SignificanceFemale scent communication achieves far more than that required to advertise estrus state to males. Female rats are intensely interested in gaining scent information about conspecific females and their receptivity. Further, the proteome of scent marks deposited by female rats and the targeting and uptake of scent information by other females reveal previously unknown layers of complexity in female rat semiochemistry. The intense interest in female scents by both the same and opposite sex will be of broad interest to the large community using this model species for basic biological and biomedical research. Their accessibility makes the rat an ideal model to further investigate the molecular and cognitive mechanisms that underpin complex female social signaling.