MethodsBoth RR and NRR were applied retrospectively to 11 CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation procedures performed to treat renal tumors ( mean diameter ; 23 mm ) . Pre-procedural contrast-enhanced MR images of the upper abdomen were registered to unenhanced intra-procedural CT images obtained just prior to the ablation . RRs were performed manually , and NRRs were performed using an intensity-based approach with affine and Basis-Spline techniques used for modeling displacement . Although , voltage and phase inverse solutions for AF complex propagation patterns were over smoothed and inaccurate , the noninvasive estimation of frequency maps was significantly more accurate , allowing the identification of the AF frequency gradient and location of high frequency sources . This technique may help in planning ablation procedures , avoiding unnecessary interseptal punctures for right-to-left frequency gradients cases and facilitating the targeting of AF drivers , reducing risk and time of the clinical procedure . Sustained ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) often involves a reentry circuit formed by narrow channels of surviving tissue within the scar . Catheter ablation is an effective technique to intercept the circuit by targeting these critical channels . The success of VT ablation relies on our ability to assess the mechanism of the VT circuit and identify the location of the ablation targets . Mapping during a catheter ablation procedure is needed for a variety of reasons . The main objective is the visualization of catheter position at a particular time . Physical Mechanisms Governing the Ablation of Biological Tissue . Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the physical mechanisms governing the ablation of biological tissue . The application of lasers to medicine and dentistry is an active area of experimental research where past efforts have led to successful , laser-based clinical protocols that are now the standard of care . Navigation systems for ablation bring the opportunity for standardization and accuracy that extend the operator ’s ability to use imaging feedback during procedures and the indications of ablation . Navigation techniques will play an important part in microwave ablation in the future , especially in the application of integrated ablation treatment plans . Such standardization should decrease the variability of practice patterns and even enable less experienced operators to deliver precise ablations . Then based on the shape of the patterns , the trajectory to be followed by the laser head to accomplish complete debridement of the dead tissue is generated . Fourthly , with the point interpolated trajectory necessary for effective treatment obtained , the robot plans the motions necessary for laser ablation of the dead tissue without an over- or under-cut . Accomplishing these steps leads to the generation of a plan for effective dead tissue ablation . The challenge is to provide navigational support for interventions and image directed therapies on soft or mobile structures . We describe our recent progress in generating and testing models of respiratory motion for image directed radiotherapy and focal ablation in the lung and liver , and the development of biomechanical models for image guided local excision in breast surgery . Cell viability post ablation was confirmed by observing the integrity of the cell membrane . Ablation of astrocytic processes did not compromise cell viability whereas ablation of the cytoplasm using the same laser energy resulted in cell lysis . The technical feasibility , efficiency , and reproducibility of accessing all calices were assessed . Additionally , laser lithotripsy of calculi and laser ablation of renal papillae were performed . RESULTS The robotic catheter system could be introduced de novo in eight ureters ; two ureters required balloon dilation . The detection of radio-frequency ablation lesions has been shown to be feasible using delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . However , it is the determination of the lesion patterns that is of import for correlation with clinical outcome and location of gaps . PURPOSE Deformable registration of ultrasound ( US ) and contrast enhanced computed tomography ( CECT ) images are essential for quantitative comparison of ablation boundaries and dimensions determined using these modalities . This comparison is essential as stiffness-based imaging using US has become popular and offers a nonionizing and cost-effective imaging modality for monitoring minimally invasive microwave ablation procedures . A sensible manual registration method is presented that performs the required CT-US image registration . [ reference ] . subsubsection : Ablation Study We conduct ablation study on the MPII validation set used in with a 2 - stack hourglass network as the basic model . The input image scale is set as 800 pixel for all experiments . For all ablation studies , ResNet - 50 is used . While the final model evaluated on test - dev adopts ResNeXt - 101 . section : Experiment In this section , we first conduct ablation studies for PSENet . Then , we evaluate the proposed PSENet on three recent challenging public benchmarks : ICDAR 2015 , ICDAR 2017 MLT and SCUT - CTW1500 and compare PSENet with many state - of - the - art methods . Both the intrinsic and the extrinsic evaluations show the effectiveness our aligner . subsection : Ablation To have a better understanding of our aligner , we conduct ablation test by removing the semantic matching and oracle parser tuning respectively and retrain the JAMR parser on the newswire proportion . The results are shown in Table [ reference ] . section : Results and Analysis subsection : Ablation Analysis Results We now investigate the effectiveness of each of the enhancement components in our overall model . section : Analysis This section provides an ablation analysis to validate our chief claims and to elucidate some interesting aspects of ELMo representations . Sec . subsection : Ablation Results Figure [ reference ] displays the ablation analysis of different components when using the external knowledge . To compare the effects of external knowledge under different training data scales , we randomly sample different ratios of the entire training set , i.e. , 0.8 % , 4 % , 20 % and 100 % . We find DIIN is consistently better on sentence pair with WORD OVERLAP , ANTO , LONG SENTENCE , PARAPHRASE and BELIEF tags by a large margin . During investigation , we hypothesize exact match feature helps the model to better understand paraphrase , therefore we study the result from second ablation ablation study where exact match feature is not used . Surprisingly , the model without exact model feature does not work worse on PARAPHRASE , instead , the accuracy on ANTO drops about 10 % . We run each ablation experiment eight times . We also do pseudo - ablation experiments with fewer steps by measuring at each step of the RRN . See table [ reference ] . Seam-tracking sensors can be used for teaching of seam locations prior to laser welding and for real-time tracking during laser welding . In the case of real-time tracking the sensor has to measure at least some distance in front of the laser focal point to prevent a disturbing influence from the welding process . We present examples of integrated turnkey solutions and installed projects for the online quality control of BIW joining applications . Laser welding and laser brazing gains more and more importance in the automotive industry for components