Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection prevention behaviors vary from individual to individual, and it is necessary to identify factors related to such behaviors. This study investigated how college students’ social beliefs and health beliefs are related to their adherence to COVID-19 precautionary behaviors. An online survey was conducted among 200 Korean college students from 4 March to 30 June 2022. The variables associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors were evaluated, with social beliefs as the independent variable, health beliefs as the mediating variable, and COVID-19 precautionary behaviors as the dependent variable. A correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. The model fit was as follows: χ2/degrees of freedom = 1.64 (p< 0.001), Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.92, comparative fit index = 0.93, standardized root mean square residual = 0.06, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.06. Social complexity, as perceived by college students, was related to COVID-19 precautionary behaviors through mediating health beliefs (perceived benefits). To increase college students’ compliance with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors, it is necessary to identify social beliefs and accordingly propose interventions that focus on personal health beliefs.