README.md

---
task_categories:
- audio-classification
- automatic-speech-recognition
- audio-to-audio
- text-to-speech
language:
- bn
- en
- fr
- de
- it
- pl
- ru
- es
pretty_name: CAMEO
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: crema_d
    path: data/crema_d-*
  - split: cafe
    path: data/cafe-*
  - split: emns
    path: data/emns-*
  - split: emozionalmente
    path: data/emozionalmente-*
  - split: enterface
    path: data/enterface-*
  - split: jl_corpus
    path: data/jl_corpus-*
  - split: mesd
    path: data/mesd-*
  - split: nemo
    path: data/nemo-*
  - split: oreau
    path: data/oreau-*
  - split: pavoque
    path: data/pavoque-*
  - split: ravdess
    path: data/ravdess-*
  - split: resd
    path: data/resd-*
  - split: subesco
    path: data/subesco-*
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: file_id
    dtype: string
  - name: audio
    dtype: audio
  - name: emotion
    dtype: string
  - name: transcription
    dtype: string
  - name: speaker_id
    dtype: string
  - name: gender
    dtype: string
  - name: age
    dtype: string
  - name: dataset
    dtype: string
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: license
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: crema_d
    num_bytes: 342545273.67
    num_examples: 7442
  - name: cafe
    num_bytes: 54069210
    num_examples: 936
  - name: emns
    num_bytes: 156240766.84
    num_examples: 1205
  - name: emozionalmente
    num_bytes: 375477772.912
    num_examples: 6902
  - name: enterface
    num_bytes: 131666289.491
    num_examples: 1257
  - name: jl_corpus
    num_bytes: 69820340.8
    num_examples: 2400
  - name: mesd
    num_bytes: 14065423
    num_examples: 862
  - name: nemo
    num_bytes: 211847701.518
    num_examples: 4481
  - name: oreau
    num_bytes: 18889100
    num_examples: 502
  - name: pavoque
    num_bytes: 370348884.894
    num_examples: 5442
  - name: ravdess
    num_bytes: 51317971.48
    num_examples: 1440
  - name: resd
    num_bytes: 143550017.82
    num_examples: 1396
  - name: subesco
    num_bytes: 386556564
    num_examples: 7000
  download_size: 2295830304
  dataset_size: 2326395316.425
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
---
# CAMEO: Collection of Multilingual Emotional Speech Corpora

## Dataset Description
**CAMEO** is a curated collection of multilingual emotional speech datasets. 
It includes 13 distinct datasets with transcriptions, encompassing a total of 41,265 audio samples. 
The collection features audio in eight languages: Bengali, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish.

## Example Usage

The dataset can be loaded and processed using the datasets library:

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("amu-cai/CAMEO", split=split)
```

## Supported Tasks

- **Audio Classification**: Primarily designed for speech emotion recognition, each recording is annotated with a label corresponding to an emotional state. Additionally, most samples include speaker identifier and gender, enabling its use in various audio classification tasks.

- **Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)**: With orthographic transcriptions for each recording, this dataset is a valuable resource for ASR tasks.

- **Text-to-Speech (TTS)**: The dataset's emotional audio recordings, complemented by transcriptions, are beneficial for developing TTS systems that aim to produce emotionally expressive speech.

## Languages

**CAMEO** contains audio and transcription in eight languages: Bengali, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish.

## Data Structure

### Data Instances

