Concomitant abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and human chorionic gonadotrophin impairs spermatogenesis in power athletes. The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on angry behavior in healthy eugonadal men--a clinical research center study. Effect of short-term treatment with an anabolic steroid (methandienone) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on plasma hormones, red cell volume and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in athletes. "ANABOLIC" EFFECTS OF METHANDIENONE IN MEN UNDERGOING ATHLETIC TRAINING Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Evidence for a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors following recombinant growth hormone administration in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users.
Abuse of anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AASs ) may be an aetiological factor in male infertility among recreational power athletes . They try to avoid AAS-induced deterioration in spermatogenesis by combining doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( HCG ) and /or antiestrogens with their AAS abuse . Eighteen healthy male power athletes using massive doses of AASs were recruited for the study . Semen sample s were collected during AAS abuse and 1.5 and 6 months after cessation of the abuse . They were also asked about their reproductive activity six years after the study . At the end of the AAS cycle , the sperm count was 33 + /- 49 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml ( mean + /- SD ) , and only one subject had azoospermia . At 1.5 months after cessation of the AAS cycles , the mean sperm concentration was 30 + /- 42 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml , and after six months 77 + /- 70 x 10 ( 6 ) /ml . There were significant differences between the sample drawn six months after cessation of AAS abuse and both sample s drawn during and 1.5 months after the abuse ( p < /= 0.05 , repeated measures of ANOVA ) . There was a significant positive correlation between  HCG dose during the cycle and the relative amount of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa ( r = 0.60 , p < 0.01 ) . The concomitant abuse of HCG and supraphysiological AAS dose cause transient impairment on semen quality in males , although spermatogenesis is maintained with this regimen despite prolonged abuse of massive doses of AAS UNLABELLED Anecdotal reports of " roid rage " and violent crimes by and rogenic steroid users have brought attention to the relationship between anabolic steroid use and angry outbursts . However , testosterone effects on human aggression remain controversial . Previous studies have been criticized because of the low and rogen doses , lack of placebo control or blinding , and inclusion of competitive athletes and those with preexisting psychopathology . To overcome these pitfalls , we used a double-blind , placebo-controlled design , excluded competitive athletes and those with psychiatric disorders , and used 600 mg testosterone enanthate (TE)/week . Forty-three eugonadal men , 19 - 40 yr , were r and omized to 1 of 4 groups : Group I , placebo , no exercise ; Group II , TE , no exercise ; Group III , placebo , exercise ; Group IV , TE plus exercise . Exercise consisted of thrice weekly strength training sessions . The Multi-Dimensional Anger Inventory ( MAI ) , which includes 5 different dimensions of anger ( inward anger , outward anger , anger arousal , hostile outlook , and anger eliciting situations ) , and a Mood Inventory ( MI ) , which includes items related to mood and behavior , were administered to subjects before , during , and after the 10 week intervention . The subject 's significant other ( spouse , live-in partner , or parent ) also answered the same questions about the subject 's mood and behavior ( Observer Mood Inventory , OMI ) . No differences were observed between exercising and nonexercising and between placebo and TE treated subjects for any of the 5 subdomains of MAI . Overall there were no significant changes in MI or OMI during the treatment period in any group . CONCLUSION Supraphysiological doses of testosterone , when administered to normal men in a controlled setting , do not increase angry behavior . These data do not exclude the possibility that still higher doses of multiple steroids might provoke angry behavior in men with preexisting psychopathology The effects of a one-month course of treatment with a potent anabolic steroid , meth and ienone ( 5 and 10 mg daily ) , and a very weak and rogen and hormone precursor , dehydroepi and rosterone sulphate ( DHEAS , 20 and 40 mg daily ) and placebo on plasma testosterone , LH and FSH levels , red cell volume and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate ( 2,3-DPG ) concentration in endurance sportsmen were studied using a double-blind test system . A highly significant decrease in mean plasma testosterone was observed after the 5 and 10 mg meth and ienone regimen ( 66 and 73 % ) . Treatment with 40 mg of DHEAS decreased mean testosterone levels by 41 % ( not statistically significant ) . Pre-test testosterone levels were reattained about 10 days after the end of the treatment period with the higher doses of both compounds , while 2–6 weeks afterwards a significant over-compensation in mean plasma testosterone levels was observed . No significant changes in plasma gonadotropins were seen immediately after treatment with either of these steroids bu After failure to confirm an anabolic action of testosterone and its derivatives in rats , meth and ienone ( ' Dianabol ' , an " anabolic steroid " used by athletes ) has been given to 11 athletic men during a course of weight-training , in a double-blind , crossover experiment . The dose of meth and ienone was 100 mg/day for 6 wk . Body weight and composition , muscular strength and performance , and indices of endocrine function were studied . Compared with the placebo period , on meth and ienone the subjects gained weight ( mean 3 - 3 kg + /- 0 - 6 kg ) and accumulated a disproportionately large amount of potassium ( 420+/-68 mmol ) ; the increase in weight was confined to the lean part of the body , and the muscles increased in size . Strength and performance improved over each training period , but not significantly differently on drug and placebo . On the drug , plasma-cortisol concentration and urinary cortisol excretion increased , and plasma-testosterone decreased . Although the weight and body-composition changes may demonstrate an anabolic action of meth and ienone in man , they may alternatively have been caused by an increase in intracellular fluid , and the question of anabolic action therefore remains open OBJECTIVES To determine whether 6 days recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) administration , in an abstinent anabolic- and rogenic steroid ( AAS ) using group had any respiratory , endurance exercise and biochemical effects compared with an abstinent AAS control group . METHODS Male subjects ( n=48 ) were r and omly divided , using a single blind procedure into two groups : ( 1 )  control group ( C ) n=24 , means+/-SD , age 32+/-11 years ; height 1.8+/-0.06 m ; ( 2 ) rhGH using group ( 0.019 mg kg(-1 ) day(-1 ) ) ( GH ) n=24 , means+/-SD , age 32+/-9 years ; height 1.8+/-0.07 m.  Anthropometry , respiratory muscle function and endurance exercise were investigated . Respiratory measurements examined , were forced expiratory volume in one second , forced vital capacity , maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure . Endurance exercise was assessed by measuring peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2)peak ) . Biochemical analysis included ; haemoglobin , packed cell volume , glucose , sodium , urea , creatinine , total protein , albumin , testosterone and insulin like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) . RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity , maximum inspiratory pressure , maximum expiratory pressure , and IGF-I significantly increased compared with the control group ( all P<0.05 ) . Body mass index , fat free mass index , peak oxygen uptake , maximum inspiratory pressure , maximum expiratory pressure , IGF-I and serum sodium significantly increased , whilst body fat , total protein and albumin , significantly decreased within the GH group ( all P<0.017 ) . CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that short-term high dose rhGH increased aerobic performance and respiratory muscle strength in former AAS users OBJECTIVES To determine whether six days recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) in an abstinent anabolic- and rogenic steroid ( AAS ) group had any cardiovascular and biochemical effects compared with a control group . METHODS Male subjects ( n=48 ) were r and omly divided , using a single blind procedure into two groups : ( 1 )  control group ( C ) n=24 , mean+/-SD , age 32+/-11 years ; height 1.8+/-0.06 m ; ( 2 ) rhGH using group ( 0.058IUkg(-1)day(-1 ) ) ( GH ) n=24 , mean+/-SD , age 32+/-9 years ; height 1.8+/-0.07 m . Physiological responses , anthropometry , arterial pulse wave velocity ( APWV ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , heart rate ( HR ) , peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2 ) peak ) and biochemical indices were investigated . RESULTS Body mass index , fat-free mass index and VO(2 ) peak significantly increased while body fat significantly decreased within GH ( all P<0.017 ) . Insulin like growth factor-I significantly increased within GH ( P<0.017 ) and compared with C ( P<0.05 ) . Serum sodium significantly increased ( P<0.017 ) and serum homocysteine , high sensitivity C-reactive protein , thyroid stimulating hormone and tetra-iodothyronine ( T(4 ) ) , significantly decreased within GH ( all P<0.017 ) . T(4 ) significantly decreased compared with C ( P<0.05 ) . Arterial pulse wave velocity , peak and recovery systolic and diastolic BP , significantly decreased compared with C ( P<0.05 ) . Resting HR and rate pressure product ( RPP ) significantly increased compared with C ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that short term use of rhGH may have beneficial effects on endothelial function and specific inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease in abstinent AAS users , but may have an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system , as evidence d by the increase in resting RPP
In addition , AAS abuse result ed in structural and functional sperm changes , a reduction in testicular volume , gynecomastia , as well as clitoromegaly , menstrual irregularities , and subfertility .
Conclusion The majority of  AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels , lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal .
Anabolic and rogenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility
Background Anabolic and rogenic steroids ( AAS ) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and /or enhance appearance .
Anabolic and rogenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems , including the reproductive system .
Objective This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users .