The orthometric heights are used for heights in the mapping and engineering projects . The determined heights with GPS are ellipsoidal heights . Therefore , the ellipsoidal heights to orthometric heights conversion problem has emerged . It is shown that the Galileo signals with lower amplitudes of multipath errors exhibit weaker elevation dependence of multipath noise . For the high-performance E5AltBOC , the total reduction of multipath compared to GPS-CA is , according to our observations , by a factor of about 5 . Multi-frequency signals of GIOVE-A present a unique opportunity to experiment with multi-frequency combinations of observables which are not available with today ’s dual-frequency GPS . Moreover , the goal is to generate a large number of diverse solutions under tight runtime constraints . To improve solution diversity , this paper proposes a novel approach to ATGPs by modeling them as MaxDiversekSet problems and solving them with constraint-based local search over conditional variables . The paper presents the semantics and implementation of conditional variables in this context and demonstrates the computational benefits of the approach . The priority queue and map data structures demonstrate the appeal of an OS-HWDS union . A GPS benchmark with real-world data executes 24 % faster using a HWDS instead of a software data structure , even though the data structure exceeds the hardware 's capacity . Compared to software implementations , a 128-node HWDS achieves over 50 % faster mean access time to a 512-node priority queue , and 15 % faster mean search time in a 512-node read-mostly map . It employs both adaptive rate allocation to maximize the resource utilization and GPS techniques to provide fair services for each operator . The performance analysis of this scheme is derived using the GPS performance model . Also , it is compared with static rate M-CDGPS scheme . There exist a large number of sensors which can provide a platform attitude , such as gyroscopes , horizon scanners , horizon crossing indicators , sun sensors , star tracker , magnetometers . Already in the early years of the GPS utilization , it was proposed that the baseline observations obtained with two GPS antennae could be used as another valid instrument to perform attitude determination [ 1 ] . Although the precision of the GNSS measurements might be less accurate compared to some of the other available sensors , its use presents several advantages : it is driftless , it is virtually maintenance-free ( depending only on an external source , the GNSS constellation ) , and it does not need any ground reference . The future applicability of the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to the National Airspace System ( NAS ) for user navigation and landing support is discussed . Functional characteristics and performance estimates are presented for several GPS enhancements , including the use of a geostationary satellite L-band repeater , a CONUS calibration network , and pseudolites . Analysis results indicate that an enhanced GPS system can meet US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) enroute/terminal area navigation and nonprecision approach requirements under conditions which include accuracy degradation due to worst-case satellite failure , selective availability , and signal integrity . In a companion paper , the theoretical basis for NMRI and how it is derived from data archived at geodetic GPS installations are described . NMRI is calculated by normalizing the standard GPS metric MP1rms on a site-by-site basis to minimize terrain effects . Here , we validate NMRI as a metric for estimating vegetation water content ( VWC ) and evaluate the normalization procedure . The remaining discussion centers around the use of a GPS/INS simulator to stimulate all the various validity flags to fully exercise the system software . For example , it will be important to ensure that the GPS portion can monitor satellite vehicle ( SV ) faults , ephemeris cutovers , changes in the user range accuracy ( URA ) , and all the important dynamics and ionosphere/troposphere variations . Test plans that combine GPS/INS-capable simulators with appropriate live tests are also discussed . The ionosphere variations in 2012 over Thailand where is located in the equatorial zone and the state of Victoria ( Australia ) where is located in the middle latitude zone are analyzed by using GPS signal data . In assumption , while GPS propagation is disturbed by the ionosphere layer , in the same way , the characteristic of ionosphere layer can be observed by GPS signal as well . The research result shown that the characteristic of the TEC variation was affected by the solar activity . paragraph : Per - instance evaluation . Inspired by the object keypoint similarity ( OKS ) measure used for pose evaluation on the COCO dataset , we introduce geodesic point similarity ( GPS ) as a correspondence matching score : where is the set of ground truth points annotated on person instance , is the vertex estimated by a model at point , is the ground truth vertex and is a normalizing parameter . We set so that a single point has a GPS value of if its geodesic distance from the ground truth equals the average half - size of a body segment , corresponding to approximately cm . ( 2011 ) , on the other hand , depends on live bus and train times information to make some inferences too , which would require a continuous input of such information for any period of time . The framework we propose in this work is based on SVMs to classify GPS segments into respective transportation modes . An advantage of using SVMs over other ML methods is that they can be easily trained and are applied directly to the data without the need for a feature extraction process . Each wing plane formation control device comprises a wing plane formation controller , a wing plane autopilot and a wing plane formation communication radio . Each wing plane formation controller comprises a satellite navigation module , a formation communication radio interface , an SBUS interface , a GNSS interface , a GCS ( Ground ControlStation ) interface and a set of wing plane formation controller software . The ground device comprises a ground control station and a ground differential base station . In order to compare satellite-to-indoor wave propagation characteristics between L-band and C-band for satellite navigation applications , the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) conducted a measurement campaign in June 2008 . The measurements were performed at 1.51 GHz for L-band and at 5.2 GHz for C-band with a broadband signal of 100 MHz bandwidth . Based on Baseline Length Constraint . With the rapid development of the satellite navigation industry , low-cost and high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) positioning has recently become a research hotspot . The traditional application of GNSS may be further extended thanks to the low cost of measuring instruments , but effective methods are also desperately needed due to the low quality of the data obtained using these instruments . We propose an optimized communication method of multi-constellation combined with positioning algorithm in satellite navigation . We used ant-colony method to set up the platform of satellite navigation communication . And we adopted the method of multi-constellation combined positioning in the setting initial position to expand the nonlinear equation and let the multi-satellite be combined and positioned . With the development of Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) , the amount of related research is growing rapidly in China . A lot of accomplishments have been achieved in all branches of the satellite navigation field , especially motivated by the BeiDou Program . In this paper , the current status , technologies and developments in satellite positioning and navigation in China are introduced . In order to visualize the satellite navigation simulation system , the framework of a distributed satellite navigation simulation system composed of multi-platform systems was analyzed . The composition and the functions of the satellite navigation simulation system visualization software were illuminated . The downward-looking cameras of visible and infrared bands , integrated into the