```python
{
  'file_id': 'e80234c75eb3f827a0d85bb7737a107a425be1dd5d3cf5c59320b9981109b698.flac', 
  'audio': {
    'path': None, 
    'array': array([-3.05175781e-05,  3.05175781e-05, -9.15527344e-05, ...,
       -1.49536133e-03, -1.49536133e-03, -8.85009766e-04]), 
    'sampling_rate': 16000
  }, 
  'emotion': 'neutral', 
  'transcription': 'Cinq pumas fiers et passionnés', 
  'speaker_id': 'cafe_12', 
  'gender': 'female', 
  'age': '37', 
  'dataset': 'CaFE', 
  'language': 'French', 
  'license': 'CC BY-NC-SA 4.0'
}
```

### Data Fields

- `file_id` (`str`): A unique identifier of the audio sample.
- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the file path to the audio sample, the raw waveform, and the sampling rate (16 kHz).
- `emotion` (`str`): A label indicating the expressed emotional state.
- `transcription` (`str`): The orthographic transcription of the utterance.
- `speaker_id` (`str`): A unique identifier of the speaker.
- `gender` (`str`): The gender of the speaker.
- `age` (`str`): The age of the speaker.
- `dataset` (`str`): The name of the dataset from which the sample was taken.
- `language` (`str`): The primary language spoken in the audio sample.
- `license` (`str`): The license under which the original dataset is distributed.

## Data Splits

Since all corpora are already publicly available, there is a risk of contamination. Because of that, **CAMEO** is not divided into train and test splits.

| Split | Dataset | Language | Samples | Emotions |
| ----- |---------|----------|---------|---------|
| `cafe` | CaFE  | French   | 936     | anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |
| `crema_d` | CREMA-D | English | 7442   | anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness |
| `emns` | EMNS  | English  | 1205    | anger, disgust, excitement, happiness, neutral, sadness, sarcasm, surprise |
| `emozionalmente` | Emozionalmente | Italian | 6902 |anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |
| `enterface` | eNTERFACE | English | 1257 | anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise |
| `jl_corpus` | JL-Corpus | English | 2400 | anger, anxiety, apology, assertiveness, concern, encouragement, excitement, happiness, neutral, sadness |
| `mesd` | MESD  | Spanish  | 862       |anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness |
| `nemo` | nEMO  | Polish   | 4481    | anger, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |
| `oreau` | Oréau | French   | 502     | anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |
| `pavoque` | PAVOQUE | German | 5442    | anger, happiness, neutral, poker, sadness |
| `ravdess` | RAVDESS | English | 1440   | anger, calm, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |
| `resd` | RESD  | Russian  | 1396    | anger, disgust, enthusiasm, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness |
| `subesco` | SUBESCO | Bengali | 7000   | anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, surprise |

## Dataset Creation

The inclusion of a dataset in the collection was determined by the following criteria:
- The corpus is publicly available and distributed under a license that allows free use for non-commercial purposes and creation of derivative works.
- The dataset includes transcription of the speech, either directly within the dataset, associated publications or documentation.
- The annotations corresponding to basic emotional states are included and consistent with commonly used naming conventions.
- The availability of speaker-related metadata (e.g., speaker identifiers or demographic information) was considered valuable, but not mandatory.

### Evaluation

To evaluate your model according to the methodology used in our paper, you can use the following code.

```python
import os
import string

from Levenshtein import ratio
from datasets import load_dataset, Dataset, concatenate_datasets
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report, f1_score, accuracy_score

# 🔧 Change this path to where your JSONL prediction files are stored
outputs_path = "./"

_DATASETS = [
    "cafe", "crema_d", "emns", "emozionalmente", "enterface",
    "jl_Corpus", "mesd", "nemo", "oreau", "pavoque",
    "ravdess", "resd", "subesco",
]

THRESHOLD = 0.57


def get_expected(split: str) -> tuple[set, str, dict]:
    """Load expected emotion labels and language metadata from CAMEO dataset."""
    ds = load_dataset("amu-cai/CAMEO", split=split)
    return set(ds["emotion"]), ds["language"][0], dict(zip(ds["file_id"], ds["emotion"]))


def process_outputs(dataset_name: str) -> tuple[Dataset, set, str]:
    """Clean and correct predictions, returning a Dataset with fixed predictions."""
    outputs = Dataset.from_json(os.path.join(outputs_path, f"{dataset_name}.jsonl"))
    options, language, expected = get_expected(dataset_name)

    def preprocess(x):
        return {
            "predicted": x["predicted"].translate(str.maketrans('', '', string.punctuation)).lower().strip(),
            "expected": expected.get(x["file_id"]),
        }

    outputs = outputs.map(preprocess)

