BackgroundCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2C (CMT2C) and scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy (SPSMA) are different clinical phenotypes ofTRPV4mutation. The mutation of p.R316C has been reported to cause CMT2C and SPSMA separately.Case presentationHere, we reported a Chinese family harboring the same p.R316C variant, but with an overlap syndrome and different clinical manifestations. A 58-year-old man presented with severe scapula muscle atrophy, resulting in sloping shoulders. He also exhibited distinct muscle atrophy in his four limbs, particularly in the lower limbs. The sural nerve biopsy revealed severe loss of myelinated nerve fibers with scattered regenerating clusters and pseudo-onion bulbs. Nerve conduction study showed axon damage in both motor and sensory nerves. Sensory nerve action potentials could not be evoked in bilateral sural or superficial peroneal nerves. He was diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2C and scapuloperoneal muscular atrophy overlap syndrome, whereas his 27-year-old son was born with clubfoot and clinodactyly. Electromyogram examination indicated chronic neurogenic changes and anterior horn cells involvement. Although there was no obvious weakness or sensory symptoms, early SPSMA could be considered for him.ConclusionsA literature review of the clinical characteristics in CMT2C and SPSMA patients withTRPV4mutation suggested that our case was distinct due to the overlap syndrome and phenotype variation. Altogether, this case broadened the phenotype spectrum and provided the nerve biopsy pathological details of TRPV4-related neuropathies.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-023-03260-0.