Adolescent smoking behaviour and cigarette brand preference in Japan Brief intervention on maternal smoking: a randomized controlled trial. Cohort Profile: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Consortium Reducing Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure for Infants: A Cessation Intervention for Mothers of Newborns Behavioural risk factors for non communicable diseases among adults in Kerala, India. The effect of a smartphone-based coronary heart disease prevention (SBCHDP) programme on awareness and knowledge of CHD, stress, and cardiac-related lifestyle behaviours among the working population in Singapore: a pilot randomised controlled trial Counseling Parents and Children on Sun Protection: A National Survey of Pediatricians Developmental and environmental factors supporting the health and well-being of Aboriginal adolescents Effectiveness of a web-based self-help smoking cessation intervention: protocol of a randomised controlled trial Relationship of worksite smoking policy to changes in employee tobacco use: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. Behavioural counselling in general practice for the promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease: randomised trial. Smoking Restrictions Among Households of Childhood and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: Implications for Tobacco Control Efforts. A mixed-methods evaluation of the effectiveness of tailored smoking cessation training for healthcare practitioners who work with older people. Burnout in Belgian physicians and nurses. Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in adults living in rural south-west England: a cross-sectional analysis Intervention to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure in Latino children: null effects on hair biomarkers and parent reports Exploring predictors of eating behaviour among adolescents by gender and socio-economic status. Prostate cancer risk assessment program. A model for the early detection of prostate cancer. Ethnic Differences in Behavioural Risk Factors for Stroke: Implications for Health Promotion [Bupropion use for smoking cessation in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy]. A nurse-led cardiac rehabilitation programme improves health behaviours and cardiac physiological risk parameters: evidence from Chengdu, China. The impact and process of a community-led intervention on reducing environmental inequalities related to physical activity and healthy eating - a pilot study The contribution of psychosocial and home environmental factors in explaining eating behaviours in adolescents Study protocol - Indigenous Australian social networks and the impact on smoking policy and programs in Australia: protocol for a mixed-method prospective study Effect of a community-based intervention on nutritional behaviour in a developing country setting: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme.
Objectives : As part of efforts to develop a smoking control strategy for Japanese adolescents , the results of two nationwide surveys on adolescent smoking behaviour were compared . Design : Descriptive study on smoking behaviour among high school students was conducted . Self-reporting anonymous question naires were administered to 115 814 students in 1996 and 106 297 in 2000 through r and omly sample d junior and senior high schools throughout Japan . Main outcome measures : Smoking prevalence , proportion of smokers by usual sources of cigarettes , national estimated cigarettes consumed by minors , share of cigarette br and s smoked by high school students . Results : The experiment rate among junior high school boys decreased in 2000 compared with that in 1996 , whereas current and daily smoking rates did not . Although prevalence among Japanese girls was much lower than that among boys , prevalence among girls increased in 2000 . The main source of cigarettes among high school smokers was vending machines . The proportion of smokers who usually purchased cigarettes from vending machines increased in 2000 , in spite of the 1998 introduction of restrictions on night-time operations . Japanese adolescents were more likely than adults to smoke American cigarette br and s , and the adolescent market share of American br and s has increased rapidly , especially for menthol br and s. Conclusions : This survey revealed the seriousness of the problem of smoking behaviour among Japanese high school students , and suggested that this behaviour may be influenced by social environmental factors , including the marketing strategies of the tobacco industry . Action should be taken to reduce the prevalence and impact of pro-tobacco marketing messages and to abolish cigarette vending machines OBJECTIVES To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) for their children have a higher quit rate than mothers who received routine smoking cessation advice  , which focused on their own health , or a control group of mothers . SETTING Tertiary referral centre . METHODS R and omized control trial . A total of 363 mothers were r and omly assigned to a smoking cessation intervention either aim ed at their children 's health ( n = 111 ) or their own health ( n = 131 ) , or to a control group receiving no smoking cessation advice ( n = 121 ) . RESULTS Provision to mothers of both groups of health risks of tobacco smoke result ed in significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the control group , with child intervention group having significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the maternal intervention group ( P < 0.05 ) . Post-intervention knowledge scores differed significantly for all groups ; however , child intervention group was the only significantly better group than the others ( P < 0.05 ) . According to the multivariate analysis results , intervention grouping and presence of smoking friends were independent factors determining smoking cessation ( P < 0.05 ) . Intervention grouping , post-intervention knowledge , presence of other household members who smoked and family income were independent factors determining smoking location change ( P < 0.05 ) . Family income , intervention grouping and presence of smoking friends were significant independent factors influencing post-intervention knowledge ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Discussion during short paediatric visits on effects of smoking on child 's or maternal health may result in a