Prognostic indicators of changes in bone density measures in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa-II. The effect of auricular acupuncture in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. Fasting gut hormone levels change with modest weight loss in obese adolescents. Appetite-regulating hormone changes in patients with craniopharyngioma. Effect of a 12-Week Low vs. High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training on Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Exercise Intervention Study. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. Influence of Acupuncture on Leptin, Ghrelin, Insulin and Cholecystokinin in Obese Women: A Randomised, Sham-Controlled Preliminary Trial A Prospective Study on Inflammatory Parameters in Obese Patients After Sleeve Gastrectomy Relationship between adiponectin levels, acylated ghrelin levels, and short-term body mass index changes in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 at diagnosis and after insulin therapy. Serum leptin concentrations during short-term administration of growth hormone and triiodothyronine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE-REGULATING HORMONES IN OVERWEIGHT WOMEN Effects of Auricular Acupressure Combined with Low-Calorie Diet on the Leptin Hormone in Obese and Overweight Iranian Individuals
INTRODUCTION Adolescents with anorexia nervosa ( AN ) have low bone mineral density ( BMD ) . Baseline predictors of temporal BMD changes ( DeltaBMD ) in AN , including 1 ) gastrointestinal peptides regulating food intake and appetite that have been related to bone metabolism and 2 ) bone turnover markers , have not been well characterized . We hypothesized that baseline levels of nutritionally regulated hormones and of bone turnover markers would predict DeltaBMD overall . METHODS In a prospect i ve observational study , lumbar and whole-body BMD was measured at 0 , 6 , and 12 months in 34 AN girls aged 12 - 18 yr and 33 controls . Baseline body mass index , lean mass , nutritionally regulated hormones [ IGF-I , cortisol , ghrelin , leptin , and peptide YY ( PYY ) ] , bone formation , and resorption markers were examined to determine nutritional and hormonal predictors of bone density changes . RESULTS In a regression model , baseline ghrelin and PYY predicted changes in spine bone measures ; and baseline ghrelin , cortisol , and PYY predicted changes in whole-body bone measures independent of baseline nutritional status . CONCLUSIONS Neuroendocrine gastrointestinal-derived peptides regulating food intake are independent predictors of changes in bone mass in AN BACKGROUND The aims of this r and omized study are to examine the effect of auricular acupuncture on obese women and to explore the relationship between the effect of auricular acupuncture and obesity-related hormone peptides . METHODS Forty-five of 60 obese women aged between 16 and 65 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 27 kg/m2 and who had not received any other weight control maneuvers within the last 3 months completed this study . The subjects were blinded and r and omly divided into groups A and B. Group A ( n = 23 ) received auricular acupuncture , and group B ( n = 22 ) received sham auricular acupuncture using placebo needles , twice each week for 6 weeks . The subjects ' body weight ( BW ) , BMI , waist circumference ( WC ) , and obesity-related hormone peptides were measured at the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks of treatment . The data were compared and expressed as percent reductions . RESULTS This study found no statistical difference in percent reduction in BW , BMI , and WC between the group receiving 6 weeks of auricular acupuncture treatment and the control group . After treatment , group A revealed a significant increase in ghrelin level and decrease in leptin level . On the other h and , group B , who received sham auricular acupuncture , showed no significant difference in ghrelin and leptin levels . CONCLUSIONS This study found no statistical difference in percent reduction in BW , BMI , and WC between the two groups . No adverse effects of short-term auricular acupuncture treatment were seen in the study . Auricular acupuncture may have potential benefit on obesity-related hormone peptides BACKGROUND After weight loss , changes in the circulating levels of several peripheral hormones involved in the homeostatic regulation of body weight occur . Whether these changes are transient or persist over time may be important for an underst and ing of the reasons behind the high rate of weight regain after diet-induced weight loss . METHODS We enrolled 50 overweight or obese patients without diabetes in a 10-week weight-loss program  for which a very-low-energy diet was prescribed . At baseline ( before weight loss ) , at 10 weeks ( after program completion ) , and at 62 weeks , we examined circulating levels of leptin , ghrelin , peptide YY , gastric inhibitory polypeptide , glucagon-like peptide 1 , amylin , pancreatic polypeptide , cholecystokinin , and insulin and subjective ratings of appetite . RESULTS Weight loss ( mean [ ±SE ] , 13.5±0.5 kg ) led to significant reductions in levels of leptin , peptide YY , cholecystokinin , insulin ( P<0.001 for all comparisons ) , and amylin ( P=0.002 ) and to increases in levels of ghrelin ( P<0.001 ) , gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( P=0.004 ) , and pancreatic polypeptide ( P=0.008 ) . There was also a significant increase in subjective appetite ( P<0.001 ) . One year after the initial weight loss , there were still significant differences from baseline in the mean levels of leptin ( P<0.001 ) , peptide YY ( P<0.001 ) , cholecystokinin ( P=0.04 ) , insulin ( P=0.01 ) , ghrelin ( P<0.001 ) , gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( P<0.001 ) , and pancreatic polypeptide ( P=0.002 ) , as well as hunger ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS One year after initial weight reduction , levels of the circulating mediators of appetite that encourage weight regain after diet-induced weight loss do not revert to the levels recorded before weight loss . Long-term strategies to counteract this change may be needed to prevent obesity relapse . ( Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00870259 . ) BACKGROUND Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth . OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents . METHODS Participants were a subset of those taking part in the ' Eat Smart Study ' . They were aged 10 - 17 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 90th centile and were r and omized to one of three groups :  wait-listed control , structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks . Outcomes were fasting glucose , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , total amylin , acylated ghrelin , active glucagon-like peptide-1 , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine . Pre- and postpr and ial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales . RESULTS Of 87 ' Eat Smart ' participants , 74 participated in this sub- study . The mean ( st and ard deviation ) BMI z-score was 2.1 ( 0.4 ) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 ( 0.4 ) in the control group . Fasting insulin ( P = 0.05 ) and leptin ( P = 0.03 ) levels decreased , while adiponectin levels increased ( P = 0.05 ) in the intervention groups compared with control . The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other . A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin ( P < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model of assessment -insulin resistance ( P < 0.001 ) , leptin ( P < 0.001 ) , total amylin ( P = 0.03 ) , GIP ( P = 0.01 ) , PP ( P = 0.02 ) and increased adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference in appetite sensations . CONCLUSIONS Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain Patients with craniopharyngioma ( CP ) , an embryological tumor located in the hypothalamic and /or pituitary region , often suffer from uncontrolled eating and severe obesity . We aim ed to compare peripherally secreted hormones involved in controlling food intake in normal weight and obese children and adolescents with CP vs. controls .  Plasma insulin , glucose , total ghrelin , and peptide-YY ( PYY ) levels were assessed under fasting conditions as well as 60 min after liquid mixed meal in four groups : Normal weight ( n = 12 ) and obese ( n = 15 ) CP patients , and 12 normal weight and 15 obese otherwise healthy BMI - , gender- and age-matched controls .  Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA(IR ) ) , as well as quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) were calculated . Obese CP subjects had significantly higher HOMA(IR ) , higher baseline and postmeal insulin but lower ghrelin levels , weaker postmeal changes for PYY , and lower QUICKI compared to obese controls . QUICKI data from all CP patients correlated positively with ghrelin and PYY % postmeal changes ( ghrelin : r = 0.38 , P = 0.023 ; PYY r = 0.40 , P = 0.017 ) and negatively with st and ard deviation score- BMI ( SDS- BMI : r = -0.49 , P = 0.002 ) . Tumor growth of 87 % obese and 58 % of normal weight CP patients affected the hypothalamic area which was associated with higher SDS- BMI and weaker % postmeal ghrelin changes ( P = 0.014 ) compared to CP patients without hypothalamic tumor involvement . Blunted postmeal ghrelin and PYY responses in obese CP subjects are likely due to their higher degree of insulin resistance and lower insulin sensitivity compared to matched obese controls . Thus , insulin resistance in CP patients seems to affect eating behavior by affecting meal responses of gut peptides Little is known about how the intensity of aerobic training influences appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Our goal was