UAV fuselage belly are used for the surface monitoring and survey . The flight test on the use of electrooptic system comprised the flight on the route and automatic return using the satellite system navigation . The test showed that navigation data correction was required . JA2310 is dedicated to “ Channel Modelling and Propagation Impairments Simulation ” and encompasses 4 focus topics ( FT ) . This contribution refers to the work in focus topic FT4 which deals with the satellite navigation channel . Contributing institutions to FT4 are CNES , DLR , ESTEC , ONERA , Politechnico di Milano , University of Surrey , and University of Vigo . The aim of the paper is to present the status of the European Satellite Navigation Programme , Galileo , and to introduce activities planned for the future . The Galileo programme will deploy a complete satellite navigation infrastructure under civil control , which will strengthen the robustness of satellite navigation services . The EGNOS system , soon becoming operational , will act as a precursor for Galileo services . However , the AGC has also received attention as a possible method for incoming signal strength measurement via its dynamic gain adjustment metric . The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of this measurement method by characterizing the AGC response of multiple COTS receivers to a variety of signals , to discuss the possible application of this hypothesized relationship to GNSS signal interference detection and mitigation , and to explore how AGC 's use for interference detection can help to improve the reliability of satellite navigation operations for both human-driven and autonomous vehicles . The embodiment of the invention discloses a method for switching a flow path , comprising the following steps : at least two equivalent links are bound and linked in neighborhood ; when a first equivalent link in the at least two equivalent links fails , route calculation is carried out to calculate the link overhead , thus obtaining a new network topology ; and a flow path is switched according to thenew network topology . The embodiment of the invention binds and links at least two equivalent links between the routes in neighborhood , when the first equivalent link in the at least two equivalent links fails , the route calculation is carried out to calculate the link overhead , and the flow path is switched according to the calculated link overhead , thus realizing that the flow path is switched to a backup route when the equivalent links fail . The method solves the defect that the flow path can not be switched into the backup route when the main link fails in the scene of paralleling backup link of the prior art . A method of setting shared risk link group identification information ( SRLG ID ) which is one of link properties employed for calculating a route for a path in a communications network including nodesand links for interconnecting the nodes , and indicates a link group which shares resources , comprises the step of assigning a number of SRLG IDs to the link group in accordance with a failure rate ofresources shared by that link group . A route calculating method for calculating routes for a working path and a standby path comprises the step of calculating the routes such that a minimum number ofSRLG IDs duplicate between all links on the route of the working path and all links on the route of the standby path . A control method for an electrical device , which includes : a route calculation step ( S1101 ) wherein the movement route of a terminal carried by a user is calculated ; an acquisition step ( S1102 ) wherein weather information that includes information pertaining to the weather on the movement route is acquired ; an accumulation step ( S1103 ) wherein cumulative weather information is calculated by adding up the weather information acquired in the acquisition step ( S1102 ) along the movement route calculated in the route calculation step ( S1101 ) ; and a device-setting step ( S1104 ) wherein the magnitude of the influence of the weather on the user is calculated on the basis of the cumulative weather information , and a setting is made in the electrical device for the purpose of controlling the electrical device in accordance with the calculated magnitude . The method is characterised in that the route is calculated through at least one through target after at least one through destination has been predetermined , said through target being located within a radius of the at least one through destination that is predetermined by at least one predetermined criterion . In contrast to known route calculation methods from the prior art , the predetermined through targets are not actually part of the driving route but simply serve as roughly predetermined reference points up to a predetermined radius , for influencing the route calculation process . A route allocation apparatus includes a route calculation section and a route allocation controller . The route calculation section calculates a route between an outgoing edge node and incoming edge node within a network . The route allocation controller allocates the route to communication slots . Wepresent a event occurring probability expect morefrequent visits . distributed implementation forroute calculation inPROUD Moreformally , there isaRoute Design Problem (RDP)for andextend ittoaccommodate actuators withvariabletheactuators tominimize their average inter-arrival timeto speeds . Wealso propose theMulti-Route Improvement and thestatic sensors . The invention relates to a navigation system for determining eligible POI with a database , in the traffic route nodes and connecting them spans and their properties are stored , with a route calculation means and having a storage device , wherein stored in the database of interest by one or a plurality of connection nodes , in particular highway exits , are linked and wherein each POI with respect to each of this associated connection node at least one first , the POI and the connection node connecting together total travel as well as a total path length is associated with and at least in the case that the first total distance has a use restriction , the POI and the terminal node is still at least a second total distance associated with having lower usage restrictions , at least with respect to a restriction parameter . An input signal is passed through a chip . The route calculation part outputs route information . A delay-value calculation unit(220 ) outputs the delay information which corresponds to a value for delaying the input signal . Client / server navigation system , along with thin mobile client waits for a response from the server , to detect deviations of the route makes it possible to after the other providing an indication . System ( 10 ) includes a server ( 28 ) including a road network database and route calculation program to obtain the current position and the destination ( 12 ) , to display the route instruction ( 22 ) , from the server , when additional instructions is a client that can determine required ( 20 , 24 ) ( 26 ) is constructed from a client ( 26 ) and a server ( 28 ) communication between ( 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 ) . The present invention does not delay and error in communication , small , to allow long routes and response operations on the low output client . There is also a short description of the basic operation principle and of the main GPS characteristics given , as well as its accuracy . The present accuracy of the system is mostly appropriate for orientation , nautical navigation , land navigation and aero navigation ; however , for many other activities better accuracy is required . The article analyses methods to improve the characteristics of the satellite positioning system so as to comply with more stringent safety demands . However , DME is reliable and very accurate and has been recorded on many research datasets . The principal limitation of the DME is that it is restricted to land-based navigation . The regression technique used does not necessitate multiple DME receivers or station switching and involves few restrictions on the collection of the data . The basic system elements that are required in all land-based positioning and navigation systems are also discussed . A proposed system infrastructure that supports the five types of land-based positioning and navigation systems is described . The specific technologies integrated in this proposed infrastructure include the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , differential GPS , and the MOBITEX wireless wide area packet data networks . Standardization and fast retrieval are two of the important issues related to these databases . Lack of standardization is one of the leading reasons for not having , yet , cost-effective and widely available land-based navigation and guidance systems . A set of standards that determine the type of road coordinates and attributes along with the format and structure of data is highly needed . Recently , the advent of micro-electromechanical systems ( MEMS ) technology drives the discrete , heavy and inflexible inertial sensor system to small , cost-effective , light-weight , portable and lowpower silicon-based inertial devices . Although the cheap MEMS-based inertial sensors do not exhibit high accurate navigation performance , they can meet the requirements of many land-based navigation applications when aided with GPS devices . An INS/GPS system combines the advantages of both sides and provides accurate and uninterrupted navigation results , working in all environments , and constituting a potential and powerful alternative to the GPS alone navigation devices . The main purpose of this technical report is to describe in detail the implementation of the pure pursuit path tracking algorithm . Given the general success of the algorithm over the past few years , it seems likely that it will be used again in land-based navigation problems . This report also includes a geometric derivation of the method , and presents some insights into the performance of the algorithm as a function of its parameters . A multipath mitigation technique based on statistical reliability testing is presented . INTRODUCTION The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) has made land navigation applications affordable and dependable . However there are many situations where a GPS solution is either unavailable or unreliable . Abstract For over 20 years the Soviets have been using land navigation equipment in a variety of tactical roles including armor , artillery , and reconnaissance . All known Soviet systems are autonomous and use directional gyroscopic compasses as heading references — most also use an odometer connected to the main vehicle drive to provide distance-travelled inputs to the computing unit . In this paper , we investigate how people currently navigate ' in the wild ' , and whether landmark-based navigation support through mobile devices is a feasible option in such settings . We present results from two studies : a questionnaire-based study focussing on current practice and the use of landmarks , and a qualitative lab-based study using immersive panoramic photographs and photographs of ( natural ) landmarks investigating the feasibility of landmark-based navigation support in natural environments . The results indicate that a small number of means are currently used for navigation in the wild , and that certain types of landmarks might be feasible for navigation support on mobile devices . Blockchain technology brings new possibilities in assisted spatial navigation . Decentralized map building enables collaboration between users around the world , while providing researchers with a common reference map for extending the capabilities of navigational systems towards more intuitive and accurate landmark navigation assistance . Research on landmark navigation has been mainly focused on the visual characteristics of landmarks . China 's digital audio broadcasting FM-CDR ( Convergent Digital Radio ) uses the 87–108MHz frequency band , which is adjacent to the frequency range of the aeronautical radio navigation service , so research on the compatibility between digital sound-broadcasting service and aeronautical radio navigation is very important to promote the development and popularization of FM-CDR . This paper introduces the research situation and related test results of compatibility between FM-CDR and ILS ( Instrument Landing System ) /VOR ( VHF omnidirectional radio range ) . The use of range lights in nautical navigation involves the visual determination of the vertical alignment of two points of light , in order to indicate the centre of the channel . In two experiments it is shown that this vernier alignment task is more accurate if illuminated linear stimuli are used as range lights . Experiment 1 involved a laboratory simulation and experiment 2 involved a field test with full sized range lights . The average reduction of error through the use of linear stimuli over the standard point stimuli , for navigational alignments at a distance of one-half nautical mile from the range lights , was 69 - 4 % . This suggests that a marked safety advantage might accrue from the use of linear range lights for nautical navigation purposes . The 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference ( WRC-12 ) provided a potentially suitable allocation for LOS CNPC spectrum in C-Band at 5030 - 5091 MHz band which , when combined with a previous allocation in L-Band ( 960 - 1164 MHz ) may satisfy the LOS spectrum requirement and provide for high reliability through dual-band redundancy . However , the L-Band spectrum hosts a number of aeronautical navigation systems which require high-power transmitters on-board the aircraft . These high-power transmitters co-located with sensitive CNPC receivers operating in the same frequency band have the potential to create co-site interference , reducing the performance of the CNPC receivers and ultimately reducing the usability of the L-Band for CNPC . The Global Air Navigation Plan for CNS/ATM Systems ( Doc 9750 ) recognizes the Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) as a key element of Communication , Navigation , Surveillance and Air Traffic Management ( CNS/ATM ) systems and a foundation upon which States can deliver improved aeronautical navigation services . Standards and Recommended Practices ( SARPs ) for the Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) were developed by the Global Navigation Satellite System Panel and introduced in ICAO Annex 10 , Volume I in 2001 as a part of Amendment 76 to Annex 10 . It has been observed that practical results intently match with the simulated results of the proposed antenna configurations . The proposed antenna configurations can be suitably employed for Military Radiolocation and Aeronautical Radio navigation applications as the proposed antenna configuration is resonant at 16.262 GHz which matches with the corresponding resonant frequency range of 15.6–16.6 GHz . Off-road autonomous navigation is one of the most difficult automation challenges from the point of view of constraints on mobility , speed of motion , lack of environmental structure , density of hazards , and typical lack of prior information . This paper describes an autonomous navigation software system for outdoor vehicles which includes perception , mapping , obstacle detection and avoidance , and goal seeking . It has been used on several vehicle testbeds including autonomous HMMWV 's and planetary rover prototypes . The US Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and the future European Galileo system are satellite-based navigation systems which commonly named as Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) . GPS system broadcasts civil L5 signal within the 960 - 1215 MHz frequency band already used worldwide for Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services ( ARNS ) such as Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME ) and Tactical Air Navigation ( TACAN ) . Galileo system will broadcast two civil signals E5a and E5b . Free space propagation loss of aeronautical radio navigation station is calculated according to transmitting antenna height , receiving antenna height , frequency , distance between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna , comparing with traditional free space propagation loss algorithm . The data calculated from the algorithm is checked by flight check data combined with site data around navigation station . Custom components can be