The effect of laser shock peening (LSP) on the microhardness and tensile properties of laser cladding (LC) 30CrMnSiNi2A high-strength steel was studied. After LSP, the microhardness of the cladding zone reached approximately 800 HV0.2, which was 25% higher than that of the substrate, while the cladding zone without LSP had an approximately 18% increase in its microhardness. Two strengthening processes were designed: groove LSP + LC + surface LSP versus LC + surface LSP. The former's tensile strength and yield strength were less than 10% weaker than those of forged materials, which is the best mechanical property recovery found in LC samples. The microstructural characteristics of the LC samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction. Under the action of the laser-induced shock wave, the grain size of the LC sample surface was refined, the low-angle grain boundaries on the surface layer increased significantly, and the austenite grain length was reduced from 30–40 μm in the deep layer to 4–8 μm in the surface layer. In addition, LSP modulated the residual stress field, hence preventing the weakening effect of the LC process's thermal stress on the components' mechanical properties.