Background: Schistosomiasis, due toS. mansoni, is prevalent in Rwanda. However, there is a paucity of information related to the abundance, species, distribution, and infectivity ofSchistosomaintermediate host snails. Methods: Snails were collected from 71 sites, including lakeshores and wetlands. Snails obtained were morphologically identified, and cercariae were shed using standard procedures. Cercariae were molecularly characterized using PCR. GPS coordinates were used to generate geospatial maps of snail distribution that were overlaid with geospatial distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school children in the same areas. Results: Overall, 3653 snails were morphologically classified asBulinusspp. and 1449 asBiomphalariaspp. A total of 306 snails shed cercariae, 130 of which were confirmed asS. mansonicercaria by PCR. There was no significant difference in the proportion ofS. mansonicercariae in wetlands compared to lakeshores. Conclusion: Rwandan water bodies harbor an important number of snails that shedS. mansonicercariae. Furthermore, a strong spatial correlation was observed between the distribution of schistosomiasis in children and the spatial distribution of snail infectivity withS. mansoni. The presence ofBulinusspp. Suggests a potential risk ofS. haematobium, although molecular analysis did not show any current transmission of this parasite.