Here we report on Neanderthal engravings on a cave wall at La Roche-Cotard (LRC) in central France, made more than 57±3 thousand years ago. Following human occupation, the cave was completely sealed by cold-period sediments, which prevented access until its discovery in the 19thcentury and first excavation in the early 20thcentury. The timing of the closure of the cave is based on 50 optically stimulated luminescence ages derived from sediment collected inside and from around the cave. The anthropogenic origin of the spatially-structured, non-figurative marks found within the cave is confirmed using taphonomic, traceological and experimental evidence. Cave closure occurred significantly before the regional arrival ofH.sapiens, and all artefacts from within the cave are typical Mousterian lithics; in Western Europe these are uniquely attributed toH.neanderthalensis. We conclude that the LRC engravings are unambiguous examples of Neanderthal abstract design.