The effect of ginger powder supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The association between adipocytokines and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus Effect of high-dose pitavastatin on glucose homeostasis in patients at elevated risk of new-onset diabetes: insights from the CAPITAIN and PREVAIL-US studies Effects of a single post-partum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus. The effects of synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance/sensitivity, lipid profile and total antioxidant capacity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Lack of effect of subtherapeutic vitamin D treatment on glycemic and lipid parameters in Type 2 diabetes: A pilot prospective randomized trial. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Determinants of changes in blood glucose response to short-term exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Effect of vildagliptin on hsCRP and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles in diabetic hemodialysis patients Chromium Nicotinate Has No Effect on Insulin Sensitivity, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profile in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Effect of Linagliptin on Glycemic Control in Chinese Patients with Newly-Diagnosed, Drug-Naïve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial Sitagliptin added to previously taken antidiabetic agents on insulin resistance and lipid profile: a 2-year study evaluation. Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine Jinlida Granule in Treatment of Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Status in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance and anthropometric parameters in Type 2 diabetes; a randomized double-blind clinical trial Serum vitamin-D predicts insulin resistance in individuals with prediabetes Long-term monitoring of insulin sensitivity in growth hormone-deficient adults on substitutive recombinant human growth hormone therapy. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. Vitamin D and Evening Primrose Oil Administration Improve Glycemia and Lipid Profiles in Women with Gestational Diabetes Treatment of hypogonadism with testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Impact of treatment with oral calcitriol on glucose indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Comparison of glycaemic control over 1 year with pioglitazone or gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes. An oily fish diet increases insulin sensitivity compared to a red meat diet in young iron-deficient women. Effects of one year treatment of vildagliptin added to pioglitazone or glimepiride in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on blood glucose, insulin resistance and glutathione peroxidase of type 2 diabetic patients. Effects of pioglitazone and glimepiride on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Sibutramine and L-carnitine compared to sibutramine alone on insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Orlistat and L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on insulin resistance in obese diabetic patients. Validation of surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in children and adolescents. The effect of flaxseed powder on insulin resistance indices and blood pressure in prediabetic individuals: A randomized controlled clinical trial Appetite-regulating hormone changes in patients with craniopharyngioma. Supplementation of α-linolenic acid improves serum adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Comparison between orlistat plus l-carnitine and orlistat alone on inflammation parameters in obese diabetic patients. Lowering Uric Acid With Allopurinol Improves Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia Effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status, anthropometric indexes, inflammation, and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women: A randomised controlled clinical trial.
OBJECTIVE To identify the effect of some herbal products on insulin resistance . Regarding the scientific evidence s existing about ginger , this research was therefore carried out to identify the effect of ginger supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in diabetes mellitus . METHODS This is a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in which 88 participants affected by diabetes were r and omly assigned into ginger ( GG ) and placebo ( PG ) groups . The GG received 3 one-gram capsules containing ginger powder whereas the PG received 3 one-gram microcrystalline-containing capsules daily for 8 weeks . HbA1c , fructosamine , fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , fasting insulin , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , β-cell function ( β% ) , insulin sensitivity ( S% ) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) were assessed before and after the intervention . RESULTS FBS mean showed a decrease of 10.5 % ( p=0.003 ) in the GG whereas the mean had an increase of 21 % in the PG ( p=0.01 ) . Variation in HbA1c mean was in line with that of FBS . Statistical difference was found in the two groups before and after the intervention in terms of median of fasting insulin level , S% and HOMA-IR ( P<0.005 ) . Moreover QUICKI mean increased significantly in the two groups , the mean difference , however , was significantly higher in the GG . CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that daily consumption of 3 one-gram capsules of ginger powder for 8 weeks is useful for patients with type 2 diabetes due to FBS and HbA1c reduction and improvement of insulin resistance indices such as QUICKI index OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance ( IR ) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) using baseline fasting blood measurements of glucose and insulin . DESIGN Prospect i ve clinical study . SETTING Academic endocrinology unit in Palermo , Italy . PATIENT(S ) Two hundred and sixty-seven women with PCOS , consecutively evaluated , and 50 consecutively selected ovulating controls . INTERVENTION(S ) Fasting blood was obtained for glucose and insulin measurements from all women . For 60 women with PCOS and 20 controls an insulin tolerance test ( ITT ) was also performed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Assessment of normal and abnormal values for fasting insulin , glucose/insulin ratio , and the calculated indices of the homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) , quantitative sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) , as well as Kitt ( kinetic disappearance of glucose ) values after ITT . Evaluation was performed of the ability to detect IR using these methods in obese and nonobese women with PCOS . RESULT ( S ) Normal insulin sensitivity was defined by insulin levels < 12 mU/mL , glucose/insulin ratios of > 6.4 , HOMA values of < 47 , and QUICKI values of > 0.333 . In the entire PCOS groups , IR was diagnosed in 65.4 % of women using glucose/insulin ratios and in 77 % and 79.2 % using HOMA and QUICKI . In obese women ( body mass index > 28 in 48 % of group ) , IR was present in 76.7 % as measured by glucose/insulin ratios but was significantly higher ( 95.3 % ) using values of either HOMA or QUICKI ( P<.01 ) . All indices correlated with Kitt values with QUICKI showing the best correlation . CONCLUSION ( S ) Insulin resistance was detected in approximately 80 % of women with PCOS , and in 95 % of obese women . The detection of IR is superior using the calculated indices HOMA and QUICKI Abstract Objective : To evaluate the relationship between adipocytokines and glycemic control . Study design : Prospect i ve observational trial of gestations with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) .  Fasting glucose ( FG ) , insulin , adiponectin , leptin , chemerin , retinol-binding protein 4 ( RBP-4 ) , osteocalcin , and resistin were measured . HomeOstasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and QUantitative insulin sensitivity ChecK Index ( QUICKI ) were calculated . Women who required medications for glycemic control were compared to women using nutritional therapy only . Results : Overall , 75 women were included −26 ( 34.7 % ) required medications to achieve good glycemic control . Factors associated with poor control are as follows : low resistin ( aOR 0.84 ) , HOMA-IR ( aOR 1.96 ) , QUICKI ( aOR 0.62 ) , first trimester FG ( aOR 1.43 ) , and maternal age ( aOR 1.26 ) . HOMA-IR and QUICKI performed highest for prediction . Resistin , first trimester FG , maternal age , and QUICKI had an AUC of 0.878 , sensitivity and specificity of 87.5 % for the prediction of the need for medications . Conclusions : Low resistin is associated with poor control . A model utilizing maternal age , first trimester fasting glucose , and first visit QUICKI yields good predictability Abstract Aims : Statin treatment may impair glucose homeostasis and increase the risk of  new-onset diabetes mellitus  , although this may depend on the statin , dose and patient population . We evaluated the effects of pitavastatin 4 mg/day on glucose homeostasis in patients with metabolic syndrome in the CAPITAIN trial . Findings were vali date d in a subset of patients enrolled in PREVAIL-US . Methods : Participants with a well defined metabolic syndrome phenotype were recruited to CAPITAIN to reduce the influence of confounding factors . Validation and comparison data sets were selected comprising phenotypically similar subsets of individuals enrolled in PREVAIL-US and treated with pitavastatin or pravastatin , respectively . Mean change from baseline in parameters of glucose homeostasis ( fasting plasma glucose [ FPG ] , glycated hemoglobin [ HbA1c ] , insulin , quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index [ QUICKI ] and homeostasis model of assessment –insulin resistance [ HOMA-IR ] ) and plasma lipid profile were assessed at 6 months ( CAPITAIN ) and 3 months ( PREVAIL-US ) after initiating treatment . Results : In CAPITAIN ( n = 12 ) , no significant differences from baseline in HbA1c , insulin , HOMA-IR and QUICKI were observed at day 180 in patients treated with pitavastatin . A small ( 4 % ) increase in FPG from baseline to day 180 ( P < 0.05 ) , was observed . In the validation data set ( n = 9 ) , no significant differences from baseline in glycemic parameters were observed at day 84 ( all comparisons P > 0.05 ) . Similar results were observed for pravastatin in the comparison data set ( n = 14 ) . Conclusions : Other than a small change in FPG in the CAPITAIN study , neutral effects of pitavastatin on glucose homeostasis were observed in two cohorts of patients with metabolic syndrome , independent of its efficacy in reducing levels of atherogenic lipoproteins . The small number of patients and relatively short follow-up period represent limitations of the study . Nevertheless , these data suggest that statin-induced diabetogenesis may not represent a class effect AIM This study was performed to determine the effect of a single , large , intramuscular injection of vitamin D post-partum on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes . METHODS Forty-five participants in a r and omized controlled trial on gestational diabetes mellitus were divided into an intervention group and a control group . Only subjects in the intervention group received one intramuscular injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 .  HbA(1c ) , serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 , fasting insulin and blood glucose , C-peptide , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , β-cell function , insulin sensitivity and the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) were measured at baseline and after 3 months of intervention . RESULTS Approximately 80 % of the mothers had a degree of vitamin D deficiency . Post-intervention , this was found in 4.2 and 71.4 % in the intervention and control groups , respectively . The medians of HOMA-IR indices before and after intervention were 0.6 and 0.5 ( P = 0.7 ) , respectively , in subjects in the intervention group , and 0.5 and 0.9 ( P = 0.01 ) in subjects in the control group . The mean of the QUICKI fell only in the control group ( P = 0.008 ) . In the control group , β-cell function increased by ~8 % ( P = 0.01 ) and insulin sensitivity decreased after 3 months ( P = 0.002 ) . Post-intervention , the median C-peptide decreased in the intervention group and increased in the control group , but the change was significant only in the control group ( P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS A single injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 achieves a 3-month serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D range of 50 - 80 nmol/l and is an efficient , effective and safe procedure for improving the vitamin status and indices of insulin resistance in mothers with gestational diabetes after delivery AIMS The role of gut microbiota in the management of diabetes is shown . In this r and omized clinical trial we assessed the effects of synbiotic supplementation on insulin , lipid profile and antioxidative status among women with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . METHODS Ninety pregnant women with GDM were r and omly assigned into two groups to receive either a daily synbiotic capsule - consisting of L. acidophilus , L. plantarum , L. fermentum , L. gasseri ( 1.5 - 7.0 × 109 - 10 CFU/g ) - with fructooligosaccharide ( 38.5 mg ) , or placebo for 6 weeks . Fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , insulin , homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) , high- and low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C , LDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , total antioxidant capacity ( TAC ) , and systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( SBP , DSP ) were assessed before and after the intervention . RESULTS No significant changes in FPG , insulin resistance/sensitivity , lipid profile and TAC indices were seen in synbiotic group compared to the placebo one ( p > 0.05 ) . Significant within group increases for HDL-C and TAC levels in synbiotic group were observed ( p < 0.05 ) . LDL-C showed significant increment in the placebo group compared to the baseline of the study ( 6.9 mg/dL , p < 0.05 ) . Between group comparison showed significant decrease in SBP and DBP in synbiotic group compared to placebo ( -2.5 vs. 8.6 mmHg , and -1.8 vs. 2.1 mmHg , p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The results showed that , in women with GDM , synbiotic supplementation had no effect on FPG and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices . Lipid profile and TAC status may be affected by synbiotic supplementation . Synbiotic is effective in reducing of blood pressure in women with GDM BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among individuals with vitamin D deficiency . The aim of the present study was to determine whether vitamin D treatment  improves glucose control and insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . METHODS Subjects with T2DM and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) concentrations < 25 ng/mL were r and omized to receive 400 IU ( Group 1 ) or 1200 IU ( Group 2 ) cholecalciferol for 4 months . Fasting plasma glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) , serum lipid levels and serum adiponectin were measured at baseline and at 4 months . RESULTS Mean 25(OH)D levels increased in both groups ( from 17.6±1.5 to 25.5±1.8 ng/mL in Group 1 and from 15.6±1.4 to 27.4±2.4 ng/mL in Group 2 ; P≤0.001 vs baseline for each group ) . No significant differences were noted in fasting plasma glucose , HbA1c , QUICKI , serum adiponectin , and lipid levels compared with baseline within groups or between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS In the present pilot study , conventional vitamin D treatment at a level improving , but not optimizing , serum 25(OH)D did not improve glycemia , insulin sensitivity , or lipid profile . However , diabetes and lipids were relatively well controlled at baseline . Future studies should be design ed to achieve optimal concentrations of serum 25(OH)D ( at least > 32 ng/mL ) and should include subjects showing more abnormal parameters of glycemia , lipid , and insulin sensitivity at baseline AIM To determine the short-term effect of vitamin D(3 ) supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy , middle-aged , central ly obese men . SUBJECTS AND METHODS A double-blind r and omized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care facility in which 100 male volunteers aged > or = 35 years received three doses of vitamin D(3 ) ( 120,000 IU each ; supplemented group ) fortnightly or placebo ( control group ) . Hepatic fasting insulin sensitivity [ homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA ) , quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index , HOMA-2 ] , postpr and ial insulin sensitivity [ oral glucose insulin sensitivity ( OGIS ) ] , insulin secretion ( HOMA%B , HOMA2-%B ) , lipid profile and blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 6 weeks ' follow-up . RESULTS Seventy-one of the recruited subjects completed the study ( 35 in supplemented group , 36 in control group ) . There was an increase in OGIS with supplementation by per protocol analysis ( P = 0.038 ; intention-to-treat analysis P = 0.055 ) . The age- and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level-adjusted difference in change in OGIS was highly significant ( mean difference 41.1 + /- 15.5 ; P = 0.01 ) . No changes in secondary outcome measures ( insulin secretion , basal indices of insulin sensitivity , blood pressure or lipid profile ) were found with supplementation . CONCLUSION The trial indicates that vitamin D(3 ) supplementation improves postpr and ial insulin sensitivity ( OGIS ) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance ( central ly obese but non-diabetic ) The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a 4-week exercise training intervention on blood glucose , insulin sensitivity , BMI ( body mass index ) and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with Type 2 diabetes , and to identify and establish criteria for patients who are more likely to improve their blood glucose  from short-term exercise training . A r and omized , controlled trial of exercise training , comprising two supervised and one non-supervised sessions of individualized cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise per week , was performed in 132 healthy patients with Type 2 diabetes ( exercise training group , n=68 ) , with the aim of accumulating a minimum of 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise for 4 weeks . BMI , waist circumference , blood pressure , blood lipid profile , blood glucose , insulin , insulin sensitivity [ calculated by HOMA(IR ) ( homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ) and QUICKI ( quantitative insulin check index ) ] , beta-cell function ( calculated by HOMA(beta-Cell ) ) , HbA(1c ) ( glycated haemoglobin ) and VO(2max ) ( maximal oxygen consumption ) were measured at baseline and at 4 weeks . The exercise training group had significant improvements in VO(2max ) , BMI and triacylglycerols ( triglycerides ) . There were no significant changes in blood glucose , HOMA(IR ) , QUICKI or HOMA(beta-Cell ) . Decreases in blood glucose were significantly predicted by baseline blood glucose and HbA(1c ) , with these variables accounting for 15.9 % of the change in blood glucose ( P<0.001 ) . ROC ( receiver operator characteristic ) curve analysis revealed that patients with a blood glucose > 8.85 mmol/l ( sensitivity=73 % , specificity=78 % ) and HbA(1c ) > 7.15 % ( sensitivity=79 % , specificity=60 % ) were more likely to achieve a clinical ly significant decrease in blood glucose . In conclusion , in apparently healthy patients with Type 2 diabetes , a 4-week exercise intervention improved cardiorespiratory fitness , BMI and triacylglycerols . Elevated blood glucose and HbA(1c ) predicted improvements in blood glucose BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and hyperhomocysteinaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases . The aim of this study was to assess the effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on cardiovascular disease risk factors such as insulin resistance , oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . METHODS Fifty lean patients ( BMI < 25 kg/m2 ) with PCOS and 35 healthy subjects were included this study . Serum homocysteine , sex steroids , fasting insulin , fasting glucose and lipid levels were measured . Total antioxidant status ( TAS ; combines concentrations of individual antioxidants ) and malonyldialdehyde concentration ( MDA ) were determined . Insulin resistance was evaluated by using the homeostasis model insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) , Area under the curve insulin ( AUCI ) and the insulin sensitivity index ( ISI ) . Patients were divided into two groups . One group was treated with metformin ( n = 25 ) and the other received rosiglitazone ( n = 25 ) for 12 weeks . All measurements were repeated at the end of 12 weeks . RESULTS Compared with healthy women , those with PCOS had significantly elevated serum MDA , homocysteine , HOMA-IR , AUCI and lipoprotein a levels , and significantly decreased serum TAS , QUICKI and ISI . Serum free testosterone levels showed a significant positive correlation with MDA , AUCI and HOMA-IR , and a negative correlation with TAS , ISI and QUICKI in PCOS patients . HOMA-IR and AUCI significantly decreased , while QUICKI and ISI significantly increased after treatment in both groups . Serum TAS level increased and serum MDA level decreased after the rosiglitazone treatment , but these parameters did not change after the metformin treatment . Serum homocysteine and lipid levels did not change in either group , while serum and rogen levels and LH/FSH ratio significantly decreased after the treatment period in only the rosiglitazone-treated group . CONCLUSION Elevated insulin resistance , oxidative stress and plasma homocysteine levels and changes in serum lipid profile ( risk factors for cardiovascular disease ) were observed in lean PCOS patients .  Rosiglitazone seemed to decrease elevated oxidative stress when compared with metformin treatment in lean PCOS patients OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 ( DPP-4 ) inhibitor vildagliptin on high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) and arterial stiffness ( AS ) in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) . DESIGN : Sixty-four drug-naive diabetic patients , with inadequate glycemic control , participated in this r and omized , open-label study . Half of the patients received metformin 1700 mg/d and the other half of them received metformin 1700 mg/d plus vildagliptin 100 mg/d . AS was measured by carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity ( cfPWV ) . Body weight ( BW ) , body mass index ( BMI ) , blood pressure ( BP ) , hsCRP , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , lipid profile , albumin/creatinine ratio ( ACR ) , fasting insulin , C-peptide , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function ( HOMA-β ) were also assessed at baseline and after 6 months . RESULTS : Vildagliptin in combination with metformin had a beneficial influence on hsCRP , HbA1c , C-peptide and HOMA-β index ( p < 0.05 ) but had no effect on cfPWV , BP , BW , BMI , lipid profile , ACR and HOMA-IR compared with metformin alone ( p = NS ) . CONCLUSIONS : We have found that the addition of vildagliptin to metformin for a period of six months decreased hsCRP , improved glycemic control and β-cell function but had no effect on AS in drug-naive patients with T2DM Purpose The current study was conducted to determine the effects of coenzyme Q10 ( CoQ10 ) supplementation on glycemic control and markers of lipid profiles risk in diabetic hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . Methods This r and omized , double blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed among 60 diabetic HD patients . Subjects were r and omly allocated into two groups to take either 120 mg/day of CoQ10 supplements or placebo ( n = 30 each group ) for 12 weeks . Results After 12 weeks of intervention , CoQ10 supplementation , compared with the placebo , result ed in a significant decrease in serum insulin concentrations ( − 2.5 ± 4.0 vs. + 2.8 ± 5.3 µIU/mL , P < 0.001 ) , homeostasis model of assessment -estimated insulin resistance ( − 0.9 ± 2.1 vs. + 1.2 ± 3.0 , P = 0.002 ) , and significant increase in the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.009 ± 0.01 vs. − 0.02 ± 0.05 , P = 0.003 ) . In addition , a trend toward a greater decrease in serum triglycerides ( − 5 ± 53 vs. + 17 ± 44 , P = 0.078 ) and VLDL-cholesterol levels ( − 0.9 ± 10 vs. + 3 ± 9 , P = 0.078 ) was observed in the CoQ10 group compared to the placebo group . We did not observe any significant effect of CoQ10 supplementation on fasting glucose , HbA1c and other lipid profiles compared with the placebo . Conclusions Overall , our study supported that CoQ10 supplementation to diabetic HD patients for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on markers of insulin metabolism , but did not affect fasting glucose , HbA1c , and lipid profiles . Clinical registration http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 2016081811763N30 Objective : To investigate the effect of chromium nicotinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity , glycemic control , and lipid profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Material s and Methods : In a double-blind clinical trial , 56 overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes were r and omized into 3 groups : placebo ( NC0 ) , 50 μg ( NC50 ) , and 200 μg ( NC200 ) of chromium as chromium nicotinate .  Chromium status , sensitivity to insulin , glycemic control , and lipid profile were assessed at the beginning of the study and 45 days and 90 days after . Results : In the beginning , most subjects showed low concentrations of serum chromium ( 71.88 % ) , regular levels of urinary chromium ( 80.65 % ) , and insulin resistance ( 73.80 % ) . The serum chromium concentrations did not differ among the groups over time ( p = 0.2549 ) . The changes in serum chromium and urine concentrations did not relate to changes in fasting glucose ( p > 0.05 ) . At 90 days of intervention , there was no significant difference between groups in fasting glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , total cholesterol , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) ; there was increase in homeostasis model assessment β-cell function ( HOMA-β ; p = 0.0349 ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ; p = 0.0425 ) in the NC0 group and a reduction of triglycerides in the NC0 ( p = 0.0177 ) and NC50 ( p = 0.0336 ) groups . Conclusion : Supplementation at 50 and 200 μg of chromium as chromium nicotinate did not promote glycemic control , increase insulin sensitivity , or change the lipid profile of subjects with diabetes Background This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linagliptin ( a novel dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor ) on glucose metabolism and β-cell function in Chinese patients with newly-diagnosed , drug-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Material / Methods Newly-diagnosed and drug-naïve T2DM patients were enrolled . After 4-week lifestyle modulation and 2-week placebo run-in , 57 patients were r and omized to double-blind treatment with linagliptin ( n=34 ) or placebo ( n=23 ) . The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) after 24 weeks . Fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , 2-h postpr and ial plasma glucose ( 2h-PPG ) , fasting insulin , proinsulin-to-insulin ratio , homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function ( HOMA-β ) were also evaluated . Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups . Compared with placebo , linagliptin therapy result ed in a significant decrease in HbA1C ( −1.2±0.7 % vs. −0.4±0.4 % , P<0.001 ) , FBG ( −0.98±1.17 vs. −0.32±0.51 mmol/L , P=0.011 , and 2h-PPG ( −2.02±0.94 vs. −0.97±0.63 mmol/L , P<0.001 ) . Significant differences were observed for the proinsulin/insulin ratio ( P<0.001 ) and HOMA-β index ( P=0.001 ) . Rates of adverse events were similar between the 2 groups ( 30.3 % vs. 27.3 % ) . All adverse events were mild . One patient discontinued participation due to pregnancy . Conclusions Linagliptin treatment result ed in a significant and clinical ly meaningful improvement of glycemic control in drug-naïve Chinese patients with T2DM , as well as improved parameters of β-cell function . Linagliptin had an excellent safety profile The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the positive effects of sitagliptin on glycemic control and insulin resistance were maintained also after 2 years of therapy and whether sitagliptin could be effective also in improving lipid profile . In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 205 patients with type 2 diabetes in therapy with different antidiabetic drugs were r and omized to add sitagliptin 100 mg once a day or placebo to their current therapy . We evaluated at the baseline and after 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months the following parameters : body mass index , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , postpr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , triglycerides ( Tg ) .  