundance and UV luminosity of these z ≳ 12 galaxies, the physical properties of the galaxies are of particular interest for understanding the process of galaxy formation at the earliest epochs. With the high-quality space-based optical-infrared photome-  \nFigure 17. Evolution of the UV luminosity density ρ UV ( M UV < -17) with redshift derived from the JOF sample. Shown are literature values for ρ UV ( z ) measured (left panel) or extrapolated (right panel) to M UV < -17. In both panels, the shaded jade region shows the 16% and 84% marginal constraints on the luminosity density computed from the posterior samples of the evolving luminosity function inference, as well as the median luminosity density with redshift (white line). These constraints model a linear evolution in log 10 ϕ ⋆ and include a permissive prior on the faint-end slope α . Overall, our constraints agree well with prior literature results even as our inference is completely independent. The dark green lines extending to z ∼ 8 show the low-redshift extrapolation of the inferred ρ UV ( z ) evolution, while the shaded region indicates the redshift range where our detection and selection completeness is non-negligible. We also indicate an approximate cosmic star formation rate density (right axis; M ⊙ yr -1 Mpc -3 ) using the conversion κ UV = 1 . 15 × 10 -28 M ⊙ yr -1 erg -1 s Hz, and show the Madau & Dickinson (2014) model (left panel; dotted line). For comparison, inn the left panel, we show the corresponding constraint if the JOF high-redshift galaxies and candidates at z > 14 are excluded and log 10 ϕ ⋆ is fit with an exponential evolution. In this case, we would infer the light jade region (16%-84% marginal constraint) with gray line (median).  \n<!-- image -->  \ny available in the JOF, physical properties of the highredshift galaxy stellar populations can be inferred.', '6.1. Rest-frame UV Magnitude and Spectral Slope': 'Given the dramatic distances to these objects, the photometry obtained in the JOF primarily probes only their rest-frame UV spectra. Using common-PSF images and aperture-corrected Kron photometry as a proxy for the total fluxes, we can fit the rest-frame UV photometry with a power law f ν ∝ λ 2+ β and jointly constrain M UV and β given the object redshifts. Figure 19 shows the posterior distribution of M UV and β for the candidate galaxies in our Main Sample at z > 11 . 5. The posterior mean and standard deviation for each parameter are reported in Table 8, and for convenience we also report M UV in Table 2. The maximum likelihood values for the rest-frame spectral slope are -2 ≳ β ≳ -3. These values are comparable to the rest-frame spectral properties of high-redshift photometric samples (e.g., Cullen et al. 2023a; Topping et al. 2023), although not quite blue enough to suggest completely dust-free objects (e.g., Cullen et al. 2023b).', '6.2. Morphology and Size': "As expected, these galaxies show small angular sizes. As described in 2.3.1, we fit single S'ersic profiles to the individual exposures in the F200W and F277W filters, reporting the half-light radii in Table 2. The posterior distributions are often non-Gaussian and asymmetric. Unsurprisingly, most of the objects are small, with halflight radii below 50 mas, excepting the unusual z = 14 . 32 galaxy 183348.  \nTo characterize the limiting angular resolution of our images, we have also fit S'ersic profiles to the exposures (separated by epoch of observation) in the same bands for known brown dwarfs of similar flux levels in the JOF and wider GOODS-S areas (Hainline et al. 2023b). As in our past work (Robertson et al. 2023), we find that brown dwarfs in the JADES Deep imaging are recovered with 95% upper limits on sizes of 20 mas in F200W, so we regard objects with 95% lower limits above 20mas as inconsistent with a point source. As such, candidates 16699, 160071, and 55733 are resolved, with half-light angular sizes up to 50 mas and half-light physical sizes of 132, 118, and 142 pc, respectively. The galaxy 183348  \nTable 8. Sample physical properties, assuming best-fit redshift.  \nNote -The UV absolute magnitude M UV and rest-frame UV slope β are jointly fit to common-PSF Kron photometry for each object. We report here the mean and standard deviation of other posterior distributions for each parameter. The star formation rates are averaged over the last 10 Myr of the inferred star formation histories.  \nFigure 18. Comparison of the inferred evolution of the JOF galaxy number density n ( z ) and the abundance of dark matter halos in cosmological simulations. Shown are the inferred number density constraints (dark jade region 16-84%, white line 50%) for model with a linear evolution in log 10 ϕ ⋆ with redshift z . The grid of gray lines show the abundance of dark matter halos with masses greater than log 10 M ∼ 9 . 