Effects of a healthy Nordic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (NORDIET). Influence of a healthy Nordic diet on serum fatty acid composition and associations with blood lipoproteins – results from the NORDIET study Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: respective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study). The effect of calcitriol on lipid profile and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Effects of an American Heart Association step I diet and weight loss on lipoprotein lipid levels in obese men with silent myocardial ischemia and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Short-term effects of substituting protein for carbohydrate in the diets of moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial. Tissue factor expression is decreased in monocytes obtained from blood during Mediterranean or high carbohydrate diets. Correlation of dyslipidemia with waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index in Iranian adults. Comparison of fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile changes after treatment with atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone. Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial. Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet with and without supplemental soluble fiber on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other clinical markers of cardiovascular risk. Effect of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, on lipids, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein particles in patients with elevated serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Effects of natural honey on blood glucose and lipid profile in young healthy Pakistani males. Low-fat, high-fiber diet favorably affects several independent risk markers of ischemic heart disease: observations on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis from a trial of middle-aged Danes. Almond Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Prediabetes Effect of a long-term fat-modified diet on serum lipoprotein levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in patients on home haemodialysis. Epidemiologic Evidence on Serum Adiponectin Level and Lipid Profile Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Relationship between Adiponectin and Leptin, and Blood Lipids in Hyperlipidemia Patients Treated with Red Yeast Rice Persistence of Hypertriglyceridemic Effect of Low-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diets in NIDDM Patients Obesity, free testosterone, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and regularly cycling adolescents. Low‐density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced‐fat diet in men
OBJECTIVE the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a healthy Nordic diet ( ND ) on cardiovascular risk factors . DESIGN AND SUBJECTS in a r and omized controlled trial ( NORDIET ) conducted in Sweden , 88 mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects were r and omly assigned to an ad libitum ND or control diet ( subjects ' usual Western diet ) for 6 weeks . Participants in the ND group were provided with all meals and foods . Primary outcome measurements were low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , and secondary outcomes were blood pressure ( BP ) and insulin sensitivity ( fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment -insulin resistance ) . The ND was rich in high-fibre plant foods , fruits , berries , vegetables , whole grains , rapeseed oil , nuts , fish and low-fat milk products , but low in salt , added sugars and saturated fats . RESULTS the ND contained 27 % , 52 % , 19 % and 2 % of energy from fat , carbohydrate , protein and alcohol , respectively . In total , 86 of 88 subjects r and omly assigned to diet completed the study . Compared with controls , there was a decrease in plasma cholesterol ( -16 % , P < 0.001 ) , LDL cholesterol ( -21 % , P < 0.001 ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ( -5 % , P < 0.01 ) , LDL/HDL ( -14 % , P < 0.01 ) and apolipoprotein (apo)B/apoA1 ( -1 % , P < 0.05 ) in the ND group . The ND reduced insulin ( -9 % , P = 0.01 ) and systolic BP by -6.6 ± 13.2 mmHg ( -5 % , P < 0.05 ) compared with the control diet . Despite the ad libitum nature of the ND , body weight decreased after 6 weeks in the ND compared with the control group ( -4 % , P < 0.001 ) . After adjustment for weight change , the significant differences between groups remained for blood lipids , but not for insulin sensitivity or BP . There were no significant differences in diastolic BP or triglyceride or glucose concentrations . CONCLUSIONS a healthy ND improves blood lipid profile and insulin sensitivity and lowers blood pressure at clinical ly relevant levels in hypercholesterolaemic subjects Background The fatty acid ( FA ) composition of serum lipids is related to the quality of dietary fat intake . Objective To investigate the effects of a  healthy Nordic diet ( ND ) on the FA composition of serum cholesterol esters ( CE-FA ) and assess the associations between changes in the serum CE-FA composition and blood lipoproteins during a controlled dietary intervention . Design The NORDIET trial was a 6-week r and omised , controlled , parallel-group dietary intervention study that included 86 adults ( 53±8 years ) with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) . Serum CE-FA composition was measured using gas chromatography . Diet history interviews were conducted , and daily intake was assessed using checklists . Results Food and nutrient intake data indicated that there was a reduction in the intake of fat from dairy and meat products and an increase in the consumption of fatty fish with the ND . The levels of saturated fatty acids in cholesterol esters ( CE-SFA ) 14:0 , 15:0 , and 18:0 , but not 16:0 , showed a significant decrease after intake of ND compared to the control diet ( p<0.01 ) . Also , a significant increase in serum 22:6n – 3 was observed compared with the control diet ( p<0.01 ) . The changes in CE-SFA 14:0 , 15:0 , and 18:0 correlated positively with changes in LDL-C , HDL-C , LDL-C/HDL-C , ApoA1 , and ApoB ( p<0.01 ) , respectively , whereas the changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in cholesterol esters ( CE-PUFA ) 22:6n – 3 were negatively correlated with changes in the corresponding serum lipids . Conclusions The decreased intake of saturated fat and increased intake of n-3 PUFA in a  healthy ND is partly reflected by changes in the serum CE-FA composition , which are associated with an improved serum lipoprotein pattern OBJECTIVES This study was design ed to test the hypothesis that at any low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level , other lipid parameters such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels , triglyceride ( TG ) levels , and the total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C are still associated with an increased coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk . BACKGROUND Although LDL-C is considered to be the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy , other parameters of the lipoprotein-lipid profile may more closely associated with CHD risk . METHODS In the EPIC ( European Prospect i ve Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition)-Norfolk prospect i ve population study , 21,448 participants without diabetes or CHD between age 45 and 79 years were followed for 11.0 years . A total of 2,086 participants developed CHD during follow-up . RESULTS Among individuals with low LDL-C levels ( < 100 mg/dl ) , after adjustment for age , sex , smoking , systolic blood pressure , waist circumference , physical activity , and hormone replacement therapy ( in women ) , those with non-HDL-C > 130 mg/dl had a hazard ratio ( HR ) for future CHD of 1.84 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1.12 to 3.04 ) when compared with those with non-HDL-C levels < 130 mg/dl . In a similar model , individuals with TG levels > 150 mg/dl had an HR of 1.63 ( 95 % CI : 1.02 to 2.59 ) when compared with those with TG levels < 150 mg/dl , and individuals with a TC/HDL-C ratio > 5 had an HR of 2.19 ( 95 % CI : 1.22 to 3.93 ) when compared with those with a TC/HDL-C ratio < 5 . CONCLUSIONS In this prospect i ve study , independently of their plasma LDL-C levels , participants with high non-HDL-C levels , high TG levels , or with an elevated TC/HDL-C ratio were at increased CHD risk . CHD risk assessment algorithms as well as lipid targets of lipid-lowering trials may also need to consider other easily available parameters such as BACKGROUND The DASH ( Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension ) dietary pattern , which is high in fruit , vegetables , and low-fat dairy foods , significantly lowers blood pressure as well as low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol . OBJECTIVE The study was design ed to test the effects of substituting full-fat for low-fat dairy foods in the DASH diet , with a corresponding increase in fat and a reduction in sugar intake , on blood pressure and plasma lipids and lipoproteins . DESIGN This was a 3-period r and omized crossover trial in free-living healthy individuals who consumed in r and om order a control diet , a st and ard DASH diet , and a higher-fat , lower-carbohydrate modification of the DASH diet ( HF-DASH diet ) for 3 wk each , separated by 2-wk washout periods . Laboratory measurements , which included lipoprotein particle concentrations determined by ion mobility , were made at the end of each experimental diet . RESULTS Thirty-six participants completed all 3 dietary periods . Blood pressure was reduced similarly with the DASH and HF-DASH diets compared with the control diet . The HF-DASH diet significantly reduced triglycerides and large and medium very-low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) particle concentrations and increased LDL peak particle diameter compared with the DASH diet . The DASH diet , but not the HF-DASH diet , significantly reduced LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , apolipoprotein A-I , intermediate-density lipoprotein and large LDL particles , and LDL peak diameter compared with the control diet . CONCLUSIONS The HF-DASH diet lowered blood pressure to the same extent as the DASH diet but also reduced plasma triglyceride and VLDL concentrations without significantly increasing LDL cholesterol . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01404897 AMR101 is an ω-3 fatty acid agent containing ≥96 % pure icosapent-ethyl , the ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid . The efficacy and safety of AMR101 were evaluated in this phase 3 , multicenter , placebo-controlled , r and omized , double-blinded , 12-week clinical trial ( ANCHOR ) in high-risk statin-treated patients with residually high triglyceride ( TG ) levels ( ≥200 and < 500 mg/dl ) despite low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol control ( ≥40 and < 100 mg/dl ) . Patients ( n = 702 ) on a stable diet were r and omized to AMR101 4 or 2 g/day or placebo  . The primary end point was median percent change in TG levels from baseline versus placebo at 12 weeks . AMR101 4 and 2 g/day significantly decreased TG levels by 21.5 % ( p < 0.0001 ) and 10.1 % ( p = 0.0005 ) , respectively , and non-high-density lipoprotein ( non-HDL ) cholesterol by 13.6 % ( p < 0.0001 ) and 5.5 % ( p = 0.0054 ) , respectively . AMR101 4 g/day produced greater TG and non-HDL cholesterol decreases in patients with higher-efficacy statin regimens and greater TG decreases in patients with higher baseline TG levels . AMR101 4 g/day decreased LDL cholesterol by 6.2 % ( p = 0.0067 ) and decreased apolipoprotein B ( 9.3 % ) , total cholesterol ( 12.0 % ) , very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 24.4 % ) , lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2 ) ( 19.0 % ) , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( 