1 utdallas.edu/~metin 1 Introduction to Operations Management Chapter 1

2 utdallas.edu/~metin 2 Learning Objectives u Operations Management Introduction. u Manufacturing and Service Operations. u How can Operations Management help?

3 utdallas.edu/~metin 3 OM = Operations Management u Management of ANY activities/process that create goods and provide services »Exemplary Activities: u Forecasting u Scheduling, u Quality management Profit 10% OM Cost 20% Marketing Cost 25% Manufacturing Cost 45% u Why to study OM »Cost and profit breakdown at a typical manufacturing company »How to make more profit? u Cost cutting. u Which costs affect the revenue? »Management of operations is critical to create and maintain competitive advantages

4 utdallas.edu/~metin 4 Operations Management u Operations management: The management of the efficient transformation of inputs into outputs to effectively satisfy customers. u The active role of operations: –Inputs become Outputs after some Transformation (Process or Operation) –Food processing example: InputsTransformationOutputs Energy, Raw vegetablesCleaningClean vegetables Energy, Metal sheetsCutting/Rolling/WeldingCans Energy, VegetablesCutting/ChoppingCut vegetables Energy, Water, VegetablesCookingBoiled vegetables Energy, Cans, Boiled vegetablesPlacingCan food

5 utdallas.edu/~metin 5 Operations in services: Health care InputsProcessesOutputs Doctors, nursesExaminationHealthy patients HospitalSurgery Medical SuppliesMonitoring EquipmentMedication LaboratoriesTherapy SOM offers medical management MBA and Master of Science See http://som.utdallas.edu/amme/index.html. Question: What are Inputs, Processes and Outputs in education?

6 utdallas.edu/~metin 6 Operations are everywhere ! OperationsExamples Goods producingFarming, mining, construction Storage/transportationWarehousing, trucking, mail, taxis, buses, hotels ExchangeTrade, retailing, wholesaling, renting, leasing, loans EntertainmentRadio, movies, TV, concerts, recording CommunicationNewspapers, journals, radio, TV, telephones, satellite

7 utdallas.edu/~metin 7 OM at the core of Businesses u Three basic functions –Operations/Production »Goods oriented (manufacturing and assembly) »Service oriented (health care, transportation and retailing) »Value-added (the essence of the operations functions) –Finance-Accounting »Budgets (plan financial requirements) »Provision of funds (the necessary funding of the operations) –Marketing »Selling, Promoting »Assessing customer wants and needs Organizatio n Finance Operations Marketing

8 utdallas.edu/~metin 8 Marketing-OM-Finance should work together Operations Finance Marketing Accounting Industrial Engineering Operations Maintenance Public Relations Personnel Purchasing Distribution

9 utdallas.edu/~metin 9 Systems (Holistic) Approach u Emphasize interrelations among subsystems. u A systems approach is essential whenever something is being designed, redesigned, implemented, or improved. It is important to take into account the impact on all parts of the system. u Example: A new feature is added to a product. –Designer must take into account how customers will view the change, instructions for using new feature, the cost, training of workers, production schedule, quality standard, advertising must be informed about the new feature. “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”

10 utdallas.edu/~metin 10 Who has the D(ecision)? u Global vs. Local decision makers –How much authority local businesses should have to tailor products to the local tastes / market conditions? u Center vs. Business unit –Should a parent company have a say in a subsidiary’s capital investment? u Function vs. Function –Does product development or marketing decide on the standard features of a car? u Inside vs. Outside partners –Should the U.S. apparel manufacturers supervise hiring practices and monitor working conditions at their foreign suppliers? u Based on Who has the D? By Rogers and Blenko. HBR January 2006.

11 utdallas.edu/~metin 11 Degree of Standardization ! u Standardized output –Take advantage of »standardized methods, »less skilled workers, »standard materials. u Example: Iron, Wheat, most of commodities u Customized output –Each job is different –Workers must be skilled u Example: Hair cut, outputs of most service operations.

12 utdallas.edu/~metin 12 Manufacturing vs. Service Operations u Production of goods –Tangible products »Automobiles, Refrigerators, Aircrafts, Coats, Books, Sodas u Services –Repairs, Improvements, Transportation, Regulation »Regulatory bodies: Government, Judicial system, FAA, FDA »Entertainment services: Theaters, Sport activities »Exchange services: Wholesale/retail »Appraisal services: Valuation, House appraisal »Security services: Police force, Army »Financial services: Banks »Education: Universities, K-12 schools

13 utdallas.edu/~metin 13 Manufacturing vs. Service Operations u Differences with respect to 1.Customer contact 2.Uniformity of input 3.Labor content of jobs 4.Uniformity of output 5.Measurement of productivity 6.Production and delivery 7.Quality assurance 8.Amount of inventory

14 utdallas.edu/~metin 14 Manufacturing vs. Services CharacteristicManufacturingService OutputTangibleIntangible Customer contactLowHigh Uniformity of outputHighLow Labor contentLowHigh Uniformity of inputHighLow Measurement of productivityEasyDifficult Opportunity to correct quality problemsEasyDifficult Steel production Automobile fabrication Home remodeling Retail sales Auto Repair Appliance repair Maid Service Manual car wash Teaching Lawn mowing High percentage goodsLow percentage goods

15 utdallas.edu/~metin 15 Manufacturing vs. Service Industries in the U.S.

