In a modern power system, reducing carbon emissions has become a significant goal in mitigating the impact of global warming. Therefore, renewable energy sources, particularly wind-power generation, have been extensively implemented in the system. Despite the advantages of wind power, its uncertainty and randomness lead to critical security, stability, and economic issues in the power system. Recently, multi-microgrid systems (MMGSs) have been considered as a suitable wind-power deployment candidate. Although wind power can be efficiently utilized by MMGSs, uncertainty and randomness still have a significant impact on the dispatching and operation of the system. Therefore, to address the wind power uncertainty issue and achieve an optimal dispatching strategy for MMGSs, this paper presents an adjustable robust optimization (ARO) model based on meteorological clustering. Firstly, the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) method and the CURE clustering algorithm are employed for meteorological classification in order to better identify wind patterns. Secondly, a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) is adopted to enrich the wind-power datasets with different meteorological patterns, resulting in the construction of ambiguity sets. Thirdly, the uncertainty sets that are finally employed by the ARO framework to establish a two-stage cooperative dispatching model for MMGS can be derived from the ambiguity sets. Additionally, stepped carbon trading is introduced to control the carbon emissions of MMGSs. Finally, the alternative direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and the column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm are adopted to achieve a decentralized solution for the dispatching model of MMGSs. Case studies indicate that the presented model has a great performance in improving the wind-power description accuracy, increasing cost efficiency, and reducing system carbon emissions. However, the case studies also report that the approach consumes a relative long running time. Therefore, in future research, the solution algorithm will be further improved for the purpose of raising the efficiency of the solution.