We study greedy routing over @math nodes placed in a ring, with the between two nodes defined to be the clockwise or the absolute distance between them along the ring. Such graphs arise in the context of modeling social networks and in routing networks for peer-to-peer systems. We construct the first network over @math nodes in which greedy routing takes @math hops in the worst-case, with @math out-going links per node. Our result has the first asymptotically optimal greedy routing complexity. Previous constructions required @math hops.
The results in @cite_4 @cite_16 @cite_19 leave open the question whether there exists any graph construction that permits routes of length @math with distance function @math and or @math . provides an answer to the problem by constructing a non-uniform graph --- the set of clockwise offsets of out-going links is different for different nodes.
@cite_19 @cite_16 @cite_4
1599788664 2031684765 2070219632
We propose a family of novel schemes based on Chord retaining all positive aspects that made Chord a popular topology for routing in P2P networks. The schemes, based on the Fibonacci number system, allow to improve on the maximum average number of hops for lookups and the routing table size per node. We study a fundamental tradeoff issue in designing a distributed hash table (DHT) in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks: the size of the routing table versus the network diameter. Observing that existing DHT schemes have either 1) a routing table size and network diameter both of O(log sub 2 n), or 2) a routing table of size d and network diameter of O(n sup 1 d ), S. (2001) asked whether this represents the best asymptotic "state-efficiency" tradeoffs. We show that some straightforward routing algorithms achieve better asymptotic tradeoffs. However, such algorithms all cause severe congestion on certain network nodes, which is undesirable in a P2P network. We rigorously define the notion of "congestion" and conjecture that the above tradeoffs are asymptotically optimal for a congestion-free network. The answer to this conjecture is negative in the strict sense. However, it becomes positive if the routing algorithm is required to eliminate congestion in a "natural" way by being uniform. We also prove that the tradeoffs are asymptotically optimal for uniform algorithms. Furthermore, for uniform algorithms, we find that the routing table size of O(log sub 2 n) is a magic threshold point that separates two different "state-efficiency" regions. Our third result is to study the exact (instead of asymptotic) optimal tradeoffs for uniform algorithms. We propose a new routing algorithm that reduces the routing table size and the network diameter of Chord both by 21.4 without introducing any other protocol overhead, based on a novel number-theory technique. Our final result is to present Ulysses, a congestion-free nonuniform algorithm that achieves a better asymptotic "state-efficiency" tradeoff than existing schemes in the probabilistic sense, even under dynamic node joins leaves. We propose optimal routing algorithms for Chord [1], a popular topology for routing in peer-to-peer networks. Chord is an undirected graph on 2b nodes arranged in a circle, with edges connecting pairs of nodes that are 2k positions apart for any k ≥ 0. The standard Chord routing algorithm uses edges in only one direction. Our algorithms exploit the bidirectionality of edges for optimality. At the heart of the new protocols lie algorithms for writing a positive integer d as the difference of two non-negative integers d′ and d″ such that the total number of 1-bits in the binary representation of d′ and d″ is minimized. Given that Chord is a variant of the hypercube, the optimal routes possess a surprising combinatorial structure.