Sarcopenia: Prevalence, and Impact on Operative and Oncologic Outcomes in the Multimodal Management of Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer Sarcopenia in ovarian cancer patients, oncologic outcomes revealing the importance of clinical nutrition: review of literature. Computed tomography diagnosed cachexia and sarcopenia in 725 oncology patients: is nutritional screening capturing hidden malnutrition? Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia in Patients with Esophagogastric Junction Cancer or Upper Gastric Cancer Value of sarcopenia assessed by computed tomography for the prediction of postoperative morbidity following oncological colorectal resection: A comparison with the malnutrition screening tool. Sarcopenia: prevalence and prognostic significance in hospitalized patients. Cancer cachexia, sarcopenia and biochemical markers in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer—chemotherapy toxicity and prognostic value Impact of Visceral Obesity and Sarcopenia on Short-Term Outcomes After Colorectal Cancer Surgery Sarcopenia predicts 1-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a prospective study Sarcopenia is an Independent Predictor of Severe Postoperative Complications and Long-Term Survival After Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Prognostic Value of Computed Tomography: Measured Parameters of Body Composition in Primary Operable Gastrointestinal Cancers Design of a multicentre randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a tailored clinical support intervention to enhance return to work for gastrointestinal cancer patients Sarcopenia in overweight and obese patients is a predictive factor for postoperative complication in gastric cancer: A prospective study. Impact of different sarcopenia stages on the postoperative outcomes after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer Functional compromise reflected by sarcopenia, frailty, and nutritional depletion predicts adverse postoperative outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Body composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a contemporary view of cancer cachexia with the use of computed tomography image analysis. Nutrition intervention is beneficial in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy to the gastrointestinal or head and neck area Sarcopenia in Advanced Serous Ovarian Cancer Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy community-dwelling elderly in an urban area of Barcelona (Spain) Operational definitions of sarcopenia and their associations with 5-year changes in falls risk in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults Sarcopenia is a risk factor for falling in independently living Japanese older adults: A 2‐year prospective cohort study of the GAINA study Sarcopenia Adversely Impacts Postoperative Clinical Outcomes Following Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Study
Objective : The aim of this article was to study the prevalence and significance of sarcopenia in the multimodal management of locally advanced esophageal cancer ( LAEC ) , and to assess its independent impact on operative and oncologic outcomes . Summary of Background Data : Sarcopenia in cancer may confer negative outcomes , but its prevalence and impact on modern multimodal regimens for LAEC have not been systematic ally studied . Methods : Two hundred fifty-two consecutive patients were studied .  Lean body mass ( LBM ) , skeletal muscle index ( SMI ) , and fat mass ( FM ) were determined pre-treatment , preoperatively , and 1 year postoperatively . Sarcopenia was defined by computed tomography ( CT ) at L3 as SMI < 52.4 cm2/m2 for males and SMI < 38.5 cm2/m2 for females . All complications were recorded prospect ively , including comprehensive complications index ( CCI ) , Clavien-Dindo complication ( CDC ) , and pulmonary complications ( PPCs ) . Multivariable linear , logistic , and Cox regression analysis was performed . Results : In-hospital mortality was 1 % , and CCI was 21 ± 19 . Sarcopenia increased ( P = 0.02 ) from 16 % at diagnosis to 31 % post-neoadjuvant therapy , with loss of LBM ( -3.0 ± 5.4 kg , P < 0.0001 ) , but not FM ( -0.3 ± 2.7 kg , P= 0.31 ) during treatment . On multivariable analysis , preoperative sarcopenia was associated with CCI ( P = 0.043 ) , and CDC ≥IIIb ( P = 0.003 ) . PPCs occurred in 36 % nonsarcopenic versus 55 % sarcopenic patients ( P = 0.01 ) . Sarcopenia did not impact disease-specific ( P = 0.14 ) or overall survival ( P = 0.11 ) after resection . At 1 year , 35 % had sarcopenia , significantly associated with pre-treatment BMI ( P = 0.013 ) but not complications ( P = 0.20 ) . Conclusions : Sarcopenia increases through multimodal therapy , is associated with an increased risk of major postoperative complications , and is prevalent in survivorship . These data highlight a potentially modifiable marker of risk that should be assessed and targeted in modern multimodal care pathways INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies . Its usual clinical manifestation is at advanced stages , with nutritional impairment , weight loss , and a consequent decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength ( defined as sarcopenia ) . The relationship between sarcopenia and decreased survival was demonstrated not only in ovarian cancer but also in other cancer types , such as hepatocellular , pancreatic , lung , colon , cervical , metastatic breast , and renal cancer . The aim of this study is to review the current evidence regarding the relationship between sarcopenia and the surgical and oncological outcomes in ovarian cancer patients . METHODS The systematic search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ( PRSIMA ) statement . The terms " SARCOPENIA " AND " OVARIAN CANCER " were systematic ally used to search PubMed and Scopus data bases . Original reports in English language were identified , with the purpose to include all relevant papers regarding the role of sarcopenia and indicators of skeletal muscle quality assessment in gynecological ovarian cancer . RESULTS A total of 9 studies were considered eligible for the present review . The strength of recommendation was moderate and the level of evidence was low in all selected articles . No prospect i ve studies were conducted and most of the papers were case-control series comparing ovarian cancer sarcopenic population vs. non sarcopenic population . CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia appears to have an important role in oncological outcomes of ovarian cancer patients . However , sarcopenia occurrence during disease history and mechanisms underlying the possible impairment in prognosis should be better investigated . Prospect i ve trials are awaited in order to obtain a better insight in this topic Abstract Background Nutrition screening on admission to hospital is m and ated in many countries , but to date , there is no consensus on which tool is optimal in the oncology setting . Wasting conditions such as cancer cachexia ( CC ) and sarcopenia are common in cancer patients and negatively impact on outcomes ; however , they are often masked by excessive adiposity . This study aim ed to inform the application of screening in cancer population s by investigating whether commonly used nutritional screening tools are adequately capturing nutritionally vulnerable patients , including those with abnormal body composition phenotypes ( CC , sarcopenia , and myosteatosis ) . Methods A prospect i ve study of ambulatory oncology out patients presenting for chemotherapy was performed . A detailed survey incorporating clinical , nutritional , biochemical , and quality of life data was administered . Participants were screened for malnutrition using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ( MUST ) , Malnutrition Screening Tool ( MST ) , and the Nutritional Risk Index ( NRI ) . Computed tomography ( CT ) assessment of body composition was performed to diagnose CC , sarcopenia , and myosteatosis according to consensus criteria . Results A total of 725 patients ( 60 % male , median age 64 years ) with solid tumours participated ( 45 % metastatic disease ) . The majority were overweight/obese ( 57 % ) . However , 67 % were losing weight , and CT analysis revealed CC in 42 % , sarcopenia in 41 % , and myosteatosis in 46 % . Among patients with CT‐identified CC , the MUST , MST , and NRI tools categorized 27 % , 35 % , and 7 % of them as ‘ low nutritional risk ’ , respectively . The percentage of patients with CT‐identified sarcopenia and myosteatosis that were categorised as ‘ low nutritional risk ’ by MUST , MST and NRI were 55 % , 61 % , and 14 % and 52 % , 50 % , and 11 % , respectively . Among these tools , the NRI was most sensitive , with scores < 97.5 detecting 85.8 % , 88.6 % , and 92.9 % of sarcopenia , myosteatosis , and CC cases , respectively . Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models , NRI score < 97.5 predicted greater mortality risk ( hazard ratio 1.8 , confidence interval : 1.2–2.8 , P = 0.007 ) . Conclusions High numbers of nutritionally vulnerable patients , with demonstrated abnormal body composition phenotypes on CT analysis , were misclassified by MUST and MST . Caution should be exercised when categorizing the nutritional risk of oncology patients using these tools . NRI detected the majority of abnormal body composition phenotypes and independently predicted survival . Of the tools examined , the NRI yielded the most valuable information from screening and demonstrated usefulness as an initial nutritional risk grading system in ambulatory oncology patients Background The association between sarcopenia and postoperative outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies remains controversial . This study aim ed to assess the impact of sarcopenia on short- and long-term outcomes after surgery for esophagogastric junction cancer ( EGJC ) or upper gastric cancer ( UGC ) . Methods The study review ed 148 patients with EGJC or UGC who underwent surgical resection .  The patients were categorized into the sarcopenia group or the non-sarcopenia group according to their skeletal muscle index calculated using abdominal computed tomography images . The study compared clinicopathologic factors , postoperative complications , and prognosis between the two groups . Results Sarcopenia was present in 19 patients ( 32.2 % ) with EGJC and 23 patients ( 25.8 % ) with UGC . The 5-year overall survival ( OS ) and recurrence-free survival ( RFS ) rates were significantly poorer in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group ( OS 85.5 vs 54.8 % , P = 0.0010 ; RFS 78.7 vs 51.7 % , P = 0.0054 ) . The development of postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups . Both the uni- and multivariate analyses showed that N stage ( P < 0.0001 ) and sarcopenia ( P = 0.0024 and 0.0293 , respectively ) were independent poor prognostic factors for OS . Conclusions Sarcopenia was strongly associated with a poor long-term prognosis for patients with EGJC or UGC who underwent surgery . The results suggest that special attention might be needed during the development of treatment strategies for patients with sarcopenia who intend to undergo operations for EGJC and UGC BACKGROUND Computed tomography ( CT ) can be used for accurate estimation of whole-body muscle mass and muscle density and for detection of sarcopenia . The goal of this study was to evaluate the additional value of CT measured sarcopenia and muscle attenuation alongside the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ( MUST ) for the prediction of post-operative morbidity after oncological colorectal resection , whilst correcting for known risk factors . METHODS A prospect i ve cohort study of 80 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery in the Netherl and s. Patients were screened for nutritional risk upon admission using the MUST . Additionally , preoperative CT scans were used to determine skeletal muscle mass for the detection of sarcopenia and muscle attenuation . Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate associations between the MUST , muscle attenuation and sarcopenia on the one h and and post-operative complications measured by the Clavien-Dindo score on the other h and . RESULTS American Society of Anesthesiology-classification ( ASA ) ≥3 , age ≥70 , MUST ≥2 and lower than median muscle attenuation were significantly associated with a higher risk for postoperative complications ( Clavien-Dindo score ≥2 ) ( p ≤ 0.05 ) , whereas sarcopenia was not ( p = 0.59 ) . Multivariate analyses showed that only MUST ≥2 remained significantly associated with postoperative complications when corrected for age ( p = 0.03 , OR 5.8 , 95%CI 1.1 - 29.6 ) , but not when corrected for age ≥70 and ASA ≥3 . Muscle attenuation and sarcopenia were not significantly associated with postoperative complications . CONCLUSION Our results suggest that using CT measured sarcopenia may have only little additional value over the MUST for the prediction of increased short-term post-operative morbidity after oncological colorectal surgery . It also underlines the importance of currently implemented easy-to-use nutritional screening tools ( MUST ) and raises the question of the evaluation of muscle quality versus quantity in body composition imaging . However , further research is needed to investigate the role of sarcopenia for predicting outcome after colorectal surgery , and investigate the role of muscle attenuation measurements for the prediction of muscle function . CATEGORY OF SU BMI SSION : observational study BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is prevalent in older population s with many causes and varying outcomes however information for use in clinical practice is still lacking . AIMS The aim of this report is to identify the clinical determinants and prognostic significance of sarcopenia in a cohort of hospitalized acutely ill older patients . METHODS Four hundred and thirty two r and omly selected patients had their baseline clinical characteristic data assessed within 72 h of admission , at 6 weeks and at 6 months .  Nutritional status was assessed from anthropometric and biochemical data . Sarcopenia was diagnosed from low muscle mass and low muscle strength-h and grip using anthropometric measures based on the European Working Group criteria . RESULTS Compared with patients without sarcopenia , those diagnosed with sarcopenia 44 ( 10 % ) were more likely to be older , have more depression symptoms and lower serum albumin concentration . The length of hospital stay ( LOS ) was significantly longer in patients diagnosed with sarcopenia compared with patients without sarcopenia [ mean ( SD ) LOS 13.4 ( 8.8 ) versus 9.4 ( 7 ) days respectively , p = 0.003 ] . The risk of non-elective readmission in the 6 months follow up period was significantly lower in patients without sarcopenia compared with those diagnosed with sarcopenia ( adjusted hazard ratio .53 ( 95 % CI : .32 to .87 , p = 0.013 ) . The death rate was also lower in patients without sarcopenia 38/388 ( 10 % ) , compared with those with sarcopenia 12/44 ( 27 % ) , p-value = .001 . CONCLUSION Older people with sarcopenia have poor clinical outcome following acute illness compared with those without sarcopenia Purpose Cancer cachexia and sarcopenia are frequently observed in cancer patients and associated with poor survival . The majority of studies of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia have been done in patients with solid tumors of different origins , and there are currently no good predictors of the benefit of chemotherapy or factors that predict survival in advanced cancer . The purpose of our prospect i ve study was to evaluate prevalence of cachexia and sarcopenia using international consensus definition and criteria for diagnosis in patients with diagnosed advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) stage IIIB and IV and their relation to chemotherapy toxicity and survival prediction . A secondary aim was to compare several biochemical markers ( CRP , IL-6 , protein , and albumin ) with time to tumor progression in order to assess prognostic value or to guide a treatment . Methods Between December 2013 and April 2015 , the prospect i ve cohort study of 100 Caucasian patients with advanced NSCLC stage IIIB or IV , who were referred consecutively to Department for Respiratory Diseases “ Jordanovac , ” was evaluated . Anthropometric measurements and biochemical data ( CRP , albumin , protein , IL-6 , haemoglobin ) together with body composition measurements ( total muscle cross-sectional area , lumbar skeletal muscle index ) were obtained for each patient before starting with platinum-doublet therapy . Skeletal muscle cross-sectional area at the third lumbar vertebra was measured by computerized tomography , and sarcopenia was defined using a previously published cutoff point . Toxicity was assessed after cycle 1 of treatment and time-to-tumor progression was determined prospect ively . Results One hundred patients with advanced lung cancer were recruited : 67 were male and median age was 64 years . The median time to disease progression was 187 days . The prevalence of cachexia and sarcopenia in study cohort was 69 and 47 % , respectively . CRP , IL-6 , and albumin concentration in cachectic compared to non-cachectic patients demonstrated statistically significant difference ( p = 0.020 , p = 0.040 , p = 0.003 ) . Cachexia and sarcopenia were not found to be predictors of chemotoxicity nor was time to tumor progression . On the contrary , albumin concentration with established cutoff point of 37.5 g/L was clearly proved as the predictive factor of both chemotoxicity ( OR ( 95 % CI ) = 0.85 ; p < 0.001 ) and survival ( HR ( 95 % CI ) = 0.55 ) . Conclusions Albumin level has been shown to be more important predictive marker of chemotherapy toxicity and survival than cachexia and sarcopenia are . This approach in clinical setting s can be used to guide the choice of oncologic treatment Background With the increased prevalence of obesity and sarcopenia , those patients with both visceral obesity and sarcopenia were at higher risk of adverse outcomes . Aim The aim of this study was to ascertain the combined impact of visceral obesity and sarcopenia on short-term outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery . Methods We conducted a prospect i ve study from July 2014 to February 2017 . Patients ’ demographic , clinical characteristics , physical performance , and postoperative short-term outcomes were collected . Patients were classified into four groups according to the presence of sarcopenia or visceral obesity . Clinical variables were compared . Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluating the risk factors for postoperative complications were performed . Results A total of 376 patients were included ; 50.8 and 24.5 % of the patients were identified as having “ visceral obesity ” and “ sarcopenia , ” respectively . Patients with sarcopenia and visceral obesity had the highest incidence of total , surgical , and medical complications . Patients with sarcopenia or/ and visceral obesity all had longer hospital stays and higher hospitalization costs . Age ≥ 65 years , visceral obesity , and sarcopenia were independent risk factors for total complications . Rectal cancer and visceral obesity were independent risk factors for surgical complications . Age ≥ 65 years and sarcopenia were independent risk factors for medical complications .  