This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health-related behavior and psychosocial characteristics among adolescent female smokers in South Korea using data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) conducted in 2021. The analysis participants comprised 2407 adolescent smokers who were currently smoking, out of a sample of 54,835 participants. The characteristics of adolescent female smokers were examined by comparing them with those of adolescent male smokers. The results showed that male and female adolescent smokers accounted for 69.2% and 30.8% of the sample, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified school type, subjective socioeconomic status, physical activity, breakfast consumption, alcohol consumption, sexual experience, stress, generalized anxiety, and suicidal ideation as significant factors associated with adolescent female smokers. These findings provide important foundational data for the development of smoking-cessation programs and policies tailored specifically to adolescent female smokers.