22.0 % ) versus placebo ( p < 0.001 for all comparisons ) . AMR101 was generally well tolerated , with safety profiles similar to placebo . In conclusion , AMR101 4 g/day significantly decreased median placebo-adjusted TG , non-HDL cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , total cholesterol , very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2 ) , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in statin-treated patients with residual TG elevations BACKGROUND Cardiovascular mortality is high among diabetic patients due to abnormalities in the plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism , and increased oxidative stress . This study aim ed to investigate the effects of active vitamin D on serum lipids and oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS A double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 70 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30 - 75 years of age . The participants were r and omly assigned to two groups . One group received two capsules of calcitriol ( 0.25 µg 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol per capsule ) per day . The second group received placebo tablets . All participants received their oral hypoglycemic drugs as prescribed by the endocrinologist . At the beginning , after 6 weeks , and at the end of the 12-week supplementation trial , serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and serum malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels were measured . RESULTS There was a significant reduction in total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , TG , and MDA levels in both treatment and placebo groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Serum HDL-cholesterol level decreased significantly in the placebo group ( P < 0.05 ) , while it remained unchanged in the treatment group . However , the P values related to the between group ’s comparisons were not significant for any variables . CONCLUSION Active vitamin D  reduced lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in diabetic patients compared to the control group , but these alterations were not statistically This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted Reduced plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) are a risk factor for coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . In this study , we examined the sequential effects of an isocaloric American Heart Association ( AHA ) step I diet and a hypocaloric AHA step I diet ( AHA step I diet + weight loss ) on lipoprotein lipid levels in 14 middle-aged and older ( 60 + /- 6 years , mean + /- SD ) obese ( body mass index [ BMI ] > 27 kg/m2 ) nondiabetic men with exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia ( SI ) and reduced HDL-C levels ( 0.85 + /- 0.14 mmol/L ) . Nine men of comparable age and obesity and with no evidence of exercise-induced ischemia that were evaluated longitudinally served as metabolic controls . In men with SI , after 3 months on the isocaloric AHA step I diet plasma triglyceride ( TG ) levels decreased by 26 % ( 2.25 + /- 0.66 to 1.67 + /- 0.69 mmol/L , P < .005 ) , cholesterol by 12 % ( 5.24 + /- 0.84 to 4.62 + /- 0.78 mmol/L , P < .01 ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) by 10 % ( 3.40 + /- 0.69 to 3.05 + /- 0.70 mmol/L , P < .01 ) . However , plasma HDL-C levels also decreased by 7 % ( 0.85 + /- 0.14 to 0.79 + /- 0.13 mmol/L , P < .05 ) . Subsequent weight loss ( 11 + /- 4 kg ) in conjunction with the AHA step I diet result ed in an additional decrease of 24 % in TG ( P < .005 ) , 10 % in cholesterol ( P < .05 ) , and 10 % in LDL-C ( P < .05 ) . Plasma HDL-C levels increased by 8 % ( P < .01 ) , thereby correcting the decline seen on the AHA step I diet alone . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The short-term effects on plasma lipoprotein lipids of substituting meat and dairy protein for carbohydrate in the diets of 10 free-living moderately hypercholesterolemic human subjects ( four men , six women ) were studied under closely supervised dietary control during the consumption of constant , low intakes of fat and cholesterol and the maintenance of stable body weight as well as constant fiber consumption . Subjects were r and omly allocated to either the high or low protein diets ( mean , 23 % v 11 % of energy as protein , 24 % as fat , and 53 % v 65 % as carbohydrate ) and then switched to the other diet for another 4 to 5 weeks . Mean fasting plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) was significantly higher by 12 % + /- 4 % ( 0.97 + /- 0.08 v 0.89 + /- 0.08 mmol/L , P less than .01 ) , whereas mean total cholesterol ( TC ) was lower by 6.5 % + /- 1.3 % ( 5.7 + /- 0.3 v 6.1 + /- 0.3 mmol/L , P less than .001 ) , mean low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) lower by 6.4 % + /- 2.0 % ( 4.5 + /- 0.2 v 4.8 + /- 0.2 mmol/L , P less than .02 ) , mean total triglycerides ( TG ) lower by 23 % + /- 5 % ( 1.7 + /- 0.1 v 2.4 + /- 0.3 mmol/L , P less than .02 ) , and mean high versus low protein diet . Mean values for LDL-C were significantly lower during weeks 3 to 5 of the high protein diet than during either weeks 1 to 5 or weeks 1 to 2 of the high protein diet ( 4.3 + /- 0.3 , 4.5 + /- 0.2 , and 4.7 + /- 0.3 mmol/L , respectively , P less than .05 ) and 11 % + /- 3 % lower than on low protein diet , P less than .005 . The ratio of plasma LDL-C to HDL-C was consistently lower by 17 % + /- 3 % during the high versus low protein diet ( 4.9 + /- 0.5 v 5.8 + /- 0.5 , P less than .001 ) . Lowering plasma TC and LDL-C and total TG and VLDL-TG and increasing HDL-C by chronic isocaloric substitution of dietary for carbohydrate may enhance the cardiovascular risk reduction obtained by restriction of dietary fat and cholesterol BACKGROUND Tea consumption has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk , but potential mechanisms of benefit are ill-defined . While epidemiologic studies suggest that drinking multiple cups of tea