Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2–neutralizing antibodies primarily target the spike receptor binding domain (RBD). However, B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) on RBD-binding memory B (Bmem) cells have variation in the neutralizing activities. Here, by combining single Bmemcell profiling with antibody functional assessment, we dissected the phenotype of Bmemcell harboring the potently neutralizing antibodies in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–convalescent individuals. The neutralizing subset was marked by an elevated CD62L expression and characterized by distinct epitope preference and usage of convergent VH(variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain) genes, accounting for the neutralizing activities. Concordantly, the correlation was observed between neutralizing antibody titers in blood and CD62L+subset, despite the equivalent RBD binding of CD62L+and CD62L−subset. Furthermore, the kinetics of CD62L+subset differed between the patients who recovered from different COVID-19 severities. Our Bmemcell profiling reveals the unique phenotype of Bmemcell subset that harbors potently neutralizing BCRs, advancing our understanding of humoral protection.