To improve our limited understanding of the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) that leads to acute aortic dissection, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to profile disease-relevant transcriptomic changes of aortic cell populations in a well-characterized mouse model of the most commonly diagnosed form of Marfan syndrome (MFS). As result, 2 discrete subpopulations of aortic cells (SMC3 and EC4) were identified only in the aorta ofFbn1mgR/mgRmice. SMC3 cells highly express genes related to extracellular matrix formation and nitric oxide signaling, whereas the EC4 transcriptional profile is enriched in smooth muscle cell (SMC), fibroblast, and immune cell–related genes. Trajectory analysis predicted close phenotypic modulation between SMC3 and EC4, which were therefore analyzed together as a discrete MFS-modulated (MFSmod) subpopulation. In situ hybridization of diagnostic transcripts located MFSmod cells at the intima ofFbn1mgR/mgRaortas. Reference-based data set integration revealed transcriptomic similarity between MFSmod- and SMC-derived cell clusters modulated in human TAA. Consistent with the angiotensin II type I receptor (At1r) contribution to TAA development, MFSmod cells were absent in the aorta ofFbn1mgR/mgRmice treated with the At1r antagonist losartan. Altogether, our findings indicate that a discrete dynamic alteration of aortic cell identity is associated with dissecting TAA in MFS mice and increased risk of aortic dissection in MFS patients.