significant smoking cessation , smoking location change rate or knowledge change . Those who can not give up smoking usually change their location of smoking . Provision of information on effects of smoking on child 's health , rather than maternal , may result in more significant changes in behaviour or knowledge . Maternal education on smoking should include information on effects of smoking on both child 's and maternal health , but should be especially focused on child 's health Worldwide globalization and Westernization in social and economic aspects have led to drastic changes in South Korea during the past several decades . These changes include individual health behaviours , which were reflected as increased prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases ( NCDs ) , such as type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) , hypertension , obesity and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . These NCDs are known to be caused by both environmental risk factors and predisposing genetic factors . Population decline is another issue in South Korea ; the recorded fertility rate was 1.3 births per woman , and 10 % of the population were elderly individuals aged 65 years according to the Population and Housing Census results of 2005 - 2010 . We have also been observing an increased influx and efflux of the population due to globalization . In particular , there has been a rising tendency in the marriage-based inflow of South Asian women during the last decade . To attempt to solve public health issues result ing from these population trends and prepare for personalized and preventive health care in the future , the Korean government ( National Research Institute of Health ( NIH ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Ministry of Health and Welfare , Korea ) initiated a large prospect i ve cohort study with government funding , named the Korean genome and epidemiology study ( KoGES ) . The study is a consortium project consisting of six prospect i ve cohort studies that would be categorized into population -based and geneenvironment model studies ( Figure 1 ) . The aim of the KoGES was to establish a genome epidemiological study platform for the research community with a health data base and biobank , to investigate the genetic and environmental aetiology of common complex diseases in Koreans ( i.e. T2DM , hypertension , obesity , metabolic syndrome , osteoporosis , CVD , and cancer ) and causes of death with longterm follow-up . The ultimate goal of the KoGES was to develop comprehensive and applicable health care guidelines for common complex diseases in Koreans , reduce the burden of chronic diseases and improve the quality of life A large body of epidemiologic data has been accrued on the health effects of exposure of infants to environmental  tobacco smoke ( ETS ) . Household members , particularly mothers , are the major source of postnatal ETS exposure , ~ perhaps because infants are commonly held much closer to the direct source of ETS than adults . Because the epidemiologic data implicate ETS as a postnatal risk factor for infants ~ and suggest that maternal smoking is the major source of ETS , encouraging mothers of newborns to quit smoking can benefit the health of both mother and child . Although many mothers quit or reduce smoking during pregnancy , most relapse and /or return to smoking at their usual rates after delivery . TM Thus , reinforcing the absence of smoking is also an important behavioral target . The regularly scheduled , pediatric well-care visits provide an opportunity to deliver cessation advice to the mother in the context of protecting the baby from ETS . While pediatricians view the child as their patient , it is common practice to recommend a wide range of preventive behaviors ( e.g. , child seats , poison control , etc . ) that involve parental behavior to reduce the risk of injury to the child . The relationship between smoke exposure and child health provides a unique avenue for discussing parental smoking BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular and other chronic diseases are becoming the major causes of morbidity and mortality in most of the third world countries including India , especially in the southern Indian States , like Kerala , where most of the health indicators match closely with those of any developed country . Various behavioural risk factors ( BRF ) namely smoking , unhealthy diet , stress at home and work place , consumption of alcohol , sedentary life style , etc . , are known to be risk factors for many such diseases . The present study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of various behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases , and to identify their biosocial correlates . METHODS A cross-sectional study was done in which the data were collected from a sample of 6579 individuals of age 30 to 74 yr , r and omly selected following a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling design covering Kerala State . The important factors investigated include various behavioural risk factors , presenting chronic diseases and family histories among close relatives . The data were analysed using both univariate and multivariate analyses . RESULTS The two major risk factors observed among males were smoking and alcohol consumption . About two fifths ( 40 % ) of them were current smokers as well as current users of alcohol ( 41 % ) . The median age at initiation was 21 yr for both smoking habits and for alcohol consumption . Nearly a quarter of the target population were inactive ( 23 % males and 22 % females ) based on work and leisure time activities . More than one-fifth of them ( 23 % ) reported stress . Obesity was found more among females ( 33 % ) than males ( 17 % ) . Low socio-economic background was found to be a high predictor ( high risk group ) for habit of smoking , alcohol consumption , stress and unhealthy diet . INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Substantially high levels of the various behavioural risk factors among adults in Kerala suggests an urgent need for adopting healthy life style modifications among the population in general . The increased risk observed among the younger generation for behavioural risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption calls for urgent corrective steps and measures for long-term monitoring of all major risk factors as well as the major chronic disease conditions