Beijing is waging a war against air pollution and it is doing so one barbecue at a time. 
 
 Authorities in the capital have destroyed more than 500 open-air barbecues "to cut PM2.5" _ the tiny particulate matter in the air that can enter deep into the lungs. 
 
 Photos carried by state media showed workers on Tuesday cutting pieces of metal with sparks flying as city wardens looked on. 
 
 Citizens online ridiculed the exercise, suggesting authorities should focus on bigger sources of pollution. 
 
 A media officer at Beijing's Xicheng district administration bureau said the hundreds of barbecue grills were confiscated over a three-month campaign and cut up so they couldn't be used again. She refused to give her name, as is common with Chinese officials. 
 
 Beijing's pollution regularly reaches hazardous levels. The city government announced last month that emergency measures such as factory shutdowns and traffic limits would kick in when air pollution levels are particularly heavy. ||||| BEIJING (Reuters) - More than 500 illegal outdoor barbecues, which Chinese state media say cause "serious air pollution", have been destroyed in Beijing as part of an emergency program to alleviate the city's often hazardous pollution. 
 
 The raids were part of a three-month operation to supervise the barbecues, many of which are operated by ethnic Uighur Muslims from the restive Xinjiang province in China's west. 
 
 "Over 500 illegal barbecue grills in Beijing were destroyed on Tuesday amid the city's efforts to fight air pollution and lingering foggy weather," state media Xinhua reported on Tuesday. 
 
 Pollution often reaches hazardous levels and can cause long-term health issues. Chinese health officials say that lung cancer rates are rising among the city's more than 20 million residents. 
 
 China has adopted an emergency response program to try to reduce the pollution, including alternating days for cars with odd and even license plates to be on the road and closing schools when the smog is particularly heavy. 
 
 Smoke from factories and heating plants that encircle Beijing, winds blowing in from the Gobi Desert and fumes from millions of vehicles all contribute to the smog that often forms a thick blanket over the city. 
 
 Last winter the capital's smog was so bad it was dubbed the "airpocalypse", and there are concerns this winter will see a repeat after huge swathes of northeastern China ground to a halt in October when they were smothered by pollution. 
 
 (Reporting by Paul Carsten; Editing by Alison Williams) ||||| BEIJING — Life expectancy is 5.5 years lower in northern China than in the south because of heavy air pollution, a new study examining 20 years of data has determined. 
 
 The research, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by four economists in China, the U.S. and Israel, examined air quality readings collected in 90 Chinese cities from 1981 to 2000 and compared those with mortality data collected at 145 locations across the country from 1991 to 2000. 
 
 Other studies have established strong correlations between air pollution and poor health and attempted to quantify the loss of life in China due to air pollution. But the specificity of the study published Monday may provide a jolt to policymakers and the public as debate intensifies over how much China has sacrificed to achieve rapid economic growth. 
 
 The researchers found that a seemingly arbitrary Mao-era economic policy on coal-fired boilers for winter heating created dramatic differences in air quality within China. North of the Huai River, the government provided free coal, while to the south, people were essentially denied central heat. In effect, this policy created two experimental groups that could be compared with each other, and the impact of burning coal on air quality — and on health — could be isolated and quantified. 
 
 "We will never, thank goodness, have a randomized, controlled trial where we expose some people to more pollution and other people to less pollution over the course of their lifetimes," said MIT's Michael Greenstone, one of the authors. "It's not that the Chinese government set out to cause [a negative effect on health]. This was the unintended consequence" of the policy at the time. 
 
 Greenstone and his coauthors found that north of the river, total suspended particulates, or TSPs, were over 500 micrograms per cubic meter, or 55% higher than levels in the south. Life expectancy in the north was 5.5 years lower — almost entirely because of higher incidences of cardiorespiratory deaths. 
 
 Based on their modeling, the researchers estimated that the 500 million residents of northern China in the 1990s collectively lost 2.5 billion years from their lives. 
 