and car body joining applications . Hitherto , a 100 % visual inspection was the only method to more or less assure the quality of the joint . The utility model relates to a rotary working table , particularly to structure improvement of a multi-station rotary working table for laser welding . The multi-station rotary working table for laser welding is characterized by comprising a rotary table ( 1 ) , and a preparing area ( ( 3 ) for preparing a jig on the rotary table ( 1 ) . In order to improve the accuracy and quality of laser welding process , using the technology of combination of BP neural network and database , an optimized database system of technologic parameters of laser welding process based on BP neural network is designed , and an experiment is per formed . The results indicate that the accuracy of the system output is superior to 0.015 mm , if the training number of BP network more than 3000,and the errores of the measured value and the network output on weld depth and weld width are 0.03 mm and 0.007 mm , achieves the design goal of high precision , high quality , high stability , and has certain application prospects . Based on a system for fast multi-channel signal acquisition and flexible data processing , different strategies were implemented for the combination of sensor signals and the interpretation of the resulting data . Experimental results show the suitability of the approach for the online determination of defect classes during laser beam welding . Moreover , the paper describes how this idea is extended to a system for more complex weld contours and ends up with a system for image-based contour extraction . In most laser welding applications the welding result is highly sensitive to the weld position and the initial determination of process parameters requires time-consuming adjustments to be made . In case of manufacturing individual parts with low quantities this is a significant cost driver . Real-time monitoring of the laser-based applications is becoming a main issue for quality analysis in the steel manufacturing industry . The paper suggests a solution achieving an automated real-time quality inspection in laser welding applications . A composite system composed of soft computing and traditional techniques has been considered for its positive impact on the reduced computation compared with more traditional approaches . The introduction of inline coherent imaging technologies as a sensor for the laser materials processing is accompanied by the integration into several applications . One of these is the measurement of the depth of the vapor capillary for laser welding applications , now allowing to keep record of the welding depth with an accuracy of micrometers and a sub millisecond temporal resolution . The broader achievement is the closed-loop control of the welding depth that was not available in industrial environments till now due to the lack of an adequate sensor . We have developed an automatic teaching system for laser welding machine . As it is a kind of a robot application , operator have to teach trajectories for each work . Although Hough transform requires long processing time , we have made a hardware circuit for Hough transform to realize real-time seam tracking within 0.4 seconds per image . We have developed an automatic teaching system for laser welding machine . As it is a kind of a robot application , operator have to teach trajectories for each work . Measurement of the weld thermal cycle in the laser weld pool is nearly impossible due to high peak temperature , rapid melting and solidification , and the complex flow of liquid metal within a small weld pool . Mathematical modeling of the laser spot welding process has emerged as a useful tool for the prediction of the temperature-time history and weld pool dimensions . However , the reliability of the predicted values of temperature history and weld dimensions significantly depends on the accuracy of the input parameters provided in such models . For example , the value of the absorption coefficient is a significant input parameter for modeling the laser spot welding process . However , the same is rarely available with adequate reliability and is also difficult to assign from scientific principles alone . The measure of discrepancy and similarity between these graphs is given as an exact measure . The obtained results show that , for an expert chosen set of input variables and parameter settings , a fast and precise enough nonlinear model of the laser quality welding can be obtained . The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing technological method of gold inlaid with jade mainly relays on handwork and the production efficiency is low , and provides a technological method of gold inlaid with jade , which has high manufacturing efficiency and more elaborate manufacturing . The method comprises the following steps of : pressing 24 K gold into 18 K gold ; b , drawing a planned gold sheet into a 3D figure through a computer ; c , inputting the 3D figure of the gold sheet into the control system of a computer engraving machine , and directly engraving the requiredfigure on the gold sheet by the computer engraving machine ; and d , processing the jade in a hollow-out way , inlaying the gold sheet figure into the jade , and carrying out laser spot welding by a goldneedle to reinforce the connection . The method has the beneficial effects of less gold usage , rapid production speed , higher yield , accurate size , high precision , richer gold sheet figure and more stereoscopic impression . Traditionally , some of the alternative processes for manufacturing welded tubes have been high-frequency ( HF ) alternating current resistance welding and tungsten inert gas ( TIG ) welding . Recently , the laser welding ( LW ) is also emerging as a potential process owing to reduction in its cost . The HF electric resistance welding gained wider popularity and is almost always used without any second thoughts for manufacturing aluminum tube industry . During the last years , the development of the wireless data transmission technology has prompted monitoring folks to consider alternatives that reduce wiring costs , make connections not feasible previously and retrofit more measurement points cost effectively as well . This paper presents a prototype wireless monitor for laser welding operations that can sense irregularities in the welded seam and weld penetration . The weld monitor is designed to be simple , low cost , and able to withstand a harsh manufacturing environment . Within the past couple of years one can see several trends in laser material processing . On the one hand optimized application results necessitate advancements of the equipment as e.g. laser sources , laser light cables and focusing optics . The application of a quality management , in combination with a standard certification , is nearly inevitable for today ’s industrial manufacturing . In laser material processing , a periodical beam diagnosis is to be executed as a quality-maintaining measure with any change of the workpiece geometry to guarantee an unambiguous allocation of the beam quality factors . Otherwise changes in the beam quality , for example caused by pollution , aging or defects of the optical components remain undiscovered for a long time , leading to impairments of the treatment quality or even costly low-times . The paper describes application examples for three-dimensional ( 3D ) computer visualization and modeling in the field of laser material processing . In particular , the laser