These phenomena are known as the Seebeck effect, which describes the conversion of temperature to current, the Peltier effect, which describes the conversion of current to temperature, and the Thomson effect, which describes the conductor heating/cooling.
Lezi zenzakalo ziyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Seebeck, ochaza ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokushisa kuze kube manje, umphumela wePeltier, ochaza ukuguqulwa kwamanje kuya ekushiseni, nomphumela we-Thomson, ochaza ukushisa okuqhubayo / ukupholisa.