Granular computing ( GRC ) is an umbrella term to cover any theories , methodologies , techniques , and tools that make use of granules(i.e . , subsets of a universe ) in problem solving . The philosophy of granular computing has appeared in many fields , and it is likely playing a more and more important role in data mining . This chapter addresses the nature of problem solving in general , how cognitive psychologists believe that problem solving expertise develops , new issues in problem solving that have risen with new information and communication technologies , and some specific technologies and tools that can support the development of problem solving expertise . The chapter concludes with remarks about thorny issues that inhibit progress and mention some things to consider in the future . The expert system embodies knowledge not only about all the detailed syntax rules required for forming a CACSD running program , but also about particular problem-solving , command interpretation , control theory and alogrithms . The expert system decides what kinds of input are required for a problem-solving , and then prompts the users in a friendly fashion for any additional information . The expert system is a rule-based system , using data list structure to model the approaches and the attributes ( i. e. , problem attributes , approach attributes , and so on ) . They need opportunities for reflect on and refine their strategies , ideas and practice about the instruction planning , implementing instruction , and instruction media based on local wisdom . We can apply the teacher training with the project approach , because The project approach builds on natural curiosity , interact , question , connect , problem solve , communicate , reflect and more . It focus of knowing “ How to do it in action ” knowledge capable of mobility in appropriate ways and at the appropriate moment . This Research Full Paper will discuss the demonstration of critical thinking of undergraduate students through their required co-op experiences . Critical thinking is an important 21st century skill that is expressed through measurable outcomes such as the ability to successfully use information , design , analyze , and problem solve . At Rochester Institute of Technology , a primarily technically focused university with strong programs in engineering and computing sciences , there is a dedicated effort to enhance the critical thinking ability of the students on campus . Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to show that some frontal and prefrontal cortical areas represent visual space in orderly , reproducible , topographic maps . The map-containing areas partly overlap dorsolateral prefrontal areas engaged by working memory tasks . These maps may be useful for attending to task-relevant objects at various spatial locations , an aspect of the executive control of attention . Extending our findings on visual working memory , we show that verbal content ( Chinese Characters memorized by native speakers of Chinese ) is selectively stored in prefrontal areas , more specifically Broca 's area and articulatory premotor cortex . Finally , while working memory storage seems to be represented in a distributed way , working memory control could be traced to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regardless of what content was memorized . The lisTELOS model proposes how sequences of saccades can be learned and performed from an Item-Order-Rank spatial working memory under the control of three parallel basal ganglia loops . Basal ganglia gating in the regulation of working memory storage , visual imagery , useful field of view , thinking , planning , and Where ’s Waldo searching are also discussed , as is how its breakdown can lead to hallucinations . Furthermore , fractional anisotropy of listeners ' left arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus ( AF/SLF ) is shown to covary with the functional effect of increased storage demands at sites along the tract . Functionally , the results suggest that storage during sentence processing relies on TP regions , likely shared between sentence processing and other working memory-related tasks , while Broca 's area appears as a distinct neural correlate of ordering . We conclude that the abstract notion of sentence processing can be captured by the interplay of concrete cognitive concepts such as ordering and storage . Normal aging in humans and nonhuman primates is associated with cognitive decline , particularly in tasks involving working memory function that relies on the prefrontal cortex [ 1 ] . Because normal aging is not correlated with widespread neuron death or gross morphological degeneration , the biological substrate of these deficits remains unclear [ 2 ] . However , working memory involves manipulation as well as maintenance of information in the absence of external stimuli . In this work , we investigated working memory representation using recurrent neural network ( RNN ) models trained to perform several working memory dependent tasks . We found that STP can support the short-term maintenance of information provided that the memory delay period is sufficiently short . When a problem object is identified , problem solving can be perceived as a search process in the memory space for finding a relationship between a set of problem-solving goals and a set of alternative paths . This paper presents a mathematical and cognitive model that describes problem solving as a cognitive process . The cognitive structures of the brain and the mechanisms of internal knowledge representation behind the cognitive process of problem solving are explained . Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning ( reading comprehension ) . It is a means of language acquisition , of communication , and of sharing information and ideas . The EEG data were analyzed using partial directed coherence ( PDC ) and power spectrum estimation ( PSE ) . Based on the results , female subjects achieved only 1 % higher performance in mental arithmetic task while male subjects achieved about 13 % higher performance in TOH task . The differences in terms of the functional connectivity between brain regions ( in PDC ) as well as the power distribution of 6 EEG waveforms , i.e. delta , theta , alpha , beta , gamma and high gamma bands are also highlighted and represented graphically in this paper . OBJECTIVE Most brain-computer interfaces ( BCIs ) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy ( fNIRS ) require that users perform mental tasks such as motor imagery , mental arithmetic , or music imagery to convey a message or to answer simple yes or no questions . These cognitive tasks usually have no direct association with the communicative intent , which makes them difficult for users to perform . To remove physiological noises , short/long-separation detectors are used in the spatially resolved spectroscopy approach . The proposed method is applied to measure the brain activity of five healthy male subjects in mental arithmetic tasks targeting the prefrontal cortex . The obtained results reveal that the proposed method can be used as an alternative approach to the conventional modified Beer-Lambert law . Little has been reported on calculation-related activation in Fm experiments . We used spatially filtered MEG and permutation analysis to precisely localize cortical generators of Fm during focused attention and identify neural networks and underlying oscillatory activity involved in mental arithmetic operations , specifically in subtraction calculations . Eleven healthy volunteers were asked to serially subtract 7 from 1000 , as fast as possible , with their eyes closed , thereby generating Fm and recorded by MEG . The effect of the code conversion process of Korean script ( Hangul ) , also known as words for numbers , was investigated using event-related potentials ( ERPs ) during mental arithmetic operations . Study subjects were asked to determine whether the arithmetic results of a given target stimuli were correctly matched . In this study , EEG data recorded during mental arithmetic operations and silent reading were analyzed by discrete wavelet transform and feature vectors were obtained . The obtained feature vectors are classified by Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) . Thus , the interaction between the senior nerve and autonomic nerve has recently been given more attention . The purpose of this study was to analyze the cortico-cortical functional coupling and direction of information flow between the brain and heart during a mental arithmetic ( MA ) task . Forty-three healthy male volunteer participated in the study . In this editorial , we discuss the two paradigms and provide a brief review of some of the work in numerical cognition that has profited from the use of these techniques . For both methods , we discuss the past research through the frameworks of single digit number processing , multidigit number processing , and mental arithmetic processing . We conclude with a discussion of the papers that have been contributed to this special section and point to some possible future directions for researchers interested in tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing . Mental arithmetic means the arithmetic operations activities without the help of outside tools . At present , the researches on the primary students ' ability of mental arithmetic at home and abroad are mainly focused on the nerval physiological basis of mental arithmetic processing , the strategies of mental arithmetic , the training and teaching of mental arithmetic , etc . Physiological studies reveal the internal mechanisms of mental arithmetic activities , while strategy researches reveal the different strategy choice in mental arithmetic activities , studies on training and teaching suggest that mental arithmetic can be improved through training and how to better train students in mental arithmetic . The proposed method classifies each pair of the given tasks and combines the results to give the final result . Four tasks such as rest , movement , mental-arithmetic calculation and point-fixing were used in the experiment . Over 90 % of the trials , the model yielded successful results . This paper presents a new modeling and control fuzzy-based framework validated with real-time experiments on human participants experiencing stress via mental arithmetic cognitive tasks identified through psychophysiological markers . The ultimate aim of the modeling/control framework is to prevent performance breakdown in human – computer interactive systems with a special focus on human performance . Both decision mechanisms are necessary to predict the separate effects of split and confusions which have been observed in the laboratory . The conclusion of the paper discusses the relationship of the simulation to developmental processes in mental arithmetic performance , considering the interplay between declarative knowledge of the sort simulated and " procedural " knowledge of arithmetic algorithms and heuristics . ( Author/JN ) Computationalism is traditionally considered in the context of cognitive science as perhaps the dominant contemporary approach to understand cognition and cognitive phenomena . It consists in application of concepts and methods of theoretical computer science for understanding and (re)constructing phenomena appearing in much broader fields of science , including the natural sciences and also economics , and some other branches of social sciences . These groups of highly interconnected neurons are named cell assemblies ( CAs ) . This long-standing concept with its basic ability of pattern completion is a promising approach to explain several cognitive phenomena [ 3 ] . Combining the theory of CAs with the principle of self-organizing maps ( SOMs ) [ 4 ] , we present a biologically plausible network model able to reproduce the upper experimental findings . Unless generating unpredictability is crucial , it therefore seems obvious that basing a decision on a number known to be random is at best a mistake , and at worst evidence of irrationality in human thinking . However this is not necessarily true , and this fact may have interesting implications for cognitive phenomena . This can be demonstrated by considering three problems that on the surface are quite different . Detection of deception is particular importance for the criminal case and cognitive behaviors of individual . To understanding criminal behavior , extracting the characteristic of brain waves have obviously crucial . Every animal on our planet wanders around when looking for something . Whether it is in search of food , a mate , or home , navigation is one of the most performed cognitive behaviors in Nature . Nevertheless , our understanding of how the brain is capable of solving such a simple problem − to move from one point to another − is still incomplete . Software development is demanding knowledge work that requires creativity and adaptability to changing requirements and situations . This type of work involves cognitive actions that require substantial support in several forms in order to address needs such as collaboration , communication , knowledge management , awareness and transparency , and the coordination and structuring of the development processes . The literature and our empirical results show that there is a lack of cognitive support in current workflow models . Although still limited in their capabilities , VHs combine a rich set of capabilities for ex- ploring how cognitive processes manage interactions with the physical and social world . In this sense , they comple- ment recent