In order to clarify the mechanism of diurnal changes in photosynthesis of leaves of different leaf ages inCamellia oleifera, current-year leaves (CLs) and annual leaves (ALs) were used as the test materials to analyze the diurnal changes in photosynthetic parameters, assimilate contents and enzyme activities, as well as structural differences and expression levels of sugar transport regulating genes. The rate of net photosynthesis in CLs and ALs was highest in the morning. During the day, there was a decrease in the CO2assimilation rate, and this decrease was greater in ALs than in CLs at midday. The maximal efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) showed a decreasing trend as the sunlight intensity increased, but no significant difference between CLs and ALs was found. Compared with CLs, ALs showed a greater decrease in the carbon export rate at midday and the levels of sugars and starch increased significantly in ALs, accompanied by higher enzyme activity of sucrose synthetase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. In addition, compared with CLs, ALs had a larger leaf vein area and higher leaf vein density, as well as higher expression levels of sugar transport regulating genes during the day. It is concluded that the excessive accumulation of assimilate is an important factor contributing to the midday depression of photosynthesis inCamellia oleiferaannual leaves on a sunny day. Sugar transporters may play an important regulatory role in excessive accumulation of assimilate in leaves.