Abstract Background Coronary heart disease ( CHD ) is the most prevalent type of cardiac disease among adults worldwide , including those in Singapore . Most of its risk factors , such as smoking , physical inactivity and high blood pressure , are preventable . mHealth has improved in the last decade , showing promising results in chronic disease prevention and health promotion worldwide . Our aim was to develop and examine the effect of a 4-week Smartphone-Based Coronary Heart Disease Prevention ( SBCHDP ) programme in improving awareness and knowledge of CHD , perceived stress as well as cardiac-related lifestyle behaviours in the working population of Singapore . Methods The smartphone app “ Care4Heart ” was developed as the main component of the programme . App content was review ed and vali date d by a panel of experts , including two cardiologists and two experienced cardiology-trained nurses . A pilot r and omised controlled trial was conducted . Eighty working people were recruited and r and omised to either the intervention group ( n = 40 ) or the control group ( n = 40 ) . The intervention group underwent a 4-week SBCHDP programme , whereas the control group were offered health promotion websites only . The participants ’ CHD knowledge , perceived stress and behavioural risk factors were measured at baseline and on the 4th week using the Heart Disease Fact Question naire-2 , Perceived Stress Scale , and Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System . Results After the SBCHDP programme , participants in the intervention group had a better awareness of CHD being the second leading cause of death in Singapore ( X2 = 6.486 , p = 0.039 ) , a better overall CHD knowledge level ( t = 3.171 , p = 0.002 ) , and better behaviour concerning blood cholesterol control ( X2 = 4.54 , p = 0.033 ) than participants in the control group . Conclusion This pilot study partially confirmed the positive effects of the SBCHDP programme in improving awareness and knowledge of CHD among the working population . Due to the small sample size and short follow-up period , this study was underpowered to detect significant differences between groups . A full-scale longitudinal study is required in the future to confirm the effectiveness of the SBCHDP programme Objective . To describe pediatricians ’ attitudes toward skin cancer ( SC ) , sun protection ( SP ) counseling , and the quantity and content of such counseling and to identify barriers to counseling . Methods . An American Academy of Pediatrics Periodic Survey was mailed to 1616 r and omly selected US members between October 2001 and February 2002 . The response rate was 54.6 % . Results . More than 90 % of pediatricians agreed that SC is a significant public health problem and that preventing episodic high exposures to the sun during childhood will reduce the risk of adult melanoma . However , only 22.3 % of respondents reported counseling most patients in all age groups . Female pediatricians were more likely to counsel most patients ; pediatricians located in the South and West and those who practice in hospital/clinic setting s were least likely to counsel compared with those in other regions . Approximately half ( 53 % ) of pediatricians reported selectively counseling on the basis of patient characteristics The most important SP recommendation named was using a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ≥15 . Only 38 % of pediatricians rated SP as very important to their patients ’ health compared with other topics such as use of car seats ( 86 % ) , nutrition ( 79 % ) , immunization issues ( 76 % ) , and smoking/avoidance of environmental tobacco smoke ( 74 % ) . The most frequently named barrier to SP counseling was lack of time ( 58 % reporting ) . Conclusions . Although the majority of pediatricians believe that SC prevention is a worthy issue , only a minority reported providing routine SP counseling to most patients in every age group , and most ranked SP lower in importance than other issues . Interventions might include programs and material s to educate patients and pediatricians alike . To have an effect on increasing rates of SC and SC mortality , a broader public health approach is needed as a complement to pediatricians ’ counseling efforts Little progress has been made in the past 30 years in closing the gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians in terms of their educational outcomes , rates of incarceration , risks for chronic illnesses and reduced life-expectancy . The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey is the first population based survey of its kind developed specifically to inform policy and planning to improve the developmental health of Aboriginal children and youth . A r and om representative sample of 5,289 Aboriginal children aged 0 - 17 years , including 1,480 adolescents aged 12 - 17 years was surveyed through household based interviews with carers and adolescents , question naire data from schools and consensual record linkage to health service and education system data . The findings describe the prevalence and relative impact of developmental and environmental factors associated with the health and mental outcomes of Aboriginal adolescents . The major portion of the overall burden of disorder is now evident in the more urbanised living setting s of Aboriginal families . Some health risk behaviours such as poor dietary intake , smoking , unprotected sex and insufficient physical exercise are more common in Aboriginal adolescents . However , others such as alcohol and marijuana use and suicidal behaviour occur at similar levels to those seen in non-Aboriginal youth Background Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for many chronic and fatal illnesses . Stopping smoking directly reduces those risks . The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a web-based interactive self-help programme for smoking cessation , known as the StopSite , by comparing it to an online self-help guide . Both interventions were based on cognitive-behavioural and self-control principles , but the former provided exercises , feedback and interactive features such as one-to-one chatrooms and a user forum , which facilitated mutual support and experience sharing . Methods and design We conducted a r and omised controlled trial to compare the interactive intervention with the self-help guide . The primary outcome measure was prolonged abstinence from smoking . Secondary outcomes were point-prevalence abstinence , number of cigarettes smoked , and incidence of quit attempts reported at follow-up assessment s. Follow-up assessment s took place three and six months after a one-month grace period for starting the intervention after baseline . Analyses were based on intention-to-treat principles using a conservative imputation method for missing data , whereby non-responders were classified as smokers . Discussion The trial should add to the body of knowledge on the effectiveness of web-based self-help smoking cessation interventions . Effective web-based programmes can potentially help large numbers of smokers to quit , thus having a major public health impact . Trial registration IS RCT OBJECTIVE : To report data on the impact of worksite smoking policies on employee smoking behaviour from a large and heterogeneous sample of smokers and worksites in 22 different communities across North America participating in the COMMIT trial . DESIGN AND SUBJECTS : Data from a population -based survey of 8271 employed adult smokers who completed surveys in 1988 and 1993 . Surveys included questions on tobacco use behaviours , personal/demographic characteristics , and smoking policy and cessation re sources at the workplace . RESULTS : After controlling for potential confounding factors , regression analyses revealed that employees who worked in a smoke-free worksite were over 25 % more likely to make a serious quit attempt between 1988 and 1993 , and over 25 % more likely to achieve cessation than those who worked in a worksite that permitted smoking . Among continuing smokers , employees in smoke-free worksites consumed an average of 2 3/4 fewer cigarettes per day compared with those who worked in places with a non-restrictive smoking policy . A smoke-free worksite policy was not associated with a greater likelihood of using smokeless tobacco . CONCLUSION : These data , from one of the largest and longest smoking cessation studies to date , add support to the conclusion that smoke-free worksite policies help employees to reduce or discontinue use of tobacco Abstract Objective : To measure the effect of behaviourally oriented counselling in general practice on healthy behaviour and biological risk factors in patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease . Design : Cluster r and omised controlled trial . Participants : 883 men and women selected for the presence of one or more modifiable risk factors : regular cigarette smoking , high serum cholesterol concentration ( 6.5 - 9.0 mmol/l ) , and high body mass index ( 25 - 35 ) combined with low physical activity . Intervention : Brief behavioural counselling , on the basis of the stage of change model , carried out by practice nurses to reduce smoking and dietary fat intake and to increase regular physical activity . Main outcome measures : Question naire measures of diet , exercise , and smoking habits , and blood pressure , serum total cholesterol concentration , weight , body mass index , and smoking cessation ( with biochemical validation ) at 4 and 12 months . Results : Favourable differences were recorded in the intervention group for dietary fat intake , regular exercise , and cigarettes smoked per day at 4 and 12 months . Systolic blood pressure was reduced to a greater extent in the intervention group at 4 but not at 12 months No differences were found between groups in changes in total serum cholesterol concentration , weight , body mass index , diastolic pressure , or smoking cessation . Conclusions : Brief behavioural counselling by practice nurses led to improvements in healthy behaviour . More extended counselling to help patients sustain and build on behaviour changes may be required before differences in biological risk factors emerge PURPOSE This study assessed the prevalence of smoking restrictions among households of survivors of childhood and young adult cancer who smoke . It also examined the relationship between home smoking restrictions and motivation to quit smoking , as well as other smoking , psychosocial , and environmental factors . METHODS Participants included 374 smokers who were childhood or young adult cancer survivors ( between the ages of 18 and 55 years ) recruited from five cancer centers to participate in a r and omized smoking cessation trial . Survivors completed baseline measures about the  smoking restrictions in their households , their smoking behavior , and related psychological and environmental factors , which are the focus of the current manuscript . RESULTS Almost 54 % of survivors reported that smoking was prohibited in their households . Living with a nonsmoking partner , having a strict smoking policy at work , and not being nicotine dependent all increased the likelihood of having a total home smoking ban .  Participants who were older , smoked more cigarettes per day over the prior week , and received prior chemotherapy were less likely to reside in households that adopted total bans . CONCLUSION Findings suggest that socio-environmental factors and current smoking behaviors are associated with complete smoking restrictions in the homes of survivors . These factors should be considered when communicating with survivors about the importance of establishing strict smoking policies in their private residences BACKGROUND Older people who smoke derive significant health benefits from stopping smoking in later life . Healthcare practitioners have an important role to play in raising the issue of smoking cessation with this client group ; however , they often fail to do so . AIM To assess the effectiveness of smoking cessation training for healthcare practitioners who have regular contact with older adults . METHODS Mixed- methods were used to explore satisfaction with the training , the participants ' learning and any result ant changes in behaviour . The effectiveness of the training was assessed using a two-group parallel design r and omised controlled trial , followed by semistructured qualitative interviews . Participants ( n = 57 ) were recruited from a cohort of community nurses and allied health professionals ( e.g. , occupational therapists ) working in Scotl and . The intervention was 1-day brief intervention smoking cessation training . Vali date d measures of knowledge , attitudes and practice , were used to assess learning and behaviour at baseline , 1 week and 3 months post training . Data were analysed using two-factor repeated measure