registered to modify the virtual worlds in response to events issued in the system . The framework is subsequently used to model the application NautiNav , a mock-up of a nautical navigation software , to validate the approach and illustrate the usage of the framework . At present , GPS navigation software has flooded the market . The quality of GPS navigation software itself gets more and more attention . The invention discloses a high-power zoom unmanned aerial vehicle aerial high-definition multi-dimension real-time investigation transmitting method . The method comprises the following steps that firstly , a monitoring computer starts a monitoring program , and a satellite navigation unit starts a GPS navigation program ; secondly , a high-definition high-power zoom action camera collects video images according to the track of the monitoring program , and a vehicle-side image processing module processes the images ; thirdly , a video image wireless transmitting module and a video image receiving module cooperate to complete wireless sending and receiving of image signals ; fourthly , a central station image processing module processes the received image signals , and the received image signals are displayed on a terminal . According to the method , visual navigation , image recognition and obstacle avoidance are supported , parameters can be properly changed under the situation that the influence of transmission delay is avoided , and thus the image recognition rate is increased ; a satellite communication network mode and a traditional communication mode are fused together , high-capacity image data can be exchanged at a high speed , and high safety is achieved . The Explorer project responds directly to the educational need for this fifth pedagogy by developing smartphone delivered resources to support experience-based strategies to facilitate learning in natural environments . The project has developed GPS driven navigation software that guides students through educational tasks which are triggered by the student ’s proximity to field locations . Students can observe , collect , analyse and report data using the in-built camera , location services , text , handwriting and sketch entry , and the audio and video capabilities of the device . Therefore , in this research , we investigate the scenario when state-of-the-art wireless communication technologies are integrated with the networked smart devices where digital evidences may exist and they could be disclosed when appropriate standard operating procedures are suitably applied . Accordingly , in this paper , a PDA with the built-in GPS navigation functionality via the ubiquitous Wi-Fi connection to a popular social networking platform ( facebook ) is cross examined concerning the related digital evidence collecting and discovering in terms of revealing previous facebook user accounts on the mobile device without shutting off the power . The research provides a generic framework for the digital forensics specialists to contemplate when the networked smart devices are involved in the related criminal investigation cases especially when omnipresent social networking platforms are becoming the new avenue for the escalating , stringent , and heinous cybercrimes . It is crucial to deeply understand the dynamics of traffic congestion to design and implement long term solutions . Given the lack of official data to study traffic congestion , we model it using a transportation network based on data captured throughout the year 2018 by a GPS navigation software application ( Waze ) , provided by the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation ( MOPT in Spanish ) . In this paper , we focus on the data transformation procedure to create the transportation network and propose a traffic congestion classification with the available data . For the applications of car and airborne satellite navigation system , using VB-based software platform GPS navigation system , according to NMEA0183 protocol data analytic processing solution through the navigation message count satellite spatial location , a GPS navigation system model as the dominant mode graphics is built . The satellite distribution , latitude and longitude , distance , height curve and speed curve module updated in real time are realized . This paper analyses a translation from English into Swedish in manuals for a GPS navigation tool . Focusing on two main grammatical areas this paper will answer the question how these elements of th ... The satellite operation procedures are briefly outlined indicating the different strategies and their benefits for the controllers and users . The GPS Navigation Unit software on the transputer has enabled the close control of the receiver and the development of data processing software on the satellite . The data logging has been successful , with data regularly being downloaded for processing . The present invention provides an intelligent vehicle-mounted system , wherein the hardware structure comprises a central processing controller , a wireless communication module , a power module , a GPS positioning module , a storing module , an audio/video broadcasting module and a human-machine interaction module , wherein the wireless communication module , the power module , the GPS positioning module , the storing module and the audio/video broadcasting module are connected with the central processing controller . The vehicle-mounted system software mainly comprises a main interface program , GPS positioning navigation software and multimedia broadcasting software . The vehicle-mounted system and other vehicle-mounted terminal form an Ad Hoc network through the wireless communication module .
The orthometric heights are used for heights in the mapping and engineering projects . The determined heights with GPS are ellipsoidal heights . Therefore , the ellipsoidal heights to orthometric heights conversion problem has emerged .
It is shown that the Galileo signals with lower amplitudes of multipath errors exhibit weaker elevation dependence of multipath noise . For the high-performance E5AltBOC , the total reduction of multipath compared to GPS-CA is , according to our observations , by a factor of about 5 . Multi-frequency signals of GIOVE-A present a unique opportunity to experiment with multi-frequency combinations of observables which are not available with today ’s dual-frequency GPS .
Moreover , the goal is to generate a large number of diverse solutions under tight runtime constraints . To improve solution diversity , this paper proposes a novel approach to ATGPs by modeling them as MaxDiversekSet problems and solving them with constraint-based local search over conditional variables . The paper presents the semantics and implementation of conditional variables in this context and demonstrates the computational benefits of the approach .
The priority queue and map data structures demonstrate the appeal of an OS-HWDS union . A GPS benchmark with real-world data executes 24 % faster using a HWDS instead of a software data structure , even though the data structure exceeds the hardware 's capacity . Compared to software implementations , a 128-node HWDS achieves over 50 % faster mean access time to a 512-node priority queue , and 15 % faster mean search time in a 512-node read-mostly map .
It employs both adaptive rate allocation to maximize the resource utilization and GPS techniques to provide fair services for each operator . The performance analysis of this scheme is derived using the GPS performance model . Also , it is compared with static rate M-CDGPS scheme .
There exist a large number of sensors which can provide a platform attitude , such as gyroscopes , horizon scanners , horizon crossing indicators , sun sensors , star tracker , magnetometers . Already in the early years of the GPS utilization , it was proposed that the baseline observations obtained with two GPS antennae could be used as another valid instrument to perform attitude determination [ 1 ] . Although the precision of the GNSS measurements might be less accurate compared to some of the other available sensors , its use presents several advantages : it is driftless , it is virtually maintenance-free ( depending only on an external source , the GNSS constellation ) , and it does not need any ground reference .
