MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNA expression is commonly observed in cancer, and it can contribute to malignant cell growth. Melanoma is the most fatal type of skin malignant neoplasia. Some microRNAs can be prospective biomarkers for melanoma in stage IV (advanced) at higher risk of relapses and require validation for diagnostic purposes. This work aimed to (1) determine the most significant microRNA biomarker candidates in melanoma using content analysis of the scientific literature, (2) to show microRNA biomarker candidates’ diagnostic efficacy between melanoma patients and healthy control groups in a small-scale preliminary study by blood plasma PCR analysis, (3) to determine significant microRNA markers of the MelCher human melanoma cell line, which are also detected in patients with melanoma, that can be used as markers of drug anti-melanoma activity, and (4) test anti-melanoma activity of humic substances and chitosan by their ability to reduce level of marker microRNAs. The content analysis of the scientific literature showed thathsa-miR-149-3p,hsa-miR-150-5p,hsa-miR-193a-3p,hsa-miR-21-5p, andhsa-miR-155-5pare promising microRNA biomarker candidates for diagnosing melanoma. Estimating microRNA in plasma samples showed thathsa-miR-150-5pandhsa-miR-155-5pmay have a diagnostic value for melanoma in stage IV (advanced). When comparing ΔCthsa-miR-150-5pand ΔCthsa-miR-155-5plevels in melanoma patients and healthy donors, statistically significant differences were found (p= 0.001 andp= 0.001 respectively). Rates ΔCt were significantly higher among melanoma patients (medians concerning the reference genemiR-320awere 1.63 (1.435; 2.975) and 6.345 (4.45; 6.98), respectively). Therefore, they persist only in plasma from the melanoma patients group but not in the healthy donors group. In human wild-type stage IV melanoma (MelCher) cell culture, the presence ofhsa-miR-150-5pandhsa-miR-155-5pin supernatant was detected. The ability of humic substance fractions and chitosan to reduce levels ofhsa-miR-150-5pandhsa-miR-155-5pwas tested on MelCher cultures, which is associated with anti-melanoma activity. It was found that the hymatomelanic acid (HMA) fraction and its subfraction UPLC-HMA statistically significantly reduced the expression ofmiR-150-5pandmiR-155-5p(p≤ 0.05). For the humic acid (HA) fraction, this activity was determined only to reducemiR-155-5p(p≤ 0.05). Ability to reducemiR-150-5pandmiR-155-5pexpression on MelCher cultures was not determined for chitosan fractions with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, 120 kDa, or 500 kDa. Anti-melanoma activity was also determined in the MTT test on MelCher cultures for explored substances. The median toxic concentration (TC50) was determined for HA, HMA and UPLC-HMA (39.3, 39.7 and 52.0 μg/mL, respectively). For 10 kDa, 120 kDa, or 500 kDa chitosan fractions TC50 was much higher compared to humic substances (508.9, 6615.9, 11352.3 μg/mL, respectively). Thus, our pilot study identified significant microRNAs for testing the in vitro anti-melanoma activity of promising drugs and melanoma diagnostics in patients. Using human melanoma cell cultures gives opportunities to test new drugs on a culture that has a microRNA profile similar to that of patients with melanoma, unlike, for example, murine melanoma cell cultures. It is necessary to conduct further studies with a large number of volunteers, which will make it possible to correlate the profile of individual microRNAs with specific patient data, including the correlation of the microRNA profile with the stage of melanoma.