analysis of variance , where the factors were " group " and " time . " Qualitative data were gathered from members of the intervention group during semistructured interviews ( n = 8) and were analysed thematically . RESULTS / FINDINGS Levels of satisfaction with the training were high . There was a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge and attitudes of the intervention group following the training , with a noticeable , but nonsignificant , improvement in practice . The qualitative findings demonstrate how the training impacted positively on practice . CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation interventions in later life are important , as older smokers generally have long-term conditions caused or complicated by smoking . The delivery of brief smoking cessation interventions is known to be highly cost-effective ; however , research demonstrates that practitioners often fail to raise the issue of smoking cessation with older adults . This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of a 1-day training course for practitioners . Further research is recommended Background Burnout in healthcare is a worldwide problem . However , most studies focus narrowly on work-related factors and outcomes in one health profession or speciality . Aims To investigate the prevalence of burnout and its association with job dem and s , job re sources , individual well-being , work-related attitudes and behaviour in physicians and nurses across different specialties . Methods Multi-centre cross-sectional study of physicians and nurses working in Belgian hospitals . An electronic question naire was used to assess job dem and s ( e.g.  workload )  , job re sources ( e.g.  autonomy )  and indicators of well-being , work-related attitudes and behaviours . Structural equation modelling was used to examine interrelationships between explanatory variables and outcomes . Results 1169 physicians and 4531 nurses participated ; response rate 26 % . High scores ( > 75th percentile in reference group of Dutch health care workers ) were seen in 6 % of the sample on three burnout dimensions ( i.e. emotional exhaustion , depersonalization and personal competence ) and in 13 % for at least two dimensions . In contrast to the other dimensions , emotional exhaustion strongly related to almost all variables examined in the model . Positive associations were seen with workload , role conflicts , emotional burden and work-home interference and negative associations with learning and development opportunities and co-worker support . Emotional exhaustion correlated negatively with well-being , turnover intention , being prepared and able to work until retirement age , medication use , absenteeism and presenteeism . Conclusions Work-related factors were critical correlates of emotional exhaustion , which strongly related to poor health and turnover intention . R and omized controlled trials are suggested to underpin the effectiveness of interventions tackling job stressors and promoting job re sources Background Despite the health risks , physical inactivity is common . Identifying the correlates of physical activity to inform the design of interventions to reduce the disease burden associated with physical inactivity is a public health imperative . Rural adults have a unique set of characteristics influencing their activity behaviour , and are typically understudied , especially in Engl and . The aim of this study was to identify the personal , social , and environmental correlates of physical activity in adults living in rural villages . Methods The study used baseline data from 2415 adults ( response rate : 37.7 % ) participating in the first time period of a stepped-wedge cluster r and omised trial , conducted in 128 rural villages from south-west Engl and . Data collected included demographic characteristics , social factors , perception of the local environment , village level factors ( percentage male , mean age , population density , Index of Multiple Deprivation , and sport market segmentation ) , and physical activity behaviour . R and om effects ( “ multilevel ” ) logistic regression models were fitted to the binary outcome whether individuals met physical activity guidelines , and r and om effects linear regression models were fitted to the continuous outcome MET-minutes per week leisure time physical activity , using the personal , social , environmental , and village-level factors as predictors . Results The following factors both increased the odds of meeting the recommended activity guidelines and were associated with more leisure-time physical activity : being male ( p = 0.002 ) , in good health ( p < 0.001 ) , greater commitment to being more active ( p = 0.002 ) , favourable activity social norms ( p = 0.004 ) , greater physical activity habit ( p < 0.001 ) , and recent use of recreational facilities ( p = 0.01 ) . In addition , there was evidence ( p < 0.05 ) that younger age , lower body mass index , having a physical occupation , dog ownership , inconvenience of public transport , and using recreational facilities outside the local village were associated with greater reported leisure-time physical activity . None of the village-level factors were associated with physical activity . Conclusions This study adds to the current literature on the correlates of physical activity behaviour by focusing on a population exposed to unique environmental conditions . It highlights potentially important correlates of physical activity that could be the focus of interventions targeting rural population s , and demonstrates the need to examine rural adults separately from their urban counterparts Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of a lay delivered intervention to reduce Latino children ’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) . The a priori hypothesis was that children living in households that were in the intervention group would have lower exposure over time than measurement only controls . Design : A two group , r and omised control trial was conducted . Setting : Areas of San Diego county with a large Latino population . Participants : 143 Latino parent – child pairs . Intervention : Trained bicultural and bilingual Latina lay community health advisors , or promotoras , conducted problem solving aim ed at lowering the target child ’s exposure to ETS in the household . Six home and telephone sessions were delivered by the promotoras over a four