The optimization problem is solved aimed at providing a reliable supply for the consumer ’s demand . The system consists of fuel cells , some wind units , some electrolyzers , a reformer , an anaerobic reactor and some hydrogen tanks . The system is assumed stand-alone and uses the biomass as an available energy source . This paper focuses on the design of a controller for a low temperature ethanol steam reformer for the production of hydrogen to feed a protonic exchange membrane ( PEM ) fuel cell . It describes different control structures for the reformer and treats the control structure selection of this multiple input multiple output ( MIMO ) system . For each considered control structure , decentralised 2 2 controllers with proportional integral ( PI ) control actions in each control loop are implemented . This paper studies the impact of fuel-cell ( FC ) performance and control strategies on the benefits of hybridization . One of the main weak points of the FC is slow dynamics dominated by a temperature and fuel-delivery system ( pumps , valves , and , in some cases , a hydrogen reformer ) . As a result , fast load demand will cause a high voltage drop in a short time , which is recognized as a fuel-starvation phenomenon . The design of an l/sub 1/ optimal controller for a hydrogen reformer is presented . The objective of the hydrogen reformer process is to produce hydrogen by catalysis from desulphurized hydrocarbons , mixed with superheated steam . In order to create a reactor design model for the secondary reformer in the ammonia plant . The first objective of the thesis is to study the effect of operation conditions such as feed compositions , pressure and temperature on the mole fraction of the product components , temperature and pressure of the secondary reformer . The effect of chemical reactions number in a catalyst zone has been investigated and two models have been studied . The process involves heating a mixture of reactant and catalyst chemical inside a tube-shaped reactor at a pressure around 20 bars to encourage rapid reactions . The service life of a reformer tube is primary ended when creep damage is determined to be excessive . Due to the high cost of reformer tubes and the combination between temperature and stress during service influencing the generation of creep damage , it is of significant benefit for process companies to monitor the condition of reformer tubes , and use condition-based assessment rather than time-based estimation to judge the retirement of reformer tubes . The objective is to explore design concepts for self-tuning expert controllers . To accomplish this , two interacting rule based controllers for supervisory control and system optimization are constructed to control a gasoline catalytic reformer . The knowledge bases for the controllers are established from human operator experience and basic engineering knowledge about the process dynamics . Noah Webster was an outstanding American lexicographer , textbook author , and spelling reformer , well-known for his An American dictionary of the English language , which has served as a model for generations of lexicographers . The name ‘ Webster ’ is still today synonymous throughout the English-speaking world with correct spelling , authoritative definitions , and the concept of a dictionary . Bhd . ( PASB ) plant . The primary reformer in PASB plant is used to crack hydrocarbons such as natural gas into its constituents which are carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide and hydrogen . Pressurized feed ( 30barg ) of hydrocarbon and steam is fed into the reformer tubes and heated by the burners at about 800 - 1 000 ° C to facilitate the hydrocarbon conversion . A first evaluation of the procedure is performed on a 2 kWel and 4 kWthermal Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell ( PEMFC ) Combined Heat and Power ( CHP ) prototype system , installed at the Institut fur Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik ( IWE ) , Universitat Karlsruhe ( TH ) . The system , which was developed at the Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung ZSW , Ulm ( FC stack ) and the Fraunhofer-Institut fur Solare Energiesysteme ISE , Freiburg ( natural gas reformer ) is operated and tested in close cooperation with the Stadtwerke Karlsruhe . The CHP system including the measurement equipment , as well as the modeling and simulation approach based on system tests are presented . In this paper a windows-based software , RIPI-RefSim , is introduced . By using rigorous heat , mass , kinetic and thermodynamic models as well as taking into account the effect of catalyst shape , the software has been developed in order to provide reformer furnace simulation for syngas and hydrogen production . RIPI-RefSim can be used in three different modes ( rating , simulation and design ) and provides a detailed understanding of furnace performance , product characteristics , temperature , reaction rates and pressure drop profiles , effect of catalyst shape , and so on . Abstract The impact of radiation heat transfer and radial heat losses in small-scale monoliths , as often used for testing catalysts or qualifying process conditions , are an important