The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which thinning alters stand structure and affects forest productivity by characterizing changes in stand quantitative maturity age, stand diameter distribution, structural heterogeneity, and forest productivity of Chinese fir plantations at different thinning times and intensities. Our findings provide insights into how the density of stands could be modified to enhance the yield and timber quality of Chinese fir plantations. The significance of differences in individual tree volume, stand volume, and timber merchantable volume was determined using one-way analysis of variance andpost hocDuncan tests. The stand quantitative maturity age was obtained using the Richards equation. The quantitative relationship between stand structure and productivity was determined using a generalized linear mixed model. We found that (1) the quantitative maturity age of Chinese fir plantations increased with thinning intensity, and the quantitative maturity age was much greater under commercial thinning than under pre-commercial thinning. (2) Individual tree volume and the proportion of medium-sized and large-sized timber merchantable volume increased with stand thinning intensity. Thinning promoted increases in stand diameter. pre-commercially thinned stands were dominated by medium-diameter trees when the quantitative maturity age was reached, whereas commercially thinned stands were dominated by large-diameter trees. The living trees volume will decrease immediately after thinning, and then it will gradually increase with the age of the stand. When the stand volume included both living trees volume and thinned volume, thinned stands increased stand volume compared with unthinned stands. In pre-commercial thinning stands, the greater the intensity of thinning, the greater the increase in stand volume, and the opposite was true for commercial thinning. (3) Thinning also reduced heterogeneity in stand structure, which was lower after commercial thinning than after pre-commercial thinning. The productivity of pre-commercially thinned stands increased with thinning intensity, whereas that of commercially thinned stands decreased with thinning intensity. (4) The structural heterogeneity of pre-commercially and commercially thinned stands was negatively and positively correlated with forest productivity, respectively. In the Chinese fir plantations in the hilly terrain of the northern Chinese fir production area, when pre-commercial thinning was performed in the ninth year to a residual density of 1750 trees per hectare, the stand quantitative maturity age was reached in year 30, medium-sized timber accounted for 75.2% of all trees, and the stand volume was 667.9 m3per hectare. This thinning strategy is favorable for producing medium-sized Chinese fir timber. When commercial thinning was performed in year 23, the optimal residual density was 400 trees per hectare. When the stand quantitative maturity age was reached in year 31, large-sized timber accounted for 76.6% of all trees, and the stand volume was 574.5 m3per hectare. This thinning strategy is favorable for producing large-sized Chinese fir timber.