interest in robotics as a tool for cognitive sci- ence , and address many of the limitations of physical robots . Embodied Cognition : Embodied theories argue that the brain and body are tightly linked : the configuration and state of one ’s body profoundly influence cognitive processes and vice versa . Joint attention plays an important role in numerous social- cognitive processes , including Theory-of-Mind ( Tomasello , 1995 ) , perspective taking ( Moll & Meltzoff , 2011 ) , and pro- cesses relating to learning and memory from early infancy throughout adulthood ( Kim & Mundy , 2012 ) . However , de- spite extensive research in virtually all areas of cognitive sci- ence aiming at an understanding of behavioral functions , cog- nitive processes , and neural mechanisms of joint attention , there is a plethora of unresolved questions . The interplay of the development of joint attention and language during in- fancy ( Baldwin , 1995 ) or the relation between joint atten- tion and the perception of other persons ( Frischen , Bayliss , & Tipper , 2007 ) are among those . Notions of embodiment , situatedness , and dynamics are increasingly being debated in cognitive sci ence . However , these debates are often carried out in the absence of concrete examples . Anthropology was a founding member of cognitive sci en e ( Bender et al. , 2010 ; Gardner , 1985 ) , sharing with ot er cognitive disciplines a deep interest in thinking a nd behavior . With its unique expertise in the cultural cont e t , context , and constitution of cognition , it would still be essential to any comprehensive endeavor to explore the human ind ( Bloch , 2012 ) , but rather has turned into cognitive science ’s “ missing discipline ” ( Boden , 2006 ) , thus leaving i m portant questions unanswered or even unasked . However , designing games that provide use- ful data is a difficult task that often requires significant trial and error . In this work , we consider how to apply ideas from op- timal experiment design to designing games for cognitive sci- ence experiments . We use Markov decision processes to model players ’ actions within a game , and then make inferences about the parameters of a cognitive model from these actions . Failure diagnosis for large compute clusters using only message logs is known to be incomplete . Recent availability of resource use data provides another potentially useful source of data for failure detection and diagnosis . Early work combining message logs and resource use data for failure diagnosis has shown promising results . In order to improve accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis of breast lumps , the authors introduce an improved interactive segmentation method based on Live Wire . This paper presents the Gabor filters and FCM clustering algorithm is introduced to the Live Wire cost function definition . A fuzzy automaton called the recognizer is introduced to distinguish the forbidden strings from the illegal language . Then a safe diagnoser is constructed to perform safe diagnosis of FDESs . In particular , a necessary and sufficient condition of safe diagnosability for FDESs is derived , which extends the main results of safe diagnosability from crisp DESs to the setting of FDESs . A new strategy is proposed here for the diagnosis of asymmetric demagnetisation in permanent magnet synchronous machines . The strategy is based on the measuring of the voltage at the midpoint of the windings within a phase . In addition , the model shows that the varying temporal gaps between adjacent coda seen in experiments depend on the individual profiles of perturbations . Implications for non-invasive cochlear diagnosis are also discussed . Monitoring and diagnosis of network conditions is a central problem in networking . As such , it has received a lot of attention in the Internet community in general and in the context of overlay networks in particular . To highlight the risks of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . To introduce the issues surrounding management of pulmonary thromboembolism around labour and delivery Diagnosis and management of pulmonary thromboembolism in # pregnancy and labour http://ow.ly/UvyyW Probabilistic graphical models are being used widely in artiicial intelligence , for instance , in diagnosis and expert systems , as a uniied qualitative and quantitative framework for representing and reasoning with probabilities and independencies . Their development and use spans several elds including artiicial intelligence , decision theory and statistics , and provides an important bridge between these communities . Interval modeling and aggregation significantly improve quality of diagnosis . The method has been successfully used in real life diagnosis support system . R implementation is available on GitHub for other researchers . Thus the accurate and efficient diagnosis of Parkinson disease has been a significant challenge for medical experts and researchers . In order to tackle the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson disease issue we proposed machine learning and deep neural networks based non-invasive prediction system for accurately and on time diagnosis of Parkinson disease . In the development of the system machine learning predictive models such as support vector machine , logistic regression and deep neural network were used for people with Parkinson disease and healthy people classification . Variability and stability are different aspects of system dynamics , whose magnitude may be further affected by a cognitive load . Thus , the aim of the study was to explore and compare the effects of a cognitive dual task on the variability and local dynamic stability in a repetitive bimanual task . Thirteen healthy volunteers performed the repetitive motor task with and without a concurrent cognitive task of counting aloud backwards in multiples of three . This paper presents a new concept in RF multiplexer design to integrate a single monopole-type antenna to a receiver with large , multiband tuning ranges . Traditional techniques to integrate a single antenna with such receivers are limited in their ability to handle simultaneous channels distributed over very large tuning ranges , which is important for frequency-agile cognitive radio , surveillance , and other applications requiring wideband or multiband monitoring . In our approach , the goal is first to achieve sensitivity which is nominally dominated by external ( environmental ) noise , and then secondly to improve bandwidth to the maximum possible consistent with this goal . The highest two levels , synthesis and evaluation , make up the remaining 15 % . A key recommendation of this research is to encourage more collaboration between academics offering similar modules at different universities in order to determine the degree to