In this study, Sylgard 184 silicone rubber (SylSR) matrix composites with shear thickening fluid (STF) microcapsules (SylSR/STF) were fabricated. Their mechanical behaviors were characterized by dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis (DMA) and quasi-static compression. Their damping properties increased with the addition ofSTF into the SR in DMA tests and the SylSR/STF composites presented decreased stiffness and an obvious positive strain rate effect in the quasi-static compression test. Moreover, the impact resistance behavior of the SylSR/STF composites was tested by the drop hammer impact test. The addition of STF enhanced the impact protective performance of silicone rubber, and the impact resistance increased with the increase of STF content, which should be ascribed to the shear thickening and energy absorption of STF microcapsules in the composites. Meanwhile, in another matrix, hot vulcanized silicone rubber (HTVSR) with a mechanical strength higher than Sylgard 184, the impact resistance capacity of its composite with STF (HTVSR/STF) was also examined by the drop hammer impact test. It is interesting to note that the strength of the SR matrix obviously influenced the enhancement effect of STF on the impact resistance of SR. The stronger the strength of SR, the better the effect of STF on improving the impact protective performance of SR. This study not only provides a new method for packaging STF and improving the impact resistance behavior of SR, but is also beneficial for the design of STF-related protective functional materials and structures.