Polydopamine (PDA) is a multifunctional biomimetic material that is friendly to biological organisms and the environment, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors have the potential to be reused. Inspired by these two factors, this review summarizes examples of PDA-modified materials at the micron or nanoscale to provide suggestions for designing intelligent and sustainable SERS biosensors that can quickly and accurately monitor disease progression. Undoubtedly, PDA is a kind of double-sided adhesive, introducing various desired metals, Raman signal molecules, recognition components, and diverse sensing platforms to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and practicality of SERS sensors. Particularly, core-shell and chain-like structures could be constructed by PDA facilely, and then combined with microfluidic chips, microarrays, and lateral flow assays to provide excellent references. In addition, PDA membranes with special patterns, and hydrophobic and strong mechanical properties can be used as independent platforms to carry SERS substances. As an organic semiconductor material capable of facilitating charge transfer, PDA may possess the potential for chemical enhancement in SERS. In-depth research on the properties of PDA will be helpful for the development of multi-mode sensing and the integration of diagnosis and treatment.