In order to reduce the cost of regression testing , the researchers have proposed a number of test-suit optimization techniques which were designed to reduce the size of some standard test-suit . But with the new trends of the development of software , such as the complexity of software development , Frequent interaction of software modules and the using of COTS components etc , the existing test-suit optimization techniques are facing new challenges . Regression test is an important part in software development and maintenance . After changing , in order to assure the validity of the modified part and validate there is no side affect to other parts , we must carry out the process of regression test . This paper makes use of the characteristic of hierarchy of Java , first choose the impacted packages . Regression test plays a vital role in software testing by ensuring the quality and stability of the developed software . During regression test a large number of test cases are involved thus making the process expensive and difficult . However , given a comprehensive test suite , regression testing detects an impressive number of bugs with remarkably little human effort . The KT regression tester presented here supports the regression testing of systems wri t ten in Common Lisp . In addition to being a valuable tool , RT is an interesting example of the power of Lisp . We have designed and implemented infrastructure that enables testers of different components to share their test results and artifacts so that they can collaborate in testing shared components . We also develop an example collaborative testing process that leverages our infrastructure to save effort for regression testing of systems with shared components . Our empirical study of this process shows that collaborative testing of component-based software systems can not only save significant effort by sharing test results and artifacts , but also improve test quality of individual components by utilizing synergistic data shared among component testers . Several techniques have been proposed to reduce the number of test cases to execute in regression testing , however , there is no research on how to assess industrial relevance and applicability of such techniques . We conducted a systematic literature review with the following two goals : firstly , to enable researchers to design and present regression testing research with a focus on industrial relevance and applicability and secondly , to facilitate the industrial adoption of such research by addressing the attributes of concern from the practitioners ’ perspective . Using a reference-based search approach , we identified 1068 papers on regression testing . As a result , there is a strong push in the semiconductor industry for achieving higher reliability standards while maintaining ( or even lowering ) the associated cost . Lately two efficient approaches to increase the effectiveness of reliability testing ( including burn-in ) have emerged . The first involves additional reliability test insertions . Correct realization of countermeasures should still be manually verified , which is errorprone and infeasible for even moderate-size real-world designs . Here , we introduce the concept of Cryptographic Fault Diagnosis , which revises and shapes the notions of fault diagnosis in reliability testing to the needs of evaluating cryptographic implementations . Additionally , we present VerFI , which materializes the idea of Cryptographic Fault Diagnosis . Reliability test is the important means to improve the software reliability and to assure the software quality . In this paper , aimed at the Beidou receiver DSP embedded software , introduced the main test module and the test method for its unit testing , integration testing and system testing , and presents a reliability assessment method through indirect indicators test , thus design a set of reliability testing scheme . By using the long-pulse TLP measurement , snapback holding voltage of the HV device has been found to degrade over time due to the self-heating effect . As a result , since the latch-up event is a reliability test with the time duration longer than millisecond , TLP measurement is not suitable for applying to investigate the snapback holding voltage of HV devices for latch-up . When prior information comes from different sources , rational and objective use of the information is needed . With the development of technology , especially in the field of reliability test analysis , the samples obtained from the practical tests have become insufficient , so it is necessary to make full use of the prior information coming from different sources . In this paper , a method based on correlation function to realize the fusion of information from multiple sources is proposed . However , the reliability is the key feature of a modern and smart power system . This paper presents a reliability test analysis of a power system that contains a high voltage circuit breaker . The arc produced by the circuit breaker under different fault conditions is simulated with a Black Box Model ( Mayr Arc Model ) in the Matlab/Simulink environment using the ARC BLOCKSET . Thermal analysis was conducted to identify the encapsulation solutions for the DCP . Mechanical analysis was then conducted to identify any structural integrity concerns and include appropriate verification tests during reliability assurance testing . The encapsulation processes were optimized to ensure the reliability of the package under field operation . In this paper , we propose a distributed power semiconductor stress test and measurement architecture to overcome limitations of existing test systems . We show that a local smart controller close to the tested device reduces the centralized system complexity by dividing the reliability testing problem into smaller tasks . With the development of electronic technology , semiconductor lasers have been widely used in the field of optoelectronics due to their own distinctive features . In order to improve the performance of semiconductor lasers , reliability testing research has become a hot issue at present . In this paper , the intelligent control semiconductor laser reliability test system is described . In the reliability test , fixed number testing scheme is used for the test , the scheme can be made according to the national standard GB/T 5080.5 - 1985 by look-up table , but the table provides limited data , sometimes need interpolation . This paper presents a fast establishment method for fixed number testing program of reliability verification test , the method can rapidly set up a fixed number testing scheme according to the given product reliability , the identification ratio and the risk value of both the producer and the user . The developed flexible software provides quickandaccurate measurements , dataacquisition andstorage , andresults visualization . Application examples concerning thereliability testing ofthinTa2O5gatedielectrics arepresented and discussed . IC ( Integrated Circuitry ) testing requires the very advanced and sophisticated Advance Test Equipment ( ATE ) that costs multi million USD . The cost of IC testing is increasing yearly and it will exceed the cost of manufacturing in future . The manufacturers are interested to lower down the manufacturing cost . Otherwise all the benefits of semiconductor technology would be meaningless . A roadmap of semiconductor technology in the context of IC testing is shown in this paper . Researchers and manufacturers can get to know current challenges and directions of IC testing through this discussion . Failures of nano-metric technologies owing to defects and shrinking process