which they promote higher level cognitive development . Despite years of effort to get maintenance technicians to collect data that is usable and useful to engineers , either by trying to enforce the use of codes or apply management controls , little progress has been made . Advances in cognitive computing processes such as text mining , natural language processing and knowledge representation hold the key to solving this problem . The purpose of this paper is to explain key concepts in text mining , knowledge representation and ontology development in a way that is accessible to reliability and maintenance engineers . RESULTS Only one of the two tested AR interfaces improved driver awareness of pedestrians without visually and cognitively distracting drivers from other road elements that were not augmented by the display but still critical for safe driving . CONCLUSION Our initial human-subject experiment demonstrated the potential of the proposed method in quantifying both positive and negative consequences of AR HUDs on driver cognitive processes . More importantly , the study suggests that AR interfaces can be informative or distractive depending on the perceptual forms of graphical elements presented on the displays . You ’d then have two therapeutic targets : trying to prevent people from getting to a vulnerable state in the first place , and — at least for older people at risk of sporadic Alzheimer ’s disease — preventing a progression from vulnerability to the actual disease . ” Marilynn Larkin Gene linked to normal cognitive decline In summary , our findings provide electrophysiological evidence to interpret possible influences of memory loads on conflict monitoring and modulation during the task switching . These results imply that the working memory load overrules the influence of task-switching performance on the intensification of cognitive control . In this article , we develop an analytical framework for performance evaluation and comparison between decision and data fusion rules for cooperative relay based cognitive radio networks . Our unified analytical formulas for the data fusion rules are sufficiently general to tackle generalized stochastic channel models with independent but non-identically distributed ( i.n.d ) link statistics . These are feature transformations that are guided by how a different feature partitions the training data . We have used the case of staging cognitive impairments to show the benefits of this approach . We train a random forest model that uses both MRI and PET , and can be tested on data that only includes MRI features . The main issue addressed in this paper is how to accumulate cognitive experiences of learning with cognitive tool to develop learning skill . Cognitive tool gives learners a scaffold for learning process , which allows them to externalize/visualize the process or results of learning and to reify the learning process . When deep neural networks begin to approach human on challenging face benchmarks such as LFW , people are eager to know what has been learned by these neurons and how such high performance is achieved . In cognitive science , there are a lot of studies on analyzing the mechanisms of face processing of neurons in visual cortex . Inspired by those works , we analyze the behaviours of neurons in artificial neural networks in a attempt to explain face recognition process in deep nets , what information is encoded in neurons , and how robust they are to corruptions .
Granular computing ( GRC ) is an umbrella term to cover any theories , methodologies , techniques , and tools that make use of granules(i.e . , subsets of a universe ) in problem solving . The philosophy of granular computing has appeared in many fields , and it is likely playing a more and more important role in data mining .
This chapter addresses the nature of problem solving in general , how cognitive psychologists believe that problem solving expertise develops , new issues in problem solving that have risen with new information and communication technologies , and some specific technologies and tools that can support the development of problem solving expertise . The chapter concludes with remarks about thorny issues that inhibit progress and mention some things to consider in the future .
The expert system embodies knowledge not only about all the detailed syntax rules required for forming a CACSD running program , but also about particular problem-solving , command interpretation , control theory and alogrithms . The expert system decides what kinds of input are required for a problem-solving , and then prompts the users in a friendly fashion for any additional information . The expert system is a rule-based system , using data list structure to model the approaches and the attributes ( i. e. , problem attributes , approach attributes , and so on ) .
They need opportunities for reflect on and refine their strategies , ideas and practice about the instruction planning , implementing instruction , and instruction media based on local wisdom . We can apply the teacher training with the project approach , because The project approach builds on natural curiosity , interact , question , connect , problem solve , communicate , reflect and more . It focus of knowing “ How to do it in action ” knowledge capable of mobility in appropriate ways and at the appropriate moment .
This Research Full Paper will discuss the demonstration of critical thinking of undergraduate students through their required co-op experiences . Critical thinking is an important 21st century skill that is expressed through measurable outcomes such as the ability to successfully use information , design , analyze , and problem solve . At Rochester Institute of Technology , a primarily technically focused university with strong programs in engineering and computing sciences , there is a dedicated effort to enhance the critical thinking ability of the students on campus .
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to show that some frontal and prefrontal cortical areas represent visual space in orderly , reproducible , topographic maps . The map-containing areas partly overlap dorsolateral prefrontal areas engaged by working memory tasks . These maps may be useful for attending to task-relevant objects at various spatial locations , an aspect of the executive control of attention .
Extending our findings on visual working memory , we show that verbal content ( Chinese Characters memorized by native speakers of Chinese ) is selectively stored in prefrontal areas , more specifically Broca 's area and articulatory premotor cortex . Finally , while working memory storage seems to be represented in a distributed way , working memory control could be traced to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regardless of what content was memorized .