operation principles , the mechanical and optical construction of laser systems , beam delivery principles and systems of the equipment , laser material processing models and the resulting structures can be spectacularly and convincingly presented in quasi three dimension using Internet based tools and Flash technology . The article is devoted to the development of the mechanism of systematization of possible variants of assembling automatically replaceable modules for varieties realization of technologies of laser processing of materials on CNC machines . It is proposed to consider the laser module as a set of assembled separate blocks , the parameters of each of which are determined for the purpose of the laser technology being realized . But it is only the first step in utilization of intelligent computer programs . In this paper we present the results of the development of expert system ( ES ) to help technicians in the choice of best conditions for laser processing of materials . The ES has been created on the basis of practical knowledge of experts and experimental results collected to the data base . The following effects are considered : ambient gas ionization above the target on material processing with formation of a “ plasma pipe ” ; back heating of the target by both laser-driven ambient and ablation plasmas through conductive and radiative heat transfer ; plasma chemical effects on surface processing including microstructure growth on liquid metals ; complicated dynamics of the ablation plasma flow interacting with an ambient gas that can result in substantial redeposition of material around the ablation spot . Together with a review summarizing our main to-date achievements and outlining research directions , we present new results underlining importance of laser plasma dynamics and photoionization of the gas environment upon laser processing of materials . Process monitoring is used in many different laser material processes due to the demand for reliable and stable processes . Among different methods , on-axis process monitoring offers multiple advantages . Today , image processing using coaxial camera setups is used to monitor the quality of laser material processes such as laser welding , cutting or ablation . This article proposes a sensing system for the next step : Using image based quality features to form an instant feedback signal in order to maintain the process in the desired state . We discuss some theoretical aspects and possible applications of the device along with some preliminary experimental results . Optical methods are used to monitor and assist laser material processes , from laser triangulation and laser 3D scanning to speckle . We propose an optical head that may operate as a shearographic system or as a modified Twymann-Green interferometer , accordingly to measure conditions . The effects of each process 's parameters on its performance measures were analyzed based on graphs which were plotted using the most accurate model . Results indicated that for both types of laser manufacturing processes , the ANFIS method predicted more accurate results . Following ANFIS , ANN and RSM showed almost precise prediction in modeling of performance measures . Thus this article deals with materials processing like welding and brazing of metals and plastics welding as well as with medical applications like cutting human tissue . Looking at the status of control techniques in laser manufacturing processes one has to focus on the sensor technique , the computing hardware and the algorithms available . Sensor technology has evolved in the last years . We propose a novel approach to the design and fabrication of focussing systems for laser material processing applications , especially for thoses where compactness , light weight , low volume and low-cost fabrication and mass-replication are desired , such as for laser-based dismantling systems . The focussing systems for laser-based dismantling applications we describe in this paper are designed to be remotely operated by a robot within irradiated environments for decommissioning of nuclear facilities . Two different dismantling systems have been designed , fabricated and tested . We propose a novel approach to the design and fabrication of focussing systems for laser material processing applications , especially for thoses where compactness , light weight , low volume and low-cost fabrication and mass-replication are desired , such as for laser-based dismantling systems . The focussing systems for laser-based dismantling applications we describe in this paper are designed to be remotely operated by a robot within irradiated environments for decommissioning of nuclear facilities . As this problem belongs to the set of inverse heat conduction problems , which are ill-posed , special regularization algorithms are needed . The only method to solve this inverse problem in reasonable time is the conjugate gradient method which we extend to the given problem of laser material processing applications . This method is an iterative approach where in each step the actual temperature distribution is calculated by using the finite element method . The realized benefit for this application , although significant , is much smaller than would be realized by a conventional imaging application . The figure of merit for laser-based materials processing is the 86 % energy-enclosure radius , which is not directly supported by commercial ray-tracing software . Therefore empirical rules of thumb are presented to understand when GRADIUM ( or any other well-corrected optics ) will yield meaningful improvements to the beam delivery system . The images taken from the process can be analysed on line . The System is adaptable to the laser materials process mainly by the image processing algorithm . It can be used for keyhole welding and welding of thin blanks . Initially the focus was on milling . Future activities will lead to extensions for turning , grinding , EDM , rapid prototyping , and wood and glass cutting . Practical demonstrations and prototypes of STEP-NC have proved its benefits and its potential . Next was the European STEP-NC project ( EP 29708 ) which started on January 1 , 1999 and ran until December 31 , 2001 . Within the EC-funded STEP-NC project and the US Super Model Project , a large consortium validated and improved the existing data model for milling , and prepared models for additional technologies such as turning , wire-EDM , wood and glass cutting . For further developments and exploitation of the results , a global collaborative project involving the EU , Korea , Switzerland and the USA ( with links to the 1999 - 2002 Super Model Project ) was started within the scope of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems ( IMS ) Project in 2002 [ 2 ] . Mainly the separation of operation and geometry and the logical means for working step sequencing in the data model do support a more structured and task oriented NC programming . Within an IMS project the European ESPRIT Project STEP-NC and the US Super Model Project do join in order to validate and to improve the existing data model of ISO 14649 for milling and to prepare models for additional technologies as there are turning , wood and glass cutting , rapid prototyping etc . The matrix representation is supplemented with PN next-state function and discrete event controller equation which enables the simulation of the system and analysis of its performances before the target system is actually built . The target system in this paper is a cutting machine