Laparoscopy-assisted operation was a protective factor for total and medical complications . Conclusion Patients with both visceral obesity and sarcopenia had a higher complication rate after colorectal cancer surgery . Age ≥ 65 years , visceral obesity , and sarcopenia were independent risk factors for total complications . Laparoscopy-assisted operation was a protective factor Purpose One-year mortality is vital for elderly oncologic patients undergoing surgery . Recent studies have demonstrated that sarcopenia can predict outcomes after major abdominal surgeries , but the association of sarcopenia and 1-year mortality has never been investigated in a prospect i ve study . Methods We conducted a prospect i ve study of elderly patients ( ≥65 years ) who underwent curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer from July 2014 to July 2015 . Sarcopenia was determined by the measurements of muscle mass , h and grip strength , and gait speed . Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with 1-year mortality . Results A total of 173 patients were included , in which 52 ( 30.1 % ) patients were identified as having sarcopenia . Twenty-four ( 13.9 % ) patients died within 1 year of surgery . Multivariate analysis showed that sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality . Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated an increased predictive power for 1-year mortality with the inclusion of sarcopenia , from 0.835 to 0.868 . Solely low muscle mass was not predictive of 1-year mortality in the multivariate analysis . Conclusions Sarcopenia is predictive of 1-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery . The measurement of muscle function is important for sarcopenia as a preoperative assessment tool Abstract Currently , the association between sarcopenia and long-term prognosis after gastric cancer surgery has not been investigated . Moreover , the association between sarcopenia and postoperative complications remains controversial . This large-scale retrospective study aims to ascertain the prevalence of sarcopenia and assess its impact on postoperative complications and long-term survival in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer . From December 2008 to April 2013 , the clinical data of all patients who underwent elective radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer were collected prospect ively . Only patients with available preoperative abdominal CT scan within 30 days of surgery were considered for analysis . Skeletal muscle mass was determined by abdominal ( computed tomography ) CT scan , and sarcopenia was diagnosed by the cut-off values obtained by means of optimum stratification . Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluating risk factors of postoperative complications and long-term survival were performed . A total of 937 patients were included in this study , and 389 ( 41.5 % ) patients were sarcopenic based on the diagnostic cut-off values ( 34.9 cm2/m2 for women and 40.8 cm2/m2 for men ) . Sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for severe postoperative complications ( OR = 3.010 , P < 0.001 ) , but not for total complications . However , sarcopenia did not show significant association with operative mortality . Moreover , sarcopenia was an independent predictor for poorer overall survival ( HR = 1.653 , P < 0.001 ) and disease-free survival ( HR = 1.620 , P < 0.001 ) . Under the adjusted tumor-node-metastasis ( TNM ) stage , sarcopenia remained an independent risk factor for overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with TNM stage II and III , but not in patients with TNM stage I.Sarcopenia is an independent predictive factor of severe postoperative complications after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer . Moreover , sarcopenia is independently associated with overall and disease-free survival in patients with TNM stage II and III , but not in patients with TNM stage Background Previous reports suggest that body composition parameters can be used to predict outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal ( GI ) cancers . However , evidence for an association with long-term survival is conflicting , with much of the data derived from patients with advanced disease . This study examined the effect of body composition on survival in primary operable GI cancer . Methods Patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the GI tract ( esophagus , stomach , colon , rectum ) between 2006 and 2014 were identified from a prospect i ve data base .  Computed tomography ( CT ) scans were analyzed using a transverse section at L3 to calculate sex-specific body composition indices for skeletal muscle , visceral fat , and subcutaneous fat . Kaplan – Meier and log-rank analysis were used to compare unadjusted survival . Multivariate survival analyses were performed using a proportional hazards model . Results The study enrolled 447 patients ( 191 woman and 256 men ) with esophagogastric ( OG ) ( n = 108 ) and colorectal ( CR ) ( n = 339 ) cancer .  Body composition did not predict survival for the OG cancer patients . Among the CR cancer patients , survival was shorter for those with sarcopenia ( p = 0.017 ) or low levels of subcutaneous fat ( p = 0.005 ) . Older age ( p = 0.046 ) and neutrophilia ( p = 0.013 ) were associated with sarcopenia in patients with CR . Tumor stage ( p = 0.033 ) , neutrophil count ( p = 0.011 ) , and hypoalbuminemia ( p = 0.023 ) were associated with sarcopenia in OG cancer patients . In the multivariate analysis , no single measure of body composition was an independent predictor of reduced survival . ConclusionS arcopenia and reduced subcutaneous adiposity are associated with reduced survival for patients with primary operable CR cancer . However , in this study , no parameter of body composition was an independent prognostic marker when considered with age , tumor stage , and systemic inflammation Background Gastrointestinal ( GI ) cancer is frequently diagnosed in people of working age , and many GI cancer patients experience work-related problems . Although these patients often experience difficulties returning to work , supportive work-related interventions are lacking . We