tolerances give rise to significant challenges for IC testing . As the variation of fundamental parameters such as channel length , threshold voltage , thin oxide thickness and interconnect dimensions goes well beyond acceptable limits , new test methodologies and a deeper insight into the physics of defect-fault mappings are needed . Temperature is a physical magnitude that can be used as an observable quantity for IC testing purposes . The authors discuss in this paper the suitability of two temperature measuring strategies applicable to standard CMOS integrated circuits : a laser interferometer and a differential fully CMOS built-in temperature sensor . For young children , these tools will turn into interactive toys helping them to learn and master their fine motor control and become better writers . For advanced students they will enable sophisticated systems for ( e-learning ) and ( e-testing ) . Moreover , PDBs will also be able to provide the user with fine motor control monitoring , which can detect stress , aging and health problems ( e-health ) . The Internet has recently encouraged the society to convert almost all its needs to elec- tronic resources such as e-libraries , e-cultures , e-entertainment as well as e-learning , which has become a radical idea to increase the effectiveness of learning services in most schools , colleges and universities . E-learning can not be completely featured and met without e-testing . However , in many cases e-testing tools are suitable just for traditional/theoretical knowledge testing , cov- ered by such items as questions , quizzes , matching boxes and other . From the research results we can conclude that this method of testing is very helpful to students and teachers , and relatively adequately prepares students for the upcoming external testing . Key words : teaching mathematics , electronic assessment , e-test . E-test is prepared over the internet in which questions and solutions are computerized test rather than traditional test . The application of e-test as a perspective knowledge measurement is apparent . But , security for such scheme is not obvious . It also revealed that the essay type of exam got the lowest score with a general average of 2.14 compared to the multiple type of exam that covers the five learning strands . Furthermore , decision tree and naive bayes were also employed in the study to predict the performance of the learners in the A & E test and determine which is better to use for prediction . It was concluded that naive bayes performs better because the accuracy rate is higher than the decision tree algorithm . Although E-learning has advanced considerably in the last decade , some of its aspects , such as E-testing , are still in the development phase . Authoring tools and test banks for E-tests are becoming an integral and indispensable part of E-learning platforms , and with the implementation of E-learning standards , such as IMS QTI , E-testing material can be easily shared and reased across various platforms . With this extensive E-testing material and knowledge comes a new challenge : searching for and selecting the most adequate information . When people want to do an e-testing or order a new e-testing system , they should specify the e-testing or e-testing system . A Specification language helps to create precise and adequate specifications of e-testing and e-testing systems is demanded . QSL is a specification language for specifying various e-questionnaire and e-questionnaire systems . QSL is a hopeful candidate of the required specification language because both testing and questionnaire have similar processes . However , the current version of QSL does not take e-testing and e-testing systems into account . This paper presents an extension of QSL to deal with e-testing and e-testing systems , and shows a real application of extended QSL in case of an offline e-testing environment . E-learning system has two set of framework , one framework manages and control the user , who resides on tutorial session and other framework manage the whole E-Testing process , this framework was designed using UNA(User Neutral Analysis)Algorithm , This paper states , what are the parameters used in UNA algorithm , to identify the I.Q level of an each and every student . The second element of originality is the content-based visual query that uses characteristics that were automatically extracted from medical images ( color , texture , regions ) . It can be used both in the training process and e-testing process . Using content-based visual query with other access methods ( text-based , hierarchical methods ) on a teaching image database allows students to see images and associated information from database in a simple and direct manner . Nowadays , e - testing is an often used method for evaluation in the process of learning . In this paper , we discuss the e - testing problem of creating large question set that will reflect the knowledge of some domain . A new model of E - testing is introduced with a proposal of a new solution to the problem of creation a large question set for a given domain . However , even when developers have these tools , they still perform about 90 % of refactorings manually , which is error-prone . To address this problem , we propose a technique called GhostFactor separating transformation and correctness checking : we allow the developer to transform code manually , but check the correctness of her transformation automatically . We implemented our technique as a Visual Studio plugin , then evaluated it with a human study of eight software developers ; GhostFactor improved the correctness of manual refactorings by 67 % . There are some limitations in the hexagon method of checking correctness of differential protection , a new method using the dual trace oscilloscope to measure phase for the correctness checking is presented in this paper , the argumentations , engineering calculations and error analysis of the method are also discussed in the paper . With current trends towards more complex software system and use of higher level languages , a monitoring technique is of increasing importance for the areas such as performance enhancement , dependability , correctness checking and so on . In this paper , we present a formal specification-based online monitoring technique . The article is devoted to the approach to constructing and veriﬁcation of discrete PLC-programs by LTL-speciﬁcation . This approach provides an ability of correctness analysis of PLC-programs by the model checking method . The linear temporal logic LTL is used as a language of speciﬁcation of the program behavior . Our methodology first derives a testing plan to minimize the number of runs required to identify the differences in tools with respect to correctness . We also present a case study on correctness testing for file carving tools , which allows us to confirm that the number of necessary testing runs is bounded and our results are statistically sound . Testing can be used as a generic metric as well . Correctness testing and reliability testing are two major areas of testing . Software testing is a trade-off between budget , time and quality . A test suite for such a translator should evaluate that 1 ) the transformed program runs correctly ; 2 ) the desired transformations are performed ; and 3 ) transformations that do not improve performance are not performed . This test suite focuses correctness testing on exercising the data dependence analysis algorithm that are used for program transformations . For performance testing , it specifically targets at a list of desired/undesired transformations . The increase in design cost and