Sitagliptin , added to previously taken antidiabetic agents , proved to be effective in improving glycemic profile , reducing HbA1c by -17.5 % , FPG by -12.7 % , PPG by -20.5 % . Regarding insulin resistance , sitagliptin decreased FPI by -8.3 % and HOMA-IR by -20.0 % , confirming that what have been already reported in short-term studies can be applied also after 2 years of treatment . Sitagliptin also reduced body weight by -4.3 % . Our study also showed the positive effect of sitagliptin on lipid profile ; in particular , sitagliptin decreased TC by -13.3 % , LDL-C by -20.4 % , and Tg by -32.3 % , and also increased HDL-C by + 13.6 % . Sitagliptin proved to be effective on glycemic profile and insulin resistance even after 2 years of therapy and to be effective in improving body weight and lipid profile Background : Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) remains a major health problem worldwide . Several clinical trials have shown the superiority of the Traditional Chinese Medicine in delaying or reversing the development and progression of DM . This study aim ed to evaluate the efficacy of Jinlida ( JLD ) granule , a Chinese herbal recipe , in the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) and its effect on the prevention of DM . Methods : Sixty-five IGT patients were r and omized to receive one bag of JLD granules three times daily ( JLD group , n = 34 ) or no drug intervention ( control group , n = 31 ) for 12 weeks . Oral glucose tolerance test , glycated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , body mass index , blood lipids levels , fasting insulin , and insulin resistance calculated using homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) of all the patients were observed and compared before and after the treatment . Results : Sixty-one participants completed the trial ( 32 in JLD group and 29 in the control group ) . There were statistically significant decreases in HbA1c ( P < 0.001 ) , 2-h plasma glucose ( P < 0.001 ) , and HOMA-IR ( P = 0.029 ) in JLD group compared with the control group after 12 weeks of treatment . After 12 weeks of treatment , two ( 6.9 % ) patients returned to normal blood glucose , and five ( 17.2 % ) patients turned into DM in control group , while in the JLD group , 14 ( 43.8 % ) returned to normal blood glucose and 2 ( 6.2 % ) turned into DM . There was a significant difference in the number of subjects who had normal glucose at the end of the study between two groups ( P = 0.001 ) . Conclusions : JLD granule effectively improved glucose control , increased the conversion of IGT to normal glucose , and improved the insulin resistance in patients with IGT . This Chinese herbal medicine may have a clinical value for IGT Objective . This trial aims to examine the effects of a Probiotic Mixture ( VSL#3 ) on glycemic status and inflammatory markers , in women with GDM . Material s and Methods . Over a period of 8 weeks , 82 women with gestational diabetes were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n = 41 ) which were given VSL#3 capsule or to a control group which were given placebo capsule ( n = 41 ) . Fasting plasma glucose , homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance , glycosylated hemoglobin , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-6 , Interferon gamma , and interleukin-10 were measured before and after the intervention . Results . After 8 wk of supplementation FPG , HbA1c , HOMA-IR , and insulin levels remained unchanged in the probiotic and placebo groups . The comparison between the two groups showed no significant differences with FPG and HbA1c , but there were significant differences in insulin levels and HOMA-IR ( 16.6 ± 5.9 ; 3.7 ± 1.5 , resp . ) . Unlike the levels of IFN-g ( 19.21 ± 16.6 ) , there was a significant decrease in levels of IL-6 ( 3.81 ± 0.7 ) , TNF-α ( 3.10 ± 1.1 ) , and hs-CRP ( 4927.4 ± 924.6 ) . No significant increase was observed in IL-10 ( 3.11 ± 5.7 ) in the intervention group as compared with the control group . Conclusions . In women with GDM , supplementation with probiotics ( VSL#3 ) may help to modulate some inflammatory markers and may have benefits on glycemic control Background & the purpose of the study Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) is increasing worldwide . To reduce its risk and progression , preventive strategies are needed . Vitamin supplementation such as vitamin D is one of the strategies . This study was design ed to investigate the effect of injection of vitamin D on insulin resistance and anthropometric parameters in T2DM . Methods This r and omized double-blind clinical trial was conducted with 42 diabetic patients in two groups ; intervention group with  single intramuscular injection of 300,000 International Unit ( IU ) of vitamin D3 and the placebo group . After recording demographic and anthropometric factors ( waist circumference , blood pressure and body mass index ) , fasting blood sample s was taken for measurement of blood glucose , 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ( 25-OHD3 ) , insulin , glycosylated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) and estimation of Homeostasis Model Assessment Index ( HOMA ) in two times ; before study and after three months . Results Two groups had similar baseline characteristics ( each group = 21 subjects ) . Three months after vitamin D injection , HbA1c , anthropometric factors and HOMA index in intervention group stayed constant , however , serum 25- OHD3 was significantly increased ( p = 0.007 ) . Conclusion The present data is not convincing and further studies with large sample sizes are needed to show the definite effect of injection of vitamin D on control of diabetes and its risk Background & objectives : Patients with diabetes and vitamin-D insufficiency have increased insulin resistance . Similar observations among individuals with prediabetes are not well documented . The aim of this study was to find the occurrence of vitamin-D insufficiency/deficiency among individuals with prediabetes and to evaluate the relationship between vitamin-D status and insulin resistance . Methods : One hundred fifty seven individuals with prediabetes who fulfilled all the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent clinical examination , anthropometric measurements ( waist circumference , waist-hip ratio , waist-height ratio ) and blood sampling after overnight fast for estimation of fasting blood glucose , fasting insulin , 25(OH)vitamin-D , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) and lipid profile . One hour post 75 g glucose ( 1hPG ) blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance test was measured . Results : Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency was found in 115 ( 73.25 % ) individuals with prediabetes .  Severe vitamin-D deficiency ( < 10 ng/ml ) was seen in 14.65 per cent individuals . Individuals with the lowest vitamin-D levels ( < 10 ng/ml ) had the highest insulin resistance ( HOMA2-IR : 2.04 ± 0.67 ) . Serum 25(OH)D had a statistically significant inverse correlation with insulin resistance ( HOMA2-IR ; r=-0.33 ; P=0.008 ) , and positive correlation with insulin sensitivity ( QUICKI ; r=0.39 ; P=0.002 ) , after adjusting for BMI and HbA1c . There was no correlation between vitamin-D status and estimated beta cell mass ( HOMA-β ) . The mean waist-height ratio among individuals with prediabetes was 0.57 ( normal<0.5 ) indicating a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity . Individuals with elevated 1hPG>155 mg/dl had significantly higher BMI and worse insulin resistance , and 1hPG correlated well with 2 hour post glucose blood glucose ( r=0.57 ; P<0.001 ) . Interpretations & conclusions : Vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency may have some role in the development/worsening of insulin resistance in individuals with prediabetes in our country who have a high cardiovascular risk . Prospect i ve studies on a large group of individuals need to be done to confirm the findings Since the effects of recombinant human growth hormone ( rhGH ) replacement therapy on glucose metabolism are still a matter of debate , the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of long-term rhGH treatment on insulin sensitivity . Simple indices of insulin resistance ( IR ) and insulin sensitivity ( IS ) , based on fasting glucose and insulin , such as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and the quantitative insulin check index ( QUICKI ) , were used to estimate the degree of IR and IS in 20 normoglycemic patients ( 11 men and 9 women ; mean age , 44 + /- 14 years ) with severe adult-onset GH deficiency ( GHD ) . Measurements were determined at baseline and after 1 and 5 years of continuous rhGH therapy . Basal values were compared to those obtained in 20 healthy sex- and age-matched controls . Starting rhGH dose ranged from 3 to 8 microg/kg/d in keeping with sex and age , then doses were titrated according to insulin-like growth factor-I ( IGF-I ) levels . At baseline all patients had low IGF-I levels ( 10 + /- 5.4 nmol/L ) , high body mas index ( BMI ; 27.5 + /- 4 kg/m(2 ) ) , and elevated body fat percentage ( BF% ; 31.8 + /- 9.6 ) . Fasting glucose and insulin levels , as well as HOMA-IR and QUICKI , did not differ significantly from those recorded in the control group . After 1 year of rhGH replacement therapy , normalization in IGF-I levels and a significant reduction in BF% were observed ( P < .001 ) , and these effects were maintained after 5 years of treatment . Fasting glucose increased from 79 + /- 10 to 87 + /- 13 , and 87 + /- 12 mg/dL ( P < .05 ) after 1 and 5 years of therapy , respectively . Fasting insulin significantly increased after 1 year , without further modifications in the long-term follow-up . HOMA-IR significantly increased from 2.1 + /- 1.7 to 2.5 + /- 1.7 ( P < .05 ) after 1 year , then decreased to 2.3 + /- 1.5 ( P = not significant [ NS ] v basal ) after 5 years . A specular decrease in QUICKI from 0.37 + /- 0.05 to 0.34 + /- 0.03 ( P < .01 ) occurred after 1 year , with a trend to increase ( 0.35 + /- 0.04 ; P = NS v basal ) after 5 years . No patient developed impaired fasting glucose . In conclusion , rhGH therapy determined an increase in fasting glucose and insulin levels , causing in the short-term period a worsening of IS . The sustained reduction in BF% , without further deterioration of IS , suggests that long-term beneficial effects on body composition may overcome the negative influence of GH on glucose metabolism Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors . The " gold st and ard " glucose clamp and minimal model analysis are two established methods for determining insulin sensitivity in vivo , but neither is easily implemented in large studies . Thus , it is of interest to develop a simple , accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity that is useful for clinical investigations . We performed both hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic glucose clamp and insulin-modified frequently sample d iv glucose tolerance tests on 28 nonobese , 13 obese , and 15 type 2 diabetic subjects . We obtained correlations between indexes of insulin sensitivity from glucose clamp studies ( SI(Clamp ) ) and minimal model analysis ( SI(MM ) ) that were comparable to previous reports ( r = 0.57 ) . We performed a sensitivity analysis on our data and discovered that physiological steady state values [ i.e. fasting insulin ( I(0 ) ) and glucose ( G(0 ) ) ] contain critical information about insulin sensitivity . We defined a quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI = 1/[log(I(0 ) ) + log(G(0 ) ) ] ) that has substantially better correlation with SI(Clamp ) ( r = 0.78 ) than the correlation we observed between SI(MM ) and SI(Clamp ) . Moreover , we observed a comparable overall correlation between QUICKI and SI(Clamp ) in a totally independent group of 21 obese and 14 nonobese subjects from another institution . We conclude that QUICKI is an index of insulin sensitivity obtained from a fasting blood sample that may be useful for clinical research Abstract Limited data are available assessing the effects of vitamin D and evening primrose oil ( EPO ) administration on markers of insulin resistance and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . This study was design ed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and EPO administration on insulin resistance and lipid concentrations among women with GDM . In this prospect i ve r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial , 60 participants with GDM were divided into 2 groups of either 1000 IU vitamin D3 and 1000 mg EPO or placebo for 6 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , fasting blood sample s were obtained from the participants to measure related variables . After 6 weeks of intervention , changes in fasting plasma glucose ( −3.6 ± 7.5 vs. + 1.5 ± 11.4 mg/dL , P = 0.04 ) , serum insulin concentrations ( −2.0 ± 5.3 vs. + 4.6 ± 10.7 µIU/mL , P = 0.004 ) , homeostasis model of assessment ( HOMA ) insulin resistance ( −0.5 ± 1.1 vs. + 1.1 ± 2.5 , P = 0.003 ) , HOMA-B cell function ( −7.7 ± 23.3 vs. + 17.4 ± 42.9 , P = 0.007 ) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.02 vs. −0.01 ± 0.02 , P = 0.007 ) in the vitamin D plus EPO group were significantly different from the placebo group . In addition , compared with the placebo , vitamin D and EPO supplementation result ed in significant reductions in serum TAG ( −20.0 ± 54.3 vs. + 34.3 ± 38.2 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , VLDL ( −4.0 ± 10.9 vs. + 6.9 ± 7.6 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , TC ( −22.1 ± 32.6 vs. + 5.3 ± 20.1 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) , LDL concentrations ( −18.0 ± 25.5 vs. + 1.8 ± 15.7 mg/dL , P = 0.001 ) and TC/HDL ( −0.3 ± 0.4 vs. + 0.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL , P < 0.001 ) . We did not observe any significant effect of vitamin D and EPO supplementation on serum HDL concentrations . Clinical trial registration number : http://www.i rct .ir : I RCT 201509115623N52 OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of testosterone treatment on insulin resistance , glycemic control , and dyslipidemia in Asian Indian men with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) and hypogonadism . METHODS We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study in 22 men , 25 to 50 years old , with T2DM and hypogonadism . Patients were treated with intramuscularly administered testosterone ( 200 mg every 15 days ) or placebo for 3 months in r and om order , followed by a washout period of 1 month before the alternative treatment phase . The primary outcomes were changes in fasting insulin sensitivity ( as measured by homeostasis model assessment [ HOMA ] in those patients not receiving insulin ) , fasting blood glucose , and hemoglobin A1c . The secondary outcomes were changes in fasting lipids , blood pressure , body mass index , waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio , and and rogen deficiency symptoms . Statistical analysis was performed on the delta values , with the treatment effect of placebo compared with the effect of testosterone . RESULTS Treatment with testosterone did not significantly influence insulin resistance measured by the HOMA index ( mean treatment effect , 1.67 + /- 4.29 ; confidence interval , -6.91 to 10.25 ; P>.05 ) . Mean change in hemoglobin A1c ( % ) ( -1.75 + /- 5.35 ; -12.46 to 8.95 ) and fasting blood glucose ( mg/dL ) ( 20.20 + /- 67.87 ; -115.54 to 155.94 ) also did not reach statistical significance . Testosterone treatment did not affect fasting lipids , blood pressure , and anthropometric determinations significantly . CONCLUSION In this study , testosterone treatment showed a neutral effect on insulin resistance and glycemic control and failed to improve dyslipidemia , control blood pressure , or reduce visceral fat significantly in Asian Indian men with T2DM and hypogonadism INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem . Recent epidemiological evidence also points to a potential association of vitamin D insufficiency with adverse metabolic risks , including that for type 2 diabetes . SUBJECTS AND METHOD A double-blind r and omized placebo-controlled trial was carried out . Seventy subjects with type 2 diabetes , age 30 - 75 years old , were r and omly assigned in a double-blind fashion to two groups . One group received two capsules of calcitriol ( 0.25 μg 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol per each capsule ) per day . The second group received placebo tablets . At the beginning , middle and the end of the 12 week supplementation trial , serum glucose , insulin , calcium and phosphorous , HbA1c and 25(OH ) vitamin D were measured . RESULTS There was no significant difference between two groups at baseline . At the end of the study , fasting plasma glucose increased in the control group ( p=0.038 ) , while it remained unchanged in calcitriol group . Level of insulin and HbA1c increased significantly in both groups ( p=0.013 and 0.0004 in treatment and control group ) . Regarding insulin resistance indices , there was a significant change in HOMA-IR and QUICKI in both groups ( p=0.023 and 0.002 in treatment and 0.001 and < 0.001 in control group respectively ) . Insulin secretion as assessed by HOMA-%β , remained relatively unchanged in the control group , while it increased significantly in the treatment group at the end of study ( p=0.009 ) . CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation attenuated the increase in glycemia , and increased insulin secretion , but had no effect on insulin resistance OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid concentrations in gestational diabetes ( GDM ) patients . METHODS This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was done among 140 GDM patients . Participants were r and omly divided into 4 groups to receive : ( 1 ) 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids containing 360 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 240 mg docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) twice a day + vitamin D placebo ( n = 35 ) ; ( 2 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 35 ) ; ( 3 ) 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks + 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day ( n = 35 ) , and ( 4 ) vitamin D placebo + omega-3 fatty acids placebo ( n = 35 ) for 6 weeks . RESULTS After 6 weeks of intervention , patients who received combined vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids supplements compared with vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids , and placebo had significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose ( -7.3 ± 7.8 , -6.9 ± 6.6 , -4.0 ± 2.5 , and + 1.0 ± 11.4 mg/dL , respectively , P < .001 ) , serum insulin levels ( -1.9 ± 1.9 , -1.3 ± 6.3 , -0.4 ± 6.3 , and + 2.6 ± 6.5 μIU/mL , respectively , P = .005 ) , homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance ( -0.7 ± 0.6 , -0.5 ± 1.4 , -0.2 ± 1.5 , and + 0.6 ± 1.5 , respectively , P < .001 ) and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( + 0.01 ± 0.01 , + 0.008 ± 0.02 , + 0.002 ± 0.02 , and -0.005 ± 0.02 , respectively , P = .001 ) . In addition , changes in serum triglycerides ( -8.2 ± 41.0 , + 7.6 ± 31.5 , + 3.6 ± 29.9 , and + 20.1 ± 29.6 mg/dL , respectively , P = .006 ) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -1.6 ± 8.2 , + 1.5 ± 6.3 , + 0.8 ± 6.0 , and + 4.0 ± 5.9 mg/dL , respectively , P = .006 ) in the vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids group were significantly different from the changes in these indicators in the vitamin D , omega-3 fatty acids , and placebo groups . CONCLUSION Overall , vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation for 6 weeks among GDM patients  had beneficial effects on fasting plasma glucose , serum insulin levels , homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance , quantitative insulin sensitivity check index , serum triglycerides , and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels SCOPE To investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements , both marine and plant-based , on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients . METHOD AND RESULTS In a double-blind r and omized controlled trial , 185 recruited Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were r and omized to either fish oil ( FO , n = 63 ) , flaxseed oil ( FSO , n = 61 ) , or corn oil group ( served as control group , n = 61 ) for 180 days . The patients were asked to take corresponding oil capsules ( four capsules/day ) , which totally provided 2 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in FO group and 2.5 g/day of alpha-linolenic acid in FSO group . No group × time interaction was observed for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance , fasting insulin , or glucose . Significant group × time interaction ( P = 0.035 ) was observed for glycated hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , with HbA1c decreased in FO group compared with corn oil group ( P = 0.037 ) . We also found significant group × time interactions for lipid traits , including LDL cholesterol ( P = 0.043 ) , total cholesterol ( P = 0.021 ) , total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ( P = 0.009 ) , and triacylglycerol ( P = 0.003 ) , with the lipid profiles improved in FO group . No significant effects of FSO on glycemic traits or blood lipids were observed . CONCLUSIONS Marine n-3 PUFA supplements may improve glycemic control and lipid profiles among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients AIMS To compare long-term ( 1 year ) efficacy and safety of pioglitazone and gliclazide in patients with Type 2 diabetes . METHODS This was a double-blind , multicentre , comparative , parallel group trial in 283 patients with Type 2 diabetes , who were r and omized to receive 1-year treatment with pioglitazone 30 - 45 mg/day or gliclazide 80 - 320 mg/day . Drug dose was titrated on the basis of self-monitored blood glucose ( SMBG ) measurements and HbA1c values . The 1-year changes in HbA1c , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , insulin , HOMA-S ( HOmeostatic Model Assessment ) and SMBG were compared . In a subgroup of patients ( n = 10 ) , systemic glucose production and utilization were determined by a combination of isotopic ( deuterated glucose ) and clamp techniques . RESULTS In both groups , there were similar decreases in HbA1c  ( pioglitazone : -0.79 % ; gliclazide : -0.79 % ) and FBG  ( pioglitazone : -1.0 mmol/l ; gliclazide : -0.7 mmol/l ) , whereas the slope of the reduction of fasting blood glucose was different between groups ( P = 0.004 ) . Insulin levels as well as insulin resistance assessed using HOMA-S decreased significantly only after pioglitazone treatment ( -11.94 pmol/l and -1.03 , respectively , both P = 0.002 vs. baseline ) . A significantly greater reduction in systemic glucose production was observed in the pioglitazone group ( -2.48 micromol/kg/min , P = 0.042 ) than in the gliclazide group ( -1.02 micromol/kg/min ) . A few , mild adverse events occurred in both groups . CONCLUSIONS A comparable decrease in HbA1c and FBG was observed with pioglitazone and gliclazide . However , with pioglitazone there was a continuous decrease in FBG over 1 year , whereas gliclazide failed to maintain a similar trend . This favourable effect of pioglitazone was due to its insulin-sensitizing effect and ability to decrease systemic glucose production Beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on a variety of physiological functions have been reported , but information related to the effects of oily fish consumed within a varied diet on glucose metabolism and diabetes risk is scarce . The objective of the study was to compare the effects of a diet rich in oily fish to those of a diet rich in red meat on lipid profile , oxidative status , glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in young , iron-deficient women . The study was design ed attending the CONSORT statement guidelines . It was a r and omised crossover dietary intervention study with two 8-week periods . Two diets were design ed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content ( four portions per week ) . Twenty-five young iron-deficient women with normal lipid , glucose and insulin levels participated in the assay . Lipid profile ( total , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol , TAG ) , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , and oxidation ( lipoperoxides ) and inflammation ( soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ) biomarkers were analysed . Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA ) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) . Insulin levels significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity significantly increased with the oily fish diet .  HDL-cholesterol significantly increased with the oily fish diet . Other parameters did not significantly differ between diets . An increase in oily fish consumption increases insulin sensitivity in young iron-deficient women . This outcome should be considered when giving dietary advice to this population The aim of the study was to compare the effects of vildagliptin added to pioglitazone or glimepiride on metabolic and insulin resistance related-indices in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients ( T2DM ) . 168 patients with T2DM were r and omized to take either pioglitazone 30 mg once a day plus vildagliptin 50 mg twice a day or glimepiride 2 mg 3 times a day plus vildagliptin 50 mg twice a day . We evaluated body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , postpr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index ( HOMA-beta ) , fasting plasma proinsulin ( FPPr ) , proinsulin/fasting plasma insulin ratio ( Pr/FPI ratio ) , adiponectin ( ADN ) , resistin ( R ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( Hs-CRP ) at their baseline values , and after 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months of treatment . We observed a similar improvement of HbA1c , FPG , PPG , and Hs-CRP compared to baseline in the 2 groups . Fasting plasma insulin , FPPr , Pr/FPI ratio , R , and TNF-alpha were significantly decreased and ADN was significantly increased with pioglitazone plus vildagliptin , but not with glimepiride plus vildagliptin .  HOMA-IR , and HOMA-beta values obtained with pioglitazone plus vildagliptin were significantly better than the values obtained with glimepiride plus vildagliptin . Pioglitazone plus vildagliptin were found to be more effective in preserving beta-cell function , and in reducing insulin resistance , and inflammatory state parameters OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of alpha-lipoic acid ( ALA ) treatment over a period of 2 months on fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , insulin resistance ( IR ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GH-Px ) activity in type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) patients . METHODS This study took place in Motahari Clinic , Shiraz , Iran , which is affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from May to October 2006 . Type 2 DM patients ( n=57 ) were divided into 2 groups to receive either ALA ( 300 mg daily ) or placebo by systematic r and omization , and were followed-up for 8 weeks . After an overnight fasting and 2 hours after breakfast , patients ' blood sample s were drawn and tested for FBG , 2 hours  PPG , serum insulin level , and GH-Px activity .  RESULTS The result of the study showed a significant decrease in FBG and PPG levels , IR-Homeostasis Model Assessment ( IR-HOMA index ) and GH-Px level in the ALA group . The comparison of differences between FBG and IR at the beginning and at the end of study in the ALA treated group and the placebo group were also significant . CONCLUSION This study supports the use of ALA as an antioxidant in the care of diabetic patients BACKGROUND Pioglitazone and glimepiride improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by different mechanisms . Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that reduces insulin resistance , and glimepiride is a sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue . OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to compare changes in measures of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes who received pioglitazone or glimepiride for 1 year . METHODS This was a multicenter , 52-week , double-blind , parallel-group trial . Patients were r and omized to receive monotherapy with either glimepiride ( 2 mg QD initially ) or pioglitazone ( 15 mg QD initially ) . Doses were titrated ( maximal doses : pioglitazone 45 mg , glimepiride 8 mg ) to achieve glycemic targets ( fasting blood glucose < or = 7 mmol/L and 1-hour postpr and ial blood glucose < or = 10 mmol/L ) . Insulin sensitivity ( primary end point ) was evaluated in terms of the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Sensitivity ( HOMA-S ) , the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index ( QUICKI ) , and fasting serum insulin ( FSI ) concentrations . Glycemic control was evaluated in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) values and fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) concentrations . Patients were encouraged to maintain their individual diet and exercise regimens throughout the study . RESULTS Two hundred forty-four patients ( 125 women , 119 men ; all but 1 Hispanic ) were r and omized to receive pioglitazone ( n = 121 ) or glimepiride ( n = 123 ) . In the intent-to-treat sample , pioglitazone and glimepirede produced comparable reductions in HbA(1c ) from baseline to the end of the study ( -0.78 % and -0.68 % , respectively ) . The pioglitazone group had significantly higher HbA(1c ) values compared with the glimepiride group after 12 weeks of therapy ( 8.66 % vs 7.80 % ; P = 0.007 ) but had significantly lower values after 52 weeks ( 7.46 % vs 7.77 % ; P = 0.027 ) . Pioglitazone significantly reduced FPG compared with glimepiride ( -0.6 vs 0.6 mmol/L ; P = 0.01 ) . Pioglitazone therapy was associated with significant increases in insulin sensitivity ( reduced insulin resistance ) , whereas glimepiride had no effect . HOMA-S values changed 18.0 % for pioglitazone and -7.9 % for glimepiride ( P < 0.001 ) , QUICKI values changed a respective 0.013 and -0.007 ( P < 0.001 ) , and FSI values were -21.1 and 15.1 pmol/L ( P < 0.001 ) . Both drugs were well tolerated , with pioglitazone associated with more peripheral edema ( number of treatment-emergent cases : 35/121[28.9 % ] vs 17/123 [ 13.8 % ] ; P = 0.005 ) and fewer hypoglycemic episodes ( 19 [ 15.7 % ] vs 38 [ 30.9 % ] ; P = 0.024 ) . The incidence of weight gain was not significantly different between treatment groups . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that long-term treatment with pioglitazone enhances insulin sensitivity relative to glimepiride in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes and that pioglitazone may have a more sustained antihyperglycemic effect OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of one year of treatment with sibutramine plus L-carnitine compared to sibutramine on body weight , glycemic control , and insulin resistance state in type 2 diabetic patients . METHODS Two hundred and fifty-four patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) [ glycated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) > 8.0 % ] in therapy with different oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin were enrolled in this study and r and omised to take sibutramine 10 mg plus L-carnitine 2 g or sibutramine 10 mg in monotherapy . We evaluated at baseline , and after 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months these parameters : body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , post-pr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglycerides ( Tg ) , retinol binding protein-4 ( RBP-4 ) , resistin , visfatin , high sensitivity-C reactive protein ( Hs-CRP ) . RESULTS There was a decrease in body weight , BMI , HbA(1c ) , FPI , HOMA-IR , and RBP-4 in both groups , even when the values obtained with sibutramine plus L-carnitine were lower than the values obtained in sibutramine group . There was a faster decrease of FPG , PPG , TC , LDL-C , resistin and Hs-CRP with sibutramine plus L-carnitine even when no differences between the two groups were obtained . Furthermore , only sibutramine plus L-carnitine improved Tg , and visfatin . CONCLUSION Sibutramine plus L-carnitine gave a faster improvement of lipid profile , insulin resistance parameters , glycemic control , and body weight compared to sibutramine Our study wants to evaluate the effects of one year treatment with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on body weight , glycemic and lipid control , and insulin resistance state in type 2 diabetic patients . Two hundred and fifty-eight patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) [ glycated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) > 8.0 % ] in therapy with different oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin  were enrolled in this study and r and omised to take orlistat 120 mg three times a day plus L-carnitine 2 g one time a day or orlistat 120 mg three times a day . We evaluated at baseline , and after 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months these parameters : body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , HbA(1c ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , post-pr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglycerides ( Tg ) , retinol binding protein-4 ( RBP-4 ) , resistin , visfatin , high sensitivity-C reactive protein ( Hs-CRP ) . We observed a faster , and better decrease of body weight , HbA(1c ) , FPG , PPG , LDL-C , HOMA-IR with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat . A faster improvement of TC , Tg , FPI , resistin , RBP-4 , visfatin , and Hs-CRP was reached with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat . We can safely conclude that the association of orlistat plus L-carnitine was better than orlistat in improving body weight , glycemic and lipid profile , insulin resistance , and inflammatory parameters and no significant adverse events were recorded OBJECTIVES To compare insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function measured by the euglycemic and the hyperglycemic clamp , with simple estimates of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function in youth . Study design We measured insulin sensitivity with a euglycemic clamp and first- and second-phase insulin secretion with a hyperglycemic clamp in 156 AA and white youths . Estimates of insulin sensitivity ( fasting insulin level [ I(F ) ] , the ratio of fasting glucose [ G(F ) ] to I(F ) [ G(F)/I(F ) ] , homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin sensitivity [ HOMA IS ] , and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [ QUICKI ] ) and estimates of pancreatic beta-cell function ( I(F ) , the ratio of I(F ) to G(F ) [ I(F)/G(F ) ] , and homeostasis model assessment estimate of pancreatic beta-cell function [ HOMA % B ] ) were derived from fasting measurements . RESULTS In the total group , IS(Eu ) correlated strongly with I(F ) ( r=-0.92 ) , G(F)/I(F ) ( r=0.92 ) , HOMA IS ( r=0.91 ) , and QUICKI ( r=0.91 ) ( P<.01 ) . First-phase and second-phase insulin secretion correlated with I(F ) , I(F)/G(F ) , and HOMA % B ( first-phase insulin secretion : r=0.76 , 0.79 , 0.82 ; second-phase insulin secretion : r=0.83 , 0.86 , 0.86 , respectively ; P<.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Simple estimates of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function using fasting insulin and glucose levels serve as surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion in nondiabetic youths . The validity of these conclusions in children with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus remains to be determined Background : Design ing the effective and early interventions can prevent progression of prediabetes to diabetes . Few studies have shown the effect of flaxseed on glycemic control . This study aim ed to assess the effect of flaxseed powder on insulin resistance ( IR ) indices and blood pressure in prediabetic individuals . Material s and Methods : In a r and omized clinical trial , 99 prediabetic individuals were r and omly divided into three groups : two groups received 40 g ( FG40 ) and 20 g ( FG20 ) flaxseed powder daily for 12 weeks and the third group was the control ( CG ) . Before and after the intervention , anthropometric measurements , blood pressure , fasting serum glucose ( FSG ) , insulin , homeostasis model assessment IR index ( HOMA-IR ) , beta-cell function , and insulin sensitivity were measured . Results : FSG significantly declined overall in all groups compared to the baseline ( P = 0.002 in CG and FG20 groups and P = 0.001 in FG40 ) . In contrast , mean of the changes in FSG was not significantly different between groups . Insulin concentration did not change significantly within and between the investigated groups . Although HOMA-IR reduced in FG20 ( P = 0.033 ) , the mean of changes was not significant between the three groups . Mean of beta-cell function increased in CG and FG40 groups compared to the baseline ( P = 0.044 and P = 0.018 , respectively ) , but mean of its changes did not show any difference between the three groups . The mean of changes in IR indices was not significant between the three groups . FG40 group had significantly lowered systolic blood pressure after the intervention ( P = 0.005 ) . Conclusion : Daily intake of flaxseed powder lowered blood pressure in prediabetes but did not improve glycemic and IR indices Patients with craniopharyngioma ( CP ) , an embryological tumor located in the hypothalamic and /or pituitary region , often suffer from uncontrolled eating and severe obesity . We aim ed to compare peripherally secreted hormones involved in controlling food intake in normal weight and obese children and adolescents with CP vs. controls .  