consideration to design and predict performance of commercial size reactors . The paper presents the 3D modeling of a honeycomb CPOX ( Catalytic Partial Oxidation ) reformer , including detailed surface chemistry for the conversion of methane on rhodium . The calculation domain comprises the flow region and two monoliths ( one of them coated ) which are positioned in a glass tube . Ethernet transceivers are connected to twisted-pair cables by magnetics , which typically contain pulse transformers , common mode chokes , capacitors and resistors . Voltage waveforms on the transceiver-side of magnetics due to electrostatic discharge to the cable-side pins of an integrated Ethernet connector have been measured . OMeta is based on a variant of Parsing Expression Grammars ( PEGs ) [5]---a recognition-based foundation for describing syntax --- which we have extended to handle arbitrary kinds of data . We show that OMeta 's general-purpose pattern matching provides a natural and convenient way for programmers to implement tokenizers , parsers , visitors , and tree transformers , all of which can be extended in interesting ways using familiar object-oriented mechanisms . This makes OMeta particularly well-suited as a medium for experimenting with new designs for programming languages and extensions to existing languages . It is based on a variant of Parsing Expression Grammars ( PEGs ) , which have been extended to handle arbitrary data types . OMeta 's general-purpose pattern matching facilities provide a natural and convenient way for programmers to implement tokenizers , parsers , visitors , and tree transformers ( Warth 2007 ) . We use ADL Sandbox project as a real-world application , which is built on top of VWF . HVDC systems up to 800 kV are in operation and higher transmission voltages are under development . All HVDC equipment , e.g. HVDC valves , transmission lines ( air or cables ) , HVDC transformers , bushings , insulators etc . have to be tested . To perform these development tests , type tests , routine tests and on-site tests , special HVDC and UHDC test systems are needed . These shunt capacitors behave like single-tuned or high-pass harmonic filters , however there will be an increased risk of harmonic resonance making the transmission line susceptible to tripping wind turbines on transient overvoltage . Harmonics generated by solar , energy-saving home appliances and electric vehicle chargers pose a potential threat to the distribution network systems and if allowed to continue unabated could cause fuse failures and premature failure of pole-mount transformers . In addition , neutral current can be excessive due to current harmonic distortion even with loads balanced on three phases which will cause overheating if the neutral is undersized . In this paper we proposed a low-cost SFRA test system . We also investigated the most common types of faults affecting IT-M transformers and carried out experimental tests on a set of single-phase isolation transformers for medical use , in order to correlate the TF diagrams with the most common deteriorations and defects . The widespread use of power electronic loads which are nonlinear in nature has led to the injection of current and voltage harmonics in low voltage distribution system . As the distribution transformers have to meet the harmonic losses caused due to the nonlinear loads , their power handling capacity is decreased leading to the derating of transformers . This paper investigates the feasibility of reducing harmonic distortion and derating of transformers by employing a hybrid ac-dc distribution system , in which the dc loads are powered by dc supply through a three phase diode bridge rectifier . As all switch set of a converter is identified as an electronic transformer with a complex turn-ratio , which is simply referred as ‘ phasor transformer ’ in this book , it can be said in general that power electronics deal with phasor transformers . Now the phasor transformers embrace not only converters , but also controllers , processors , power systems , and motors . It is capable of wideband operation at the cost of being difficult to match , frequency dependant , high-impedance and complex load . Previous TTFD matching transformers utilising toroids have been measured and evaluated for their suitability for the Buckland Park radar . A new system based on an LC matching network circuit has been devised to replace them . A pneumatically damped optical bench has been put under the control of a digital computer in order to keep its table top constantly horizontal , as required when using imaging techniques in measurements involving a liquid-liquid or a liquid-gas interface . The deviation of the table top from true horizontal alignment is continuously monitored by the computer through two synchro transformers . Corrective actions are taken through electro-pneumatic valves . To this end , we propose new algorithmic innovations such as Causal Sinkhorn Balancing and SortCut , a dynamic sequence truncation method for tailoring Sinkhorn Attention for encoding and/or decoding purposes . Via extensive experiments on algorithmic seq2seq sorting , language modeling , pixel-wise image generation , document