complexity have motivated designers to adopt modular design of System on Chip ( SoC ) by integrating independently designed small chiplets . However , it introduces new challenges for correctness validation , increasing chances of forming deadlock in the system involving multiple chiplets . Although there have been many solutions available for deadlock freedom in flat networks , the study on deadlock issue in chiplet-based systems is still in its infancy . It keeps balancing and searching separate , while still delivering a performance that compares favorably to widely used binary tree implementations . Common services , such as correctness checks and timing measurements , do not have to be rewritten for each tree implementation . The common framework simplifies experimentation with trees and search algorithms ; as a demonstration , we present some simple comparisons of red – black trees , splay trees and treaps . Due to their internal complexity , agent-based simulations are rarely amenable to conventional formal verification . With its focus on individual traces , runtime verification represents an interesting alternative for correctness assessment . Here , execution traces produced by the running system are observed by a monitor and checked for correctness on-the-fly . The significance of this paper lies in the provision of systematic principles to perform validation in context , and it gives a theoretical explanation of validation strategies that have already been applied informally in practice . The theory in this paper provides a guide for performing correctness assessment of systems in context , and shows that the correctness of systems in such cases can be approximated in the sense that the risk of considering an incorrect system correct can be reduced systematically . Therefore , the efficiency of task scheduling algorithm determines the efficiency of grid computing , the scheduling algorithm should be designed perfectly[1 ] . Using graphical math tools to complete formal description , correct testing , performance evaluation and testing of the algorithm and system is very important and necessary . In this paper , two classical grid scheduling algorithms ( Min-Min and Max-Min algorithm ) were analyzed , and the result is that the maximum completion time ( makespan ) is relatively long and the loads are obviously unbalanced in Min-Min algorithm , but Max-Min algorithm has a smaller makespan . We use the Crisis Management System case to illustrate the Protocol Modeling approach , and describe how the model can be executed to give early validation of its behavior . We discuss the extent to which the Protocol Modeling approach is scalable to large problems , is suitable for evolutionary development and supports correctness analysis and testing . These sufficient conditions , however , often prove stricter than necessary , excluding correct and efficient designs . In this paper , we present a rigorous , computer-aided method for correctness certification that better approximates the necessary conditions , lowering the risk of rejecting correct designs . We also present two specific applications of this method . We present industrial results of a quiescent current testing technique suitable for RF testing . The operational method consists of ramping the power supply and of observing the corresponding quiescent current signatures . Tests using only audio frequency test signals generally fail to expose susceptibility to radio frequency ( RF ) interference . Simple RF tests for pin 1 problems in microphones and other audio equipment are described that correlate well with EMI observed in the field . Current limiting at the cathode was achieved by a shallow Schottky barrier at the interface . We discussed fabrication procedure , the results for negative differential resistance and rf tests for InP Gunn diodes . It was shown that the fabricated Gunn diodes have the output power of 10.22dBm at a frequency of 90.13GHz . Complex RF circuit architectures are now possible , which could not be realized economically before in a mixed bipolar/CMOS technology . This development not only demands for new test methods , but also paves the way for novel test concepts and strategies for a more cost efficient RF test in production . Some aspects of this trend which became apparent during the development of such RF transceivers are discussed and examples are presented of how not only to meet the new demands but also to take benefit of them In this paper we introduce a proposal to automate WSDL-based testing , which combines the coverage of WS operations with data-driven test case generation . We sketch the general architecture of a test environment that basically integrates two existing tools : soapUI , which is a popular tool for WS testing , and TAXI , which is a tool we have previously developed for the automated derivation of XML instances from a XML Schema . The test suite generation can be driven by basic coverage criteria and by the application of some heuristics , aimed in particular at systematically combining the generated instance elements in different ways , and at opportunely varying the cardinalities and the data values used for the generated instances . A Commercial-Off-The-Shelf PC-104 system using the Real Time Linux operating system is used for flight attitude control and navigation for autonomous flight testing of the Stingray UAV . The fast , time critical tasks of attitude control of the aircraft are placed in real time tasks in kernel space . By comparing with experimental results , the accuracy and credibility of the simulation testing results are verified by using the simulation credibility assessment method proposed in our previous work . To verify the practicability of the proposed platform , several successful applications are presented for the multicopter rapid prototyping , estimation algorithm verification , autonomous flight testing , and automatic safety testing with automatic fault injection and result evaluation of unmanned vehicles . Another PIC16F88 chip was responsible for manual or automatic flight mode switching . The developed flight computer and avionics system is tested for our own designed and produced UAV to successfully complete autonomous flight testing . Special attention is paid to likelihood ratio tests , but other approaches to confidence interval construction , such as Wald , bootstrap , and Bayesian are also briefly discussed . This paper presents examples from the risk assessment field and genomics , but all conclusions apply to whenever one-sided testing is conducted . Recommendations are provided for dealing with parameters on the boundary for a range of situations . The Fusion Center ( FC ) receives sensors decisions through error-prone Binary Symmetric Channels ( BSCs ) and is in charge of performing a ( potentially ) more-accurate global decision . The resulting problem is a one-sided testing with nuisance parameters present only under the target-present hypothesis . We first focus on fusion rules based on Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test ( GLRT ) , Bayesian and hybrid approaches . In these cases it is important to quantify the additional loss we incur and evaluate whether to use the non-optimal decision or not . In this article we study the predictive probability distribution of a relative measure of the additional loss and its use to define sample size determination criteria in one-sided testing . As the use of mobile devices becomes increasingly ubiquitous , the need for systematically testing applications ( apps ) that run on these devices grows more and more . However , testing mobile apps is particularly expensive and tedious , often requiring