Land surface microwave emissivity is crucial to the accurate retrieval of surface and atmospheric parameters and the assimilation of microwave data into numerical models over land. The microwave radiation imager (MWRI) sensors aboard on Chinese FengYun-3 (FY-3) series satellites provide valuable measurements for the derivation of global microwave physical parameters. In this study, an approximated microwave radiation transfer equation was used to estimate land surface emissivity from MWRI by using brightness temperature observations along with corresponding land and atmospheric properties obtained from ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Surface microwave emissivity at the 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz vertical and horizontal polarizations was derived. Then, the global spatial distribution and spectrum characteristics of emissivity over different land cover types were investigated. The seasonal variations of emissivity for different surface properties were presented. Furthermore, the error source was also discussed in our emissivity derivation. The results showed that the estimated emissivity was able to capture the major large-scale features and contains a wealth of information regarding soil moisture and vegetation density. The emissivity increased with the increase in frequency. The smaller surface roughness and increased scattering effect may result in low emissivity. Desert regions showed high emissivity microwave polarization difference index (MPDI) values, which suggested the high contrast between vertical and horizontal microwave signals in this region. The emissivity of the deciduous needleleaf forest in summer was almost the greatest among different land cover types. There was a sharp decrease in the emissivity at 89 GHz in the winter, possibly due to the influence of deciduous leaves and snowfall. The land surface temperature, the radio-frequency interference, and the high-frequency channel under cloudy conditions may be the main error sources in this retrieval. This work showed the potential capabilities of providing continuous and comprehensive global surface microwave emissivity from FY-3 series satellites for a better understanding of its spatiotemporal variability and underlying processes.