4 -11 computed from the AbacusSummit simulation suite (Maksimova et al. 2021). In the inferred JOF n ( z ), if simply matched by abundance the halo mass of the typical galaxy would vary by roughly a factor of ∼ 10. If instead we were to discard the z > 14 objects and fit an exponential evolution to log 10 ϕ ⋆ , the typical galaxy would mostly track a halo mass = log 10 M ∼ 10 (light jade region). For reference, we indicate the extrapolation of the inferred number density constraints to lower redshifts with jade lines.  \n<!-- image -->  \nspectroscopically-confirmed at z = 14 . 32 by Carniani et  \nFigure 19. Posterior distributions of rest-frame UV absolute magnitude M UV and spectral slope β for candidate galaxies in our Main Sample at z > 11 . 5. Shown as kerneldensity-estimated contours are the 68% and 95% credibility intervals on the joint posterior distributions for each object. The maximum likelihood values for the UV spectral slope are -2 ≳ β ≳ -3.  \n<!-- image -->  \nThe outlier at M UV ≈ -21 is 183348, spectroscopically confirmed at z = 14 . 32 (Carniani et al., submitted).  \nal. (submitted) shows a size of 76 mas, or about 240 pc. The remaining sources are consistent with a point source, though many have non-negligible probability of having larger sizes. We note that objects 13731 and 376946 are both constrained to be very small. In addition to the multiband Forcepho fit reported in Table 2,  \nindependent single-band Forcepho fits to the 13731 infer its size be less than 10 and 16 mas (95th percentile) in F200W and F277W respectively. While 376946 appears unresolved in F200W and F277W, it appears more extended in some medium band filters. Regardless, the sizes of these objects are small enough that we expect their extents do not impact their detection completeness (e.g., Figure 13).  \nThese results are similar to those found in Robertson et al. (2023), where 2 of the 4 z > 10 galaxies were resolved. One consequence of being resolved is that the light from these galaxies cannot be purely from an accreting massive black hole (Tacchella et al. 2023). Other spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies at z > 12 have had size measurements inferred from scene modeling, and show sizes of R 1 / 2 ∼ 100 -300pc (e.g., Wang et al. 2023b). Collectively, these results indicate that compact sizes are a common property of many high-redshift galaxies and candidates.", '6.3. Star Formation Rate Histories': "To perform detailed modeling of the SEDs in terms of stellar populations, we use the Prospector code (Johnson et al. 2021), following the methods described in Tacchella et al. (2022, 2023). Briefly, we assume a variable star-formation history (SFH) with a bursty continuity prior, with 8 time bins spanning 0 -5 Myr, 5 -10 Myr and 6 logarithmically spaced up to z = 25. We allow the redshift to vary within the EAZY posterior. We adopt a single metallicity for both stars and gas, assuming a truncated log-normal centered on log( Z/Z ⊙ ) = -1 . 5 with width of 0.5, minimum of -2.0, and maximum of 0.0. We model dust attenuation using a two-component model with a flexible attenuation curve. For the stellar population synthesis, we adopt the MIST isochrones (Choi et al. 2016) that include effects of stellar rotation but not binaries, and assume a Chabrier (2003) initial mass function (IMF) between 0.08 and 120 M ⊙ . No Ly α emission line is added to the model to account for resonant absorption effects, while the IGM absorption model (Inoue et al. 2014; Madau 1995) is taken into account (normalization is a free parameter). We do not try to constrain independently the effects of possible additional Lymanα damping-wing absorption. For consistency with Figures 2-10, we use the r = 0 . 1' aperture fluxes, but we note that using r = 0 . 3' aperture fluxes provide quantitatively similar results for these compact objects. We put an error floor of 5% on the photometry. The rest of the nebular emission (emission lines and continuum) is self-consistently modeled (Byler et al. 2017) with two parameters, the gas-phase metallicity (tied to the stellar metallicity), and the ionization parameter  \n(uniform prior in -4 < log( U ) < -1). By combining these inferred stellar population properties with the size measurements from ForcePho , we can additionally infer the stellar mass and star formation rate surface densities of the candidate galaxies.  \nFigure 20 shows the resulting star formation rate histories (SFHs) of the eight galaxy candidates in our sample. The average SFR over the last 10 Myr is also reported for each candidate galaxy in Table 8. In each case, the continuity prior on the star formation history was used to inform the point-to-point star formation rate variations in the galaxies. For each object, the photometry listed in Tables 3-5 were used, except for the faintest object 74977 ( f ν ∼ 2 -3nJy) where the lower SNR Kron fluxes were used. We find that the typical star formation rate of these objects are SFR ≈ 0 . 