month period . Main outcome measures : Outcome measures were collected at baseline , immediately post-intervention , three months post-intervention , and 12 months post-intervention . Four outcomes were considered : ( 1 ) parent ’s paper- and -pencil reports of the child ’s past month exposure ; ( 2 ) hair sample s from the child analysed for past month nicotine ; ( 3 ) hair sample s from the child analysed for past month cotinine ; and ( 4 ) per cent confirmed reducers . Results : There were no significant condition-by-time interactions , the term indicative of a differential intervention effect . Significant or near significant time main effects were seen for children ’s hair cotinine , per cent confirmed reducers , and , in particular , parent reports of exposure . Conclusions : Applying a lay promotora model to deliver the behavioural problem solving intervention unfortunately was not effective . A likely explanation relates to the difficulty of delivering a relatively complex intervention by lay women untrained in behaviour change theory and research methods OBJECTIVE Guided by theory , this study explored cross-sectional differences in factors influencing adolescent eating behaviour including gender and socio-economic status ( SES ) , and subsequently tested the longitudinal predictive power of the models . DESIGN / SETTING /SUBJECTS Data were collected by question naires in a longitudinal study of adolescents ( age 13 years at baseline ) and their parents from Hordal and County , Norway . Association of personal and environmental variables ( family , friends , school/society ) with the consumption of fruit and vegetables ( FV ) and selected sources of fat and of sugar were assessed at age 15 The final cross-sectional models were subsequently employed in groups stratified by gender/SES and to predict consumption at age 21 RESULTS The model explained more of the variation in the sugar score ( 21 % ) and the FV score ( 13.5 % ) than in the fat score ( 5 % ) . SES was associated with both the sugar and FV scores . The strongest associations with the sugar score and FV were for antisocial behaviour and evaluation of own diet , respectively . The former association was significant in all gender/SES groups , whereas the latter association was only significant in the low SES groups . For all three types of food , the strongest significant predictors in the longitudinal models were frequency of consumption at age 15 . CONCLUSION The model 's ability to explain variation in eating behaviours differed by food type , and possibly by gender/SES , but previous eating behaviour was an important predictor for all three foods . Prospect i ve studies should carefully operationalize theoretical constructs when further investigating the influences of and interrelationships between these factors and gender/SES on the development of eating behaviours Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer ( except skin cancer ) in men . Several factors have been associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer , including age , ethnicity , family history , lifestyle , and environmental exposures . Recognition of the importance of the interaction of these factors in prostate cancer has led to an interest in their evaluation as a model both for study ing genetic susceptibility patterns and for study ing and providing educational tools and preventive interventions . One such model has been developed at Fox Chase Cancer Center . Critical to the implementation of the model has been the establishment of the Prostate Cancer Risk Registry ( PCRR ) and Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program ( PRAP ) . Together , they serve as a unique re source for investigating the interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility patterns ; exploring the early , premalignant biological markers of prostate cancer ; and prospect ively assessing the quality of life ( QOL ) of men at risk . In addition , PRAP facilitates the evaluation of models for prostate cancer risk counseling and screening in the community . This paper describes this model for early detection and risk reduction , along with preliminary data from its first two study aims . The program is particularly relevant in view of the wealth of genetic information emerging from the Human Genome Project Objectives . Ethnic minority groups are at a higher risk of stroke and heart disease . However , design ing effective prevention strategies requires responding to the needs of different ethnic groups . The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of four behavioural risk factors ( smoking , drinking , exercise and weight ) for stroke among Black Caribbeans , Black Africans and Whites , and also to examined reported willingness to change these behaviours . Design . A r and om sample of 311 Black Caribbean , 300 White , and 105 Black Africans aged 45 - 74 registered with 16 practice s in south London were surveyed in 1995 . Information was obtained on smoking , drinking and exercise patterns , body mass index and perceptions of being at risk of stroke , and willingness to change risk behaviour . Results . White respondents ( 31 % age and sex st and ardised prevalence ) were more likely to smoke than Black Caribbeans ( 23 % ) and Black Africans ( 10 % ) ( p < 0.001 ) . Self-reported rates of drinking were higher than the government 's ' sensible drinking levels ' for 19 % of Whites , 11 % of Black Caribbeans and 4 % Black Africans ( p < 0.001 ) . In contrast , fewer Whites ( 51 % ) were overweight ( BMI > 27 ) than Black Caribbeans ( 60 % ) and Black Africans ( 68 % ) ( p = 0.001 ) . A high proportion of smokers wished to give up ( 89 % Black African ; 83 % Black Caribbean ; 74 % White ) . A higher proportion of Black Caribbeans ( 35 % ) reported a willingness to reduce their alcohol intake compared to only 15 % of Whites ( p = 0.040 ) . There was a difference between groups in attitudes to weight reduction with 69 % Black Caribbean women expressing a desire to be thinner compared to 86 % Whites and 82 % Black Africans ( p = 0.051 ) . Conclusion . Strategies to reduce behavioural risk factors for heart attack and stroke need to emphasise different risk factors among ethnic groups , especially in relation to alcohol use in the White population and weight in the Black Caribbean population . Influencing the change of these behaviours requires working in partnership with local community groups Smoking is