This in vitro study aimed to analyse the effect of various children’s toothpastes on erosive tooth wear of primary bovine enamel and dentin. Enamel and dentin specimens (n = 12) were cyclically eroded (6 × 60 s/d, citric acid, pH 2.4) and brushed (2 × 15 s/d, 2 N) over 5 days. Nine fluoride toothpastes (500 to 1450 ppm) and eight toothpastes containing no fluoride or other active ingredients (hydroxyapatite and/or xylitol) were tested. Unbrushed specimens served as control. Tissue loss was quantified using widefield confocal microscopy and statistically analysed using two-way and one-way ANOVAs followed by Scheffe’s (enamel) or Tamhane’s (dentin) post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Only one fluoride toothpaste (1400 ppm) was able to reduce erosive wear of enamel significantly by 15% compared to the control (padj.= 0.002). All fluoridated toothpastes reduced dentin surface loss significantly by 32 to 69% compared to the control (padj.≤ 0.001), while fluoride-free toothpastes were unable to reduce dentin loss significantly (padj.≥ 0.971). Most fluoridated toothpastes caused less erosive wear compared to fluoride-free toothpastes. Children toothpastes containing fluoride were more effective in reducing erosive wear compared to toothpastes containing no fluoride or other active ingredients.