The future applicability of the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to the National Airspace System ( NAS ) for user navigation and landing support is discussed . Functional characteristics and performance estimates are presented for several GPS enhancements , including the use of a geostationary satellite L-band repeater , a CONUS calibration network , and pseudolites . Analysis results indicate that an enhanced GPS system can meet US Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) enroute/terminal area navigation and nonprecision approach requirements under conditions which include accuracy degradation due to worst-case satellite failure , selective availability , and signal integrity .
In a companion paper , the theoretical basis for NMRI and how it is derived from data archived at geodetic GPS installations are described . NMRI is calculated by normalizing the standard GPS metric MP1rms on a site-by-site basis to minimize terrain effects . Here , we validate NMRI as a metric for estimating vegetation water content ( VWC ) and evaluate the normalization procedure .
The remaining discussion centers around the use of a GPS/INS simulator to stimulate all the various validity flags to fully exercise the system software . For example , it will be important to ensure that the GPS portion can monitor satellite vehicle ( SV ) faults , ephemeris cutovers , changes in the user range accuracy ( URA ) , and all the important dynamics and ionosphere/troposphere variations . Test plans that combine GPS/INS-capable simulators with appropriate live tests are also discussed .
The ionosphere variations in 2012 over Thailand where is located in the equatorial zone and the state of Victoria ( Australia ) where is located in the middle latitude zone are analyzed by using GPS signal data . In assumption , while GPS propagation is disturbed by the ionosphere layer , in the same way , the characteristic of ionosphere layer can be observed by GPS signal as well . The research result shown that the characteristic of the TEC variation was affected by the solar activity .
paragraph : Per - instance evaluation . Inspired by the object keypoint similarity ( OKS ) measure used for pose evaluation on the COCO dataset , we introduce geodesic point similarity ( GPS ) as a correspondence matching score : where is the set of ground truth points annotated on person instance , is the vertex estimated by a model at point , is the ground truth vertex and is a normalizing parameter . We set so that a single point has a GPS value of if its geodesic distance from the ground truth equals the average half - size of a body segment , corresponding to approximately cm .
( 2011 ) , on the other hand , depends on live bus and train times information to make some inferences too , which would require a continuous input of such information for any period of time . The framework we propose in this work is based on SVMs to classify GPS segments into respective transportation modes . An advantage of using SVMs over other ML methods is that they can be easily trained and are applied directly to the data without the need for a feature extraction process .
Each wing plane formation control device comprises a wing plane formation controller , a wing plane autopilot and a wing plane formation communication radio . Each wing plane formation controller comprises a satellite navigation module , a formation communication radio interface , an SBUS interface , a GNSS interface , a GCS ( Ground ControlStation ) interface and a set of wing plane formation controller software . The ground device comprises a ground control station and a ground differential base station .
In order to compare satellite-to-indoor wave propagation characteristics between L-band and C-band for satellite navigation applications , the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) conducted a measurement campaign in June 2008 . The measurements were performed at 1.51 GHz for L-band and at 5.2 GHz for C-band with a broadband signal of 100 MHz bandwidth .
Based on Baseline Length Constraint . With the rapid development of the satellite navigation industry , low-cost and high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) positioning has recently become a research hotspot . The traditional application of GNSS may be further extended thanks to the low cost of measuring instruments , but effective methods are also desperately needed due to the low quality of the data obtained using these instruments .
We propose an optimized communication method of multi-constellation combined with positioning algorithm in satellite navigation . We used ant-colony method to set up the platform of satellite navigation communication . And we adopted the method of multi-constellation combined positioning in the setting initial position to expand the nonlinear equation and let the multi-satellite be combined and positioned .
With the development of Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) , the amount of related research is growing rapidly in China . A lot of accomplishments have been achieved in all branches of the satellite navigation field , especially motivated by the BeiDou Program . In this paper , the current status , technologies and developments in satellite positioning and navigation in China are introduced .
In order to visualize the satellite navigation simulation system , the framework of a distributed satellite navigation simulation system composed of multi-platform systems was analyzed . The composition and the functions of the satellite navigation simulation system visualization software were illuminated .
The downward-looking cameras of visible and infrared bands , integrated into the UAV fuselage belly are used for the surface monitoring and survey . The flight test on the use of electrooptic system comprised the flight on the route and automatic return using the satellite system navigation . The test showed that navigation data correction was required .
JA2310 is dedicated to “ Channel Modelling and Propagation Impairments Simulation ” and encompasses 4 focus topics ( FT ) . This contribution refers to the work in focus topic FT4 which deals with the satellite navigation channel . Contributing institutions to FT4 are CNES , DLR , ESTEC , ONERA , Politechnico di Milano , University of Surrey , and University of Vigo .
The aim of the paper is to present the status of the European Satellite Navigation Programme , Galileo , and to introduce activities planned for the future . The Galileo programme will deploy a complete satellite navigation infrastructure under civil control , which will strengthen the robustness of satellite navigation services . The EGNOS system , soon becoming operational , will act as a precursor for Galileo services .
However , the AGC has also received attention as a possible method for incoming signal strength measurement via its dynamic gain adjustment metric . The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity of this measurement method by characterizing the AGC response of multiple COTS receivers to a variety of signals , to discuss the possible application of this hypothesized relationship to GNSS signal interference detection and mitigation , and to explore how AGC 's use for interference detection can help to improve the reliability of satellite navigation operations for both human-driven and autonomous vehicles .
The embodiment of the invention discloses a method for switching a flow path , comprising the following steps : at least two equivalent links are bound and linked in neighborhood ; when a first equivalent link in the at least two equivalent links fails , route calculation is carried out to calculate the link overhead , thus obtaining a new network topology ; and a flow path is switched according to thenew network topology . The embodiment of the invention binds and links at least two equivalent links between the routes in neighborhood , when the first equivalent link in the at least two equivalent links fails , the route calculation is carried out to calculate the link overhead , and the flow path is switched according to the calculated link overhead , thus realizing that the flow path is switched to a backup route when the equivalent links fail . The method solves the defect that the flow path can not be switched into the backup route when the main link fails in the scene of paralleling backup link of the prior art .
