Key PointsQuestionIs exposure to food insecurity associated with changes in memory function among middle to older–aged adults in the US?FindingsIn this cohort study of 12 609 participants, compared with individuals not experiencing food insecurity, US middle to older–aged adults who experienced food insecurity exhibited slightly faster memory decline.MeaningThe study noted a longitudinal association between food insecurity and memory decline, suggesting possible long-term negative cognitive function outcomes of exposure to food insecurity in older age.