classification and natural language inference , we demonstrate that our memory efficient Sinkhorn Attention method is competitive with vanilla attention and consistently outperforms recently proposed efficient Transformer models such as Sparse Transformers . We use the representation theory of the symmetric group to locate the elements . We use the computer algebra system ALBERT and an extension of ALBERT to express the elements in compact form and to show that these new elements are not a consequence of the known degree-5 elements in the nucleus . We prove that these five new elements and four known elements form a basis for the subspace of nuclear elements of degree 6 . We use the representations with two downstream tasks , speaker identification , and phoneme classification . We show that Audio ALBERT is capable of achieving competitive performance with those huge models in the downstream tasks while utilizing 91\% fewer parameters . Moreover , we use some simple probing models to measure how much the information of the speaker and phoneme is encoded in latent representations . Adaptive finite element methods are a modern , widely used tool which make realistic computations feasible , even in three space dimensions . We describe the basic ideas and ingredients of adaptive FEM and the implementation of our toolbox ALBERT . The design of ALBERT is based on the natural hierarchy of locally refined meshes and an abstract concept of general finite element spaces . Our approach improves inference efficiency as it allows the model to make a prediction with fewer layers . Meanwhile , experimental results with an ALBERT model show that our method can improve the accuracy and robustness of the model by preventing it from overthinking and exploiting multiple classifiers for prediction , yielding a better accuracy-speed trade-off compared to existing early exit methods . The intelligent tutoring system , ALBERT , is a problem-solving monitor and coach that has been used with high school and college level physics students for several years ; it uses a natural language system to understand kinematics problems and can teach students to solve physics problemc by engaging the student in a plain English dialogue . The four programs described in this paper demonstrate the transportability of the ALBERT natural language systems across diverse subject areas , programming languages and hardware platforms . FREEBODY allows students to draw free-body diagrams on the computer with a mouse and also assess whether or not the resulting diagram is , easonable in terms of the situation described in the problem statement . ILONA is a program that helps students translate logical statements into mathematical form ; the natural language system used in ILONA was also derived from ALBERT . CICERO is a program that was developed as a part of a series of lessons in the field of Roman law ; it allows students to participate in a simulated lawyer-client interview . ALBERT 's language system provides an opportunity for dialogue between the student-lawyer and the computer-client . ECLIPS is a program designed to understand and solve chemistry problems of molarity typed in plain English ; it uses both the natural language system and the generic problem-solver from ALBERT . Towards this objective , the prediction model needs to be small to achieve fast prediction . In this paper , we design and develop a fake news detection mobile app with a device-based prediction model based on the small language model ALBERT . Experiments show that it can achieve real-time , accurate detection of fake news . At the same time , we also identify some datasets where GPT-3 's few-shot learning still struggles , as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora . Finally , we find that GPT-3 can generate samples of news articles which human evaluators have difficulty distinguishing from articles written by humans . We discuss broader societal impacts of this finding and of GPT-3 in general .
The optimization problem is solved aimed at providing a reliable supply for the consumer ’s demand . The system consists of fuel cells , some wind units , some electrolyzers , a reformer , an anaerobic reactor and some hydrogen tanks . The system is assumed stand-alone and uses the biomass as an available energy source .
This paper focuses on the design of a controller for a low temperature ethanol steam reformer for the production of hydrogen to feed a protonic exchange membrane ( PEM ) fuel cell . It describes different control structures for the reformer and treats the control structure selection of this multiple input multiple output ( MIMO ) system . For each considered control structure , decentralised 2 2 controllers with proportional integral ( PI ) control actions in each control loop are implemented .
This paper studies the impact of fuel-cell ( FC ) performance and control strategies on the benefits of hybridization . One of the main weak points of the FC is slow dynamics dominated by a temperature and fuel-delivery system ( pumps , valves , and , in some cases , a hydrogen reformer ) . As a result , fast load demand will cause a high voltage drop in a short time , which is recognized as a fuel-starvation phenomenon .