transport system . Using the proposed method , the properties of studied system are simulated and analyzed . Such a description of discrete event system enables the simulation of the system and analysis of its performances before the target system is actually built . The target system in this paper is a cutting machine transport system . Using the proposed method , the fault response properties of target system are simulated and analyzed . They work by taking greedy cuts ( “ bites ” ) out of a simple closed polygon that bounds a connected component of the yet-to-be triangulated region . The method begins with a large polygon , bounding the whole extent of the terrain to be triangulated , and works its way inward , performing at each step one of three basic operations : ear cutting , greedy biting , and edge splitting . In this paper , we present both the basic Greedy-Cuts framework ( which has been introduced in our earlier paper ) and a new enhancement of the Greedy-Cuts method that improves the quality of the resulting triangulation . Our algorithm works by taking greedy cuts ( " bites " ) out of a simple closed polygon that bounds the yet-to-be triangulated region . The algorithm starts with a large polygon , bounding the whole extent of the terrain to be triangulated , and works its way inward , performing at each step one of three basic operations : ear cutting , greedy biting , and edge splitting . We give experimental evidence that our method is competitive with current algorithms and has the potential to be faster and to generate many fewer triangles . Ultrasonically activated scalpels are used clinically to provide hemostatic cutting in endoscopic surgery . To assist the physician during endoscopic surgery , we have developed an ultrasonically activated bending scalpel constructed of super elasticity alloy ( SEA in short ) . Ultrasonically activated scalpels are used clinically to provide hemostatic cutting in endoscopic surgery . To assist the physician during endoscopic surgery , we developed an ultrasonically activated bending scalpel constructed of super elasticity alloy ( SEA ) . However , a unique and novel feature of the accelerated algorithm is that it attempts to generate cutting planes from heuristic solutions to the set covering problem whenever possible . Computational results reveal that this strategy of generating cutting planes has led to a significant reduction in the computational time required to solve a PP problem . Electro-coagulation is produced by long wave-lengths . Clean cutting is produced by currents of lower voltage , higher amperage , and higher frequency or short wavelengths . The knowledge and correct control of electrical apparatus is of great importance in this technique . We study the cutting and packing ( CP they allow us to construct a mathematical model in which C&P problems become constrained optimization problems . Here we define ( for the first time ) a complete class of basic phi-functions which allow us to derive phi-functions for all 2D objects that are formed by linear segments and circular arcs . Ultrafast Lasers have been proven for several micro applications , e.g. stent cutting , for many years . Within its development of applications Jenoptik has started to use ultrafast lasers in macro applications in the automotive industry . Abstract This paper deals with a combinatorial optimization problem that arises in the design of a semi-automatic system for cutting leather skins called the laser multi-scanner problem ( LMSP ) . The problem occurs in the first part of the cutting process : the parts to be cut are placed on the cutting board by using a new technique , the so-called ` lasernest ' ; the outlines of the pieces are projected onto the board by several laser rays . A surgical linear cutting stapler firing mechanism , the push button can achieve for a single L-shaped push button , it may be a breakdown in the cartridge holder of the right and left two sides of the push button . When the push button pushed forward or backward , the elastic push button lock push button within the constraints of the position of the slider on the slider ; in the firing operation performs the push button forward , pushing the push button portion of the push button away from the arcuate arcuate groove force of the slider wing staple cartridge frame near point , reduce the deformation of the friction between the slider and the slider and the staple cartridge carrier generated torque as much as possible to achieve the reduction in the implementation of the firing mechanism use when cutting resistance effect stapling operation .
MethodsBoth RR and NRR were applied retrospectively to 11 CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation procedures performed to treat renal tumors ( mean diameter ; 23 mm ) . Pre-procedural contrast-enhanced MR images of the upper abdomen were registered to unenhanced intra-procedural CT images obtained just prior to the ablation . RRs were performed manually , and NRRs were performed using an intensity-based approach with affine and Basis-Spline techniques used for modeling displacement .
Although , voltage and phase inverse solutions for AF complex propagation patterns were over smoothed and inaccurate , the noninvasive estimation of frequency maps was significantly more accurate , allowing the identification of the AF frequency gradient and location of high frequency sources . This technique may help in planning ablation procedures , avoiding unnecessary interseptal punctures for right-to-left frequency gradients cases and facilitating the targeting of AF drivers , reducing risk and time of the clinical procedure .
Sustained ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) often involves a reentry circuit formed by narrow channels of surviving tissue within the scar . Catheter ablation is an effective technique to intercept the circuit by targeting these critical channels . The success of VT ablation relies on our ability to assess the mechanism of the VT circuit and identify the location of the ablation targets .
Mapping during a catheter ablation procedure is needed for a variety of reasons . The main objective is the visualization of catheter position at a particular time .
Physical Mechanisms Governing the Ablation of Biological Tissue . Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the physical mechanisms governing the ablation of biological tissue . The application of lasers to medicine and dentistry is an active area of experimental research where past efforts have led to successful , laser-based clinical protocols that are now the standard of care .
Navigation systems for ablation bring the opportunity for standardization and accuracy that extend the operator ’s ability to use imaging feedback during procedures and the indications of ablation . Navigation techniques will play an important part in microwave ablation in the future , especially in the application of integrated ablation treatment plans . Such standardization should decrease the variability of practice patterns and even enable less experienced operators to deliver precise ablations .
Then based on the shape of the patterns , the trajectory to be followed by the laser head to accomplish complete debridement of the dead tissue is generated . Fourthly , with the point interpolated trajectory necessary for effective treatment obtained , the robot plans the motions necessary for laser ablation of the dead tissue without an over- or under-cut . Accomplishing these steps leads to the generation of a plan for effective dead tissue ablation .
