Diet-therapy of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is of great importance due to significant health and social consequences. The aim of this study was (1) to determine dietary patterns (DPs), and (2) to search for associations between defined DPs, anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices, and the number of MetS components in Polish adults with metabolic disorders. The study was designed as a cross-sectional. The study group was 276 adults. Data about the frequency of consumption of selected food groups were collected. Anthropometric measurements: body height (H), body weight (BW), waist (WC), and hip (HC), as well as body composition, were taken. Blood samples were obtained for measurements of glucose and lipids. The obtained biochemical and anthropometric parameters were used to calculate the anthropometric and metabolic dysfunction indices. Three dietary patterns were identified in our study group: Western, Prudent and Low Food. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated rare consumption of fish as a predictor of risk of more severe forms of MetS. The possibility of using body roundness index (BRI) for fast diagnosis of cardiometabolic risk was found. In the management of MetS, the development of strategies to reduce the risk of more severe forms of MetS should be focused on increasing fish consumption and other prohealthy food.