BackgroundA pertinent risk factor of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and pneumonia is the exposure to major ambient air pollutants, with short term exposures to different air pollutants being shown to exacerbate several respiratory conditions.MethodsHere, using disease surveillance data comprising of reported disease case counts at the province level, high frequency ambient air pollutant and climate data in Thailand, we delineated the association between ambient air pollution and URTI/Pneumonia burden in Thailand from 2000 – 2022. We developed mixed-data sampling methods and estimation strategies to account for the high frequency nature of ambient air pollutant concentration data. This was used to evaluate the effects past concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) and the number of disease case count, after controlling for the confounding meteorological and disease factors.ResultsAcross provinces, we found that past increases in CO, SO2,and PM2.5concentration were associated to changes in URTI and pneumonia case counts, but the direction of their association mixed. The contributive burden of past ambient air pollutants on contemporaneous disease burden was also found to be larger than meteorological factors, and comparable to that of disease related factors.ConclusionsBy developing a novel statistical methodology, we prevented subjective variable selection and discretization bias to detect associations, and provided a robust estimate on the effect of ambient air pollutants on URTI and pneumonia burden over a large spatial scale.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-023-08185-0.