AbstractBackgroundCancer patients and survivors often experience acute cognitive impairments; however, the long‐term cognitive impact remains unclear particularly among Hispanics/Latinos. We examined the association between cancer history and neurocognitive test performance among middle‐aged and older Hispanic/Latinos.MethodsParticipants included 9639 Hispanic/Latino adults from the community‐based and prospective Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. At baseline (2008–2011; V1), participants self‐reported their cancer history. At V1 and again at a 7‐year follow‐up (2015–2018; V2), trained technicians administered neurocognitive tests including the Brief‐Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (B‐SEVLT), Word Fluency Test (WF), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSS). We used survey linear regression to estimate the overall, sex‐specific, and cancer site‐specific [i.e., cervix, breast, uterus, and prostate] adjusted associations between cancer history and neurocognitive test performance at V1 and changes from V1 to V2.ResultsAt V1, a history of cancer (6.4%) versus no history of cancer (93.6%) was associated with higher WF scores (β = 0.14, SE = 0.06;p= 0.03) and global cognition (β = 0.09, SE = 0.04;p= 0.04). Among women, a history of cervical cancer predicted decreases in SEVLT‐Recall scores (β = −0.31, SE = 0.13;p= 0.02) from V1 to V2, and among men, a history of prostate cancer was associated with higher V1 WF scores (β = 0.29, SE = 0.12;p= 0.02) and predicted increases in SEVLT‐Sum (β = 0.46, SE = 0.22;p= 0.04) from V1 to V2.ConclusionAmong women, a history of cervical cancer was associated with 7‐year memory decline, which may reflect the impacts of systemic cancer therapies. Among men, however, a history of prostate cancer was associated with improvements in cognitive performance, perhaps due in part to engaging in health promoting behaviors following cancer.