Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) is often performed to correct the transverse deficiency in the maxilla for skeletally mature patients. However, there is little consensus on the sagittal and vertical displacement of the maxilla after SARPE. This systematic review aims to analyze the position changes of the maxilla in the sagittal and vertical dimensions after the completion of SARPE. Registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022312103), this study complied with the 2020 PRISMA guideline and was conducted on 21 January 2023. Original studies were screened from MEDLINE (PubMed), Elsevier (SCOPUS), and Cochrane, and supplemented by hand-searching. Cephalometric changes of skeletal vertical and sagittal measurements were the focus. A fixed-effects model was applied in R for meta-analysis. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles were included in the final review. Four studies had a high risk of bias, and the other three had a medium risk of bias. Meta-analysis revealed that the SNA angle increased by 0.50° ± 0.08° (95% confidence interval, 0.33° to 0.66°), and the SN–PP angle increased by 0.60° ± 0.09° (95% confidence interval, 0.41° to 0.79°) after SARPE. In summary, the maxilla displayed statistically significant forward and clockwise downward movement after SARPE. However, the amounts were small and might not be clinically significant. Due to the high risk of bias of included studies, our results must be taken cautiously. Future studies are needed to discern the effects of direction and angulation of the osteotomies of SARPE on the displacement of the maxilla.