[The role of regular physical activity in the prevention and intervention of symptoms of anxiety and anxiety disorders]. Volume and intensity of physical activity in a large population-based cohort of middle-aged and older Australians: prospective relationships with weight gain, and physical function. Predictors of weight gain in the Pound of Prevention study Study protocol: fit for delivery - can a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy result in measurable health benefits for mothers and newborns? A randomized controlled trial Effectiveness of exercise interventions on physical function in community-dwelling frail older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes Will older sedentary people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus start exercising? A health promotion model.
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness , but are not uniform , many clinical diagnoses include the symptoms of anxiety . That is the reason why there are relatively small numbers of population surveys and r and omized-controlled trials which have examined the relationship between exercise and the various anxiety symptoms/ disorders . In our review we summarize meta-analytic studies , epidemiological surveys and r and omized controlled studies which examine the role of regular physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sub clinical anxiety/anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders .  The meta-analytic studies and r and omized-controlled trials examining the relationship between sub clinical anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms demonstrated small to moderate effect of exercise in the decrease of anxiety symptoms , especially for moderate-intensity exercise . This relationship was confirmed for both acute and chronic exercise , for state and trait anxiety in different sex , age and state of health groups . In the case of the anxiety disorders based on review ed studies , we can conclude that there is a potential association between decreased symptoms of anxiety and exercise .  The regular , moderate-intensity exercise can reduce and alleviate the symptoms of anxiety - at least in panic , agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorders . The review ed studies have been highlighted the fact , that exercise can be effective in psychiatric practice as an alternative or adjuvant therapy . Physically healthy people with anxiety symptoms , or patients with anxiety disorders can perform exercise , there are no contraindications . Although based on previous studies , we can not assume that the relationship is causal , but we can not ignore the evidence s that are already available OBJECTIVES To examine prospect ively whether higher proportions of vigorous physical activity ( VPA ) , independent of total activity volume , are associated with better outcomes in weight maintenance and physical function . METHODS We used three-year longitudinal data ( 2006/07 - 2009/10 ) of adults 45 and older ( n=32,087 ; 59.5±9.3years ) from New South Wales , Australia . Logistic regression models examined odds of weight gain and functional decline by volume and intensity of physical activity . RESULTS On average , body weight increased by 0.66 kg ( SD=5.83 , p<0.001 ) ; a vali date d physical function score ( MOS-PF ) decreased by 4.79 ( SD=12.56 , p<0.001 ) . There was a 10 % reduction in the odds of weight gain for participants who reported 300min/week or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) compared to less than 150min of MVPA . The proportion of MVPA that was vigorous was not associated with weight change . With the physical functioning outcome , there were independent protective effects from volume and intensity of physical activity . Independent of total MVPA , each 1 % increase in the proportion of total activity that was vigorous was associated with a 0.3 % decrease in the odds of decline in physical function . CONCLUSION These prospect i ve findings indicate that VPA per se plays an important role in the prevention of functional decline OBJECTIVES : This study examined cross-sectional and prospect i ve relationships between macronutrient intake , behaviors intended to limit fat intake , physical activity and body weight . DESIGN : The overall goal was to identify diet and exercise behaviors that predict and /or accompany weight gain or loss over time . Specific questions addressed included : ( a ) are habitual levels of diet or exercise predictive of weight change ; ( b ) are habitual diet and exercise levels associated cross-sectionally with body weight ; and ( c ) are changes in diet and exercise associated with changes in body weight over time ? PARTICIPANTS : Subjects were a sample of community volunteers ( n=826 women , n=218 men ) taking part in a weight gain prevention project over a 3-year period . MEASURES : Body weight was measured at baseline and annually over the study period . Self-report measures of diet and exercise behavior  were also measured annually . RESULTS : Among both men and women , the most consistent results were the positive association between dietary fat intake and weight gain and an inverse association between frequency of physical activity and weight gain . Individuals who weighed more both ate more and exercised less than those who weighed less . Individuals who increased their physical activity level and decreased their food intake over time were protected from weight gain compared to those who did not . Frequency of high-intensity physical activity was particularly important for both men and women . Additionally , women who consistently engaged in higher levels of moderate physical activity gained weight at a slower rate compared to women who were less active . CONCLUSIONS : Overall results indicated that both cross-sectionally and prospect ively , the determinants of weight and weight change are multifactorial . Attention to exercise , fat intake and total energy intake all appear important for successful long term control of body weight Background The global obesity epidemic has led to increased attention on pregnancy , a period when women are at risk of gaining excessive weight . Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with numerous complications , for both mother and child . Though the problem is widespread , few studies have examined the effect of a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy design ed to limit maternal weight gain . The Fit for Delivery study will explore the effectiveness of nutritional counseling coupled with exercise classes compared with st and ard prenatal care . The aims of the study are to examine the effect of the intervention on maternal weight gain , newborn birth weight , glucose regulation , complications of pregnancy and delivery , and maternal weight retention up to 12 months postpartum . Methods / design Fit for Delivery is a r and omized controlled trial that will include 600 women expecting their first child . To be eligible , women must be 18 years of age or older , of less than 20 weeks gestational age , with a singleton pregnancy , and have a Body Mass Index ( BMI ) ≥ 19 kg/m2 . The women will be r and omly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group . The control group will receive st and ard prenatal care . The intervention group will , in addition , receive nutritional counseling by phone , access to twice-weekly exercise sessions , and information on healthy eating and physical activity provided in pamphlets , evening meetings and an interactive website . Both groups will be monitored by weighing ( including bioimpedance measurements of percent body fat ) , blood tests , self-report question naires and hospital record review . Discussion Weight gained in pregnancy affects the health of both the mother and her unborn child , and simple models for efficient intervention are in high dem and . The Fit for Delivery intervention provides concrete advice on limiting energy intake and practical training in increasing physical activity . This lifestyle intervention is simple , reproducible , and inexpensive . The design of the study reflects the realities of clinical practice , where patients are free to choose whether or not they respond to health initiatives . If we find measurable health benefits associated with the intervention , it may be an easily adopted supplement to routine prenatal care , in the prevention of obesity . Trial registration Clinical Trial.gov , Objectives : This umbrella review aim ed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions , alone or in combination with other interventions , in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail . Introduction : Exercise is said to have a positive impact on muscle mass and strength which improves physical function and hence is beneficial for the treatment of frailty . Several systematic review s discuss the effects of exercise interventions on physical function parameters , such as strength , mobility , gait , balance and physical performance , and indicate that multi-component exercise , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility training , appears to be the best way in which to improve physical function parameters in frail older people . However , there is still uncertainty as to which exercise characteristics ( type , frequency , intensity , duration and combinations ) are the most effective and sustainable over the long-term . Inclusion criteria : Participants were adults , 60 years or over , living in the community and identified as pre-frail or frail . Quantitative systematic review s , with or without meta- analysis that examined the effectiveness of exercise interventions of any form , duration , frequency and intensity , alone or in combination with other interventions design ed to alter physical function parameters in frail older people , were considered . The quantitative outcome measures were physical function , including muscular strength , gait , balance , mobility and physical performance . Methods : An iterative search strategy for ten bibliometric data bases and gray literature was developed . Critical appraisal of seven systematic review s was conducted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute tool . Data was extracted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach . Results : Seven systematic review s were included in this umbrella review , with a total of 58 relevant r and omized controlled trials and 6927 participants . Five systematic review s examined the effects of exercise only , while two systematic review s reported on exercise in combination with a nutritional approach , including protein supplementations , as well as fruit and dairy products . The average  exercise frequency was 2–3 times per week ( mean 3.0 ± 1.5 times per week ; range 1–7 weekly ) for 10–90 minutes per session ( mean