AbstractObjectivesUreaplasmaspecies are the most frequently isolated microorganisms in cases of spontaneous preterm labor, premature rupture of the membranes, or chorioamnionitis.Case presentationA woman at 28+6weeks of gestation with no apparent history of interest presented at the hospital with contractions. Upon suspicion of chorioamnionitis, the patient was admitted for a low segment transverse cesarean section, which was completed without any complications. The patient was discharged at 7 days. The newborn remained stable and showed no clinical signs of infection. However, on suspicion of chorioamnionitis, empirical treatment with intravenous ampicillin (2 g every 6 h) and gentamicin (5 mg/kg once daily) was initiated. Samples of pharyngeal/tonsillar, ear, and anal/rectal exudates were collected. At 24 h, all samples were positive forUreaplasma parvum. Empirical treatment was suspended, and treatment with intravenous azithromycin was initiated (12 mg once daily). Endocervical and placental exudates were also positive forU. parvum. Fifty-two days after birth, the newborn was discharged.ConclusionsThe relationship betweenUreaplasmaspp. colonization and perinatal disease seem to be clear. However, the high frequency of vaginalUreaplasmaspp.colonization and high rates of term labor among pregnant women with this colonization make further studies necessary.