The kidney plays a key role in the correction of systemic acid-base imbalances. Central for this regulation are the intercalated cells in the distal nephron, which secrete acid or base into the urine. How these cells sense acid-base disturbances is a long-standing question. Intercalated cells exclusively express the Na+-dependent Cl﻿−/HCO3﻿−exchanger AE4 (Slc4a9). Here we show that AE4-deficient mice exhibit a major dysregulation of acid-base balance. By combining molecular, imaging, biochemical and integrative approaches, we demonstrate that AE4-deficient mice are unable to sense and appropriately correct metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. Mechanistically, a lack of adaptive base secretion via the Cl﻿−/HCO3﻿−exchanger pendrin (Slc26a4) is the key cellular cause of this derailment. Our findings identify AE4 as an essential part of the renal sensing mechanism for changes in acid-base status.