Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine. In the process of efficacy evaluation, postoperative recurrence prediction and metastasis monitoring of colon cancer, traditional medical image analysis methods are highly dependent on the personal ability of the doctors. In the process of patient treatment, it not only increases the workload and work pressure for doctors, but also has some problems with traditional medical image analysis methods. Moreover, the traditional medical image analysis methods have problems such as insufficient prediction accuracy, slow prediction speed, and the risk of errors in prediction. When analyzing 18F-FDG PET/CT images by traditional medical image analysis methods, it is easy to cause problems such as untimely treatment plans and errors in diagnosis, which will adversely affect the survival of colon cancer patients. Although 18F-FDG PET/CT images have certain advantages in image clarity and accuracy compared with traditional medical imaging methods, the analysis method based on 18F-FDG PET/CT images also has certain effects in predicting the survival of colon cancer patients, but there are still many shortcomings: the 18F-FDG PET/CT image analysis method overly relies on the technical advantages of 8F-FDG PET/CT images; in the analysis and prediction of image data, it has not gotten rid of the dependence on the personal medical quality of the doctors; traditional medical image analysis methods are still used when analyzing and predicting images; there is no breakthrough in image analysis effects. In order to solve these problems, this paper combined deep learning theory, using three algorithms of the improved RBM algorithm, image feature extraction method based on deep learning, and regression neural network to analyze and predict 18F-FDG PET/CT images, and applied some algorithms to analyze and predict 18F-FDG PET/CT images, and also established a deep learning-based 18F-FDG PET/CT image survival analysis prediction model. Four aspects survival prediction accuracy, survival prediction speed, survival prediction precision, and physician satisfaction were studied through this model. The research results have shown that compared with traditional medical image analysis methods, the prediction accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT image survival analysis prediction model based on deep learning is improved by 0.83%, and the prediction speed is improved by 3.42%, as well as the prediction precision increased by 6.13%. The research results show that the deep learning-based 18F-FDG PET/CT image survival analysis prediction model established in this paper is of great significance to improve the survival rate of colon cancer patients, and also promotes the development of the medical industry.