Simple SummaryAdipokines are cytokines secreted by adipose tissue that play a crucial role in several biological processes, including energy balance, food intake, immune status, and reproduction. Research has shown that there is a close correlation between energy balance, metabolism, and reproductive function in mammals. Among these factors, ovarian physiology has been found to have its own local regulation. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the local production of novel adipokines and their receptors in the corpus luteum of cycling and pregnant cows. We examined corpora lutea at various stages in cycling and pregnant cows to investigate the involvement of locally produced adipokines and their receptors in ovarian physiology. Our findings reveal significant differences in the expression levels of adipokines throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy, indicating their potential role in corpus luteum lysis and/or resumption of cyclicity.AbstractThis study aimed to determine the gene expression of different local novel adipokines, such as vaspin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin, and their known receptors, namely, heat shock 70 protein 5, adiponectin receptor 1, and adiponectin receptor 2, in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) during different phases of the estrous cycle (on days 1–2, 3–4, 5–7, 8–12, 13–18, >18) and pregnancy (at months 1–2, 3–4, 5–7, >7). The mRNA expression was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The mRNA expression levels were normalized to the geometric mean of all three constantly expressed reference genes (cyclophilin A, ubiquitin, ubiquitin C). Our findings suggest that adipokines are expressed and present in all investigated groups, and are specifically up- or downregulated during the estrus cycle and during pregnancy. Vaspin and adiponectin levels were upregulated in the middle and late cycle stages. Resistin was abundant during the CL regression stage and in the first months of pregnancy. The specific expression of adipokine receptors indicates their involvement in the local mechanisms that regulate CL function. Further investigations are required to elucidate the regulative mechanisms underlying the different local effects of adipokines on the ovarian physiology of cows.