the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor . Bupropion administration is an effective method to achieve smoking cessation ( SC ) , but the drug is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and this might cause interactions with antiretroviral drugs . We present a prospect i ve study of bupropion SC therapy in HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral treatment . A total of 21 patients were studied ; 38 % of them stopped smoking for more than one year . No clinical ly significant drug interactions were found . Bupropion SC therapy was effective in HIV-positive patients and did not cause significant clinical interactions with antiretroviral drugs AIM The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation programme on health behaviours and physiological risk parameters in patients with coronary heart disease in Chengdu , China . BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate a dose- , level- and duration -dependent relationship exists between cardiac behavioural and physiological risks and coronary heart disease incidence as well as subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality . Cardiac risk factor modification has become the very primary goal of modern cardiac rehabilitation programmes . DESIGN METHODS A r and omized controlled trial was conducted . Coronary heart disease patients ( n = 167 ) who met the sampling criteria in two tertiary medical centres in Chengdu , south-west China , were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( the cardiac rehabilitation programme ) or control group ( the routine care ) . The change of health behaviours ( walking performance , step II diet adherence , medication adherence , smoking cessation ) and physiological risk parameters ( serum lipids , blood pressure , body weight ) were assessed to evaluate the programme effect . RESULTS Patients in the intervention group demonstrated a significantly better performance in walking , step II diet adherence , medication adherence ; a significantly greater reduction in serum lipids including triglyceride , total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ; and significantly better control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at three months . The majority of these positive impacts were maintained at six months . The effect of the programme on smoking cessation , body weight , serum high-density lipoprotein , was not confirmed . CONCLUSIONS A cardiac rehabilitation programme led by a nurse can significantly improve the health behaviours and cardiac physiological risk parameters in coronary heart disease patients . Nurses can fill significant treatment gaps in the risk factor management of patients with coronary heart disease . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This study raises attention regarding the important roles nurses can play in cardiac rehabilitation and the unique way for nurses to meet the rehabilitative care needs of coronary heart disease patients . Furthermore , the hospital-home bridging nature of the programme also created a model for interfacing the acute care and community rehabilitative care Background There is growing recognition that a sedentary lifestyle is being driven , at least in part , by environmental factors that affect individuals ' physical activity choices and health behaviours . In other words , the environments in which we live , and with which we interact , have become ones that encourage lifestyle choices that decrease physical activity and encourage over-consumption of foods . However , evidence from community-led interventions to change local neighbourhood environments to support physical activity and healthy eating is lacking . This article summarises the research protocol developed to evaluate a community-led intervention " My Health Matters " aim ed at reducing health inequalities relating to increasing physical activity and healthy eating as defined by community members themselves . Methods / Design This study includes three of the most deprived electoral wards in Stoke-on-Trent . In each of these areas , environmental factors including proximity of physical activity spaces , greenspace and leisure facilities , neighbourhood connectivity and walkability , l and -use-mix and population density , traffic , safety and crime , and food outlets will be mapped using Geographical Information Systems ( GIS ) . A community postal survey of r and omly selected addresses assessing environmental characteristics relating to physical activity , perceived health status , social capital , fruit and vegetable consumption and levels of physical activity will be undertaken ( baseline and at 2 year follow-up ) . Based on baseline findings an intervention will be design ed and implemented over a 2 year period that includes the following ; use of community participatory research to build effective community partnerships ; use of partnership consensus to identify , prioritise and design intervention(s ) related to specific health disparities ; recruitment of local residents to help with the delivery and sustainability of target intervention(s ) ; and the development of local systems for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the intervention(s ) . Discussion A community-led and multidisciplinary approach to modifying environmental factors that support and reinforce healthful behaviours may be more successful than focusing on individual behaviour change as this approach does not exclusively rely upon individual will and capacity . Study findings will be collated in 2012 and , if successful in improving levels of physical activity and healthy eating , will help to inform the design of a larger area-based , cluster r and omized controlled trial to determine effectiveness Objective : The present study aim ed at investigating the influence of food availability , rules and television viewing habits on eating behaviours  in adolescents . Design : Cross-sectional study . Setting : Four r and omly selected middle schools . Subjects : A sample of 534 seventh and eighth grade rs . Interventions : Vali date d question naires were used to measure the family environment and fat , soft drink and fruit consumption . Hierarchical regression analyses on fat , soft drink and fruit consumption , with demographic and psychosocial variables entered as the first and environmental factors as the second block were conducted in boys and girls . Results : Boys with more unhealthy products available