﻿AbstractDuring surveys conducted on NeotropicalVanilla, a new endemic species was found in the Brazilian campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range. Here, this new remarkableVanillaspecies, namelyV.rupicolaPansarin & E.L.F. Menezes, is described and illustrated. A phylogeny forVanillais presented and the relationships between Neotropical species are discussed. The position ofV.rupicolaamong NeotropicalVanillais discussed within an evolutionary context.Vanillarupicolais recognized by its rupicolous habit, its reptant stems, and its sessile and rounded leaves. This remarkable new taxon emerges in a clade that includesV.appendiculataRolfe andV.hartiiRolfe. Vegetative and floral features support a close relationship betweenV.rupicolaand sister taxa, mainly regarding the apical inflorescence (V.appendiculata), the type of appendages of the central crest of the labellum, and the labellar color pattern. Phylogenetic inference suggests that the circumscription of NeotropicalVanillagroups needs revision.