per day lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , previous trials of tea drinking and administration of green tea extract have failed to show any impact on lipids and lipoproteins in humans . Our objective was to study the impact of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract on the lipids and lipoproteins of subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia . METHODS Double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial set in outpatient clinics in 6 urban hospitals in China . A total of 240 men and women 18 years or older on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were r and omly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract ( 375 mg ) or placebo for 12 weeks . Main outcome measures were mean percentage changes in total cholesterol , LDL-C , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and triglyceride levels compared with baseline . RESULTS After 12 weeks , the mean + /- SEM changes from baseline in total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , and triglyceride levels were -11.3 % + /- 0.9 % ( P = .01 ) , -16.4 % + /- 1.1 % ( P = .01 ) , 2.3 % + /- 2.1 % ( P = .27 ) , and 2.6 % + /- 3.5 % ( P = .47 ) , respectively , in the tea extract group . The mean levels of total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , and triglycerides did not change significantly in the placebo group . No significant adverse events were observed . CONCLUSION The theaflavin-enriched green tea extract we studied is an effective adjunct to a low-saturated-fat diet to reduce LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic adults and is well tolerated BACKGROUND Mediterranean and high carbohydrate diets play a dominant role in the prevention of atherosclerosis as a result of their lipid lowering effect . However , diets can also have a protective effect in other ways , such as modulating tissue factor expression in circulating monocytes . METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-one subjects participated in this r and omised crossover study consisting of three dietary periods : a saturated fat enriched diet ( SFA ) , a low fat and high carbohydrate diet ( CHO ) , and a Mediterranean diet .  Plasma levels of total cholesterol , triglycerides , low density lipoprotein ( LDL-C ) and high density lipoprotein ( HDL-C ) were determined at the end of each dietary period , as was the expression of tissue factor ( TF ) in circulating monocytes isolated from blood sample s. Total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C and TF expression were lower after the Mediterranean and high carbohydrate diets than after the SFA diet , and there was a positive correlation between LDL-C levels and monocyte TF expression . CONCLUSIONS High carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets reduce the expression of TF in circulating monocytes Overweight and obesity are increasing problems in many countries and are related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors . Although imaging techniques can determine total body fat and its distribution reliably , anthropometric measurements remain important in clinical practice . The purpose of this study was to determine the association between some anthropometric measurements and dyslipidemia as an important cardiovascular risk factor in Iranian population . A total of 750 subjects ( 580 females and 170 males ) were selected by multistage r and om sampling from residents of Arak ( Iran ) and related villages in 2005 . None of them had any significant past medical history .  Body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference(WC ) , and waist to height ratio(W/Ht ) of subjects were measured to identify their relationship with their lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC ) , triglyceride(TG ) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C ) , and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol(TC/HDL-C ) . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) was also measured . WC and W/Ht showed greater correlation with TC , TG , LDL-C , TC/HDL-C level than did BMI . Among lipid profile , TG showed the closest correlation with W/Ht ( r=0.309 , p<0.001 ) and WC ( r=0.308 , p<0.001 ) . HDL-C level did not show any statistical relationship with W/Ht , but it was weakly correlated with WC ( r=-0.088 , p<0.05 ) . None of the indices showed any association with FBS level . It can be concluded that W/Ht and WC can best predict dyslipidemia in an Iranian adult population . We suggest using both W/Ht and WC as inexpensive and easy methods in clinical and epidemiological fields INTRODUCTION This study aim ed to compare the effects of the two most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotics , olanzapine and risperidone , on fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile of the recipients . METHODS A r and omised , comparative , open clinical study was conducted on 60 schizophrenic patients . The patients were divided into two groups , one receiving olanzapine and the other receiving risperidone . The patients were assessed for changes in fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profile ( triglycerides [ TG ] , high-density lipoprotein [ HDL ] , low-density lipoprotein [ LDL ] , very-low-density lipoprotein [ VLDL ] and total cholesterol ) eight weeks after starting treatment . The number of patients positive for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile criteria of metabolic syndrome was calculated by applying the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines ( NCEP ATP III ) criteria at eight weeks . RESULTS Patients treated with olanzapine showed a highly significant increase in the observed parameters , whereas those treated with risperidone showed a significant increase in fasting blood sugar , HDL and LDL levels , and a highly significant increase in other parameters . Intergroup comparison was insignificant except for TG , VLDL and total cholesterol levels . More men