The vascular system plays a critical role in human physiology and diseases. It is a complex subject to study usingin vitromodels due to its dynamic and three-dimensional microenvironment. Microfluidic technology has recently become a popular technology in various biological fields for its advantages in mimicking complex microenvironments to an extent not achievable by more conventional platforms. Microfluidic technologies can reproduce different vascular system-related structures and functions that can be utilized for drug development and human diseases studies. Herein, we first review the relevant structural and functional vascular biology systems of various organ systems and then the fabrication methods to reproduce these vascular districts. We provide a thorough review of the latest achievement in vascular organ-on-chip modeling specific to lung, heart, and the brain microvasculature for drug screening and the study of human disorders.