AbstractSeveral regions of the world frequently use the speciesMoringa oleiferaLam. (Moringaceae) in traditional medicine. This situation is even more common in African countries. Many literature reports point to the antimalarial potential of this species, indicating the efficacy of its chemical compounds against malaria-causing parasites of the genusPlasmodium. From this perspective, the present study reviews the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical (flavonoids) evidence ofM. oleifera, focusing on the treatment of malaria. Scientific articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. Only articles published between 2002 and 2022 were selected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this review used a total of 72 articles. These documents mention a large use ofM. oleiferafor the treatment of malaria in African and Asian countries. The leaves (63%) of this plant are the main parts used in the preparation of herbal medicines. Thein vivoantimalarial activity ofM. oleiferawas confirmed through several studies using polar and nonpolar extracts, fractions obtained from the extracts, infusion, pellets, and oils obtained from this plant and tested in rodents infected by the following parasites of the genusPlasmodium:P. berghei, P. falciparum, P. yoelii, andP. chabaudi. Extracts obtained fromM. oleiferashowed no toxicity in preclinical tests. A total of 46 flavonoids were identified in the leaves and seeds ofM. oleiferaby different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. Despite the scarcity of research on the antimalarial potential of compounds isolated fromM. oleifera, the positive effects against malaria-causing parasites in previous studies are likely to correlate with the flavonoids that occur in this species.