This study aimed to systematically review the effects of transitional care programs on healthcare use and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several databases were searched for randomized controlled trials conducted over the past five years, and their quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. For indicators with available statistical information, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, and a narrative review was performed for the rest of the results. In the meta-analysis, no statistically significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups in the number of readmissions and emergency room visits due to COPD. The relative risk (RR) of readmission for COPD was lower in the intervention group. Respiratory-related quality of life tended to be better in the intervention group, though not significantly. Physical capacity was improved in the intervention group. Considering the characteristics of the complex intervention, the context and factors of cases where the expected results could be obtained and cases where the expected results could not be obtained were reviewed and discussed. Based on the results of the analysis, implications for the development of better protocols were presented.