Microorganisms that make up the local microbiota (such
asLactobacillussp. andBifidobacteriumsp.)
play a crucial role in the modulation of diseases and health states
by taking place not only in the gut but also in many parts of our
body. There is also interference between the gut and the lung via
the gut–lung axis. The relationship between respiratory diseases
and lung microbiota, which become more of an issue of particular importance
in recent years, shows that probiotics play an essential role in maintaining
the balance of microorganisms in the respiratory tract. However, studies
on probiotics’ prophylactic or therapeutic application in chronic
lung diseases are limited. In this review, the literature between
1977 and 2022 was surveyed. General information about human microbiota
was accessed in earlier sources, and especially in the past decade,
research on lung microbiota has been reached. The relationship between
lung microbiota and important respiratory diseases such as bronchopulmonary
dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, cystic
fibrosis, allergy-asthma, influenza, lung cancer, and COVID-19 infection,
was scrutinized after mentioning human microbiota, the gut–lung
axis, and respiratory tract microbiota. The mechanism of action of
probiotics and the formulation approaches of probiotics in terms of
pharmaceutical technology were reviewed. Finally, future perspectives
on lung-targeted administration of probiotic bacteria with prophylactic
or therapeutic potential, or both, were presented.