The kukri snakes of the genusOligodonFitzinger, 1826 reach the westernmost limits of their distribution in Middle and Southwest Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan), and the Palearctic portions of Pakistan. In this article, we review the systematics and distribution of the two species native to this region,Oligodon arnensis(Shaw, 1802) andOligodon taeniolatus(Jerdon, 1853) based on an integrative approach combining morphological, molecular, and species distribution modeling (SDM) data. Phylogenetic analyses recoverO. taeniolatuspopulations from Iran and Turkmenistan in a clade with theO. arnensisspecies complex, rendering the former species paraphyletic relative toO. taeniolatus sensustricto on the Indian subcontinent. To correct this, we resurrect the nameContia transcaspicaNikolsky, 1902from the synonymy ofO. taeniolatusand assign it to populations in Middle–Southwest Asia. So far,Oligodon transcaspicuscomb. et stat. nov.is known only from the Köpet–Dag Mountain Range of northeast Iran and southern Turkmenistan, but SDM mapping suggests it may have a wider range. Genetic samples ofO. “arnensis”from northern Pakistan are nested in a clade sister to the recently describedOligodon churahensisMirza, Bhardwaj & Patel, 2021, and are phylogenetically separate fromO. arnensis sensustricto in south India and Sri Lanka. Based on morphological similarity, the Afghanistan and Pakistan populations are assigned toOligodon russelius(Daudin, 1803) and we synonymizeO.churahensiswith this species. Our investigation leads us to removeO. taeniolatusfrom the snake fauna of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, with the consequence that onlyOligodon transcaspicuscomb. et stat. nov.andO. russeliusare present in these countries. Additional studies are needed to resolve the taxonomy of theO. taeniolatusandO. arnensisspecies complexes on the Indian subcontinent, and an updated key for both groups is provided.