Invasive plants can change the soil ecological environment in the invasion area to adapt to their growth and reproduction through root exudates. Root exudates are the most direct manifestation of plant responses to external environmental changes, but there is a lack of studies on root exudates of invasive plants in the context of inevitable global warming and nitrogen deposition. In this research, we used widely targeted metabolomics to investigateAmbrosia trifidaroot exudates during seedling and maturity under warming and nitrogen deposition to reveal the possible mechanisms ofA. trifidaadaptation to climate change. The results showed that the organic acids increased under warming condition but decreased after nitrogen addition in the seedling stage. Phenolic acids increased greatly after nitrogen addition in the mature stage. Most phenolic acids were annotated in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway and tyrosine metabolism. Therefore, nitrogen deposition may increase the adaptability ofA. trifidathrough root exudates, making it more invasive under global warming. The results provide new ideas for preventing and controlling the invasion ofA. trifidaunder climate change.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-023-11380-w.