More and more researchers are studying the heat transfer performance of aeronautical materials at high temperatures. In this paper, we use a quartz lamp to irradiate fused quartz ceramic materials, and the sample surface temperature and heat flux distribution were obtained at a heating power of 45~150 kW. Furthermore, the heat transfer properties of the material were analyzed using a finite element method and the effect of surface heat flow on the internal temperature field was investigated. The results show that the fiber skeleton structure has a significant effect on the thermal insulation performance of fiber-reinforced fused quartz ceramics and the longitudinal heat transfer along the rod fiber skeleton is slower. As time passes, the surface temperature distribution tends to stability and reaches an equilibrium state. The surface temperature of fused quartz ceramic increases with the increase in the radiant heat flux of the quartz lamp array. When the input power is 5 kW, the maximum surface temperature of the sample can reach 1153 °C. However, the non-uniformity of the sample surface temperature also increases, reaching a maximum uncertainty of 12.28%. The research in this paper provides important theoretical guidance for the heat insulation design of ultra-high acoustic velocity aircraft.