Euphorbia fischerianahas a long-standing history of use in traditional medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis diseases. However, the plant’s therapeutic potential extends beyond this specific ailment. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties ofEuphorbia fischerianaand lay the groundwork for further research on its potential therapeutic applications. Phytochemical tests were performed on the plant, and 11 types of phytochemicals were identified. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the active components and antioxidant properties of eight different solvent extracts, ultimately selecting acetone extract for further research. UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS identified 43 compounds in the acetone extract, and chemical calculations were used to isolate those with high content and antioxidant activity. Three stability experiments confirmed the extract’s stability, while cell viability and oral acute toxicity studies demonstrated its relatively low toxicity. In rats, the acetone extract showed significant protective effects against D-galactosamine-induced liver damage through histopathological examination and biochemical analysis. These results suggest thatEuphorbia fischeriana’s acetone extract has potential in treating diseases related to oxidative imbalances. Therefore, this study highlights the plant’s potential therapeutic applications while providing insight into its antioxidant properties.