AbstractIn grafted plants, such as grapevine, increasing the diversity of rootstocks available to growers is an ideal strategy for helping plants to adapt to climate change. The rootstocks used for grapevine are hybrids of various AmericanVitis, includingV.berlandieri. The rootstocks currently use in vineyards are derived from breeding programs involving very small numbers of parental individuals. We investigated the structure of a natural population ofV.berlandieriand the association of genetic diversity with environmental variables. In this study, we collected seeds from 78 wildV.berlandieriplants in Texas after open fertilization. We genotyped 286 individuals to describe the structure of the population, and environmental information collected at the sampling site made it possible to perform genome–environment association analysis (GEA). De novolong‐read whole‐genome sequencing was performed on V.berlandieriand a STRUCTURE analysis was performed. We identified and filtered 104,378 SNPs. We found that there were two subpopulations associated with differences in elevation, temperature, and rainfall between sampling sites. GEA identified three QTL for elevation and 15 QTL for PCA coordinates based on environmental parameter variability. This original study is the first GEA study to be performed on a population of grapevines sampled in natural conditions. Our results shed new light on rootstock genetics and could open up possibilities for introducing greater diversity into genetic improvement programs for grapevine rootstocks.