AbstractConsideration of the thermal adaptation of species is essential in both evolutionary biology and climate‐change biology because it frequently leads to latitudinal gradients of various phenotypes among populations. The spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) has a broad latitudinal distribution range along the marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific and thus provides an excellent teleost model for population genetic and climate adaptation studies. We generated over 8.57 million SNP loci using whole‐genome resequencing from 100 samples collected at 14 geographic sites (five or ten samples per site). We estimated the genetic structure of the sampled fish and clustered them into three highly differentiated populations. The genetic differentiation pattern estimated by multivariable models combining geographic distance and sea surface temperature differences suggests that isolation by distance and isolation by environment both have significant effects on this species. Further investigation of genome‐wide evolutionary signatures of climate adaptation identified many genes related to growth, muscle contraction, and vision that are under positive natural selection. Moreover, the contrasting patterns of natural selection in high‐latitude and low‐latitude populations prompted different strategies of trade‐offs between growth rate and other traits that may play an essential role in adaptation to different local climates. Our results offer an opportunity to better understand the genetic basis of the phenotypic variation in eurythermal fishes inhabiting different climatic regions.