Simple SummaryThe red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invictaBuren) is an invasive species with a wide distribution range in China. Red imported fire ants nest in soil, have strong territorial behavior and aggression, and can cause harm to humans and livestock through their stinging and venom. This study examined the effects of red imported fire ant nests on soil properties and microbial communities in five different habitats. In each habitat, compared to the non-red imported fire ant nest control soils, pH and nitrogen content significantly increased in red imported fire ant nests, whereas the content of heavy metals, such as Cr, Pb, Cu, and Ni, significantly decreased. Although the composition, abundance, and diversity of bacterial communities of the control soils varied between habitats, bacterial community composition in red imported fire ant nest soils was similar. The abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased in the nest soils of red imported fire ants. We believe that red imported fire ants deliberately increase the abundance of Actinobacteria to reduce the harm cause by pathogenic bacteria in the nests. This study provides reference data for the changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities caused by the adaptations of red imported fire ants to different habitat soils.AbstractThe red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invictaBuren) is a highly adaptable invasive species that can nest and reproduce in different habitat soils. We aimed to explore the adaptability of red imported fire ants in different habitats by analyzing changes in the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities. Five habitat types (forest, tea plantation, rice field, lawn, and brassica field) were selected. The results showed that the pH of the nest soils increased significantly in all five habitats compared to the control soils of the same habitat. A significant increase in nitrogen content was detected in the nests. The Cr, Pb, Cu, and Ni levels were significantly reduced in the soils of the five habitats, due to nesting activities. Analysis of the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community showed that, although the richness and diversity of bacteria in the nest soils of red imported fire ants in the five habitats varied, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased and it emerged as the dominant bacterial group. These results indicate that red imported fire ants modify the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities to create a suitable habitat for survival and reproduction.