The challenge is to provide navigational support for interventions and image directed therapies on soft or mobile structures . We describe our recent progress in generating and testing models of respiratory motion for image directed radiotherapy and focal ablation in the lung and liver , and the development of biomechanical models for image guided local excision in breast surgery .
Cell viability post ablation was confirmed by observing the integrity of the cell membrane . Ablation of astrocytic processes did not compromise cell viability whereas ablation of the cytoplasm using the same laser energy resulted in cell lysis .
The technical feasibility , efficiency , and reproducibility of accessing all calices were assessed . Additionally , laser lithotripsy of calculi and laser ablation of renal papillae were performed . RESULTS The robotic catheter system could be introduced de novo in eight ureters ; two ureters required balloon dilation .
The detection of radio-frequency ablation lesions has been shown to be feasible using delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . However , it is the determination of the lesion patterns that is of import for correlation with clinical outcome and location of gaps .
PURPOSE Deformable registration of ultrasound ( US ) and contrast enhanced computed tomography ( CECT ) images are essential for quantitative comparison of ablation boundaries and dimensions determined using these modalities . This comparison is essential as stiffness-based imaging using US has become popular and offers a nonionizing and cost-effective imaging modality for monitoring minimally invasive microwave ablation procedures . A sensible manual registration method is presented that performs the required CT-US image registration .
[ reference ] . subsubsection : Ablation Study We conduct ablation study on the MPII validation set used in with a 2 - stack hourglass network as the basic model .
The input image scale is set as 800 pixel for all experiments . For all ablation studies , ResNet - 50 is used . While the final model evaluated on test - dev adopts ResNeXt - 101 .
section : Experiment In this section , we first conduct ablation studies for PSENet . Then , we evaluate the proposed PSENet on three recent challenging public benchmarks : ICDAR 2015 , ICDAR 2017 MLT and SCUT - CTW1500 and compare PSENet with many state - of - the - art methods .
Both the intrinsic and the extrinsic evaluations show the effectiveness our aligner . subsection : Ablation To have a better understanding of our aligner , we conduct ablation test by removing the semantic matching and oracle parser tuning respectively and retrain the JAMR parser on the newswire proportion . The results are shown in Table [ reference ] .
section : Results and Analysis subsection : Ablation Analysis Results We now investigate the effectiveness of each of the enhancement components in our overall model .
section : Analysis This section provides an ablation analysis to validate our chief claims and to elucidate some interesting aspects of ELMo representations . Sec .
subsection : Ablation Results Figure [ reference ] displays the ablation analysis of different components when using the external knowledge . To compare the effects of external knowledge under different training data scales , we randomly sample different ratios of the entire training set , i.e. , 0.8 % , 4 % , 20 % and 100 % .
We find DIIN is consistently better on sentence pair with WORD OVERLAP , ANTO , LONG SENTENCE , PARAPHRASE and BELIEF tags by a large margin . During investigation , we hypothesize exact match feature helps the model to better understand paraphrase , therefore we study the result from second ablation ablation study where exact match feature is not used . Surprisingly , the model without exact model feature does not work worse on PARAPHRASE , instead , the accuracy on ANTO drops about 10 % .
We run each ablation experiment eight times . We also do pseudo - ablation experiments with fewer steps by measuring at each step of the RRN . See table [ reference ] .
Seam-tracking sensors can be used for teaching of seam locations prior to laser welding and for real-time tracking during laser welding . In the case of real-time tracking the sensor has to measure at least some distance in front of the laser focal point to prevent a disturbing influence from the welding process .
We present examples of integrated turnkey solutions and installed projects for the online quality control of BIW joining applications . Laser welding and laser brazing gains more and more importance in the automotive industry for components and car body joining applications . Hitherto , a 100 % visual inspection was the only method to more or less assure the quality of the joint .
The utility model relates to a rotary working table , particularly to structure improvement of a multi-station rotary working table for laser welding . The multi-station rotary working table for laser welding is characterized by comprising a rotary table ( 1 ) , and a preparing area ( ( 3 ) for preparing a jig on the rotary table ( 1 ) .
In order to improve the accuracy and quality of laser welding process , using the technology of combination of BP neural network and database , an optimized database system of technologic parameters of laser welding process based on BP neural network is designed , and an experiment is per formed . The results indicate that the accuracy of the system output is superior to 0.015 mm , if the training number of BP network more than 3000,and the errores of the measured value and the network output on weld depth and weld width are 0.03 mm and 0.007 mm , achieves the design goal of high precision , high quality , high stability , and has certain application prospects .
Based on a system for fast multi-channel signal acquisition and flexible data processing , different strategies were implemented for the combination of sensor signals and the interpretation of the resulting data . Experimental results show the suitability of the approach for the online determination of defect classes during laser beam welding .
Moreover , the paper describes how this idea is extended to a system for more complex weld contours and ends up with a system for image-based contour extraction . In most laser welding applications the welding result is highly sensitive to the weld position and the initial determination of process parameters requires time-consuming adjustments to be made . In case of manufacturing individual parts with low quantities this is a significant cost driver .
Real-time monitoring of the laser-based applications is becoming a main issue for quality analysis in the steel manufacturing industry . The paper suggests a solution achieving an automated real-time quality inspection in laser welding applications . A composite system composed of soft computing and traditional techniques has been considered for its positive impact on the reduced computation compared with more traditional approaches .
The introduction of inline coherent imaging technologies as a sensor for the laser materials processing is accompanied by the integration into several applications . One of these is the measurement of the depth of the vapor capillary for laser welding applications , now allowing to keep record of the welding depth with an accuracy of micrometers and a sub millisecond temporal resolution . The broader achievement is the closed-loop control of the welding depth that was not available in industrial environments till now due to the lack of an adequate sensor .
