Primary dentin etching time, bond strength and ultra-structure characterization of dentin surfaces. Bond strength of a mild self-etch adhesive with and without prior acid-etching. Bond Strength between Fiber Posts and Root Dentin Treated with Natural Cross-linkers. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Bond strengths of two adhesive systems to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Effect of a sodium hypochlorite gel on dentin bonding. Shortening of primary dentin etching time and its implication on bond strength. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Chlorhexidine Pretreatment on Immediate and Aged Dentin Bond Strengths. Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Shear bond strength of composite to deep dentin after treatment with two different collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of shortening the etching time on roughness , microhardness and bond strength of three adhesive systems to primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from primary molars were r and omly assigned to six experimental groups . Three different adhesive systems were used : an etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Single Bond ) , a two-step self-etching ( Clearfil SE Bond ) , and a one-step self-etching ( One-Up Bond F ) adhesive . In half of the specimens , the recommended etching time was used , in the other half the etching time was 50 % reduced . After applying the adhesive , resin composite build-ups were constructed and stored in a humid environment for 24h at 37 degrees C. Specimens were sectioned into 1mm(2 ) beams and tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . Debonded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . Additional surfaces were conditioned for microhardness measurements ( KHN ) and for atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) analysis . Intertubular and total surface roughness ( Ra ) were recorded . Results were analyzed with ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed higher MTBS than One-Up Bond F. Bond strength and intertubular roughness increased when Single Bond and One-Up Bond F were used with a reduced etching time . For Clearfil SE Bond no differences in MTBS were detected when reducing the etching time . The application of phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond primer and One-Up Bond F decreases dentin microhardness . CONCLUSIONS Shortening One-Up Bond F application time and reducing the etching time of phosphoric acid to one-half of the manufacturer 's recommended etching time when using Single Bond are recommended when bonding to primary dentin UNLABELLED The self-etch approach provides dentists with a generation of user-friendly and less technique-sensitive adhesives . Nevertheless , some concern has been raised regarding their bonding effectiveness to enamel , in particular when so-called ' mild ' self-etch adhesives are employed . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond ( C-SE ; Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) bonds equally effective to enamel/dentin either with or without prior etching with phosphoric acid . METHODS Bur-cut enamel/dentin surfaces prepared from human molars were partially split in two halves by cutting a shallow groove . One half was first etched with 40 % phosphoric acid ( K-etchant ) , while protecting the other half by holding a razor blade in the groove . Next , C-SE was applied strictly following the manufacturer 's instructions , after which the surface was built up using Z100 ( 3 M Espe ) . After 24-h water storage , micro-specimens were prepared with the interface circularly constricted using a Micro-Specimen Former , prior to micro-tensile bond strength ( MPa ) measurement . In addition , interfaces of C-SE with enamel/dentin prepared with and without beforeh and acid etching were examined by Feg-SEM and TEM . RESULTS Beforeh and etching significantly increased the bonding effectiveness of C-SE to enamel . A clearly more micro-retentive surface was revealed by TEM and Feg-SEM when enamel was etched . Phosphoric-acid etching prior to C-SE application on dentin significantly decreased the muTBS to dentin . TEM provided indications of a low- quality hybrid layer after beforeh and phosphoric-acid etching . CONCLUSION Using C-SE , additional etching with phosphoric acid to improve bonding effectiveness should be limited to enamel INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract ( grape seed extract [ GSE ] ) on the bond strength and stability of the adhesion of fiber posts to the root dentine using 2 adhesive systems : a total-etch and a self-etch adhesive system . METHODS Single-rooted human teeth were r and omly divided into 6 groups : G1 ( control ) , untreated + total-etch adhesive Adper Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) ; G2 , 6.5 % GSE for 5 minutes + SB ; G3 , 10 % GSE for 5 minutes + SB ; and G4 to G6 groups were similar to previous ones ; however , the self-etch adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond ( Kuraray , Kurashiki , Japan ) was used . Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE ) , and the specimens were immediately tested for push out or stored for 12 months . The bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and Games-Howell post hoc tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Additionally , matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by 0.65 % , 0.065 % , and 0.0065 % GSE was examined with gelatin zymography . RESULTS The use of GSE did not affect immediate bond strength to dentin and contributed to preserve the bond strength after 12 months ( P < .05 ) for both adhesives . The bond strength of SB was significantly higher than Clearfil SE Bond ( P < .05 ) . Gelatin zymography showed reduced matrix metalloproteinase activity when recombinant enzymes were incubated with both 0.65 % and 0.065 % GSE , with complete inhibition at the highest concentration . CONCLUSIONS The pretreatment with GSE can be used as a natural alternative to improve bond strength stability of dentin-adhesive interfaces in root canals OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength This study evaluated the bond strength of a total-etch and a self-etch adhesive to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent containing aluminum chloride ( AlCl3 ) . Eighteen occlusal dentin discs were prepared from human molars . Each disc was ground and sectioned into two halves , one for normal dentin and the other for contaminated dentin . The specimens of both normal and contaminated dentin were r and omly divided into three groups and treated with the following material s : ( 1 ) Excite ( EX ) ; ( 2 ) Clearfil SE Bond with 20-second primer application time ( CB 20 ) and ( 3 ) Clearfil SE Bond with 40-second primer application time ( CB 40 ) . The microshear bond strength specimens were prepared using the resin composite Clearfil APX . The bond strengths were evaluated on a universal testing machine . Statistical analysis was performed at alpha = 0.05 . The surface micromorphology and aluminum content of the different dentin conditions were also examined . In EX , no significant difference was found between the bond strengths of normal dentin and contaminated dentin . The bond strength of CB20 to contaminated dentin was significantly lower than that to normal dentin . The extension of primer application time from 20 to 40 seconds significantly increased the bond strength of CB to contaminated dentin UNLABELLED It has been suggested that the hybrid layer ( HL ) does not play any important role in the mechanism of adhesion to dentin . To substantiate this hypothetical in significance of the HL , sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) has been used to remove collagen from etched dentin prior to bonding . OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a commercial 10 % NaOCl gel on the dentin shear bond strengths and HL ultra-morphology of two simplified dentin adhesives . The null hypothesis tested was that treatment of etched dentin collagen with NaOCl would not compromise dentin bonding . METHODS The labial surface of eighty bovine incisors was polished to expose middle dentin . The specimens were r and omly assigned to two total-etch adhesive systems ( N = 40 ) : Prime&Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk ) ; and  Single Bond ( 3 M Dental Products Division ) . After rinsing off the etchant , one drop of 10 % NaOCl ( AD Gel , Kuraray Ltd. ) was applied to the etched dentin surface and left for 0 ( control ) , 15 , 30 , or 60 s. The gel was rinsed off with water and the dentin surface kept visibly moist prior to the application of the adhesive as per manufacturer 's instructions . The respective composite resin was subsequently applied and light-cured . After 24 h in water at 37 degrees C , the specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles in baths kept at 5 and 55 degrees C and the shear bond strengths measured . The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA . For TEM , sixteen dentin disks were taken from middle dentin of extracted human third molars , assigned to the eight treatment sequences , and observed . RESULTS The increase in the  NaOCl application time result ed in a progressive decrease in shear bond strengths for both dentin adhesives . For Single Bond , the application of AD Gel for 60 s result ed in a reduction of bond strengths to 38 % of that obtained for the control . For Prime&Bond NT , the mean bond strength obtained when AD Gel was applied for 60 s was 31 % of that obtained for the control . The application of AD Gel result ed in distinct morphology for each one of the two adhesives tested . For Single Bond , the general morphology of the collagen network was maintained , regardless of the deproteinization time . The interfibrillar space within the collagen network increased with increasing deproteinization times . For Prime&Bond NT , the general appearance of the HL was maintained for deproteinization times of 15 and 30 s. When the NaOCl gel was applied for 60 s , the morphological appearance of the HL lost its fibrillar arrangement . While remnants of the collagen fibers were observed in one of the dentin disks , the other specimen showed an amorphous structure without any discernible HL morphological features . SIGNIFICANCE The integrity of the collagen fibrils left exposed upon acid-etching plays a major role in the mechanism of adhesion of the specific adhesive systems tested in this study . The intermingling of the adhesive monomers with the filigree of collagen fibers or HL should still be considered the paramount dentin bonding mechanism OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of shortening the etching time on the bond strength of a conventional and a self-etching primer adhesive system used in primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces were obtained from 24 primary molars , r and omly assigned to 4 experimental groups . The adhesive systems Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond were applied in two groups according to the