Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied inLactobacillusspp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. The main mechanisms known to date used byLactobacillusspp. to metabolize HCAs are enzymatic decarboxylation and/or reduction. Here, recent advances in the knowledge regarding the enzymes that contribute to these two enzymatic conversions, the genes involved, their regulation and the physiological significance to lactobacilli are reviewed and critically discussed.