Epilepsy is a challenging brain disorder that is often difficult to treat with conventional therapies. The gut microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy. In this study, the effects ofBifidobacterium longum, a probiotic, on inflammation, neuronal degeneration, and behavior are evaluated in a lithium–pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) induced in young adult rats.B. longumwas administered orally at a dose of 109CFU/rat for 30 days after pilocarpine injection. The results show thatB. longumtreatment has beneficial effects on the TLE-induced changes in anxiety levels, neuronal death in the amygdala, and body weight recovery. In addition,B. longumincreased the expression of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes, such asIl1rnandPparg. However, the probiotic had little effect on TLE-induced astrogliosis and microgliosis and did not reduce neuronal death in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. The study suggests thatB. longummay have a beneficial effect on TLE and may provide valuable insights into the role of gut bacteria in epileptogenesis. In addition, the results show thatB. longummay be a promising drug for the comprehensive treatment of epilepsy.