substantial manual effort . While researchers have made much progress in automated testing of mobile apps during recent years , a key problem that remains largely untracked is the classic oracle problem , i.e. , to determine the correctness of test executions . In-orbit testing of embedded systems , belonging to the technical field of satellite testing . The present invention solves the long presence of the satellite orbit testing test time problem . Musa 's methods ( J.D. Musa et al. , 1987 ) for software development and test planning combined with Duane 's learning curve approach ( E.O. Codier , 1968 ) for hardware reliability growth testing provide an efficient means for estimating and demonstrating reliability requirements . This paper reviews the analyses of Tractenberg ( M. Trachtenberg , 1985 ) and Downs ( T.Downs , 1985 ) that provide a foundation for Musa 's basic ( linear ) model . The effectiveness of the genetic algorithm is compared with that of other algorithms , namely simulated annealing and a greedy algorithm . Our experimental results show that the proposed genetic algorithm demonstrates serious promise for testing state-based software , especially web applications . Moreover , a positive correlation was found between the age of the participants and icons depicting ideas from the past versus timeless icons . The results thus support the practice of user testing of icons rather than relying on assumptions . Only two papers ( i.e. 33 % ) have passed this selection . The first paper , “ An algorithm for combinatorial interaction testing : definitions and rigorous evaluations ” by Juliana Marino Balera and Valdivino Alexandre Santiago Júnior , introduces a greedy algorithm for unconstrained combinatorial interaction testing . Two versions of the algorithm are compared in the first experiment . Although manufacturers of consumer products are nowadays more likely to invest efforts in user studies , consumer products in general only nominally fulfill , if at all , the accessibility requirements of as many users as they potentially could . The main reason is that any user-centered design prototyping or testing aiming to incorporate real user input , is often done at a rather late stage of the product development process . Thus , the more progressed a product design has evolved the more time-consuming and costly it will be to alter the design ( Zitkus , Langdon et al. 2011 ) . We first review the motivation , conceptual basis , and experimental approach of dynamical measures of interdependence and their application to the study of neural systems . A consideration of boot-strap “ surrogate data ” techniques , which facilitate hypothesis testing of dynamical measures , is then used to clarify the difference between dynamical and statistical measures of interdependence . An overview of some of the most active research areas — such as the study of the “ synchronization manifold , ” dynamical interdependence in neurophysiology data and the putative role of nonlinear desynchronization — is then given . The figure below shows SIA‟s projection of the number of transistors per cm2 and feature size in micrometer for complex ICs ( such as microprocessor ) . It shows that the feature size of the transistors is decreasing exponentially whereas transistors density that can be fabricated per cm2 is increasing exponentially Fig 1.1 SIA ’s Projection showing increasing number of transistors/cm 2 and decreasing feature size Within the context of such increasing integration densities and complexities , problems associated with the testing of ICs such as test generation , testing time , testing speed , testing cost , test scheduling , test access mechanism , controllability of the inputs , observability of the outputs have become much more complex and acute . The cost of testing has become a major portion of the total cost of an electronic product . The subcircuit identification ( SI ) is a task of recognition of instances of small subcircuits in a larger circuit . SI program are important components of CAD tools for the simulation , verification , and testing of ICs . Modern IC designs , first , contain millions of the nets and devices , and , second , thousands of subcircuits . DF measurements are defined as a routine test in ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards . Instrument transformer standards recommend performing DF tests at rated voltage and 10 kV rms ( at rated frequency ) for factory acceptance testing . Once the instrument transformer is placed in service , it is good practice to perform routine DF measurements to check for any deviation from the factory acceptance values .
In order to reduce the cost of regression testing , the researchers have proposed a number of test-suit optimization techniques which were designed to reduce the size of some standard test-suit . But with the new trends of the development of software , such as the complexity of software development , Frequent interaction of software modules and the using of COTS components etc , the existing test-suit optimization techniques are facing new challenges .
Regression test is an important part in software development and maintenance . After changing , in order to assure the validity of the modified part and validate there is no side affect to other parts , we must carry out the process of regression test . This paper makes use of the characteristic of hierarchy of Java , first choose the impacted packages .
Regression test plays a vital role in software testing by ensuring the quality and stability of the developed software . During regression test a large number of test cases are involved thus making the process expensive and difficult .
However , given a comprehensive test suite , regression testing detects an impressive number of bugs with remarkably little human effort . The KT regression tester presented here supports the regression testing of systems wri t ten in Common Lisp . In addition to being a valuable tool , RT is an interesting example of the power of Lisp .
We have designed and implemented infrastructure that enables testers of different components to share their test results and artifacts so that they can collaborate in testing shared components . We also develop an example collaborative testing process that leverages our infrastructure to save effort for regression testing of systems with shared components . Our empirical study of this process shows that collaborative testing of component-based software systems can not only save significant effort by sharing test results and artifacts , but also improve test quality of individual components by utilizing synergistic data shared among component testers .
Several techniques have been proposed to reduce the number of test cases to execute in regression testing , however , there is no research on how to assess industrial relevance and applicability of such techniques . We conducted a systematic literature review with the following two goals : firstly , to enable researchers to design and present regression testing research with a focus on industrial relevance and applicability and secondly , to facilitate the industrial adoption of such research by addressing the attributes of concern from the practitioners ’ perspective . Using a reference-based search approach , we identified 1068 papers on regression testing .
As a result , there is a strong push in the semiconductor industry for achieving higher reliability standards while maintaining ( or even lowering ) the associated cost . Lately two efficient approaches to increase the effectiveness of reliability testing ( including burn-in ) have emerged . The first involves additional reliability test insertions .
