PurposeStroke is a documented risk factor for hip fracture(HF). However, no data is currently available on this issue in mainland China, we therefore assessed the risk of hip fracture after new-onset stroke using a cohort study.MethodsThis study included 165,670 participants without a history of stroke at baseline from the Kailuan study. All participants were followed biennially until December 31, 2021. During follow-up, a total of 8,496 new-onset stroke cases were identified. For each case subject, four control subjects was randomly selected, matched for age (± 1 years) and sex. The final analysis comprised 42,455 pair-matched cases and controls. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the effect of new-onset stroke on the risk of hip fracture.ResultsDuring an average follow-up of 8.87 (3.94) years, a total of 231 hip fracture cases occurred, 78 cases in the stroke group and 153 cases in the control group, with incidence rates of 1.12 and 0.50 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative incidence of the stroke group was higher than that of the controls (P< 0.01). The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of hip fractures in the stroke group was 2.35 (1.77 to 3.12) (P< 0.001) to controls. After stratifying by gender, age, and body mass index, the higher risk was revealed in female (HR 3.10, 95 CI: 2.18 to 6.14,P< 0.001), age < 60 years old (HR 4.12, 95% CI: 2.18 to 7.78,P< 0.001), and non-obesity (BMI<28 kg/m2) (HR 1.74, 95% CI:1.31 to 2.31,P< 0.001) subgroup.ConclusionsStroke significantly increases the risk of hip fracture, strategy for protecting stroke patients from falls and hip fractures should be emphasized in poststroke long-term management, particularly the female, age < 60 years old, and non-obese patients.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-023-15787-5.