Air pollution is recognized as a significant public health problem and is associated with illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as neuroinflammation and neuropathology. Air pollution may cause chronic brain inflammation, white matter abnormalities, and microglia activation, which increases the risk of autism spectrum disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and multiple sclerosis (MS).Methods: A literature review was done on “PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science” on the relationship of air pollution with MS and stroke, using the keywords “air pollution” OR “pollution”; “ambient air pollution,” “particulate matter, ozone, black carbon” AND “stroke” OR “cerebrovascular diseases,” “multiple sclerosis,” “neuroinflammation,” or “neurodegeneration.”Results: We first identified 128 articles and their related websites, of which 44 articles were further selected for analysis mainly based on study relevance, study quality and reliability, and date of publication.Further studies on air pollution and its adverse effects on the CNS are needed. The findings of such studies will support the development of appropriate preventive measures in the future.