PurposeFew related factors of low bone mass in Cushing's disease (CD) have been identified so far, and relevant sufficient powered studies in CD patients are rare. On account of the scarcity of data, we performed a well-powered study to identify related factors associated with low bone mass in young CD patients.MethodsThis retrospective study included 153 CD patients (33 males and 120 females, under the age of 50 for men and premenopausal women). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the left hip and lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In this study, low bone mass was defined when the Z score was −2.0 or lower.ResultsAmong those CD patients, low bone mass occurred in 74 patients (48.37%). Compared to patients with normal BMD, those patients with low bone mass had a higher level of serum cortisol at midnight (22.31 (17.95-29.62) vs. 17.80 (13.75-22.77),p=0.0006), testosterone in women (2.10 (1.33–2.89) vs. 1.54 (0.97–2.05),p=0.0012), higher portion of male (32.43% vs. 11.54%,p=0.0016) as well as hypertension (76.12% vs. 51.67%,p=0.0075), and lower IGF-1 index (0.59 (0.43–0.76) vs. 0.79 (0.60–1.02),p=0.0001). The Z score was positively associated with the IGF-1 index in both the lumbar spine (r= 0.35153,p< 0.0001) and the femoral neck (r= 0.24418,p=0.0057). The Z score in the femoral neck was negatively associated with osteocalcin (r= −0.22744,p=0.0229). Compared to the lowest tertile of the IGF-1 index (<0.5563), the patients with the highest tertile of the IGF-1 index (≥0.7993) had a lower prevalence of low bone mass (95% CI 0.02 (0.001–0.50),p=0.0002), even after adjusting for confounders such as age, gender, duration, BMI, hypertension, serum cortisol at midnight, PTH, and osteocalcin.ConclusionsThe higher IGF-1 index was independently associated with lower prevalence of low bone mass in young CD patients, and IGF-1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD-caused low bone mass.