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BACKGROUND Exercise therapy is an effective component of fibromyalgia ( FM ) treatment . However , it is important to know the effects and specificities of the different types of exercise : muscle stretching and resistance training . AIM To verify and compare the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise and resistance training for symptoms and quality of life in FM patients . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Physical therapy service , FM outpatient clinic . POPULATION Forty-four women with FM ( 79 screened ) . METHODS Patients were r and omly allocated into a stretching group ( N.=14 ) , resistance group ( N.=16 ) , and control group ( N.=14 ) . Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale , pain threshold using a Fischer dolorimeter , FM symptoms using the Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire ( FIQ ) , and quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) . The three intervention groups continued with usual medical treatment . In addition , the stretching and resistance groups performed two different exercise programs twice a week for 12 weeks . RESULTS After treatment , the stretching group showed the highest SF-36 physical functioning score ( P=0.01 ) and the lowest bodily pain score ( P=0.01 ) . The resistance group had the lowest FIQ depression score ( P=0.02 ) . The control group had the highest score for FIQ morning tiredness and stiffness , and the lowest score for SF-36 vitality . In clinical analyses , the stretching group had significant improvement in quality of life for all SF-36 domains , and the resistance group had significant improvement in FM symptoms and in quality of life for SF-36 domains of physical functioning , vitality , social function , emotional role , and mental health . CONCLUSIONS Muscle stretching exercise was the most effective modality in improving quality of life , especially with regard to physical functioning and pain , and resistance training was the most effective modality in reducing depression . CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT The trial included a control group and two intervention groups , both of which received exercise programs created specifically for patients with FM . In clinical practice , we suggest including both modalities in an exercise therapy program for FM Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is characterized by generalized muscle pain , low muscle strength and autonomic dysfunction . Heart rate ( HR ) variability ( HRV ) is reduced in individuals with FM increasing their risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . We tested the hypothesis that resistance exercise training ( RET ) improves HRV , baroreflex sensitivity ( BRS ) and muscle strength in women with FM . Women with FM ( n = 10 ) and healthy controls ( n = 9 ) , aged 27–60 years , were compared at baseline . Only women with FM underwent supervised RET 2 days per week for 16 weeks . Baseline and post‐training measurements included HRV and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity ( BRS , alpha index ) from continuous electrocardiogram and blood pressure ( BP ) recorded with finger plethysmography during 5 min in the supine position . RR interval , total power , log transformed ( Ln ) squared root of the st and ard deviation of RR interval ( RMSSD ) , low‐frequency power and BRS were lower ( P<0·05 ) , and HR and pulse pressure were higher ( P<0·05 ) in women with FM than in healthy controls . After RET , mean ( SEM ) total power increased ( 387 ± 170 ms2 , P<0·05 ) , RMSSD increased ( 0·18 ± 0·08 Ln ms , P<0·05 ) and Ln of high‐frequency power increased ( 0·54 ± 0·27 Ln ms2 , P = 0·08 ) in women with FM . Upper and lower body muscle strength increased by 63 % and 49 % ( P<0·001 ) , and pain perception decreased by 39 % in women with FM . There were no changes in BRS , HR and BP after RET . Our study demonstrates that RET  improves total power , cardiac parasympathetic tone , pain perception and muscle strength in women with FM who had autonomic dysfunction before the exercise programme PURPOSE : To compare the effects of 12-week training periods ( 2 d·wk−1 ) involving resistance training only with the effects of 12-week training periods involving combined resistance ( once weekly ) and endurance ( once weekly ) training on strength , endurance performance , and quality of life . METHODS : Thirty-six patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were r and omized to combined training ( REG ) , resistance training alone ( RG ) , or control ( CG ) groups . Patients were tested for maximal strength of the upper and lower extremities , power output of the lower extremities , maximal ( W max ) and submaximal exercise capacity , performance on a 6-minute walk test ( 6MWT ) , and quality of life . RESULTS : REG and RG induced similar maximal strength gains . Muscle power increased 19 % ( P ⩽ .01 ) and W max improved 13 % ( P < .05 ) in REG . Reductions ( P < .05 ) in the heart rate and blood lactate at a given submaximal workload were observed in REG . Improvements in 6MWT and quality of life were similar in both training groups . CONCLUSIONS : Compared with a twice-weekly resistance training program , the combination of once-weekly resistance and once-weekly endurance training not only produced similar gains in maximal strength , 6MWT performance , and quality of life but also produced improvements in muscle power and endurance performance . These findings may have implication s for the prescription of resistance and endurance exercise for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease OBJECTIVE To determine the safety , feasibility and consequences of a program of progressive strength training and cardiovascular exercise in women with fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) . METHODS Fifteen women with confirmed FMS were monitored for injury and exercise compliance , and assessed for muscle strength ( 1-repetition maximum technique ) , cardiovascular endurance ( 6-minute walk test ) , and functional status ( Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire [ FIQ ] ) before and after a 20-week exercise intervention . RESULTS Zero injuries and an 81 % compliance rate occurred during training . Improvement was seen in muscle strength of the lower ( 191 + /- 75 to 265 + /- 67 pounds ; P < 0.001 ) and upper ( 61 + /- 18 to 76 + /- 18 pounds ; P < 0.001 ) body , 6-minute walk distance ( 530 + /- 80 to 629 + /- 74 meters ; P < 0.001 ) , and in FIQ score ( 44 + /- 9 to 32 + /- 14 ; P < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSION A program of progressive strength training and cardiovascular exercise can be safe , well tolerated , and effective at improving muscle strength , cardiovascular endurance and functional status in women with FMS without exacerbating symptoms . This program may also contribute to a reduction in the severity of several symptoms Chronic heart failure ( CHF ) is characterized by a skeletal muscle myopathy not optimally addressed by current treatment paradigms or aerobic exercise . Sixteen older women with CHF were compared with 80 age-matched peers without CHF and r and omized to progressive resistance training or control stretching exercises for 10 wk . Women with CHF had significantly lower muscle strength ( P < 0.0001 ) but comparable aerobic capacity to women without CHF . Exercise training was well tolerated and result ed in no changes in resting cardiac indexes in CHF patients . Strength improved by an average of 43.4 + /- 8.8 % in resistance trainers vs. -1.7 + /- 2.8 % in controls ( P = 0.001 ) , muscle endurance by 299 + /- 66 % vs. 1 + /- 3 % ( P = 0.001 ) , and 6-min walk distance by 49 + /- 14 m ( 13 % ) vs. -3 + /- 19 m ( -3 % ) ( P = 0.03 ) . Increases in type I fiber area ( 9.5 + /- 16 % ) and citrate synthase activity ( 35 + /- 21 % ) in skeletal muscle were independently predictive of improved 6-min walk distance ( r2 = 0.78 ; P = 0.0024 ) . High-intensity progressive resistance training improves impaired skeletal muscle characteristics and overall exercise performance in older women with CHF . These gains are largely explained by skeletal muscle and not resting cardiac adaptations Introduction Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is characterized by persistent widespread pain , increased pain sensitivity and tenderness . Muscle strength in women with FM is reduced compared to healthy women . The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a progressive resistance exercise program on muscle strength , health status , and current pain intensity in women with FM . Methods A total of 130 women with FM ( age 22–64 years , symptom duration 0–35 years ) were included in this assessor-blinded r and omized controlled multi-center trial examining the effects of progressive resistance group exercise compared with an active control group . A person-centred model of exercise was used to support the participants ’ self-confidence for management of exercise because of known risks of activity-induced pain in FM . The intervention was performed twice a week for 15 weeks and was supervised by experienced physiotherapists . Primary outcome measure was isometric knee-extension force ( Steve Strong ® ) , secondary outcome measures were health status ( FIQ total score ) , current pain intensity ( VAS ) , 6MWT , isometric elbow-flexion force , h and -grip force , health related quality of life , pain disability , pain acceptance , fear avoidance beliefs , and patient global impression of change ( PGIC ) . Outcomes were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention . Long-term follow up comprised the self-reported question naires only and was conducted after 13–18 months . Between-group and within-group differences were calculated using non-parametric statistics . Results Significant improvements were found for isometric knee-extension force ( p = 0.010 ) , health status ( p = 0.038 ) , current pain intensity ( p = 0.033 ) , 6MWT ( p = 0.003 ) , isometric elbow flexion force ( p = 0.02 ) , pain disability ( p = 0.005 ) , and pain acceptance ( p = 0.043 ) in the resistance exercise group ( n = 56 ) when compared to the control group ( n = 49 ) . PGIC differed significantly ( p = 0.001 ) in favor of the resistance exercise group at post-treatment examinations . No significant differences between the resistance exercise group and the active control group were found regarding change in self-reported question naires from baseline to 13–18 months . Conclusions Person-centered progressive resistance exercise was found to be a feasible mode of exercise for women with FM , improving muscle strength , health status , and current pain intensity when assessed immediately after the intervention . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov identification number : NCT01226784 , Oct 21 , 2010 PURPOSE To compare the effects of the 16-wk training period ( 2 d.wk(-1 ) ) of resistance training alone ( S ) , endurance training alone ( E ) , or combined resistance ( once weekly ) and endurance ( once weekly ) training ( SE ) on muscle mass , maximal strength and power of the leg and arm extensor muscles , and maximal workload ( Wmax ) by using a incremental cycling test in older men . METHODS Thirty-one healthy men ( 65 - 74 yr ) were divided into three treatment groups to train 2x wk(-1 ) for 16 wk : S ( N = 10 ) , E ( N = 11 ) , or SE ( N = 10 ; 1x wk(-1 ) S + 1x wk(-1 ) E ) . The subjects were tested at 8-wk intervals ( i.e. , weeks 8 and 16 ) . RESULTS There were no significant differences between  S- and SE-induced muscle hypertrophy ( 11 % and 11 % ) and maximal strength ( 41 % and 38 % ) gains of the legs as well as between E- and SE-induced Wmax ( 28 % and 23 % ) gains . The increase in arm strength in S ( 36 % ) was greater than that recorded in SE ( 22 % ) and greater than that recorded in E ( 0 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Prolonged combined resistance and endurance training in older men seemed to lead to similar gains in muscle mass , maximal strength , and power of the legs as resistance training alone and to similar gains in maximal peak power output measured in an incremental cycling test as endurance training alone . These findings may have an effect on how resistance exercise is prescribed to older adults BACKGROUND Muscle power ( force x velocity ) recedes at a faster rate than strength with age and may also be a stronger predictor of fall risk and functional decline . The optimal training paradigm for improving muscle power in older adults is not known , although some literature suggests high velocity , low load training is optimal in young adults . METHODS One hundred twelve healthy older adults ( 69 + /- 6 years ) were r and omly assigned to either explosive resistance training at 20 % ( G20 ) , 50 % ( G50 ) , or 80 % ( G80 ) one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) for 8 - 12 weeks or to a nontraining control group ( CON ) . Participants trained twice per week ( five exercises ; three sets of eight rapidly concentric and slow eccentric repetitions ) using pneumatic resistance machines . Repeated- measures analysis of variance and covariance ( ANOVA and ANCOVA ) were used to determine the effects of training . RESULTS Average peak power increased significantly and similarly in G80 ( 14 + /- 8 % ) , G50 ( 15 + /- 9 % ) , and G20 ( 14 + /- 6 % ) compared to CON ( 3 + /- 6 % ) ( p < .0001 ) . By contrast , a positive dose-response relationship with training intensity was observed for relative changes in average strength ( r = .40 , p = .0009 ) and endurance ( r = .43 , p = .0005 ) . Average strength increased in G80 ( 20 + /- 7 % ) , G50 ( 16 + /- 7 % ) , and G20 ( 13 + /- 7 % ) compared to CON ( 4 + /- 4 % ) ( p < .0001 ) . Average muscle endurance increased in G80 ( 185 + /- 126 % , p < .0001 ) , G50 ( 103 + /- 75 % , p = .0004 ) , and G20 ( 82 + /- 57 % , p = .0078 ) compared to CON ( 28 + /- 29 % ) . CONCLUSION Peak muscle power may be improved similarly using light , moderate , or heavy resistances , whereas there is a dose-response relationship between training intensity and muscle strength and endurance changes . Therefore , using heavy loads during explosive resistance training may be the most effective strategy to achieve simultaneous improvements in muscle strength , power , and endurance in older adults BACKGROUND Loss of muscle power due to normal aging has greater functional impact than loss of strength alone . The present study compared two resistance training programs , one aim ed at enhancing muscle power and one at increasing muscle strength , on muscle function and functional performance in older adults . METHODS Sixty-seven healthy , independent older adults ( 65 - 84 years ) were r and omized to a high-velocity varied resistance ( HV ) , constant resistance ( ST ) , or nontraining control ( CO ) group . Participants trained twice weekly for 24 weeks using six exercises .  Dynamic and isometric muscle strength , muscle power , movement velocity , muscle endurance , and a battery of functional performance tasks were assessed . Secondary outcomes included body composition , quality of life , and balance confidence . RESULTS Muscle strength increased significantly ( p < .001 ) and similarly in the training groups compared to controls ( HV , 51.0 + /- 9.0 % ; ST , 48.3 + /- 6.8 % ; CO , 1.2 + /- 5.1 % ) . Peak muscle power also increased with training ( p < .05 ) , with no difference between training groups . The change in peak power was 50.5 + /- 4.1 % , 33.8 + /- 3.8 % , and -2.5 + /- 3.9 % in the HV , ST , and CO groups , respectively . Training also improved selected functional performance tasks in the HV and ST groups compared to controls ( p < .05 ) , and the HV group reported improved quality of life ( p = .018 ) . CONCLUSION Muscle power and muscle strength improved similarly using either resistance training protocol , and these changes were accompanied by improvements in several functional performance tasks . However , improvements in the HV group occurred with less total work performed per training session PURPOSE Aerobic exercise training is a recognized approach for improving functional capacity in COPD . People with greater disease severity often have difficulty achieving higher aerobic exercise training intensity . The effects of resistance training prior to aerobic training were examined to determine if this sequential approach was associated with greater gains in functional status than aerobic training alone or concurrent aerobic and resistance training . METHODS Patients were r and omized to : 1 ) sequential resistance then aerobic training ( RT-then-AT ) ( 8 weeks resistance training followed by 8 weeks aerobic exercise training ) , 2 ) control group ( CE-then-AT + RT ) ( 8 weeks of ' sham ' training followed by 8 weeks concurrent aerobic and resistance training ) , 3 ) control group ( CE-then-AT ) ( 8 weeks ' sham ' training followed by 8 weeks aerobic training ) . Outcomes were assessed at study entry , after week 8 , and after week 16 : aerobic exercise performance ; muscle strength and endurance . RESULTS 75 patients completed training :  FEV1 % pred 40 ± 10 , V˙O(2peak ) % predicted , 71 ± 22 , fat-free mass index 19.5 ± 3.1 . RT-then-AT had greater acquisition of peripheral muscle endurance than CE-then-AT + RT and CE-then-AT , but improvements in aerobic exercise performance were similar . Improvements in muscle strength were similar between RT-then-AT and CE-then-AT + RT . Sarcopenia was associated with poorer attendance , and lower aerobic and resistance training volumes . CONCLUSION Although the sequential approach to resistance and aerobic training yielded a greater increase in muscle endurance and higher resistance training volume compared to concurrent resistance and aerobic training , other training outcomes were similar between the two groups , thus the sequential approach is not clearly superior to the concurrent approach in severe COPD . Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01058213 Background Fibromyalgia ( FM ) is characterized by persistent widespread pain , increased pain sensitivity and tenderness . Women with FM also report disability , in terms of negative consequences on activities of daily living . Our recent r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) is the first study of resistance exercise to show positive effects on pain disability . The resistance exercise program of our RCT emphasized active involvement of participants in planning and progression of the exercise , using the principles of person-centeredness , to support each participant ’s ability to manage the exercise and the progress of it . The aim of this sub- study was to investigate explanatory factors for reduced pain disability in women with FM participating in a 15-week person-centered progressive resistance exercise program .  Methods A total of 67 women with FM were included in this sub- study of an RCT examining the effects of person-centered progressive resistance exercise performed twice a week for 15 weeks . Tests of physical capacity and health-related question naires were assessed at baseline and after the intervention period . Multivariable stepwise regression was used to analyze explanatory factors for improvements in pain disability . Results Reduced pain disability was explained by higher pain disability at baseline together with decreased fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity ( R2 = 28 , p = 0.005 ) . The improvements in the disability domains of recreation and social activity were explained by decreased fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity together with higher baseline values of each disability domain respectively ( R2 = 32 , p = 0.025 and R2 = 30 , p = 0.017 ) . The improvement in occupational disability was explained by higher baseline values of occupational disability ( R2 = 19 , p = 0.001 ) . Conclusion The person-centered resistance exercise intervention , based on principles of self-efficacy , had a positive effect on recreational , social and occupational disability . The reduced pain disability seemed to be mediated by decreased fear avoidance beliefs . Age , symptom duration , pain intensity , and muscle strength at baseline had no explanatory value for reduced pain disability , indicating that the person-centered resistance exercise program has the potential to work for anyone with FM who has interest in physical exercise . The trial was registered on October 21 , 2010 with Clinical Trials.gov identification number : NCT01226784 OBJECTIVES To determine whether changes in strength or cardiorespiratory fitness after exercise training improve walking ability in individuals who have had a stroke . DESIGN A sham exercise-controlled , r and omized two-by-two factorial design , in which the two factors investigated were cycle training ( AEROBIC ) and resistance training ( STRENGTH ) . SETTING University exercise laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two individuals with a history of stroke ( aged 63+/-9 ; time since stroke , 57+/-54 months ) . INTERVENTION Participants undertook 30 exercise sessions over 10 to 12 weeks . Depending on group allocation , individuals underwent aerobic cycling plus sham progressive resistance training ( PRT ) ( n=13 ) , sham cycling plus PRT ( n=13 ) , aerobic cycling plus PRT ( n=14 ) , or sham cycling plus sham PRT ( n=12 ) . MEASUREMENTS Primary outcomes were 6-minute walk distance , habitual and fast gait velocities , and stair climbing power . Secondary outcomes included measures of cardiorespiratory fitness ; muscle strength , power , and endurance ; and psychosocial attributes . RESULTS Neither AEROBIC nor STRENGTH improved walking distance or gait velocity significantly more than sham exercise , although STRENGTH significantly improved participants ' stair climbing power by 17 % ( P=.009 ) , as well as their muscle strength , power , and endurance ; cycling peak power output ; and self-efficacy . Conversely , AEROBIC improved indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness only . Cycling plus PRT produced larger effects than either single modality for mobility and impairment outcomes . CONCLUSION Single-modality exercises targeted at existing impairments do not optimally address the functional deficits of walking but do ameliorate the underlying impairments . The underlying cardiovascular and musculoskeletal impairments are significantly modifiable years after stroke with targeted robust exercise OBJECTIVE To determine whether women with fibromyalgia benefit from strength training . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Testing was completed at the university and training was completed at a local community wellness facility . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine women ( age range , 18 - 54 y ) with fibromyalgia participated . Subjects were r and omly assigned to a control ( n=14 ; wait-listed for exercise ) or strength ( n=15 ) group . After the first 4 weeks , 7 ( 47 % ) women dropped from the strength group . INTERVENTION Subjects underwent 12 weeks of training on 11 exercises , 2 times a week , performing 1 set of 8 to 12 repetitions at 40 % to 60 % of their maximal lifts and were progressed to 60 % to 80 % . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects were measured for strength , functionality , tender point sensitivity , and fibromyalgia impact . RESULTS The strength group significantly ( P < or = .05 ) improved upper- ( strength , 39+/-11 to 42+/-12 kg ; control , 38+/-13 to 38+/-12 kg ) and lower- ( strength , 68+/-28 to 82+/-25 kg ; control , 61+/-25 to 61+/-26 kg ) body strength . Upper-body functionality measured by the Continuous-Scale Physical Functional Performance test improved significantly ( strength , 44+/-11 to 50+/-16U ; control , 51+/-11 to 49+/-13U ) after training . Tender point sensitivity and fibromyalgia impact did not change . CONCLUSIONS Strength training improved strength and some functionality in women with fibromyalgia . Interventions with resistance have important implication s on independence and quality of life issues for women with fibromyalgia Objective : To examined the effects of different training modalities on exercise capacity ( Vo 2peak ) , systolic function , muscular strength and endurance and quality of life in heart failure patients . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Cardiac rehabilitation centre in Canada . Subjects : Forty-two individuals with heart failure ( 62 ± 12 years ; New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) classes I — III ) . Interventions : Aerobic training ( n = 14 ) , combined aerobic and resistance training ( n = 15 ) or usual care ( n = 13 ) three times per week for 12 weeks . Main measures : ( 1 ) Vo 2peak measured by symptom-limited grade d exercise test on cycle ergometer ; ( 2 ) systolic function assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography ; ( 3 ) muscular strength and muscular endurance measured by one-repetition maximum procedure ; and ( 4 ) quality of life assessed by question naires . Results : In the intention-to-treat analysis , neither aerobic nor combined aerobic and resistance training significantly improved Vo2peak , systolic function or quality of life compared with usual care . However , combined aerobic and resistance training significantly improved upper extremity strength ( 40.7 (14.0)—48.5 ( 16.0 ) kg , P<0.05 ) and muscular endurance ( 5.7 (2.7)—11.6 ( 7.6 ) reps , P<0.05 ) compared with aerobic training or usual care . In compliant participants ( exercise adherence 80 % ) , Vo2peak increased in the aerobic group ( 16.9 (6.0)—19.0 ( 6.8 ) , P= 0.026 ) and tended to increase in the combined training group ( 15.9 (5.0)—17.6 ( 5.6 ) , P= 0.058 ) compared with usual care . Quality of life was improved in the aerobic group only . Conclusions : Both aerobic and combined aerobic and resistance training are effective interventions to improve Vo2peak in compliant heart failure patients . Combined training may be more effective in improving muscle strength and endurance PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) and high-intensity cycling ( cycling ) on muscle performance and the time course of strength gains in a chronic stroke population . METHODS Forty-eight individuals with chronic stroke sequelae ( mean + /- SD ; age = 63 + /- 9 yr , time since stroke = 57 + /- 54 months ) were r and omly allocated to one of four treatment groups : PRT + cycling , PRT + sham cycling , sham PRT + cycling , or sham PRT + sham cycling groups in a fully factorial clinical trial . Thirty exercise sessions were conducted over a 10- to 12-wk period . The main outcomes investigated were measures of unilateral muscle strength , peak power , and muscle endurance . RESULTS Those undergoing PRT improved their lower limb muscle strength , peak power , and endurance compared with participants receiving sham PRT or cycling only ( P < 0.05 ) , and combined exercise was not superior to PRT alone . Strength improvements occurred primarily during the first 6 to 8 wk ( 98%-100 % of total gain ) and then reached a plateau during the final 2 to 4 wk . CONCLUSION We have shown for the first time in a direct comparison study that high-intensity PRT , but not cycling or sham exercise , can improve muscle strength , peak power , and muscle endurance in both affected and unaffected lower limbs after chronic stroke by a significant and clinical ly meaningful amount . Although strength gains plateaued earlier than anticipated , adherence to the intended continuous high-intensity progressive overload protocol was largely achieved ( average load of 84 % + /- 4 % of one repetition maximum ) PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of 8 wk of resistance training to failure versus not to failure training regimens at both moderate and low volumes for increasing upper-body strength and power as well as cardiovascular parameters into a combined resistance and endurance periodized training scheme . METHODS Forty-three trained male rowers were matched and then r and omly assigned to four groups that performed the same endurance training but differed on their resistance training regimen : four exercises leading to repetition failure ( 4RF ; n = 14 ) , four exercises not leading to failure ( 4NRF ; n = 15 ) , two exercises not to failure ( 2NRF ; n = 6 ) , and control group ( C ; n = 8) . One-repetition maximum strength and maximal muscle power output during prone bench pull ( BP ) , average power during a 20-min all-out row test ( W 20 min ) , average row power output eliciting a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1 ) ( W 4 mmol x L(-1 ) ) , and power output in 10 maximal strokes ( W 10 strokes ) were assessed before and after 8 wk of periodized training . RESULTS 4NRF group experienced larger gains in one- repetition maximum strength and muscle power output ( 4.6 % and 6.4 % , respectively ) in BP compared with both 4RF ( 2.1 % and j1.2 % ) and 2NRF ( 0.6 % and -0.6 % ) . 4NRF and 2NRF groups experienced larger gains in W 10 strokes ( 3.6 % and 5 % ) and in W 20 min ( 7.6 % and 9 % ) compared with those found after 4RF ( -0.1 % and 4.6 % ) , whereas no significant differences between groups were observed in the magnitude of changes in W 4 mmol x L(-1 ) ( 4NRF = 6.2 % , 4RF = 5.3 % , 2NRF = 6.8 % , and C = 4.5 % ) . CONCLUSIONS An 8-wk linear periodized concurrent strength and endurance training program using a moderate number of repetitions not to failure ( 4NRF group ) provides a favorable environment for achieving greater enhancements in strength , muscle power , and rowing performance when compared with higher training volumes of repetitions to failure in experienced highly trained rowers BACKGROUND Considerable discrepancy exists in the literature on the proposed benefits of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training in the elderly . OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the benefits of timed protein supplementation on the increase in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein . DESIGN Healthy elderly men ( n = 26 ) aged 72 + /- 2 y were r and omly assigned to a progressive , 12-wk resistance-type exercise training program with ( protein group ) or without ( placebo group ) protein provided before and immediately after each exercise session ( 3 sessions/wk , 20 g protein/session ) . One-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) tests were performed regularly to ensure a progressive workload during the intervention . Muscle hypertrophy was assessed at the whole-body ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , limb ( computed tomography ) , and muscle fiber ( biopsy ) level . RESULTS The 1RM strength increased approximately 25 - 35 % in both groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scans showed similar increases in leg muscle mass ( 6 + /- 1 % in both groups ; P < 0.001 ) and in the quadriceps ( 9 + /- 1 % in both groups ) , from 75.9 + /- 3.7 and 73.8 + /- 3.2 to 82.4 + /- 3.9 and 80.0 + /- 3.0 cm2 in the placebo and protein groups , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . Muscle fiber hypertrophy was greater in type II ( placebo : 28 + /- 6 % ; protein : 29 + /- 4 % ) than in type I ( placebo : 5 + /- 4 % ; protein : 13 + /- 6 % ) fibers , but the difference between groups was not significant . CONCLUSION Timed protein supplementation immediately before and after exercise does not further augment the increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength after prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00744094 OBJECTIVE Muscle resistance training is often combined with aerobic endurance training during rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease . However , the clinical effects of additional lower-extremity low-intensity muscle resistance training during early rehabilitation ( within the first month after coronary revascularization ) in patients with coronary artery disease remain unclear . DESIGN Prospect i ve r and omized controlled trial . SUBJECTS Sixty patients with coronary artery disease . METHODS Subjects were r and omly assigned to early aerobic endurance training ( n = 30 ) or combined aerobic endurance and resistance muscle training ( n = 30 ) . Subjects performed 18 ( st and ard deviation 2 ) exercise sessions ( at 65 % VO(2peak ) , for 40 mins/session ) . In resistance muscle training , additional low-intensity ( 12 - 20 repetition maximum ) resistance muscle exercises were performed . The following parameters were evaluated : exercise capacity , body composition , blood lipid profile , glycaemic control , blood endothelial progenitor cell and cytokine content , and muscle performance . RESULTS A total of 47 patients with coronary artery disease completed the intervention . Total body lean tissue mass tended to increase with greater magnitude ( p = 0.07 ) , and blood high-density lipid cholesterol content increased with significantly greater magnitude in resistance muscle training ( p < 0.05 ) , compared with aerobic endurance training . Maximal exercise capacity , ventilatory threshold , and muscle performance increased , and steady-state exercise respiratory exchange ratio , and adipose tissue mass reduced significantly ( p < 0.05 ) , without differences between groups ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION In early aerobic endurance training intervention in patients with coronary artery disease , additional low-intensity resistance muscle training contributes to a greater increase in blood high-density lipid cholesterol content , and tends to affect lean tissue mass OBJECTIVE To determine whether progressive resistance training improves muscle strength , muscle endurance , and physical function in adults with Down syndrome . DESIGN Single-blind r and omized controlled trial . SETTING General community . PARTICIPANTS Adults ( N=20 ) with Down syndrome ( 13 men , 7 women ; mean age , 26.8+/-7.8 y ) were r and omly assigned through a concealed allocation block r and omized method to either an intervention group ( n=9 ) or a control group ( n=11 ) . INTERVENTION The intervention was a supervised , group progressive resistance training program , consisting of 6 exercises using weight machines performed twice a week for 10 weeks . Participants completed 2 to 3 sets of between 10 to 12 repetitions of each exercise until they reached fatigue . The control group continued with their usual activities . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcomes measured by blinded assessors were muscle strength ( 1-repetition maximum [ 1-RM ] ) , muscle endurance ( number of repetitions at 50 % of 1-RM ) for chest press and leg press , timed stairs test , and the grocery shelving task . RESULTS The intervention group showed significant improvement in upper-limb muscle endurance compared with the control group ( mean difference in the number of repetitions of the chest press at 50 % of 1-RM was 16.7 , 95 % confidence interval , [ CI ] 7.1 - 26.2 ) ; and a trend toward an improvement in upper-limb muscle strength ( mean difference in chest press 1-RM , 8.6 kg ; 95 % CI , -1.3 to 18.5 kg ) and in upper-limb function ( mean difference in grocery shelving task , -20.3s ; 95 % CI , -45.7 to 5.2s ) . There were no significant differences between the groups for lower-limb muscle performance or physical function measures . No major adverse events for the intervention were noted . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance training is a safe and feasible fitness option that can improve upper-limb muscle endurance in adults with Down syndrome ( ACTR identifier ACTRN 012606000515594 . ) Abstract Hypoxia is an important modulator of endurance exercise‐induced oxidative adaptations in skeletal muscle . However , whether hypoxia affects resistance exercise‐induced muscle adaptations remains unknown . Here , we determined the effect of resistance exercise training under systemic hypoxia on muscular adaptations known to occur following both resistance and endurance exercise training , including muscle cross‐sectional area ( CSA ) , one‐repetition maximum ( 1RM ) , muscular endurance , and makers of mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis , such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α ( PGC‐1α ) , citrate synthase ( CS ) activity , nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 ( HIF‐1 ) , and capillary‐to‐fiber ratio . Sixteen healthy male subjects were r and omly assigned to either a normoxic resistance training group ( NRT , n = 7 ) or a hypoxic ( 14.4 % oxygen ) resistance training group ( HRT , n = 9 ) and performed 8 weeks of resistance training .  Blood and muscle biopsy sample s were obtained before and after training . After training muscle CSA of the femoral region , 1RM for bench‐press and leg‐press , muscular endurance , and skeletal muscle VEGF protein levels significantly increased in both groups . The increase in muscular endurance was significantly higher in the HRT  group . Plasma VEGF concentration and skeletal muscle capillary‐to‐fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HRT group than the NRT group following training . Our results suggest that , in addition to increases in muscle size and strength , HRT may also lead to increased muscular endurance and the promotion of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate resistance training ( RES ) and RES combined with chiropractic treatment ( RES-C ) on fibromyalgia ( FM ) impact and functionality in women with FM . DESIGN The design of the study was a r and omized control trial . SETTING Testing and training were completed at the university and chiropractic treatment was completed at chiropractic clinics . PARTICIPANTS Participants ( 48 + /- 9 years ; mean + /- st and ard deviation ) were r and omly assigned to RES ( n = 10 ) or RES-C ( n = 11 ) . INTERVENTION Both groups completed 16 weeks of RES consisting of 10 exercises performed two times per week . RES-C received RES plus chiropractic treatment two times per week . OUTCOME MEASURES Strength was assessed using one repetition maximum for the chest press and leg extension . FM impact was measured using the FM impact question naire , myalgic score , and the number of active tender points . Functionality was assessed using the 10-item Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test . Analyses of variance with repeated measures compared groups before and after the intervention . RESULTS Six ( 6 ) participants discontinued the study : 5 from  RES  and 1 from RES-C.  Adherence to training was significantly higher in RES-C ( 92.0 + /- 7.5 % ) than in RES ( 82.8 + /- 7.5 % ) . Both groups increased ( p < or = 0.05 ) upper and lower body strength . There were similar improvements in FM impact in both groups . There were no group interactions for the functionality measures . Both groups improved in the strength domains ; however , only RES-C significantly improved in the pre- to postfunctional domains of flexibility , balance and coordination , and endurance . CONCLUSIONS In women with FM , resistance training improves strength , FM impact , and strength domains of functionality . The addition of chiropractic treatment improved adherence and dropout rates to the resistance training and facilitated greater improvements in the domains of functionality BACKGROUND Resistance exercise training was applied to patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) on the basis that it may partly reverse deficiencies in skeletal muscle strength and endurance , aerobic power ( VO(2peak ) ) , heart rate variability ( HRV ) , and forearm blood flow ( FBF ) that are all putative factors in the syndrome . METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-nine CHF patients ( New York Heart Association Functional Class=2.3+/-0.5 ; left ventricular ejection fraction 28%+/-7 % ; age 65+/-11 years ; 33:6 male : female ) underwent 2 identical series of tests , 1 week apart , for strength and endurance of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors , VO(2peak ) , HRV , FBF at rest , and FBF activated by forearm exercise or limb ischemia . Patients were then r and omized to 3 months of resistance training ( EX , n=19 ) , consisting of mainly isokinetic ( hydraulic ) ergometry , interspersed with rest intervals , or continuance with usual care ( CON , n=20 ) , after which they underwent repeat endpoint testing . Combining all 4 movement patterns , strength increased for EX by 21+/-30 % ( mean+/-SD , P<.01 ) after training , whereas endurance improved 21+/-21 % ( P<.01 ) . Corresponding data for CON remained almost unchanged ( strength P<.005 , endurance P<.003 EX versus CON ) . VO(2peak ) improved in EX by 11+/-15 % ( P<.01 ) , whereas it decreased by 10+/-18 % ( P<.05 ) in CON ( P<.001 EX versus CON ) . The ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency spectral power fell after resistance training in EX by 44+/-53 % ( P<.01 ) , but was unchanged in CON ( P<.05 EX versus CON ) . FBF increased at rest by 20+/-32 % ( P<.01 ) , and when stimulated by submaximal exercise ( 24+/-32 % , P<.01 ) or limb ischemia ( 26+/-45 % , P<.01 ) in EX , but not in CON ( P<.01 EX versus CON ) . CONCLUSIONS Moderate-intensity resistance exercise training in CHF patients produced favorable changes to skeletal muscle strength and endurance , VO(2peak ) , FBF , and HRV Purpose Loss of skeletal muscle strength is commonly seen with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . The study aim was to determine the effects of comprehensive upper-body resistance training ( 8 different lifts ) and a self-efficacy enhancing intervention in COPD with respect to muscle strength , symptoms , functional status and exercise adherence . Methods This r and omized trial had 3 groups : upper-body resistance training with an intervention to enhance self-efficacy ( UBR + SE ) , upper-body resistance training and health education ( UBR + HE ) , gentle chair exercises and health education ( CE + HE ) . Subjects performed 16 weeks of supervised training , then 12 months of long-term maintenance at home . Outcomes were : muscle strength , dyspnea , functional status , self-efficacy , and adherence . Results Sixty-four subjects completed 16 wks of training : age 71 ± 8 yr , fat-free mass index 19 ± 3 kg/m2 , forced expiratory volume in one second 58 ± 18 percent predicted .  The UBR + SE intervention produced a 46 % increase in strength compared to a 36 % increase in the UBR + HE group ( P = 0.054 ) . The combined UBR + SE and UBR + HE groups produced a 41 % increase in strength compared to an 11 % increase in the CE+HE ( P < 0.001 ) . The combined UBR groups also demonstrated increases in lean arm mass ( P = 0.003 ) and a trend toward decreased dyspnea ( P = 0.053 ) . There were no group differences in attrition , attendance and training progression . Fifty subjects completed long-term maintenance and the UBR + SE and UBR + HE groups retained some gains in muscle strength , 24 % and 21 % respectively , and the CE + HE group lost 3 % of muscle strength from baseline . Conclusion The study provides strong evidence that comprehensive resistance training increased strength and lean arm mass and that strength can be partially maintained through a simple home program using h and weights . It provides limited evidence that upper-body resistance training improved dyspnea and that the exercise-specific self-efficacy enhancing intervention was beneficial BACKGROUND Resistance training increases the skeletal muscle strength and functional ability of chronic heart failure patients . However , there is limited data regarding the effect of resistance training on the hemodynamic responses and peak oxygen consumption ( peak VO(2 ) ) of chronic heart failure patients treated with beta-blocker . This study examined the effect of resistance training on hemodynamics , peak aerobic capacity , muscle strength and quality of life of chronic heart failure patients on beta-blockers medication . METHODS Fifteen men diagnosed with chronic heart failure were matched to either a resistance training program or non-training control group . At baseline and after 8 weeks of resistance training patients performed both Balke incremental and maximal strength tests and completed quality of life question naires . RESULTS The resistance training group demonstrated a significant increase of walking time and peak VO(2 ) by 11.7 % ( p=0.002 ) and approximately 19 % ( p<0.05 ) , respectively . Peak VO(2 ) was significantly correlated with both walking time ( r=0.54 , p=0.038 ) and change in total weight lifted ( r=0.55 , p=0.034 ) . Quality of life significantly increased by 87 % ( p=0.030 ) . The improvement in quality of life was correlated with post training peak VO(2 ) ( r=0.58 , p=0.025 ) and total weight lifted during the post maximal strength test ( r=-0.52 , p=0.047 ) . CONCLUSIONS The benefits from resistance training for chronic heart failure patients on beta-blocker medication included an increased aerobic and exercise capacity , skeletal muscle strength and most importantly , an improvement in the quality of life , which is the main goal of cardiac rehabilitation programs . Furthermore , with appropriate supervision , it is recommended that resistance exercise be added to the exercise rehabilitation program of these patients when possible PURPOSE Patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) report difficulty performing activities of daily living . To our knowledge , however , no study has directly measured performance in activities of daily living in these patients to systematic ally assess their level of physical disability . Moreover , the contribution of skeletal muscle weakness to physical disability in CHF remains unclear . Thus , we measured performance in activities of daily living in CHF patients and controls , its relationship to aerobic capacity and muscle strength , and the effect of resistance exercise training to improve muscle strength and physical disability . METHODS Patients and controls were assessed for performance in activities of daily living , self-reported physical function , peak aerobic capacity , body composition , and muscle strength before and after an 18-wk resistance training program . To remove the confounding effects of several disease-related factors ( muscle disuse , hospitalization , acute illness ) , we recruited controls with similar activity levels as CHF patients and tested patients > 6 months after any disease exacerbation/hospitalization . RESULTS Performance in activities of daily living was 30 % lower ( P < 0.05 ) in CHF patients versus controls and was related to both reduced aerobic capacity ( P < 0.001 ) and muscle strength ( P < 0.01 ) . Moreover , resistance training improved ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.001 ) physical function and muscle strength in patients and controls similarly , without altering aerobic capacity . CONCLUSIONS CHF patients are characterized by marked physical disability compared with age- and physical activity-matched controls , which is related to reduced aerobic capacity and muscle strength . CHF patients respond to resistance training with normal strength/functional adaptations . Our results support muscle weakness as a determinant of physical disability in CHF and show that interventions that increase muscle strength  ( resistance training ) reduce physical disability BACKGROUND Resistance-training intervention studies have demonstrated meaningful health benefits in older adults ; however , most have used exercises performed at specific intensities on expensive equipment , which limit their widespread applicability . We tested whether two self-paced , less expensive exercise protocol s could be effective and safe for modifying neuromotor performance and functional capacity in community-dwelling adults 65 - 95 years of age . METHODS One hundred and thirty-one subjects were r and omized to a  novel resistance training , walking , or control group .  