The Effects of Physical Activity on Health and Quality of Life in Adolescent Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study Effects of habitual physical activity on response to endurance training Aerobic physical activity and resistance training: an application of the theory of planned behavior among adults with type 2 diabetes in a random, national sample of Canadians Development of a computer-tailored physical activity intervention for prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors: OncoActive Relationship between regular walking, physical activity, and health-related quality of life. Tracking of physical activity from early childhood through youth into adulthood. Protocol for systematic reviews of determinants/correlates of obesity-related dietary and physical activity behaviors in young children (preschool 0 to 6 years): evidence mapping and syntheses Psychosocial Determinants of Physical Activity in Children Attending Afterschool Programs: A Path Analysis A comprehensive physical activity promotion programme at elementary school: the effects on physical activity, physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of physical activity. Predicting Change in Physical Activity: a Longitudinal Investigation Among Weight-Concerned College Women Strength Training and Physical Activity in Boys: a Randomized Trial Low physical activity is related to clustering of risk factors for fracture—a 2-year prospective study in children Home-based physical activity intervention for breast cancer patients.
Background There are numerous published controlled trials assessing the safety and the benefits of physical activity ( PA ) for child and adult cancer survivors . However , trials exclusively comprised of adolescent cancer survivors aged 13 - 19 years , who may experience different health and quality of life ( QOL ) effects as a function of their developmental status , are lacking . Rather , some trials have included both adolescent and child cancer survivors together . Objective The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the findings from r and omized controlled trails ( RCTs ) and controlled clinical trials ( CCTs ) investigating the effects of PA on health and QOL outcomes in sample s comprised of > 50 % adolescent cancer survivors to summarize the current state of evidence , identify knowledge gaps , and highlight areas in need of additional research within this population . Methods Using a search strategy developed for this review , 10 electronic data bases were search ed for RCTs and CCTs that reported on the effects of PA on at least 1 health and /or QOL outcome in sample s comprised of > 50 % adolescent cancer survivors . Results From the 2249 articles identified , 2 CCTs met the predetermined eligibility criteria and were included in this review . Combined , 28 adolescents ( of 41 participants ) who were receiving active treatment participated in the 2 studies review ed . A total of 4 health and QOL outcomes ( ie , bone mass , fatigue , grip strength , QOL ) were assessed pre- and post-PA intervention . Conclusions On the basis of the 2 studies review ed , PA appears to be safe and feasible .  PA also shows promise to mitigate reductions in bone mass and might be a viable strategy to improve fatigue , grip strength , and QOL . High- quality controlled trials with larger sample s exclusively comprised of adolescent cancer survivors that assess a wide range of outcomes are needed to determine the effects of PA on health and QOL outcomes in this population Background Identifying ways to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time during childhood is a key public health issue . Research on the putative influences on preschool children ’s  physical activity ( PA ) and  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is limited and has yielded inconsistent results . Our aim was to identify correlates of PA and SB in preschool children . Methods Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Swiss Preschoolers ’ Health Study ( SPLASHY ) , a Swiss population -based cohort study . Of 476 two to six year old children , 394 ( 54 % boys ) had valid PA data assessed by accelerometry .  Information on exposure data was directly measured or extracted from parental question naires . Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to separately assess associations between 35 potential correlates and  total PA ( TPA ) , moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SB . Results In total , 12 correlates from different domains were identified . TPA and MVPA were greater in boys than girls , increased with age and were positively associated with gross motor skills . Children from single parent families had a higher level of TPA and spent less time sedentary than those living with two parents . Time spent outdoors was positively associated with TPA and negatively with SB . The child ’s activity temperament was related all three outcomes , whereas parental sports club membership , living area per person and neighborhood safety were associated with SB only . Fixed and r and om factors in the final models accounted for 28 % , 32 % and 22 % of the total variance in TPA , MVPA and SB , respectively . Variance decomposition revealed that age , sex and activity temperament were the most influential correlates of both , TPA and MVPA , whereas the child ’s activity temperament , time outdoors and neighborhood safety were identified as the most important correlates of SB . Conclusions A multidimensional set of correlates of young children ’s  activity behavior has been identified . Personal factors had the greatest influence on PA , whereas environmental-level factors had the greatest influence on SB . Moreover , we identified a number of previously unreported , potentially modifiable correlates of young children ’s PA and SB . These factors could serve to define target groups or become valuable targets for change in future interventions .