Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are pathogenesis-related proteins with pivotal roles in plant defense mechanisms. In this study, various bioinformatics and RNA-seq methods were used to analyze the biotic and abiotic stress responses of the TLP family inPhyllostachys edulis. Overall, 81TLPgenes were identified inP. edulis; 166TLPsfrom four plant species were divided into three groups and ten subclasses, with genetic covariance observed between these species. Subcellular localization in silico studies indicated that TLPs were primarily distributed in the extracellular. Analysis of the upstream sequences ofTLPsdemonstrated the presence of cis-acting elements related to disease defense, environmental stress, and hormonal responses. Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that mostTLPspossessed five conserved REDDD amino acid sequences with only a few amino acid residue differences. RNA-seq analysis ofP. edulisresponses toAciculosporium take, the pathogenic fungus that causes witches’ broom disease, showed thatP. edulis TLPs(PeTLPs) were expressed in different organs, with the highest expression in buds.PeTLPsresponded to both abscisic acid and salicylic acid stress. ThesePeTLPexpression patterns were consistent with their gene and protein structures. Collectively, our findings provide a basis for further comprehensive analyses of the genes related to witches’ broom inP. edulis.