This study aimed to analyse clinical and laboratory findings in primary care patients with respiratory tract infections to distinguish the group more likely to receive antibiotic treatment. The study group consisted of 631 patients (264 males; 367 females) with a median age of 48 years (IQR 36–63 years). Analysed groups included patients treated with antibiotics (n = 269 patients; 43%) and those who recovered without antibiotic treatment (n = 362 patients; 57%). Patients receiving antibiotics were older (median 51 vs. 47 years;p= 0.008) and more commonly developed fever (77% vs. 25%,p< 0.0001) and cough (63% vs. 30%;p= 0.0014). Moreover, they more frequently presented wheezing and crackles upon physical examination (28% vs. 4% and 9% vs. 0.3%;p< 0.0001 andp< 0.0001, respectively). They also had more comorbidities and came to more follow-up visits (median of 4 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 1,p< 0.0001 andp< 0.0001, respectively). Patients receiving symptomatic therapy more often had positive point-of-care tests (POCTS)—20% vs. 7%;p= <0.0001. Multivariate analysis in our cohort found comorbidities complexity (odds ratio—OR 2.62; 95% confidence interval—1.54–4.46), fever (OR 32.59; 95%CI 19.15–55.47), crackles (OR 26.35; 95%CI 2.77–250.81) and the number of visits (OR 4.15; 95%CI 2.39–7.20) as factors increasing the probability of antibiotic treatment. Positive influenza POCTS reduced the risk of antibiotic therapy (OR 0.0015; 95%CI 0.0001–0.0168).