    def fix_prediction(x):
        if x["predicted"] in options:
            x["fixed_prediction"] = x["predicted"]
        else:
            predicted_words = x["predicted"].split()
            label_scores = {
                label: sum(r for r in (ratio(label, word) for word in predicted_words) if r > THRESHOLD)
                for label in options
            }
            x["fixed_prediction"] = max(label_scores, key=label_scores.get)
        return x

    outputs = outputs.map(fix_prediction)
    return outputs, options, language


def calculate_metrics(outputs: Dataset, labels: set) -> dict:
    """Compute classification metrics."""
    y_true = outputs["expected"]
    y_pred = outputs["fixed_prediction"]

    return {
        "f1_macro": f1_score(y_true, y_pred, average="macro"),
        "weighted_f1": f1_score(y_true, y_pred, average="weighted"),
        "accuracy": accuracy_score(y_true, y_pred),
        "metrics_per_label": classification_report(
            y_true, y_pred, target_names=sorted(labels), output_dict=True
        ),
    }


# 🧮 Main Evaluation Loop
results = []
outputs_per_language = {}
full_outputs, full_labels = None, set()

for dataset in _DATASETS:
    jsonl_path = os.path.join(outputs_path, f"{dataset}.jsonl")

    if not os.path.isfile(jsonl_path):
        print(f"Jsonl file for {dataset} not found.")
        continue

    outputs, labels, language = process_outputs(dataset)
    metrics = calculate_metrics(outputs, labels)
    results.append({"language": language, "dataset": dataset, **metrics})

    if language not in outputs_per_language:
        outputs_per_language[language] = {"labels": labels, "outputs": outputs}
    else:
        outputs_per_language[language]["labels"] |= labels
        outputs_per_language[language]["outputs"] = concatenate_datasets([
            outputs_per_language[language]["outputs"], outputs
        ])

    full_outputs = outputs if full_outputs is None else concatenate_datasets([full_outputs, outputs])
    full_labels |= labels

# 🔤 Per-language evaluation
for language, data in outputs_per_language.items():
    metrics = calculate_metrics(data["outputs"], data["labels"])
    results.append({"language": language, "dataset": "all", **metrics})

# 🌍 Global evaluation
if full_outputs is not None:
    metrics = calculate_metrics(full_outputs, full_labels)
    results.append({"language": "all", "dataset": "all", **metrics})

# 💾 Save results
Dataset.from_list(results).to_json(os.path.join(outputs_path, "results.jsonl"))
```

## Additional Information

### Licensing Information

The **CAMEO** collection is available under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

The datasets used for the creation of **CAMEO** have specific licensing terms that must be understood and agreed beforeuse.
The following licenses apply to the corpora:
- CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 applies to CaFE, nEMO, PAVOQUE, RAVDESS,
- Open Database License applies to CREMA-D,
- Apache 2.0 applies to EMNS,
- CC BY 4.0 applies to Emozionalmente, MESD, Oréau, SUBESCO,
- MIT applies to eNTERFACE, RESD,
- CC0: Public Domain applies to JL-Corpus.

Additionally, the licence of each dataset is described in the `license` field in the metadata.

### Contributions

Thanks to [@iwonachristop](https://huggingface.co/iwonachristop) and [@MaciejCzajka](https://huggingface.co/MaciejCzajka) for adding this dataset.

### Citation Information

You can access the **CAMEO** paper at [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11051). When referencing the **CAMEO** collection, please cite the paper as follows, along with the original datasets incuded in the corpus.