Subjects determined their level of resistance or walking intensity ( self-paced ) on a session-by-session basis . Muscle strength , balance , reaction time , stair climbing speed , and a timed pen pickup task were measured before and after the intervention period . Exercisers met three times per week for 10 months . RESULTS Significant improvements in t and em stance and single-legged stance with eyes open times and stair climbing speed were seen in both exercise groups . In addition , resistance trainers improved their muscle strength and ability to pick up an object from the floor and reduced the number of missteps taken during t and em walking , and walkers reduced t and em walking time . Controls showed no significant improvement in any variable . CONCLUSIONS The two self-paced exercise protocol s were effective at improving neuromotor performance and functional capacity in the study sample and show promise as a safe , effective , cost-efficient , acceptable exercise model for primary and secondary prevention in the general population of community-dwelling older adults BACKGROUND We compared the effects of two uniquely different lower extremity power training interventions on changes in muscle power , physical performance , neuromuscular activation , and muscle cross sectional area in mobility-limited older adults . METHODS Fifty-two subjects ( 78±5 years , short physical performance battery score : 8.1±1 ) were r and omized to either 16 weeks of progressive high velocity resistance training performed at low external resistance ( 40 % of the 1-repetition maximum [ 1-RM ] [ LO ] ) or high external resistance ( 70 % of 1RM [ HI ] ) . Both groups completed three sets of leg and knee extension exercises at maximum voluntary velocity , two times per  week . Neuromuscular activation was assessed  using surface electromyography and muscle cross sectional area ( CSA ) was measured using computed tomography . RESULTS At 16 weeks , LO and HI exhibited significant and similar within-group increases of leg extensor peak power ( ~34 % vs ~42 % ) , strength ( ~13 % vs ~19 % ) , and SPPB score ( 1.4±0.3 vs 1.8±0.3 units ) , respectively ( all P < .03 ) . Improvements in neuromuscular activation occurred in LO ( P = .03 ) while small gains in mid-thigh muscle CSA were detected in LO ( 1.6 % , P = .35 ) and HI ( 2.1 % , P = .17 ) . No significant between-group differences were evident for any measured parameters ( all P > .25 ) . CONCLUSIONS High velocity resistance training with low external resistance yields similar improvements in muscle power and physical performance compared to training with high external resistance in mobility-limited elders . These findings may have important implication s for optimizing exercise interventions for older adults with mobility limitations Objective : To test the hypothesis that lower extremity progressive resistance training ( PRT ) can improve muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) and to evaluate whether the improvements are maintained after the trial . Methods : The present study was a 2-arm , 12-week , r and omized controlled trial including a post study follow-up period of 12 weeks . Thirty-eight moderately impaired patients with MS were r and omized to a PRT exercise group ( n = 19 ) or a control group ( n = 19 ) . The exercise group completed a biweekly 12-week lower extremity PRT program and was afterward encouraged to continue training . After the trial , the control group completed the PRT intervention . Both groups were tested before and after 12 weeks of the trial and at 24 weeks ( follow-up ) , where isometric muscle strength of the knee extensors ( KE MVC ) and functional capacity ( FS ; combined score of 4 tests ) were evaluated . Results : KE MVC and FS improved after 12 weeks of PRT in the exercise group ( KE MVC : 15.7 % [ 95 % confidence interval 4.3–27.0 ] , FS : 21.5 % [ 95 % confidence interval 17.0–26.1 ] ; p < 0.05 ) , and the improvements were better than in the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The improvements of KE and FS in the exercise group persisted at follow-up after 24 weeks . Also , the exercise effects were reproduced in the control group during the 12-week posttrial PRT period . Conclusions : Twelve weeks of intense progressive resistance training of the lower extremities leads to improvements of muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis , the effects persisting after 12 weeks of self-guided physical activity . Level of evidence : The present study provides level III evidence supporting the hypothesis that lower extremity progressive resistance training can improve muscle strength and functional capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis Background The effects of protein supplementation on muscle thickness , strength and fatigue seem largely dependent on its composition . The current study compared the effects of soluble milk protein , micellar casein , and a placebo on strength and fatigue during and after a resistance training program . Methods Sixty-eight physically active men participated in this r and omized controlled trial and underwent 10 weeks of  lower-body resistance training . Participants were r and omly assigned to the Placebo ( PLA ) , Soluble Milk Protein ( SMP , with fast digestion rate ) or Micellar Casein ( MC , with slow digestion rate ) group . During the 10-week training period , participants were instructed to take 30 g of the placebo or protein twice a day , or three times on training days . Tests were performed on quadriceps muscles at inclusion ( PRE ) , after 4 weeks ( MID ) and after 10 weeks ( POST ) of training . They included muscle endurance ( maximum number of repetitions during leg extensions using 70 % of the individual maximal load ) , fatigue ( decrease in muscle power after the endurance test ) , strength , power and muscle thickness . Results Muscle fatigue was significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) in the SMP group at MID and POST ( -326.8 ± 114.1 W and -296.6 ± 130.1 W , respectively ) as compared with PLA ( -439.2 ± 153.9 W and -479.2 ± 138.1 W , respectively ) and MC ( -415.1 ± 165.1 W and -413.7 ± 139.4 W , respectively ) . Increases in maximal muscle power , strength , endurance and thickness were not statistically different between groups . Conclusions The present study demonstrated that protein composition has a large influence on muscular performance after prolonged resistance training . More specifically , as compared with placebo or micellar casein , soluble milk protein ( fast digestible ) appeared to significantly reduce muscle fatigue induced by intense resistance exercise We examined the effects of 42 weeks of progressive weight-lifting training on dynamic muscle strength , peak power output in cycle ergometry , symptom limited endurance during progressive treadmill walking and stair climbing , knee extensor cross-sectional areas , and bone mineral density and content in healthy males and females aged 60 - 80 years , currently enrolled in a 2-year resistance training program . Subjects were r and omized into either exercise ( EX ) or control ( CON ) groups ( 60 - 70 years : 38 males and 36 females ; 70 - 80 years : 25 males and 43 females ) . EX trained several muscle groups twice per week for 42 weeks at intensities ranging from 50 - 80 % of the load that they could lift once only ( 1 RM ) ; CON did usual daily activities . After the 10 months there was no change in 1 RM strength in CON , but significant gains ( mean increases up to 65 % ) in EX ( no independent age or gender effects ) ; 30 % and 47 % of the increase in 1 RM had occurred by 6 and 12 weeks , respectively . In EX , the 7.1 % increase in peak cycling power output was significantly greater than in CON ( + 1.1 % ) . The 17.8 % improvement in symptom limited treadmill walking endurance was also greater than in CON ( + 3.4 % ) , but the difference between groups during stair climbing was not significant ( EX + 57 % , CON + 33 % ) . The cross-sectional areas of the knee extensors increased significantly by 5.5 % in EX but were unchanged in CON . There were no changes in bone mineral density or content in either group . We conclude that long-term resistance training in older people is feasible and results in increases in dynamic muscle strength , muscle size , and functional capacity OBJECTIVES To determine whether variation in resistance exercise volume affects muscle function and physical performance response in older adults . DESIGN A r and omized trial with subjects assigned to a single-set ( 1-SET ) or three-set ( 3-SET ) exercise group . SETTING An exercise facility at the University of Queensl and . PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight community-dwelling men and women aged 65 to 78 . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of seven exercises targeting the major muscle groups of the upper and lower body performed on exercise machines twice weekly for 20 weeks at eight-repetition maximum ( RM ) intensity . MEASUREMENTS Muscle function included isotonic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) of the seven exercises , isokinetic and isometric knee extensor strength , and muscle endurance for the chest press and leg press exercises . Physical performance included timed chair rise , usual and fast 6-m walk , 6-m backwards walk , 400-m walk , floor rise to st and ing , and stair climbing ability . In addition , body composition was determined using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . RESULTS Isotonic muscle strength increased in both exercise groups for all seven exercises ( P<.01 ) , with the gain in the 3-SET group greater ( P<.05 ) for the seated row , triceps extension , and knee extension ( analysis of covariance ) . Similarly , muscle endurance gains were greater for the 3-SET than the 1-SET group ( P<.01 ) , with no significant difference between groups for isokinetic and isometric knee extensor strength . Both groups improved ( P<.05 ) in the chair rise ( 1-SET , 10.1 % ; 3-SET , 13.6 % ) , 6-m backwards walk ( 1-SET , 14.3 % ; 3-SET , 14.8 % ) , 400-m walk ( 1-SET , 3.8 % ; 3-SET , 7.4 % ) , and stair climbing test ( 1-SET , 7.7 % ; 3-SET , 6.4 % ) , with the only difference between groups for the 400-m walk ( P<.05 ) . There was no difference between groups for change in body composition . CONCLUSION Resistance training consisting of only single-set exercises is sufficient to significantly enhance muscle function and physical performance , although muscle strength and endurance gains are greater with higher-volume work . These findings have application in design ing time-efficient exercise regimens to enhance neuromuscular function in older adults Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscular adaptations between low- , moderate- , and high-volume resistance training protocol s in resistance-trained men . Methods Thirty-four healthy resistance-trained men were r and omly assigned to one of three experimental groups : a low-volume group performing one set per exercise per training session ( n = 11 ) , a moderate-volume group performing three sets per exercise per training session ( n = 12 ) , or a high-volume group performing five sets per exercise per training session ( n = 11 ) . Training for all routines consisted of three weekly sessions performed on nonconsecutive days for 8 wk . Muscular strength was evaluated with one repetition maximum ( RM ) testing for the squat and bench press . Upper-body muscle endurance was evaluated using 50 % of subjects bench press 1RM performed to momentary failure . Muscle hypertrophy was evaluated using B-mode ultrasonography for the elbow flexors , elbow extensors , mid-thigh , and lateral thigh . Results Results showed significant preintervention to postintervention increases in strength and endurance in all groups , with no significant between-group differences . Alternatively , while all groups increased muscle size in most of the measured sites from preintervention to postintervention , significant increases favoring the higher-volume conditions were seen for the elbow flexors , mid-thigh , and lateral thigh . Conclusions Marked increases in strength and endurance can be attained by resistance-trained individuals with just three 13-min weekly sessions over an 8-wk period , and these gains are similar to that achieved with a substantially greater time commitment . Alternatively , muscle hypertrophy follows a dose – response relationship , with increasingly greater gains achieved with higher training volumes Background . Aged-related loss of afferent feedback of the feet plays an important role in gait performance . Although strength , balance and gait training can significantly improve the muscle power and functional abilities of older individuals , it remains unclear whether training effects can be enhanced by augmenting afferent feedback from the feet adding shoe insoles complementary to conventional training . Objective . The current study investigated the effect of physical exercise combined with wearing MedReflex ® shoe insoles on the gait performance and muscle power in older adults . Methods . Twenty-eight independent living , older adults aged 65–91 years were r and omly assigned to either an insole group ( IG ; n = 14 ) or a training group ( TG ; n = 14 ) . Further 14 subjects matched to the IG and TG were recruited as a control group ( CG ; n = 14 ) ( no exercise ) . The IG and TG completed the same training program consisting of aerobic exercises , progressive resistance strength training and stretching exercises twice per week for 12 weeks , whereas , the IG wore the insoles during everyday life and during training sessions . Assessment s included the Falls Efficacy Scale – International ( FES-I ) , gait analysis and muscle power measurements of the knee and ankle joint at pre- and post-training . Results . There were significant time × group interactions in walking speed , step length and in several muscle power measurements . The positive effects of gait parameters ranged between 1 % and 12 % and between 1 % and 8 % and the trend to improvements of muscle power ranged between 15–79 % and 20–79 % for the IG and TG , respectively . The IG and TG did not differ significantly in their improvements . The CG showed a trend to deteriorations between 0 % and −5 % for gait parameters and between −4 % and −14 % for muscle power . No significant change in FES-I score occurred in neither groups . Conclusions . The results of this study provide evidence of significant improvements in gait performance and muscle power after a conventional training program in independent living , older adults . However , there is no additional effect of long-term adaptation of gait caused by wearing insoles concurrent to physical training Introduction Older breast cancer survivors ( BCS ) report more falls and functional limitations than women with no cancer history .  Exercise training could reduce risk factors for future falls and disability . Methods We conducted a r and omized , controlled trial in 106 early-stage , postmenopausal BCS who were ≥50 years old at diagnosis and post-treatment . Women were r and omly assigned to a 1-year resistance + impact exercise program or a stretching placebo program . Endpoints were one repetition maximum bench press and leg press strength , timed five chair st and s , 4 m usual walk speed , timed stance tests , h and grip strength , self-report physical function , and fatigue . We also examined the influence of age , adjuvant hormone therapy use , and exercise adherence on study outcomes . Results Women in the resistance + impact training program significantly improved maximal leg ( p < 0 .02 ) and bench ( p < 0 .02 ) press strength compared to the stretching group . Women who attended 50 % or more of prescribed resistance training sessions had significantly better changes in maximal strength measures compared to less adherent women . Conclusions Resistance + impact exercise is superior to stretching at improving maximal muscle strength and exercise adherence contributes to the degree of improvement . Implication s for cancer survivorsOlder BCS can safely engage in resistance exercise that improves lower and upper body strength , thereby reducing a risk factor for falls and future disability . However , the ability of resistance training to shift other indices of fall and disability risk , i.e. , balance and function , is unclear . Strategies to promote adherence to resistance training could lead to greater improvements in strength Effects of heavy resistance exercise on serum testosterone and skeletal muscle and rogen receptor ( AR ) concentrations were examined before and after a 21-week resistance training period . Seven healthy untrained young adult men ( YT ) and ten controls ( YC ) as well as ten older men ( OT ) and eight controls ( OC ) volunteered as subjects .  Heavy resistance exercise bouts ( 5 × 10 RM leg presses ) were performed before and after the training period . Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1h and 48 h after the resistance exercise bouts from m.vastus lateralis ( VL ) to determine cross-sectional area of muscle fibers ( fCSA ) and AR mRNA expression and protein concentrations . No changes were observed in YC and OC while resistance training led to significant increases in maximal strength of leg extensors ( 1 RM ) , fCSA and lean body mass in YT and OT . Acute increases occurred in serum testosterone concentrations due to resistance exercises but basal testosterone remained unaltered . Mean AR mRNA expression and protein concentration remained unchanged after heavy resistance exercise bouts compared to pre-values . The individual pre- to post-training changes in resting ( pre-exercise ) AR protein concentration correlated with the changes in fCSA and lean body mass in the combined group of YT and OT . Similarly , it correlated with the changes in 1 RM in YT . Although mean AR expression did not changed due to the resistance exercise training , the present findings suggest that the individual changes of AR protein concentration in skeletal muscle following resistance training may have an impact on training-induced muscular adaptations in both younger and older men OBJECTIVES Protein supplementation has been proposed as an effective dietary strategy to augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in elderly people . Our objective was to assess the impact of protein supplementation on muscle mass , strength , and physical performance during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly men and women . DESIGN / SETTING / PARTICIPANTS A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial with 2 arms in parallel among 62 frail elderly subjects ( 78 ± 1 year ) . These elderly subjects participated in a progressive resistance-type exercise training program ( 2 sessions per week for 24 weeks ) during which they were supplemented twice daily with either protein ( 2 * 15 g ) or a placebo .  MEASUREMENTS Lean body mass ( DXA ) , strength ( 1-RM ) , and physical performance ( SPPB ) were assessed at baseline , and after 12 and 24 weeks of intervention . RESULTS Lean body mass increased from 47.2 kg ( 95 % CI , 43.5 - 50.9 ) to 48.5 kg ( 95 % CI , 44.8 - 52.1 ) in the protein group and did not change in the placebo group ( from 45.7 kg , 95 % CI , 42.1 - 49.2 to 45.4 kg , 95 % CI , 41.8 - 48.9 ) following the intervention ( P value for treatment × time interaction = .006 ) . Strength and physical performance improved significantly in both groups ( P = .000 ) with no interaction effect of dietary protein supplementation . CONCLUSIONS Prolonged resistance-type exercise training represents an effective strategy to improve strength and physical performance in frail elderly people  . Dietary protein supplementation is required to allow muscle mass gain during exercise training in frail elderly people . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov identifier : NCT01110369 Women with fibromyalgia ( FM ) often complain of whole-body pain , and muscle fatigue , which may be related to autonomic dysfunction . Therefore , the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training ( RET ) on disease impact , pain catastrophizing , and autonomic modulation in women with FM . Women with FM ( n=26 ) and healthy control women ( HC : n=9 ) , aged 19–65 yrs , were compared at rest . Women with FM were r and omly assigned to a resistance-training group ( FM-RT : n=14 ) or a non-exercising control group ( FM-CON : n=12 ) . Women in the FM-RT group underwent 8-weeks of RET on 4 different exercises , 2 times per week , 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions at 50%-60 % of the pre-determined 1-repetition max ( 1RM ) . Autonomic modulation was assessed using heart rate variability and heart rate complexity . Healthy control women had a lower resting heart rate , decreased normalized low-frequency power , and increased normalized high-frequency power compared to the FM groups at rest . After the 8-week intervention , significant increases ( p ≤ 0.05 ) in 1RM were observed for both chest press and leg extension for women in the RT group . Disease impact was significantly reduced ( p ≤ 0.05 ) for participants in the FM-RT group ( FM-RT : 59±12 to 41±24 units ; FM-CON : 72±7 to71±8 units ) , but pain catastrophizing was unaltered . There were no significant changes in autonomic modulation after the RET intervention . These data demonstrate that while women with FM may still have autonomic dysfunction after undergoing a RET  program , disease impact was significantly reduced The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ami-no acid supplementation on muscular strength , power , and high-intensity endurance during short-term resistance training overreaching . Seventeen resistance-trained men were r and omly assigned to either an amino acid ( AA ) or placebo ( P ) group and underwent 4 weeks of total-body resistance training consisting of two 2-week phases of overreaching ( phase 1 : 3 X 8–12 repetitions maximum [ RM ] , 8 exercises ; phase 2 : 5 X 3–5RM , 5 exercises ) . Muscle strength , power , and high-intensity endurance were determined before ( T1 ) and at the end of each training week ( T2-T5 ) . One repetition maximum squat and bench press decreased at T2 in P ( 5.2 and 3.4 kg , respectively ) but not in AA , and significant increases in 1RM squat and bench press were observed at T3-T5 in both groups . A decrease in the ballistic bench press peak power was observed at T3 in P but not AA . The fatigue index during the 20-repetition jump squat assessment did not change in the P group at T3 and T5 ( fatigue index = 18.6 and 18.3 % , respectively ) whereas a trend for reduction was observed in the AA group ( p = 0.06 ) at T3 ( 12.8 % ) but not T5 ( 15.2 % ; p = 0.12 ) . These results indicate that the initial impact of high-volume resistance training overreaching reduces muscle strength and power , and it appears that these reductions are attenuated with amino acid supplementation . In addition , an initial high-volume , moderate-intensity phase of overreaching followed by a higher intensity , moderate-volume phase appears to be very effective for enhancing muscle strength in resistance-trained men BACKGROUND We hypothesised that combined aerobic training ( AT ) with resistance training ( RT ) and inspiratory muscle training ( IMT ) could result in additional benefits over AT alone in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) . METHODS Twenty-seven patients , age 58 ± 9 years , NYHA II/III and LVEF 29 ± 7 % were r and omly assigned to a 12-week AT ( n=14 ) or a combined AT/RT/IMT ( ARIS ) ( n=13 ) exercise program . AT consisted of bike exercise at 70 - 80 % of max heart rate . ARIS training consisted of AT with RT of the quadriceps at 50 % of 1 repetition maximum ( 1RM ) and upper limb exercises using dumbbells of 1 - 2 kg as well as IMT at 60 % of sustained maximal inspiratory pressure ( SPI(max ) ) . At baseline and after intervention patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing , echocardiography , evaluation of dyspnea , muscle function and quality of life ( QoL ) scores . RESULTS The ARIS program as compared to AT alone , result ed in additional improvement in quadriceps