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Solve the following problem using Python, implementing the functions described below, one line at a time
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Description:

def macaroon(self, version, expiry, caveats, ops):
        ''' Takes a macaroon with the given version from the oven,
        associates it with the given operations and attaches the given caveats.
        There must be at least one operation specified.
        The macaroon will expire at the given time - a time_before first party
        caveat will be added with that time.

        @return: a new Macaroon object.
        '''
        if len(ops) == 0:
            raise ValueError('cannot mint a macaroon associated '
                             'with no operations')

        ops = canonical_ops(ops)
        root_key, storage_id = self.root_keystore_for_ops(ops).root_key()

        id = self._new_macaroon_id(storage_id, expiry, ops)

        id_bytes = six.int2byte(LATEST_VERSION) + \
            id.SerializeToString()

        if macaroon_version(version) < MACAROON_V2:
            # The old macaroon format required valid text for the macaroon id,
            # so base64-encode it.
            id_bytes = raw_urlsafe_b64encode(id_bytes)

        m = Macaroon(
            root_key,
            id_bytes,
            self.location,
            version,
            self.namespace,
        )
        m.add_caveat(checkers.time_before_caveat(expiry), self.key,
                     self.locator)
        m.add_caveats(caveats, self.key, self.locator)
        return m