BackgroundEssential medicines are those that meet the priority healthcare needs of most of the population and are included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The national list of essential medicines should be tailored to the specific needs of each nation and should always be accessible at reasonable prices and with guaranteed quality.MethodsA cross-sectional study was done to assess the availability of essential medicines in primary health centers (PHCs) in Gadag Taluk. The data for the assessment of availability was collected using a checklist, which was prepared after reviewing the Karnataka list of essential medicines, surgical items, and miscellaneous items from 2021 to 2022 for PHCs. The sampling design was a universal sample of all 15 PHCs, as per health management information system data, to assess the availability of essential medicine in PHCs.ResultsResults indicate that the availability of essential medicines in 15 PHCs in Gadag Taluk is 74.20%. The availability of anti-allergic drugs and drugs used in anaphylaxis was around 88%, whereas the availability of antidiabetic drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was 86.88% and 86.66%, respectively. All other categories of drugs are available above 50%, except ophthalmic and ear, nose, and throat drugs.ConclusionThe public sector should be strengthened by making sure that patients have access to free essential medicines and that essential medications are always available. This would help patients spend less money out of their own pockets and move India closer to achieving universal healthcare.