Objectives: Investigate changes in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women with and without sarcopenia-related parameters who underwent bariatric surgery (BS) during a one-year follow-up. Subjects and Methods: Women were separated into obesity (OB, n = 20) and women with obesity displaying sarcopenia-related parameters (SOP, n = 14) and evaluated before BS and 3, 6, and 12 months after BS. SOP was defined as low handgrip strength (HS) and/or low appendicular skeletal mass adjusted for weight (ASM/wt × 100, %) in the lowest quartile of the sample. ASM/wt × 100, % and HS were significantly lower in SOP than OB over a one-year follow-up of BS (p< 0.05). Results: There was a reduction in diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), SDHR, LF, and the LF/HF ratio (p< 0.05) and an increase in the HF band in both groups during the follow-up period (p< 0.05). SOP women had reduced root mean square differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD) and HF band and an increased LF band and SD2/SD1 ratio compared to the OB group during the one-year follow-up (p< 0.05). ASM/wt × 100, % was negatively associated with the LF band (r = −0.24,p= 0.00) and positively associated with the HF band (r = 0.22,p= 0.01). Conversely, HS had no association with LF (r = −0.14,p= 0.09) and HF (r = 0.11,p= 0.19). ASM/wt × 100, % and HS were negatively associated with the LF/HF ratio (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Women who underwent BS had an improved HRV over a one-year follow-up. However, the improvement in HRV variables was less pronounced in women with low muscle mass and/or HS during the follow-up period.