This work develops an exposure-based optimal power flow
model (OPF)
that accounts for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure
from electricity generation unit (EGU) emissions. Advancing health-based
dispatch models to an OPF with transmission constraints and reactive
power flow is an essential development given its utility for short-
and long-term planning by system operators. The model enables the
assessment of the exposure mitigation potential and the feasibility
of intervention strategies while still prioritizing system costs and
network stability. A representation of the Illinois power grid is
developed to demonstrate how the model can inform decision making.
Three scenarios minimizing dispatch costs and/or exposure damages
are simulated. Other interventions assessed include adopting best-available
EGU emission control technologies, having higher renewable generation,
and relocating high-polluting EGUs. Neglecting transmission constraints
fails to account for 4% of exposure damages ($60 M/y) and dispatch
costs ($240 M/y). Accounting for exposure in the OPF reduces damages
by 70%, a reduction on the order of that achieved by high renewable
integration. About 80% of all exposure is attributed to EGUs fulfilling
only 25% of electricity demand. Siting these EGUs in low-exposure
zones avoids 43% of all exposure. Operation and cost advantages inherent
to each strategy beyond exposure reduction suggest their collective
adoption for maximum benefits.