Simple SummaryThe search for serum biomarkers of inflammatory activity in patients with immune-mediated diseases is an area of interest and has been the subject of multiple investigations in recent years. Calprotectin is a biomarker that can be used to identify inflammation and tissue damage and provide information on the extent and location of the damage. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the measurement of calprotectin levels is a sensitive biomarker for monitoring activity and a prognostic factor for the disease. It is well known that immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-related adverse effects due to their mechanism of action. Rheumatic adverse effects have been reported and are increasingly recognized. Calprotectin determination may be useful in the evaluation of these patients and in monitoring disease activity. There are no reports of calprotectin in patients with immune-related rheumatic adverse effects.AbstractBackground: this is an exploratory study to evaluate calprotectin serum levels in patients with rheumatic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Methods: this is a retrospective observational study including patients with irAEs rheumatic syndromes. We compared the calprotectin levels to those in a control group of patients with RA and with a control group of healthy individuals. Additionally, we included a control group of patients treated with ICI but without irAEs to check calprotectin levels. We also analysed the performance of calprotectin for the identification of active rheumatic disease using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Results: 18 patients with rheumatic irAEs were compared to a control group of 128 RA patients and another group of 29 healthy donors. The mean calprotectin level in the irAE group was 5.15 μg/mL, which was higher than the levels in both the RA group (3.19 μg/mL) and the healthy group (3.81 μg/mL) (cut-off 2 μg/mL). Additionally, 8 oncology patients without irAEs were included. In this group, calprotectin levels were similar to those of the healthy controls. In patients with active inflammation, the calprotectin levels in the irAE group were significantly higher (8.43 μg/mL) compared to the RA group (3.94 μg/mL). ROC curve analysis showed that calprotectin had a very good discriminatory capacity to identify inflammatory activity in patients with rheumatic irAEs (AUC of 0.864). Conclusions: the results suggest that calprotectin may serve as a marker of inflammatory activity in patients with rheumatic irAEs induced by treatment with ICIs.