Correct realization of countermeasures should still be manually verified , which is errorprone and infeasible for even moderate-size real-world designs . Here , we introduce the concept of Cryptographic Fault Diagnosis , which revises and shapes the notions of fault diagnosis in reliability testing to the needs of evaluating cryptographic implementations . Additionally , we present VerFI , which materializes the idea of Cryptographic Fault Diagnosis .
Reliability test is the important means to improve the software reliability and to assure the software quality . In this paper , aimed at the Beidou receiver DSP embedded software , introduced the main test module and the test method for its unit testing , integration testing and system testing , and presents a reliability assessment method through indirect indicators test , thus design a set of reliability testing scheme .
By using the long-pulse TLP measurement , snapback holding voltage of the HV device has been found to degrade over time due to the self-heating effect . As a result , since the latch-up event is a reliability test with the time duration longer than millisecond , TLP measurement is not suitable for applying to investigate the snapback holding voltage of HV devices for latch-up .
When prior information comes from different sources , rational and objective use of the information is needed . With the development of technology , especially in the field of reliability test analysis , the samples obtained from the practical tests have become insufficient , so it is necessary to make full use of the prior information coming from different sources . In this paper , a method based on correlation function to realize the fusion of information from multiple sources is proposed .
However , the reliability is the key feature of a modern and smart power system . This paper presents a reliability test analysis of a power system that contains a high voltage circuit breaker . The arc produced by the circuit breaker under different fault conditions is simulated with a Black Box Model ( Mayr Arc Model ) in the Matlab/Simulink environment using the ARC BLOCKSET .
Thermal analysis was conducted to identify the encapsulation solutions for the DCP . Mechanical analysis was then conducted to identify any structural integrity concerns and include appropriate verification tests during reliability assurance testing . The encapsulation processes were optimized to ensure the reliability of the package under field operation .
In this paper , we propose a distributed power semiconductor stress test and measurement architecture to overcome limitations of existing test systems . We show that a local smart controller close to the tested device reduces the centralized system complexity by dividing the reliability testing problem into smaller tasks .
With the development of electronic technology , semiconductor lasers have been widely used in the field of optoelectronics due to their own distinctive features . In order to improve the performance of semiconductor lasers , reliability testing research has become a hot issue at present . In this paper , the intelligent control semiconductor laser reliability test system is described .
In the reliability test , fixed number testing scheme is used for the test , the scheme can be made according to the national standard GB/T 5080.5 - 1985 by look-up table , but the table provides limited data , sometimes need interpolation . This paper presents a fast establishment method for fixed number testing program of reliability verification test , the method can rapidly set up a fixed number testing scheme according to the given product reliability , the identification ratio and the risk value of both the producer and the user .
The developed flexible software provides quickandaccurate measurements , dataacquisition andstorage , andresults visualization . Application examples concerning thereliability testing ofthinTa2O5gatedielectrics arepresented and discussed .
IC ( Integrated Circuitry ) testing requires the very advanced and sophisticated Advance Test Equipment ( ATE ) that costs multi million USD . The cost of IC testing is increasing yearly and it will exceed the cost of manufacturing in future . The manufacturers are interested to lower down the manufacturing cost .
Otherwise all the benefits of semiconductor technology would be meaningless . A roadmap of semiconductor technology in the context of IC testing is shown in this paper . Researchers and manufacturers can get to know current challenges and directions of IC testing through this discussion .
Failures of nano-metric technologies owing to defects and shrinking process tolerances give rise to significant challenges for IC testing . As the variation of fundamental parameters such as channel length , threshold voltage , thin oxide thickness and interconnect dimensions goes well beyond acceptable limits , new test methodologies and a deeper insight into the physics of defect-fault mappings are needed .
Temperature is a physical magnitude that can be used as an observable quantity for IC testing purposes . The authors discuss in this paper the suitability of two temperature measuring strategies applicable to standard CMOS integrated circuits : a laser interferometer and a differential fully CMOS built-in temperature sensor .
For young children , these tools will turn into interactive toys helping them to learn and master their fine motor control and become better writers . For advanced students they will enable sophisticated systems for ( e-learning ) and ( e-testing ) . Moreover , PDBs will also be able to provide the user with fine motor control monitoring , which can detect stress , aging and health problems ( e-health ) .
The Internet has recently encouraged the society to convert almost all its needs to elec- tronic resources such as e-libraries , e-cultures , e-entertainment as well as e-learning , which has become a radical idea to increase the effectiveness of learning services in most schools , colleges and universities . E-learning can not be completely featured and met without e-testing . However , in many cases e-testing tools are suitable just for traditional/theoretical knowledge testing , cov- ered by such items as questions , quizzes , matching boxes and other .
From the research results we can conclude that this method of testing is very helpful to students and teachers , and relatively adequately prepares students for the upcoming external testing . Key words : teaching mathematics , electronic assessment , e-test .
E-test is prepared over the internet in which questions and solutions are computerized test rather than traditional test . The application of e-test as a perspective knowledge measurement is apparent . But , security for such scheme is not obvious .
It also revealed that the essay type of exam got the lowest score with a general average of 2.14 compared to the multiple type of exam that covers the five learning strands . Furthermore , decision tree and naive bayes were also employed in the study to predict the performance of the learners in the A & E test and determine which is better to use for prediction . It was concluded that naive bayes performs better because the accuracy rate is higher than the decision tree algorithm .
Although E-learning has advanced considerably in the last decade , some of its aspects , such as E-testing , are still in the development phase . Authoring tools and test banks for E-tests are becoming an integral and indispensable part of E-learning platforms , and with the implementation of E-learning standards , such as IMS QTI , E-testing material can be easily shared and reased across various platforms . With this extensive E-testing material and knowledge comes a new challenge : searching for and selecting the most adequate information .