```
@misc{christop2025cameocollectionmultilingualemotional,
  title={CAMEO: Collection of Multilingual Emotional Speech Corpora}, 
  author={Iwona Christop and Maciej Czajka},
  year={2025},
  eprint={2505.11051},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11051}, 
}

@inproceedings{cafe,
  author = {Gournay, Philippe and Lahaie, Olivier and Lefebvre, Roch},
  title = {{A Canadian French Emotional Speech Dataset}},
  year = {2018},
  isbn = {9781450351928},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3204949.3208121},
  doi = {10.1145/3204949.3208121},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference},
  pages = {399–402},
  numpages = {4},
  keywords = {canadian french, digital recording, emotional speech, speech dataset},
  location = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
  series = {MMSys '18}
}

@article{cremad,
  author = {Cao, Houwei and Cooper, David and Keutmann, Michael and Gur, Ruben and Nenkova, Ani and Verma, Ragini},
  year = {2014},
  month = {10},
  pages = {377-390},
  title = {{CREMA-D: Crowd-sourced emotional multimodal actors dataset}},
  volume = {5},
  journal = {IEEE transactions on affective computing},
  doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2014.2336244}
}

@misc{emns,
  title={{EMNS /Imz/ Corpus: An emotive single-speaker dataset for narrative storytelling in games, television and graphic novels}},
  author={Kari Ali Noriy and Xiaosong Yang and Jian Jun Zhang},
  year={2023},
  eprint={2305.13137},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13137},
}

@article{emozionalmente,
  author = {Catania, Fabio and Wilke, Jordan and Garzotto, Franca},
  year = {2025},
  month = {01},
  pages = {1-14},
  title = {{Emozionalmente: A Crowdsourced Corpus of Simulated Emotional Speech in Italian}},
  volume = {PP},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing},
  doi = {10.1109/TASLPRO.2025.3540662}
}

@inproceedings{enterface,
  author={Martin, O. and Kotsia, I. and Macq, B. and Pitas, I.},
  booktitle={22nd International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW'06)},
  title={{The eNTERFACE' 05 Audio-Visual Emotion Database}},
  year={2006},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={8-8},
  keywords={Audio databases;Image databases;Emotion recognition;Spatial databases;Visual databases;Signal processing algorithms;Protocols;Speech analysis;Humans;Informatics},
  doi={10.1109/ICDEW.2006.145}
}

@inproceedings{jlcorpus,
  author = {James, Jesin and Tian, Li and Watson, Catherine},
  year = {2018},
  month = {09},
  pages = {2768-2772},
  title = {{An Open Source Emotional Speech Corpus for Human Robot Interaction Applications}},
  doi = {10.21437/Interspeech.2018-1349}
}

@inproceedings{mesd,
  author = {Duville, Mathilde Marie and Alonso-Valerdi, Luz and Ibarra-Zarate, David I.},
  year = {2021},
  month = {12},
  pages = {},
  title = {{The Mexican Emotional Speech Database (MESD): elaboration and assessment based on machine learning}},
  volume = {2021},
  doi = {10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9629934}
}

  @article{mesd2,
  author = {Duville, Mathilde Marie and Alonso-Valerdi, Luz and Ibarra-Zarate, David I.},
  year = {2021},
  month = {12},
  pages = {},
  title = {{Mexican Emotional Speech Database Based on Semantic, Frequency, Familiarity, Concreteness, and Cultural Shaping of Affective Prosody}},
  volume = {6},
  journal = {Data},
  doi = {10.3390/data6120130}
}

@inproceedings{christop-2024-nemo,
  title = "n{EMO}: Dataset of Emotional Speech in {P}olish",
  author = "Christop, Iwona",
  editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
    Kan, Min-Yen  and
    Hoste, Veronique  and
    Lenci, Alessandro  and
    Sakti, Sakriani  and
    Xue, Nianwen",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)",
  month = may,
  year = "2024",
  address = "Torino, Italia",
  publisher = "ELRA and ICCL",
  url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1059/",
  pages = "12111--12116",
  abstract = "Speech emotion recognition has become increasingly important in recent years due to its potential applications in healthcare, customer service, and personalization of dialogue systems. However, a major issue in this field is the lack of datasets that adequately represent basic emotional states across various language families. As datasets covering Slavic languages are rare, there is a need to address this research gap. This paper presents the development of nEMO, a novel corpus of emotional speech in Polish. The dataset comprises over 3 hours of samples recorded with the participation of nine actors portraying six emotional states: anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and a neutral state. The text material used was carefully selected to represent the phonetics of the Polish language adequately. The corpus is freely available under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)."
}