The lisTELOS model proposes how sequences of saccades can be learned and performed from an Item-Order-Rank spatial working memory under the control of three parallel basal ganglia loops . Basal ganglia gating in the regulation of working memory storage , visual imagery , useful field of view , thinking , planning , and Where ’s Waldo searching are also discussed , as is how its breakdown can lead to hallucinations .
Furthermore , fractional anisotropy of listeners ' left arcuate fasciculus/superior longitudinal fasciculus ( AF/SLF ) is shown to covary with the functional effect of increased storage demands at sites along the tract . Functionally , the results suggest that storage during sentence processing relies on TP regions , likely shared between sentence processing and other working memory-related tasks , while Broca 's area appears as a distinct neural correlate of ordering . We conclude that the abstract notion of sentence processing can be captured by the interplay of concrete cognitive concepts such as ordering and storage .
Normal aging in humans and nonhuman primates is associated with cognitive decline , particularly in tasks involving working memory function that relies on the prefrontal cortex [ 1 ] . Because normal aging is not correlated with widespread neuron death or gross morphological degeneration , the biological substrate of these deficits remains unclear [ 2 ] .
However , working memory involves manipulation as well as maintenance of information in the absence of external stimuli . In this work , we investigated working memory representation using recurrent neural network ( RNN ) models trained to perform several working memory dependent tasks . We found that STP can support the short-term maintenance of information provided that the memory delay period is sufficiently short .
When a problem object is identified , problem solving can be perceived as a search process in the memory space for finding a relationship between a set of problem-solving goals and a set of alternative paths . This paper presents a mathematical and cognitive model that describes problem solving as a cognitive process . The cognitive structures of the brain and the mechanisms of internal knowledge representation behind the cognitive process of problem solving are explained .
Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning ( reading comprehension ) . It is a means of language acquisition , of communication , and of sharing information and ideas .
The EEG data were analyzed using partial directed coherence ( PDC ) and power spectrum estimation ( PSE ) . Based on the results , female subjects achieved only 1 % higher performance in mental arithmetic task while male subjects achieved about 13 % higher performance in TOH task . The differences in terms of the functional connectivity between brain regions ( in PDC ) as well as the power distribution of 6 EEG waveforms , i.e. delta , theta , alpha , beta , gamma and high gamma bands are also highlighted and represented graphically in this paper .
OBJECTIVE Most brain-computer interfaces ( BCIs ) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy ( fNIRS ) require that users perform mental tasks such as motor imagery , mental arithmetic , or music imagery to convey a message or to answer simple yes or no questions . These cognitive tasks usually have no direct association with the communicative intent , which makes them difficult for users to perform .
To remove physiological noises , short/long-separation detectors are used in the spatially resolved spectroscopy approach . The proposed method is applied to measure the brain activity of five healthy male subjects in mental arithmetic tasks targeting the prefrontal cortex . The obtained results reveal that the proposed method can be used as an alternative approach to the conventional modified Beer-Lambert law .
Little has been reported on calculation-related activation in Fm experiments . We used spatially filtered MEG and permutation analysis to precisely localize cortical generators of Fm during focused attention and identify neural networks and underlying oscillatory activity involved in mental arithmetic operations , specifically in subtraction calculations . Eleven healthy volunteers were asked to serially subtract 7 from 1000 , as fast as possible , with their eyes closed , thereby generating Fm and recorded by MEG .
The effect of the code conversion process of Korean script ( Hangul ) , also known as words for numbers , was investigated using event-related potentials ( ERPs ) during mental arithmetic operations . Study subjects were asked to determine whether the arithmetic results of a given target stimuli were correctly matched .
In this study , EEG data recorded during mental arithmetic operations and silent reading were analyzed by discrete wavelet transform and feature vectors were obtained . The obtained feature vectors are classified by Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) .
Thus , the interaction between the senior nerve and autonomic nerve has recently been given more attention . The purpose of this study was to analyze the cortico-cortical functional coupling and direction of information flow between the brain and heart during a mental arithmetic ( MA ) task . Forty-three healthy male volunteer participated in the study .
In this editorial , we discuss the two paradigms and provide a brief review of some of the work in numerical cognition that has profited from the use of these techniques . For both methods , we discuss the past research through the frameworks of single digit number processing , multidigit number processing , and mental arithmetic processing . We conclude with a discussion of the papers that have been contributed to this special section and point to some possible future directions for researchers interested in tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing .
Mental arithmetic means the arithmetic operations activities without the help of outside tools . At present , the researches on the primary students ' ability of mental arithmetic at home and abroad are mainly focused on the nerval physiological basis of mental arithmetic processing , the strategies of mental arithmetic , the training and teaching of mental arithmetic , etc . Physiological studies reveal the internal mechanisms of mental arithmetic activities , while strategy researches reveal the different strategy choice in mental arithmetic activities , studies on training and teaching suggest that mental arithmetic can be improved through training and how to better train students in mental arithmetic .