as compared to women fulfilled the NCEP ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome in both groups . CONCLUSION Olanzapine has a higher propensity to cause derangement of some parameters of lipid profile than risperidone . These parameters include TG , VLDL and total cholesterol levels IMPORTANCE Foods that have similar carbohydrate content can differ in the amount they raise blood glucose . The effects of this property , called the glycemic index , on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes are not well understood . OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of glycemic index and amount of total dietary carbohydrate on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS R and omized crossover-controlled feeding trial conducted in research units in academic medical centers , in which 163 overweight adults ( systolic blood pressure , 120 - 159 mm Hg ) were given 4 complete diets that contained all of their meals , snacks , and calorie-containing beverages , each for 5 weeks , and completed at least 2 study diets . The first participant was enrolled April 1 , 2008 ; the last participant finished December 22 , 2010 . For any pair of the 4 diets , there were 135 to 150 participants contributing at least 1 primary outcome measure . INTERVENTIONS ( 1 ) A high-glycemic index ( 65 % on the glucose scale ) , high-carbohydrate diet ( 58 % energy ) ; ( 2 ) a low-glycemic index ( 40 % ) , high-carbohydrate diet ; ( 3 ) a high-glycemic index , low-carbohydrate diet ( 40 % energy ) ; and ( 4 ) a low-glycemic index , low-carbohydrate diet . Each diet was based on a healthful DASH-type diet . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The 5 primary outcomes were insulin sensitivity , determined from the areas under the curves of glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test ; levels of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , and triglycerides ; and systolic blood pressure . RESULTS At high dietary carbohydrate content , the low- compared with high-glycemic index level decreased insulin sensitivity from 8.9 to 7.1 units ( -20 % , P = .002 ) ; increased LDL cholesterol from 139 to 147 mg/dL ( 6 % , P ≤ .001 ) ; and did not affect levels of HDL cholesterol , triglycerides , or blood pressure . At low carbohydrate content , the low- compared with high-glycemic index level did not affect the outcomes except for decreasing triglycerides from 91 to 86 mg/dL ( -5 % , P = .02 ) . In the primary diet contrast , the low-glycemic index , low-carbohydrate diet , compared with the high-glycemic index , high-carbohydrate diet , did not affect insulin sensitivity , systolic blood pressure , LDL cholesterol , or HDL cholesterol but did lower triglycerides from 111 to 86 mg/dL ( -23 % , P ≤ .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this 5-week controlled feeding study , diets with low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate , compared with high glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate , did not result in improvements in insulin sensitivity , lipid levels , or systolic blood pressure . In the context of an overall DASH-type diet , using glycemic index to select specific foods may not improve cardiovascular risk factors or insulin resistance . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00608049 Carbohydrate-restricted diets ( CRDs ) promote weight loss , reductions in plasma triacylglycerol ( TAG ) levels , and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels but may cause undesirable low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) responses in some people . The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of adding soluble fiber to a CRD on plasma LDL-C and other traditionally measured markers of cardiovascular disease . Using a parallel-arm , double-blind , placebo-controlled design , 30 overweight and obese men ( body mass index , 25 - 35 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omly assigned to supplement a CRD with soluble fiber ( Konjac-mannan , 3g/d ) ( n = 15 ) or placebo ( n = 15 ) . Plasma lipids , anthropometrics , body composition , blood pressure , and nutrient intake were evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks . Compliance was excellent as assessed by 7-day weighed dietary records and ketonuria . Both groups experienced decreases in ( P < .01 ) body weight , percent body fat , systolic blood pressure , waist circumference , and plasma glucose levels . After 12 weeks , HDL-C and TAG improved significantly in the fiber ( 10 % and -34 % ) and placebo ( 14 % , -43 % ) groups . LDL-C decreased by 17.6 % ( P < .01 ) at week 6 and 14.1 % ( P < .01 ) at week 12 in the fiber group . Conversely , LDL-C reductions were significant in the placebo group only after 12 weeks ( -6.0 % , P < .05 ) . We conclude that although clearly effective at lowering LDL-C , adding soluble fiber to a CRD during active and significant weight loss provides no additional benefits to the diet alone . Furthermore , a CRD led to clinical ly important positive alterations in cardiovascular disease risk factors The effects of atorvastatin ( lipitor ) on cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins were evaluated in this multicenter trial . Following a 6-week baseline period , 47 patients with elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels were treated with atorvastatin 10 mg once daily ( QD ) for the initial 12 weeks ( Period 1 ) increasing to 20 mg QD for the following 12 weeks ( Period 2 ) . At both the 10 and 20 mg doses , atorvastatin treatment result ed in significant reductions compared to pretreatment levels in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( VLDL-C ) , apolipoprotein ( apo ) B , apoB in LDL ( LDL-apo B ) , apo B in VLDL ( VLDL-apo B ) , lipoprotein (Lp)B , lipoprotein B-complex ( LpBc ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , low-density lipoprotein triglycerides ( LDL-TG ) , very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride ( VLDL-TG ) , high-density lipoprotein triglycerides ( HDL-TG ) , and apo C-III .  