1 -10 M ⊙ yr -1 over the last t ∼ 10 -30 Myr. The galaxies formed substantial fractions of their stars in the recent past, and have characteristic ages of just a few tens of millions of years. A few of the objects (NIRCam IDs 13731, 33309, 55733, 74977) show features in their SFHs roughly 10 -20 Myr before their observed epoch, with flat or even falling SFR thereafter. We speculate that these features may reflect 'mini-quenching' events where star formation shuts down briefly after exhausting or removing fuel (Looser et al. 2023). For the other objects, the SFHs appear to increase to the epoch of observation, suggesting some upswing in the star formation rate and luminosities of these objects. In two cases (NIRCam ID 74977 and 183348) the objects show evidence of comparable or higher star formation rates 100 Myr before the observed epoch. For 74977, this early star formation would correspond to z ∼ 14 . 2. For 183348, the early star formation would potentially start at z ∼ 20. The uncertainties on the SFH are large, and we cannot constrain well the star formation rate before z ∼ 15 for most objects. Given the physical sizes of the objects of R 1 / 2 ≈ 50 -200pc inferred from the ForcePho analysis, the star formation rate surface densities of these objects are Σ SFR ∼ 10 -100 M ⊙ yr -1 kpc 2 . Both the SFR and SFR surface densities are comparable to those found by Robertson et al. (2023) for spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies at z ∼ 12 -13, and consistent with being from the same galaxy population.  \nThe above analysis assumes no luminous contribution from an active galactic nucleus. Of course, some of these galaxies may possibly host luminous AGN, as have been found or suspected in some other high-redshift galaxies (e.g., Goulding et al. 2023; Ubler et al. 2023; Kokorev et al. 2023; Maiolino et al. 2023a,b). AGN emission would decrease the inferred stellar emission and require a re-assessment of the star formation histories and stellar  \nFigure 20. Star formation histories (SFHs) inferred using the Prospector code (Johnson et al. 2021), assuming a continuity prior and following the methods described in Tacchella et al. (2023). The galaxy candidates show star formation rates of SFR ≈ 0 . 1 -1 M ⊙ yr -1 over the last ∼ 10 Myr, measured backward from the epoch of observation. Roughly half of the objects show increasing star formation histories, while the others indicate a peak or burst in their star formation rates roughly 10 Myr before the observation epoch. This feature may indicate an episode of 'mini-quenching' (Looser et al. 2023) in these objects. Only one galaxy indicates a comparable or higher SFR t ∼ 100 Myr before the observation epoch, such that no object indicates evidence of substantial star formation before z ∼ 15. Each galaxy is labeled by both their [RA,Dec] designation, photometric redshift, and internal JADES NIRCam ID.  \n<!-- image -->  \nmasses, and possibly the photometric redshifts. We note that the fact that some of these galaxies are angularly resolved implies that some of the emission is stellar.", '6.4. Stellar Mass Distributions': 'Figure 21 presents the marginal stellar mass distributions inferred from Prospector fits to the observed photometry. The posterior samples of the galaxy properties were used to produce marginal distributions of the stellar mass, following the procedure described in Robertson et al. (2023). In agreement with Robertson et al. (2023), we find that the stellar masses of these z ∼ 12 -15 galaxies are M ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 9 M ⊙ . Given the sizes of R 1 / 2 ∼ 50 -200pc we measure from the surface brightness profiles, the stellar mass surface densities of the objects are then Σ ⋆ ∼ 10 3 -10 4 M ⊙ pc -2 . For a self-gravitating system, the dynamical timescale is then comparable to the star formation timescale inferred in § 6.3. Overall, in agreement with our previous findings in Robertson et al. (2023), these objects are consistent with rapidly star-forming, compact galaxies with formation timescales comparable to a few dynamical times. Using the simple abundance matching comparison with dark matter halos discussed in § 5.5, we note that matching to number densities would place these objects in M h ∼ 10 10 M ⊙ dark matter halos, with M ⋆ /M h ∼ 10 -1 -10 -3 , well above the present-day stellar mass to halo mass relations (e.g., Wechsler & Tinker 2018).', '7. DISCUSSION': "The luminosity function evolution remains the best current indicator of the connection between galaxies, dark matter halos, and cosmic reionization at the highest redshifts (for a review, see Robertson 2022). These results from the JADES Origins Field provide some new insight into the process of high-redshift galaxy formation.  \nThe JOF provides the best currently available data for probing faint galaxies at redshifts z > 12, given its depth and filter array. Using an area twice the size of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, the JOF area reaches a deeper limit (30 . 2 -30 . 5AB) and has fourteen JWST filters including the ultradeep JADES Program 1210. The inclusion of deep F162M provides an essential check on the reality of the highest-redshift candidates.  \nOf our Main Sample, none of the galaxies are brighter than M UV = -18 . 