muscle strength ( 1RM , p=0.005 ) and endurance ( 50%1 RM × number of max repetitions , p=0.01 ) , SPI(max ) ( p<0.001 ) , exercise time ( p=0.01 ) , circulatory power ( peak oxygen consumption × peak systolic blood pressure , p=0.05 ) , dyspnea ( p=0.03 ) and QoL ( p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS ARIS training was safe and result ed in incremental benefits in both peripheral and respiratory muscle weakness , cardiopulmonary function and QoL compared to that of AT . The present findings may add a new prospect i ve to cardiac rehabilitation programs of heart failure patients whilst the clinical significance of these outcomes need to be addressed in larger r and omised studies Background : Recent guidelines for exercise in patients with heart failure ( HF ) recommended aerobic and resistance exercise as being safe and effective ; however , the clinical and functional significance of these combined training modalities has not been established . In this pilot study , combined aerobic and resistance training was hypothesized to improve physical function , muscle strength , and health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) compared with an attention control wait list ( ACWL ) . Methods : The 10-item Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance Test ( CS-PFP10 ) , which simulates common household chores ; muscle strength ( h and grip and knee extension ) ; and HRQOL ( Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Question naire ) were evaluated at baseline ( T1 ) and at 12 weeks ( T2 ) . The home-based moderate-intensity walking and resistance training program was performed 5 days a week . Results : Twenty-four New York Heart Association class II to III HF patients ( mean [ SD ] age , 60 [ 10 ] years ; mean [ SD ] left ventricular ejection fraction , 25 % [ 9 % ] ) were r and omized to a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program or to an ACWL group . Of the total group , 58 % were New York Heart Association class III HF patients , 50 % were white , and 50 % were female . The CS-PFP10 total scores were significantly increased in the exercise group , from 45 ( 18 ) to 56 ( 16 ) . The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Question naire overall summary score was significantly improved ( P < .001 ) at T2 in the exercise intervention group compared with the ACWL group . Conclusions : Participants provided the home-based , combined aerobic and resistance exercise program had significantly improved physical function , muscle strength , symptom severity , and HRQOL compared with the ACWL group . The findings of this study must be interpreted cautiously owing to the limitations of a small sample , data collection from a single center , and differences between control and interventions groups at baseline . A combined aerobic and resistance exercise approach may improve physical function in stable HF patients , but further study in a larger , more diverse population is recommended . However , in this study , the CS-PFP10 instrument demonstrated its ability to identify functional health status in HF patients and thus warrants further testing in a larger sample for possible use in clinical practice Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase ( COX ) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older adults . This study examined the influence of acetaminophen or ibuprofen consumption on muscle mass and strength during 12 wk of knee extensor progressive resistance exercise training in older adults . Thirty-six individuals were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed the COX-inhibiting drugs in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion : placebo ( 67 ± 2 yr ; n = 12 ) , acetaminophen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 11 ; 4 g/day ) , and ibuprofen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 13 ; 1.2 g/day ) . Compliance with the resistance training program ( 100 % ) and drug consumption ( via digital video observation , 94 % ) , and resistance training intensity were similar ( P > 0.05 ) for all three groups . Drug consumption unexpectedly increased muscle volume  ( acetaminophen : 109 ± 14 cm(3 ) , 12.5 % ; ibuprofen : 84 ± 10 cm(3 ) , 10.9 % ) and muscle strength  ( acetaminophen : 19 ± 2 kg ; ibuprofen : 19 ± 2 kg ) to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) than placebo ( muscle volume : 69 ± 12 cm(3 ) , 8.6 % ; muscle strength : 15 ± 2 kg ) , when controlling for initial muscle size and strength . Follow-up analysis of muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after training showed muscle protein content , muscle water content , and myosin heavy chain distribution were not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption . Similarly , muscle content of the two known enzymes potentially targeted by the drugs , COX-1 and -2 , was not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption , although resistance training did result in a drug-independent increase in COX-1 ( 32 ± 8 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Drug consumption did not influence the size of the nonresistance-trained hamstring muscles ( P > 0.05 ) . Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen , when consumed in combination with resistance training , do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults . The present findings coupled with previous short-term exercise studies provide convincing evidence that the COX pathway(s ) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein turnover and muscle mass in humans PURPOSE Determine the independent and combined effects of progressive resistance muscle strength training ( PRMST ) and testosterone on strength , muscle mass , and function in hypogonadal elderly male recuperative care patients . METHODS Between 1999 and 2004 , 71 subjects ( mean age 78.2 + /- 6.4 yr , 86 % white ) were enrolled . After baseline one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) strength testing and then r and omization to one of four treatment groups ( low-resistance ( 20 % of the 1RM ) exercises and weekly injections of either 100 mg of testosterone enanthate or placebo or high-intensity PRMST ( > or = 80 % 1RM ) and weekly injections ) , each subject received training and injections for 12 wk . RESULTS Ten subjects withdrew from the study before its completion . Based on intent-to-treat analyses , strength improved in all groups , but was greater with high-intensity PRMST compared with low-resistance exercise ( e.g. , leg press , ( mean + /- SE ) , 28 + /- 4 vs 13 + /- 4 % , P = 0.009 ) . Although testosterone led to significantly greater increases in midthigh cross-sectional muscle area compared with placebo ( 7.9 + /- 1.3 vs 2.4 + /- 1.4 % , P = 0.005 ) , it produced only a nonsignificant trend toward greater strength gains ( e.g. , leg press 25 + /- 4 vs 16 + /- 4 % , P = 0.144 ) . Change in aggregate functional performance score ( the sum of 4 functional performance test scores ) did not differ between the four intervention groups nor with high-intensity PRMST compared with low-resistance exercise ( 7 + /- 5 vs 15 + /- 5 % , P = 0.263 ) . There was not a significant interaction between exercise and testosterone for any outcome . CONCLUSION High-intensity PRMST is as safe and well tolerated as a similarly structured low-resistance exercise regimen for very frail elderly patients , but produces greater muscle strength improvements . The addition of testosterone leads to greater muscle size and a trend toward greater strength but did not produce a synergistic interaction with exercise . Neither intervention had a significant effect on functional performance Gergely , JC . Comparison of two lower-body modes of endurance training on lower-body strength development while concurrently training . J Strength Cond Res 23(3 ) : 979 - 987 , 2009-The most recent American College of Sports Medicine ( 1998 ) recommendations for quantity and quality of exercise includes both resistance and endurance exercise components . Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance-only and endurance-only programs may be different and possibly antagonistic when both types of training are imposed concurrently . The present study examined the effect of two different modes of lower-body endurance exercise ( i.e. , cycle ergometry and incline treadmill walking ) on lower-body strength development with concurrent resistance training design ed to improve lower-body strength ( i.e. , bilateral leg press 1 repetition maximum [ RM ] ) . Thirty untrained participants ( 22 men and 8 women , ages 18 - 23 ) were r and omly assigned to one of 3 training groups ( resistance only [ R ] , N = 10 ; resistance + cycle ergometry [ RC ] , N = 10 ; and resistance + incline treadmill [ RT ] , N = 10 ) . The 3 training groups exercised twice per week for 9 weeks . The reduced frequency of exercise treatments were selected specifically to avoid overtraining for in-season athletes attempting to maintain offseason conditioning . Body mass and body composition measurements were taken pre- and post-training . Before training began , 3 weeks of training , 6 weeks of training , and after training , the participants also performed a 1RM test for lower-body strength . Analysis of variance comparisons with repeated measures revealed the following statistically significant changes ( α = 0.05 ) in the 3 training groups over time : ( a ) when men and women were combined , body mass of R was significantly greater than RC and RT post-training ; ( b ) body mass of men only was significantly greater than RC and RT post-training ; ( c ) body composition of men only was significantly smaller for RC and RT compared with R ; ( d ) when men and women were combined , percent change in strength revealed significantly greater gains in R compared with RT at 6 weeks ; ( e ) when men and women were combined , percent change in strength revealed significantly greater gains in R compared with RC and RT post-training ; ( f ) percent change in strength for men only was significantly greater for R compared with RT at 3 weeks ; ( g ) percent change in strength for men only was significantly greater for R compared with RC and RT at 6 weeks , and RC was significantly greater than RT at 6 weeks ; ( h ) percent change in strength in men only was significantly greater for R compared with RC and RT post-training , and RC was significantly greater than RT post-training ; and ( i ) percent change in strength in women was significantly greater in R compared with RT post-training . The findings confirm previous studies that reported attenuated strength development with concurrent resistance and endurance training compared with resistance-only training . More importantly , this study indicates that the mode of endurance exercise in concurrent training regimens may play a role in the development of strength . Specifically , it seems that cycling is superior to treadmill endurance training for an individual with the goal of developing strength in a multijoint movement ( i.e. , leg press or squat ) in the lower-body because it more closely mimics the biomechanical movement of these exercises Twenty patients with stable COPD ( mean age 67.8 yr ; mean FEV1 1.08 1 ) , all limited by ventilation at maximum exercise , were r and omly allocated after a four week control period , to an eight week programme of either inspiratory resistive training ( IRT ) , with a P Flex device , or conventional breathing retraining ( BR ) .  Exercise performance was evaluated every four weeks , using a 12-min walking test , an incremental progressive exercise on a cycle ergometer and a cycle endurance test . Inspiratory muscle endurance was measured as the highest tolerated resistance for 10 min on a P Flex device . IRT produced a significant ( p less than 0.05 ) increase in the highest tolerated resistance , but IRT and BR failed to improve lung function or exercise performance . The present study shows that in COPD patients with ventilatory limitation on exercise an IRT programme may fail to improve exercise performance , in spite of an efficient training effect on the endurance of the inspiratory muscles BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that protein ingestion before sleep increases muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from an exercise bout . However , it remains to be established whether dietary protein ingestion before sleep can effectively augment the muscle adaptive response to resistance-type exercise training . OBJECTIVE Here we assessed the impact of dietary protein supplementation before sleep on muscle mass and strength gains during resistance-type exercise training . METHODS Forty-four young men ( 22 ± 1 y ) were r and omly assigned to a progressive , 12-wk resistance exercise training program . One group consumed a protein supplement containing 27.5 g of protein , 15 g of carbohydrate , and 0.1 g of fat every night before sleep . The other group received a noncaloric placebo . Muscle hypertrophy was assessed on a whole-body ( dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ) , limb ( computed tomography scan ) , and muscle fiber ( muscle biopsy specimen ) level before and after exercise training . Strength was assessed regularly by 1-repetition maximum strength testing . RESULTS Muscle strength increased after resistance exercise training to a significantly greater extent in the protein-supplemented ( PRO ) group than in the placebo-supplemented ( PLA ) group ( + 164 ± 11 kg and + 130 ± 9 kg , respectively ; P < 0.001 ) . In addition , quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area increased in both groups over time ( P < 0.001 ) , with a greater increase in the PRO group than in the PLA group ( + 8.4 ± 1.1 cm(2 ) vs. + 4.8 ± 0.8 cm(2 ) , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Both type I and type II muscle fiber size increased after exercise training ( P < 0.001 ) , with a greater increase in type II muscle fiber size in the PRO group ( + 2319 ± 368 μm(2 ) ) than in the PLA group ( + 1017 ± 353 μm(2 ) ; P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Protein ingestion before sleep represents an effective dietary strategy to augment muscle mass and strength gains during resistance exercise training in young men . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02222415 Background and Purpose : Muscle strength training is important for people with knee osteoarthritis ( OA ) .  High-resistance exercise has been demonstrated to be more beneficial than low-resistance exercise for young subjects . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high- and low-resistance strength training in elderly subjects with knee OA . Subjects and Methods : One hundred two subjects were r and omly assigned to groups that received 8 weeks of high-resistance exercise ( HR group ) , 8 weeks of low-resistance exercise ( LR group ) , or no exercise ( control group ) . Pain , function , walking time , and muscle torque were examined before and after intervention . Results : Significant improvement for all measures was observed in both exercise groups . There was no significant difference in any measures between HR and LR groups . However , based on effect size between exercise and control groups , the HR group improved more than the LR group . Discussion and Conclusion : Both high- and low-resistance strength training significantly improved clinical effects in this study . The effects of high-resistance strength training appear to be larger than those of low-resistance strength training for people with mild to moderate knee OA , although the differences between the HR and LR groups were not statistically significant Background Although resistance exercise interventions have been shown to be beneficial in prefrail or frail older adults it remains unclear whether there are residual effects when the training is followed by a period of detraining . The aim of this study was to establish the sustainability of a muscle power or muscle strength training effect in prefrail older adults following training and detraining . Methods 69 prefrail community-dwelling older adults , aged 65–94 years were r and omly assigned into three groups : muscle strength training ( ST ) , muscle power training ( PT ) or controls . The exercise interventions were performed for 60 minutes , twice a week over 12 weeks . Physical function ( Short Physical Performance Battery = SPPB ) , muscle power ( sit-to-st and transfer = STS ) , self-reported function ( SF-LLFDI ) and appendicular lean mass ( aLM ) were measured at baseline and at 12 , 24 and 36 weeks after the start of the intervention . Results For the SPPB , significant intervention effects were found at 12 weeks in both exercise groups ( ST : p = 0.0047 ; PT : p = 0.0043 ) . There were no statistically significant effects at 24 and 36 weeks . In the ST group , the SPPB declined continuously after stop of exercising whereas the PT group and controls remained unchanged . No effects were found for muscle power , SF-LLFDI and aLM . Conclusions The results showed that both intervention types are equally effective at 12 weeks but did not result in statistically significant residual effects when the training is followed by a period of detraining . The unchanged SPPB score at 24 and 36 weeks in the PT group indicates that muscle power training might be more beneficial than muscle strength training . However , more research is needed on the residual effects of both interventions . Taken the drop-out rates ( PT : 33 % , ST : 21 % ) into account , muscle power training should also be used more carefully in prefrail older adults . Trial registration This trial has been registered with clinical trials.gov ( NCT00783159 Patients who are on hemodialysis commonly experience muscle wasting and weakness , which have a negative effect on physical functioning and quality of life . The objective of this study was to determine whether anabolic steroid administration and resistance exercise training induce anabolic effects among patients who receive maintenance hemodialysis . A r and omized 2 x 2 factorial trial of anabolic steroid administration and resistance exercise training was conducted in 79 patients who were receiving maintenance hemodialysis at University of California , San Francisco-affiliated dialysis units . Interventions included double-blinded weekly n and rolone decanoate ( 100 mg for women ; 200 mg for men ) or placebo injections and lower extremity resistance exercise training for 12 wk during hemodialysis sessions three times per week using ankle weights . Primary outcomes included change in lean body mass ( LBM ) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry , quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area measured by magnetic resonance imaging , and knee extensor muscle strength . Secondary outcomes included changes in physical performance , self-reported physical functioning , and physical activity . Sixty-eight patients completed the study . Patients who received n and rolone decanoate increased their LBM by 3.1 + /- 2.2 kg ( P < 0.0001 ) . Exercise did not result in a significant increase in LBM . Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area increased in patients who were assigned to exercise ( P = 0.01 ) and to n and rolone ( P < 0.0001 ) in an additive manner . Patients who exercised increased their strength in a training-specific fashion , and exercise was associated with an improvement in self-reported physical functioning ( P = 0.04 compared with nonexercising groups ) . N and rolone decanoate and resistance exercise produced anabolic effects among patients who were on hemodialysis . Further studies are needed to determine whether these interventions improve survival PURPOSE To examine the effect of progressive resistance training on muscle function , functional performance , balance , body composition , and muscle thickness in men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer . METHODS Ten men aged 59 - 82 yr on and rogen deprivation for localized prostate cancer undertook progressive resistance training for 20 wk at 6- to 12-repetition maximum ( RM ) for 12 upper- and lower-body exercises in a university exercise rehabilitation clinic . Outcome measures included muscle strength and muscle endurance for the upper and lower body , functional performance ( repeated chair rise , usual and fast 6-m walk , 6-m backwards walk , stair climb , and 400-m walk time ) , and balance by sensory organization test . Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle thickness at four anatomical sites by B-mode ultrasound . Blood sample s were assessed for prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) , testosterone , growth hormone ( GH ) , cortisol , and hemoglobin . RESULTS Muscle strength ( chest press , 40.5 % ; seated row , 41.9 % ; leg press , 96.3 % ; P < 0.001 ) and muscle endurance ( chest press , 114.9 % ; leg press , 167.1 % ; P < 0.001 ) increased significantly after training . Significant improvement ( P < 0.05 ) occurred in the 6-m usual walk ( 14.1 % ) , 6-m backwards walk ( 22.3 % ) , chair rise ( 26.8 % ) , stair climbing ( 10.4 % ) , 400-m walk ( 7.4 % ) , and balance ( 7.8 % ) . Muscle thickness increased ( P < 0.05 ) by 15.7 % at the quadriceps site . Whole-body lean mass was preserved with no change in fat mass . There were no significant changes in PSA , testosterone , GH , cortisol , or hemoglobin . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise has beneficial effects on muscle strength , functional performance and balance in older men receiving and rogen deprivation for prostate cancer and should be considered to preserve body composition and reduce treatment side effects Background and Purpose : A phase II , single-blinded , r and omized clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of combined task-specific and lower-extremity ( LE ) strength training to improve walking ability after stroke . Subjects : The participants were 80 adults who were ambulatory 4 months to 5 years after a unilateral stroke . Method : The exercise interventions consisted of body-weight – supported treadmill training ( BWSTT ) , limb-loaded resistive leg cycling ( CYCLE ) , LE muscle-specific progressive-resistive exercise ( LE-EX ) , and upper-extremity ergometry ( UE-EX ) . After baseline assessment s , participants were r and omly assigned to a combined exercise program that included an exercise pair . The exercise pairs were : BWSTT/UE-EX , CYCLE/UE-EX , BWSTT/CYCLE , and BWSTT/LE-EX . Exercise sessions were 4 times per week for 6 weeks ( total of 24 sessions ) , with exercise type completed on alternate days . Outcomes were self-selected walking speed , fast walking speed , and 6-minute walk distance measured before and after intervention and at a 6-month follow-up . Results : The BWSTT/UE-EX group had significantly greater walking speed increases compared with the CYCLE/UE-EX group ; both groups improved in distance walked . All BWSTT groups increased walking speed and distance whether BWSTT was combined with LE strength training or not . Discussion and Conclusion : After chronic stroke , task-specific training during treadmill walking with body-weight support is more effective in improving walking speed and maintaining these gains at 6 months than resisted leg cycling alone . Consistent with the overtraining literature , LE strength training alternated daily with BWSTT walking did not provide an added benefit to walking outcomes This study was design ed to determine whether inspiratory resistive training could improve the exercise performance of patients with severe chronic airflow limitation who had already received optimum conventional therapy with bronchodilators and physiotherapy . Eighteen patients were studied . Ten patients were trained with an inspiratory resistance device for six weeks and eight patients used a placebo device . Psychological factors , likely to influence exercise capacity , were taken into account . Although there was no significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure in the ten trained subjects , inspiratory muscle endurance was improved . Exercise performance , as assessed by progressive cycle exercise , stair climbing , 12 minute walking distance and treadmill walking did not change significantly in either group . It was concluded that inspiratory muscle training , using a currently available technique , produced no additional improvement in exercise capacity beyond that achieved by conventional bronchodilator and rehabilitation therapy The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of functional progressive resistance exercise ( PRE ) training on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy ( CP ) . Fifty-one ambulant children with spastic CP ( mean age 10 years 5 months , 29 boys ) were r and omized to an intervention ( n=26 ) or control group ( n=25 , receiving usual care ) . The intervention consisted of 12 weeks functional PRE circuit training , for 3 times a week . Main outcome measures were walking ability and participation . Secondary outcomes were muscle strength and anaerobic muscle power . Possible adverse outcomes were spasticity and passive range of motion ( ROM ) . Muscle strength increased significantly in the training group compared to the control group , but walking ability , participation and anaerobic muscle power did not change . Spasticity and ROM remained unchanged , except for a significant decrease in rectus femoris length in the intervention group . It is concluded that twelve weeks of functional PRE-training does not improve walking ability , despite improved muscle strength BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation and protein-energy malnutrition may be associated with poor outcomes in kidney disease . METHODS We studied 26 adults ( age , 65 + /- 10 [ SD ] years ) with chronic kidney disease , not on dialysis therapy . Subjects were r and omly assigned to resistance training ( n = 14 ) or a control group ( n = 12 ) for 12 weeks , while counseled to consume a low-protein diet ( protein , approximately 0.6 g/kg/d ) . We determined whether resistance training reduces levels of inflammatory mediators ( serum C-reactive protein [ CRP ] and interleukin-6 [ IL-6 ] ) , in addition to previously reported improvements in nutritional and functional status in this same subject population . RESULTS Serum CRP levels were reduced in subjects undergoing resistance training ( -1.7 mg/L ) compared with controls ( 1.5 mg/L ; P = 0.05 ) . Similarly , IL-6 levels were reduced in the resistance-exercise group versus controls ( -4.2 versus 2.3 pg/mL ; P = 0.01 ) . Resistance training lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy , shown by increases in type I ( 24 % + /- 31 % ) and type II ( 22 % + /- 41 % ) muscle fiber cross-sectional areas , compared with control subjects ( -14 % + /- 34 % and -13 % + /- 18 % , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . Muscle strength also improved with resistance training ( 28 % + /- 14 % ) compared with controls ( -13 % + /- 22 % ; P = 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Resistance training reduced inflammation and improved nutritional status in individuals with moderate chronic kidney disease consuming a low-protein diet . These results need to be investigated further in larger cohorts of patients with varying stages of kidney disease to determine whether resistance training can improve disease outcomes long term INTRODUCTION Previous research has demonstrated that ingestion of essential amino acids and their metabolites induce anabolic effects with the potential to augment gains in lean body mass and strength after resistance exercise training . PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an essential amino acid-based formula ( Muscle Armor ( MA ) ; Abbott Laboratories , Abbott Park , IL ) containing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ( HMB ) on hormonal and muscle damage markers in response to 12 wk of resistance exercise . METHODS Seventeen healthy men ( mean body mass : 77.9 + /- 7.2 kg ; mean height : 174.3 + /- 12.4 cm ; mean age : 22.9 + /- 3.8 yr ) were matched and r and omized into two groups and performed 12 wk of periodized heavy resistance training while supplementing with either MA or an isocaloric , isonitrogenous placebo ( CON ) . Every 2 wk during the 12-wk intervention , resting blood draws were obtained , and muscle strength and power were measured . In addition , blood draws were obtained before , during , and after a st and ardized resistance exercise challenge performed pre- , mid- , and posttraining . RESULTS Lean body mass , muscle strength , and muscle power significantly ( P < or= 0.05 ) increased in both groups after training ; however , MA supplementation augmented these responses to a significantly greater extent when compared with the CON group . MA supplementation promoted increases in resting and exercise-induced testosterone and resting growth hormone concentrations . In addition , MA reduced preexercise cortisol concentrations . Throughout the training protocol , MA attenuated circulating creatine kinase and malondealdehyde compared with the CON group , suggesting that MA might have influenced a reduction in muscle damage . CONCLUSION MA supplementation beneficially affected training-induced changes in lean body mass , muscle strength , and power , as well as hormonal responses and markers of muscle damage in response to 12 wk of resistance exercise training when compared with an isonitrogenous control Background : Plyometric training is a widely used method to improve performance in healthy athletes . It is highly recommended in the late stage of rehabilitation of many lower limb injuries . However , its effects on muscle strength and function in management of lateral ankle sprain have not been reported . Therefore , the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of plyometric training versus resistive exercises on muscle strength and function following acute lateral ankle sprain . Material s and Methods : Twenty-two athletes ( aged from 20 to 35 years ) of both sexes with grade I or II unilateral inversion ankle sprain participated in the study ( at least 3 weeks after acute injury ) . They were r and omly assigned to two groups . The first group received plyometric training , whereas the second one received resistive training for 6 weeks . Isokinetic peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at 30 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s and functional tests were assessed before and after training . Results : Both plyometric and resistive training improve isokinetic evertor and invertor peak torques and functional performance of athletes p < 0.05 . There were no significant differences between groups concerning peak torque/body weight for invertors and evertors at both speeds measured p > 0.05 . The functional test measures of the plyometric group were significantly higher than that of resistive group . Conclusion : Plyometrics were more effective than resistive exercises in improving functional performance of athletes after lateral ankle sprain . Level of Evidence : I , Prospect i ve R and omized BACKGROUND whole body vibration ( WBV ) training appears to be an efficient alternative for conventional resistance training in older individuals . So far , no data exist about the vibratory effect on cardiorespiratory fitness . OBJECTIVES this r and omised controlled trial assessed the effects of 1-year WBV training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in community-dwelling adults over the age of 60 . METHODS a total of 220 adults ( mean age 67.1 years ) were r and omly assigned to a WBV group , fitness group or control group . The WBV group exercised on a vibration platform , and the fitness group performed cardiovascular , resistance , balance and stretching exercises . The control group did not participate in any training .  Heart rate was measured during a single WBV session . Peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2peak ) ) and time-to-peak exercise ( TPE ) were measured during progressive bicycle ergometry . Muscle strength was assessed by a dynamometer . RESULTS heart rate increased significantly during WBV training . After 1 year , VO(2peak ) , TPE and muscle strength increased significantly in the WBV and fitness groups . Both training groups improved similarly in VO(2peak ) and muscle strength . The fitness group improved significantly more in TPE than the WBV group . CONCLUSION WBV training in community-dwelling elderly appears to be efficient to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength Background Little is known about the effects of resistance training on health related quality of life ( HRQL )  in the elderly . Aim The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on strength , body composition , functional capacity and HRQL in independent living elderly people . We hypothesised that resistance training would improve lean mass , muscle strength , physical function and HRQL . Methods Subjects ( N = 237 , 73.7±5.7yrs , 58.2 % female ) participated in a 12-week resistance exercise program ( 3 times/week ; 3 sets , 6–8 repetitions at 75–80 % of the 1-repetition maximum ) design ed to increase strength and muscle mass of major muscle groups . Body composition , quadriceps- and grip strength , timed up and go test ( TUG ) , six minute walk for distance ( 6MW ) and HRQL were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results Two hundred- and -four participants completed the study . Although the increase in lean mass was small ( + 0.8 kg , P<0.01 ) , quadriceps strength ( + 53.5N ) , grip strength ( + 3.0 lb ) , TUG ( -0.6sec ) , 6MW ( + 33.6 m ) and HRQL ( + 1.2 t-score ) improved significantly ( all P<0.01 ) . Changes in 6MW predicted improvement in HRQL after 12 weeks . Conclusions Our study shows that a 12-week resistance exercise program  significantly improves lean mass , muscle strength , physical function and HRQL  in elderly individuals , and that improvements in physical function predict improvements in HRQL . Our study indicates that resistance training should be promoted for the elderly as it has the potential to improve physical performance , thereby prolonging healthy , independent aging INTRODUCTION Although h and grip strength is considered a strong predictor of negative health outcomes , it is unclear whether h and grip strength represents a useful measure to evaluate changes in muscle strength following resistance-type exercise training in older people . We assessed whether measuring h and grip strength provides proper insight in the efficacy of resistance-type exercise training to increase muscle mass , strength , and physical performance in frail older people . METHODS Prefrail and frail older people ( ≥ 65 y ) were either conducting a 24-week resistance-type exercise training or no exercise training . Before , during , and after the intervention , h and grip strength ( JAMAR ) , lean body mass ( DXA ) , leg strength ( 1-RM ) , and physical performance ( SPPB ) were assessed . RESULTS H and grip strength correlated with appendicular lean mass ( r = 0.68 ; p < .001 ) and leg strength ( r = 0.67 ; p < .001 ) . After 24 weeks of whole body resistance-type exercise training , leg extension strength improved significantly better when compared with the control group ( 57 ± 2 - 78 ± 3 kg vs 57 ± 3 - 65 ± 3 kg : p < .001 ) . Moreover , physical performance improved significantly more in the exercise group ( 8.0 ± 0.4 - 9.3 ± 0.4 points ) when compared with the control group ( 8.3 ± 0.4 - 8.9 ± 0.4 points : p < .05 ) . These positive changes were not accompanied with any significant changes in h and grip strength ( 26.3 ± 1.2 - 27.6 ± 1.2 kg in the exercise group vs 26.6 ± 1.2 - 26.3 ± 1.3 kg in the control group : p = .71 ) . CONCLUSION Although h and grip strength strongly correlates with muscle mass and leg strength in frail older people , h and grip strength does not provide a valid means to evaluate the efficacy of exercise intervention programs to increase muscle mass or strength in an older population Background Exercise training has now become established practice in patients with chronic heart failure . Women are often under-represented in intervention studies compared to men . For this reason it was our aim to conduct a combined endurance and muscle strength training program to evaluate its effect on clinical performance data and health-related psychosocial factors in women and men . Methods One hundred and sixteen women , mean age 69 ± 9 years , body mass index ( BMI ) 25.8 ± 4.9 , and 169 men , mean age 66 ± 9 years , BMI 26.6 ± 3.6 underwent combined endurance/resistance training .  The training program lasted 29 ± 7 days and comprised bicycle ergometer training , a 6-min walk test as a training unit and muscle strength training for the lower and upper extremities . Results Differences between women and men were found in clinical parameters . In particular , statistically significant differences were revealed between the women and men with regard to cardiopulmonary performance . Quality of life was significantly improved on discharge with regard to both physical and mental health , whereas anxiety and depression showed no significant alteration . Conclusion A specialized in-hospital program for women and men combining endurance/resistance training and education is feasible . But our program revealed a very low level of cardiopulmonary performance in women . Women need to be encouraged and motivated to participate in such programs Objective : To investigate the effects of elastic tubing training compared with conventional resistance training on the improvement of functional exercise capacity , muscle strength , fat-free mass , and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Design : A prospect i ve , r and omized , eight-week clinical trial . Setting : The study was conducted in a university-based , outpatient , physical therapy clinic . Subjects : A total of 49 patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Interventions : Participants were r and omly assigned to perform elastic tubing training or conventional resistance training three times per week for eight weeks . Main measures : The primary outcome measure was functional exercise capacity . The secondary outcome measures were peripheral muscle strength , health-related quality of life assessed by the Chronic Respiratory Disease Question naire ( CRDQ ) , fat-free mass , and cytokine profile . Results : After eight weeks , the mean distance covered during six minutes increased by 73 meters ( ±69 ) in the elastic tubing group and by 42 meters ( ±59 ) in the conventional group ( p < 0.05 ) . The muscle strength and quality of life improved in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) , with no significant differences between the groups . There was a trend toward an improved fat-free mass in both groups ( P = 0.05 ) . After the first and last sessions , there was an increase in interleukin 1β ( IL-1β ) and interleukin 10 ( IL-10 ) in both groups , while tumour necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) was stimulated only in the conventional training group . Conclusion : Elastic tubing training had a greater effect on functional exercise capacity than conventional resistance training . Both interventions were equally effective in improving muscle strength and quality of life BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation ( NMES ) training prior to endurance training in patients with cystic fibrosis ( CF ) and severe pulmonary obstruction . METHODS Fourteen patients with CF ( FEV(1 ) = 35 % ± 11 % predicted ) were prospect ively r and omized to either a 6-week NMES training program ( n = 7 ) or a 6-week control period ( n = 7 ) both followed by ergocycle ( ERGO ) training ( 8 weeks ) ( NMES + ERGO and control + ERGO groups ) . Measurements were pulmonary function , mid-thigh circumference , quadriceps strength , 6-min walk distance , maximal exercise capacity on a cycloergometer , plasma biomarkers , insulin resistance ( homeostasis model assessment indexes ) , and quality of life ( CF question naire for adults and teenagers > 14 years of age [ CFQ14 + ] , Baseline Dyspnea Index-Transition Dyspnea Index ) . RESULTS NMES + ERGO training greatly improved mid-thigh circumference ( + 2.6 ± 0.9 cm vs - 0.4 ± 1.4 cm ) , quadriceps strength ( + 6 ± 5 kg vs - 2 ± 2 kg ) , and BMI ( + 0.6 ± 0.6 kg/m(2 ) vs - 0.5 ± 0.7 kg/m(2 ) ) compared with control + ERGO training ( P < .05 ) . No differences between groups were found in exercise-induced changes in 6-min walk distance and maximal exercise capacity . However , dyspnea after the 6-minute walk test , the fasting glucose/insulin ratio ( calculated as an index of insulin resistance ) , and physical function and health perception domains of the CFQ14 + improved after NMES + ERGO training compared with control + ERGO training ( P < .05 ) . Significant correlations were found between changes in mid-thigh circumference and muscle strength , ventilation requirements during exercise , insulin sensibility , and the physical function section of CFQ14 + ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS NMES training performed prior to endurance training is useful for strengthening peripheral muscles , which in turn may augment gains in body weight and quality of life , further reductions in ventilation requirements during exercise , and retard insulin resistance in patients with CF with severe pulmonary obstruction BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Cancer-related fatigue is a common severe symptom in breast cancer patients , especially during chemotherapy . Exercise appears to be promising in prevention or treatment of fatigue .  Resistance training as an accompanying treatment to chemotherapy has been minimally investigated , yet might counteract muscle degradation and inflammation caused by many chemotherapeutics , and thus forestall or reduce fatigue . Previous exercise trials mostly compared the intervention with ' usual care ' . Therefore , it is unclear to what extent the observed effects on fatigue are based on physical adaptations by exercise itself , or rather on psycho-social factors linked to the group support or attention by the trainer . METHODS AND DESIGN The BEATE study is a r and omized , controlled intervention trial comparing a 12-week supervised progressive resistance training program with a supervised group-based progressive muscle relaxation training in 100 patients with breast cancer under adjuvant chemotherapy .  The primary endpoint is cancer-related fatigue ; secondary endpoints include quality of life , depression , and cognitive capacity . In addition , isokinetic and isometric muscle strength , cardiorespiratory fitness , and body composition are measured , and biomarkers , such as inflammatory parameters , cortisol , and oxidative stress are analyzed in blood , saliva and urine . Safety of the resistance training during chemotherapy is monitored . DISCUSSION Strengths of the BEATE study include the investigation of progressive resistance training parallel with chemotherapy , the choice of a control group that enables an evaluation of the physiological effects of exercise beyond potential psycho-social effects , and the comprehensive and high- quality assessment of physiological factors and biomarkers potentially related to fatigue AIMS The objective of this study was to determine whether 24 weeks resistance training during hemodialysis could improve exercise capacity , muscle strength , physical functioning and health-related quality of life compared to a low intensity aerobic program . MATERIAL AND METHODS 27 patients ( 55.6 + /- 17.6 years ) were recruited from two hemodialysis clinics in Valencia ( Spain ) . Patients were r and omized to resistance training ( n = 19 ) or low-intensity aerobic training ( n = 8) . Resistance training consisted of three sets of 4 exercises at an intensity of 12 - 15 out of 20 at the rate of perceived exertion scale ( Borg scale measuring self-rated exercise intensity ) using weights and elastic b and s on every session during 24 weeks . Primary outcomes included physical performance tests , evaluated by the " sit-to-st and -to-sit tests " and the 6 minutes walking test , and knee extensor muscles strength , evaluated by isometric dynamometry . Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness , measured by time and METs ( measure of energy expenditure as ml of oxygen per kg of weight and per minute ; 1 MET is equal to 3.5 ml O(2)/kg/min ) achieved on a grade d exercise test , and quality of life , measured by the SF-36 question naire . RESULTS No differences were noted in change-over-time between the two groups in any of the physical performance tests . However , a significant change was found in change-over-time in right knee extensor muscles dynamometry , and intragroup analysis showed a significant improvement in resistance training groups in the physical performance tests and METs . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that resistance training during hemodialysis improves patient 's physical functioning Background Nutrition intake in the context of a resistance training ( RT ) bout may affect body composition and muscle strength . However , the individual and combined effects of whey protein and carbohydrates on long-term resistance training adaptations are poorly understood . Methods A four-week preparatory RT period was conducted in previously untrained males to st and ardize the training background of the subjects . Thereafter , the subjects were r and omized into three groups : 30 g of whey proteins ( n = 22 ) , isocaloric carbohydrates ( maltodextrin , n = 21 ) , or protein + carbohydrates ( n = 25 ) . Within these groups , the subjects were further r and omized into two whole-body 12-week RT regimens aim ing either for muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength or muscle strength , hypertrophy and power . The post-exercise drink was always ingested immediately after the exercise bout , 2–3 times per week depending on the training period . Body composition ( by DXA ) , quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area ( by panoramic ultrasound ) , maximal strength ( by dynamic and isometric leg press ) and serum lipids as basic markers of cardiovascular health , were analysed before and after the intervention . Results Twelve-week RT led to increased fat-free mass , muscle size and strength independent of post-exercise nutrient intake ( P < 0.05 ) . However , the whey protein group reduced more total and abdominal area fat when compared to the carbohydrate group independent of the type of RT ( P < 0.05 ) . Thus , a larger relative increase ( per kg bodyweight ) in fat-free mass was observed in the protein vs. carbohydrate group ( P < 0.05 ) without significant differences to the combined group . No systematic effects of the interventions were found for serum lipids . The RT type did not have an effect on the adaptations in response to different supplementation paradigms . Conclusions Post-exercise supplementation with whey proteins when compared to carbohydrates or combination of proteins and carbohydrates did not have a major effect on muscle size or strength when ingested two to three times a week . However , whey proteins may increase abdominal fat loss and relative fat-free mass adaptations in response to resistance training when compared to fast-acting carbohydrates BACKGROUND To study the effects of resistance training on muscle strength and size in older people , we enrolled 8 men and 17 women ( mean age 68.2 + /- 1 SEM ) into a one-year exercise trial . METHODS Subjects were r and omly assigned to exercise or control groups . Muscle biopsies were obtained from 11 subjects ( 8 exercisers/3 controls ) at baseline and after 15 weeks ; exercisers underwent another biopsy at 30 weeks . After testing maximum strength using the 1-RM method , the exercisers began a 12-exercise circuit ( 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 75 % of 1-RM ) , 3 times a week . The controls repeated the strength testing every 15 weeks . They were asked to continue usual activities and not to start any exercise program . RESULTS With exercise , muscle strength increased , average increases ranging from 30 % ( hip extensors ) to 97 % ( hip flexors ) . Strength increased rapidly over 3 months , then plateaued for the duration of the experiment . No strength changes were observed in sedentary controls . Cross-sectional area of type 1 muscle fibers increased in exercisers by 15 weeks ( 29.4 + /- 1 % , p < .02 ) and after 30 weeks ( 58.5 + /- 13.7 % , p < .002 ) compared to baseline . Type 2 fiber area did not change at 15 weeks , but increased by 30 weeks of training ( 66.6 + /- 9.5 % , p < .0002 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prolonged moderate to high intensity resistance training may be carried out by healthy older adults with reasonable compliance , and that such training leads to sustained increases in muscle strength . These improvements are rapidly achieved and are accompanied by hypertrophy of both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a low load resistance exercise training program on muscle strength , functional outcome , and cardiovascular endurance . METHODS Forty-nine patients , 37 women and 12 men between the ages of 35 - 76 yrs ( mean 60.5 yrs ) , with definite rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) functional class II and III ( mean disease duration of 10.5 yrs ) were r and omly assigned to exercise and control groups for a 12 wk resistive muscle training program . A circuit weight bearing form of training was incorporated using light loads with high repetitions . A video tape demonstrating the exercises was given to all exercising participants to enable them to continue the program at home at least 3 times per wk with a biweekly self-report evaluation . Baseline and post-intervention evaluations included joint activity , muscle strength , endurance , functional outcome , and self-report . Cardiovascular fitness measured by treadmill time , anaerobic threshold and peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) in this group were assessed at baseline and 12 wks . RESULTS A significant improvement at 12 wks was noted in the exercise group for self-reported joint count ( p = 0.02 ) , number of painful joints ( p = 0.004 ) , HAQ ( p = 0.012 ) , sit-to-st and time ( p = 0.02 ) , grip strength ( p = 0.05 ) knee extension 60 degrees ( p = 0.03 ) , Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales dexterity ( p = 0.02 ) , and time to anaerobic threshold ( p = 0.03 ) . Significant improvement in the exercise group compared to the control group was noted for self-reported joint count ( p = 0.02 ) , night time pain ( p = 0.05 ) , and sit-to-st and time ( p = 0.02 ) . Increase in treadmill time was not statistically significant nor was a change in peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) noted . Abnormalities on initial treadmill screening were detected in 2 of 49 asymptomatic patients . They were excluded from the study and subsequent workup revealed significant coronary artery disease . CONCLUSION Low load resistive muscle training increased functional capacity as reported by patients and is a clinical ly safe form of exercise in functional class II and III RA . Screening this population for dormant coronary artery disease is recommended Background Inspiratory and peripheral muscle training improves muscle strength , exercise tolerance , and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure ( HF ) . However , studies investigating different workloads for these exercise modalities are still lacking . Objective To examine the effects of low and moderate intensities on muscle strength , functional capacity , and quality of life . Design A r and omized controlled trial . Methods Thirty-five patients with stable HF ( aged > 18 years , NYHA II/III , LVEF < 40 % ) were r and omized to : non-exercise control group  ( n = 9 ) , low-intensity training group ( LIPRT , n = 13 , 15 % maximal inspiratory workload , and 0.5 kg of peripheral muscle workload ) or moderate-intensity training group ( MIPRT , n = 13 , 30 % maximal inspiratory workload and 50 % of one maximum repetition of peripheral muscle workload ) . The outcomes were : respiratory and peripheral muscle strength , pulmonary function , exercise tolerance by the 6-minute walk test , symptoms based on the NYHA functional class , and quality of life using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Question naire . Results All groups showed similar quality -of-life improvements . Low and moderate intensities training programs improved inspiratory muscle strength , peripheral muscle strength , and walking distance . However , only moderate intensity improved expiratory muscle strength and NYHA functional class in HF patients . Conclusions The low-intensity inspiratory and peripheral resistance muscle training improved inspiratory and peripheral muscle strength and walking distance , demonstrating that LIPRT is an efficient rehabilitation method for debilitated HF patients . In addition , the moderate-intensity resistance training also improved expiratory muscle strength and NYHA functional class in HF patients AIM The effectiveness of resistance training in improving cognitive function in older adults is well demonstrated . In particular , unconventional high-speed resistance training can improve muscle power development . In the present study , the effectiveness of 12 weeks of elastic b and -based high-speed power training ( HSPT ) was examined . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned into a HSPT group ( n = 14 , age 75.0 ± 0.9 years ) , a low-speed strength training ( LSST ) group ( n = 9 , age 76.0 ± 1.3 years ) and a control group ( CON ; n = 7 , age 78.0 ± 1.0 years ) .  A 1-h exercise program was provided twice a week for 12 weeks for the HSPT and LSST groups , and balance and tone exercises were carried out by the CON group . RESULTS Significant increases in levels of cognitive function , physical function , and muscle strength were observed in both the HSPT and LSST groups . In cognitive function , significant improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were seen in both the HSPT and LSST groups compared with the CON group . In physical functions , Short Physical Performance Battery scores were increased significantly in the HSPT and LSST groups compared with the CON group . In the 12 weeks of elastic b and -based training , the HSPT group showed greater improvements in older women with mild cognitive impairment than the LSST group , although both regimens were effective in improving cognitive function , physical function and muscle strength . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that elastic b and -based HSPT , as compared with LSST , is more efficient in helping older women with mild cognitive impairment to improve cognitive function , physical performance and muscle strength . Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017 ; 17 : 765 - 772 Thirty-five healthy men were matched and r and omly assigned to one of four training groups that performed high-intensity strength and endurance training ( C ; n = 9 ) , upper body only high-intensity strength and endurance training ( UC ; n = 9 ) , high-intensity endurance training ( E ; n = 8) , or high-intensity strength training ( ST ; n = 9 ) . The C and ST groups significantly increased one-repetition maximum strength for all exercises ( P < 0.05 ) . Only the C , UC , and E groups demonstrated significant increases in treadmill maximal oxygen consumption . The ST group showed significant increases in power output . Hormonal responses to treadmill exercise demonstrated a differential response to the different training programs , indicating that the underlying physiological milieu differed with the training program . Significant changes in muscle fiber areas were as follows : types I , IIa , and IIc increased in the ST group ; types I and IIc decreased in the E group ; type IIa increased in the C group ; and there were no changes in the UC group . Significant shifts in percentage from type IIb to type IIa were observed in all training groups , with the greatest shift in the groups in which resistance trained the thigh musculature . This investigation indicates that the combination of strength and endurance training results in an attenuation of the performance improvements and physiological adaptations typical of single-mode training OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of 12 weeks of progressive resistance strength training on the isometric strength , explosive power , and selected functional abilities of healthy women aged 75 and over . DESIGN Subjects were matched for age and habitual physical activity and then r and omly assigned into either a control or an exercise group . SETTING The Muscle Function Laboratory , Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine , London . PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two healthy women were recruited through local and national newspapers . Five dropped out before and seven ( 4 exercisers and 3 controls ) during the study . Pre- and posttraining measurements were obtained from 20 exercisers ( median age 79.5 , range 76 to 93 years ) and 20 controls ( median age 79.5 , range 75 to 90 years ) . INTERVENTIONS Training comprised one supervised session ( 1 hour ) at the Medical School and two unsupervised home sessions ( supported by an exercise tape and booklet ) per week for 12 weeks . The training stimulus was three sets of four to eight repetitions of each exercise , using rice bags ( 1 - 1.5 kg ) or elastic tubing for resistance . The exercises were intended specifically to strengthen the muscles considered relevant for the functional tasks , but were not to mimic the functional measurements . No intervention was prescribed for the controls . MEASUREMENTS Pre- and posttraining measurements were made for isometric knee extensor strength ( IKES ) , isometric elbow flexor strength ( IEFS ) , h and grip strength ( HGS ) , leg extensor power ( LEP ) , and anthropometric indices ( Body impedance analysis , arm muscle circumference , and body weight ) . Functional ability tests were chair rise , kneel rise , rise from lying on the floor , 118-m self-paced corridor walk , stair climbing , functional reach , stepping up , stepping down , and lifting weights onto a shelf . Pre- and posttraining comparisons were made using analysis of variance or analysis of covariance ( using weight as a covariate ) for normally distributed continuous data and one-sided Fishers exact test ( 2 x 2 table ) for discontinuous data . RESULTS Improvements in IKES ( mean change 27 % , P = .03 ) , IEFS ( 22 % , P = .05 ) , HGS ( 4 % , P = .05 ) , LEP/kg ( 18 % , P = .05 ) were associated with training , but the improvement in LEP ( 18 % , P = .11 ) did not reach statistical significance . There was an association between training and a reduction in normal pace kneel rise time ( median change 21 % , P = .02 ) and a small improvement in step up height ( median 5 % , P = .005 ) . The other functional tests did not improve . CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance exercise can produce substantial increases in muscle strength and in power st and ardized for body weight in healthy , very old women . However , isolated increases in strength and LEP/kg may confer only limited functional benefit in healthy , independent , very old women Frailty has emerged as an important risk factor for disability . Age-related declines in physical and physiological function lead to increased risk of loss of independence and poor quality of life . Recent evidence has shown the effectiveness of physical exercise programmes in preventing or reversing frailty . The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the functioning of frail elderly individuals after undergoing  resistance training  for 3 days a week for 8 weeks . The effectiveness of exercise training was investigated in 48 frail elderly individuals who were r and omly assigned to the following intervention groups : high-intensity ( HI ; n=16 ; age : 69–96 years ) or low-intensity ( LI ; n=16 ; age : 77–93 years ) strength training groups or a control group ( n=16 ; age : 76–93 years ) with no specific exercise programme . Participants were assessed for muscle strength , physical function , activities of daily living , depression and quality of life . The HI group had significantly better results ( P<0.05 ) on the Short Physical Performance Test than the LI group ; however , the LI group did show a significant improvement in those scores , whereas the scores of the control group worsened . Results for the other evaluations were similarly favourable in both exercise groups ( P>0.05 ) . The study showed that LI exercise was as effective as HI exercise for most parameters tested . Exercise training is useful for the prevention or treatment of frailty , as it improves functioning by contributing positively to muscle strength , gait , balance and quality of life The posttraumatic response to burn injury leads to marked and prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness , which persist despite st and ard rehabilitation programs of occupational and physical therapy . We investigated whether a resistance exercise program would attenuate muscle loss and weakness that is typically found in children with thermal injury . We assessed the changes in leg muscle strength and lean body mass in severely burned children with > 40 % total body surface area burned . Patients were r and omized to a 12-wk st and ard hospital rehabilitation program supplemented with an exercise training program ( n = 19 ) or to a home-based rehabilitation program without exercise ( n = 16 ) . Leg muscle strength was assessed before and after the 12-wk rehabilitation or training program at an isokinetic speed of 150 degrees /s . Lean body mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . We found that the participation in a resistance exercise program results in a significant improvement in muscle strength , power , and lean body mass relative to a st and ard rehabilitation program without exercise QUESTIONS Is an 8-week progressive resistance exercise program effective for increasing strength in the wrist muscles of people with tetraplegia ? Is it effective for improving muscle endurance and participants ' perceptions about use of their h and s for activities of daily living ? DESIGN R and omised controlled trial with concealed allocation , assessor blinding , and intention-to-treat analysis . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two people with tetraplegia and neurological weakness of their wrist flexor or extensor muscles . INTERVENTION The wrist muscles of one r and omly-chosen h and were trained 3 times a week for 8 weeks . The control group received no intervention . OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was strength measured as maximal voluntary isometric torque in Nm . The secondary outcomes were muscle endurance measured as fatigue resistance and participants ' perceptions about use of their h and s using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure . RESULTS The mean effect on maximal voluntary isometric torque was 0.2 Nm ( 95 % CI -0.5 to 0.8 ) . This represents an 8 % increase of mean initial strength ; less than the 20 % deemed clinical ly worthwhile at the commencement of the study . The mean effect on fatigue resistance was 0.1 ( 95 % CI 0.0 to 0.2 ) . The mean effect on participants ' perceptions of performance was -0.3 ( 95 % CI -1.9 to 1.2 ) and satisfaction was -0.3 ( 95 % CI -1.6 to 1.0 ) . CONCLUSION The results indicate that progressive resistance exercise has no effect on participants ' perceptions about h and function . However , it is not yet clear whether progressive resistance exercise programs improve strength and endurance in muscles with neurologically-induced weakness following tetraplegia Aging is associated with lower muscle mass and an increase in body fat . We examined whether creatine monohydrate ( CrM ) and conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) could enhance strength gains and improve body composition ( i.e. , increase fat-free mass ( FFM ) ; decrease body fat ) following  resistance exercise training in older adults ( > 65 y ) . Men ( N = 19 ) and women ( N = 20 ) completed six months of resistance exercise training with CrM (5g/d)+CLA ( 6g/d ) or placebo with r and omized , double blind , allocation . Outcomes included : strength and muscular endurance , functional tasks , body composition ( DEXA scan ) , blood tests ( lipids , liver function , CK , glucose , systemic inflammation markers ( IL-6 , C-reactive protein ) ) , urinary markers of compliance ( creatine/creatinine ) , oxidative stress ( 8-OH-2dG , 8-isoP ) and bone resorption ( Ν-telopeptides ) . Exercise training improved all measurements of functional capacity ( P<0.05 ) and strength ( P<0.001 ) , with greater improvement for the CrM+CLA group in most measurements of muscular endurance , isokinetic knee extension strength , FFM , and lower fat mass ( P<0.05 ) . Plasma creatinine ( P<0.05 ) , but not creatinine clearance , increased for CrM+CLA , with no changes in serum CK activity or liver function tests . Together , this data confirms that supervised resistance exercise training is safe and effective for increasing strength in older adults and that a combination of CrM and CLA can enhance some of the beneficial effects of training over a six-month period . Trial Registration . Clinical Trials.gov PURPOSE The effects of resistance training programs on strength , power , and military occupational task performances in women were examined . METHODS Untrained women aged ( mean + /- SD ) 23 + /- 4 yr were matched and r and omly placed in total- ( TP , N = 17 and TH , N = 18 ) or upper-body resistance training ( UP , N = 18 and UH , N = 15 ) , field ( FLD , N = 14 ) , or aerobic training groups ( AER , N = 11 ) . Two periodized resistance training programs ( with supplemental aerobic training ) emphasized explosive exercise movements using 3- to 8-RM training loads ( TP , UP ) , whereas the other two emphasized slower exercise movements using 8- to 12-RM loads ( TH , UH ) . The FLD group performed plyometric and partner exercises . Subjects were tested for body composition , strength , power , endurance , maximal and repetitive box lift , 2-mile loaded run , and U.S. Army Physical Fitness Tests before ( T0 ) and after 3 ( T3 ) and 6 months of training ( T6 ) . For comparison , untrained men ( N = 100 ) ( MEN ) were tested once . RESULTS Specific training programs result ed in significant increases in body mass ( TP ) , 1-RM squat ( TP , TH , FLD ) , bench press ( all except AER ) , high pull ( TP ) , squat jump ( TP , TH , FLD ) , bench throw ( all except AER ) , squat endurance ( all except AER ) , 1-RM box lift ( all except aerobic ) , repetitive box lift ( all ) , push-ups ( all except AER ) , sit-ups ( all except AER ) , and 2-mile run ( all ) . CONCLUSIONS Strength training improved physical performances of women over 6 months and adaptations in strength , power , and endurance were specific to the subtle differences ( e.g. , exercise choice and speeds of exercise movement ) in the resistance training programs ( strength/power vs strength/hypertrophy ) . Upper- and total-body resistance training result ed in similar improvements in occupational task performances , especially in tasks that involved upper-body musculature . Finally , gender differences in physical performance measures were reduced after resistance training in women , which underscores the importance of such training for physically dem and ing occupations Levinger , I , Selig , S , Goodman , C , Jerums , G , Stewart , A , and Hare , DL . Resistance training improves depressive symptoms in individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes . J Strength Cond Res 25(8 ) : 2328 - 2333 , 2011—Depression is more prevalent in obese individuals and those with diabetes , compared to the general population . This study examined the effect of resistance training on depressed mood in individuals with high ( HiMF , n ≥ 2 ) and low ( LoMF , n ≤ 1 ) numbers of risk factors for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes . The primary hypothesis was that resistance training would significantly reduce depressed mood , as measured by the Cardiac Depression Scale ( CDS ) , in individuals with HiMF . Fifty-five middle-aged volunteers ( 50.8 ± 0.9 years , mean ± SEM ) from the general community participated in the study . After initial allocation to HiMF or LoMF , participants were r and omly allocated to 4 groups , HiMF training ( HiMFT ) , HiMF control ( HiMFC ) , LoMF training ( LoMFT ) , and LoMF control ( LoMFC ) . Participants underwent resistance training involving major muscle groups on 3 d·wk−1 for 10 weeks . Before and after interventions ( training or control ) , participants completed the CDS to assess change in the level of depressed mood . Following resistance training , the CDS score of the HiMFT group was reduced by −14.8 ± 4.9 points on the CDS , a significant improvement in comparison to both baseline ( p = 0.01 ) and HiMFC ( p = 0.049 ) values . No significant change was observed for LoMFT . In the HiMF group only , the percent change in relative muscle strength was correlated with the Δ change in CDS ; r = −0.46 , p = 0.008 . Resistance exercise training programs that consist 7 exercises for the major muscle groups at both low-moderate and moderate-high intensities appear to alleviate depressed mood in individuals with clusters of metabolic risk factors The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of simple , progressive lower body exercise training , focusing on strength and power , on functional abilities in frail older adults . Twenty-five residents of a long-term care facility ( 75 - 94 yrs ) participated in this r and omized controlled trial of 10-wks duration . The exercise group ( Ex , n = 18 ) underwent simple , progressive lower body resistance exercises , specifically aim ed at improving muscle power , 3 times/wk ; the control subjects ( Con , n = 7 ) maintained their usual daily activities . Knee extensor strength and power were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer ( 180 degrees/s ) , and functional performance was assessed from a 6-m walk timed test , a 30-s chair st and , and an 8-ft up- and -go timed test , before and after the 10-wk intervention period . Significant increases were found in the Ex group for eccentric ( 44 % ) and concentric ( 60 % ) average power ( p < 0.05 ) , and improvements were seen on each functional test : the 8-foot up- and -go , chair st and , and walk time improved by 31 % , 66 % , and 33 % , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . No significant change occurred in the Con group . In conclusion , simple progressive exercise training , even in the 10th decade , increases muscle power and is associated with an improved performance of functional activities using the trained muscles Aim /hypothesisIn people with type 2 diabetes , exercise improves glucose control ( as reflected in HbA1c ) and physical fitness , but it is not clear to what extent these exercise-induced improvements are correlated with one another . We hypothesised that reductions in HbA1c would be related : ( 1 ) to increases in aerobic fitness and strength respectively in patients performing aerobic training or resistance training ; and ( 2 ) to changes in strength and aerobic fitness in patients performing aerobic and resistance training . Methods We r and omly allocated 251 type 2 diabetes patients to aerobic , resistance , or aerobic plus resistance training , or to a sedentary control group .  