ABSTRACTPoplar anthracnose caused byColletotrichum gloeosporioidesis a common disease affecting poplars globally that causes the destruction and alteration of poplar phyllosphere microbial communities; however, few studies have investigated these communities. Therefore, in this study, three species of poplar with different resistances were investigated to explore the effects ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesand poplar secondary metabolites on the composition of poplar phyllosphere microbial communities. Evaluation of the phyllosphere microbial communities before and after inoculation of the poplars withC. gloeosporioidesrevealed that both bacterial and fungal OTUs decreased after inoculation. Among bacteria, the most abundant genera wereBacillus,Plesiomonas,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,Cetobacterium,Streptococcus,Massilia, andShigellafor all poplar species. Among fungi, the most abundant genera before inoculation wereCladosporium,Aspergillus,Fusarium,Mortierella, andColletotrichum, whileColletotrichumwas the main genus after inoculation. The inoculation of pathogens may regulate the phyllosphere microorganisms by affecting the secondary metabolites of plants. We investigated metabolite contents in the phyllosphere before and after the inoculation of the three poplar species, as well as the effects of flavonoids, organic acids, coumarins, and indoles on poplar phyllosphere microbial communities. We speculated that coumarin had the greatest recruitment effect on phyllosphere microorganisms, followed by organic acids through regression analysis. Overall, our results provide a foundation for subsequent screening of antagonistic bacteria and fungi against poplar anthracnose and investigations of the mechanism by which poplar phyllosphere microorganisms are recruited.IMPORTANCEOur findings revealed that the inoculation ofColletotrichum gloeosporioideshas a greater effect on the fungal community than the bacterial community. In addition, coumarins, organic acids, and flavonoids may have recruitment effects on phyllosphere microorganisms, while indoles may have inhibitory effects on these organisms. These findings may provide the theoretical basis for the prevention and control of poplar anthracnose.