6, and many have M UV > -18. The depth allows us to constrain the UV luminosity function to fainter limits at z ∼ 14 than previously possible, while retaining tighter control of systematics by having additional medium band filters to probe the Lyman  \nFigure 21. Posterior distribution of stellar mass for candidate z > 11 . 5 galaxies. Shown are the stellar mass distributions constructed from posterior samples of the Prospector code (Johnson et al. 2021). The objects have inferred stellar masses of M ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 8 M ⊙ , comparable to that inferred for the spectroscopically-confirmed z ∼ 12 -13 analyzed by Robertson et al. (2023). Each galaxy candidate is labeled by its JADES NIRCam ID and photometric redshift, and color-coded the same in Figure 20.  \n<!-- image -->  \nbreak with more fidelity. Following the stellar population modeling procedure of Tacchella et al. (2023), we find that the star formation rate and stellar mass properties are comparable to galaxies spectroscopically confirmed at z ∼ 12 -13 (Robertson et al. 2023; Curtis-Lake et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023b). Using the ForcePho forward model for the surface brightness distribution of these galaxies, we find that they have compact sizes of R 1 / 2 ∼ 50 -200pc, also in agreement with spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at these redshifts (Robertson et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023b).  \nIn agreement with previous determinations of UV luminosity function in extragalactic JWST fields (McLeod et al. 2023; Donnan et al. 2023b; Adams et al. 2023b; Harikane et al. 2023b,a; P'erez-Gonz'alez et al. 2023a; Willott et al. 2023; Finkelstein et al. 2023a), we find that the luminosity function of galaxies has smoothly declined from z ∼ 8, as first established by HST observations (e.g., McLure et al. 2013), to z ∼ 12. Our results for the abundance of galaxies at z ∼ 12 are in broad agreement with the literature values, as shown in Figures 16 and 17. We do note that our inferred UV luminosity density at z ∼ 14 is lower than that reported  \nby Finkelstein et al. (2023a), but the uncertainties are large.  \nHowever, our selection completeness using the JOF observations is sensitive to galaxies out to z ∼ 20 when the Lymanα break enters F250M. With a suitable revision to our selection, we would be sensitive to bright galaxies at even greater distances. Our work presents a new method for modeling the redshift-dependent UV luminosity function incorporating both detections and non-detections to constrain its evolution over the redshift range z ≈ 11 -20 where our completeness is high. From the lack of galaxy candidates at z > 15, we find that the decline to z > 14 continues at d log ϕ ⋆ /dz ∼ -0 . 2 with our nominal Main Sample presented in Tables 2-5. We note that uncertainties owing to cosmic variance are clearly non-negligible for the JOF, and a larger sample of galaxies at z > 11 . 5 is needed to confirm this decline. Nonetheless, we now know that the M UV ∼ -21 object NIRCam ID 183348 selected by our JOF Medium band photometry to be at a photometric redshift of z ≈ 14 . 4 has been spectroscopically confirmed at z = 14 . 32 by Carniani et al. (submitted). As Figure 18 shows, the evolving luminosity density at z > 14 we infer from 183348 and our photometric candidates, while declining, still requires a constant remapping between galaxy and halo abundance, with increasing efficiency in low-mass halos at higher redshifts. This evolution is in contrast to the possibility that z > 14 galaxies were not abundant, where a rapid drop in the UV luminosity density would track more closely the abundance of M vir ∼ 10 10 M ⊙ halos and the galaxy efficiency could stabilize at early times. Given the confirmation of 183348, we see no evidence for such a stabilization in the efficiency of galaxy formation out to z ∼ 14 or beyond.  \nLastly, since our results are consistent with prior literature results at z ∼ 12, theoretical models that match those observations also match ours. For instance, the feedback-free models of Dekel et al. (2023) and Li et al. (2023) agree with our z ∼ 12 observations for an efficiency of ϵ max ≈ 0 . 2. Models for the evolving number counts of high-redshift galaxies based on dust-free populations (e.g., Ferrara et al. 2023) also predict a star formation rate density evolution to z ∼ 15 in agreement with our inferences, assuming all our candidates are really high-redshift sources (Ferrara 2023).", '8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS': "Using ultra-deep JWST observations of the JADES Origins Field (JOF), we search for the most distant galaxies in the universe. With fourteen JWST and up to nine Hubble Space Telescope filters covering the JOF, we can carefully select galaxies at z > 12 by identifying  \ndropouts in NIRCam F162M and bluer filters using SED template-based photometric redshift fitting. Our findings include:  \n- · We select nine galaxy candidates at z ∼ 12 -15 and no galaxy candidates at z ≳ 15. These objects include the most distant candidates detected in more than five filters and displaying a dropout in more than 10 filters. Our sample selection includes a galaxy at z = 14 . 