16 utdallas.edu/~metin 16 Responsibilities of Operations Management u Planning –Capacity, utilization –Location –Choosing products or services –Make or buy –Layout –Projects –Scheduling –Market share –Plan for risk reduction, plan B? –Forecasting SUPPLY SIDEDEMAND SIDE u Controlling –Inventory –Quality –Costs u Organization –Degree of standardization –Subcontracting –Process selection u Staffing –Hiring/lay off –Use of overtime –Incentive plans In a nutshell, the challenge is “Matching the Supply with Demand”

17 utdallas.edu/~metin 17 Supply Does Not Naturally Match Demand u Inventory results from a mismatch between supply and demand u Mismatch can take one of the following two forms –Supply waits for Demand »Inventory = Finished goods and resources –Demand waits for Supply »Inventory is negative or said to be backordered in manufacturing »Inventory = Waiting customers in services u Mismatch happens because –the demand varies –the capacity is rigid and finite. »If the capacity is infinite, products (or services) can be provided at an infinite rate and instantaneously as the demand happens. Then there is no mismatch.

18 utdallas.edu/~metin 18 Consequences of the Mismatch are Severe

19 utdallas.edu/~metin 19 Particular Examples of Demand-Supply Mismatch u Compaq estimated that it lost $0.5 B to $1 B in sales in 1995 because laptops were not available when and where needed u In 02-03 flu season, 12 M of 95 M doses of flu vaccines were not used in the US. For 03-04 season, 83=95-12 M doses were produced. In 03-04 season, there were widespread vaccine shortages causing flu-related deaths. u British Airways had seat utilization of 70.3% in the early 2000s. If it could increase utilization by 0.33% (by flying one more person on a 300 seat aircraft), it would create additional revenues equal to quarter 2 profits of 2001, which was $65 M. u In 2000, Playstation 2 of Sony were backordered by several weeks due to high demand. But X-Box of Microsoft did not sell well and was discounted by $100 per unit. –Discounting is a symptom of a problem in operations rather than being a usual practice.

20 utdallas.edu/~metin 20 There is $1.16 trillion ($1,160,000,000,000) of inventory in the US economy. Who Cares About Inventory in Manufacturing?

21 utdallas.edu/~metin 21 In service, waiting customers are even more important, but this inventory never shows up on the financial records. The Economic Impact is Worse in Services

22 utdallas.edu/~metin 22 Call center of Deutche Bahn Objective: 80% of incoming calls wait less than 20 seconds Early 2003: 30% of incoming calls wait less than 20 seconds Problem: Staffing levels of call centers / impact on efficiency OM Provides tools to balance responsiveness with efficiency Responsiveness Labor Productivity (e.g. $/call) Low High Low labor productivity High labor productivity Trade- off Very short waiting times, Comes at the expense of Frequent operator idle time Long waiting times, yet operators are almost fully utilized How can OM Help? Step 1: Help Making Operational Trade-Offs

23 utdallas.edu/~metin 23 Responsiveness Low High Eliminate inefficiencies Current frontier In the industry Labor Productivity (e.g. $/call) Low labor productivity High labor productivity Competitor A Competitor C Competitor B Example: Benchmarking shows the pattern above Do not just manage the current system… Change it! OM Provides tools to identify and eliminate inefficiencies How can OM Help? Step 2: Overcome Inefficiencies

24 utdallas.edu/~metin 24 Example: What will happen if we develop / purchase technology X? Better technologies are always (?) nice to have, but will they pay for themselves? OM provides tools to evaluate system designs before implementation Responsiveness Low High Redesign process Current frontier In the industry Labor Productivity (e.g. $/call) Low labor productivity High labor productivity New frontier How can OM Help? Step 3: Evaluate Redesigns/New Technologies

25 utdallas.edu/~metin 25 - What are the Tools? - They are the Models u Model: A structure which has been built purposefully to exhibit features and characteristics of another object. –A map is a model of …………………… –A toy car is a model of …………………… –A movie is a model of …………………… –An OM course is a model of …………………… u For –Improved understanding and communication »Easy to use, less expensive –Experimentation »Analysis of tradeoffs »Enable “what if” questions –Standardization and organization for analysis »Increase understanding of the problem »Consistent tool »Standardized format »Specific objectives u Abstraction vs. computability

26 utdallas.edu/~metin 26 Types of Models u Physical models (prototypes) u Schematic models (Graphs, charts, pictures) u Mathematical models, by application area »Statistical models u Linear regression »Linear programming »Queuing techniques »Inventory models u EOQ model »Project management models »Networks

27 utdallas.edu/~metin 27 Types of Mathematical Models by Employed Technique u Simulation models : to test a proposed idea – Monte Carlo Simulation u Optimization models : to create an optimal idea – Linear programming u Pattern recognition models : to recognize a pattern – Statistics, Forecasting, data mining

28 utdallas.edu/~metin 28 Summary u Operations Management Introduction. u Manufacturing and Service Operations. u How can Operations Management help?

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