Histone deacetylases (HDACs), known as histone acetylation erasers, function crucially in plant growth and development. Although there are abundant reports focusing onHDACsof Arabidopsis and illustrating their important roles, the knowledge ofHDACgenes in Tartary buckwheat (Polygonales PolygonaceaeFagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn) is still scarce. In the study, a total of 14HDACgenes were identified and divided into three main groups: Reduced Potassium Dependency-3/His-52 tone Deacetylase 1 (RPD3/HDA1), Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2), and the plant-53 specific HD2. Domain and motif composition analysis showed there were conserved domains and motifs in members from the same subfamilies. The 14FtHDACswere distributed asymmetrically on 7 chromosomes, with three segmental events and one tandem duplication event identified. The prediction of thecis-element in promoters suggested thatFtHDACsprobably acted in numerous biological processes including plant growth, development, and response to environmental signals. Furthermore, expression analysis based on RNA-seq data displayed that allFtHDACgenes were universally and distinctly expressed in diverse tissues and fruit development stages. In addition, we found divergent alterations inFtHDACstranscript abundance in response to different light conditions according to RNA-seq and RT-qPCR data, indicating that fiveFtHDACsmight be involved in light response. Our findings could provide fundamental information for the HDAC gene family and supply several targets for future function analysis ofFtHDACsrelated with light response of Tartary buckwheat.