to assess the effect of low and high intensity aerobic trainings on food intake and appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Forty three obese adolescents ( age : 13 - 18y , BMI : 34.48 ± 3.94 kg/m2 ) were r and omized into high intensity training ( HIT ; n = 20 ) or low intensity training ( LIT ; n = 23 ) groups for 12 weeks . All participants also received the same nutritional , psychological and clinical counseling . Pre- and postintervention energy intake ( EI ) and circulating levels of insulin , leptin , peptide YY3 - 36 ( PYY3 - 36 ) and ghrelin were measured . Adolescents in the HIT showed a reduction in total EI and an increase in PYY3 - 36 ( p < .05 ) . Aerobic exercise training performed at ventilatory threshold 1 intensity , reduced EI and augmented PYY3 - 36 in obese adolescents , compared with LIT . The data suggest that HIT and LIT have differential effects in the regulation of appetite signals and subsequent EI in obese adolescents BACKGROUND Rodent studies show that oligofructose promotes weight loss , stimulates satiety hormone secretion , reduces energy intake , and improves lipid profiles . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effects of oligofructose supplementation on body weight and satiety hormone concentrations in overweight and obese adults . DESIGN This study was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Forty-eight otherwise healthy adults with a body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) > 25 were r and omly assigned to receive 21 g oligofructose/d or a placebo ( maltodextrin ) for 12 wk . Body composition ( by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) ; meal tolerance tests , including satiety hormone response ; food intake ; and subjective appetite ratings were determined . RESULTS There was a reduction in body weight of 1.03 + /- 0.43 kg with oligofructose supplementation , whereas the control group experienced an increase in body weight of 0.45 + /- 0.31 kg over 12 wk ( P = 0.01 ) . A lower area under the curve ( AUC ) for ghrelin ( P = 0.004 ) and a higher AUC for peptide YY ( PYY ) with oligofructose ( P = 0.03 ) coincided with a reduction in self-reported caloric intake ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Glucose decreased in the oligofructose group and increased in the control group between initial and final tests ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Insulin concentrations mirrored this pattern ( P < or = 0.05 ) . Oligofructose supplementation did not affect plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion . According to a visual analog scale design ed to assess side effects , oligofructose was well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Independent of other lifestyle changes , oligofructose supplementation has the potential to promote weight loss and improve glucose regulation in overweight adults . Suppressed ghrelin and enhanced PYY may contribute in part to the reduction in energy intake . The trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00522353 BACKGROUND The gut hormone fragment peptide YY3 - 36 ( PYY ) reduces appetite and food intake when infused into subjects of normal weight . In common with the adipocyte hormone leptin , PYY reduces food intake by modulating appetite circuits in the hypothalamus . However , in obesity there is a marked resistance to the action of leptin , which greatly limits its therapeutic effectiveness . We investigated whether obese subjects were also resistant to the anorectic effects of PYY . METHODS We compared the effects of PYY infusion on appetite and food intake in 12 obese and 12 lean subjects in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The plasma levels of PYY , ghrelin , leptin , and insulin were also determined . RESULTS Caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30 percent in the obese subjects ( P<0.001 ) and 31 percent in the lean subjects ( P<0.001 ) . PYY infusion also caused a significant decrease in the cumulative 24-hour caloric intake in both obese and lean subjects . PYY infusion reduced plasma levels of the appetite-stimulatory hormone ghrelin . Endogenous fasting and postpr and ial levels of PYY  were significantly lower in obese subjects ( the mean [ + /-SE ] fasting PYY levels were 10.2+/-0.7 pmol per liter in the obese group and 16.9+/-0.8 pmol per liter in the lean group , P<0.001 ) . Furthermore , the fasting PYY levels correlated negatively with the body-mass index ( r = -0.84 , P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS We found that obese subjects were not resistant to the anorectic effects of PYY . Endogenous PYY levels were low in the obese subjects , suggesting that PYY deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity Background Obesity is an energy balance problem caused by overeating . Obesity treatment includes diet , exercise , behaviour treatment , pharmacotherapy and surgery ; in addition , acupuncture is also an option . Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture on weight loss and whether a brief acupuncture treatment of 5 weeks can change circulating levels of leptin , ghrelin , insulin and cholecystokinin ( CCK ) in obese women . Methods 40 women with a body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 kg/m2 were equally r and omised to either an  acupuncture group or a sham ( non-penetrating ) acupuncture group  and received treatment at LI4 , HT7 , ST36 , ST44 and SP6 bilaterally . Both groups had two sessions of 20 min/week for a total of 10 sessions . Serum insulin , leptin , plasma ghrelin and CCK levels were measured by ELISA . Results Acupuncture treatment decreased insulin and leptin levels and induced weight loss , together with a decrease in BMI compared with sham acupuncture . Furthermore , between-group analyses demonstrated increases in plasma ghrelin and CCK levels in subjects who received acupuncture treatment . Conclusion These findings suggest that acupuncture may help to regulate weight owing to its beneficial effects on hormones such as insulin , leptin , ghrelin and CCK in obese subjects even after a few weeks of treatment Different hormones and peptides involved in inflammation have been studied in and related to obesity . The aim of our work is to assess the variations of different molecules related to inflammation in obese patients during the first year following sleeve gastrectomy .  This was a prospect i ve study on patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy .  The variations in different clinical , anthropometric , and analytical parameters related to inflammation were determined and analysed in all patients at the preoperative visit and at the first and fifth days , first and sixth months , and 1 year following surgery . We enrolled 20 patients to the study . The median body mass index ( BMI ) before intervention was 48.5 kg/m2 . With respect to comorbidities , 70 % of the patients had obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome ( OSA ) , 65 % high blood pressure , 45 % dyslipidaemia , and 40 % diabetes mellitus ( DM ) . The median percentage of BMI lost ( % BMI L ) 1 year after the intervention was 71 % . The dyslipidaemia healing or improvement rate was 100 % , whereas it was 87.5 % for diabetes , 84.6 % for hypertension , and 57.1 % for OSA . During the 1-year postintervention period , the average levels of adiponectin increased , although not significantly , whereas those of leptin significantly decreased . In addition , the blood levels of MCP-1 , IL-6 , CRP , ferritin , and PAI-1 significantly decreased in that period . Sleeve gastrectomy is a surgical technique that is associated with improvements in body weight and comorbid conditions from the first postoperative months , which lead to significant variations in the levels of different inflammation-related parameters and a decrease in the levels of leptin , IL-6 , CRP , MCP-1 , ferritin , and serpin ( PAI-1 ) OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the initial metabolic imbalance and its restoration after insulin therapy on adiponectin and acylated ghrelin levels in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus ( T1DM ) . STUDY DESIGN Twenty prepubertal children with newly diagnosed T1DM were prospect ively studied at diagnosis and after 1 and 4 months of therapy .  Body mass index ( BMI ) and serum levels of adiponectin , resistin , total and acylated ghrelin , leptin , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) were determined . The control group comprised 40 healthy prepubertal children . RESULTS BMI was decreased at diagnosis , normalized at 1 month , and remained so thereafter . Adiponectin levels at diagnosis were similar to controls , increasing significantly after 1 month and normalizing at 4 months . Acylated ghrelin levels were lower at diagnosis , with a significant increase at 1 month and normalizing at 4 months . Resistin levels were normal at all time points . Leptin levels were decreased , while TNF-alpha and IL-6 were increased at diagnosis and normalized at 1 month . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BMI is not the main predictor of acylated ghrelin or adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed T1DM subjects and that these peptides may play an important role in the metabolic adaptation in this disease The regulation of adipose tissue mass and energy expenditure is currently subject to intensive research , which primarily relates to the discovery of leptin . Leptin is a peptide , which is the product of the obese ( ob ) gene expressed in adipose tissue of several species icluding humans . Leptin is supposed to serve both as an index of fat mass and as a sensor of energy balance . Administration of recombinant murine leptin in ob/ob-mice , which do not produce leptin , decreases food intake and increases thermogenesis both of which result in a