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N41045021 ( date of registration : 21.03.14 ) Abstract We hypothesised that habitual physical activity ( PA ) together with progressive endurance training contributes to the differences in training response ( Δ[Vdot]O2max ) in healthy and physically active male participants . Twenty volunteers ( age 30±3 years and [Vdot]O2max 54±7 ml·kg−1·min−1 ) participated in an eight-week training program which included four to six heart rate-guided exercise sessions weekly . PA  data over the whole period were collected by an accelerometer-equipped wristwatch . Individual relative intensities of endurance training and PA were separately determined by adjusting to [Vdot]O2max reserve and calculated as mean daily duration ( min ) of training and PA at light , moderate , high and very high intensity levels . [Vdot]O2max increased 6.4±4.1 % ( p < 0.0001 ) during the training period . Δ[Vdot]O2max correlated with the amount of habitual PA that was mainly of light intensity ( r = 0.53 , p = 0.016 ) , but not with the duration of moderate , high or very high intensity PA ( p = ns for all ) . Age , body mass index , and daily amount of training at any intensity level of exercise were not related to Δ[Vdot]O2max ( p = ns for all ) . In conclusion , a high amount of habitual PA together with prescribed endurance training was associated with good training response in physically active males Background Aerobic physical activity ( PA ) and resistance training are paramount in the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) , but few studies have examined the determinants of both types of exercise in the same sample . Objective The primary purpose was to investigate the utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior ( TPB ) in explaining aerobic PA and resistance training in a population sample of T2D adults . Methods A total of 244 individuals were recruited through a r and om national sample which was created by generating a r and om list of household phone numbers . The list was proportionate to the actual number of household telephone numbers for each Canadian province ( with the exception of Quebec ) . These individuals completed self-report TPB constructs of attitude , subjective norm , perceived behavioral control and intention , and a 3-month follow-up that assessed aerobic PA and resistance training . Results TPB explained 10 % and 8 % of the variance respectively for aerobic PA  and resistance training ;  and accounted for 39 % and 45 % of the variance respectively for aerobic PA and resistance training intentions . Conclusion These results may guide the development of appropriate PA interventions for aerobic PA and resistance training based on the TPB Background Cancer and cancer treatment coincide with substantial negative physical , psychological and psychosocial problems .  Physical activity ( PA ) can positively affect the negative effects of cancer and cancer treatment and thereby increase quality of life in CPS . Nevertheless , only a minority of CPS meet PA guidelines . We developed the OncoActive ( OncoActief in Dutch ) intervention : a computer-tailored PA program to stimulate PA  in prostate and colorectal CPS , because to our knowledge there are only a few PA interventions for these specific cancer types in the Netherl and s Methods The OncoActive intervention was developed through systematic adaptation of a proven effective , evidence -based , computer-tailored PA  intervention for adults over fifty , called Active Plus . The Intervention Mapping ( IM ) protocol was used to guide the systematic adaptation . A literature study and interviews with prostate and colorectal CPS and health care professionals revealed that both general and cancer-specific PA determinants are important and should be addressed . Change objectives , theoretical methods and applications and the actual program content were adapted to address the specific needs , beliefs and cancer-related issues of prostate and colorectal CPS . Intervention participants  received tailored PA advice three times , on internet and with printed material s , and a pedometer to set goals to improve PA .  Pre- and pilot tests showed that the intervention was highly appreciated ( target group ) and regarded safe and feasible ( healthcare professionals ) . The effectiveness of the intervention is being evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) ( n = 428 ) , consisting of an intervention group and a usual care waiting-list control group , with follow-up measurements at three , six and twelve months . Participants are recruited from seventeen hospitals and with posters , flyers and calls in several media . Discussion Using the Intervention Mapping protocol result ed in a systematic ally adapted , theory and evidence -based intervention providing tailored PA advice to prostate and colorectal CPS . If the intervention turns out to be effective in increasing PA , as evaluated in a RCT , possibilities for nationwide implementation and extension to other cancer types will be explored . Trial registration The study is registered in the Dutch Trial Register ( NTR4296 ) on November 23rd 2013 and can be accessed at http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/ rct view.asp?TC=4296 BACKGROUND The current physical activity ( PA ) and  health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) literature warrants further investigation with general population sample s. The exploratory-focused purpose of this study was to compare total PA-HRQoL and walking-HRQoL relations , include a measure of general happiness , and to evaluate potential activity-HRQoL demographic moderators . METHODS A r and om sample of 351 adults completed an adapted Godin Leisure Time Question naire , the SF-36 , and the Satisfaction with Life Scale .  