The proposed method classifies each pair of the given tasks and combines the results to give the final result . Four tasks such as rest , movement , mental-arithmetic calculation and point-fixing were used in the experiment . Over 90 % of the trials , the model yielded successful results .
This paper presents a new modeling and control fuzzy-based framework validated with real-time experiments on human participants experiencing stress via mental arithmetic cognitive tasks identified through psychophysiological markers . The ultimate aim of the modeling/control framework is to prevent performance breakdown in human – computer interactive systems with a special focus on human performance .
Both decision mechanisms are necessary to predict the separate effects of split and confusions which have been observed in the laboratory . The conclusion of the paper discusses the relationship of the simulation to developmental processes in mental arithmetic performance , considering the interplay between declarative knowledge of the sort simulated and " procedural " knowledge of arithmetic algorithms and heuristics . ( Author/JN )
Computationalism is traditionally considered in the context of cognitive science as perhaps the dominant contemporary approach to understand cognition and cognitive phenomena . It consists in application of concepts and methods of theoretical computer science for understanding and (re)constructing phenomena appearing in much broader fields of science , including the natural sciences and also economics , and some other branches of social sciences .
These groups of highly interconnected neurons are named cell assemblies ( CAs ) . This long-standing concept with its basic ability of pattern completion is a promising approach to explain several cognitive phenomena [ 3 ] . Combining the theory of CAs with the principle of self-organizing maps ( SOMs ) [ 4 ] , we present a biologically plausible network model able to reproduce the upper experimental findings .
Unless generating unpredictability is crucial , it therefore seems obvious that basing a decision on a number known to be random is at best a mistake , and at worst evidence of irrationality in human thinking . However this is not necessarily true , and this fact may have interesting implications for cognitive phenomena . This can be demonstrated by considering three problems that on the surface are quite different .
Detection of deception is particular importance for the criminal case and cognitive behaviors of individual . To understanding criminal behavior , extracting the characteristic of brain waves have obviously crucial .
Every animal on our planet wanders around when looking for something . Whether it is in search of food , a mate , or home , navigation is one of the most performed cognitive behaviors in Nature . Nevertheless , our understanding of how the brain is capable of solving such a simple problem − to move from one point to another − is still incomplete .
Software development is demanding knowledge work that requires creativity and adaptability to changing requirements and situations . This type of work involves cognitive actions that require substantial support in several forms in order to address needs such as collaboration , communication , knowledge management , awareness and transparency , and the coordination and structuring of the development processes . The literature and our empirical results show that there is a lack of cognitive support in current workflow models .
Although still limited in their capabilities , VHs combine a rich set of capabilities for ex- ploring how cognitive processes manage interactions with the physical and social world . In this sense , they comple- ment recent interest in robotics as a tool for cognitive sci- ence , and address many of the limitations of physical robots . Embodied Cognition : Embodied theories argue that the brain and body are tightly linked : the configuration and state of one ’s body profoundly influence cognitive processes and vice versa .
Joint attention plays an important role in numerous social- cognitive processes , including Theory-of-Mind ( Tomasello , 1995 ) , perspective taking ( Moll & Meltzoff , 2011 ) , and pro- cesses relating to learning and memory from early infancy throughout adulthood ( Kim & Mundy , 2012 ) . However , de- spite extensive research in virtually all areas of cognitive sci- ence aiming at an understanding of behavioral functions , cog- nitive processes , and neural mechanisms of joint attention , there is a plethora of unresolved questions . The interplay of the development of joint attention and language during in- fancy ( Baldwin , 1995 ) or the relation between joint atten- tion and the perception of other persons ( Frischen , Bayliss , & Tipper , 2007 ) are among those .
Notions of embodiment , situatedness , and dynamics are increasingly being debated in cognitive sci ence . However , these debates are often carried out in the absence of concrete examples .
Anthropology was a founding member of cognitive sci en e ( Bender et al. , 2010 ; Gardner , 1985 ) , sharing with ot er cognitive disciplines a deep interest in thinking a nd behavior . With its unique expertise in the cultural cont e t , context , and constitution of cognition , it would still be essential to any comprehensive endeavor to explore the human ind ( Bloch , 2012 ) , but rather has turned into cognitive science ’s “ missing discipline ” ( Boden , 2006 ) , thus leaving i m portant questions unanswered or even unasked .
However , designing games that provide use- ful data is a difficult task that often requires significant trial and error . In this work , we consider how to apply ideas from op- timal experiment design to designing games for cognitive sci- ence experiments . We use Markov decision processes to model players ’ actions within a game , and then make inferences about the parameters of a cognitive model from these actions .
Failure diagnosis for large compute clusters using only message logs is known to be incomplete . Recent availability of resource use data provides another potentially useful source of data for failure detection and diagnosis . Early work combining message logs and resource use data for failure diagnosis has shown promising results .