 "It's a huge loss. Air pollution in China is really damaging people's health much more seriously than the findings in previous literature" would suggest, said Yuyu Chen of Peking University, another author. "After this study, there should be no argument over whether we should take the air pollution issue seriously.... We need a comprehensive clean air act in China." 
 
 The study in the U.S. journal was peer-reviewed, but the reviewers did not immediately respond to requests for comment. 
 
 Dirty air remains a grave concern in China. In January, a combination of windless weather, rising temperatures and emissions from coal heating brought on a prolonged spell of some of Beijing's worst air pollution on record, widely dubbed the "Airpocalypse." 
 
 From the capital to Guiyang, 1,100 miles to the southwest, the pollution closed highways, forced the cancellations of airline flights and outdoor activities, and sent countless people to hospitals. 
 
 Another spell of terrible air besieged the capital in late June. The episodes have raised debate about whether China is sacrificing too much of its citizens' health for economic growth. In recent years, environmental degradation has sparked numerous protests across the nation, and Communist Party officials are well aware that the issue could become a political crisis. 
 
 "It has proven that environmental crises can stir controversy and greatly undermine social stability," the state-run New China News Agency said last month in a commentary. 
 
 During the Airpocalypse, China's government experimented with various emergency measures, curtailing the use of official cars and ordering factories and construction sites to close. In June, China's State Council, or Cabinet, announced a package of 10 anti-pollution measures, including forcing heavy industries such as steel manufacturing to replace outdated technologies and publish data on pollutants. 
 
 Heavy polluters are being asked to reduce their emissions for each unit of economic output by 30% by the end of 2017. But critics say that if economic growth continues to exceed 7% annually, total decreases in pollution will be small. 
 
 Chen noted that based on other studies of how much economic growth Chinese citizens would be willing to give up to prolong their lives, he can conclude that the public would be willing to forgo up to 2 percentage points of economic growth to reduce particulates by 100 micrograms per cubic meter. 
 
 Numerous Chinese cities have average particulate readings of 200 to 300 micrograms, Chen noted, while in the U.S. the average is 20 to 30. Long-term exposure to each additional 100 micrograms cuts life expectancy by three years, Chen and his team concluded. 
 
 Chen's study looked at TSP levels measured in the 1980s and '90s. That standard has been replaced by one called PM 10, which measures particulates 10 micrometers in diameter or less. That's one-seventh the width of a human hair. 
 
 In recent years, scientists have been focusing on even smaller particles, known as PM 2.5. Those small particles are considered more damaging than PM 10, because they can penetrate the lungs and embed deeply in tissue. 
 
 In January, PM 2.5 measurements reached more than 1,000 micrograms per cubic meter in some parts of northeastern China. A daily reading above 300 is considered "hazardous" and the index stops at 500. By comparison, the U.S. has seen readings of 1,000 only in areas downwind of forest fires. The U.S. national air quality standard for daily PM 2.5 exposure is 35, and most areas in the U.S. are easily below that threshold. 
 
 A study released in December by Greenpeace and Peking University researchers that examined particulate pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Xian estimated that PM 2.5 pollution caused 8,572 premature deaths in those cities alone in 2012, and led to more than $1 billion in economic losses that year. Other research published this spring estimated that air pollution contributed to 1.2 million premature deaths in China in 2010, nearly 40% of the global total. 
 
 "We need to raise standards for factories, for gasoline and for heating," said Hongbin Li of Tsinghua University, another author of the study published Monday. "This will be costly and sacrifice growth, but it will save lives and cut medical expenses too." 
 
 julie.makinen@latimes.com
– Grilled lamb has become a scapegoat for Beijing's notorious air pollution, Reuters finds. Authorities say they have destroyed more than 500 open-air barbecues, which they claim seriously affects the city's air quality. State media showed photos of workers cutting apart the grills, many of which are operated by migrants from Xinjiang. The barbecue blitz was ridiculed online, with citizens suggesting that authorities do something about the factories and millions of vehicles creating pollution instead, the AP notes. Earlier this year, the pollution index in the city soared to 755—on a scale of 500.