Peak oxygen consumption ( $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ) , workload , treadmill time and ventilatory threshold measurements from maximal treadmill exercise testing were measured at baseline and 6 months . Muscular strength was measured as the maximum weight that could be lifted eight times on the leg press , bench press and seated row exercises . Results With aerobic training , significant associations were found between changes in both $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ( p = 0.040 ) and workload ( p = 0.022 ) , and changes in HbA1c . With combined training , improvements in $ $ \mathop {V}\limits^\cdot { { \text{O}}_{\text{2 peak } } } $ $ ( p = 0.008 ) , workload ( p = 0.034 ) and ventilatory threshold ( p = 0.003 ) were significantly associated with changes in HbA1c . Increases in strength on the seated row ( p = 0.006 ) and in mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area ( p = 0.030 ) were significantly associated with changes in HbA1c after resistance exercise , whereas the association between increases in muscle cross-sectional area and HbA1c in participants doing aerobic plus resistance exercise ( p = 0.059 ) was of borderline significance . Conclusions /interpretationThere appears to be a link between changes in fitness and HbA1c . The improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness with aerobic training may be a better predictor of changes in HbA1c than improvements in strength OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and the benefits of combined resistance and interval exercise training on phenotype characteristics and skeletal muscle function in deconditioned , type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) patients with polyneuropathy . DESIGN Short-term , single-arm intervention trial . METHODS Eleven male T2D patients ( age : 59.1+/-7.5 years ; body mass index : 32.2+/-4.0 kg/m2 ) performed progressive resistance and interval exercise training thrice a week for 10 weeks . Besides primary diabetes outcome measures , muscle strength ( MUST ) , maximal workload capacity ( Wmax ) , whole-body peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) and muscle oxidative capacity ( MUOX ) , intramyocellular lipid ( IMCL ) and glycogen ( IMCG ) storage , and systemic inflammation markers were determined before and after training . Daily exogenous insulin requirements ( EIR ) and historic individualized EIR were gathered and analysed . RESULTS MUST and Wmax increased with 17 % ( 90 % confidence intervals 9 - 24 % ) and 14 % ( 6 - 21 ) respectively . Furthermore , mean arterial blood pressure declined with 5.5 mmHg ( -9.7 to -1.4 ) . EIR dropped with 5.0 IU/d ( -11.5 to 1.5 ) compared with baseline . A decline of respectively -0.7 mmol/l ( -2.9 to 1.5 ) and -147 micromol/l ( -296 to 2 ) in fasting plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were observed following the intervention , but these were not accompanied by changes in VO2peak , MUOX , IMCL or IMCG , and blood glycolysated haemoglobin , adiponectin , tumor necrosis factor-alpha and /or cholesterol concentrations . CONCLUSION Short-term resistance and interval exercise training is feasible in deconditioned T2D patients with polyneuropathy and accompanied by moderate improvements in muscle function and blood pressure . Such a specific exercise regimen may provide a better framework for future exercise intervention programmes in the treatment of deconditioned T2D patients INTRODUCTION Resistance training has been well established as an effective treatment strategy to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in the elderly . We assessed whether dietary protein supplementation can further augment the adaptive response to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men and women . METHODS Healthy elderly men ( n = 31 , 70 ± 1 yr ) and women ( n = 29 , 70 ± 1 yr ) were r and omly assigned to a progressive , 24-wk resistance-type exercise training program with or without additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) . Muscle hypertrophy was assessed on a whole-body Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , limb ( computed tomography ) , and muscle fiber ( biopsy ) level . Strength was assessed regularly by 1-repetition maximum ( RM ) strength testing . Functional capacity was assessed with a sit-to-st and and h and grip test . RESULTS One-RM strength increased by 45 % ± 6 % versus 40 % ± 3 % ( women ) and 41 % ± 4 % versus 44 % ± 3 % ( men ) in the placebo versus protein group , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) , with no differences between groups . Leg muscle mass ( women , 4 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ; men , 3 % ± 1 % vs 3 % ± 1 % ) and quadriceps cross-sectional area ( women , 9 % ± 1 % vs 9 % ± 1 % ; men , 9 % ± 1 % vs 10 % ± 1 % ) increased similarly in the placebo versus protein groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Type II muscle fiber size increased over time in both placebo and protein groups ( 25 % ± 13 % vs 30 % ± 9 % and 23 % ± 12 % vs 22 % ± 10 % in the women and men , respectively ) . Sit-to-st and improved by 18 % ± 2 % and 19 % ± 2 % in women and men , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Prolonged resistance-type exercise training increases skeletal muscle mass and strength , augments functional capacity , improves glycemia and lipidemia , and reduces blood pressure in healthy elderly men and women .  Additional protein supplementation ( 15 g·d-1 ) does not further increase muscle mass , strength , and /or functional capacity The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a combined cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise training program of short duration on the cardiorespiratory fitness , strength endurance , task specific functional muscle capacity , body composition and quality of life ( QOL ) in women breast cancer survivors . Sixteen subjects were r and omly assigned to either a training ( n = 8 ; age : 50 + /- 5 yrs ) or control non-exercising group ( n = 8 ; age : 51 + /- 10 yrs ) . The training group followed an 8-week exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration , supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance exercises and aerobic training . Before and after the intervention period , all of the subjects performed a cardiorespiratory test to measure  peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) , a dynamic strength endurance test ( maximum number of repetitions for chest and leg press exercise at 30 - 35 % and 100 - 110 % of body mass , respectively ) and a sit-st and test . Quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 ( EORTC-C30 ) question naire . In response to training , QOL , VO2peak ( mean 3.9 ml/kg/min ; 95 % CI , 0.93 , 6.90 ) performance in leg press ( 17.9 kg ; 95 % CI , 12.8 , 22.4 ) and sit-st and test ( - 0.67 s ; 95 % CI , - 0.52 , - 1.2 ) improved ( p < or = 0.05 ) . We observed no significant changes in the control group . Combined cardiorespiratory and resistance training , even of very brief duration , improves the QOL and the overall physical fitness of women breast cancer survivors OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Changes in metabolism have been reported in the majority of patients undergoing cancer treatment , and these are usually characterized by progressive change in body composition . The effects of aerobic exercise programs to combat the cancer and cancer treatment-related side effects , which include the negative changes in body composition , have been extensively reported in the literature . However , few resistance exercise intervention studies have hypothesized that breast cancer patients might benefit from this type of exercise . The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise protocol s that emphasize resistance training would change body composition and strength in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment . DESIGN AND SETTING R and omized controlled trial , at the Campus Recreation Center and Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute of the University of Northern Colorado , and the North Colorado Medical Center . METHODS Twenty inactive breast cancer patients were r and omly assigned to a 21-week exercise group ( n = 10 ) or a control group ( n = 10 ) . The exercise group trained at low to moderate intensity for 60 minutes on two days/week . The primary outcome measurements included body composition ( skinfold method ) and muscle strength ( one repetition maximum ) . RESULTS Significant differences in lean body mass , body fat and strength ( p = 0.004 , p = 0.004 , p = 0.025 , respectively ) were observed between the groups at the end of the study . CONCLUSION The results suggest that exercise emphasizing resistance training promotes positive changes in body composition and strength in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment UNLABELLED Power-based resistance training ( PWT ) , using low load and high velocity , can improve physical function and quality of life in older persons . Patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) , exhibiting muscular weakness and reduced movement speed , have been shown to be benefit from resistance training ; however , little is known about the advantages of PWT for PD . PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of PWT on bradykinesia and muscular performance in older patients with PD . METHODS Twenty-six patients with mild to moderate PD were r and omly assigned to a PWT or control group ( CON ) . The PWT program was three months , incorporating two sessions/wk of high-speed resistance training combined balance and agility drills . Outcome measures included : upper and lower limb bradykinesia scores , one repetition maximums ( 1RM ) and peak powers on biceps curl , chest press , leg press , hip abduction and seated calf , and quality of life ( PDQ-39 ) . RESULTS The PWT group produced significant improvement in both upper and lower limbs bradykinesia scores , 1RM and muscle peak power ( p < .05 ) , which surpassed the CON group except for power during the seated calf exercise . No significant correlations between changes in clinical measure of bradykinesia and muscle peak power were observed after training . Significant improvements were seen in the PDQ-39 overall score , subsections for mobility , activities of daily living and social support for the PWT group . CONCLUSION The 3-month PWT program significantly reduced bradykinesia and increased muscle strength and power in older patients with PD . Power training is an effective training modality to improve physical function and quality of life for PD This study evaluated the effects of a 6-month combined aerobic and resistance training program on the body composition , glycemic control , lipid profile , and functional capacity of older patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes . 25 subjects ( 65.9 ± 4 . 2 yrs ; M/F : 13/12 ) with a long history of type 2 diabetes ( 16.7 ± 6.7 yrs ) were r and omly allocated into either the exercise or control groups . The exercise group trained three sessions a week . Each session consisted of a warm-up period , 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise , 10 minutes of resistance training with five leg muscle exercises ( two sets of 10 - 12 repetitions at 50 - 70 % of 1RM for each activity ) , and a cool-down period . The variables of body composition , glycemic control , lipid profile , and functional capacity were measured before and after the study period . Exercise training  decreased waist-hip ratio and body fat of the trained subjects . Concentrations of fasting and 2-hour post-glucose challenge plasma glucose and serum insulin , and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased significantly in the exercise group . Exercise training  improved the lipid profile and also increased the leg muscle strength and 6-minute walking distance of the trained subjects . The control group , however , increased their body fat and fasting plasma glucose , while other variables were not changed during the study period . The current results demonstrate that elderly patients with a long history of type 2 diabetes can benefit from the 6-month combined aerobic and resistance training program . Key pointsExercise training is effective for elderly patients with long-term type 2 diabetesExercise prescription for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes should contain both aerobic and resistance activities To assess muscle remodeling and functional adaptation to exercise and diet interventions , 26 men and women aged 72 - 98 yr underwent a vastus lateralis biopsy before and after placebo control condition , and progressive resistance training , multinutrient supplementation , or both .  Type II atrophy , Z b and , and myofibril damage were present at baseline . Combined weight lifting and nutritional supplementation increased strength by 257 + /- 62 % ( P = 0.0001 ) and type II fiber area by 10.1 + /- 9.0 % ( P = 0.033 ) , with a similar trend for type I fiber area ( + 12.8 + /- 22.2 % ) . Exercise was associated with a 2 . 5-fold increase in neonatal myosin staining ( P = 0.0009 ) and an increase of 491 + /- 137 % ( P < 0.0001 ) in IGF-I staining . Ultrastructural damage increased by 141 + /- 59 % after exercise training ( P = 0.034 ) . Strength increases were largest in those with the greatest increases in myosin , IGF-I , damage , and caloric intake during the trial . Age-related sarcopenia appears largely confined to type II muscle fibers . Frail elders respond robustly to resistance training with musculoskeletal remodeling , and significant increases in muscle area are possible with resistance training in combination with adequate energy intakes BACKGROUND The study aim ed to evaluate the effect of upper extremity resistance training for patients with COPD on dyspnea during activity of daily living ( ADL ) , arm function , arm exercise capacity , muscle strength , and health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) . METHODS Patients were r and omly assigned to an intervention or control group . The intervention group underwent arm resistance training . The control group performed a sham . Both groups exercised three times a week for 6 weeks . Dyspnea during ADL and HRQL were measured using the Chronic Respiratory Disease Question naire ( CRDQ ) . Arm function and exercise capacity were measured using the 6-min pegboard and ring test ( 6PBRT ) and the unsupported upper limb exercise test ( UULEX ) , respectively . Muscle strength for the biceps , triceps , and anterior and middle deltoids was obtained using an isometric dynamometer . RESULTS Thirty-six patients with COPD ( 66 ± 9 years ) participated in the study . Compared with the control group , the magnitude of change in the intervention group was greater for the 6PBRT ( P = .03 ) , UULEX ( P = .01 ) , elbow flexion force ( P = .01 ) , elbow extension force ( P = .02 ) , shoulder flexion force ( P = .029 ) , and shoulder abduction force ( P = .01 ) . There was no between-group difference in dyspnea during ADL , HRQL , or symptoms during the 6PBRT or UULEX ( all P values > .08 ) . CONCLUSIONS Resistance-based arm training  improved arm function , arm exercise capacity , and muscle strength  in patients with COPD .  No improvement in dyspnea during ADL , HRQL , or symptoms was demonstrated We sought to determine whether creatine monohydrate ( CrM ) supplementation would enhance the increases in strength and fat-free mass that develop during resistance exercise training in older adults . Twenty-eight healthy men and women over the age of 65 years participated in a whole-body resistance exercise program 3 days per week for 14 weeks . The study participants were r and omly allocated , in a double-blind fashion , to receive either CrM ( 5 g/d + 2 g of dextrose ; n = 14 ) or placebo ( 7 g of dextrose ; n = 14 ) . The primary outcome measurements included the following : total body mass , fat-free mass , one-repetition maximum strength for each body part , isometric knee extension , h and grip , and dorsiflexion strength , chair st and performance , 30-m walk test , 14-stair climb performance , muscle fiber type and area , and intramuscular total creatine . Fourteen weeks of resistance exercise training result ed in significant increases in all measurements of strength and functional tasks and muscle fiber area for both groups ( p < .05 ) . CrM supplementation result ed in significantly greater increases in fat-free mass and total body mass , as compared with placebo ( p < .05 ) . The CrM group also showed a greater increase in isometric knee extension strength in men and women , as compared with placebo ( p < .05 ) , and also greater gains in isometric dorsiflexion strength ( p < .05 ) , but in men only . There was a significant increase in intramuscular total creatine in the CrM group ( p < .05 ) . Finally , there were no significant side effects of treatment or exercise training . This study confirms that supervised heavy resistance exercise training can safely increase muscle strength and functional capacity in older adults . The addition of CrM supplementation to the exercise stimulus enhanced the increase in total and fat-free mass , and gains in several indices of isometric muscle strength Objective : To compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on weight , muscle strength , cardiovascular fitness , blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on an energy-restricted diet . Design : R and omized , prospect i ve , controlled trial . Setting : Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , University Hospital . Subjects : Sixty obese women were assigned to one of three groups : aerobic exercise ( n=20 ) , resistance exercise ( n=20 ) and control group ( n=20 ) . Interventions : The aerobic exercise group performed both walking and leg cycle exercise with increasing duration and frequency . The resistance exercise group performed progressive weight-resistance exercises for the upper and lower body . Main outcome measures : Before and after a 12-week period , all subjects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement , rating of mood , cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles . Results : After a 12-week training period , subjects in the resistance group showed significant improvement in one-repetition maximum test of hip abductors ( 7.95±3.58 kg ) , quadriceps ( 14±7.18 kg ) , biceps ( 3.37± 2.84 kg ) and pectorals ( 8.75±5.09 kg ) compared with those in the control group ( P<0.001 ) . VO2 max increased ( 0.51±0.40 ) and Beck Depression Scale scores decreased ( -5.40±4.27 ) in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group , significantly ( P<0.001 ) . Only in hip abductor muscle strength was there a significant increase in the resistance exercise group compared with the aerobic exercise group ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise result ed in improved performance and exercise capacity in obese women .  While aerobic exercise appeared to be beneficial with regard to improving depressive symptoms and maximum oxygen consumption , resistance exercise was beneficial in increasing muscle strength Cardiopulmonary and skeletal muscle effects of combined aerobic and resistance training vs. aerobic training were studied in men with coronary heart disease . Sixteen men with coronary heart disease underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise testing and a quadriceps skeletal muscle fatigue assessment . Patients were divided into two groups and trained in a combined aerobic and resistance or aerobic training group during 7 weeks . Maximal voluntary contraction and isometric endurance time were measured with electromyographic signals recorded from vastus lateralis ( VL ) , rectus femoris ( RF ) and vastus medialis ( VM ) during isometric endurance time . Exercise tolerance increased only in the combined group ( p<0.05 ) . Maximal voluntary contraction and isometric endurance time did not change after training in either group but was performed at 5.8 % higher force output for the combined group . After training , median frequency values were higher for the VL and VM ( p<0.001 ) in the aerobic group and also higher for the VL , RF ( p<0.001 ) and VM ( p<0.05 ) in the combined group . Combined aerobic and resistance training was more effective to improve exercise tolerance , decrease skeletal muscle fatigue and correct neuromuscular alterations in men with coronary heart disease Twenty-one patients with severe chronic irreversible airflow obstruction ( FEV1 consistently less than 1.2 l ) were allocated r and omly to one of two training programmes design ed to reduce respiratory disability or a placebo training control group . Daily structured physical exercise , twice daily inspiratory muscle training by resistive breathing , or daily placebo training were undertaken for 10 weeks , and the effects on lung function , exercise capacity , respiratory symptoms and psychological state compared . Maximal work achieved on a progressive bicycle exercise test was significantly increased in all groups ( 36 % , 23 % and 34 % respectively ) and global improvement in mood also occurred . There was no significant change in respiratory symptom score , static lung function tests or 12 min walking distance . Neither form of active treatment showed superiority over placebo training Objective : To investigate the differential effects of aerobic grade d exercise and progressive resistance training on exercise tolerance , fatigue and quality of life in adolescent patients with chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS ) . Design : Single-blind , r and omized controlled pilot trial . Setting : A major metropolitan hospital in Melbourne , Australia . Subjects : Twenty-two adolescents aged 13—18 years diagnosed with CFS and admitted to the inpatient chronic fatigue rehabilitation programme . Intervention : Patients were r and omized to either grade d aerobic exercise training or a progressive resistance training programme , for five days/week for four weeks . The grade d aerobic training consisted of 20—40 minutes of stationary cycling and treadmill exercise . The progressive resistance training involved 16 exercises performed with single set , moderate load and high repetitions . Main measures : Exercise tolerance ( time to fatigue ) measured on a grade d sub-maximal treadmill test , metabolic equivalents and quality of life , along with muscular strength ( maximium push-ups ) and endurance ( sit-to-st and ) and question naires evaluating depressive symptoms and fatigue severity . Results : No intervention was significantly better than the other for any outcome . However , physical capacity and quality of life significantly improved in both groups , while fatigue severity and symptoms of depression improved only with aerobic training . Conclusions : Resistance and aerobic training result ed in similar changes to physical capacity , quality of life and fatigue severity . Generally , patients who completed resistance training or aerobic training experienced significant improvements in outcomes from baseline when they entered the programme . Whether these improvements can be attributed to the treatment is unknown Background and aims : This study investigated whether high-velocity high-power training ( POW )  improved lower extremity muscle power and quality in functionally-limited elders greater than traditional slow-velocity progressive resistance training ( STR ) . Methods : Fifty-seven community-dwelling older adults aged 74.2±7 ( range 65–94 yrs ) , Short Physical Performance Battery score 7.7±1.4 , were r and omized to either POW ( n=23 ) ( 12 females ) , STR ( n=22 ) ( 13 females ) or a control group of lower extremity stretching ( CON ) ( n=12 ) ( 6 females ) . Training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks and subjects completed three sets of double leg press and knee extension exercises at 70 % of the one repetition maximum ( 1RM ) . Outcome measures included 1RM strength and peak power ( PP ) . Total leg lean mass was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to estimate specific strength and specific PP . Results : During training , power output was consistently higher in POW compared to STR for knee extension ( ∼2.3-fold ) and leg press ( ∼2.8-fold ) exercises ( p<0.01 ) . Despite this , PP and specific PP of the knee extensors increased similarly from baseline in POW and STR compared to CON ( p<0.01 ) , and no significant time-group interaction occurred for PP of the leg extensors . However , gains in leg press specific PP were significantly greater in POW compared to both STR and CON ( p<0.05 ) . Total leg lean mass did not change within any group . Conclusions : A short-term intervention of high-velocity power training and traditional slow-velocity progressive resistance training yielded similar increases of lower extremity power in the mobility-impaired elderly . Neuromuscular adaptations to power training , rather than skeletal muscle hypertrophy , may have facilitated the improvements in muscle quality . Additional studies are warranted to test the efficacy of power training in older individuals with compromised physical functioning The effects of endurance training on exercise capacity and health-related quality of life ( HRQL ) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) patients have been studied thoroughly , while resistance training has been rarely evaluated . This study investigated the effects of resistance training in comparison with endurance training in patients with moderate to severe COPD and peripheral muscle weakness ( isometric knee extension peak torque < 75 % predicted ) . Forty-eight patients ( age 64±8 yrs , forced expiratory volume in one second 38±17 % pred ) were r and omly assigned to resistance training ( RT , n=24 ) or endurance training ( ET , n=24 ) . The former consisted of dynamic strengthening exercises . The latter consisted of walking , cycling and arm cranking .  