### Patient: Doctor, I have been having frequent urges to urinate, but when I do, it's only a little bit and it hurts. I also feel some pain in my lower abdomen.
### Doctor: Based on your symptoms, it seems like you may have cystitis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, we will need to conduct a urinalysis to check for any infection in your bladder. We will also need to check your kidney function with a kidney function test, and perform a pelvic exam to check for inflammation. Additionally, we will need to rule out pregnancy with a standard pregnancy test. If necessary, we may need to perform liver function tests to check for any underlying conditions. In order to obtain a urine sample for testing, we may need to insert a catheter into your urinary bladder. In some cases, a rectal examination may also be required.