We have developed an automatic teaching system for laser welding machine . As it is a kind of a robot application , operator have to teach trajectories for each work .
Although Hough transform requires long processing time , we have made a hardware circuit for Hough transform to realize real-time seam tracking within 0.4 seconds per image . We have developed an automatic teaching system for laser welding machine . As it is a kind of a robot application , operator have to teach trajectories for each work .
Measurement of the weld thermal cycle in the laser weld pool is nearly impossible due to high peak temperature , rapid melting and solidification , and the complex flow of liquid metal within a small weld pool . Mathematical modeling of the laser spot welding process has emerged as a useful tool for the prediction of the temperature-time history and weld pool dimensions . However , the reliability of the predicted values of temperature history and weld dimensions significantly depends on the accuracy of the input parameters provided in such models . For example , the value of the absorption coefficient is a significant input parameter for modeling the laser spot welding process . However , the same is rarely available with adequate reliability and is also difficult to assign from scientific principles alone .
The measure of discrepancy and similarity between these graphs is given as an exact measure . The obtained results show that , for an expert chosen set of input variables and parameter settings , a fast and precise enough nonlinear model of the laser quality welding can be obtained .
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing technological method of gold inlaid with jade mainly relays on handwork and the production efficiency is low , and provides a technological method of gold inlaid with jade , which has high manufacturing efficiency and more elaborate manufacturing . The method comprises the following steps of : pressing 24 K gold into 18 K gold ; b , drawing a planned gold sheet into a 3D figure through a computer ; c , inputting the 3D figure of the gold sheet into the control system of a computer engraving machine , and directly engraving the requiredfigure on the gold sheet by the computer engraving machine ; and d , processing the jade in a hollow-out way , inlaying the gold sheet figure into the jade , and carrying out laser spot welding by a goldneedle to reinforce the connection . The method has the beneficial effects of less gold usage , rapid production speed , higher yield , accurate size , high precision , richer gold sheet figure and more stereoscopic impression .
Traditionally , some of the alternative processes for manufacturing welded tubes have been high-frequency ( HF ) alternating current resistance welding and tungsten inert gas ( TIG ) welding . Recently , the laser welding ( LW ) is also emerging as a potential process owing to reduction in its cost . The HF electric resistance welding gained wider popularity and is almost always used without any second thoughts for manufacturing aluminum tube industry .
During the last years , the development of the wireless data transmission technology has prompted monitoring folks to consider alternatives that reduce wiring costs , make connections not feasible previously and retrofit more measurement points cost effectively as well . This paper presents a prototype wireless monitor for laser welding operations that can sense irregularities in the welded seam and weld penetration . The weld monitor is designed to be simple , low cost , and able to withstand a harsh manufacturing environment .
Within the past couple of years one can see several trends in laser material processing . On the one hand optimized application results necessitate advancements of the equipment as e.g. laser sources , laser light cables and focusing optics .
The application of a quality management , in combination with a standard certification , is nearly inevitable for today ’s industrial manufacturing . In laser material processing , a periodical beam diagnosis is to be executed as a quality-maintaining measure with any change of the workpiece geometry to guarantee an unambiguous allocation of the beam quality factors . Otherwise changes in the beam quality , for example caused by pollution , aging or defects of the optical components remain undiscovered for a long time , leading to impairments of the treatment quality or even costly low-times .
The paper describes application examples for three-dimensional ( 3D ) computer visualization and modeling in the field of laser material processing . In particular , the laser operation principles , the mechanical and optical construction of laser systems , beam delivery principles and systems of the equipment , laser material processing models and the resulting structures can be spectacularly and convincingly presented in quasi three dimension using Internet based tools and Flash technology .
The article is devoted to the development of the mechanism of systematization of possible variants of assembling automatically replaceable modules for varieties realization of technologies of laser processing of materials on CNC machines . It is proposed to consider the laser module as a set of assembled separate blocks , the parameters of each of which are determined for the purpose of the laser technology being realized .
But it is only the first step in utilization of intelligent computer programs . In this paper we present the results of the development of expert system ( ES ) to help technicians in the choice of best conditions for laser processing of materials . The ES has been created on the basis of practical knowledge of experts and experimental results collected to the data base .
The following effects are considered : ambient gas ionization above the target on material processing with formation of a “ plasma pipe ” ; back heating of the target by both laser-driven ambient and ablation plasmas through conductive and radiative heat transfer ; plasma chemical effects on surface processing including microstructure growth on liquid metals ; complicated dynamics of the ablation plasma flow interacting with an ambient gas that can result in substantial redeposition of material around the ablation spot . Together with a review summarizing our main to-date achievements and outlining research directions , we present new results underlining importance of laser plasma dynamics and photoionization of the gas environment upon laser processing of materials .
Process monitoring is used in many different laser material processes due to the demand for reliable and stable processes . Among different methods , on-axis process monitoring offers multiple advantages .
Today , image processing using coaxial camera setups is used to monitor the quality of laser material processes such as laser welding , cutting or ablation . This article proposes a sensing system for the next step : Using image based quality features to form an instant feedback signal in order to maintain the process in the desired state .
We discuss some theoretical aspects and possible applications of the device along with some preliminary experimental results . Optical methods are used to monitor and assist laser material processes , from laser triangulation and laser 3D scanning to speckle . We propose an optical head that may operate as a shearographic system or as a modified Twymann-Green interferometer , accordingly to measure conditions .