32 since spectroscopically confirmed. Simulations of our detection and photometry methods and our prior spectroscopic confirmations of high-redshift JADES sources suggest that the other candidates without spectroscopic confirmation are robust. Several of our candidates have been identified in previous analyses, including Hainline et al. (2023a) and Williams et al. (2023).\n- · These objects show apparent total magnitudes of m AB ∼ 29 . 5 -30 . 5 in the rest-frame UV and blue rest-UV spectral slopes -2 ≳ β ≳ -3.\n- · Performing detailed structural modeling with ForcePho and stellar population inference using Prospector, we find that the galaxies have starformation rates of SFR ≈ 0 . 1 -10 M ⊙ yr -1 , stellar masses of M ⋆ ∼ 10 7 -10 9 M ⊙ , sizes of R ∼ 50 -200 pc, and stellar ages of t ⋆ ≈ 30 -50 Myr. The properties of our low-mass candidates are comparable to the properties of z ∼ 12 -13 galaxies with confirmed redshifts, as first identified by the JADES collaboration.\n- · We develop a new forward modeling method to infer constraints on the evolving UV luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity while marginalizing over the photometric redshift posterior distribution of candidates in our sample. This method allows for an accounting of potential contamination by adjacent redshifts and includes the impact of non-detections on the inferred galaxy luminosity function evolution.\n- · With the population of z > 12 galaxy candidates newly discovered in JOF, we provide an inference on the z ∼ 15 luminosity function and a refined measure of the luminosity function at z ∼ 12 in agreement with literature values. At z ∼ 15, we infer a continued decline from z ∼ 12. Over the redshift range z ∼ 12 -14, where we have detected galaxies, we infer a factor of 2 . 5 decline in the luminosity function normalization ϕ ⋆ and a corresponding decline in the luminosity density  \nρ UV . We note that cosmic variance uncertainties for the high-redshift JOF sample are not negligible, and this decline should be confirmed with a larger sample over a wider area.  \nThis demonstrates the immediate impact new JWST observations can have on our knowledge of the distant universe. With high-redshift galaxy populations now established fewer than 300 million years after the Big Bang, we have extended our reach into the cosmic past by 40% during the first eighteen months of JWST operations.  \n- The JADES Collaboration thanks the Instrument De1\n- velopment Teams and the instrument teams at the Eu2\n- ropean Space Agency and the Space Telescope Science 3\n- Institute for the support that made this program pos4\n- sible. The authors acknowledge use of the lux super5\n- computer at UC Santa Cruz, funded by NSF MRI grant AST 1828315. 6 7\n- BER, BDJ, DJE, PAC, EE, MR, FS, & CNAW acknowl8\n- edge support from the JWST/NIRCam contract to the 9\n- University of Arizona, NAS5-02015. BER acknowledges 10\n- support from JWST Program 3215. DJE is supported 11  \n12  \nas a Simons Investigator.  \nSA acknowledges support  \n- from Grant PID2021-127718NB-I00 funded by the Span13\n- ish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of 14\n- Research (MICIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033). WB, 15\n- FDE, RM, & JW acknowledge support by the Science 16\n- and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), ERC Ad17\n- vanced Grant 695671 'QUENCH'. AJB, JC, & GCJ ac18\n- knowledge funding from the 'FirstGalaxies' Advanced 19\n- Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) un20\n- der the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and 21\n- innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 789056). 22  \n- SC acknowledges support by European Union's HE 23\n- ERC Starting Grant No. 101040227 - WINGS. ECL 24\n- acknowledges support of an STFC Webb Fellowship (ST/W001438/1). FDE, RM, & JW acknowledge support by UKRI Frontier Research grant RISEandFALL. Funding for this research was provided by the Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Data Intensive Engineering and Science (IDIES). RM also acknowledges funding from a research professorship from the Royal Society. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant DNRF140. PGP-G acknowledges support from grant PID2022-139567NB-I00 funded by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci'on MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, FEDER, UE. DP acknowledges support by the Huo Family Foundation through a P.C. Ho PhD Studentship. RS acknowledges support from a STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/S004831/1). H U gratefully acknowledges support by the Isaac Newton Trust and by the Kavli Foundation through a Newton-Kavli Junior Fellowship. LW acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-2137419. 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