PurposeWe aimed to study oesophageal cancer survivors’ health-related quality of life (HRQL) 15 years after surgery and to identify factors related to reduced HRQL.MethodsA nationwide, prospective cohort study enrolling 616 patients who underwent open oesophageal cancer surgery in Sweden between April 2, 2001, and December 21, 2005. HRQL was evaluated by questionnaires 15 years after surgery. HRQL data for the 15-year survivors were individually matched for age, sex and comorbidity by using values from a Swedish background population. Multivariable linear regression models provided mean score differences (MSD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each HRQL scale and item.ResultsAmong the 616 individuals in the original study group, 70 (11%) survived for 15 years and 52 (74%) responded to the questionnaires. Compared with a matched background population, the survivors reported problems in 10 of 25 HRQL aspects. Most of these were related to symptoms of the digestive tract, such as reflux (MSD 26.4, 95%CI: 18.3 to 34.4), dysphagia (MSD 17.7, 95%CI: 10.0 to 25.4) and eating difficulties (MSD 16.4, 95%CI: 11.3 to 21.4). Major postoperative complications after surgery were related to worse HRQL in 11 of 25 aspects.ConclusionsThis study suggests that surgery for oesophageal cancer entails long-term, possibly life-long, symptoms related to the digestive tract.Implication for Cancer Survivors.Comprehensive support from healthcare may be imperative for oesophageal cancer survivors to adapt to and cope with consequences of oesophageal cancer surgery. Prevention, early identification and adequate treatment of postoperative complications may improve patient outcome.