Effects of dentin surface treatments including Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin Comparison of different dentin pretreatment protocols on the bond strength of glass fiber post using self-etching adhesive. Effects of silane application on luting fiber posts using self-adhesive resin cement. Finite element analysis and bond strength of a glass post to intraradicular dentin: comparison between microtensile and push-out tests. Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts Effect of resin cement system and root region on the push-out bond strength of a translucent fiber post. Push-out bond strengths of different dental cements used to cement glass fiber posts. Shear bond strength of six restorative materials. Eroded dentin does not jeopardize the bond strength of adhesive restorative materials.
Abstract Objective . Intra-canal post systems are commonly used to restore root-filled teeth . Bond strengths of the posts can be affected by various surface treatments of the post or the dentin . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dentin surface treatments including erbium-chromium ; yttrium-sc and ium-gallium-garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin . Material s and methods . Forty single-rooted human maxillary incisors were filled and post spaces were prepared . After these procedures , the specimens were divided r and omly into four groups according to the dentin surface treatments , as follows : ( i ) untreated surface ( control ) , ( ii ) 1W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application , ( iii ) 2W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application and ( iv ) 3W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application . Then the posts were cemented into the root canals using dual-cured resin cement . Bonded specimens were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and push-out tests were performed using a universal testing device . All specimens were loaded until fracture and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 32 × magnification . Representative specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA , Tukey and Wilcoxon tests . Results . The bond strength values ranged from 3.22–4.68 MPa . There were no statistically significant differences among the groups , regardless of the different levels . The coronal and middle levels of the post space had significantly higher bond strength values compared with the apical level ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities did not increase the bond strength of the fiber posts to the root canal dentin walls INTRODUCTION This study compared the influence of different irrigants with and without ultrasound or laser irradiation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive in a supplementary dentin pretreatment . METHODS Ninety bovine incisor roots were divided into 3 groups according to the irrigant tested : 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) ( n = 30 ) ; 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) ( n = 30 ) , and saline solution ( control ) ( n = 30 ) . Each group was r and omly divided into 3 subgroups according to the supplementary dentin pretreatment : ultrasound , Nd : YAG laser , and nonsupplemented ( control ) . A self-etching adhesive system ( Futurabond DC ; VOCO GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany ) was used , and the glass fiber posts were cemented with dual-cure epoxy-based luting agent ( Bifix QM , VOCO GmbH ) . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure mode analysis was also evaluated . RESULTS Bond strength decreased significantly after the use of 2.5 % NaOCl in all root thirds ( P < .05 ) . CHX showed no difference in the mean bond strength value compared with saline solution ( P > .05 ) . The supplementary dentin pretreatment using the Nd : YAG laser or ultrasound did not improve the bond strength values for both NaOCl and CHX ( P > .05 ) . Moreover , the apical third exhibited the lowest mean bond strength values ( P < .05 ) . Analysis indicated that the predominant failure mode was the mixed type . CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the irrigant used , the supplementary dentin pretreatment with ultrasound or laser irradiation showed no improvement in bond strength . Also , the use of NaOCl decreased the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive system , whereas CHX preserved it PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of different glass-fiber post surface treatments on the bond strength to root dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty bovine incisors were used in this study . After removing the crowns , the teeth were endodontically treated . The roots were r and omly divided into five groups according to post surface treatment . The groups were as follows : CO ( Control ) - no treatment ; G1 - RelyX Ceramic Primer ( silane ) only ; G2 - silane and Solobond M ; G3 - silane and Scotchbond Adhesive ; G4 - silane and Excite . For post cementation , RelyX Unicem was used according to the manufacturer 's recommendation and the roots were stored in a light-proof container with 100 % relative humidity for 24 h. The specimens were transversally sectioned . Subsequently , the cervical , middle , and apical regions of the root were positioned in a push-out device and tested at 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine ( Instron ) . The data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . The fractured specimens