This study presents a novel approach for estimating vital capacity using cough sounds and proposes a neural network-based model that utilizes the reference vital capacity computed using the lambda-mu-sigma method, a conventional approach, and the cough peak flow computed based on the cough sound pressure level as inputs. Additionally, a simplified cough sound input model is developed, with the cough sound pressure level used directly as the input instead of the computed cough peak flow. A total of 56 samples of cough sounds and vital capacities were collected from 31 young and 25 elderly participants. Model performance was evaluated using squared errors, and statistical tests including the Friedman and Holm tests were conducted to compare the squared errors of the different models. The proposed model achieved a significantly smaller squared error (0.052 L2,p< 0.001) than the other models. Subsequently, the proposed model and the cough sound-based estimation model were used to detect whether a participant’s vital capacity was lower than the typical lower limit. The proposed model demonstrated a significantly higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.831,p< 0.001) than the other models. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed model for screening decreased vital capacity.