A method of setting shared risk link group identification information ( SRLG ID ) which is one of link properties employed for calculating a route for a path in a communications network including nodesand links for interconnecting the nodes , and indicates a link group which shares resources , comprises the step of assigning a number of SRLG IDs to the link group in accordance with a failure rate ofresources shared by that link group . A route calculating method for calculating routes for a working path and a standby path comprises the step of calculating the routes such that a minimum number ofSRLG IDs duplicate between all links on the route of the working path and all links on the route of the standby path .
A control method for an electrical device , which includes : a route calculation step ( S1101 ) wherein the movement route of a terminal carried by a user is calculated ; an acquisition step ( S1102 ) wherein weather information that includes information pertaining to the weather on the movement route is acquired ; an accumulation step ( S1103 ) wherein cumulative weather information is calculated by adding up the weather information acquired in the acquisition step ( S1102 ) along the movement route calculated in the route calculation step ( S1101 ) ; and a device-setting step ( S1104 ) wherein the magnitude of the influence of the weather on the user is calculated on the basis of the cumulative weather information , and a setting is made in the electrical device for the purpose of controlling the electrical device in accordance with the calculated magnitude .
The method is characterised in that the route is calculated through at least one through target after at least one through destination has been predetermined , said through target being located within a radius of the at least one through destination that is predetermined by at least one predetermined criterion . In contrast to known route calculation methods from the prior art , the predetermined through targets are not actually part of the driving route but simply serve as roughly predetermined reference points up to a predetermined radius , for influencing the route calculation process .
A route allocation apparatus includes a route calculation section and a route allocation controller . The route calculation section calculates a route between an outgoing edge node and incoming edge node within a network . The route allocation controller allocates the route to communication slots .
Wepresent a event occurring probability expect morefrequent visits . distributed implementation forroute calculation inPROUD Moreformally , there isaRoute Design Problem (RDP)for andextend ittoaccommodate actuators withvariabletheactuators tominimize their average inter-arrival timeto speeds . Wealso propose theMulti-Route Improvement and thestatic sensors .
The invention relates to a navigation system for determining eligible POI with a database , in the traffic route nodes and connecting them spans and their properties are stored , with a route calculation means and having a storage device , wherein stored in the database of interest by one or a plurality of connection nodes , in particular highway exits , are linked and wherein each POI with respect to each of this associated connection node at least one first , the POI and the connection node connecting together total travel as well as a total path length is associated with and at least in the case that the first total distance has a use restriction , the POI and the terminal node is still at least a second total distance associated with having lower usage restrictions , at least with respect to a restriction parameter .
An input signal is passed through a chip . The route calculation part outputs route information . A delay-value calculation unit(220 ) outputs the delay information which corresponds to a value for delaying the input signal .
Client / server navigation system , along with thin mobile client waits for a response from the server , to detect deviations of the route makes it possible to after the other providing an indication . System ( 10 ) includes a server ( 28 ) including a road network database and route calculation program to obtain the current position and the destination ( 12 ) , to display the route instruction ( 22 ) , from the server , when additional instructions is a client that can determine required ( 20 , 24 ) ( 26 ) is constructed from a client ( 26 ) and a server ( 28 ) communication between ( 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 ) . The present invention does not delay and error in communication , small , to allow long routes and response operations on the low output client .
There is also a short description of the basic operation principle and of the main GPS characteristics given , as well as its accuracy . The present accuracy of the system is mostly appropriate for orientation , nautical navigation , land navigation and aero navigation ; however , for many other activities better accuracy is required . The article analyses methods to improve the characteristics of the satellite positioning system so as to comply with more stringent safety demands .
However , DME is reliable and very accurate and has been recorded on many research datasets . The principal limitation of the DME is that it is restricted to land-based navigation . The regression technique used does not necessitate multiple DME receivers or station switching and involves few restrictions on the collection of the data .
The basic system elements that are required in all land-based positioning and navigation systems are also discussed . A proposed system infrastructure that supports the five types of land-based positioning and navigation systems is described . The specific technologies integrated in this proposed infrastructure include the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , differential GPS , and the MOBITEX wireless wide area packet data networks .
Standardization and fast retrieval are two of the important issues related to these databases . Lack of standardization is one of the leading reasons for not having , yet , cost-effective and widely available land-based navigation and guidance systems . A set of standards that determine the type of road coordinates and attributes along with the format and structure of data is highly needed .
Recently , the advent of micro-electromechanical systems ( MEMS ) technology drives the discrete , heavy and inflexible inertial sensor system to small , cost-effective , light-weight , portable and lowpower silicon-based inertial devices . Although the cheap MEMS-based inertial sensors do not exhibit high accurate navigation performance , they can meet the requirements of many land-based navigation applications when aided with GPS devices . An INS/GPS system combines the advantages of both sides and provides accurate and uninterrupted navigation results , working in all environments , and constituting a potential and powerful alternative to the GPS alone navigation devices .
The main purpose of this technical report is to describe in detail the implementation of the pure pursuit path tracking algorithm . Given the general success of the algorithm over the past few years , it seems likely that it will be used again in land-based navigation problems . This report also includes a geometric derivation of the method , and presents some insights into the performance of the algorithm as a function of its parameters .
A multipath mitigation technique based on statistical reliability testing is presented . INTRODUCTION The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) has made land navigation applications affordable and dependable . However there are many situations where a GPS solution is either unavailable or unreliable .
Abstract For over 20 years the Soviets have been using land navigation equipment in a variety of tactical roles including armor , artillery , and reconnaissance . All known Soviet systems are autonomous and use directional gyroscopic compasses as heading references — most also use an odometer connected to the main vehicle drive to provide distance-travelled inputs to the computing unit .
In this paper , we investigate how people currently navigate ' in the wild ' , and whether landmark-based navigation support through mobile devices is a feasible option in such settings . We present results from two studies : a questionnaire-based study focussing on current practice and the use of landmarks , and a qualitative lab-based study using immersive panoramic photographs and photographs of ( natural ) landmarks investigating the feasibility of landmark-based navigation support in natural environments . The results indicate that a small number of means are currently used for navigation in the wild , and that certain types of landmarks might be feasible for navigation support on mobile devices .
