Key PointsQuestionAre race, ethnicity, and other sociodemographic characteristics associated with differences in the type of overactive bladder medication used in a nationally representative US survey?FindingsIn this cross-sectional study, after controlling for multiple patient factors, those identifying as non-Hispanic Black were 54% less likely than non-Hispanic White individuals to fill a prescription for a β3-adrenoceptor agonist vs an anticholinergic overactive bladder medication, and these differences were statistically significant.MeaningGiven the association of anticholinergic overactive bladder medications with the risk of cognitive decline, the observed differences in filled prescriptions may underlie and propagate existing inequities in the US health care system.