When people want to do an e-testing or order a new e-testing system , they should specify the e-testing or e-testing system . A Specification language helps to create precise and adequate specifications of e-testing and e-testing systems is demanded . QSL is a specification language for specifying various e-questionnaire and e-questionnaire systems . QSL is a hopeful candidate of the required specification language because both testing and questionnaire have similar processes . However , the current version of QSL does not take e-testing and e-testing systems into account . This paper presents an extension of QSL to deal with e-testing and e-testing systems , and shows a real application of extended QSL in case of an offline e-testing environment .
E-learning system has two set of framework , one framework manages and control the user , who resides on tutorial session and other framework manage the whole E-Testing process , this framework was designed using UNA(User Neutral Analysis)Algorithm , This paper states , what are the parameters used in UNA algorithm , to identify the I.Q level of an each and every student .
The second element of originality is the content-based visual query that uses characteristics that were automatically extracted from medical images ( color , texture , regions ) . It can be used both in the training process and e-testing process . Using content-based visual query with other access methods ( text-based , hierarchical methods ) on a teaching image database allows students to see images and associated information from database in a simple and direct manner .
Nowadays , e - testing is an often used method for evaluation in the process of learning . In this paper , we discuss the e - testing problem of creating large question set that will reflect the knowledge of some domain . A new model of E - testing is introduced with a proposal of a new solution to the problem of creation a large question set for a given domain .
However , even when developers have these tools , they still perform about 90 % of refactorings manually , which is error-prone . To address this problem , we propose a technique called GhostFactor separating transformation and correctness checking : we allow the developer to transform code manually , but check the correctness of her transformation automatically . We implemented our technique as a Visual Studio plugin , then evaluated it with a human study of eight software developers ; GhostFactor improved the correctness of manual refactorings by 67 % .
There are some limitations in the hexagon method of checking correctness of differential protection , a new method using the dual trace oscilloscope to measure phase for the correctness checking is presented in this paper , the argumentations , engineering calculations and error analysis of the method are also discussed in the paper .
With current trends towards more complex software system and use of higher level languages , a monitoring technique is of increasing importance for the areas such as performance enhancement , dependability , correctness checking and so on . In this paper , we present a formal specification-based online monitoring technique .
The article is devoted to the approach to constructing and veriﬁcation of discrete PLC-programs by LTL-speciﬁcation . This approach provides an ability of correctness analysis of PLC-programs by the model checking method . The linear temporal logic LTL is used as a language of speciﬁcation of the program behavior .
Our methodology first derives a testing plan to minimize the number of runs required to identify the differences in tools with respect to correctness . We also present a case study on correctness testing for file carving tools , which allows us to confirm that the number of necessary testing runs is bounded and our results are statistically sound .
Testing can be used as a generic metric as well . Correctness testing and reliability testing are two major areas of testing . Software testing is a trade-off between budget , time and quality .
A test suite for such a translator should evaluate that 1 ) the transformed program runs correctly ; 2 ) the desired transformations are performed ; and 3 ) transformations that do not improve performance are not performed . This test suite focuses correctness testing on exercising the data dependence analysis algorithm that are used for program transformations . For performance testing , it specifically targets at a list of desired/undesired transformations .
The increase in design cost and complexity have motivated designers to adopt modular design of System on Chip ( SoC ) by integrating independently designed small chiplets . However , it introduces new challenges for correctness validation , increasing chances of forming deadlock in the system involving multiple chiplets . Although there have been many solutions available for deadlock freedom in flat networks , the study on deadlock issue in chiplet-based systems is still in its infancy .
It keeps balancing and searching separate , while still delivering a performance that compares favorably to widely used binary tree implementations . Common services , such as correctness checks and timing measurements , do not have to be rewritten for each tree implementation . The common framework simplifies experimentation with trees and search algorithms ; as a demonstration , we present some simple comparisons of red – black trees , splay trees and treaps .
Due to their internal complexity , agent-based simulations are rarely amenable to conventional formal verification . With its focus on individual traces , runtime verification represents an interesting alternative for correctness assessment . Here , execution traces produced by the running system are observed by a monitor and checked for correctness on-the-fly .
The significance of this paper lies in the provision of systematic principles to perform validation in context , and it gives a theoretical explanation of validation strategies that have already been applied informally in practice . The theory in this paper provides a guide for performing correctness assessment of systems in context , and shows that the correctness of systems in such cases can be approximated in the sense that the risk of considering an incorrect system correct can be reduced systematically .
Therefore , the efficiency of task scheduling algorithm determines the efficiency of grid computing , the scheduling algorithm should be designed perfectly[1 ] . Using graphical math tools to complete formal description , correct testing , performance evaluation and testing of the algorithm and system is very important and necessary . In this paper , two classical grid scheduling algorithms ( Min-Min and Max-Min algorithm ) were analyzed , and the result is that the maximum completion time ( makespan ) is relatively long and the loads are obviously unbalanced in Min-Min algorithm , but Max-Min algorithm has a smaller makespan .
We use the Crisis Management System case to illustrate the Protocol Modeling approach , and describe how the model can be executed to give early validation of its behavior . We discuss the extent to which the Protocol Modeling approach is scalable to large problems , is suitable for evolutionary development and supports correctness analysis and testing .
These sufficient conditions , however , often prove stricter than necessary , excluding correct and efficient designs . In this paper , we present a rigorous , computer-aided method for correctness certification that better approximates the necessary conditions , lowering the risk of rejecting correct designs . We also present two specific applications of this method .
We present industrial results of a quiescent current testing technique suitable for RF testing . The operational method consists of ramping the power supply and of observing the corresponding quiescent current signatures .
Tests using only audio frequency test signals generally fail to expose susceptibility to radio frequency ( RF ) interference . Simple RF tests for pin 1 problems in microphones and other audio equipment are described that correlate well with EMI observed in the field .
Current limiting at the cathode was achieved by a shallow Schottky barrier at the interface . We discussed fabrication procedure , the results for negative differential resistance and rf tests for InP Gunn diodes . It was shown that the fabricated Gunn diodes have the output power of 10.22dBm at a frequency of 90.13GHz .
Complex RF circuit architectures are now possible , which could not be realized economically before in a mixed bipolar/CMOS technology . This development not only demands for new test methods , but also paves the way for novel test concepts and strategies for a more cost efficient RF test in production . Some aspects of this trend which became apparent during the development of such RF transceivers are discussed and examples are presented of how not only to meet the new demands but also to take benefit of them
In this paper we introduce a proposal to automate WSDL-based testing , which combines the coverage of WS operations with data-driven test case generation . We sketch the general architecture of a test environment that basically integrates two existing tools : soapUI , which is a popular tool for WS testing , and TAXI , which is a tool we have previously developed for the automated derivation of XML instances from a XML Schema . The test suite generation can be driven by basic coverage criteria and by the application of some heuristics , aimed in particular at systematically combining the generated instance elements in different ways , and at opportunely varying the cardinalities and the data values used for the generated instances .
A Commercial-Off-The-Shelf PC-104 system using the Real Time Linux operating system is used for flight attitude control and navigation for autonomous flight testing of the Stingray UAV . The fast , time critical tasks of attitude control of the aircraft are placed in real time tasks in kernel space .
By comparing with experimental results , the accuracy and credibility of the simulation testing results are verified by using the simulation credibility assessment method proposed in our previous work . To verify the practicability of the proposed platform , several successful applications are presented for the multicopter rapid prototyping , estimation algorithm verification , autonomous flight testing , and automatic safety testing with automatic fault injection and result evaluation of unmanned vehicles .
Another PIC16F88 chip was responsible for manual or automatic flight mode switching . The developed flight computer and avionics system is tested for our own designed and produced UAV to successfully complete autonomous flight testing .
Special attention is paid to likelihood ratio tests , but other approaches to confidence interval construction , such as Wald , bootstrap , and Bayesian are also briefly discussed . This paper presents examples from the risk assessment field and genomics , but all conclusions apply to whenever one-sided testing is conducted . Recommendations are provided for dealing with parameters on the boundary for a range of situations .
The Fusion Center ( FC ) receives sensors decisions through error-prone Binary Symmetric Channels ( BSCs ) and is in charge of performing a ( potentially ) more-accurate global decision . The resulting problem is a one-sided testing with nuisance parameters present only under the target-present hypothesis . We first focus on fusion rules based on Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test ( GLRT ) , Bayesian and hybrid approaches .
In these cases it is important to quantify the additional loss we incur and evaluate whether to use the non-optimal decision or not . In this article we study the predictive probability distribution of a relative measure of the additional loss and its use to define sample size determination criteria in one-sided testing .
As the use of mobile devices becomes increasingly ubiquitous , the need for systematically testing applications ( apps ) that run on these devices grows more and more . However , testing mobile apps is particularly expensive and tedious , often requiring substantial manual effort . While researchers have made much progress in automated testing of mobile apps during recent years , a key problem that remains largely untracked is the classic oracle problem , i.e. , to determine the correctness of test executions .
In-orbit testing of embedded systems , belonging to the technical field of satellite testing . The present invention solves the long presence of the satellite orbit testing test time problem .
Musa 's methods ( J.D. Musa et al. , 1987 ) for software development and test planning combined with Duane 's learning curve approach ( E.O. Codier , 1968 ) for hardware reliability growth testing provide an efficient means for estimating and demonstrating reliability requirements . This paper reviews the analyses of Tractenberg ( M. Trachtenberg , 1985 ) and Downs ( T.Downs , 1985 ) that provide a foundation for Musa 's basic ( linear ) model .
The effectiveness of the genetic algorithm is compared with that of other algorithms , namely simulated annealing and a greedy algorithm . Our experimental results show that the proposed genetic algorithm demonstrates serious promise for testing state-based software , especially web applications .
Moreover , a positive correlation was found between the age of the participants and icons depicting ideas from the past versus timeless icons . The results thus support the practice of user testing of icons rather than relying on assumptions .
Only two papers ( i.e. 33 % ) have passed this selection . The first paper , “ An algorithm for combinatorial interaction testing : definitions and rigorous evaluations ” by Juliana Marino Balera and Valdivino Alexandre Santiago Júnior , introduces a greedy algorithm for unconstrained combinatorial interaction testing . Two versions of the algorithm are compared in the first experiment .
Although manufacturers of consumer products are nowadays more likely to invest efforts in user studies , consumer products in general only nominally fulfill , if at all , the accessibility requirements of as many users as they potentially could . The main reason is that any user-centered design prototyping or testing aiming to incorporate real user input , is often done at a rather late stage of the product development process . Thus , the more progressed a product design has evolved the more time-consuming and costly it will be to alter the design ( Zitkus , Langdon et al. 2011 ) .
