AbstractNegative self-beliefs are a core feature of psychopathology, encompassing both negative appraisals about oneself directly (i.e. self-judgment) and negative inferences of how the self is appraised by others (i.e. social judgment). Challenging maladaptive self-beliefs via cognitive restructuring is a core treatment mechanism of gold-standard psychotherapies. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the restructuring of these two kinds of negative self-beliefs are poorly understood. Eighty-six healthy participants cognitively restructured self-judgment and social-judgment negative self-belief statements during 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Cognitive restructuring broadly elicited activation in the core default mode network (DMN), salience and frontoparietal control regions. Restructuring self-judgment relative to social-judgment beliefs was associated with comparatively higher activation in the ventral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/retrosplenial cortex, while challenging social-judgment statements was associated with higher activation in the dorsal PCC/precuneus. While both regions showed increased functional connectivity with the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas during restructuring, the dorsal PCC displayed greater task-dependent connectivity with distributed regions involved in salience, attention and social cognition. Our findings indicate distinct patterns of PCC engagement contingent upon self- and social domains, highlighting a specialized role of the dorsal PCC in supporting neural interactions between the DMN and frontoparietal/salience networks during cognitive restructuring.