In order to improve accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis of breast lumps , the authors introduce an improved interactive segmentation method based on Live Wire . This paper presents the Gabor filters and FCM clustering algorithm is introduced to the Live Wire cost function definition .
A fuzzy automaton called the recognizer is introduced to distinguish the forbidden strings from the illegal language . Then a safe diagnoser is constructed to perform safe diagnosis of FDESs . In particular , a necessary and sufficient condition of safe diagnosability for FDESs is derived , which extends the main results of safe diagnosability from crisp DESs to the setting of FDESs .
A new strategy is proposed here for the diagnosis of asymmetric demagnetisation in permanent magnet synchronous machines . The strategy is based on the measuring of the voltage at the midpoint of the windings within a phase .
In addition , the model shows that the varying temporal gaps between adjacent coda seen in experiments depend on the individual profiles of perturbations . Implications for non-invasive cochlear diagnosis are also discussed .
Monitoring and diagnosis of network conditions is a central problem in networking . As such , it has received a lot of attention in the Internet community in general and in the context of overlay networks in particular .
To highlight the risks of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy . To introduce the issues surrounding management of pulmonary thromboembolism around labour and delivery Diagnosis and management of pulmonary thromboembolism in # pregnancy and labour http://ow.ly/UvyyW
Probabilistic graphical models are being used widely in artiicial intelligence , for instance , in diagnosis and expert systems , as a uniied qualitative and quantitative framework for representing and reasoning with probabilities and independencies . Their development and use spans several elds including artiicial intelligence , decision theory and statistics , and provides an important bridge between these communities .
Interval modeling and aggregation significantly improve quality of diagnosis . The method has been successfully used in real life diagnosis support system . R implementation is available on GitHub for other researchers .
Thus the accurate and efficient diagnosis of Parkinson disease has been a significant challenge for medical experts and researchers . In order to tackle the accurate diagnosis of Parkinson disease issue we proposed machine learning and deep neural networks based non-invasive prediction system for accurately and on time diagnosis of Parkinson disease . In the development of the system machine learning predictive models such as support vector machine , logistic regression and deep neural network were used for people with Parkinson disease and healthy people classification .
Variability and stability are different aspects of system dynamics , whose magnitude may be further affected by a cognitive load . Thus , the aim of the study was to explore and compare the effects of a cognitive dual task on the variability and local dynamic stability in a repetitive bimanual task . Thirteen healthy volunteers performed the repetitive motor task with and without a concurrent cognitive task of counting aloud backwards in multiples of three .
This paper presents a new concept in RF multiplexer design to integrate a single monopole-type antenna to a receiver with large , multiband tuning ranges . Traditional techniques to integrate a single antenna with such receivers are limited in their ability to handle simultaneous channels distributed over very large tuning ranges , which is important for frequency-agile cognitive radio , surveillance , and other applications requiring wideband or multiband monitoring . In our approach , the goal is first to achieve sensitivity which is nominally dominated by external ( environmental ) noise , and then secondly to improve bandwidth to the maximum possible consistent with this goal .
The highest two levels , synthesis and evaluation , make up the remaining 15 % . A key recommendation of this research is to encourage more collaboration between academics offering similar modules at different universities in order to determine the degree to which they promote higher level cognitive development .
Despite years of effort to get maintenance technicians to collect data that is usable and useful to engineers , either by trying to enforce the use of codes or apply management controls , little progress has been made . Advances in cognitive computing processes such as text mining , natural language processing and knowledge representation hold the key to solving this problem . The purpose of this paper is to explain key concepts in text mining , knowledge representation and ontology development in a way that is accessible to reliability and maintenance engineers .
RESULTS Only one of the two tested AR interfaces improved driver awareness of pedestrians without visually and cognitively distracting drivers from other road elements that were not augmented by the display but still critical for safe driving . CONCLUSION Our initial human-subject experiment demonstrated the potential of the proposed method in quantifying both positive and negative consequences of AR HUDs on driver cognitive processes . More importantly , the study suggests that AR interfaces can be informative or distractive depending on the perceptual forms of graphical elements presented on the displays .
You ’d then have two therapeutic targets : trying to prevent people from getting to a vulnerable state in the first place , and — at least for older people at risk of sporadic Alzheimer ’s disease — preventing a progression from vulnerability to the actual disease . ” Marilynn Larkin Gene linked to normal cognitive decline
In summary , our findings provide electrophysiological evidence to interpret possible influences of memory loads on conflict monitoring and modulation during the task switching . These results imply that the working memory load overrules the influence of task-switching performance on the intensification of cognitive control .
In this article , we develop an analytical framework for performance evaluation and comparison between decision and data fusion rules for cooperative relay based cognitive radio networks . Our unified analytical formulas for the data fusion rules are sufficiently general to tackle generalized stochastic channel models with independent but non-identically distributed ( i.n.d ) link statistics .
These are feature transformations that are guided by how a different feature partitions the training data . We have used the case of staging cognitive impairments to show the benefits of this approach . We train a random forest model that uses both MRI and PET , and can be tested on data that only includes MRI features .