The design of an l/sub 1/ optimal controller for a hydrogen reformer is presented . The objective of the hydrogen reformer process is to produce hydrogen by catalysis from desulphurized hydrocarbons , mixed with superheated steam .
In order to create a reactor design model for the secondary reformer in the ammonia plant . The first objective of the thesis is to study the effect of operation conditions such as feed compositions , pressure and temperature on the mole fraction of the product components , temperature and pressure of the secondary reformer . The effect of chemical reactions number in a catalyst zone has been investigated and two models have been studied .
The process involves heating a mixture of reactant and catalyst chemical inside a tube-shaped reactor at a pressure around 20 bars to encourage rapid reactions . The service life of a reformer tube is primary ended when creep damage is determined to be excessive . Due to the high cost of reformer tubes and the combination between temperature and stress during service influencing the generation of creep damage , it is of significant benefit for process companies to monitor the condition of reformer tubes , and use condition-based assessment rather than time-based estimation to judge the retirement of reformer tubes .
The objective is to explore design concepts for self-tuning expert controllers . To accomplish this , two interacting rule based controllers for supervisory control and system optimization are constructed to control a gasoline catalytic reformer . The knowledge bases for the controllers are established from human operator experience and basic engineering knowledge about the process dynamics .
Noah Webster was an outstanding American lexicographer , textbook author , and spelling reformer , well-known for his An American dictionary of the English language , which has served as a model for generations of lexicographers . The name ‘ Webster ’ is still today synonymous throughout the English-speaking world with correct spelling , authoritative definitions , and the concept of a dictionary .
Bhd . ( PASB ) plant . The primary reformer in PASB plant is used to crack hydrocarbons such as natural gas into its constituents which are carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide and hydrogen . Pressurized feed ( 30barg ) of hydrocarbon and steam is fed into the reformer tubes and heated by the burners at about 800 - 1 000 ° C to facilitate the hydrocarbon conversion .
A first evaluation of the procedure is performed on a 2 kWel and 4 kWthermal Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell ( PEMFC ) Combined Heat and Power ( CHP ) prototype system , installed at the Institut fur Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik ( IWE ) , Universitat Karlsruhe ( TH ) . The system , which was developed at the Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung ZSW , Ulm ( FC stack ) and the Fraunhofer-Institut fur Solare Energiesysteme ISE , Freiburg ( natural gas reformer ) is operated and tested in close cooperation with the Stadtwerke Karlsruhe . The CHP system including the measurement equipment , as well as the modeling and simulation approach based on system tests are presented .
In this paper a windows-based software , RIPI-RefSim , is introduced . By using rigorous heat , mass , kinetic and thermodynamic models as well as taking into account the effect of catalyst shape , the software has been developed in order to provide reformer furnace simulation for syngas and hydrogen production . RIPI-RefSim can be used in three different modes ( rating , simulation and design ) and provides a detailed understanding of furnace performance , product characteristics , temperature , reaction rates and pressure drop profiles , effect of catalyst shape , and so on .
Abstract The impact of radiation heat transfer and radial heat losses in small-scale monoliths , as often used for testing catalysts or qualifying process conditions , are an important consideration to design and predict performance of commercial size reactors . The paper presents the 3D modeling of a honeycomb CPOX ( Catalytic Partial Oxidation ) reformer , including detailed surface chemistry for the conversion of methane on rhodium . The calculation domain comprises the flow region and two monoliths ( one of them coated ) which are positioned in a glass tube .
Ethernet transceivers are connected to twisted-pair cables by magnetics , which typically contain pulse transformers , common mode chokes , capacitors and resistors . Voltage waveforms on the transceiver-side of magnetics due to electrostatic discharge to the cable-side pins of an integrated Ethernet connector have been measured .
OMeta is based on a variant of Parsing Expression Grammars ( PEGs ) [5]---a recognition-based foundation for describing syntax --- which we have extended to handle arbitrary kinds of data . We show that OMeta 's general-purpose pattern matching provides a natural and convenient way for programmers to implement tokenizers , parsers , visitors , and tree transformers , all of which can be extended in interesting ways using familiar object-oriented mechanisms . This makes OMeta particularly well-suited as a medium for experimenting with new designs for programming languages and extensions to existing languages .
It is based on a variant of Parsing Expression Grammars ( PEGs ) , which have been extended to handle arbitrary data types . OMeta 's general-purpose pattern matching facilities provide a natural and convenient way for programmers to implement tokenizers , parsers , visitors , and tree transformers ( Warth 2007 ) . We use ADL Sandbox project as a real-world application , which is built on top of VWF .
HVDC systems up to 800 kV are in operation and higher transmission voltages are under development . All HVDC equipment , e.g. HVDC valves , transmission lines ( air or cables ) , HVDC transformers , bushings , insulators etc . have to be tested . To perform these development tests , type tests , routine tests and on-site tests , special HVDC and UHDC test systems are needed .
These shunt capacitors behave like single-tuned or high-pass harmonic filters , however there will be an increased risk of harmonic resonance making the transmission line susceptible to tripping wind turbines on transient overvoltage . Harmonics generated by solar , energy-saving home appliances and electric vehicle chargers pose a potential threat to the distribution network systems and if allowed to continue unabated could cause fuse failures and premature failure of pole-mount transformers . In addition , neutral current can be excessive due to current harmonic distortion even with loads balanced on three phases which will cause overheating if the neutral is undersized .
In this paper we proposed a low-cost SFRA test system . We also investigated the most common types of faults affecting IT-M transformers and carried out experimental tests on a set of single-phase isolation transformers for medical use , in order to correlate the TF diagrams with the most common deteriorations and defects .
The widespread use of power electronic loads which are nonlinear in nature has led to the injection of current and voltage harmonics in low voltage distribution system . As the distribution transformers have to meet the harmonic losses caused due to the nonlinear loads , their power handling capacity is decreased leading to the derating of transformers . This paper investigates the feasibility of reducing harmonic distortion and derating of transformers by employing a hybrid ac-dc distribution system , in which the dc loads are powered by dc supply through a three phase diode bridge rectifier .
As all switch set of a converter is identified as an electronic transformer with a complex turn-ratio , which is simply referred as ‘ phasor transformer ’ in this book , it can be said in general that power electronics deal with phasor transformers . Now the phasor transformers embrace not only converters , but also controllers , processors , power systems , and motors .
It is capable of wideband operation at the cost of being difficult to match , frequency dependant , high-impedance and complex load . Previous TTFD matching transformers utilising toroids have been measured and evaluated for their suitability for the Buckland Park radar . A new system based on an LC matching network circuit has been devised to replace them .
A pneumatically damped optical bench has been put under the control of a digital computer in order to keep its table top constantly horizontal , as required when using imaging techniques in measurements involving a liquid-liquid or a liquid-gas interface . The deviation of the table top from true horizontal alignment is continuously monitored by the computer through two synchro transformers . Corrective actions are taken through electro-pneumatic valves .
To this end , we propose new algorithmic innovations such as Causal Sinkhorn Balancing and SortCut , a dynamic sequence truncation method for tailoring Sinkhorn Attention for encoding and/or decoding purposes . Via extensive experiments on algorithmic seq2seq sorting , language modeling , pixel-wise image generation , document classification and natural language inference , we demonstrate that our memory efficient Sinkhorn Attention method is competitive with vanilla attention and consistently outperforms recently proposed efficient Transformer models such as Sparse Transformers .
We use the representation theory of the symmetric group to locate the elements . We use the computer algebra system ALBERT and an extension of ALBERT to express the elements in compact form and to show that these new elements are not a consequence of the known degree-5 elements in the nucleus . We prove that these five new elements and four known elements form a basis for the subspace of nuclear elements of degree 6 .
We use the representations with two downstream tasks , speaker identification , and phoneme classification . We show that Audio ALBERT is capable of achieving competitive performance with those huge models in the downstream tasks while utilizing 91\% fewer parameters . Moreover , we use some simple probing models to measure how much the information of the speaker and phoneme is encoded in latent representations .