reduction in body weight and adipose tissue mass . The calorigenic effect of leptin presumably acts through an increase in sympathetic outflow which in turn activates the beta3 adrenergic receptor in brown adipose tissue . The regulation and action of endogenous leptin in humans are less well understood , and clinical grade recombinant human leptin is so far not available . Serum leptin correlates logarithmically with total body fat in both normal weight and obese subjects , which suggest insensitivity to leptin in obese patients . Furthermore , more rapid excursions in serum leptin have been reported following short-term changes in caloric intake and administration of insulin . Growth hormone ( GH ) exerts pronounced effects on lipid metabolism and resting energy expenditure . The lipolytic actions of GH appear to involve both increased sensitivity to the beta-adrenergic pathway , and a suppression of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity . The calorigenic effects of GH have been shown not only to be secondary to changes in lean body mass . Growth hormone administration furthermore increases the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine , which may contribute to the overall actions of GH on fuel and energy metabolism . So far , little is known about the effects of GH and iodothyronines on serum leptin levels in humans . We therefore measured serum leptin levels and energy expenditure before and after the administration of GH and triiodothyronine , alone and in combinaion , in a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy young male adults . The dose of triiodothyronine was selected to obtain serum levels comparable to those seen after GH administration Over the past decade , our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin . These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body 's nutritional status . The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise .  Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a r and omized crossover design . In the exercise trial , subjects ran for 60 min at 50 % of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period . In the control trial , subjects rested for 2 h.  Obestatin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20 , 40 , 60 , 90 and 120 min after baseline . A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant ( P < 0.05 ) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin . However , changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant ( P > 0.05 ) . The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise result ed in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels , it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels Background Human leptin is a peptide hormone that is released from white adipocytes . The absence of leptin or its receptor leads to uncontrolled food intake , leading to obesity . In the present work , the effects of auricular acupressure combined with low-calorie diet on the leptin hormone level were investigated . Methods Volunteers ( n=86 ) with body mass indices ( BMI ) between 25 and 45 kg/m2 were r and omised into a case ( n=43 ) or a control ( n=43 ) group . Participants in each group received a low-calorie diet for 6 weeks . The case group was treated with auricular acupressure and the control group received a sham procedure .  Plasma leptin levels , body fat mass , body weight and BMI were measured before and after treatment . Results Participants who received auricular acupressure showed significant reductions in their plasma leptin levels ( 18.57 % , p<0.01 ) as well as in their body fat mass ( 4 % , p<0.05 ) . These changes were not observed in the control group . The reduction in leptin was significantly greater in the acupressure group than the controls . Conclusions Auricular acupressure combined with a low-calorie diet significantly reduced plasma levels of leptin . However , the mechanism of this reduction is not clear
Leptin levels decreased as BMI decreased .
Evidence regarding the relationships of ghrelin and adiponectin with BMI was inconclusive .
Conclusions : Despite known effects of maturation on hormones , studies did not consistently differentiate findings by maturational stage .
BMI and leptin levels have a positive relationship , but evidence on ghrelin and adiponectin was inconclusive
Problem : To address the complex phenomenon of pediatric obesity , one must underst and the physiological mechanisms regulating energy intake and inflammation .
The peptide hormones leptin , ghrelin , and adiponectin are involved in both , but their functions are dysregulated in obesity .
The purpose of this systematic review is ( 1 ) to characterize studies of nutrition interventions for weight management in children who measure these peptides as outcomes , ( 2 ) to assess risk of bias in the studies , and ( 3 ) to determine the relationships between these peptides and body mass index ( BMI ) .