The effects of each process 's parameters on its performance measures were analyzed based on graphs which were plotted using the most accurate model . Results indicated that for both types of laser manufacturing processes , the ANFIS method predicted more accurate results . Following ANFIS , ANN and RSM showed almost precise prediction in modeling of performance measures .
Thus this article deals with materials processing like welding and brazing of metals and plastics welding as well as with medical applications like cutting human tissue . Looking at the status of control techniques in laser manufacturing processes one has to focus on the sensor technique , the computing hardware and the algorithms available . Sensor technology has evolved in the last years .
We propose a novel approach to the design and fabrication of focussing systems for laser material processing applications , especially for thoses where compactness , light weight , low volume and low-cost fabrication and mass-replication are desired , such as for laser-based dismantling systems . The focussing systems for laser-based dismantling applications we describe in this paper are designed to be remotely operated by a robot within irradiated environments for decommissioning of nuclear facilities .
Two different dismantling systems have been designed , fabricated and tested . We propose a novel approach to the design and fabrication of focussing systems for laser material processing applications , especially for thoses where compactness , light weight , low volume and low-cost fabrication and mass-replication are desired , such as for laser-based dismantling systems . The focussing systems for laser-based dismantling applications we describe in this paper are designed to be remotely operated by a robot within irradiated environments for decommissioning of nuclear facilities .
As this problem belongs to the set of inverse heat conduction problems , which are ill-posed , special regularization algorithms are needed . The only method to solve this inverse problem in reasonable time is the conjugate gradient method which we extend to the given problem of laser material processing applications . This method is an iterative approach where in each step the actual temperature distribution is calculated by using the finite element method .
The realized benefit for this application , although significant , is much smaller than would be realized by a conventional imaging application . The figure of merit for laser-based materials processing is the 86 % energy-enclosure radius , which is not directly supported by commercial ray-tracing software . Therefore empirical rules of thumb are presented to understand when GRADIUM ( or any other well-corrected optics ) will yield meaningful improvements to the beam delivery system .
The images taken from the process can be analysed on line . The System is adaptable to the laser materials process mainly by the image processing algorithm . It can be used for keyhole welding and welding of thin blanks .
Initially the focus was on milling . Future activities will lead to extensions for turning , grinding , EDM , rapid prototyping , and wood and glass cutting . Practical demonstrations and prototypes of STEP-NC have proved its benefits and its potential .
Next was the European STEP-NC project ( EP 29708 ) which started on January 1 , 1999 and ran until December 31 , 2001 . Within the EC-funded STEP-NC project and the US Super Model Project , a large consortium validated and improved the existing data model for milling , and prepared models for additional technologies such as turning , wire-EDM , wood and glass cutting . For further developments and exploitation of the results , a global collaborative project involving the EU , Korea , Switzerland and the USA ( with links to the 1999 - 2002 Super Model Project ) was started within the scope of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems ( IMS ) Project in 2002 [ 2 ] .
Mainly the separation of operation and geometry and the logical means for working step sequencing in the data model do support a more structured and task oriented NC programming . Within an IMS project the European ESPRIT Project STEP-NC and the US Super Model Project do join in order to validate and to improve the existing data model of ISO 14649 for milling and to prepare models for additional technologies as there are turning , wood and glass cutting , rapid prototyping etc .
The matrix representation is supplemented with PN next-state function and discrete event controller equation which enables the simulation of the system and analysis of its performances before the target system is actually built . The target system in this paper is a cutting machine transport system . Using the proposed method , the properties of studied system are simulated and analyzed .
Such a description of discrete event system enables the simulation of the system and analysis of its performances before the target system is actually built . The target system in this paper is a cutting machine transport system . Using the proposed method , the fault response properties of target system are simulated and analyzed .
They work by taking greedy cuts ( “ bites ” ) out of a simple closed polygon that bounds a connected component of the yet-to-be triangulated region . The method begins with a large polygon , bounding the whole extent of the terrain to be triangulated , and works its way inward , performing at each step one of three basic operations : ear cutting , greedy biting , and edge splitting . In this paper , we present both the basic Greedy-Cuts framework ( which has been introduced in our earlier paper ) and a new enhancement of the Greedy-Cuts method that improves the quality of the resulting triangulation .
Our algorithm works by taking greedy cuts ( " bites " ) out of a simple closed polygon that bounds the yet-to-be triangulated region . The algorithm starts with a large polygon , bounding the whole extent of the terrain to be triangulated , and works its way inward , performing at each step one of three basic operations : ear cutting , greedy biting , and edge splitting . We give experimental evidence that our method is competitive with current algorithms and has the potential to be faster and to generate many fewer triangles .
Ultrasonically activated scalpels are used clinically to provide hemostatic cutting in endoscopic surgery . To assist the physician during endoscopic surgery , we have developed an ultrasonically activated bending scalpel constructed of super elasticity alloy ( SEA in short ) .
Ultrasonically activated scalpels are used clinically to provide hemostatic cutting in endoscopic surgery . To assist the physician during endoscopic surgery , we developed an ultrasonically activated bending scalpel constructed of super elasticity alloy ( SEA ) .
However , a unique and novel feature of the accelerated algorithm is that it attempts to generate cutting planes from heuristic solutions to the set covering problem whenever possible . Computational results reveal that this strategy of generating cutting planes has led to a significant reduction in the computational time required to solve a PP problem .
Electro-coagulation is produced by long wave-lengths . Clean cutting is produced by currents of lower voltage , higher amperage , and higher frequency or short wavelengths . The knowledge and correct control of electrical apparatus is of great importance in this technique .