have therefore developed a tailored work-related support intervention for GI cancer patients , and we aim to evaluate its cost-effectiveness compared with the usual care provided . If this intervention proves effective , it can be implemented in practice to support GI cancer patients after diagnosis and to help them return to work . Methods / Design We design ed a multicentre r and omized controlled trial with a follow-up of twelve months . The study population ( N = 310 ) will include individuals aged 18–63 years diagnosed with a primary GI cancer and employed at the time of diagnosis . The participants will be r and omized to the intervention or to usual care . ‘ Usual care ’ is defined as psychosocial care in which work-related issues are not discussed . The intervention group will receive tailored work-related support consisting of three face-to-face meetings of approximately 30 min each . Based on the severity of their work-related problems , the intervention group will be divided into groups receiving three types of support ( A , B or C ) . A different supportive healthcare professional will be available for each group : an oncological nurse ( A ) , an oncological occupational physician ( B ) and a multidisciplinary team ( C ) that includes an oncological nurse , oncological occupational physician and treating oncologist/physician . The primary outcome measure is return to work ( RTW ) , defined as the time to a partial or full RTW . The secondary outcomes are work ability , work limitations , quality of life , and direct and indirect costs . Discussion The hypothesis is that tailored work-related support for GI cancer patients is more effective than usual care in terms of the RTW . The intervention is innovative in that it combines oncological and occupational care in a clinical setting , early in the cancer treatment process . Trial registration METC protocol number NL51444.018.14/Netherl and s Trial Register number NTR5022 . Registered 6 March 2015 BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength . This study aims to explore the prevalence of sarcopenia in overweight and obese gastric cancer ( GC ) patients and figured out the impacts of sarcopenia on the postoperative complication of overweight and obese GC patients . METHODS According to the recommended body-mass index ( BMI ) for Asian population s by WHO , we conducted a prospect i ve study of overweight and obese gastric cancer patients ( BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 ) under curative gastrectomy from August 2014 to December 2015 . Including  lumbar skeletal muscle index , h and grip strength and gait speed as the sarcopenic components were measured before surgery . Patients were followed up after gastrectomy to gain the actual clinical outcomes . Factors contributing to postoperative complications were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis . RESULTS Total of 206 overweight or obese patients were enrolled in this study , 14 patients were diagnosed sarcopenia and were demonstrated having significantly association with higher risk of postoperative complications , higher hospital costs , and higher rate of 30-days readmission compared with the non-sarcopenic ones . On the basis of univariate and multivariate analysis , sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for postoperative complication of overweight and obese patients with gastric cancer ( P = 0.002 ) . CONCLUSION Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of postoperative complications in overweight or obese patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy Background . The association between sarcopenia and postoperative outcomes has been well reported . However , the impact of different sarcopenia stages on postoperative outcomes has never been investigated . Methods . We conducted a large , prospect i ve study of patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer from August 2014 to December 2015 .  Sarcopenia was staged as “ presarcopenia , ” “ sarcopenia , ” and “ severe sarcopenia ” according to the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People . Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluating the risk factors for total , surgical , and medical complications were performed . Results . A total of 470 patients were included , in which 20.6 % , 10 % , and 6.8 % of the patients were identified as having “ presarcopenia , ” “ sarcopenia , ” and “ severe sarcopenia  , ” respectively . Postoperative complications , duration of hospital stays , and costs increased with advancing sarcopenia stages . Severe sarcopenia , visceral fat area to total abdominal muscle area ratio , American Society of Anesthesiologists grade III , and tumor located at the cardia were independent risk factors for total complications . Visceral fat area to total abdominal muscle area ratio and tumor located at the cardia were independent risk factors for operative complications . Presarcopenia , sarcopenia , and severe sarcopenia were all identified as independent risk factors for medical complications , as well as age ≥75 years and Charlson Comorbidity Index . Conclusion . Patients had worse  postoperative outcomes after gastric cancer operation with advancing sarcopenia stages . Severe sarcopenia , but not presarcopenia or sarcopenia , was an independent risk factor for total postoperative complications . The 3 sarcopenia stages independently influence medical but not surgical complications . Recognizing sarcopenia stages is important for preoperative risk stratification OBJECTIVE To determine the association of sarcopenia with postoperative morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery . BACKGROUND Functional compromise in elderly colorectal surgical patients is considered as a significant factor of impaired postoperative recovery . Therefore , the predictive value of preoperative functional compromise assessment was investigated . Sarcopenia is a hallmark of functional compromise . METHODS A total of 310 consecutive patients who underwent oncologic colorectal surgery  were included in a prospect i ve digital data base . Sarcopenia was assessed using the L3 muscle index utilizing Osirix on preoperative computed tomography . Groningen Frailty Indicator and Short Nutritional Assessment Question naire scores were used to assess frailty and nutritional compromise . Predictors for anastomotic leakage , sepsis , and mortality were analyzed by logistic regression