Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in the treatment of “primary aortic” (aneurysm, aortic dissection, penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU)) and “secondary aortic” (iatrogenic, trauma, and aortoesophageal fistula) pathologies. Methods: Retrospective review of a cohort of patients treated at a single tertiary referral center from 2015 to 2021. The primary end point was postoperative in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were the duration of the procedure, duration of postoperative intensive care treatment, length of hospital stay, and the nature and severity of postoperative complications according to the Dindo–Clavien classification. Results: A total of 34 patients underwent TEVAR for emergency indications. Twenty-two patients were treated for primary and twelve patients for secondary aortic pathologies. Concerning in-hospital mortality, no statistically significant difference could be observed between the primary and secondary aortic groups (27.3% vs. 33.3%,p= 0.711). Patients with an aortoesophageal fistula had a mortality rate of 66.7%. Postoperative morbidity (Dindo–Clavien > 3) was also not statistically significantly different between the primary and secondary aortic groups (36.4% vs. 33.3%,p= 0.86). Preoperative hemoglobin level (p< 0.001 for mortality,p= 0.002 for morbidity), hemoglobin level difference (p= 0.022,p= 0.032), postoperative creatinine level (p= 0.009,p= 0.035), and pre- and postoperative lactate levels (p< 0.001 for both mortality and morbidity) were found to be independent factors associated with postoperative mortality and morbidity (Dindo–Clavien > 3), respectively. The preoperative creatinine level was found to be associated with mortality (p= 0.024) but not morbidity. Conclusions: Morbidity and in-hospital mortality are still considerable after emergency TEVAR for both primary and secondary aortic indications. Pre- and postoperative levels of hemoglobin, creatinine, and lactate may be valuable to predict patient outcomes.