Atorvastatin 10 and 20 mg QD also result ed in significant increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , apo AI , and LpAII : B : C : D : E. Due to its unique ability to normalize both cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich particles , atorvastatin is a promising c and i date for monotherapy in a broad range of patients including those with varying degrees of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia BACKGROUND Honey has been shown to have beneficial effects on the glucose and lipid profiles in patients at high risk of heart diseases . Therefore , this study was carried out to investigate the effects of natural honey on blood glucose and lipid profile in healthy individuals . METHODS A r and omized controlled trial was carried out in the Army Medical College , Rawalpindi , Pakistan , spanning 4 weeks , that is , from 15th Feb-15th March 2009 . A total of 70 healthy young boarders of the same college were included in the study and r and omly divided into two groups of 35 each using r and om number table . Seventy gram ( 70 g ) of honey was given to each individual in the experimental group daily for a period of 4 weeks while control group was kept on the same diet as that of experimental group except honey . The fasting glucose , total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and triglyceride ( TG ) levels were measured before and after the experiment . RESULTS The fasting glucose levels in both groups were raised . However , the increase in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The levels of total cholesterol , LDL and triglycerides in the control group increased while those in the experiment group decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) , while HDL levels were decreased in the former and increased in the latter group ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Natural honey consumption significantly limits the rise in blood glucose along with a significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol , LDL and triglycerides , and increase HDL in young healthy adults We served a low-fat ( 28 % of energy ) , high-fiber ( 3.3 g/MJ ) diet according to Nordic nutrition recommendations ( Rec diet ) , and a high-fat diet ( 39 % of energy ) corresponding to the average Danish diet ( Dane diet ) for periods of 2 wk in a r and omized crossover study of 21 healthy middle-aged individuals . The Rec diet result ed in lower serum concentrations of low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( medians : 2.77 vs 3.04 mmol/L , P < 0.001 ) and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ( 1.08 vs 1.24 mmol/L , P < 0.001 ) , and higher fasting triglycerides ( 1.11 vs 0.86 mmol/L , P = 0.04 ) than did the Dane diet . Furthermore , the Rec diet lowered plasma factor VII coagulant activity ( FVIIc ) ( 88 % vs 96 % , P = 0.002 ) and raised plasma fibrinolytic activity . Our observations indicate that a low-fat , high-fiber diet may not only reduce the atherogenic but also the thrombogenic tendency of an individual compared with a diet corresponding to the average Danish diet Objective : The authors tested the hypothesis that in adults with prediabetes , an almond-enriched American Diabetes Association ( ADA ) diet improves measures of insulin sensitivity and other cardiovascular risk factors compared with an ADA nut-free diet . Methods : Design : R and omized parallel-group trial . Setting : Outpatient dietary counseling and blood analysis . Subjects : Sixty-five adult participants with prediabetes . Intervention : Sixteen weeks of dietary modification featuring an ADA diet containing 20 % of energy from almonds ( approximately 2 oz per day ) . Measures of Outcome : Outcomes included fasting glucose , insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglycerides , TC : HDL-C , and HbA1c , which were measured at weeks 0 , 8 , and 16 . Body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , blood pressure , and nutrient intake were measured at weeks 0 , 4 , 8 , 12 , and 16 . Results : The almond-enriched intervention group exhibited greater reductions in insulin ( −1.78 µU/ml vs. + 1.47 µU/ml , p = 0.002 ) , homeostasis model analysis for insulin resistance ( −0.48 vs. + 0.30 , p = 0.007 ) , and homeostasis model analysis for beta-cell function ( −13.2 vs. + 22.3 , p = 0.001 ) compared with the nut-free control group . Clinical ly significant declines in LDL-C were found in the almond-enriched intervention group ( −12.4 mg/dl vs. −0.4 mg/dl ) as compared with the nut-free control group . No changes were observed in BMI ( −0.4 vs. −0.7 kg/m2 , p = 0.191 ) , systolic blood pressure ( −4.4 mm Hg vs. −3.5 mm Hg , p = 0.773 ) , or for the other measured cardiovascular risk factors . Conclusions : An ADA diet consisting of 20 % of calories as almonds over a 16-week period is effective in improving markers of insulin sensitivity and yields clinical ly significant improvements in LDL-C in adults with prediabetes 1 . Changes in serum total and lipoprotein fraction triglyceride and cholesterol levels were studied in 24 adults on home haemodialysis . Half the patients were r and omly allocated to a low cholesterol ( mean 200 mg/day ) , fat-modified diet ( mean polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio of 1.0 with a mean of 43 % of the total energy content derived from fat ) . 2 . Before dietary manipulation , triglyceride levels in all lipoprotein fractions were significantly higher ( P less than 0.02 ) than in a control group of age and sex matched normal subjects . Total cholesterol , very-low-density-lipoprotein ( VLDL ) and low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol were also significantly raised ( P less than 0.02 ) , but high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol was normal . In the patients on a fat-modified diet  triglyceride levels did not alter in any of the lipoprotein fractions . Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels fell significantly into the normal range ( P less than 0.002 and less tha 0.001 respectively ) but VLDL and HDL cholesterol levels did not change . 3 . Hypertriglyceridaemia is the most common lipid abnormality in patients with renal failure and a long-term fat-modified diet is , therefore , of limited therapeutic importance in these patients unless there is a low HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio The concentration of adiponectin , a hormone which is secreted from adipose tissue , is inversely correlated with body fat mass . This hormone has anti inflammatory and anti atherogenic properties . Its concentration reduces in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases . This study review s the evidence on the relationship between serum  adiponectin concentration and lipid profile .  In this study former clinical trials , cross sectional and prospect i ve studies have been review ed . The PubMed search engine has been used to find related research for the topic by considering dyslipidemia , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high and low density protein ( HDL and LDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , lipid profile ( LP ) and adiponectin as the key words . Finally , 25 articles were recruited to review in the present article . Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with plasma HDL cholestrol concentrations . There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma triglyceride and serum adiponectin . An inverse correlation between very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) and LDL levels and adiponectin was reported from the studies . So , Adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile including HDLc We compared a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-fat diet ( specifically , a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids ) for effects on glycemic control and plasma lipoproteins in 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) receiving insulin therapy . The patients were r and omly assigned to receive first one diet and then the other , each for 28 days , in a metabolic ward . In the high-carbohydrate diet , 25 percent of the energy was in the form of fat and 60 percent in the form of carbohydrates ( 47 percent of the total energy was in the form of complex carbohydrates ) ; the high-monounsaturated-fat diet was 50 percent fat ( 33 percent of the total energy in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids ) and 35 percent carbohydrates . The two diets had the same amounts of simple carbohydrates and fiber . As compared with the high-carbohydrate diet , the high-monounsaturated-fat diet result ed in lower mean plasma glucose levels and reduced insulin requirements , lower levels of plasma triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( lower by 25 and 35 percent , respectively ; P less than 0.01 ) , and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ( higher by 13 percent ; P less than 0.005 ) . Levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol did not differ significantly in patients on the two diets . These preliminary results suggest that partial replacement of complex carbohydrates with monounsaturated fatty acids in the diets of patients with NIDDM does not increase the level of LDL cholesterol and may improve glycemic control and the levels of plasma triglycerides and HDL cholesterol Background : This study aim ed to investigate the possible relationships between adiponectin and leptin , blood lipids such as total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and triglycerides ( TG ) as well as other clinical biomarkers in hyperlipidemia patients treated with red yeast rice .  Methods : 30 patients with primary hyperlipidemia were recruited , treated with red rice yeast capsules 600 mg twice a day for 8 weeks , and followed up for 4 weeks . The primary endpoint was the mean difference in LDL-C from baseline to week 8 , while the secondary endpoints were the mean percentage changes from baseline of total cholesterol , TG , HDL-C , adiponectin , and leptin . Results : At week 8 , the decrease in LDL-C and total cholesterol was -38.11 ± 30.90 mg/dl ( p < 0.0001 ) and -44.54 ± 27.46 mg/dl ( p < 0.0001 ) , respectively , and the increase in adiponectin was 35.83 ± 67.85 μg/ml ( p = 0.017 ) as compared to baseline . Adiponectin also correlated positively with HDL-C ( r2 = 0.39 ; p = 0.001 ) . Serum leptin correlated negatively with TG ( r2 = 0.19 ; p = 0.035 ) , and there was a trend of correlation between leptin and HDL-C , but this was not statistically significant ( r2 = 0.16 ; p = 0.052 ) . Conclusion : Red yeast rice can significantly increase adiponectin and can significantly lower LDL-C and total cholesterol levels . Adiponectin correlates positively with HDL-C while serum leptin correlates negatively with TG  . Red yeast rice has a potentially protective effect in obesity-related and cardiovascular diseases Although low-fat high-carbohydrate diets are recommended for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) in an effort to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , the results of short-term studies have shown that these diets can lead to changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated with an increased risk of CAD . This study has extended these earlier observations by determining the metabolic effects of such diets over a longer period in these patients . The comparison diets contained either 40 or 60 % of the total calories as carbohydrates , with reciprocal changes in fat content from 40 to 20 % consumed in r and om order for 6 wk in a crossover experimental design . The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat and the total cholesterol intake were held constant in the two diets . Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly ( P < .001 ) elevated throughout the day when patients consumed the 60 % carbohydrate diet , and 24-h urinary glucose excretion more than doubled ( 0.8 vs. 1.8 mol/24 h ) . Fasting plasma total and very-low-density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations increased by 30 % ( P < .001 ) after 1 wk on the 60 % carbohydrate diet , and the magnitude of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia persisted unchanged throughout the 6-wk study period . Total plasma cholesterol concentrations were similar after both diets . However , VLDL cholesterol ( VLDL-chol ) was significantly increased , whereas both low-density lipoprotein ( LDL- ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL- ) chol concentrations were significantly decreasedafter consumption of the 60 % carbohydrate diet . Consequently , neither total-chol-to-HDL-chol nor LDL-chol-to-HDL-chol ratios changed . The results of this study indicate that high-carbohydrate diets lead to several changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with NIDDM that could lead to an increased risk of CAD , and these effects persist for > 6 wk . Given these results , it seems reasonable to suggest that the routine recommendation of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets for patients with NIDDM be reconsidered Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) have increased levels of factors constituting the metabolic syndrome : centripetal obesity , hypertension , hypertriglyceridemia , low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and hyperinsulinemia . Given the strong association reported between early , persistent obesity and development of metabolic syndrome 10 years later in girls , we speculated that if adolescent girls without PCOS had obesity measures similar to girls with PCOS , they would exhibit similar metabolic syndrome-cardiovascular disease risk factors . Within this context , we compared 37 adolescent girls with PCOS and 2 sample s of normal , regularly cycling adolescent girls ( controls ) of similar ages , selected from the Cincinnati Clinic of the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study . The first sample included 157 controls selected using a stratified r and om sample based on age . As expected , girls with PCOS had higher body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , insulin , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) and diastolic blood pressure , triglycerides ( TGs ) , lower HDL-C , and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and free testosterone ( FT ) than controls . A second sample consisted of girls matched one to one with girls with PCOS for BMI and age . Comparisons of group differences were not significant for insulin , lipids , or blood pressure ;  girls with PCOS had a trend toward higher values for waist circumference ( median , 92.7 vs 87.5 cm ; P = .07 ) and much higher median FT ( 4.25 vs 1.42 ng/mL , P = .0001 ) . After matching for BMI and age , by conditional regression analysis , we showed that the groups were not differentiated ( P > .15 ) by insulin , HDL-C , LDL-C , TG , SBP , or diastolic blood pressure , but were differentiated by higher FT ( P = .0024 ) and waist circumference ( P = .0024 ) in PCOS than in controls . Prospect i ve longitudinal analyses of NHGS controls showed that changes in BMI from ages 9 to 10 years to ages 15 to 16 years were positively associated with changes in waist circumference ( P < .0001 ) , LDL-C ( P = .01 ) , TG ( P = .008 ) , and SBP ( P = .002 ) . These findings suggest that if adolescent girls achieve adiposity equal to girls with PCOS , they then acquire major components of the metabolic syndrome , and excluding high FT and waist circumference , comparable increased cardiovascular disease risk Low‐density lipoprotein ( LDL ) subclass pattern B is a common genetically influenced lipoprotein profile characterized by a predominance of small , dense LDL particles , and associated with increased levels of triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins , reductions in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL‐C ) , and increased risk of coronary artery disease compared to individuals with a predominance of larger LDL ( pattern A ) . We sought to determine whether LDL subclass patterns are associated with response of plasma lipoprotein levels to changes in dietary fat and carbohydrate content . In a r and omized cross‐over study , 105 men consumed , for six weeks each ,  high‐fat ( 46 % ) and low‐fat ( 24 % ) solid food diets , with replacement of fat by carbohydrate .  Diet‐induced changes in subjects who exhibited pattern B ( n = 18 ) following the high‐fat diet differed significantly from those in subjects with pattern A ( n = 87 ) : in pattern B subjects LDL cholesterol ( LDL‐C ) reductions were two‐fold greater and plasma apolipoprotein ( apo ) B levels decreased significantly . These differences remained significant after adjustment for levels of plasma LDL‐C , apo B , HDL‐C , and body mass index . Thus , LDL subclass pattern is a factor that contributes significantly to interindividual variation of plasma lipoprotein response to a low‐fat , high‐carbohydrate diet.— Dreon , D. M. , Fernstrom , H. A. , Miller , B. , Krauss , R. M. Low‐density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a  reduced‐fat diet in men . FASEB J. 8 : 121‐126 ; 1994
Conclusion The Nordic dietary pattern  improves blood pressure and also some of blood lipid markers and it should be considered as a healthy dietary pattern
Background and aims The Nordic diet ( ND ) , is supposed to be associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk ; however , clinical trials have led to inconsistent results regarding the effect of this diet on cardio-metabolic markers .
Using systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) , this study aim ed to investigate the effect of the ND on circulating levels of total , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , and triglyceride ( TG ) , as well as blood pressure in human adults .