“The more one is occupied with the solution of dreams, the more willing one must become to acknowledge that the majority of the dreams of adults treat of sexual material and give expression to erotic wishes," wrote Sigmund Freud in the first line of his famous Sex in Dreams. In other words, dreams and sex are inextricably intertwined. 
 
 According to data collected by the Kinsey Institute, 37 percent of women aged 45 have experienced an orgasm caused by a sex dream; five percent reached orgasm for the first time after having a dream. As for men, 83 percent have experienced a nocturnal emission; whether or not it was prompted by a dream was not specified. Erotic dreams are abundant in the REM worlds of both genders, with 70 percent of women and 100 percent of men having overtly sexual dreams. 
 
 But is there a way to induce an x-rated experience? Not exactly. But you can increase your chances. The journal Dreaming published a study that found those who slept on their stomachs with their arms raised above their heads were more likely to have x-rated nighttime episodes. 
 
 For the study, 670 students were asked to self-report their dreams and sleeping position. Those who frequently slept on their stomachs were more likely to experience dreams relating to “sex,” “being tied up,” “being unable to move” and “being locked up.” The most common theme was “erotomania,” also known as De Clérambault's Syndrome — the belief you have a wealthy, often famous, secret admirer. 
 
 What makes those who lay prone so, well, prone, to such dreams? Researchers believe that the position puts pressure on the genitals and that external stimulus gets remixed into our internal movies. 
 
 "I believe that the brain during sleep is not at all totally detached from the external world, and stimuli, including those stemming from the environment, are probably incorporated into dream content more often than people observe or are aware of," said lead researcher Kai-Ching Yu when the study was first released. "The unconscious brains of the dreamers try to make sense, and even make use of, the external stimuli." 
 
 If you want to increase the chances of nocturnal trysts, however, know that sleeping on your stomach is actually one of the worst ways to conk out, as it compresses the spine leads to lower back pain. Worth it? You decide. ||||| Marie Staver couldn’t sleep. Always plagued by insomnia and other sleep disorders, in college she was struggling to get enough rest to keep up with her heavy workload. So in 1998 she made a drastic decision: she would stop trying. Instead of lying in bed all night, she would get her rest in catnaps evenly spaced throughout the day. Out of every 24 hours, she would sleep for only two. 
 
 Staver began the radical experiment with a friend, Psuke, and soon the pair felt superhuman. They named their schedule "Uberman" in honor of Nietzsche’s Übermensch idea, because they were both philosophy majors—but also because they were accomplishing so much in a day that they were freaking people out. Their schoolwork was done, their dorms were clean, they held down jobs, they made appearances at social events. 
 
 Eventually the women’s lives and careers forced them to leave Uberman behind. But an online community gelled around Staver’s writings. Other people wanted to recreate what she’d done, to free themselves from the eight-hour night. Today Staver is back on a so-called polyphasic sleep schedule, getting a relatively luxurious four hours of sleep a day. And the movement she inspired is going strong, even though science suggests the polysleepers are playing with fire. 
 
 The two college students were hardly the first humans to try and cheat sleep. Leonardo da Vinci allegedly slept in short bursts. Thomas Edison claimed to sleep only four hours a day. Buckminster Fuller spent two years on a schedule of naps amounting to just two hours a day, as reported in a 1943 Time magazine article. 
 
 "I felt the best I’ve ever felt in my life" 
 
 
 
 It was that old Time article that first inspired Psuke to suggest the napping schedule. Staver didn’t want to take the drugs doctors had suggested for her sleep problems, but she’d tried pretty much everything else: changing her environment, changing her habits, going without sleep for as long as possible to exhaust herself. The friends decided they’d both try sleeping like Bucky. Psuke, who didn’t have any trouble with sleep, would act as a kind of control for their experiment. 
 
 They coordinated their schedules to make it easier, Staver says. They would wake each other up at 4 in the morning and drive to the all-night Denny’s to study. Before their morning classes they’d take a nap. At lunch they’d meet up for another nap. So it went, napping for 20 minutes every four hours around the clock—for more than six months. 
 
 Adjusting to the Uberman schedule takes about two weeks of hell, Staver says. Writing in 2006, she called the adjustment period an “absolute unholy monstrous biyotch.” But eventually the fog cleared for the college students. What remained was, according to Staver, “miraculous.” 
 
 “It was the most amazing thing I had ever discovered and I felt the best I’ve ever felt in my life,” Staver says today. Her sleep disorders seemed to be gone. She wasn’t tired anymore. And although she had only intended to fix her sleep, not shorten it, she found herself with an incredible 22 hours every day to spend how she liked. 
 
