Simple SummaryIn a fast-changing world, it is highly important to consider the possible consequences of human-driven effects that can alter natural ecosystems. In this review, we built a framework focused on risk factors associated with new wildlife diseases, such as immune system suppression, pathogen transmission between different animal species (also called “spillover”), and disease spread. Our conceptual framework describes major potential interactions between humans and nature that might occur in coupled human and natural systems, those systems where humans and wildlife are tightly linked, conceptually and geographically. Such interactions consist of certain anthropogenic effects (such as pollution, climate change, unsustainable farming, and more) which we distributed across our conceptual framework to identify their relevance to the wildlife infectious disease risk factors that this manuscript examines. Our developed framework can be applied to many new wildlife diseases, and we provide an application example with an emerging tumoral disease of marine turtles, called Fibropapillomatosis. Our work shows how crucial it is to analyze conservation issues beyond what is immediately apparent, and for science to operate through research collaboration and synergy.AbstractEmerging infectious diseases of wildlife have markedly increased in the last few decades. Unsustainable, continuous, and rapid alterations within and between coupled human and natural systems have significantly disrupted wildlife disease dynamics. Direct and indirect anthropogenic effects, such as climate change, pollution, encroachment, urbanization, travel, and trade, can promote outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife. We constructed a coupled human and natural systems framework identifying three main wildlife disease risk factors behind these anthropogenic effects: (i) immune suppression, (ii) viral spillover, and (iii) disease propagation. Through complex and convoluted dynamics, each of the anthropogenic effects and activities listed in our framework can lead, to some extent, to one or more of the identified risk factors accelerating disease outbreaks in wildlife. In this review, we present a novel framework to study anthropogenic effects within coupled human and natural systems that facilitate the emergence of infectious disease involving wildlife. We demonstrate the utility of the framework by applying it to Fibropapillomatosis disease of marine turtles. We aim to articulate the intricate and complex nature of anthropogenically exacerbated wildlife infectious diseases as multifactorial. This paper supports the adoption of a One Health approach and invites the integration of multiple disciplines for the achievement of effective and long-lasting conservation and the mitigation of wildlife emerging diseases.