Adaptive finite element methods are a modern , widely used tool which make realistic computations feasible , even in three space dimensions . We describe the basic ideas and ingredients of adaptive FEM and the implementation of our toolbox ALBERT . The design of ALBERT is based on the natural hierarchy of locally refined meshes and an abstract concept of general finite element spaces .
Our approach improves inference efficiency as it allows the model to make a prediction with fewer layers . Meanwhile , experimental results with an ALBERT model show that our method can improve the accuracy and robustness of the model by preventing it from overthinking and exploiting multiple classifiers for prediction , yielding a better accuracy-speed trade-off compared to existing early exit methods .
The intelligent tutoring system , ALBERT , is a problem-solving monitor and coach that has been used with high school and college level physics students for several years ; it uses a natural language system to understand kinematics problems and can teach students to solve physics problemc by engaging the student in a plain English dialogue . The four programs described in this paper demonstrate the transportability of the ALBERT natural language systems across diverse subject areas , programming languages and hardware platforms . FREEBODY allows students to draw free-body diagrams on the computer with a mouse and also assess whether or not the resulting diagram is , easonable in terms of the situation described in the problem statement . ILONA is a program that helps students translate logical statements into mathematical form ; the natural language system used in ILONA was also derived from ALBERT . CICERO is a program that was developed as a part of a series of lessons in the field of Roman law ; it allows students to participate in a simulated lawyer-client interview . ALBERT 's language system provides an opportunity for dialogue between the student-lawyer and the computer-client . ECLIPS is a program designed to understand and solve chemistry problems of molarity typed in plain English ; it uses both the natural language system and the generic problem-solver from ALBERT .
Towards this objective , the prediction model needs to be small to achieve fast prediction . In this paper , we design and develop a fake news detection mobile app with a device-based prediction model based on the small language model ALBERT . Experiments show that it can achieve real-time , accurate detection of fake news .
At the same time , we also identify some datasets where GPT-3 's few-shot learning still struggles , as well as some datasets where GPT-3 faces methodological issues related to training on large web corpora . Finally , we find that GPT-3 can generate samples of news articles which human evaluators have difficulty distinguishing from articles written by humans . We discuss broader societal impacts of this finding and of GPT-3 in general .
Optimal Sizing of a Reliable Hydrogen-based Stand-alone Wind-Fuel Cell System Design of linear controllers applied to an ethanol steam reformer for PEM fuel cell applications Comparative Study of Fuel-Cell Vehicle Hybridization with Battery or Supercapacitor Storage Device Design of an l/sub 1/ optimal controller for a hydrogen reformer plant Modeling and Simulation of an Industrial Secondary Reformer Reactor Wireless pipe inspection control system Design of a Self-Tuning Expert Controller for a Gasoline Refinery Catalytic Reformer Webster, Noah (1758–1843) Modeling of Primary Reformer Tube Metal Temperature (TMT) Model‐Aided Testing of a PEMFC CHP System Software development for design and simulation of terraced wall and top fired primary steam reformers 3D modeling of a CPOX-reformer including detailed chemistry and radiation effects with DUO ESD transfer through Ethernet magnetics OMeta: an object-oriented language for pattern matching From Live Coding to Virtual Being Modular DC Test System From transmission to distribution networks-harmonic impacts on modern grid Application of SFRA for diagnostics on medical isolation transformers Minimizing Harmonics and Transformer Derating in Low Voltage Distribution Networks by DC Distribution Phasor Transformers in Power Electronics and Beyond Improved impedance matching for SuperDARN TTFD antennas Electronic control of the horizontal alignment of an optical bench Sparse Sinkhorn Attention Nuclear Elements of Degree 6 in the Free Alternative Algebra Audio ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Audio Representation ALBERT---Software for scientific computations and applications. BERT Loses Patience: Fast and Robust Inference with Early Exit Transfer of a Natural Language System for Problem-Solving in Physics to Other Domains. FakeFinder: Twitter Fake News Detection on Mobile Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
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