PurposePhoton radiation therapy (RT) is important in the treatment of many brain tumors but can negatively affect neurocognition. Proton therapy (PT) can reduce doses to normal brain structures. We compared photon and proton plans to estimate the potential benefit in cognition if the patient were treated with PT.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed 23 adult patients with proton and photon plans for the treatment of a primary brain tumor. Cognitive outcomes were predicted using converted equivalent dose (EQD2) with an α/β ratio of 3 to left temporal lobe and normal brain tissue. Risks of cognitive decline on 2 specific tests, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT [letter S], a test of verbal fluency) and the Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV Coding Test, a test of processing speed) were derived from a previously published model.ResultsDose reductions to left temporal lobe and normal brain tissue translated into lower estimated probabilities of impairment in specific neurocognitive test scores after PT. With a mean dose reduction from 1490 to 1092 cGy in EQD2 to the left temporal lobe (P< .001), there was reduction in probability of impairment in the COWAT (Letter S) test from 6.8% to 5.4%. Similar results were seen with the normal brain (750 to 451 cGy in EQD2,P< .001), with reduction in probability of impairment in the WAIS-IV Coding test from 5% to 4.1%. Other structures experiencing dose reduction with PT included each cochlea, posterior fossa, each temporal lobe, and each hippocampus.ConclusionWe confirmed an association between PT and lower doses to brain substructures, which is expected to result in a modest decrease in probability of impairment in neurocognitive test scoring. These findings should be confirmed in prospective cohorts of patients treated with PT.