ABSTRACTThe comparative outcomes of specific aminoglycosides in cavitary type (fibrocavitary or cavitary nodular bronchiectatic type)Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) pulmonary disease (PD) are unelucidated. We investigated the treatment outcomes with streptomycin or amikacin inclusion in the treatment regimen. From 2006 to 2020, 168 patients with cavitary MAC-PD who received guideline-based therapy (a three-drug oral antibiotic regimen with macrolide, ethambutol, and rifampin with an injectable aminoglycoside) for ≥1 year at a tertiary referral center in South Korea were retrospectively enrolled. We compared the rates of the culture conversion achievement of patients with streptomycin or amikacin use. Of the 168 participants, 127 patients (75.6%) received streptomycin and 41 (24.4%) received amikacin (median [interquartile range] treatment duration of 17.6 [14.2 to 25.2] and 17.0 [14.0 to 19.4] weeks, respectively). The overall culture conversion rate at treatment completion was 75.6% (127/168), and the rates were similar for the streptomycin-treated and amikacin-treated groups (74.8% [95/127] and 78.0% [32/41], respectively;P= 0.674). A multivariate analysis revealed that the achievement of culture conversion did not differ significantly with streptomycin or amikacin use (adjusted odds ratio, 1.086; 95% confidence interval, 0.425 to 2.777). The rate of adverse events was similar in the two groups. In conclusion, in cavitary MAC-PD, treatment with streptomycin-containing and amikacin-containing regimens results in similar rates of culture conversion achievement.IMPORTANCEWe found that among the participants with cavitary MAC-PD who received guideline-based treatment for ≥1 year, the selection of either streptomycin or amikacin in the treatment regimen led to similar rates of culture conversion at treatment completion. In addition, the adverse reaction development rate did not differ significantly for streptomycin and amikacin. These findings suggest that either streptomycin or amikacin can be selected for the treatment of MAC-PD, according to the physician’s or patient’s preference, such as the route of administration.