The research is aimed at investigating the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on adult triploid rainbow trout growth performance, feed utilization, digestive and metabolic enzyme activities, antioxidative capacity, and fillet quality. Nine diets containing three dietary protein levels (DP) (300, 350, and 400 g kg−1) and three dietary lipid levels (DL) (200, 250, and 300 g kg−1) were prepared using a 3 × 3 factorial design. In freshwater cages, 13,500 adult female triploid rainbow trout (3.2 ± 0.1 kg) were cultured for 77 days. Triplicate cages (500 fish per cage) were used as repetitions of each experimental diet. The findings revealed that as DP increased to 400 g kg−1and DL raised to 300 g kg−1, the weight gain ratio (WGR) elevated significantly (P< 0.05). However, when DP ≥ 350 g kg−1, WGR was similar in the DL250 and DL300 groups. As DP raised to 350 g kg−1, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) notably decreased (P< 0.05). In the DP350DL300 group, lipids had a protein-sparing impact. High DP diet (400 g kg−1) generally improved fish health status by increasing antioxidant capacity in the liver and intestine. A high DL diet (300 g kg−1) showed no harmful effect on hepatic health based on plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and antioxidant capacity in the liver. For fillet quality, a high DP diet could increase fillet yield, improve fillet hardness, springiness, and water-holding capacity values, and inhibit the production of off-flavors caused by n-6 fatty acids. A high DL diet could increase odor intensity, and EPA, DHA, and n-3 fatty acid concentrations decrease the thrombogenicity index value. The maximum fillet redness value was discovered in the DP400DL300 group. Overall, for adult triploid rainbow trout (≥3 kg), the minimum recommended DP and DL according to growth performance were 400 and 250 g kg−1, respectively; DP and DL based on feed utilization were 350 and 200 g kg−1, respectively; DP and DL based on fillet quality were 400 and 300 g kg−1, respectively.