Respiratory and peripheral muscle force , exercise capacity , and HRQL were re-evaluated in all patients who completed the 12-week rehabilitation ( RT n=14 , ET n=16 ) . Statistically significant increases in knee extension peak torque ( RT 20±21 % , ET 42±21 % ) , maximal knee flexion force ( RT 31±39 % , ET 28±37 % ) , elbow flexion force ( RT 24±19 % , ET 33±25 % ) , 6-min walking distance ( 6MWD ) ( RT 79±74 m , ET 95±57 m ) , maximum workload ( RT 15±16 Watt , ET 14±13 Watt ) and HRQL ( RT 16±25 points , ET 16±15 points ) were observed . No significant differences in changes in HRQL and 6MWD were seen between the two treatments . Resistance training and endurance training have similar effects on peripheral muscle force , exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with peripheral muscle weakness Abstract Ni , M and Signorile , JF . High-speed resistance training modifies load-velocity and load-power relationships in Parkinson 's disease . J Strength Cond Res 31(10 ) : 2866–2875 , 2017—Muscle power is a major neuromuscular factor affecting motor function and independence in patients with Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) , and it is commonly targeted using high-speed exercise . This study examined the changes in velocities ( Vpp ) and percent loads ( % 1RMpp ) at peak power and load-velocity ( L-V ) and load-power ( L-P ) relationships , result ing from resistance training because of exercise choice and loading in older patients with PD . Fourteen older adults with mild to moderate PD participated in a 12-week r and omized controlled power training trial . Changes in L-V and L-P relationships for the biceps curl , chest press , leg press , hip abduction , and seated calf were assessed using pneumatic resistance machines at loads ranging from 30 through 90 % of subjects ' 1 repetition maximum for each exercise . Significant increases in Vpp were seen for biceps curl , leg press , hip abduction , and seated calf and decreases in % 1RMpp were noted for biceps curl and hip abduction . Additionally , unique patterns of change were seen in these relationships across exercises , with biceps curl , chest press , and leg press showing the greatest shifts at the lower load end of the loading spectrum , and hip abduction and seated calf showing greatest responses at the higher end . The patterns of change in L-V and L-P relationships provide evidence for the unique responses of the specific muscle groups and joints to the exercises evaluated and offer a framework for more exacting exercise prescriptions in patients with PD Blood flow restriction ( BFR ) exercise may be an alternative form of resistance training ; however , a side of effect of BFR resistance exercise is acute muscle pain . Typically , BFR exercise studies restrict blood flow with a cuff continuously during the exercise bout , including rest periods . However , others have used intermittent BFR where the cuff is inflated only during sets . We performed two studies to compare intermittent and continuous BFR exercise . In study one , eleven subjects r and omly proceeded through three treatments of unilateral leg extensions to failure : ( i ) continuous BFR , ( ii ) intermittent BFR and ( iii ) control ( exercise without BFR )  . Pain measurements were taken immediately after each set . In study two , subjects ( n = 32 ) underwent a 5‐week resistance training programme after r and om assignment to one of the three conditions . Lean mass and strength were assessed at baseline and after training . Continuous BFR result ed in significantly greater pain than intermittent BFR or control . Both BFR conditions result ed in significantly fewer repetitions to failure than control . This suggests that an acute bout of intermittent BFR exercise may produce as much muscle fatigue as an acute bout of continuous BFR exercise , but with less pain . With training , maximal knee extension ( P = 0·033 ) and maximum knee flexion ( P = 0·007 ) strength increased among all groups . There were no significant differences between groups in strength or lean mass . These results suggest that short‐term low‐load resistance training increases muscle strength to a similar extent as low‐load resistance training without BFR OBJECTIVES To investigate whether functionally based resistance exercise could improve strength , physical function , and disability among prostate cancer survivors ( PCS ) on and rogen deprivation therapy ( ADT ) ; and to explore potential mediators of changes in outcomes from exercise . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Academic medical center . PARTICIPANTS PCS ( N=51 ; mean age , 70.2y ) on ADT . INTERVENTION PCS were r and omized to moderate to vigorous intensity resistance training or stretching ( placebo control ) for 1 year . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal leg press and bench press strength , objective and self-reported physical function , and self-reported disability . Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test for significant group × time differences adjusting for covariates . RESULTS Retention in the study was 84 % , and median attendance to supervised classes was 84 % in the resistance group . No study -related injuries occurred . Maximal leg strength ( P=.032 ) and bench press strength ( P=.027 ) were improved after 1 year of resistance training , whereas little change occurred from stretching .  Self-reported physical function improved with resistance training , whereas decreases occurred from stretching ( P=.016 ) . Disability lessened more with resistance training than stretching ( P=.018 ) . One-year change in leg press strength mediated the relation between groups ( resistance or stretching ) and 1-year change in self-reported disability ( P<.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS One year of resistance training improved muscle strength in and rogen-deprived PCS . Strengthening muscles using functional movement patterns may be an important feature of exercise programs design ed to improve perceptions of physical function and disability . Findings from this study contribute to the mounting evidence that exercise should become a routine part of clinical care in older men with advanced prostate cancer BACKGROUND Self-management has increasingly been recommended as part of st and ard care for fibromyalgia , a common , poorly understood condition with limited treatment options . Data that assess popular self-management recommendations are scarce . We evaluated and compared the effectiveness of 4 common self-management treatments on function , symptoms , and self-efficacy in women with fibromyalgia . METHODS A total of 207 women with confirmed fibromyalgia were recruited from September 16 , 2002 , through November 30 , 2004 , and r and omly assigned to 16 weeks of ( 1 ) aerobic and flexibility exercise ( AE ) ; ( 2 ) strength training , aerobic , and flexibility exercise ( ST ) ; ( 3 ) the Fibromyalgia Self-Help Course ( FSHC ) ; or ( 4 ) a combination of ST and FSHC ( ST-FSHC ) . The primary outcome was change in physical function from baseline to completion of the intervention . Secondary outcomes included social and emotional function , symptoms , and self-efficacy . RESULTS Improvements in the mean Fibromyalgia Impact Question naire score in the 4 groups were -12.7 for the ST-FSHC group , -8.2 for the AE group , -6.6 for the ST group , and -0.3 for the FSHC group . The ST-FSHC group demonstrated greater improvement than the FSHC group ( mean difference , -12.4 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , -23.1 to -1.7 ) . The ST-FSHC ( mean difference , 13.6 ; 95 % CI , 2.3 to 24.9 ) and AE ( mean difference , 13.1 ; 95 % CI , 1.6 to 25.6 ) groups had similar improvements in physical function scores on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey . Bodily pain scores on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey improved in the ST-FSHC ( 14.8 ) , AE ( 13.2 ) , and ST ( 5.7 ) groups . Social function , mental health , fatigue , depression , and self-efficacy also improved . The beneficial effect on physical function of exercise alone and in combination with education persisted at 6 months . CONCLUSIONS Progressive walking , simple strength training movements , and stretching activities improve functional status , key symptoms , and self-efficacy in women with fibromyalgia actively being treated with medication . The benefits of exercise are enhanced when combined with targeted self-management education . Our findings suggest that appropriate exercise and patient education be included in the treatment of fibromyalgia & NA ; Regular physical exercise is a cornerstone in rehabilitation programs , but adherence to comprehensive exercise remains low . This study determined the effectiveness of small daily amounts of progressive resistance training for relieving neck/shoulder pain in healthy adults with frequent symptoms ; 174 women and 24 men working at least 30 h per week and with frequent neck/shoulder pain were r and omly assigned to resistance training with elastic tubing for 2 or 12 minutes per day 5 times per week , or weekly information on general health ( control group ) . Primary outcomes were changes in intensity of neck/shoulder pain ( scale 0 to 10 ) , examiner‐verified tenderness of the neck/shoulder muscles ( total tenderness score of 0 to 32 ) , and isometric muscle strength at 10 weeks . Compared with the control group , neck/shoulder pain and tenderness , respectively , decreased 1.4 points ( 95 % confidence interval −2.0 to −0.7 , p < 0.0001 ) and 4.2 points ( 95 % confidence interval −5.7 to −2.7 , p < 0.0001 ) in the 2‐minute group and 1.9 points ( 95 % confidence interval −2.5 to −1.2 , p < 0.0001 ) and 4.4 points ( 95 % confidence interval −5.9 to −2.9 , p < 0.0001 ) in the 12‐minute group . Compared with the control group , muscle strength increased 2.0 Nm ( 95 % confidence interval 0.5 to 3.5 Nm , p = 0.01 ) in the 2‐minute group and 1.7 Nm ( 95 % confidence interval 0.2 to 3.3 Nm , p = 0.02 ) in the 12‐minute group . In conclusion , as little as 2 minutes of daily progressive resistance training for 10 weeks results in clinical ly relevant reductions of pain and tenderness in healthy adults with frequent neck/shoulder symptoms . Trial registration : www.is rct n.org/IS RCT N60264809 . In generally healthy adults with frequent neck/shoulder muscle pain , as little as 2 minutes of daily progressive resistance training reduces pain and tenderness To test the hypothesis that severe hypoxia during low-resistance/high-repetition strength training promotes muscle hypertrophy , 19 untrained males were assigned r and omly to 4 weeks of low-resistance/high-repetition knee extension exercise in either normoxia or in normobaric hypoxia ( FiO2 0.12 ) with recovery in normoxia . Before and after the training period , isokinetic strength tests were performed , muscle cross-sectional area ( MCSA ) measured ( magnetic resonance imaging ) and muscle biopsies taken . The significant increase in strength endurance capacity observed in both training groups was not matched by changes in MCSA , fibre type distribution or fibre cross-sectional area . RT-PCR revealed considerable inter-individual variations with no significant differences in the mRNA levels of hypoxia markers , glycolytic enzymes and myosin heavy chain isoforms . We found significant correlations , in the hypoxia group only , for those hypoxia marker and glycolytic enzyme mRNAs that have previously been linked to hypoxia-specific muscle adaptations . This is interpreted as a small , otherwise undetectable adaptation to the hypoxia training condition . In terms of strength parameters , there were , however , no indications that low-resistance/high-repetition training in severe hypoxia is superior to equivalent normoxic training OBJECTIVE To evaluate the residual effects of fitness and whole-body vibration ( WBV ) training in older men 1 year after completion of the interventions . DESIGN A 1-year follow-up of a r and omized controlled trial comparing the effects of 1 year of fitness training , including combined resistance and aerobic ( R+A ) training and WBV training , with a control ( CON ) group . SETTING University training center . PARTICIPANTS Adult men ( N=72 ) between 60 and 80 years of age . Response rate was 80 % , 92 % , and 90 % in the R+A training ( n=20 ) , WBV training ( n=23 ) , and CON ( n=29 ) groups , respectively . INTERVENTIONS The intervention groups exercised 3 times weekly during 1 year . The R+A training group performed a st and ard training program , combining resistance exercises and aerobic training , following the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines . The WBV training group performed unloaded static and dynamic leg exercises on a vibration platform . The CON group did not participate in any training program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle volume , isometric and concentric muscle strength , muscle quality , and muscle power . RESULTS Both interventions had result ed in comparable increases in muscle quality characteristics . No significant changes had been found in the CON group . During the 1-year follow-up period , the R+A ( -4.05 % , P=.006 ) and WBV ( -2.45 % , P<.0001 ) training groups had lost most of their gains in muscle volume . However , isometric muscle strength was preserved in the R+A training group ( + 1.65 % , P=.745 ) , result ing in an increase in muscle quality ( + 7.97 % , P=.034 ) . In the WBV training group , muscle power decreased ( -6.10 % , P<.0001 ) but remained significantly higher than at baseline ( P=.038 ) . Except for a strong decrease in muscle power , no significant changes were found in the CON group . CONCLUSIONS One year of R+A and /or WBV training can equally reverse the adverse effects of aging on muscle quality in older men , but their residual impact after follow-up is different Muscle wasting is a common complication afflicting maintenance hemodialysis ( HD ) patients , and it is associated with decreased muscle function , exercise performance , physical function , and quality of life . Meanwhile , numerous epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that greater muscle mass ( ascertained by body anthropometry surrogates , body composition tests such as dual x-ray absorptiometry , and /or serum creatinine in patients with little to no residual kidney function ) is associated with increased survival in this population . The pathophysiology of muscle wasting in HD patients is complex and may be caused by poor dietary intake , catabolic effects of dialysis therapy , hormonal alterations ( e.g. , decreased levels or resistance to anabolic hormones , increased levels of catabolic hormones ) , inflammation , metabolic acidosis , and concurrent comorbidities . Muscle disuse result ing from low physical activity is an important yet under-appreciated risk factor for muscle wasting . Intra-dialytic resistance exercise training has been suggested as a potential strategy to correct and /or prevent this complication in HD patients , but prior studies examining this exercise modality as an anabolic intervention have shown mixed results . In a recently published 12-week r and omized controlled trial of a novel intra-dialytic progressive resistance exercise training ( PRET ) program vs. control therapy conducted in HD and non-HD patients , PRET result ed in increased muscle volume and strength in both groups . At this time , further study is needed to determine if anabolic improvements imparted by resistance exercise translates into improved physical function and quality of life , decreased hospitalization and mortality risk , and greater cost-effectiveness in HD patients Objectives : This umbrella review aim ed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions , alone or in combination with other interventions , in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail . Introduction : Exercise is said to have a positive impact on muscle mass and strength which improves physical function and hence is beneficial for the treatment of frailty . Several systematic review s discuss the effects of exercise interventions on physical function parameters , such as strength , mobility , gait , balance and physical performance , and indicate that multi-component exercise , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility training , appears to be the best way in which to improve physical function parameters in frail older people . However , there is still uncertainty as to which exercise characteristics ( type , frequency , intensity , duration and combinations ) are the most effective and sustainable over the long-term . Inclusion criteria : Participants were adults , 60 years or over , living in the community and identified as pre-frail or frail . Quantitative systematic review s , with or without meta- analysis that examined the effectiveness of exercise interventions of any form , duration , frequency and intensity , alone or in combination with other interventions design ed to alter physical function parameters in frail older people , were considered . The quantitative outcome measures were physical function , including muscular strength , gait , balance , mobility and physical performance . Methods : An iterative search strategy for ten bibliometric data bases and gray literature was developed . Critical appraisal of seven systematic review s was conducted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute tool . Data was extracted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach . Results : Seven systematic review s were included in this umbrella review , with a total of 58 relevant r and omized controlled trials and 6927 participants . Five systematic review s examined the effects of exercise only , while two systematic review s reported on exercise in combination with a nutritional approach , including protein supplementations , as well as fruit and dairy products . The average  exercise frequency was 2–3 times per week ( mean 3.0 ± 1.5 times per week ; range 1–7 weekly ) for 10–90 minutes per session ( mean of 52.0 ± 16.5 mins ) and a total duration of 5–72 weeks with the majority lasting a minimum of 2.5 months ( mean 22.7 ± 17.7 weeks ) . Multi-component exercise interventions can currently be recommended for pre-frail and frail older adults to improve muscular strength , gait speed , balance and physical performance , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Resistance training alone also appeared to be beneficial , in particular for improving muscular strength , gait speed and physical performance . Other types of exercise were not sufficiently studied and their effectiveness is yet to be established . Conclusions : Interventions for pre-frail and frail older adults should include multi-component exercises , including in particular resistance training , as well as aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Future research should adopt a consistent definition of frailty and investigate the effects of other types of exercise alone or in combination with nutritional interventions so that more specific recommendations can be made AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether individualized resistance training improves the physical mobility of young people with cerebral palsy ( CP ) . METHOD Forty-eight participants with spastic diplegic CP ( 26 males , 22 females ; mean age 18y 1mo , SD 1y 11mo ) classified as level II or III on the Gross Motor Function Classification System were allocated r and omly to progressive resistance training or usual-care control . Resistance training was completed twice weekly for 12 weeks at a community gymnasium under the supervision of a physiotherapist . Exercises were based on instrumented gait analysis and targeted muscles contributing to walking difficulties . Outcomes at 12 weeks and 24 weeks included objective measures of mobility ( 6-min walk test , instrumented gait analysis , and Gross Motor Function Measure dimensions D and E ) , participant-rated measures of mobility ( Functional Mobility Scale and Functional Assessment Question naire ) , and muscle performance . RESULTS The strength of targeted muscles increased by 27 % ( 95 % CI 8 - 46 % ) compared with control group . There were no between-group differences in any objective measure of mobility at 12 weeks ( 6-min walk test : mean difference 0.1 m ; 95 % CI -21 to 21 m ) or at 24 weeks . Participant-rated mobility improved ( Functional Mobility Scale at 5 m : mean 0.6 units ; 95 % CI 0.1 - 1.1 units ; Functional Assessment Question naire : 0.8 units ; 95 % CI 0.1 - 1.6 units ) compared with control group at 12 weeks . INTERPRETATION Individualized progressive resistance training increased strength in adolescents and young adults with spastic diplegic CP . Despite participant-rated benefits , the increased strength did not result in objective improvements in mobility
There were no statistically significant differences in attrition rates between the interventions .
In general , adverse effects were poorly recorded , but no serious adverse effects were reported .
The evidence ( rated as low quality ) suggested that moderate- and moderate- to high-intensity resistance training improves multidimensional function , pain , tenderness , and muscle strength in women with fibromyalgia .
The evidence ( rated as low quality ) also suggested that eight weeks of aerobic exercise was superior to moderate-intensity resistance training for improving pain in women with fibromyalgia .
There was low- quality evidence that 12 weeks of low-intensity resistance training was superior to flexibility exercise training in women with fibromyalgia for improvements in pain and multidimensional function .
There was low- quality evidence that women with fibromyalgia can safely perform moderate- to high-resistance training
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain that leads to reduced physical function .
Exercise training is commonly recommended as a treatment for management of symptoms .
We examined the literature on resistance training for individuals with fibromyalgia .
Resistance training is exercise performed against a progressive resistance with the intention of improving muscle strength , muscle endurance , muscle power , or a combination of these .
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of resistance exercise training in adults with fibromyalgia .
We compared resistance training versus control and versus other types of exercise training .