Glyoxal and methylglyoxal are important volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. The gas–particle partitioning of these carbonyl compounds makes significant contributions to O3formation. In this study, both the gas- and particle-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the foot and top of Mount Hua were determined simultaneously. The results showed that the gaseous-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the top were higher than those at the foot of the mountain. However, the concentrations for the particle phase showed the opposite trend. The average theoretical values of the gas–particle partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations (4.57 × 10−10and 9.63 × 10−10m3μg−1, respectively) were lower than the observed values (3.79 × 10−3and 6.79 × 10−3m3μg−1, respectively). The effective Henry’s law constants (eff.KH) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were in the order of 108to 109mol/kgH2O/atm, and they were lower at the foot than they were at the top. The particle/gas ratios (P/G ratios) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were 0.039 and 0.055, respectively, indicating more glyoxal and methylglyoxal existed in the gas phase. The factors influencing the partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were positively correlated with the relative humidity (RH) and negatively correlated with the PM2.5value. Moreover, the partitioning coefficient of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal was more significant at the top than at the foot of Mount Hua.