manufacturers ' recommendations . In the other two groups , the adhesives were applied after half-time of acid etching , 7 s for Single Bond and 10 s for Clearfil SE Primer . Resin crowns were built up and after 24 h storage in water at 37 degrees C , the teeth were sectioned to produce beams with cross-sectional area of approximately 0.49 mm2 . Specimens were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min until failure . Fractured specimens were analyzed to determine the failure mode . RESULTS Tensile bond strengths for Single Bond in primary dentin were higher than for Clearfil SE Bond . Shortening of acid etching time improved bond strength only for Single Bond , while no statistically significant difference was observed for Clearfil SE Bond when both etching times were compared . SIGNIFICANCE No detrimental effect on bond strength was observed when the time of acid etching was shortened in 50 % . Shortening the time for a procedure in a small child without compromising the quality of the work is a very important finding for the practicing pediatric dentist This study evaluated the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) pretreatment of dentin on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of different adhesives to dentin in vivo and in vitro . Class I cavities were prepared in 80 caries-free human third molars of 40 patients in a split-mouth fashion . In each tooth pair , one tooth received 2 % CHX pretreatment after which both teeth were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups with respect to the type of adhesive system applied : Adper Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) , Clearfil S(3 ) Bond ( one-step self-etch ) , and Adper Prompt-L-Pop ( all-in-one self-etch ) . The teeth were restored with resin composite and extracted for μTBS testing either immediately or after six months in function . In vitro specimen pairs were prepared as with the clinical protocol in intact , freshly extracted human molars , and thereafter , subjected to testing immediately or after 5000 × thermocycling . Data were analyzed with four-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Bonferroni test was utilized for pair-wise comparisons . The immediate bond strength values were significantly higher than " aged " ones for all tested adhesives ( p=0.00 ) . The in vitro immediate bond strength values were statistically higher than in vivo bond strength values ( p<0.05 ) . While the bond strength of in vitro aged , CHX-treated sample s were higher than their in vivo counterparts ( p<0.05 ) , no difference was observed in non-CHX treated groups ( p>0.05 ) . In the absence of CHX pretreatment , all adhesives showed significantly higher immediate bond strength values than CHX-treated groups , while all " aged " , non-pretreated adhesives exhibited significantly lower bond strength values ( both p<0.05 ) . By contrast , chlorhexidine pretreatment result ed in significantly higher aged bond strengths , regardless of the adhesive system and testing condition . Aging-associated decline in dentin bond strength of etch- and rinse and self-etch adhesives can be counteracted by chlorhexidine application PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it OBJECTIVE This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin using a total etch adhesive after treatment with two collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were sectioned longitudinally into equal mesial and distal halves ( n=60 ) . The proximal deep dentin was exposed , maintaining a remaining dentin thickness ( RDT ) of approximately 1 mm . The specimens were r and omly divided into three groups based on the surface treatment of dentin prior to bonding as follows : group I ( n=12 , control ) : no prior dentin surface treatment ; group II ( n=24 ) : dentin surface pretreated with 10 % sodium ascorbate ; and group III ( n=24 ) : dentin surface pretreated with 6.5 % proanthocyanidin . Groups II and III were further subdivided into two subgroups of 12 specimens each , based on the pretreatment time of five minutes ( subgroup A ) and 10 minutes ( subgroup B ) . Shear bond strength of the specimens was tested with a universal testing machine , and the data were statistically analyzed . RESULTS Significantly higher shear bond strength to deep dentin was observed in teeth treated with 10 % sodium ascorbate ( group II ) and 6.5 % proanthocyanidin ( group III ) compared to the control group ( group I ) . Among the collagen cross-linkers used , specimens treated with proanthocyanidin showed significantly higher shear bond strength values than those treated with sodium ascorbate . No significant difference was observed between the five-minute and 10-minute pretreatment times in groups II and III . CONCLUSION It can be concluded that dentin surface pretreatment with both 10 % sodium ascorbate and 6.5 % proanthocyanidin result ed in significant improvement in bond strength of resin composite to deep dentin
Conclusions In light of the currently available scientific evidence , dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin .
The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions
Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze previously published studies of the effects of dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents on the bonding of  self-etch ( SE ) adhesives to dentin .
Additionally , a meta- analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the above-mentioned surface pretreatment methods on the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin .