CucumberFusariumwilt is a worldwide soil-borne disease that seriously restricts the yield and quality of cucumber. The rhizosphere soil microbiome, as the first line of defense against pathogens invading plant roots, plays a key role in rhizosphere immune formation and function. The purpose of this study was to reveal the key microecological factors and dominant microbial flora affecting cucumber resistance and susceptibility toFusariumwilt by analyzing the physical and chemical properties and microbial flora of rhizosphere soil with different degrees of susceptibility and resistance to cucumberFusariumwilt, thereby laying a foundation to establish cucumber resistance to theFusariumwilt rhizosphere core microbiome. Firstly, Illumina Miseq sequencing technology was used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties and microbial groups of cucumber rhizosphere soil at different health levels, and the key environmental factors and microbial factors related to cucumberFusariumwilt were screened out. Subsequently, PICRUSt2 and FUNGuild were used to predict the functions of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. Combined with functional analysis, the possible interactions among soil physical and chemical properties, cucumber rhizosphere microorganisms, andFusariumwilt were summarized. The results showed that the available potassium content in the rhizosphere soil of healthy cucumber decreased by 10.37% and 0.56%, respectively, compared with the rhizosphere soil of severely susceptible cucumber and mildly susceptible cucumber. Exchangeable calcium content increased by 25.55% and 5.39%; the α diversity Chao1 index of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of healthy cucumber was significantly lower than that in the rhizosphere soil of seriously infected cucumber, and the MBC content of its physical and chemical properties was also significantly lower than that in the rhizosphere soil of seriously infected cucumber. There was no significant difference in the Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes between healthy cucumber rhizosphere soil and seriously infected cucumber rhizosphere soil. The results of the β diversity analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal community structure of healthy cucumber rhizosphere soil was significantly different from that of severely and mildly infected cucumber rhizosphere soil. At the genus level, through statistical analysis, LEfSe analysis, and RDA analysis, the key bacterial and fungal genera with potential biomarker values were screened out asSHA_26,Subgroup_22,MND1,Aeromicrobium,TM7a,Pseudorhodoplanes,Kocuria,Chaetomium,Fusarium,Olpidium,andScopulariopsis, respectively. The bacteriaSHA_26,Subgroup_22,andMND1related to cucumberFusariumwilt inhibition belong to Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria, respectively.Chaetomiaceabelongs to Sordariomycates. The results of functional prediction showed that changes to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway in the bacterial microbiota were concentrated in tetracycline biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, etc., which were mainly involved in the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, energy metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid metabolism, cell growth and death, transcription, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. The difference in fungi was mainly dung saprotroph–ectomycorrhizal–soil saprotroph–wood saprotroph. Through the correlation analysis and functional predictions of the key environmental factors, microbial flora, and cucumber health index in cucumber rhizosphere soil, we determined that the inhibition of cucumberFusariumwilt was a synergistic effect of environmental factors and microbial flora, and a model diagram was drawn to briefly explain its mechanism. This work will provide a basis for the biological control of cucumberFusariumwilt in the future.