 "Goals." Image: Marc-Anthony Macon 
 
 The women quit when the school year ended. Staver left school and got a job that wasn’t compatible with round-the-clock napping. She returned reluctantly to “monophasic” sleep. But she wrote about her polyphasic experience in 2000 in an article for the website Everything2.com. 
 
 Then the emails started. People had questions about how to become polyphasic sleepers, and couldn’t find other information online. Grudgingly, Staver says, she started a website and began blogging about polyphasic sleep. When the questions continued, she wrote a book and became an admin for some online forums. “I kind of fought it the whole way,” she says. She had never expected that her little experiment would become a movement. 
 
 Despite the growth of a whole community of nappers around her, Staver was sleeping monophasically in 2008 and hating it as much as ever. She couldn’t make an Uberman schedule fit with her tech career and her family. But her online contacts kept suggesting a more lenient schedule. What if a person slept in a “core” of a few hours at night, they asked, then sprinkled just a few naps throughout the day? 
 
 Staver didn’t think it was possible. She believed the magic of Uberman came from all the naps being equal. But in desperation, she started experimenting. “To my shock, it worked,” she says. She dubbed her new schedule the “Everyman.” 
 
 The version Staver currently follows includes a three-hour sleep from 1:00 to 4:00 in the morning, and three 20-minute naps throughout the day. She doesn’t think it’s quite as miraculous as Uberman—she sometimes feels tired—but the Everyman schedule has more flexibility. After more than seven straight years of polyphasic sleeping, she’s now able to skip a nap if she can’t spare the time, or take an extra-long nighttime sleep to fight off a cold. Staver is a lifelong coffee drinker, but says the caffeine doesn’t stop her from falling asleep when she wants to. 
 
 Crucially, Everyman is also compatible with a nine-to-five job, as long as your employer doesn’t mind you taking a midday snooze. Staver is a manager with her own office, so she naps under her desk at lunchtime. Server rooms are great places to nap, too, she notes, because they’re warm and have good white noise. 
 
 Staver, who’s now a manager in the tech industry, says she’s lost other jobs for wanting to nap. “I think I’ve just finally gotten promoted up to a level where you can afford to be a little weird,” she says. “But we’re still not at the point where it’s considered a civil or a human right to be able to choose your sleep schedule.” 
 
 Everyman has proven more accessible to aspiring polysleepers. Staver estimates that of people who start out trying Uberman, three-quarters end up on some version of Everyman. The online Polyphasic Society describes more than a dozen sleep schedules with varying numbers and lengths of naps, their details laid out in daily pie charts. In the diagrams for Uberman and “Dymaxion” (another schedule modeled after Buckminster Fuller’s), sleep appears as vanishingly small slivers in the nearly pristine pastry of the day. 
 
 No one gets there easily, though. The Polyphasic Society’s website warns of side effects people may experience while they’re adapting. There’s “metabolic panic,” meaning either constant hunger or a total loss of appetite. There may be chills, moodiness, constipation, and eye strain from keeping your eyes open all the time. The ominous-sounding “zombie mode” is also a concern. 
 
 "Dana's Third Eyelid Skepticism." Image: Marc-Anthony Macon 
 
 
 
 Dusan, a polyphasic sleeper in Toronto who didn’t want to give his last name, got interested in the lifestyle after reading Staver’s book. He used to get 8 or 9 hours of sleep at night but didn’t feel rested. He thought going polyphasic might let him get better, deeper sleep. 
 
 He was never interested in being an Uberman, though. After some experimentation, Dusan settled on four-and-a-half or five hours of sleep at night, plus one or two naps during the day. With a total of five to six-and-a-half hours of sleep every day, he gets more than many polysleepers. 
 
 Like Staver, Dusan has a job that lets him nap in the middle of the day. He dozes in a nap-friendly area at work, or sometimes at home or in his car. He’s been sleeping this way for about three and a half years, and says it’s made him feel more rested, relaxed, and motivated. Other possible benefits of polysleeping, according to the Polyphasic Society, include improved decision making and lucid dreaming (the awareness that you’re in a dream). 
 
 “It would never make sense” to return to a traditional sleep schedule, Dusan says. “I would be going backwards.” 
 
 There’s an interesting phenomenon in the very sleep-deprived brain: it stops feeling tired 
 
 Dusan recently took over administration of the Polyphasic Society website. The site hosted thriving community forums in the past, but when it went down for much of 2015, a lot of that discussion moved to a Reddit group that now has about 2,200 members. Recent discussion topics include caffeine (some commenters have used coffee to help them adapt to their schedules, but Dusan says most polysleepers avoid stimulants), how to plan naps around social events, and “Can I survive this?” 
 