The main issue addressed in this paper is how to accumulate cognitive experiences of learning with cognitive tool to develop learning skill . Cognitive tool gives learners a scaffold for learning process , which allows them to externalize/visualize the process or results of learning and to reify the learning process .
When deep neural networks begin to approach human on challenging face benchmarks such as LFW , people are eager to know what has been learned by these neurons and how such high performance is achieved . In cognitive science , there are a lot of studies on analyzing the mechanisms of face processing of neurons in visual cortex . Inspired by those works , we analyze the behaviours of neurons in artificial neural networks in a attempt to explain face recognition process in deep nets , what information is encoded in neurons , and how robust they are to corruptions .
Granular Computing Based Data Mining In the View of Rough Set Learning to Solve Problems in the Digital Age: Introduction Development of an Expert System for Computer-aided Control Systems Design THE MODELS OF TEACHER TRAINING: THE RURAL EARLY CHILDHOOD INSTRUCTION BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM THROUGH PROJECT APPROACH How Engineering and Computing Students Demonstrate Critical Thinking During Required Co-op Work Experiences Spatial maps in frontal and prefrontal cortex Distributed Visual Working Memory Stores Revealed by Multivariate Pattern Analyses. Neural Dynamics of the Basal Ganglia During Perceptual, Cognitive, and Motor Learning and Gating Linking ordering in Broca's area to storage in left temporo-parietal regions: The case of sentence processing Age-related neuromorphological distortion affects stability and robustness in a simulated test of spatial working memory Circuit mechanisms for the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory Formal description of the cognitive process of problem solving Role of Computers in Reading Skills Gender Difference in Problem Solving Based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals Online classification of imagined speech using functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals Bundled-optode method for detection of brain activity in functional near-infrared spectroscopy The classification of the modality-specific attention using EEG Words for Numbers and Transcoding Processes Reflected by ERPs during Mental Arithmetic Channel selection from EEG signals and application of support vector machine on EEG data Estimation of the cortico-cortical and brain-heart functional coupling with directed transfer function and corrected conditional entropy Tracking the Continuous Dynamics of Numerical Processing: A Brief Review and Editorial Review on the Development of Primary Student's Mental Arithmetic Ability An EEG Classifier Representing Subject's Characteristics for Brain-Computer Interface Psychophysiologically Based Real-Time Adaptive General Type 2 Fuzzy Modeling and Self-Organizing Control of Operator's Performance Undertaking a Cognitive Task Simulating Network Retrieval of Arithmetic Facts. The New Computationalism - A Lesson from Embodied Agents Stimulus discrimination and association with Hebbian cell assemblies Adaptive uses of random criterion: The largest number problem, the two-envelope problem, and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic Determining the state of truthfulness and falsehood by analyzing the acquired EEG signals The dynamics of hippocampal encoding: beyond the spatial metaphor A Design Theory for Cognitive Workflow Systems Virtual Humans: A New Toolkit for Cognitive Science Research When eye see you: Gaze and joint attention in human interaction The Dynamics of Active Categorical Perception in an Evolved Model Agent Anthropological Contributions to Cognitive Science Optimally Designing Games for Cognitive Science Research - eScholarship Using Message Logs and Resource Use Data for Cluster Failure Diagnosis An Interactive Method Based on the Live Wire for Segmentation of the Breast in Mammography Images Safe diagnosability of fuzzy discrete-event systems Rotor fault diagnosis in permanent magnet synchronous machine using the midpoint voltage of windings The Coda of the Transient Response in a Sensitive Cochlea: A Computational Modeling Study Network Coding Techniques for Network Monitoring: a Brief Introduction Pulmonary thrombo-embolism in pregnancy: diagnosis and management Learning with Graphical Models Solving the problem of incomplete data in medical diagnosis via interval modeling Comparative Analysis of the Classification Performance of Machine Learning Classifiers and Deep Neural Network Classifier for Prediction of Parkinson Disease Effects of a cognitive dual task on variability and local dynamic stability in sustained repetitive arm movements using principal component analysis: a pilot study Integration of Simple Antennas to Multiband Receivers Using a Novel Multiplexer Design Methodology Analyzing Learning Outcomes for Electronic Fundamentals Using Bloom’s Taxonomy Applying cognitive computing to maintainer-collected data Assessing Distraction Potential of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays for Vehicle Drivers. FOXP2 sequence starts talking Conflict monitoring and adjustment in the task-switching paradigm under different memory load conditions: an ERP/sLORETA analysis Performance evaluation of cooperative cognitive radio networks with data/decision fusion Tree-Based Transforms for Privileged Learning Fadable Scaffolding with Cognitive Tool Deeply learned face representations are sparse, selective, and robust
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FIE IEEE ICCI Towards Intelligent Engineering and Information Technology CogSci CogSci CogSci CogSci HiPC ICARCV EDUCON MILCOM MLMI@MICCAI ITS 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
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