analysis . RESULTS Age was an independent predictor of mortality [ P = 0.04 ; odds ratio , 1.17 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) , 1.01 - 1.37 ] . Thirty-day/in-hospital mortality rate in sarcopenic patients was 8.8 % versus 0.7 % in nonsarcopenic patients ( P = 0.001 ; odds ratio , 15.5 ; 95 % CI , 2.00 - 120 ) . Sarcopenia was not predictive for anastomotic leakage or sepsis . Combination of high  Short Nutritional Assessment Question naire score , high Groningen Frailty Indicator score , and sarcopenia strongly predicted sepsis ( P = 0.001 ; odds ratio , 25.1 ; 95 % CI , 5.11 - 123 ) , sensitivity , 46 % ; specificity , 97 % ; positive likelihood ratio , 13 ( 95 % CI , 4.4 - 38 ) ; negative likelihood ratio , 0.57 ( 95 % CI , 0.33 - 0.97 ) . CONCLUSIONS Functional compromise in colorectal cancer surgery is associated with adverse postoperative outcome . Assessment of functional compromise by means of a nutritional question naire ( Short Nutritional Assessment Question naire ) , a frailty question naire ( Groningen Frailty Indicator ) , and sarcopenia measurement ( L3 muscle index ) can accurately predict postoperative sepsis BACKGROUND AND AIMS sarcopenia has been indicated as a reliable marker of frailty and poor prognosis among the oldest individuals . We evaluated the impact of sarcopenia on the risk of all-cause death in a population of frail older persons living in community . METHODS we analysed data from the Aging and Longevity Study , a prospect i ve cohort study that collected data on all subjects aged 80 years and older residing in the Sirente geographic area ( n = 364 ) . The present analysis was conducted among those subjects who were between 80 and 85 years of age at the time of the baseline assessment ( n = 197 ) . The main outcome measure was all-cause mortality over 7-year follow-up . According to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People ( EWGSOP ) criteria , the diagnosis of sarcopenia required the documentation of low muscle mass and the documentation of either low muscle strength or low physical performance . Cox proportional regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of death by the presence of sarcopenia . RESULTS using the EWGSOP-suggested criteria , 43 subjects with sarcopenia ( 21.8 % ) were identified . During the 7-year follow-up , 29 ( 67.4 % ) participants died among subjects with sarcopenia compared with 63 subjects ( 41.2 % ) without sarcopenia ( P < 0.001 ) . After adjusting for potential confounders including age , gender , education , activities of daily living ( ADL ) impairment , body mass index , hypertension , congestive heart failure , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , number of diseases , TNF-α , participants with sarcopenia had a higher risk of death for all causes compared with non-sarcopenic subjects ( HR : 2.32 , 95 % CI : 1.01 - 5.43 ) . CONCLUSIONS our results obtained from a representative sample of very old and frail subjects show that sarcopenia is associated with mortality , independently of age and other clinical and functional variables BACKGROUND The prominent clinical feature of cachexia has traditionally been understood to be weight loss ; however , in recognition of the potential for divergent behavior of muscle and adipose tissue , cachexia was recently defined as loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass . Detailed assessment s are required to verify body composition in patients with cancer cachexia . DESIGN We adopted a population -based approach to study body composition in patients with cancer , with the use of diagnostic computed tomography images acquired for cancer diagnosis and follow-up . A prospect i ve cohort of 441 patients with non-small cell lung cancer , who were referred consecutively to a regional medical oncology service in Alberta , Canada , was evaluated . RESULTS At referral ( median time to death : 265 d ) , mean body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) was 24.9 , with 47.4 % of patients being overweight or obese . Only 7.5 % overall were underweight as conventionally understood ( BMI < 18.5 ) . Analysis of computed tomography images showed extremely high heterogeneity of muscle mass within all strata of BMI . The overall prevalence of severe muscle depletion ( sarcopenia ) was 46.8 % and was present in patients in all BMI categories . A much higher proportion of men ( 61 % ) than women ( 31 % ) met the criteria for sarcopenia . CONCLUSIONS Wasting of skeletal muscle is a prominent feature of patients with lung cancer , despite normal or heavy body weights . The significance of muscle wasting in normal-weight , overweight , and obese patients as a nutritional risk factor , as a prognostic factor , and as a predictor of cancer treatment toxicity is discussed in this article Malnutrition occurs frequently in patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal ( GI ) or head and neck area and can lead to negative outcomes . The aim of this study is to determine the impact of early and intensive nutrition intervention ( NI ) on body weight , body composition , nutritional status , global quality of life ( QoL ) and physical function compared to usual practice in oncology out patients receiving radiotherapy to the GI or head and neck area . Out patients commencing at least 20 fractions of radiotherapy to the GI or head and neck area were  r  and omised to receive intensive , individualised nutrition counselling by a dietitian using a st and ard protocol and oral supplements if required , or the usual practice of the centre ( general advice and nutrition booklet ) . Outcome parameters were measured at baseline and 4 , 8 and 12 weeks after commencing radiotherapy using valid and reliable tools . A total of 60 patients ( 51 M : 9F ; mean age 61.9±14.0 years ) were r and omised to receive either NI ( n=29 ) or usual care ( UC ) ( n=31 ) . The NI group had statistically smaller deteriorations in weight ( P<0.001 ) , nutritional status ( P=0.020 ) and global QoL ( P=0.009 ) compared with those receiving UC . Clinical ly , but not statistically significant differences in fat-free mass were observed between the groups ( P=0.195 ) . Early and intensive NI appears beneficial in terms of minimising weight loss , deterioration in nutritional status , global QoL and physical function in oncology out patients receiving radiotherapy to the GI or head and neck area . Weight maintenance in this population