BackgroundCancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential stromal components in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection induces pathological changes such as liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and HCC. The aim of this research was to explore the novel mediators of CAFs to modulate HBV cirrhosis-HCC progression.MethodsThe single-cell transcriptome data of HCC were divided into subsets, and the significant subset related to fibrotic cells, along with biological function, and clinical information of HCC was revealed by integrated data analyses. The cell communication, cells communicated weight analysis of signaling pathways, and key genes in signaling pathways analysis of significant CAFs subclasses were conducted to discover the novel gene of CAFs. Bioinformatics,vitroand HBV transfection assays were used to verify the novel gene is an important target for promoting the progression HBV cirrhosis-HCC progression.ResultsFibroblasts derived from HCC single-cell data could be separated into three cell subclasses (CAF0-2), of which CAF2 was associated with the HCC clinical information. Fibroblasts have opposite developmental trajectories to immune B cells and CD8 + T cells. CAF0-2 had strong interaction with B cells and CD8 + T cells, especially CAF2 had the highest interaction frequency and weight with B cells and CD8 + T cells. Moreover, PTN participated in CAF2-related pathways involved in the regulation of cell communication, and the interactions among CAF2 and PTN contributed the most to B cells and CD8 + T cells. Furthermore, the genes ofPTN,SDC1, andNCLfrom PTN signaling were highest expression in CAF2, B cells, and CD8 + T cells, respectively, and the interaction of PTN-SDC1andPTN-NCLcontributed most to the interaction of CAF2- B cells and CAF2-CD8 + T cells. Bioinformatics and vitro experiments confirmPTNwas upregulated in HCC and promoted the proliferation of tumor cells, and HBV infection could initiatePTNto perform cirrhosis-HCC progression.ConclusionOur findings revealed CAF was associated with hepatocarcinogenesis, and the functional importance of B cells and CD8 + T cells in modulating CAF in HCC. Importantly,PTNmaybe a novel mediator of CAF to mediate HBV cirrhosis-HCC progression.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-023-00554-z.