We study the cutting and packing ( CP they allow us to construct a mathematical model in which C&P problems become constrained optimization problems . Here we define ( for the first time ) a complete class of basic phi-functions which allow us to derive phi-functions for all 2D objects that are formed by linear segments and circular arcs .
Ultrafast Lasers have been proven for several micro applications , e.g. stent cutting , for many years . Within its development of applications Jenoptik has started to use ultrafast lasers in macro applications in the automotive industry .
Abstract This paper deals with a combinatorial optimization problem that arises in the design of a semi-automatic system for cutting leather skins called the laser multi-scanner problem ( LMSP ) . The problem occurs in the first part of the cutting process : the parts to be cut are placed on the cutting board by using a new technique , the so-called ` lasernest ' ; the outlines of the pieces are projected onto the board by several laser rays .
A surgical linear cutting stapler firing mechanism , the push button can achieve for a single L-shaped push button , it may be a breakdown in the cartridge holder of the right and left two sides of the push button . When the push button pushed forward or backward , the elastic push button lock push button within the constraints of the position of the slider on the slider ; in the firing operation performs the push button forward , pushing the push button portion of the push button away from the arcuate arcuate groove force of the slider wing staple cartridge frame near point , reduce the deformation of the friction between the slider and the slider and the staple cartridge carrier generated torque as much as possible to achieve the reduction in the implementation of the firing mechanism use when cutting resistance effect stapling operation .
Image registration of pre-procedural MRI and intra-procedural CT images to aid CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors Non-invasive Reconstruction of the Myocardial Electrical Activity from Body Surface Potential Recordings Electrical and anatomical imaging of arrhythmogenic substrates for scar-related ventricular tachycardia Endocardial Mapping Using Real Time Three Dimensional Ultrasound-Ranging Tracking System 10. Physical Mechanisms Governing the Ablation of Biological Tissue Microwave Ablation Assisted by a Real-Time Virtual Navigation System for Liver Cancer Robot planning for automated burn debridement MOTION AND BIOMECHANICAL MODELS FOR IMAGE-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS Investigation of the Ca2+ response of human hNT astrocytes to laser removal of cellular processes Flexible robotic retrograde renoscopy: description of novel robotic device and preliminary laboratory experience. A novel technique for the three-dimensional visualization of radio-frequency ablation lesions using delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging Two-dimensional ultrasound-computed tomography image registration for monitoring percutaneous hepatic intervention. Learning Feature Pyramids for Human Pose Estimation Gradient Harmonized Single-stage Detector Shape Robust Text Detection With Progressive Scale Expansion Network An AMR Aligner Tuned by Transition-based Parser Shortcut-Stacked Sentence Encoders for Multi-Domain Inference Deep contextualized word representations Neural Natural Language Inference Models Enhanced with External Knowledge Natural Language Inference over Interaction Space Recurrent Relational Networks The influence of geometric errors in the nominal robot model on sensor-guided robotic laser welding Machine vision – The powerful tool for quality assurance of laser welding and brazing Multi-station rotary working table for laser welding Optimized database system of technologic parameters of laser welding process based on BP neural network Online detection of defect classes for laser beam welding An image-based “click&weld”-method for laser beam positioning in micro welding applications Composite techniques for quality analysis in automotive laser welding Inline monitoring of laser processing: new industrial results with the low coherence interferometry sensor approach An automatic teaching system for laser welding machine Use of a multivariate optimization algorithm to develop a self-consistent numerical heat transfer model for laser spot welding Precision of Quality Prediction in Laser Welding Technological method of gold inlaid with jade MADM-Based Approach for Selection of Welding Process for Aluminum Tube Manufacturing Wireless laser welding monitoring for automotive application Advanced welding techniques with optimized accessories for high brightness 1 µm lasers Automated beam monitoring and diagnosis for CO2 lasers Modeling and 3D visualization of laser material processing Recomposition Procedure of Automatic Replacement Laser Modules for CNC Machines Expert systems for optimization of laser technology processes Impacts of Ambient and Ablation Plasmas on Short- and Ultrashort-Pulse Laser Processing of Surfaces An improved approach for process monitoring in laser material processing Closed loop control of laser welding processes using cellular neural networkcameras: Measurement technology Shearography as sensor to monitor and assist laser material processing Erratum to: Application of soft computing techniques for modeling and analysis of MRR and taper in laser machining process as well as weld strength and weld width in laser welding process Process control in laser manufacturing–dream or reality? Laser dismantling with a compact all-diffractive optical system Computing specific intensity distributions for laser material processing by solving an inverse heat conduction problem Improving fiber-optic laser beam delivery by incorporating GRADIUM optics Universal coaxial process control system for laser materials processing Standardisation of the Manufacturing Process : the IMS STEP-NC project STEP-NC – The STEP compliant NC Programming Interface Evaluation and Improvement of the modern Interface Modular matrix based logic controller Matrix based logic controller Greedy cuts: an advancing front terrain triangulation algorithm Automatic generation of triangular irregular networks using greedy cuts Development of ultrasonically activated bending scalpel using a link mechanism Development of ultrasonically activated bending scalpel for endoscopic surgery An accelerated covering relaxation algorithm for solving 0–1 positive polynomial programs Removal of Tonsils by Electrical Currents of High Frequency Phi-Functions for 2D Objects Formed by Line Segments and Circular Arcs Ultrafast pulse lasers jump to macro applications A new variant of a vehicle routing problem: Lower and upper bounds Linear cutter surgical stapler firing mechanism
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CinC EMBC Medical Imaging: Image-Guided Procedures 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) AAAI 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) EMNLP RepEval@EMNLP NAACL-HLT ACL ICLR NeurIPS ACM-GIS IEEE Visualization IROS IROS
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