Simple SummaryOedaleus decorus asiaticusBei-Bienko is one of the most dangerous agricultural pests on the Mongolian Plateau. Due to its small size, it is difficult to monitor and control. Therefore, it is important to detect the key factors affecting the spatial distribution of grasshopper occurrence, to extract the suitable areas for grasshoppers, and to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the suitable areas for grasshoppers for monitoring and early warning of grasshoppers on the Mongolian plateau. Here the spatiotemporal variation in the habitat suitability forO. decorus asiaticuson the Mongolian Plateau was assessed using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling along with multi-source remote sensing data and geospatial data.AbstractO. decorus asiaticusis a major grasshopper species that harms the development of agriculture on the Mongolian Plateau. Therefore, it is important to enhance the monitoring ofO. decorus asiaticus. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation in the habitat suitability forO. decorus asiaticuson the Mongolian Plateau was assessed using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling along with multi-source remote sensing data (meteorology, vegetation, soil, and topography). The predictions of the Maxent model were accurate (AUC = 0.910). The key environmental variables affecting the distribution of grasshoppers and their contribution were grass type (51.3%), accumulated precipitation (24.9%), altitude (13.0%), vegetation coverage (6.6%), and land surface temperature (4.2%). Based on the assessment results of suitability by Maxent model, the model threshold settings, and the formula for calculating the inhabitability index, the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s inhabitable areas were calculated. The results show that the distribution of suitable habitat forO. decorus asiaticusin 2000 was similar to that in 2010. From 2010 to 2020, the suitability of the habitat forO. decorus asiaticusin the central region of the Mongolian Plateau changed from moderate to high. The main factor contributing to this change was accumulated precipitation. Few changes in the areas of the habitat with low suitability were observed across the study period. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the vulnerability of different regions on the Mongolian Plateau to plagues ofO. decorus asiaticusand will aid the monitoring of grasshopper plagues in this region.