Blockchain technology brings new possibilities in assisted spatial navigation . Decentralized map building enables collaboration between users around the world , while providing researchers with a common reference map for extending the capabilities of navigational systems towards more intuitive and accurate landmark navigation assistance . Research on landmark navigation has been mainly focused on the visual characteristics of landmarks .
China 's digital audio broadcasting FM-CDR ( Convergent Digital Radio ) uses the 87–108MHz frequency band , which is adjacent to the frequency range of the aeronautical radio navigation service , so research on the compatibility between digital sound-broadcasting service and aeronautical radio navigation is very important to promote the development and popularization of FM-CDR . This paper introduces the research situation and related test results of compatibility between FM-CDR and ILS ( Instrument Landing System ) /VOR ( VHF omnidirectional radio range ) .
The use of range lights in nautical navigation involves the visual determination of the vertical alignment of two points of light , in order to indicate the centre of the channel . In two experiments it is shown that this vernier alignment task is more accurate if illuminated linear stimuli are used as range lights . Experiment 1 involved a laboratory simulation and experiment 2 involved a field test with full sized range lights . The average reduction of error through the use of linear stimuli over the standard point stimuli , for navigational alignments at a distance of one-half nautical mile from the range lights , was 69 - 4 % . This suggests that a marked safety advantage might accrue from the use of linear range lights for nautical navigation purposes .
The 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference ( WRC-12 ) provided a potentially suitable allocation for LOS CNPC spectrum in C-Band at 5030 - 5091 MHz band which , when combined with a previous allocation in L-Band ( 960 - 1164 MHz ) may satisfy the LOS spectrum requirement and provide for high reliability through dual-band redundancy . However , the L-Band spectrum hosts a number of aeronautical navigation systems which require high-power transmitters on-board the aircraft . These high-power transmitters co-located with sensitive CNPC receivers operating in the same frequency band have the potential to create co-site interference , reducing the performance of the CNPC receivers and ultimately reducing the usability of the L-Band for CNPC .
The Global Air Navigation Plan for CNS/ATM Systems ( Doc 9750 ) recognizes the Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) as a key element of Communication , Navigation , Surveillance and Air Traffic Management ( CNS/ATM ) systems and a foundation upon which States can deliver improved aeronautical navigation services . Standards and Recommended Practices ( SARPs ) for the Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) were developed by the Global Navigation Satellite System Panel and introduced in ICAO Annex 10 , Volume I in 2001 as a part of Amendment 76 to Annex 10 .
It has been observed that practical results intently match with the simulated results of the proposed antenna configurations . The proposed antenna configurations can be suitably employed for Military Radiolocation and Aeronautical Radio navigation applications as the proposed antenna configuration is resonant at 16.262 GHz which matches with the corresponding resonant frequency range of 15.6–16.6 GHz .
Off-road autonomous navigation is one of the most difficult automation challenges from the point of view of constraints on mobility , speed of motion , lack of environmental structure , density of hazards , and typical lack of prior information . This paper describes an autonomous navigation software system for outdoor vehicles which includes perception , mapping , obstacle detection and avoidance , and goal seeking . It has been used on several vehicle testbeds including autonomous HMMWV 's and planetary rover prototypes .
The US Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and the future European Galileo system are satellite-based navigation systems which commonly named as Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) . GPS system broadcasts civil L5 signal within the 960 - 1215 MHz frequency band already used worldwide for Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services ( ARNS ) such as Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME ) and Tactical Air Navigation ( TACAN ) . Galileo system will broadcast two civil signals E5a and E5b .
Free space propagation loss of aeronautical radio navigation station is calculated according to transmitting antenna height , receiving antenna height , frequency , distance between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna , comparing with traditional free space propagation loss algorithm . The data calculated from the algorithm is checked by flight check data combined with site data around navigation station .
Custom components can be registered to modify the virtual worlds in response to events issued in the system . The framework is subsequently used to model the application NautiNav , a mock-up of a nautical navigation software , to validate the approach and illustrate the usage of the framework .
At present , GPS navigation software has flooded the market . The quality of GPS navigation software itself gets more and more attention .
The invention discloses a high-power zoom unmanned aerial vehicle aerial high-definition multi-dimension real-time investigation transmitting method . The method comprises the following steps that firstly , a monitoring computer starts a monitoring program , and a satellite navigation unit starts a GPS navigation program ; secondly , a high-definition high-power zoom action camera collects video images according to the track of the monitoring program , and a vehicle-side image processing module processes the images ; thirdly , a video image wireless transmitting module and a video image receiving module cooperate to complete wireless sending and receiving of image signals ; fourthly , a central station image processing module processes the received image signals , and the received image signals are displayed on a terminal . According to the method , visual navigation , image recognition and obstacle avoidance are supported , parameters can be properly changed under the situation that the influence of transmission delay is avoided , and thus the image recognition rate is increased ; a satellite communication network mode and a traditional communication mode are fused together , high-capacity image data can be exchanged at a high speed , and high safety is achieved .
The Explorer project responds directly to the educational need for this fifth pedagogy by developing smartphone delivered resources to support experience-based strategies to facilitate learning in natural environments . The project has developed GPS driven navigation software that guides students through educational tasks which are triggered by the student ’s proximity to field locations . Students can observe , collect , analyse and report data using the in-built camera , location services , text , handwriting and sketch entry , and the audio and video capabilities of the device .
Therefore , in this research , we investigate the scenario when state-of-the-art wireless communication technologies are integrated with the networked smart devices where digital evidences may exist and they could be disclosed when appropriate standard operating procedures are suitably applied . Accordingly , in this paper , a PDA with the built-in GPS navigation functionality via the ubiquitous Wi-Fi connection to a popular social networking platform ( facebook ) is cross examined concerning the related digital evidence collecting and discovering in terms of revealing previous facebook user accounts on the mobile device without shutting off the power . The research provides a generic framework for the digital forensics specialists to contemplate when the networked smart devices are involved in the related criminal investigation cases especially when omnipresent social networking platforms are becoming the new avenue for the escalating , stringent , and heinous cybercrimes .
