Resistant starch supplementation influences blood lipid concentrations and glucose control in overweight subjects. Baseline insulin sensitivity affects response to high-amylose maize resistant starch in women: a randomized, controlled trial [Effects of resistant starch on insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients]. A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial to Determine the Impact of Digestion Resistant Starch MSPrebiotic® on Glucose, Insulin, and Insulin Resistance in Elderly and Mid-Age Adults Impact of Resistant Starch on Body Fat Patterning and Central Appetite Regulation Effects of wheat bran extract rich in arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and resistant starch on overnight glucose tolerance and markers of gut fermentation in healthy young adults Differential effect of chronic treatment with two beta‐blocking agents on insulin sensitivity: the carvedilol‐metoprolol study Resistant Starch Bagels Reduce Fasting and Postprandial Insulin in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Prior short-term consumption of resistant starch enhances postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects TNFα dynamics during the oral glucose tolerance test vary according to the level of insulin resistance in pregnant women.
Resistant starch ( RS ) includes the sum of starch and degradation products of starch that resist small intestinal digestion and enter the colon . This study was planned to examine the effect of resistant starch on hypolipidemic actions , blood glucose , insulin levels and humoral immune responses in healthy overweight subjects . Healthy overweight subjects ( over 120 % of their ideal body weights ) were fed either 24 g/d of resistant corn starch ( RS ) or regular corn starch ( CS ) for 21 d with their regular meals . Although this double-blind feeding regiment result ed in no significant changes in their weights or other physical parameters for the relatively acute period of intakes , there were significant lowering effects of serum total cholesterol ( p < 0.05 ) and serum LDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.05 ) in subjects supplemented RS . Compared with the control starch group , the RS supplementation also reduced the mean fasting serum glucose concentrations ( p < 0.05 ) . Resistant starch supplement result ed in the increase in serum immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) concentrations . Serum insulin and complement 3 ( C3 ) were unaffected . Tested resistant starch supplementation was reported to be palatable with minimal bowel discomfort . These results suggest that RS supplementation improves the blood lipid profile and controls the blood glucose levels in healthy overweight subjects without bowel discomfort . Therefore , RS has a potential to be used as one of the promising food ingredients for reducing risk factors involved in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes in overweight individuals . However , in order to prove RS as a novel therapeutic agent of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes , controlled trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration are warranted Background Resistant starch ( RS ) is a type of dietary fiber that can improve glucose metabolism , but its effects may be modulated by sex or baseline insulin sensitivity . This study was design ed to examine the effect of high-amylose maize resistant starch ( HAM-RS2 ) on insulin sensitivity ( SI ) in women , and to determine if SI status affects the response to RS . Methods This was a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , cross-over study . Participants were 40 healthy , non-diabetic women aged 22–67 years in the normal-weight to obese BMI range ( 20.6–47.4 kg/m2 ) . Two doses of HAM-RS2 were tested , 15 and 30 g per day , administered in the form of cookies . Participants were r and omized to the order in which they received the experimental and placebo product . Each arm was 4 weeks , with a 4-week wash-out period in between . SI was assessed at the end of each 4-week arm of product consumption by frequently- sample d , insulin-modified , intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling . Participants were categorized as being insulin resistant ( IR ; SI < 7.8 ) or insulin sensitive ( IS ; SI ≥ 7.8 ) based on Gaussian analysis . The effect of treatment arm on SI was examined by mixed-model analysis within IR and IS sub-groups , using all available data . In addition , SI was examined by ANOVA among just those women who completed all three arms of the study with valid SI results . Results Among IR participants , SI was on average ~16 % higher after the 30 g arm when compared to the control arm by mixed-model analysis ( n = 40 , P < 0.05 ) , and tended to be 23 % higher by ANOVA among women who completed all arms ( n = 23 , P = 0.06 ) . HAM-RS2 did not affect SI in IS women . Conclusion Consumption of HAM-RS2 at 30 g/day in the form of a snack food item was associated with improved insulin sensitivity in women with insulin resistance . Clinical trials registry numberNCT01521806 OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of resistant starch ( RS ) on insulin resistance ( IR ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . METHODS All 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were r and omly divided into two groups : Group A and Group B. Cross- design of two stages ( I , II ) was used during observation . Group A received RS 30 g/d as an intervention group for ahead of 4 weeks ( I stage ) , while group B as a control group . Group B was given RS in late 4 weeks ( II stage ) , while Group A as served control group . Blood was taken the first day and on the latest day in each stage . Fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , post blood glucose ( PBG ) , fructosamine ( FMN ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceridemic ( TG ) , insulin sensitive index ( ISI ) , and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured , respectively . RESULTS As Compared with the control group , ISI was higher and FBG , PBG , TC , TG , FMN and BMI were significantly lower in intervention group ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION RS should be effective in improving IR of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients Introduction Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) has reached epidemic proportions in North America . Recent evidence suggests that prebiotics can modulate the gut microbiome , which then plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism , blood glucose , and insulin sensitivity . As such , prebiotics are appealing potential therapeutic strategies for prediabetes and T2D . The key objectives of this study were to determine the tolerability as well as the glucose and insulin modulating ability of  MSPrebiotic ® digestion resistant starch ( DRS ) in healthy mid-age ( MID ) and elderly ( ELD ) adults . Material s and methods This was a prospect i ve , blinded , placebo-controlled study . Prediabetes and diabetes were among the exclusion factors . ELD ( > 70 years ) and MID ( 30–50 years ) Canadian adults were recruited and , after 2 weeks of consuming placebo , they were r and omized to consume 30 g of either MSPrebiotic ® or placebo per day for 12 weeks . In total , 42 ELD and 42 MID participants completed the study . Blood sample s were collected over the 14-week study and analyzed for glucose , lipid profile , and CRP , lipid particles , TNF-α , IL-10 , insulin , and insulin resistance ( IR ) . Results At baseline , the ELD population had a significantly higher percentage ( p < 0.01 ) with elevated glucose and significantly higher TNF-α ( p < 0.01 ) compared to MID adults .  MSPrebiotic ® DRS was well tolerated in both MID and ELD adults . There was a significant difference over time in blood glucose ( p = 0.0301 ) and insulin levels ( p = 0.009 ) , as well as IR ( HOMA-IR ; p = 0.009 ) in ELD adults who consumed MSPrebiotic ® compared to placebo . No significant changes were found in MID adults . Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with prebiotics such as MSPrebiotic ® may be part of an effective strategy to reduce IR , a major risk factor for developing T2D , in the ELD . Clinical Trial Registration NCT01977183 listed on NIH website : Clinical Trials.gov , The meta data generated in this study have been su bmi tted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/381931 ) Background Adipose tissue patterning has a major influence on the risk of developing chronic disease . Environmental influences on both body fat patterning and appetite regulation are not fully understood . This study was performed to investigate the impact of resistant starch ( RS ) on adipose tissue deposition and central regulation of appetite in mice . Methodology and Principle Findings Forty mice were r and omised to a diet supplemented with either the high resistant starch ( HRS ) , or the readily digestible starch ( LRS ) . Using 1H magnetic resonance ( MR ) methods , whole body adiposity , intrahepatocellular lipids ( IHCL ) and intramyocellular lipids ( IMCL ) were measured . Manganese-enhanced MRI ( MEMRI ) was used to investigate neuronal activity in hypothalamic regions involved in appetite control when fed ad libitum . At the end of the interventional period , adipocytes were isolated from epididymal adipose tissue and fasting plasma collected for hormonal and adipokine measurement . Mice on the HRS and LRS diet had similar body weights although total body adiposity , subcutaneous and visceral fat , IHCL , plasma leptin , plasma adiponectin plasma insulin/glucose ratios was significantly greater in the latter group . Adipocytes isolated from the LRS group were significantly larger and had lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake . MEMRI data obtained from the ventromedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei suggests a satiating effect of the HRS diet despite a lower energy intake . Conclusion and Significance Dietary RS significantly impacts on adipose tissue patterning , adipocyte morphology and metabolism , glucose and insulin metabolism , as well as affecting appetite regulation , supported by changes in neuronal activity in hypothalamic appetite regulation centres which are suggestive of satiation Abstract Purpose Specific combinations of dietary fiber ( DF ) have been observed to result in improved glucose tolerance at a subsequent st and ardized breakfast . Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides ( AXOS ) are considered as DF with prebiotic potential , but so far no studies have investigated their metabolic effects in humans . This r and omized cross-over study evaluated the overnight impact of breads containing AXOS-rich wheat bran extract and resistant starch ( RS , Hi-Maize ) , separately or combined , on glucose tolerance , related metabolic parameters and markers of gut fermentation in healthy subjects . Methods Evening reference and test products were : ( 1 ) reference white wheat flour bread ( WWB ) , WWB supplemented with ( 2 ) AXOS and RS ( WWB + AXOS + RS ) , ( 3 ) an increased content of either AXOS ( WWB + hiAXOS ) or ( 4 ) RS ( WWB + hiRS ) . At the subsequent st and ardized breakfast , blood was sample d for 3 h to monitor glucose , insulin , nonesterified fatty acids , glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 . Breath hydrogen ( H2 ) and short chain fatty acids ( SCFA ) were measured as markers of gut fermentation , and subjective appetite was rated using visual analog scales . Results Dose-dependent decreases in glucose responses were observed with increased AXOS over the duration of 3 h. Insulin sensitivity index was improved in the morning after the WWB + hiAXOS evening meal . An increase in breath H2 concentration and circulating SCFA was observed in the morning after both evening meals containing AXOS . Conclusion The present study indicates that AXOS have the potential of improving glucose tolerance in an overnight perspective and suggested mechanisms are improved insulin sensitivity and increased gut fermentation Background Hypertensive patients frequently show resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and hyperinsulinemia . Diuretics and β-adrenoceptor blocking agents have been found to decrease insulin sensitivity , whereas α1-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors seem to improve it . Objective To compare the effects of a 3 months ' antihypertensive treatment with carvedilol , a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker with α1-blocking properties , with the β1-selective receptor blocker metoprolol on insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic hypertensive patients . Design A multicenter double-blind r and omized study . Subjects and methods Seventy-two non-diabetic hypertensive patients were r and omly assigned to treatment with either carvedilol or metoprolol . An isoglycemic , hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp was conducted before and after 12 weeks of treatment ; the metabolic clearance rate for glucose was taken as an indicator of insulin sensitivity . Results The two groups did not differ in age , sex , body mass index , blood pressure or lipids , and treatment effectively lowered blood pressure . In both groups , insulin sensitivity was impaired at baseline . After metoprolol treatment , insulin sensitivity further decreased significantly by about 14 % , whereas it increased after carvedilol . There was also a decrease in high-density lipoprotein and an increase in triglycerides levels in patients in the metoprolol-treated group , whereas these parameters remained unchanged in patients in the carvedilol-treated group . Conclusion This study confirms previous findings of a reduction in insulin sensitivity after chronic metoprolol treatment . Carvedilol treatment , however , result ed in a slight increase in insulin resistance and a better lipid profile . We thus demonstrate that a β-blocker with α1-blocking properties has favorable effects on glucose metabolism , suggesting a potentially important role of peripheral blood flow in regulating glucose uptake . These findings imply that β-blocker treatment , when combined with α1-blocking activity has advantageous effects on insulin sensitivity and lipids and could therefore be suitable for patients with the metabolic syndrome BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) incidence continues to rise . Although increasing dietary fiber intake is an established strategy for improved glycemic control , most adults consume insufficient amounts . Fiber-enhanced functional foods can increase fiber intake , and there is particular interest in resistant starch ( RS ) as a high-fiber ingredient . Studies show that high-amylose maize resistant starch , type 2 ( HAM-RS2 ) improves acute and chronic glycemic responses , but more studies are needed in individuals at high risk of T2D with RS delivered in commonly consumed foods . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the chronic effects of consuming bagels high in HAM-RS2 on fasting and postpr and ial glycemic markers in adults at increased risk of T2D . METHODS With the use of a r and omized , double-blind crossover design , 24 men and women with a mean ± SE age of 55.3 ± 1.59 y and body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) of 30.2 ± 0.57 consumed 1 bagel containing 25 g HAM-RS2/d or 1 control wheat bagel/d for 56 d each , separated by a 4-wk washout . Fasting and postpr and ial oral-glucose-tolerance test ( OGTT ) glucose and insulin were measured on study days 1 and 57 of each bagel treatment . RESULTS The RS bagel treatment result ed in significantly lower fasting ( 22.1 % , P = 0.04 ) , 2-h ( 23.3 % , P < 0.008 ) , and 3-h ( 18.9 % , P = 0.05 ) insulin incremental areas under the curve and fasting insulin resistance ( homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ; 23.1 % , P = 0.04 ) than did the control bagel treatment . Fasting and postpr and ial OGTT glucose concentrations did not differ between the RS and control bagel treatments on study days 1 or 57 . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that consumption of a high-HAM-RS2 bagel improves glycemic efficiency by reducing the amount of insulin required to manage postpr and ial glucose while improving fasting insulin sensitivity in adults at increased risk of T2D . This research provides support for a feasible dietary strategy for T2D risk reduction . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02129946 Aims /hypothesisDiets rich in insoluble-fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease ; however , the mechanism of action remains unclear . The aim of this study was to assess whether acute changes in the insoluble-fibre ( resistant starch ) content of the diet would have effects on postpr and ial carbohydrate and lipid h and ling . Methods Ten healthy subjects consumed two identical , low-residue diets on separate occasions for 24 h ( 33 % fat ; < 2 g dietary fibre ) . Of the diets one was supplemented with 60 g resistant starch ( Novelose 260 ) . On the following morning a fibre-free meal tolerance test ( MTT ) was carried out ( 59 g carbohydrate ; 21 g fat ; 2.1 kJ ) and postpr and ial insulin sensitivity ( SIORAL ) assessed using a minimal model approach . Results Prior resistant starch consumption led to lower postpr and ial plasma glucose ( p=0.037 ) and insulin ( p=0.038 ) with a higher insulin sensitivity(44±7.5 vs 26±3.5 × 10−4 dl kg−1 min−1 per µUml−1 ; p=0.028 ) and C-peptide-to-insulin molar ratio ( 18.7±6.5 vs 9.7±0.69 ; p=0.017 ) . There was no effect of resistant starch consumption on plasma triacylglycerol although non-esterified fatty acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels were suppressed 5 h after the meal tolerance test . Conclusion Prior acute consumption of a high-dose of resistant starch  enhanced carbohydrate h and ling in the postpr and ial period the following day potentially due to the increased rate of colonic fermentation INTRODUCTION TNFα is suspected to play a role in inflammation and insulin resistance leading to higher risk of metabolic impairment . Controversies exist concerning the role of TNFα in gestational insulin resistance . We investigated the interrelations between TNFα and insulin resistance in a large population -based cohort of pregnant women . METHODS Women ( n = 756 ) were followed prospect ively at 5 - 16 weeks and 24 - 28 weeks of pregnancy .  Anthropometric measures and blood sample s were collected at both visits . A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) was conducted at the second trimester to assess insulin sensitivity status ( homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda index ) . TNFα was measured at the first trimester ( nonfasting ) and at each time point of the OGTT . RESULTS Participants were 28.4 ± 4.4 years old and had a mean body mass index of 25.5 ± 5.5 kg/m(2 ) at first trimester . Median TNFα levels were 1.56 ( interquartile range , 1.18 - 2.06 ) pg/mL at first trimester and 1.61 ( interquartile range , 1.12 - 2.13 ) pg/mL at second trimester ( 1 h after glucose load ) . At second trimester , higher TNFα levels were associated with higher insulin resistance index levels ( r = 0.37 and -0.30 for homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda index , respectively ; P < .0001 ) , even after adjustment for age , body mass index , triglycerides , and adiponectin . Women with higher insulin resistance showed a continuing decrease in TNFα levels during the OGTT , whereas women who were more insulin sensitive showed an increase in TNFα at hour 1 and a decrease at hour 2 of the test . CONCLUSION Higher insulin resistance is associated with higher levels of circulating TNFα at first and second trimesters of pregnancy . TNFα level dynamics during an OGTT at second trimester vary according to insulin-resistance state
Conclusions This meta- analysis has provided evidence that RS supplementation can improve fasting glucose , fasting insulin , insulin resistance and sensitivity , especially for diabetic with overweight or obesity .
Background The role of resistant starch ( RS ) in glucose , insulin , insulin resistance or sensitivity , and lipid parameters have been reported in several studies and remained controversial .
A pooled analysis which assessed these parameters has not been performed .
Thus , we conducted a meta- analysis to sum up existing evidence about the issue .