RESULTS Partial correlations revealed small-to-moderate associations between walking/total PA and general health , vitality , and social functioning after controlling for key demographics ( P < 0.05 ) . A dependent t-test determined  walking and PA  as equally related to vitality and social functioning . Multiple regression revealed annual income as a moderator of the total PA/walking-social functioning relationship [ F(3,315 ) = 9.71 and F(3,316 ) = 12.03 , P < 0.01 , respectively ] . CONCLUSIONS HRQoL may be considered with walking interventions and annual income . The contribution of PA to overall happiness appears to be minor PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the  tracking of physical activity ( PA )  from preschool age to adulthood in six age cohorts of males and females . METHODS A r and om sample of 3596 boys and girls age 3 - 18 yr participated in the Cardiovascular Risks in Young Finns Study in 1980 . The follow-up measurements were repeated in 1986 , 1992 , 2001 , and 2007 . The  PA  was measured by mother 's report in 3- and 6-yr-olds and self-report in 9-yr-olds and older .  Tracking of PA  was analyzed using the Spearman rank-order correlation and a simplex model . RESULTS Mother-reported PA at age 3 and 6 yr significantly predicted self-reported PA in youth and in young adulthood , and there was a significant indirect effect of mother report on adult PA 2007 in males . Simplex models that fitted the data very well produced higher stability coefficients than the Spearman rank-order correlations showing moderate or high tracking . The tracking was higher in males than that in females . CONCLUSION This study has shown that physically active lifestyle starts to develop very early in childhood and that the stability of PA is moderate or high along the life course from youth to adulthood Background The aim of these review s is to inform the design and content of interventions to reduce obesity in young children . The behaviors that are associated with obesity/overweight have been studied extensively ; however , the factors associated with these behaviors in young children ( 0 to 6 years ) have not been systematic ally review ed . Over the past few years the focus of obesity prevention has shifted to preschool children because of the high prevalence of obesity at school entry and recognition that habits formed in early life could track into adulthood . In order to develop effective interventions and change behavior , it is important to underst and the factors that are associated with those behaviors . For example , we need to underst and whether it would be more important to target the family , childcare setting s or the wider environment and identify the most effective way of changing these energy balance related behaviors . Methods / Design Quantitative ( intervention and observational ) and qualitative literature on determinants/correlates of fruit and vegetable intake , sugar sweetened beverage and other unhealthy diet intake , and physical activity and sedentary behaviors in young children will be systematic ally identified , mapped and review ed . A common search strategy ( no language or period restrictions ) will be used to identify papers from eight electronic data bases and this will be supplemented by h and - search ing . Next , studies in developed countries that examine the factors associated with these behaviors in children aged 0 to 6 years ( at baseline ) will be screened and mapped descriptively followed by in-depth data extraction , quality assessment and synthesis . Data from quantitative studies will be summarized using either forest plots or harvest plots and narrative synthesis , and qualitative studies using thematic analysis . Qualitative evidence will be integrated with the quantitative evidence , using a parallel synthesis approach , to provide a deeper underst and ing of effective strategies to influence these energy balance related behaviors . Discussion In addition to updating and mapping current research , these review s will be the first to comprehensively synthesize and integrate both the quantitative and qualitative evidence pertaining to determinants/correlates/barriers/facilitators of obesity related behaviors in this young age group ( 0 to 6 years ) with the aim of informing future interventions . Systematic review registration International Prospect i ve Register for Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) Registration number : Background Physical activity ( PA ) is important for controlling childhood obesity , but a comprehensive PA model for school-aged children is lacking . Objectives Guided by the youth PA promotion ( YPAP ) model , this study estimated the direct and indirect effects of self-efficacy , enjoyment , parental influence , and environment on self-reported PA  and pedometer steps . A secondary purpose was to explore the association between self-reported PA and pedometer steps . Methods An observational and prospect i ve study was conducted among 133 children , aged 8–11 years old , from 10 elementary schools with afterschool programs in a Midwestern U.S. school district from August through October 2013 .  