Triglyceride (TG) metabolism is a key factor that affects residual feed intake (RFI); however, few studies have been conducted on the related gene expression in poultry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of genes and their associations with RFI in meat-type ducks. Weight gain and feed intake (FI) at an age 21–42 days were measured and the RFI was calculated. Quantitative PCR was used to test the expression of the six identified genes, namely peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), glycerol kinase 2 (GK2), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1), glycerol kinase (GYK), lipase E (LIPE), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the duodenum in the high RFI (HRFI) and low RFI (LRFI) groups. The results demonstrated that daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and RFI were markedly higher in HRFI ducks than those in LRFI ducks. Moreover, the levels of expression ofPPARγ,GK2, andLIPEwere significantly higher in the LRFI group than those in the HRFI group. Correlation analysis showed thatPPARγ,GK2, andLIPEwere significantly negatively associated with FCR and RFI. Furthermore, gene expression levels were negatively associated with the measured phenotype. The association ofGK2withPPARγ,GPD1,LPL, andLIPEwas positive. The relationship between the TG related gene and RFI was further verified to potentially develop pedigree poultry breeding programs. The results of this study suggested that the expression of genes correlated with TG metabolism and transport is up-regulated in the duodenum of ducks with high feed efficiency.PPARγ,GK2, andLIPEare important genes that affect RFI. The results of the present study provide information that could facilitate further explorations of the mechanism of RFI and potential markers at the molecular and cellular levels.