were then observed under a stereoscopic loupe at 60X magnification . RESULTS No significant difference in bond strength was found among the groups that received a silane or silane plus an adhesive system ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the CO ( no silane ) showed the lowest bond strength . Regarding G1 , G2 , G3 , and G4 , the cervical region of the root canal attained better bond strengths than did the middle or apical regions . The most frequent failure mode occurred at the cement/dentin interface . CONCLUSION Silane application may be necessary to improve the adhesion of fiber posts luted with the self-adhesive resin cement evaluated here . The application of an adhesive layer between the fiber post and resin cement did not have any influence on the bond strength when the silane coupling was previously used OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) into micro-push-out ( Mpo ) , hourglass- ( Mh ) and rectangular stick-shaped ( Ms ) microtensile testing groups before sectioning each root into five 1-mm-thick specimens . During specimen preparation for microTBS testing 46/50 stick and 4/50 hourglass specimens prematurely failed ; therefore , the Ms group could not be included in the mechanical testing . The remaining specimens were tested at 0.5 mm/min until bond failure . Stress distribution within each specimen type for the three mechanical test methods was analyzed by finite element analysis ( FEA ) . Qualitative analyses were carried out through Von Mises , XY and Sy criterion . RESULTS Mpo and Mh had a mean microTBS of 11.89+/-6.55 and 14.98+/-12.72 MPa , respectively , which was not significantly different ( p=0.1311 ) . The push-out test demonstrated a more homogenous stress distribution by FEA and less variability in mechanical testing . SIGNIFICANCE Therefore , the recommended testing method for determining the bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is by Mpo Objective Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers , this study aim ed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts . Material and Methods Ninety roots were r and omly distributed into 3 groups ( n=10 )  ( C-MC : control ; P-MC : polyether ; AS-MC : addition silicone ) to test bond strength and 6 groups ( n=10 )  ( C : control ; P : polyether ; AS : addition silicone , without mechanical cycling , and C-MC , P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling ) to test fracture strength , according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament . For the bond strength test , fiber posts were cemented , cores were built , mechanical cycling was applied ( 2 × 106 cycles , 88 N , 2.2 Hz , and 45º incline ) , and the teeth cut into 3 slices ( 2 mm ) , which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min . For the fracture strength test , fiber posts were cemented , cores were built , and half of the groups received mechanical cycling , followed by the compressive strength ( 45 ° to the long axis and 1 mm/min ) performed on all groups . Results Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength ( p=0.244 ) between post and dentin . Simulation of periodontal ligament ( p=0.153 ) and application of mechanical cycling ( p=0.97 ) did not affect fracture resistance . Conclusions The material s used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength , therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested material s could be considered optional in the conditions of the study OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the bond strength of luting systems for bonding glass fiber posts to root canal dentin . The hypothesis tested was that there are no differences in bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cement systems . METHODS Forty bovine incisors were r and omly assigned to five different resin cement groups ( n=8 ) . After endodontic treatment and crown removal , translucent glass fiber posts were bonded into the root canal using five different luting protocol s ( self-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; self-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; and dual-cured self-adhesive cement ) . Push-out bond strength was evaluated at three different radicular levels : cervical , middle , and apical . The interface between resinous cement and the post was observed using a stereoscopic microscope . RESULTS Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference among the cements ( p<0.05 ) and the root canal thirds ( p<0.05 ) . The self-adhesive resinous cement had lower values of retention . CONCLUSIONS The resin cements used with etch- and -rinse and self-etch adhesive systems seem to be adequate for glass fiber post cementation STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Since the introduction of glass fiber posts , irreversible vertical root fractures have become a rare occurrence ; however , adhesive failure has become the primary failure mode . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts cemented with different luting agents on 3 segments of the root . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty human maxillary canines with similar root lengths were r and omly divided into 8 groups ( n=10 ) according to the cement assessed ( Rely X luting , Luting and Lining , Ketac Cem , Rely X ARC , Biscem , Duo-link , Rely X U100 , and Variolink II ) . After st and ardized post space preparation , the root dentin was pretreated for dual-polymerizing resin cements and untreated for the other cements . The mixed luting cement paste was inserted into post spaces with a spiral file and applied to the post surface that was seated into the canal . After 7 days , the teeth were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis into 1-mm-thick sections . The push-out test was performed at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until extrusion of the post occurred . The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures ( Tukey test ) ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS ANOVA showed that the type of interaction between cement and root location significantly influenced the push-out strength ( P<.05 ) . The highest push-out strength results with root location were obtained with Luting and Lining ( S3 ) ( 19.5 ±4.9 MPa ) , Ketac Cem ( S2 ) ( 18.6 ±5.5 MPa ) , and Luting and Lining ( S1 ) ( 18.0 ±7.6 MPa ) . The lowest mean values were recorded with Variolink II ( S1 ) ( 4.6 ±4.0 MPa ) , Variolink II ( S2 ) ( 1.6 ±1.5 MPa ) , and Rely X ARC ( S3 ) ( 0.9 ±1.1 MPa ) . CONCLUSIONS Self-adhesive cements and glass ionomer cements showed significantly higher values compared to dual-polymerizing resin cements . In all root segments , dual-polymerizing resin cements provided significantly lower bond strength . Significant differences among root segments were found only for Duo-link cement The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the shear bond strength of a conventional glass-ionomer cement , a resin modified glass-ionomer , a composite resin and three compomer restorative material s. Dentin of the occlusal surfaces from sixty extracted human permanent molars were prepared for shear bond strength testing . The specimens were r and omly divided into six groups of 10 each . Dentinal surfaces were treated according to the instructions of manufacturers for each material . Each restorative material was placed inside nylon cylinders 2 mm high with an internal diameter of 3 mm , which were placed perpendicular to dentin surfaces . Shear bond strengths were determined using an Universal Testing Machine at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a compression mode . Conventional glass-ionomer , Ketac-Molar aplicap showed the lowest mean shear bond strength 3.77+/-1.76 ( X + /- SD MPa ) and the composite resin , Heliomolar showed the highest mean shear bond strength 16.54+/-1.65 while the mean bond strength of Fuji II LC was 9.55+/-1.06 . The shear bond strengths of compomer restorative material s were 12.83+/-1.42 , 10.64+/-1.42 and 11.19+/-1.19 for Compoglass , Hytac and Dyract respectively . ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the mean shear bond strengths of all groups ( P<0.001 ) . No statistically significant difference was found between the three compomer material s ( P>0.5 ) . Ketac-Molar and composite resin showed statistically significant difference ( P<0.0005 ) . The mode of fracture varied between material s. It is concluded that the compomer restorative material s show higher shear bond strength than conventional glass-ionomer and resin modified glass-ionomer , but less than composite resin . The fracture mode is not related to the shear bond strengths values This in vitro study evaluated the bond strength of adhesive restorative material s to sound and eroded dentin . Thirty-six bovine incisors were embedded in acrylic resin and ground to obtain flat buccal dentin surfaces . Specimens were r and omly allocated in 2 groups : sound dentin ( immersion in artificial saliva ) and eroded dentin ( pH cycling model - 3 × / cola drink for 7 days ) . Specimens were then reassigned according to restorative material : glass ionomer cement ( KetacTM Molar Easy Mix ) , resin-modified glass ionomer cement ( VitremerTM ) or adhesive system with resin composite ( Adper Single Bond 2 + Filtek Z250 ) . Polyethylene tubes with an internal diameter of 0.76 mm were placed over the dentin and filled with the material . The microshear bond test was performed after 24 h of water storage at 37ºC. The failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400 × ) . Bond strength data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post hoc tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Eroded dentin showed bond strength values similar to those for sound dentin for all material s. The adhesive system showed the highest bond strength values , regardless of the substrate ( p < 0.0001 ) . For all groups , the adhesive/mixed failure prevailed . In conclusion , adhesive material s may be used in eroded dentin without jeopardizing the bonding quality . It is preferable to use an etch- and -rinse adhesive system because it shows the highest bond strength values compared with the glass ionomer cements tested
The available evidence indicated that the coronal region of the root canal bonded better to the glass fiber post  than apical regions .
Phosphoric acid , hydrogen peroxide , and silane application enhance post ’s retentiveness .
In light of the current evidence , surface treatment strategies increase the bond strength of glass fiber post to dentine .
However , recommendations for st and ardized testing methods and reporting of future clinical studies are required to maintain clinical ly relevant information and to underst and the effects of various surface treatment of glass fiber post  and their bond strength with dentine walls of the root canal
The objective of this systematic review was to determine the influence of surface treatment of glass fiber posts  on bond strength to dentine .