PA was assessed by a 7-day recall scale and pedometers . Other variables were assessed by vali date d question naires . Results Approximately 65 ( 49 % ) children were overweight or obese — only 17 ( 13 % ) met national PA recommendations — and body mass index z-score was negatively correlated with pedometer steps ( r = −.18 p = .04 ) . A path analysis showed that self-efficacy had a direct effect on self-reported PA and pedometer steps , enjoyment had only a direct effect on self-reported PA , and parental influence had a direct effect on pedometer steps and an indirect effect on self-reported PA through self-efficacy and enjoyment . The association between self-reported PA and pedometer steps was not significant . Discussion Because this study only partially supports the YPAP model , studies with a larger sample size and longitudinal design are essential to further examine this model . The nonsignificant relationship of self-reported PA with pedometer steps may be due to the systematic error result ing from a common method artifact of self-report . Given the importance of parental influence , enjoyment , and self-efficacy , targeting these three determinants in future interventions to increase PA among children is recommended OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a comprehensive physical activity ( PA ) promotion programme in elementary schools on children 's total PA levels , leisure-time PA , physical fitness and psychosocial correlates of PA . DESIGN A pre-test-post-test design over two school years . SETTING AND SUBJECTS Sixteen elementary schools ( 764 children , mean age : 11.2 + /- 0.7 years ) were r and omly assigned to the intervention condition ( n = 8) and the control condition ( n = 8) . The intervention included a health-related physical education programme , an extracurricular PA promotion programme and classroom-based PA education lessons . In the total sample , leisure-time PA , psychosocial correlates of PA and physical fitness were measured using a PA question naire and the Eurofit test battery . In a sub- sample , total PA levels were measured using an accelerometer . RESULTS According to accelerometer data , children 's moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) levels decreased less in the intervention schools than in the control schools ( P < 0.01 ) . The average time spent on MVPA decreased by 9 min per day in the intervention schools compared with 33 min per day in the control schools . Children in the intervention schools reported significantly more moderate PA in leisure time than the controls ( P < 0.05 ) . No overall improvement of physical fitness and no effects on the psychosocial correlates of PA were found . CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive PA promotion programme was successful in preventing a decline in children 's  total activity levels . Furthermore , the intervention increased children 's PA engagement in leisure time . Therefore , implementation needs to be encouraged Background Engaging in regular physical activity ( PA ) is critical for health , and adopting a consistent PA routine early in life is associated with greater PA over the lifespan . College women with weight concerns are at risk for weight gain , which may be prevented with regular PA . However , little is known about changes in PA engagement in this at-risk group . Purpose Using an outcome expectancy framework , this study used a prospect i ve longitudinal design to examine changes in PA during the first 2 years of college . We tested for concurrent and prospect i ve within-person relations between body satisfaction/perceived eating behavior and  PA  to determine when weight-concerned college women may increase or decrease PA . Methods Women who reported weight concerns at the start of college ( n = 294 ) completed five assessment s over 2 years , including measured weight , body/eating experiences , and 4 days of pedometer steps ( per assessment ) . Multilevel models addressed the result ing nested data structure ( days within assessment s within participants ) . Results Over 2 years , within-person change accounted for 65 % of PA variability ( ICC = 0.35 ) . PA  was greatest at ( and subsequent to ) times when body satisfaction was lower , and when disinhibited eating and hedonic hunger were higher , than an individual ’s average ( ps < 0.05 ) . These changes were associated with 1–3 % of the recommended daily step totals . Conclusions Weight-conscious college women  show greater PA after negative eating and weight experiences . As these experiences change over time , health promotion efforts should help college women identify alternative , positive motivators for PA , which could facilitate consistent PA engagement BACKGROUND : In developed societies levels of daily physical activity ( PA ) among school-age children are decreasing . This implies risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . Specific strategies to improve levels of PA are needed . In prepubertal boys there