The oily rejuvenator acted as the healing agent in microvasculars. A tensile test was designed to evaluate the self-healing efficiency of asphalt affected by microvascular number, self-healing time and temperature. It was found that the healing agent was slowly released through the microporous channels on the inner shell of the microvascular. The release modes of the agent can work together to improve the self-healing efficiency. The self-healing values of the three samples (asphalt, asphalt/microvasculars without rejuvenator and asphalt/microvasculars with rejuvenator) are 51%, 53%, and 71%. The self-healing capability of the asphalt samples with a healing agent is much greater than that of the other two without a healing agent at the same time. More microvascular rupture at the asphalt sample interface led to a higher self-healing efficiency. The self-healing efficiency values of the three samples (asphalt samples with one, two, and three microvasculars) are 52%, 67%, and 73%, respectively. The self-healing efficiency of the same sample increased during 1–3 days from 26% to 88% in one self-healing cycle. The self-healing efficiency value indicated that increasing the temperature improved each sample’s self-healing efficiency. The above trend of change also applies to the second self-healing process. A higher temperature reduces the resistance to molecular motion and accelerates the molecular action of bitumen and the healing agent. The time–temperature equivalence principle can be fully applied to comprehend asphalt self-healing.