Achieving a high level of COVID-19 vaccination coverage in a conflict-affected setting is challenging. The objective of this paper is to shed further light on the main determinants of vaccination coverage using a large, cross-sectional sample (October–November 2022) of over 17,000 adults in Syria. We find evidence that certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics describe a core set of vaccination personas. Men, older respondents, and those who are more educated and trust information received from healthcare authorities are more likely to be vaccinated. Healthcare workers in this sample are highly vaccinated. Furthermore, respondents with more positive views towards COVID-19 vaccines are also more likely to be willing to be vaccinated. By contrast, respondents who believe that vaccines are associated with significant side effects are also more likely to refuse vaccination. In addition, younger respondents and women, as well as those with a lower level of education, are more likely to refuse to be vaccinated. Respondents with a neutral attitude towards vaccines are also more likely to be undecided, whereas respondents who are refusing to get vaccinated are more likely to trust the information received from private doctors, private clinics, as well as social media and, more broadly, the internet.