of 52.0 ± 16.5 mins ) and a total duration of 5–72 weeks with the majority lasting a minimum of 2.5 months ( mean 22.7 ± 17.7 weeks ) . Multi-component exercise interventions can currently be recommended for pre-frail and frail older adults to improve muscular strength , gait speed , balance and physical performance , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Resistance training alone also appeared to be beneficial , in particular for improving muscular strength , gait speed and physical performance . Other types of exercise were not sufficiently studied and their effectiveness is yet to be established . Conclusions : Interventions for pre-frail and frail older adults should include multi-component exercises , including in particular resistance training , as well as aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Future research should adopt a consistent definition of frailty and investigate the effects of other types of exercise alone or in combination with nutritional interventions so that more specific recommendations can be made For decades , exercise has been considered a cornerstone of diabetes management , along with diet and medication . However , high- quality evidence on the importance of exercise and fitness in diabetes was lacking until recent years . The present document summarizes the most clinical ly relevant recent advances related to people with type 2 diabetes and the recommendations that follow from these . Our recently published technical review on physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes ( 1 ) includes greater detail on individual studies , on prevention of diabetes , and on the physiology of exercise . The present statement focuses on type 2 diabetes . Issues primarily germane to type 1 diabetes will be covered in a subsequent technical review and ADA Statement . The levels of evidence used are defined by the ADA in ref . 2 . Two r and omized trials each found that lifestyle interventions including ∼150 min/week of physical activity and  diet-induced weight loss of 5–7 % reduced the risk of progression from impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) to type 2 diabetes by 58 % ( 3,4 ) . A cluster-r and omized trial found that diet alone , exercise alone , and combined diet and exercise were equally effective in reducting the progression from IGT to diabetes ( 5 ) . Therefore , there is firm and consistent evidence that programs of increased physical activity  and modest weight loss reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in individuals with IGT . Boule et al. ( 6 ) undertook a systematic review and meta- analysis on the effects of structured exercise interventions in clinical trials of ≥8 weeks duration on HbA1c ( A1C ) and body mass in people with type 2 diabetes . Postintervention A1C was significantly lower in exercise than control groups ( 7.65 vs. 8.31 % , weighted mean difference −0.66 % ; P < 0.001 ) . In contrast , postintervention body weight did not differ between the exercise and control groups . Meta-regression confirmed that the beneficial effect of exercise on A1C Exercise and diet are the cornerstones of management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) . Many older people have difficulty in exercising , missing benefits on glycaemic control , weight , cardiac disease and mood . We report the outcomes of a 6 month structured exercise and support programme based on a health promotion model , on physical activity , glycaemic control and parameters of cardiovascular risk in non-exercisers , compared with st and ard outpatient clinic education . A total of 26 non-exercising patients were r and omised to an intervention or control group ( ten men , 16 women ; mean age ( + /- S.D. ) 60 + /- 8 years ) . Programme participation was not associated with any significant increase in activity . Glycated hemoglobin ( HbAtc ) levels tended to stabilise in the intervention group during the 6 month programme and to deteriorate in the control group ( P = 0.03 ) ; by 12 months HbA1C levels deteriorated to a similar level in both . Programme participation did not cause significant change in anthropometric or metabolic parameters . Examining the cohort as a whole , increased activity over 6 months was associated with improvements in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , body fat and fasting insulin . Activity increases over 12 months were associated with improvements in weight and BMI . These changes could not be attributed to changes in energy intake or dietary composition . We conclude that while exercise can benefit older people with NIDDM , a programme based on a model of health promotion was not effective in increasing physical activity
In sum , exercise and physical activity can effectively prevent weight gain in older adults and postmenopausal women either in terms of weight loss or maintenance .
They can preserve lean body mass and thus are important for the balance between potentially positive and negative effects of weight reduction in later life .
In addition , since all intervention studies were conducted with an overweight sample , it seems that primordial prevention ( in terms of preventing the development of risk factors such as excess weight in the first place ) might be a neglected issue in geriatric and postmenopausal prevention
This review examines the role of exercise and physical activity for preventing  weight gain in older people .