 Scientists have studied people whose circumstances force them to sleep polyphasically, including crewmembers keeping watch on Navy ships, sailors in long solo races, and cloistered monks and nuns who get up at midnight to pray. 
 
 Greg Roach, who studies sleep and circadian rhythms at Central Queensland University, says there is very little data on people sleeping in three or more segments per day. But research on biphasic sleep hasn’t shown much difference between sleeping in one long block and two shorter ones. “Whether you have one or more sleeps per day doesn't really matter, as long as you get your 7 to 8 hours of sleep,” Roach says. Below that optimal amount, though, the brain will suffer. It functions worse and worse the less sleep you get per day, and the longer the deprivation lasts. 
 
 Washington State University psychologist Hans Van Dongen, who studies the effects of sleep loss on the mind, agrees. In a 2008 paper, he and coauthors studied a variety of split-sleep schedules. Subjects spent 10 days on some combination of a nighttime sleep and daytime nap adding up to between four and eight hours, while researchers gave them frequent cognitive tests. 
 
 They found that sleep-deprived subjects did worse and worse as the days went on. But the results were similar however their sleep was broken up. In other words, Van Dongen says, “an hour is an hour is an hour.” 
 
 In other studies, he’s found that there are individual differences in how much sleep people need, and how they respond to sleep deprivation. It’s true that some of us just don’t need as much shuteye. But that variance only goes down to about six hours a night, Van Dongen says. Below six hours, “virtually everybody starts to see significant decrements.” 
 
 One thing that happens when your brain is starved of sleep is it begins to blink in and out of attention. Maybe you lose your train of thought mid-sentence, or suddenly realize you’ve missed your exit on the highway. There’s another interesting phenomenon in the very sleep-deprived brain, Van Dongen says: it stops feeling tired. 
 
 "Glitterbowl Office Hype." Image: Marc-Anthony Macon 
 
 
 
 Van Dongen isn’t surprised that Staver and other polyphasic sleepers describe feeling like they’ve adapted to little sleep. During sleep deprivation, he says, “The brain, probably because it is so tired, starts to have difficulties gauging its own level of sleepiness.” Eventually, an exhausted brain gives up on sending you signals that it needs rest. You feel OK precisely because you’re not. 
 
 He first found this in a 2003 study of people who slept four or six hours a night for two weeks. Though their cognitive functioning got worse and worse, they reported feeling only slightly sleepy by the end. 
 
 Roach adds that after a long stretch of poor sleep, people may forget what normal sleep feels like. “This is what we are told by a lot of shift workers who take an extended holiday,” he says. 
 
 It’s hard for a sleep-deprived brain to see its own cognitive impairments. “People get away with being sleepy for quite some time before they notice anything happening,” Van Dongen says. But eventually there could be consequences—“like, you have a driving accident.” Sleepy people aren’t only putting themselves at risk, Van Dongen adds. They’re also endangering the other people on the road, and anyone they make decisions about. 
 
 That’s not to mention how polyphasic sleep might affect the body in the long term. “If you start working against the biological clock, as anybody who’s ever experienced jet lag can tell you, that throws the entire body off its rhythms,” Van Dongen points out. Our hormone production, heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, and other systems oscillate over 24-hour cycles. When we start blurring the difference between day and night, those rhythms can fade. Van Dongen saw this with men following a Navy watch schedule, who started to feel hungry all the time. 
 
 It’s not clear what happens when those rhythms are disrupted for months or years on end. Disease research has suggested a link between overnight shift work and chronic conditions including obesity, heart disease, and breast cancer. 
 
 Dusan doesn’t want polyphasic sleep to be associated only with the extremes, the Ubermen and zombie modes. Sleeping in segments is nothing new. Around the Mediterranean, siestas and midday naps divide sleep into a block at night and one in the afternoon. In earlier centuries, Europeans seem to have slept in two nighttime blocks. For Dusan, the lifestyle is about finding what’s best for him. 
 
 After more than seven straight years of polysleeping, Staver says she still feels great. She uses her extra hours to write science fiction, blog, see friends, and exercise. She’s also a martial arts instructor. 
 
 Polysleeping, whether as an Uberman or just an Everyman, has never been about squeezing more work hours into her day. “Mostly my goal is just to be able to sleep in a way that works for me,” Staver says. 
 
 But she realizes that her schedule might appeal to a certain kind of corporate mindset. “That straight-up terrifies me,” she says. Her biggest fear in sharing information about polyphasic sleeping has always been that the business world will adopt it as a way to squeeze more work out of people. 
 