We first review the motivation , conceptual basis , and experimental approach of dynamical measures of interdependence and their application to the study of neural systems . A consideration of boot-strap “ surrogate data ” techniques , which facilitate hypothesis testing of dynamical measures , is then used to clarify the difference between dynamical and statistical measures of interdependence . An overview of some of the most active research areas — such as the study of the “ synchronization manifold , ” dynamical interdependence in neurophysiology data and the putative role of nonlinear desynchronization — is then given .
The figure below shows SIA‟s projection of the number of transistors per cm2 and feature size in micrometer for complex ICs ( such as microprocessor ) . It shows that the feature size of the transistors is decreasing exponentially whereas transistors density that can be fabricated per cm2 is increasing exponentially Fig 1.1 SIA ’s Projection showing increasing number of transistors/cm 2 and decreasing feature size Within the context of such increasing integration densities and complexities , problems associated with the testing of ICs such as test generation , testing time , testing speed , testing cost , test scheduling , test access mechanism , controllability of the inputs , observability of the outputs have become much more complex and acute . The cost of testing has become a major portion of the total cost of an electronic product .
The subcircuit identification ( SI ) is a task of recognition of instances of small subcircuits in a larger circuit . SI program are important components of CAD tools for the simulation , verification , and testing of ICs . Modern IC designs , first , contain millions of the nets and devices , and , second , thousands of subcircuits .
DF measurements are defined as a routine test in ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards . Instrument transformer standards recommend performing DF tests at rated voltage and 10 kV rms ( at rated frequency ) for factory acceptance testing . Once the instrument transformer is placed in service , it is good practice to perform routine DF measurements to check for any deviation from the factory acceptance values .
A Method for Regression Test Suite Reduction on Interactions A Progressive Refinement Approach for JAVA Regression Test Selection Multi-objective Test Case Prioritization Using Improved Pareto-Optimal Clonal Selection Algorithm Supporting the regression testing in Lisp programs Enabling collaborative testing across shared software components On the search for industry-relevant regression testing research Predictive Die-Level Reliability-Yield Modeling for Deep Sub-micron Devices Cryptographic Fault Diagnosis using VerFI Beidou receiver based on DSP embedded software reliability testing scheme Measurement on snapback holding voltage of high-voltage LDMOS for latch-up consideration Correlation Information Fusion Method and Application in Reliability Analysis Reliability Test of a Power System Containing High Voltage Circuit Breaker Under Different Operating Conditions Package cooling designs for a dual-chip electronic package with one high power chip Distributed power semiconductor stress test & measurement architecture Intelligent Control Semiconductor Laser Reliability Test System Application of MATLAB Software in Reliability Verification Test of Success or Failure Product Computer asPowerfulToolinReliability Testing of Thin GateDielectrics inMOS VHDL modelling of the open short tester Challenges and directions for testing IC Defect-Oriented Testing for Nano-Metric CMOS VLSI Circuits Sensing temperature in CMOS circuits for thermal testing Personal digital bodyguards for e-security, e-learning and e-health: A prospective survey A method for automated program code testing Modern approach to improving the math evaluation process Secure E-Test Scheme Data Exploration and Analysis of Alternative Learning System Accreditation and Equivalency Test Result Using Data Mining Exam Question Recommender System An Extension of QSL for E-testing and Its Application in an Offline E-testing Environment E-Learning Web Portal Using Artificial Intelligence Imagistic Digital Library for Hybrid Medical Learning Performance Evaluation of a New Approach for Automatic Question Production Manual refactoring changes with automated refactoring validation A New Method to Check the Correctness of Second Wiring of Transformer Differential Protection Formal specification-based online monitoring О выразительности подхода к построению ПЛК-программ по LTL-спецификации An Effective and Efficient Testing Methodology for Correctness Testing for File Recovery Tools A proactive Approaches in Software Testing. The design of a test suite for evaluating a parallelizing translator Remote Control: A Simple Deadlock Avoidance Scheme for Modular System on Chip Untangling the balancing and searching of balanced binary search trees Monitoring Hierarchical Agent-based Simulation Traces Validation in context A Priority-Based Grid Scheduling Algorithm P-M-M and Its Modeling and Simulation with Colored Petri Net Aspect-Oriented Development Using Protocol Modeling Tight Certification Techniques for Digit-by-Rounding Algorithms with Application to a New 1/sqrt(x) Design Vdd ramp testing for rf circuits Testing for Radio-Frequency Common Impedance Coupling (the "Pin 1 Problem") in Microphones and Other Audio Equipment InP Gunn Diodes with Current Limiting Contact for High Efficiency Gunn Oscillators Integrated RF-CMOS Transceivers challenge RF Test Towards Automated WSDL-Based Testing of Web Services A Real-Time Linux system for autonomous navigation and flight attitude control of an uninhabited aerial vehicle Unified Simulation and Test Platform for Control Systems of Unmanned Vehicles Multi-chip Flight Computer of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Constrained Parameters in Applications: Review of Issues and Approaches Distributed detection of a non-cooperative target via generalized locally-optimum approaches A predictive measure of the additional loss of a non-optimal action under multiple priors Automated Generation of Oracles for Testing User-Interaction Features of Mobile Apps In-orbit testing of embedded systems Software reliability estimations/projections, cumulative & instantaneous Genetic Algorithm for Testing Web Applications On the Understandability of Public Domain Icons: Effects of Gender and Age Guest editorial foreword for the special issue on automated software testing: trends and evidence Supporting Inclusive Design of Mobile Devices with a Context Model “Dynamic” connectivity in neural systems Fault Diagnosis in Analog Integrated Circuits Using Artificial Neural Networks Fast and accurate identifying subcircuits using an optimization based technique Dissipation Factor Measurements for Instrument Transformers Using Reduced Voltages
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