Simple SummaryMyotis pilosusis a globally “Vulnerable” species. As the only known fishing bat in East Asia,M. pilosusis mainly distributed in China, and the protection of ChineseM. pilosusis of great significance for its persistence. Therefore, we collected species distribution data ofM. pilosusfrom China and applied MaxEnt to assess its habitat suitability, recognize the important environmental variables, predict future distribution changes, and identify the potential future climate refugia. The results showed that temperature and precipitation, especially the minimum temperature, could be important environmental factors affecting the distribution ofM. pilosus. The current suitable habitats ofM. pilosusare located primarily in southwest and southeast China. Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitats were expected to expand and shift toward higher latitudes and altitudes, but the area of predicted suitable habitats thatM. pilosuscould disperse and successfully colonize will be reduced in 2050 and 2070. Thus, five regions were identified as potential future climate refugia and suggested to be under priority protection and long-term monitoring. This study provides helpful information on the possible distribution changes ofM. pilosusunder current and future climate scenarios, which is important for the conservation of this vulnerable piscivorous bat.AbstractClimate change and biodiversity loss are two severe challenges that the world is facing. Studying the distribution shifts of species in response to climate change could provide insights into long-term conservation and biodiversity maintenance.Myotis pilosusis the only known fishing bat in East Asia, whereas its population has been decreasing in recent years and it is listed as a “Vulnerable” species. To assess the impact of climate change on the distribution ofM. pilosus, we obtained 33M. pilosusoccurrence records within China where they are mainly distributed, and extracted 30 environmental variables. MaxEnt was applied to assess the habitat suitability, recognize the important environmental variables, predict future distribution changes, and identify the potential future climate refugia. The prediction result based on eleven dominant environmental variables was excellent. The Jackknife test showed that the “minimum temperature of coldest month”, “precipitation of wettest quarter”, “percent tree cover”, and “precipitation of driest month” were the main factors affecting the distribution ofM. pilosus. The current suitable areas were predicted to be mainly located in southwest and southeast China with a total area of about 160.54 × 104km2, accounting for 16.72% of China’s land area. Based on the CCSM4, it was predicted that the future (2050 and 2070) suitable areas ofM. pilosuswill expand and shift to high latitudes and altitudes with global warming, but the area of moderately and highly suitable habitats will be small. Considering the dispersal capacity ofM. pilosus, the area of colonized suitable habitats in 2050 and 2070 was predicted to be only ca. 94 × 104km2and 155 × 104km2, respectively. The central and southern parts of Hainan, southern Guangdong, central Guizhou, and southern Beijing were identified as potential climate refugia and could be considered as priority conservation areas forM. pilosus. Thus, we suggest long-term monitoring of the priority conservation areas, especially the areas at high latitudes and altitudes. These results contribute to our knowledge of the possible spatial distribution pattern ofM. pilosusunder current and future climate scenarios, which is important for the population protection and habitat management of this special piscivorous bat species.