Simple SummaryWhat does not have a name is difficult to understand and protect. Upon the unexpected discovery of anHynobiussalamander in Fujian province, China, we worked on understanding its relationship with other species and ultimately describing it. Please welcome the Fujian Bamboo Salamander to science, a segregated species based on genetics and morphology. While it is related to other southern mainland Chinese species, it may have diverged earlier and share some similarities with morphology and behavior with the Anji salamander. The Fujian Bamboo Salamander is special as it produces vocalization when under threat. The species is, however, incredibly rare, fitting the definition of Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.AbstractIt is important to describe lineages before they go extinct, as we can only protect what we know. This is especially important in the case of microendemic species likely to be relict populations, such asHynobiussalamanders in southern China. Here, we unexpectedly sampledHynobiusindividuals in Fujian province, China, and then worked on determining their taxonomic status. We describeHynobius bambusicolussp. nov. based on molecular and morphological data. The lineage is deeply divergent and clusters with the other southern ChineseHynobiusspecies based on the concatenated mtDNA gene fragments (>1500 bp), being the sister group toH. amjiensisbased on theCOIgene fragment, despite their geographic distance. In terms of morphology, the species can be identified through discrete characters enabling identification in the field by eye, an unusual convenience inHynobiusspecies. In addition, we noted some interesting life history traits in the species, such as vocalization and cannibalism. The species is likely to be incredibly rare, over a massively restricted distribution, fitting the definition of Critically Endangered following several lines of criteria and categories of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.