@misc{oreau,
  title = {{French emotional speech database - Or{\'e}au}},
  author = {Kerkeni, Leila and Cleder, Catherine and Serrestou, Youssef and
               Raoof, Kosai},
  abstract = {This document presents the French emotional speech database -
               Or{\'e}au, recorded in a quiet environment. The database is
               designed for general study of emotional speech and analysis of
               emotion characteristics for speech synthesis purposes. It
               contains 79 utterances which could be used in everyday life in
               the classroom. Between 10 and 13 utterances were written for
               each of the 7 emotions in French language by 32 non-professional
               speakers. 2 versions are available, the first one contains 502
               sentences. A perception test was performed to evaluate the
               recognition of emotions and their naturalness. 90\% of
               utterances (434 utterances) were correctly identified and
               retained after the test and various analyses, which constitutes
               the second version of database.},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      =  {2020}
}

@inproceedings{pavoque,
  author = {Steiner, Ingmar and Schröder, Marc and Klepp, Annette},
  title = {{The PAVOQUE corpus as a resource for analysis and synthesis of expressive speech}},
  booktitle = {Phonetik & Phonologie 9. Phonetik & Phonologie (P&P-9), October 11-12, Zurich, Switzerland},
  year = {2013},
  month = {10},
  pages = {83--84},
  organization = {UZH},
  publisher = {Peter Lang}
}

@article{ravdess,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196391},
  author = {Livingstone, Steven R. AND Russo, Frank A.},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  title = {{The Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS): A dynamic, multimodal set of facial and vocal expressions in North American English}},
  year = {2018},
  month = {05},
  volume = {13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196391},
  pages = {1-35},
  abstract = {The RAVDESS is a validated multimodal database of emotional speech and song. The database is gender balanced consisting of 24 professional actors, vocalizing lexically-matched statements in a neutral North American accent. Speech includes calm, happy, sad, angry, fearful, surprise, and disgust expressions, and song contains calm, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions. Each expression is produced at two levels of emotional intensity, with an additional neutral expression. All conditions are available in face-and-voice, face-only, and voice-only formats. The set of 7356 recordings were each rated 10 times on emotional validity, intensity, and genuineness. Ratings were provided by 247 individuals who were characteristic of untrained research participants from North America. A further set of 72 participants provided test-retest data. High levels of emotional validity and test-retest intrarater reliability were reported. Corrected accuracy and composite "goodness" measures are presented to assist researchers in the selection of stimuli. All recordings are made freely available under a Creative Commons license and can be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1188976.},
  number = {5},
}

@misc{resd,
  author = {Artem Amentes and Nikita Davidchuk and Ilya Lubenets},
  title = {{Russian Emotional Speech Dialogs with annotated text}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  journal = {Hugging Face Hub},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/Aniemore/resd_annotated}},
}

@article{subesco,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0250173},
  author = {Sultana, Sadia AND Rahman, M. Shahidur AND Selim, M. Reza AND Iqbal, M. Zafar},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  title = {{SUST Bangla Emotional Speech Corpus (SUBESCO): An audio-only emotional speech corpus for Bangla}},
  year = {2021},
  month = {04},
  volume = {16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250173},
  pages = {1-27},
  abstract = {SUBESCO is an audio-only emotional speech corpus for Bangla language. The total duration of the corpus is in excess of 7 hours containing 7000 utterances, and it is the largest emotional speech corpus available for this language. Twenty native speakers participated in the gender-balanced set, each recording of 10 sentences simulating seven targeted emotions. Fifty university students participated in the evaluation of this corpus. Each audio clip of this corpus, except those of Disgust emotion, was validated four times by male and female raters. Raw hit rates and unbiased rates were calculated producing scores above chance level of responses. Overall recognition rate was reported to be above 70% for human perception tests. Kappa statistics and intra-class correlation coefficient scores indicated high-level of inter-rater reliability and consistency of this corpus evaluation. SUBESCO is an Open Access database, licensed under Creative Common Attribution 4.0 International, and can be downloaded free of charge from the web link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4526477.},
  number = {4},
}
```