AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to provide a concise overview of the role of immune cells in rejection and infection after lung transplantation.MethodsBased on previous clinical and basic studies, the role of various types of immune cells in the development of rejection and infection after lung transplantation is summarized.ResultsImmune cell functional status is strongly associated with common complications after lung transplantation, such as primary graft dysfunction, infection and occlusive bronchitis syndrome. Targeted balancing of immune cell tolerance and rejection is an important tool for successful lung transplantation.ConclusionA comprehensive understanding of immune cell function and the mechanisms that balance immune tolerance and immune rejection may be a crucial factor in improving survival after lung transplantation.