at home consumed more fat ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : 8.2–29.4 ) and more soft drinks ( P⩽0.01 , 95 % CI : 0.2–1.4 ) . Boys who reported better television viewing habits ate more fruit ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : −1.7 to −0.5 ) . Girls who reported better television viewing habits consumed less fat ( P⩽0.01 , 95 % CI : 1.4–9.0 ) and more fruit ( P⩽0.05 , 95 % CI : −1.0 to −0.1 ) . Girls who reported higher availability of healthy products at home ( P⩽0.05 , 95 % CI : 0.3–3.1 ) and more food rules ( P⩽0.001 , 95 % CI : −1.8 to −0.5 ) , consumed more fruit . Environmental factors were poor predictors of soft drink consumption among girls . Conclusion : Availability of (un)healthy food products , family food rules and TV viewing habits were related to one or more eating behaviours in boys or girls . Although home environmental factors can play an important role in influencing adolescents  ’ eating behaviours , these factors were generally less predictive than demographic and psychosocial variables . Sponsorship : Ghent University and Policy Research Centre Sport , Physical Activity and Health funded by the Flemish Government Background Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia . Comprehensive tobacco control has reduced smoking rates in Australia from approximately 34 per cent in 1980 to 15 per cent in 2010 . However , 46 per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Isl and er people ( Indigenous Australians ) smoke on a daily basis , more than double the rate of non-Indigenous Australians . The evidence of effective tobacco control strategies for Indigenous Australians is relatively scarce . The aim of this study is to ( i ) explore the influences of smoking in Indigenous Australian people and to ( ii ) help inform and evaluate a multi-component tobacco control strategy . The study aims to answer the following questions : - do individuals ' social networks influence smoking behaviours ; - is there an association between various social and cultural factors and being a smoker or non-smoker ; and - does a multi-component tobacco control program impact positively on tobacco behaviours , attitudes and beliefs in Indigenous Australians . Methods and design Our prospect i ve study will use a mixed- method approach ( qualitative and quantitative ) , including a pre- and post-test evaluation of a tobacco control initiative . The study will explore the social and cultural context underlying Indigenous Australian tobacco use and associated factors which influence smoking behaviour . Primary data will be collected via a panel survey , interviews and focus groups . Secondary data will include de-identified PBS items related to smoking and also data collected from the Quitlines call service . Network analysis will be used to assess whether social networks influence smoking behaviours . For the survey , baseline differences will be tested using chi2 statistics for the categorical and dichotomous variables and t-tests for the continuous variables , where appropriate . Grounded theory will be used to analyse the interviews and focus groups . Local Aboriginal community controlled organisations will partner in the study . Discussion Our study will explore the key factors , including the influence of social networks , that impact on tobacco use and the extent to which smoking behaviours transcend networks within the Indigenous Australian community in the ACT . This will add to the evidence -base , identifying influential factors to tobacco use and the effectiveness and influence of a multi-component tobacco control strategy OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to determine the impact of a community-based intervention on the nutritional behaviour of a representative sample of Iranian adults . DESIGN The Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme ( IHHP ) , a six-year , action-oriented , integrated community-based study aim ed at health promotion through the reduction of CVD risk factors , targeted the whole population living in two intervention cities , and compared outcomes with the population of a non-intervention city considered as reference . Dietary interventions were performed as educational , environmental and /or legislative strategies . A global dietary index ( GDI ) was calculated representing the general dietary behaviour . In addition , two consumption indices were calculated for specific food groups , i.e. meat products and major sources of fat . Univariate AVOVA was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention on dietary behaviours . SETTING Isfahan and Najaf-Abad ( intervention cities ) and Arak ( reference city ) , central Iran . SUBJECTS The baseline survey was conducted among 12514 r and omly selected adults aged > or = 19 years in both intervention and reference areas . The survey was repeated annually among about 5000 persons ( 2002 - 2005 ) in the intervention and reference communities . RESULTS According to significant year x group interactions in mean fat consumption index ( FCI ) and meat consumption index ( MCI ) in the total population , a significant improvement in FCI and MCI was found in the intervention areas v. the reference area ( P < 0.001 ) . In addition , the GDI improved significantly in the intervention areas v. the reference area ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS The IHHP interventions were effective in improving dietary behaviours at the population level . The highest effectiveness was documented in the change in the type of fat consumed . Such simple and integrated interventions can be adopted in other developing countries with limited financial re sources
Results : We confirmed the importance of the 4 main factors influencing SC : ( 1 ) environmental factors , ( 2 ) genomic factors , ( 3 ) gene-environment interactions , and ( 4 ) evidence -based interventions .
The model demonstrates the complex network of factors influencing SC .
Background : Smoking behaviour is a major public health problem worldwide .
Several sources have confirmed the implication of genomic factors in smoking behaviour .
These factors interact both with environmental factors and interventions to develop a certain behaviour .
Objectives : Describing the environmental and genomic factors as well as the interventions influencing smoking cessation  ( SC ) and developing a working model incorporating the different factors influencing SC were our main objectives .