AbstractBackgroundPapiliomyces(Hypocreales,Sordariomycetes) was introduced to accommodate twospecies:PapiliomycesliangshanensisandPapiliomycesshibinensis. Later,Papiliomycesliangshanensiswas renamedOphiocordycepsliangshanensis. However, thePapiliomycesliangshanensismolecular data (Nepalese) used to establish thePapiliomycesgenus was different fromOphiocordycepsliangshanensis(China) strains.New informationThis paper describes a newspecies,Papiliomyceslongiclavatus, found in Yangchang District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China. It is proposed, based on morphology and multilocus phylogeny (ITS, SSU, LSU,TEF1,RPB1andRPB2). The newspeciesis phylogenetically most closely related toPapiliomycesliangshanensis(Nepalese collections). However,Papiliomycesliangshanensis(Nepalese collections) requires morphological details and additional detection. The newspeciesdiffers from otherPapiliomycesspeciesin having robust stroma with completely immersed perithecia, multi-septate ascospores, cylindrical secondary ascospores, two types of phialides and two types of conidia:longer α-conidia and longer β-conidia.