Simple SummaryTetrabromobisphenol A has been used extensively in fire-resistant materials in recent decades, and scientists have extensively investigated its toxic effects on organisms and humans. The present study aims to investigate the distribution characteristic of tetrabromobisphenol A in three mangrove swamps; analyze the associated microbial community structure involved in the tetrabromobisphenol A degradation; and explore the relationships between the microbial community and environmental factors. The results indicated mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary, Jiulongjiang Estuary, and Quanzhou Bay in Southeast China contained high levels of tetrabromobisphenol A. Correlation analysis revealed that total organic carbon plays a critical impact on tetrabromobisphenol A distribution in the mangrove sediments. The microbial community structures of the three mangrove sediments were similar, while the taxonomic profile of their sensitive responders differed markedly. The genusAnaerolineawas dominant in the mangrove sediment and may be responsible for the in situ dissipation of tetrabromobisphenol A. Redundancy analysis indicates that combining tetrabromobisphenol A, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon would induce a shift in the microbial community structure of mangrove sediments. This work provided insight into the endogenous microbial community diversity of different mangrove sediments which may be one of the factors contributing to the different tetrabromobisphenol A concentrations.AbstractThe occurrence and distribution characteristics of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its relationship with microbial community diversity in different mangrove sediments need further investigation. The results of this study indicated levels of TBBPA in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary (ZJ), Jiulongjiang Estuary (JLJ), and Quanzhou Bay (QZ) in Southeast China ranging from 1.80 to 20.46, 3.47 to 40.77, and 2.37 to 19.83 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Mangrove sediments from JLJ contained higher levels of TBBPA, possibly due to agricultural pollution. A correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and TBBPA distribution in ZJ and JLJ mangrove sediments, but not in QZ mangrove sediments. TOC significantly affected the distribution of TBBPA in mangrove sediments, but pH had no effect. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed thatPseudomonadotadominated the sediment bacteria followed byChloroflexota,Actinobacteota,Bacillota,Acidobacteriota,Bacteroidota, andAminicenantesin mangrove sediments. Although the microbial community structure of the ZJ, JLJ, and QZ mangrove sediments was similar, the taxonomic profile of their sensitive responders differed markedly. The genusAnaerolineawas dominant in the mangrove sediments and was responsible for the in situ dissipation of TBBPA. Based on redundancy analysis, there was a correlation between TBBPA, TOC, TN, C/N, pH, and microbial community structure at the genus level. Combining TBBPA, TN, and TOC may induce variations in the microbial community of mangrove sediments.