Plasma insulin , glucose , total ghrelin , and peptide-YY ( PYY ) levels were assessed under fasting conditions as well as 60 min after liquid mixed meal in four groups : Normal weight ( n = 12 ) and obese ( n = 15 ) CP patients , and 12 normal weight and 15 obese otherwise healthy BMI - , gender- and age-matched controls .  Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA(IR ) ) , as well as quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) were calculated . Obese CP subjects had significantly higher HOMA(IR ) , higher baseline and postmeal insulin but lower ghrelin levels , weaker postmeal changes for PYY , and lower QUICKI compared to obese controls . QUICKI data from all CP patients correlated positively with ghrelin and PYY % postmeal changes ( ghrelin : r = 0.38 , P = 0.023 ; PYY r = 0.40 , P = 0.017 ) and negatively with st and ard deviation score- BMI ( SDS- BMI : r = -0.49 , P = 0.002 ) . Tumor growth of 87 % obese and 58 % of normal weight CP patients affected the hypothalamic area which was associated with higher SDS- BMI and weaker % postmeal ghrelin changes ( P = 0.014 ) compared to CP patients without hypothalamic tumor involvement . Blunted postmeal ghrelin and PYY responses in obese CP subjects are likely due to their higher degree of insulin resistance and lower insulin sensitivity compared to matched obese controls . Thus , insulin resistance in CP patients seems to affect eating behavior by affecting meal responses of gut peptides OBJECTIVE ω-3 Polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) supplementation has not been studied in the setting of adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity ( IS ) improvements in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp ( HEC ) . The aim of this study was to examine the influence of ω-3 ALA on IS and adiponectin . METHODS We conducted a r and omized study in patients with T2DM and assessed IS using HEC . Twenty patients with T2DM were included and r and omly assigned to receive 3 g/d of ALA or placebo for 60 d , in a double-blind design . The assessment of IS by HEC was performed at baseline and after 60 d in all patients ; blood sample s were taken for the measurement of serum lipids , glucose , insulin , adiponectin , and cytokines . The primary outcome variables were an increase of both glucose infusion rate ( GIR ) in steady state and glucose metabolization ( M ) by HEC . The secondary outcomes were an increase in adiponectin levels and a decrease in fasting plasma glucose , glycated hemoglobin , homeostasis model assessment -estimated insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) index , lipids and cytokines . The study was conducted at an academic medical center . RESULTS The ALA group improved IS corrected for fat-free mass ( M/FFM ; P = 0.04 ) . Both groups showed increased adiponectin after 60 d ( P = 0.01 ) , however , the increase for the ALA group was greater ( P = 0.04 ) . In the ALA group , adiponectin was positively correlated with GIR ( r = 0.76 ; P = 0.01 ) and M/FFM ( r = 0.62 ; P = 0.06 ) , and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r = -0.61 ; P = 0.03 ) . CONCLUSION ω-3 ALA supplementation improved glucose homeostasis and was associated with an increase in adiponectin . Improvement in the overall metabolic profile with ω-3 ALA suggests a potential clinical utility for this agent and requires further investigation To evaluate the effects of 1-year treatment with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone on body weight , glycemic and lipid control , and inflammatory parameters in obese type 2 diabetic patients . Two hundred and fifty-eight patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) [ glycated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) > 8.0 % ] in therapy with different oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin  were enrolled in this study and r and omized to take orlistat 120 mg three times a day plus L-carnitine 2 g one time a day or orlistat 120 mg three times a day . We evaluated the following parameters at baseline and after 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months : body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA(1c ) ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , postpr and ial plasma glucose ( PPG ) , fasting plasma insulin ( FPI ) , homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglycerides ( Tg ) , adiponectin ( ADN ) , leptin , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , vaspin , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( Hs-CRP ) . We observed a better decrease in body weight , glycemic profile , HOMA-IR , LDL-C , and ADN and a faster improvement in FPI , TC , Tg , leptin , TNF-α , Hs-CRP  with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone . We also recorded an improvement in vaspin  with orlistat plus l-carnitine not reached with orlistat alone . Orlistat plus L-carnitine gave a better improvement in body weight , glycemic and lipid profile compared to orlistat alone ; furthermore , a faster and better improvement in inflammatory parameters was observed with orlistat plus L-carnitine compared to orlistat alone Background Hyperuricemia is an independent predictor of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes , but whether it has a causal role in insulin resistance remains controversial . Here we tested the hypothesis that lowering uric acid in hyperuricemic nondiabetic subjects might improve insulin resistance . Methods Subjects with asymptomatic hyperuricemia ( n = 73 ) were prospect ively placed on allopurinol ( n = 40 ) or control ( n = 33 ) for 3 months . An additional control group consisted of 48 normouricemic subjects .  Serum uric acid , fasting glucose , fasting insulin , HOMA-IR ( homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance ) , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured at baseline and at 3 months . Results Allopurinol-treated subjects showed a reduction in serum uric acid in association with improvement in fasting blood glucose , fasting insulin , and HOMA-IR index , as well as a reduction in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . The number of subjects with impaired fasting glucose significantly decreased in the allopurinol group at 3 months compared with baseline ( n = 8 [ 20 % ] vs n = 30 [ 75 % ] , 3 months vs baseline , P < 0.001 ) . In the hyperuricemic control group , only glucose decreased significantly and , in the normouricemic control , no end point changed . Conclusions Allopurinol lowers uric acid and improves insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in asymptomatic hyperuricemia . Larger clinical trials are recommended to determine if lowering uric acid can help prevent type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND & AIMS Low levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ( 25(OH)D ) are common in type 2 diabetic patients and cause several complications particularly , in postmenopausal women due to their senile and physiological conditions . This study aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D-fortified low fat yogurt on glycemic status , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover in diabetic postmenopausal women . METHODS In a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind parallel-group clinical trial , 59 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes received fortified yogurt ( FY ; 2000 IU vitamin D in 100 g/day ) or plain yogurt  ( PY ) for 12 weeks . Glycemic markers , anthropometric indexes , inflammatory , and bone turnover markers were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , in FY group ( vs PY group ) , were observed : significant increase in serum 25(OH)D and decrease of PTH ( stable values in PY ) ; significant improvement in serum fasting insulin , HOMA-IR , HOMA-B , QUICKI , and no changes in serum fasting glucose and HbA1c ( significant worsening of all indexes in PY ) ; significant improvement in WC , WHR , FM , and no change in weight and BMI ( stable values in PY ) ; significant increase of omentin ( stable in PY ) and decrease of sNTX ( significant increase in PY ) . Final values of glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , omentin , and bone turnover markers significantly improved in FY group compared to PY group . Regarding final values of serum 25(OH)D in FY group , subjects were classified in insufficient and sufficient categories . Glycemic status improved more significantly in the insufficient rather than sufficient category ; whereas the other parameters had more amelioration in the sufficient category . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 2000 IU vitamin D-fortified yogurt for 12 weeks improved glycemic markers ( except HbA1c ) , anthropometric indexes , inflammation , and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes . TRIAL REGISTRATION www.i rct .ir ( I RCT 2013110515294N1 )
This meta- analysis suggests that vitamin D supplementation improves indices of glycemic control ( FBG , HOMA-IR , and HbA1C ) in patients with diabetes mellitus .
Hence , vitamin D supplements may be of potential therapeutic value in diabetic patients , as an adjuvant therapy along with other treatments
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This systematic review and meta- analysis aim ed to assess the effects of vitamin D supplements on indices of glycemic control [ homeostatic model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , hemoglobin A1C ( HbA1C ) , fasting blood glucose ( FBG ) , and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) and lipid profile in diabetic patients .