Liver resection (LR) is the only recommended effective curative treatment for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), but the prognosis of patients with ICC is still poor even after curative resection. Recently, many researchers focused on the therapeutic value of LT for patients with ICC. This study aimed to identify the role of liver transplantation in patients with ICC by internally comparing with LR in ICC and externally comparing with LT in HCC. We obtained patient data from SEER database. Propensity score methods were applied to control confounders. Survival outcome was estimated using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and compared using the log-rank test. A total of 2538 patients with ICC after surgery and 5048 patients with HCC after LT between 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. The prognosis of patients with ICC after LT were better than patients with ICC after LR in both unmatched (HR 0.65,P= 0.002) and matched cohorts (HR 0.62,P= 0.009). The 5-year OS rate after LT could be improved to 61.7% in patients with local advanced ICC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the prognosis of patients with ICC after LT was better than patients with ICC after LR, but was still worse than patients with HCC after LT. LT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be considered as a treatment option for patients with locally advanced ICC, but more prospective multicenter clinical trials are needed to further confirm these results.