BackgroundGlobally, despite prostate cancer (PCa) representing second most prevalent malignancy in male, the precise molecular mechanisms implicated in its pathogenesis remain unclear. Consequently, elucidating the key molecular regulators that govern disease progression could substantially contribute to the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies, ultimately advancing the management of PCa.MethodsA total of 49 PCa tissues and 43 adjacent normal tissues were collected from January 2017 to December 2021 at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. The advanced transcriptomic methodologies were employed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs in PCa. The expression of aspartoacylase (ASPA) in PCa was thoroughly evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting techniques. To elucidate the inhibitory role of ASPA in PCa cell proliferation and metastasis, a comprehensive set of in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted, including orthotopic and tumor-bearing mouse models (n= 8 for each group). A combination of experimental approaches, such as Western blotting, luciferase assays, immunoprecipitation assays, mass spectrometry, glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments, and rescue studies, were employed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of ASPA’s action in PCa. The Student’st-test was employed to assess the statistical significance between two distinct groups, while one-way analysis of variance was utilized for comparisons involving more than two groups. A two-sidedPvalue of less than 0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance.ResultsASPA was identified as a novel inhibitor of PCa progression. The expression of ASPA was found to be significantly down-regulated in PCa tissue samples, and its decreased expression was independently associated with patients’ prognosis (HR= 0.60, 95% CI 0.40–0.92,P= 0.018). Our experiments demonstrated that modulation of ASPA activity, either through gain- or loss-of-function, led to the suppression or enhancement of PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. The inhibitory role of ASPA in PCa was further confirmed using orthotopic and tumor-bearing mouse models. Mechanistically, ASPA was shown to directly interact with the LYN and inhibit the phosphorylation of LYN as well as its downstream targets, JNK1/2 and C-Jun, in both PCa cells and mouse models, in an enzyme-independent manner. Importantly, the inhibition of LYN activation by bafetinib abrogated the promoting effect ofASPAknockdown on PCa progression in both in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, we observed an inverse relationship between ASPA expression and LYN activity in clinical PCa samples, suggesting a potential regulatory role of ASPA in modulating LYN signaling.ConclusionOur findings provide novel insights into the tumor-suppressive function of ASPA in PCa and highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the management of this malignancy.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40779-023-00460-0.