 If Staver’s nightmare is a world of unwilling, wakeful drones, her dream is that everyone will open their minds to nontraditional ways of sleeping. “One sleep schedule has never fit all,” she says. 
 
 You’ll Sleep When You’re Dead is Motherboard’s exploration of the future of sleep. Read more stories. 
 
 
 
 Listen to the Radio Motherboard episode about sleep hacking your room. The podcast is available on iTunes and on your favorite podcast app. ||||| Scientists discover that use of electric currents can influence sleepers' brains, potentially allowing them to control their dreams 
 
 Scientists have discovered that it is possible to induce lucid dreaming in sleepers by applying mild electrical currents to their scalps, a study says. 
 
 Lucid dreaming is when a sleeper recognises they are dreaming and may even be able to manipulate the dream's plot and control their behaviour. 
 
 "The key finding is that you can, surprisingly, by scalp stimulation, influence the brain. And you can influence the brain in such a way that a sleeper, a dreamer, becomes aware that he is dreaming," said Professor J Allan Hobson, from Harvard Medical School, who co-authored the paper published in Nature Neuroscience. 
 
 Previous research, led by Dr Ursula Voss of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University in Germany, suggests lucid dreaming is a unique state that displays aspects of both REM-sleep – the stage of sleep in which most of our dreams occur – and waking. By examining the sleepers' brainwaves over a range of frequencies, scientists have found that lucid dreamers demonstrate a shift towards a more "awake-like" state in the frontal and temporal parts of the brain, with the peak in increased activity occurring around 40Hz. 
 
 "Lucid dreaming is a very good tool to observe what happens in the brain and what is causally necessary for secondary consciousness," Voss said. 
 
 Now Voss and her team have reported that it is possible to induce lucid dreaming by delivering electrical stimulation, in the form of an alternating current to a sleeper's scalp at this frequency. 
 
 The study involved 27 volunteers, none of whom had experienced lucid dreaming before. The researchers waited until the volunteers were experiencing uninterrupted REM sleep before applying electrical stimulation to the frontal and temporal positions of the volunteers' scalps. 
 
 The applied stimulation had a variety of frequencies between two and 100Hz, but neither the experimenter nor the volunteer was informed which frequency was used, or whether a current was applied. Five to 10 seconds later the volunteers were roused from their sleep and asked to report on their dreams. Brain activity was monitored continuously throughout the experiment. 
 
 The results showed that stimulation at 40Hz resulted in an increase in brain activity of around the same frequency in the frontal and temporal areas. A similar, but smaller effect was observed at 25Hz. They also found that such stimulation often, but not always, induced an increased level of lucidity in the dreams of sleepers. At higher or lower frequencies, or when no current was applied, no change in brain activity was observed. 
 
 Hobson said the study could have implications in psychiatric research. "As a model for mental illness, understanding lucid dreaming is absolutely crucial. "I would be cautious about interpreting the results as of direct relevance to the treatment of medical illnesses, but [it's] certainly a step in the direction of understanding how the brain manages to hallucinate and be deluded." 
 
 The authors suggest triggering lucid dreaming in sleepers might enable them to control nightmares, for example in those suffering with post-traumatic stress disorder.
– Matt Berical noticed that his restless nights always ended with him facing right, while his girlfriend mostly reported nightmares after waking on her left. "Is there, I wondered, a correlation between bad dreams and sleeping position?" writes Berical at Van Winkles. He dug up a 2004 study that asked 45 men and 18 women to sleep on one side or the other and fill out a popular sleep questionnaire called the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (which evaluates sleep using seven factors, including "subjective sleep quality," sleep duration, and use of sleep drugs). The study found that just 14.6% of right-side sleepers reported bad dreams, compared to 40.9% of their lefty counterparts. Right-side sleepers also reported more dreams with feelings of safety or relief, but had worse-quality sleep than left-siders. Berical also found a 2012 study that analyzed the sleep positions and dreams of over 670 students. The study found that face-down sleepers had more positive and vivid dreams, which were more often about "sex," "being unable to move," "being tied up," or "being locked up," Van Winkles reports. The researcher behind that study, Calvin Kai-Ching Yu, concluded that "the brain during sleep is not at all totally detached from the external world," adding that "the unconscious brains of the dreamers try to make sense, and even make use of, the external stimuli." Berical's conclusion? "It can’t hurt to roll your loved one over when you sense a nightmare coming on," he writes. "Assuming you can avoid the flailing arms, that is." (It turns out that humans are incredibly good at sleeping.)