leads to beneficial outcomes and suggests that this , rather than weight gain , may be a more appropriate aim of NI Objective Cancer cachexia is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising involuntary weight loss and muscle depletion ( sarcopenia ) . Although weight loss has been associated with poor clinical outcome , there is only limited information on the prevalence and prognostic impact of sarcopenia in ovarian cancer so far . Methods Total skeletal muscle mass was determined by computed tomography image analysis of the third lumbar skeletal muscle cross-sectional area in 128 patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer . Longitudinal change of muscle mass was studied in  209 consecutive computed tomography scans  from 43 patients . Association with survival was determined using Cox proportional hazards model . Results The prevalence of sarcopenia at first diagnosis was 11 % ( 12/105 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 6%–20 % ) . Sarcopenic patients had a significantly reduced progression-free ( hazard ratio , 2.64 ; 95 % CI , 1.24–5.64 ; P = 0.012 ) and overall survival ( hazard ratio , 3.17 ; 95 % CI , 1.29–7.80 ; P = 0.012 ) . On multivariable analysis , these prognostic effects remained significant after adjustment for age , International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage , and postsurgical residual disease . Longitudinal analyses identified both patients with loss and gain of muscle mass . However , change in muscle mass over time was not associated with survival . Conclusions Baseline sarcopenia is a prognostic factor in advanced serous ovarian cancer . Identification of sarcopenic patients and early enrollment in physical or nutritional education programs might thus be a feasible way to improve outcome and should be further evaluated in prospect i ve clinical trials BACKGROUND To describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in ambulatory patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) and its relation to reduced exercise capacity , muscle strength , and quality of life ( QoL ) . METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 117 symptomatic out patients with HFpEF were prospect ively enrolled in Germany , Engl and , and Slovenia as part of the Studies Investigating Co-morbidities Aggravating Heart Failure ( SICA-HF ) .  Appendicular skeletal muscle ( ASM ) mass ( the sum of muscle mass in both arms and legs ) was assessed by DEXA . Echocardiography , 6-minute walk testing ( 6-MWT ) , muscle strength assessment , spiroergometry and QoL evaluation using EQ-5D Question naire were performed . Sarcopenia was defined as ASM 2 st and ard deviations below the mean of a healthy reference group aged 18 - 40years . Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the E/e ' value : ≤8 , 9 - 14 , and ≥15 . Sarcopenia was detected in 19.7 % of all patients . These patients performed worse during 6-MWT ( 404±116 vs. 307±145 m , p=0.003 ) and showed lower absolute peak oxygen consumption ( 1579±474 vs. 1211±442mL/min , p<0.05 ) . Both ASM and muscle strength were lowest in patients with E/e ' > 15 ( p<0.05 ) . Higher values of muscle strength/ASM were associated with a better QoL ( r=0.5 , p<0.0005 ) . Logistic regression showed ASM to be independently associated with reduced distance walked during the 6-MWT adjusted for NYHA , height , left atrium diameter , ferritin and forced expiratory volume in 1s ( FEV1 ) ( odds ratio 1.2 , p=0.02 ) . CONCLUSION Sarcopenia affects a clinical ly relevant proportion of patients with HFpEF  . Low ASM is strongly linked to reduced muscle strength , exercise capacity and QoL in these patients Muscle mass decreases with age , leading to " sarcopenia , " or low relative muscle mass , in elderly people . Sarcopenia is believed to be associated with metabolic , physiologic , and functional impairments and disability . Methods of estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risks in elderly population s are lacking . Data from a  population -based survey of 883 elderly Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women living in New Mexico ( the New Mexico Elder Health Survey , 1993 - 1995 ) were analyzed to develop a method for estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia . An anthropometric equation for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass was developed from a r and om sub sample ( n = 199 ) of participants and was extended to the total sample . Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height2 ( m2 ) being less than two st and ard deviations below the mean of a young reference group . Prevalences increased from 13 - 24 % in persons under 70 years of age to > 50 % in persons over 80 years of age , and were slightly greater in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites . Sarcopenia was significantly associated with self-reported physical disability in both men and women , independent of ethnicity , age , morbidity , obesity , income , and health behaviors . This study provides some of the first estimates of the extent of the public health problem posed by sarcopenia Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in a cohort of healthy community-dwelling elderly in an urban area in Barcelona ( Spain ) for native benchmarks and compare them with those published in other geographical areas . Material and methods We prospect ively evaluated a series of 200 healthy elderly in the community with preserved functional capacity and absence of cognitive impairment . We performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment and determined anthropometric data , muscle mass ( MM ) and the muscle mass index ( MMI ) . Assessment of muscle mass was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis ( BIA ) . The cut-off point for defining sarcopenia MMI was established as less than 2 SD of the mean of a reference group comprising 220 healthy volunteers ( 20–42 years ) in the same area . Results were compared with studies undertaken in the USA , France and Taiwan . Results The cut-off points obtained were 8.31 Kg/m2 for men and 6.68 Kg/m2 for women , being similar to those observed in France and Taiwan but different from the USA . The prevalence of sarcopenia observed was 33 % for elderly women and 10 % for males . On comparison of the prevalence of sarcopenia in the four population s , we observed some differences , particularly in males . Conclusions We have