is evidence that strength training increases spontaneous PA outside of training . METHODS : A total of 102 schoolchildren ( age 10–14 years ) in Switzerl and were r and omly assigned to  physical education classes or to participate twice weekly at a guided strength training program for 19 weeks  . Spontaneous PA energy expenditure ( PAEE ; 3axial accelerometry for 7 days ) , leg and arm strength , and body composition ( dual energy radiograph absorptiometry ) were measured at baseline , after 19 weeks of training intervention , and after 3 months of washout . RESULTS : There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline . In the intervention group , PAEE increased by 10 % from baseline to end of training in boys ( P = .02 ) , but not in girls . Leg and arm strength were increased owing to training intervention in both boys and girls . All other variables were unchanged . Baseline PAEE was significantly negatively correlated with changes of PAEE . CONCLUSIONS : Targeted strength training significantly increases daily spontaneous PA behavior in boys . The less active children showed the greatest increase in spontaneous PAEE . Girls showed a similar increase in strength , but not in spontaneous PAEE . This may be explained by their earlier pubertal development . Strength training may be a promising strategy in schools to counteract decreasing levels of PA Summary The study investigates the effect of physical activity ( PA ) on a composite score for fracture risk in pre-pubertal children . Low PA in children is related to the composite score for fracture risk and the pre-pubertal years seem to be a period when PA positively affects the score . Introduction This study evaluates if  PA in children is related to clustering of risk factors for fracture . Research questions are the following : ( i ) What is the effect of physical activity ( PA ) on single traits and a composite score for fracture risk ? ( ii ) Could this score be used to identify the level of PA needed to reach beneficial effects ? Methods This prospect i ve population -based study included 269 children , aged 7–9 years at baseline while 246 attended the 2-year follow-up . We estimated duration of PA by question naires and measured traits that independently predict fractures . We then calculated gender specific Z-scores for each variable . The mean Z-score of all traits was used as a composite score for fracture risk . We tested correlation between duration of PA , each trait , and the composite score and group differences between children in different quartiles of PA . Results At baseline , we found no correlation between duration of PA and any of the traits or the composite score . At follow-up , we found a correlation between PA and the composite score . Physical activity  had an effect on composite score , and children in the lowest quartiles of PA  had unbeneficial composite score compared to children in the other quartiles . Conclusion  Low PA in children is related to clustering of risk factors for fracture , and the pre-pubertal years seem to be a period when PA positively affects the composite score PURPOSE The efficacy of a home-based physical activity ( PA ) intervention for early-stage breast cancer patients was evaluated in a r and omized controlled trial . PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-six sedentary women ( mean age , 53.14 years ; st and ard deviation , 9.70 years ) who had completed treatment for stage 0 to II breast cancer were r and omly assigned to a PA or contact control group . Participants in the PA group received 12 weeks of PA counseling ( based on the Transtheoretical Model ) delivered via telephone , as well as weekly exercise tip sheets . Assessment s were conducted at baseline , after treatment ( 12 weeks ) , and 6 and 9 month after baseline follow-ups . The post-treatment outcomes are reported here . RESULTS Analyses showed that , after treatment , the PA group reported significantly more total minutes of PA , more minutes of moderate-intensity PA , and higher energy expenditure per week than controls . The PA group also out-performed controls on a field test of fitness . Changes in PA were not reflected in objective activity monitoring . The PA group was more likely than controls to progress in motivational readiness for PA and to meet PA guidelines . No significant group differences were found in body mass index and percent body fat . Post-treatment group comparisons revealed significant improvements in vigor and a reduction in fatigue in the PA group . There was a positive trend in intervention effects on overall mood and body esteem . CONCLUSION The intervention successfully increased PA and improved fitness and specific aspects of psychological well-being among early-stage breast cancer patients . The success of a home-based PA intervention has important implication s for promoting recovery in this population
PA correlates/determinants were relatively consistent between objective and subjective PA measures .
A small number of demographic/biological and social/cultural factors were associated with PA .
CONTEXT Being physically active during the early years ( age 0 - 6 years ) is vital for healthy development .
Identifying correlates and determinants of physical activity ( PA ) is crucial to guide effective interventions .
This systematic review synthesized studies investigating potential correlates and determinants of PA during the early years , accounting for different types of PA assessment .