<s>[INST] context: cardiac output rarely occurs immediately after successful defibrillation. If after 2 minutes a pulse is not restored, a fuher biphasic shock of 150-200 joules is given. Thereafter, additional biphasic shocks of 150- 200 joules are given every 2 minutes after each cycle of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). During resuscitation, adrenaline (epinephrine, 1 mg i.v.) should be given every 3-5 minutes and consideration given to the use of intravenous amiodarone, especially if ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia reinitiates after successful defibrillation. ventricular fibrillation of low amplitude, or 'fine VF', may mimic asystole. If asystole cannot be confidently diagnosed, the patient should be regarded as having 'fine VF' and defibrillated. If an electrical rhythm is present that would be expected to produce a cardiac output, 'pulseless electrical activity' is present. There are several potentially reversible causes that can be easily remembered as a list of four Hs and four Ts (see Fig. 18.35). Pulseless electrical activity is treated by continuing CPR and adrenaline (epinephrine) administration whilst seeking such causes. Asystole is treated similarly, with the additional suppo of atropine and sometimes external or transvenous pacing in an attempt to generate an electrical rhythm. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2234 [/INST] question: Which of the following is/are included in treatment of ventricular fibrilation & subsequent cardiac arrest | options: A: Atropine B: External pacing C: Epinephrine D: Antiarrhythmic agents | answer: C </s>