defined reference values for sarcopenia , determined by BIA , in our setting . We also observed a remarkable prevalence of sarcopenia in the healthy elderly community , especially in females , showing some differences from those in other geographical regions Summary Sarcopenia may be diagnosed in the clinic using operational definitions based on low muscle mass or function . This prospect i ve , population -based study revealed that sex-specific associations may exist between operational definitions of sarcopenia and falls in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults . Introduction The objective of this study is to verify associations between sarcopenia and falls risk and to determine changes in sarcopenia prevalence over 5 years in middle-aged and older men and women according to different anthropometric and performance-based operational definitions . Methods N = 681 volunteers ( 48 % female ; mean ± SD age 61.4 ± 7.0 years ) participated in baseline and follow-up assessment s ( mean 5.1 ± 0.5 years later ) . Appendicular lean mass ( ALM ) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry , h and grip ( HGS ) and lower-limb ( LLS ) strength were assessed by dynamometry , and falls risk was determined using the physiological profile assessment . Anthropometric definitions ( ALM/height squared [ ALM – H ] , ALM/weight × 100 and a residuals method [ ALM – R ] ) and performance-based definitions ( HGS , LLS and upper- and lower-limb muscle quality [ LMQ ] ) of sarcopenia were examined . The lowest 20 % of the sex-specific distribution for each definition at baseline was classified as sarcopenia . Results Sarcopenia prevalence increased after 5 years for all operational definitions except ALM – H ( men : −4.0 % ; women : −5.5 % ) . Men classified with sarcopenia according to anthropometric definitions , and women classified with sarcopenia according to performance-based definitions , had significant increases in falls risk over 5 years ( all P < 0.05 ) compared to individuals without sarcopenia . Significant sex interactions were observed for ALM-R , LLS and LMQ ( all P < 0.05 ) definitions . Conclusions Sarcopenia prevalence generally increases at a higher rate when assessed using performance-based definitions . Sarcopenia is associated with increases in falls risk over 5 years in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults , but sex-specific differences may exist according to different anthropometric or performance-based definitions AIM The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether sarcopenia was associated with future falls in the general Japanese older population . METHODS This study was a 2-year prospect i ve observational study . Participants were recruited from individuals who had an annual town-sponsored medical check-up and had not received nursing care . The inclusion criteria for participants in our study were : ( i ) agreement to participate ; ( ii ) living independently ; and ( iii ) the ability to walk to where the survey was carried out and to provide self-reported data . A total of 223 residents ( 82 men , 141 women ) participated in the baseline assessment in the study . Demographic information , previous fall history , locomotive syndrome , body function and structural measurements and pain at the knee and /or lumber spine were assessed . The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia algorithm was used to classify the presence of sarcopenia , and assess the history  of falling when the participant received their annual medical check-up . RESULTS A total of 162 participants had an annual follow-up assessment , 50 of whom ( 30.8 % ) fell at least once during the 2-year observational period after baseline assessment . Previous falling history , prevalence of locomotive syndrome , sarcopenia and pain were significantly higher in participants who had fallen compared with participants who had not . Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the prevalence of sarcopenia was a significant predictor of falling . CONCLUSION The key finding of the present study suggests that sarcopenia is a risk factor for falling in older adults who are living independently even after adjustment for previous falls and confounding factors . Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017 ; 17 : 2124 - 2130 Background Sarcopenia is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle plus low muscle strength and /or physical performance . This study was performed to determine the association of sarcopenia with short-term postoperative outcomes after gastrectomy for gastric cancer . Methods We conducted a prospect i ve study of 255 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy .  The sarcopenia elements , including lumbar skeletal muscle index , h and grip strength , and gait speed , were measured before surgery . Patients were followed up after gastrectomy to gain the actual clinical outcomes . Factors contributing to postoperative complications were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis . Results Sarcopenia was present in 32 of 255 patients ( 12.5 % ) , and was significantly correlated with advance age , lower body mass index , higher nutritional risk screening ( NRS ) 2002 score , and lower preoperative serum albumin and hemoglobin . Compared with non-sarcopenic patients , sarcopenic patients had a higher risk of postoperative complications , longer postoperative hospital stay , and more hospital costs . In univariate analysis , sarcopenia ( p < 0.001 ) , nutritional risk ( NRS 2002 score ≥3 ; p = 0.003 ) , advanced age ( ≥75 years ; p = 0.014 ) , anemia ( p = 0.012 ) , hypoalbuminemia ( p = 0.029 ) , and diabetes ( p = 0.014 ) were associated with postoperative complications . Multivariable analysis revealed that sarcopenia ( p < 0.001 ) and diabetes ( p = 0.006 ) were independent predictors of postoperative complications . Conclusions Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of postoperative complications in patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy
Conclusion The prevalence of sarcopenia depends mostly on the diagnostic cut-off points of different criteria .
Preoperative sarcopenia is a risk factor for both long-term and short-term outcomes
Background The impact of sarcopenia on the outcome of gastrointestinal ( GI ) oncological patients is still controversial .
We aim to discuss the prevalence of sarcopenia and its relation to the oncological outcome .