AbstractRose (Rosa chinensis), which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide, has three types, namely once-flowering (OF), occasional or re-blooming (OR), and recurrent or continuous flowering (CF). However, the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely unknown. In this study, we observed that theRcSPL1transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF plants. Additionally, accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by rch-miR156. The ectopic expression ofRcSPL1inArabidopsis thalianaaccelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering. Furthermore, the transient overexpression ofRcSPL1in rose plants accelerated flowering, whereas silencing ofRcSPL1had the opposite phenotype. Accordingly, the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes (APETALA1,FRUITFULL, andLEAFY) were significantly affected by the changes inRcSPL1expression. RcTAF15b protein, which is an autonomous pathway protein, was revealed to interact with RcSPL1. The silencing and overexpression ofRcTAF15bin rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering, respectively. Collectively, the study findings imply that RcSPL1–RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.