Treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) has been modified due to the development of immunotherapy. We assessed survival outcomes (overall [OS] and progression-free [rwPFS] survivals, time-to-next-treatment [TNT]) in mNSCLC patients after first-line immunotherapy and chemotherapy in real-life settings. Association between rwPFS and TNT, two candidate surrogate endpoints (SE), with OS was assessed. This retrospective multi-center study uses data from patients included in the Epidemio-Strategy Medico-Economic program with mNSCLC over 2015–2019. The impact of treatment on rwPFS/OS was evaluated with Cox models. Individual-level associations between SE and OS were estimated with an iterative multiple imputation approach and joint survival models. The population included 5294 patients (63 years median age). Median OS in immunotherapy group was 16.4 months (95%CI [14.1–NR]) and was higher than in chemotherapy group (11.6 months; 95%CI [11.0–12.2]). Improved OS was observed for the immunotherapy group after 3 months for subjects with performance status 0–1 (HR = 0.59; 95%CI [0.42–0.83], p < 0.01). The associations between rwPFS and TNT with OS were close (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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				\begin{document}$$\uptau$$\end{document}τ=0.57). Results emphasized a survival improvement with immunotherapy for patients in good health condition. There was moderate evidence of individual-level association between candidate SE and OS.