ObjectiveBone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) impacts fertility in women by affecting the menstrual cycle and embryonic development. We aimed to determine the reproductive toxicity ofEscherichia coli(E. coli)-derived recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) by measuring changes in the reproductive performance and organs in rhBMP-2-treated rats.MethodsOverall, 88 male and female rats each were categorized into one control and three experimental groups. rhBMP-2 was intravenously administered to the experimental groups at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.50 mg/kg/day, respectively. The male rats were administered rhBMP-2 daily, starting from 28 days before mating until the day of necropsy (48 days), after which they were euthanized and necropsied. The female rats were administered rhBMP-2 daily, starting from 14 days before mating until 7 days after fertilization (22–36 days), after which they were necropsied 13 days after fertilization.ResultsNo rhBMP-2-related death occurred throughout the study period. All rhBMP-2-treated groups showed swelling in the tail at the site of rhBMP-2 administration. In the high-dose rhBMP-2 group, the male rats showed a slight reduction in body weight and food consumption, whereas the female rats showed a reduction in the weights of the ovary and oviduct. Examining the fertilization status and necropsy showed no effect of rhBMP-2 on fertility and early embryonic development. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of rhBMP-2 was 0.50 mg/kg/day in all rats.ConclusionrhBMP-2 had no reproductive toxicity on the reproductive performance and organs in female and male rats. Therefore, these results provide new toxicology information onE. coli-derived rhBMP-2 as a therapeutic protein.