Drosophila subobscurais considered a good model species for investigation of a population’s ability to adapt and cope with climate changes. Decade long research has shown that inversion frequencies change in response to environmental factors indicating their role in adaptation to novel environments. The mechanisms behind organisms’ responses to temperature are complex, involving changes in physiology, behavior, gene expression and regulation. On the other hand, a population’s ability to respond to suboptimal conditions depends on standing genetic variation and population history. In order to elucidate the role of local adaptation in population response to the changing temperature, we investigated the response to temperature inD. subobscuraindividuals originating from two different altitudes by combining traditional cytogenetic techniques with assessing the levels of Hsp70 protein expression. Inversion polymorphism was assessed in the flies sampled from natural populations and in flies reared in laboratory conditions at three different temperatures after five and sixteen generations and Hsp70 protein expression profile in 12th generation flies at the basal level and after heat shock induction. Our results indicate that local adaptation and population history influence population response to the changing temperature.