Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe is technically challenging. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcome of both superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and liver resection (LR) for HCC occurring exclusively in the caudate lobe. From January 2008 to September 2021, a total of 129 patients were diagnosed with HCC of the caudate lobe. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the potential clinical factors and established prognostic nomograms with interval validation. Of the total number of patients, 78 received TACE and 51 received LR. The overall survival (OS) rates (TACEvs. LR) at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 83.9%vs. 71.0%; 74.2%vs. 61.3%; 58.1%vs. 48.4%; 45.2%vs. 45.2%; and 32.3%vs. 25.0%, respectively. However, subgroup analysis revealed that TACE was superior to LR for treating patients with stage IIb Chinese liver cancer (CNLC-IIb) in the entire cohort (p= 0.002). Interestingly, no difference was found between TACE and LR in the treatment outcomes of CNLC-IIa HCC (p= 0.6). Based on Child-Pugh A and B calculations, TACE tended to lead to a better OS than LR (p= 0.081 and 0.16, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh score, CNLC stage, ascites, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), tumor size, and anti-HCV are related to OS. Predictive nomograms for 1, 2, and 3 years were performed. Based on this study, TACE may provide a longer OS than liver resection for patients with CNLC-IIb HCC of the caudate lobe. Because this suggestion is limited by the study design and relatively small sample size, additional randomized controlled trials are needed.