The Universities of Bologna in Italy and Oxford in England were founded in the 11th and 12th centuries and continued the Muslim tradition of granting degrees to students who deserved them, and using it as a judge of a personâ€TMs qualifications in a particular subject.
Jaamacadda Bologna eek u taal Talyaaniga iyo Jaamacadda Oxford ee England waxa la kala aasaasay qarnigii 11aad iyo 12aad, waxaanay halkaas ka sii qaadeen shahaadii Muslimiinta ee dikriiga ahayd oo ay siin jireen ardayda u qalanta, aakhirkiina ay bilaabeen in qofka shahaado lagu siiyo si uu wax gaar ah takhasus ugu qaato.