AbstractBackground:Leclercia adecarboxylatais a Gram-negative bacillus that can rarely cause infections in humans. We recently treated a case of peritonitis due toL. adecarboxylatain a peritoneal dialysis (PD) pediatric patient, and we systematically reviewed all the relevant reported cases in the literature.Methods:We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases, and we reviewed 13 such cases (2 children, 11 adults) that were reported, including our patient.Results:The mean (±SE) age was 53.2 ± 22.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1:1.6. Their mean vintage period on PD prior toL. adecarboxylataperitonitis was 37.5 ± 25.3 months. The VITEK card was the identification diagnostic tool in most cases (63%). The antimicrobial agent that was most frequently used was ceftazidime, which was implemented in 50% of cases as initial therapy, either as a monotherapy or combination therapy; in only two patients (15.3%) was the Tenkhoff catheter removed. The median duration of treatment was 18 days (range of 10–21 days), and all 13 patients that were reviewed were healed.Conclusions:Physicians should be aware thatL. adecarboxylatais noted to rarely cause peritonitis in PD patients; however, this pathogen seems to be sensitive to most antimicrobial agents and can result in a favorable outcome with the selection of appropriate treatment.