Lonicera japonicaThunb. is a widely distributed plant with ornamental, economic, edible, and medicinal values.L. japonicais a phytoantibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and a potent therapeutic effect on various infectious diseases. The anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-depression, antioxidative, immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-gout, and anti-alcohol-addiction effects ofL. japonicacan also be explained by bioactive polysaccharides isolated from this plant. Several researchers have determined the molecular weight, chemical structure, and monosaccharide composition and ratio ofL. japonicapolysaccharides by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and chromatography. This article searched in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI databases within the last 12 years, using “Lonicera. japonicapolysaccharides”, “Lonicera. japonicaThunb. polysaccharides”, and “Honeysuckle polysaccharides” as the key word, systematically reviewed the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship, and health benefits ofL. japonicapolysaccharides to provide insights for future studies. Further, we elaborated on the potential applications ofL. japonicapolysaccharides in the food, medicine, and daily chemical industry, such as usingL. japonicaas raw material to make lozenges, soy sauce and toothpaste, etc. This review will be a useful reference for the further optimization of functional products developed fromL. japonicapolysaccharides.