It is crucial to deeply understand the dynamics of traffic congestion to design and implement long term solutions . Given the lack of official data to study traffic congestion , we model it using a transportation network based on data captured throughout the year 2018 by a GPS navigation software application ( Waze ) , provided by the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation ( MOPT in Spanish ) . In this paper , we focus on the data transformation procedure to create the transportation network and propose a traffic congestion classification with the available data .
For the applications of car and airborne satellite navigation system , using VB-based software platform GPS navigation system , according to NMEA0183 protocol data analytic processing solution through the navigation message count satellite spatial location , a GPS navigation system model as the dominant mode graphics is built . The satellite distribution , latitude and longitude , distance , height curve and speed curve module updated in real time are realized .
This paper analyses a translation from English into Swedish in manuals for a GPS navigation tool . Focusing on two main grammatical areas this paper will answer the question how these elements of th ...
The satellite operation procedures are briefly outlined indicating the different strategies and their benefits for the controllers and users . The GPS Navigation Unit software on the transputer has enabled the close control of the receiver and the development of data processing software on the satellite . The data logging has been successful , with data regularly being downloaded for processing .
The present invention provides an intelligent vehicle-mounted system , wherein the hardware structure comprises a central processing controller , a wireless communication module , a power module , a GPS positioning module , a storing module , an audio/video broadcasting module and a human-machine interaction module , wherein the wireless communication module , the power module , the GPS positioning module , the storing module and the audio/video broadcasting module are connected with the central processing controller . The vehicle-mounted system software mainly comprises a main interface program , GPS positioning navigation software and multimedia broadcasting software . The vehicle-mounted system and other vehicle-mounted terminal form an Ad Hoc network through the wireless communication module .
Programming of geodetic transformation methods Performance Assessment of Galileo Ranging Signals Transmitted by GSTB-V2 Satellites Constraint-Based Local Search for the Automatic Generation of Architectural Tests Operating system support for shared hardware data structures Performance Analysis of Adaptive Rate Scheduling Scheme for 3G WCDMA Wireless Networks with Multi-Operators SINGLE-EPOCH, SINGLE-FREQUENCY, STANDALONE FULL ATTITUDE DETERMINATION: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Applicability of an augmented GPS for navigation in the National Airspace System Normalized Microwave Reflection Index: Validation of Vegetation Water Content Estimates From Montana Grasslands Effectiveness of GPS/INS simulators for current and future range safety applications Characteristics of ionosphere at equatorial and middle latitude zones during solar maximum DenseReg: Fully Convolutional Dense Shape Regression In-the-Wild Inferring hybrid transportation modes from sparse GPS data using a moving window SVM classification Unmanned aerial vehicle formation flight control system Comparison of L- and C-Band Satellite-to-Indoor Broadband Wave Propagation for Navigation Applications Performance Analysis of Positioning Solution Using Low-Cost Single-Frequency U-Blox Receiver Based on Baseline Length Constraint Simulation of Optimization Method in Satellite Navigation under Nonlinear Observation Research and Development on Satellite Positioning and Navigation in China The designing and realizing of the satellite navigation simulation system visualization software Electrooptical complex for terrain on-time survey Channel modelling activities related to the satellite navigation channel in the SatNEx project Galileo: Status and Way Forward Enabling High-Integrity Vehicular Satellite Navigation Operations via Automatic Gain Control Method and apparatus for flow path switching Link property setting method, route calculating method and system using the same Control method for electrical device, and program A method for route calculation Path allocation apparatus and path allocation method AnAdaptlve Delay-Mini'mized RouteDeslgn for W'ireless Sensor-Actuator Networks Navigation system and method for its operation Latency control circuit, semiconductor memory device including the same, and method for controlling latency Thin-client navigation and route guidance system Accuracy and modernization of the global positioning system Use of Distance-measuring Equipment (DME) for Correcting Errors in Position, Velocity, and Wind Measurements from Aircraft Inertial Navigation Systems Use of MOBITEX wireless wide area networks as a solution to land-based positioning and navigation Critical issues on digital map databases for land-based navigation and guidance systems: a Canadian perspective Tightly-coupled INS/GPS using Quaternion-based Unscented Kalman filter Implementation of the Pure Pursuit Path Tracking Algorithm Analysis of Multiple GPS Antennas for Multipath Mitigation in Vehicular Navigation Soviet land navigation Exploring the use of landmarks for mobile navigation support in natural environments Assisted spatial navigation: new directions Compatibility study between CDR and aeronautical radio navigation service ILS/VOR Navigational range lights: effect of stimulus configuration on alignment accuracy. Impact of co-site interference on L/C-band spectrum for UAS control and non-payload communications Air Navigation in Eastern Poland based on EGNOS Design and Performance Analysis of Step Graded Dielectric Profile High Gain Flexible Textile Antennas for Radiolocation Military and Aeronautical Radio Navigation Applications Rough Terrain Autonomous Mobility—Part 2: An Active Vision, Predictive Control Approach Simulator of Pulsed Interference Environment of an Airborne GNSS Receiver Free space propagation loss simulation analysis of aeronautical radio navigation station A Framework for Rapid Prototyping of Augmented Reality Interfaces Function testing automation framework for GPS navigator software High-power zoom unmanned aerial vehicle aerial high-definition multi-dimension real-time investigation transmitting method Experience-Based Learning Using Smartphones: The Explorer Project Digital evidence discovery of networked multimedia smart devices based on social networking activities Modelling Road Saturation Dynamics on a Complex Transportation Network Based on GPS Navigation Software Data VB-based GPS Navigation System Software Building Translation Analysis of GPS Manual Experience with the use of GPS in a low earth orbit Intelligent vehicle-mounted system
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CP ICC 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. VTC-Fall Mobile HCI CISP-BMEI SIRS Informatiktage CARLA
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