As the main component of plant cell walls, lignin can not only provide mechanical strength and physical defense for plants, but can also be an important indicator affecting the properties and quality of wood and bamboo.Dendrocalamus farinosusis an important economic bamboo species for both shoots and timber in southwest China, with the advantages of fast growth, high yield and slender fiber. Caffeoyl-coenzyme A-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, but little is known about it inD. farinosus.Here, a total of 17DfCCoAOMTgenes were identified based on theD. farinosuswhole genome.DfCCoAOMT1/14/15/16were homologs ofAtCCoAOMT1.DfCCoAOMT6/9/14/15/16were highly expressed in stems ofD. farinosus; this is consistent with the trend of lignin accumulation during bamboo shoot elongation, especiallyDfCCoAOMT14. The analysis of promoter cis-acting elements suggested thatDfCCoAOMTsmight be important for photosynthesis, ABA/MeJA responses, drought stress and lignin synthesis. We then confirmed that the expression levels ofDfCCoAOMT2/5/6/8/9/14/15were regulated by ABA/MeJA signaling. In addition, overexpression ofDfCCoAOMT14in transgenic plants significantly increased the lignin content, xylem thickness and drought resistance of plants. Our findings revealed thatDfCCoAOMT14can be a candidate gene that is involved in the drought response and lignin synthesis pathway in plants, which could contribute to the genetic improvement of many important traits inD. farinosusand other species.