This paper aimed to evaluate the shielding performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber composites filled with 200 phr of different metal oxides (either Al2O3, CuO, CdO, Gd2O3, or Bi2O3) as protective materials against gamma and neutron radiations. For this purpose, different shielding parameters, including the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL), and tenth value layer (TVL), were calculated in the energy range between 0.015 and 15 MeV by using the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. The simulated μ/ρ values were validated by the XCOM software to examine the precision of the simulated results. The maximum relative deviation between the Geant4 simulation and XCOM was not greater than 1.41%, confirming the accuracy of the simulated results. Based on μ/ρ values, other significant shielding parameters such as effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), and exposure buildup factor (EBF) were also computed to explore the potential usage of the proposed metal oxide/EPDM rubber composites as radiation protective materials. The study demonstrates that the gamma-radiation shielding performance of the proposed metal oxide/EPDM rubber composites are increasing in the order of EPDM < Al2O3/EPDM < CuO/EPDM < CdO/EPDM < Gd2O3/EPDM < Bi2O3/EPDM. Furthermore, three sudden increases in the shielding capability in some composites occur at 0.0267 MeV for CdO/EPDM, 0.0502 MeV for Gd2O3/EPDM, and 0.0905 MeV for Bi2O3/EPDM composites. This increase in the shielding performance is due to the K absorption edges of Cd, Gd, and Bi, respectively. Regarding the neutron shielding performance, the macroscopic effective removal cross-section for fast neutrons (ƩR) was evaluated for the investigated composites using MRCsC software. The highest ƩRis obtained for Al2O3/EPDM, while the lowest ƩRis obtained for EPDM rubber with no metal oxide content. According to the obtained results, the investigated metal oxide/EPDM rubber composites can be employed as comfortable clothing and gloves designed for workers in radiation facilities.