The effects of Various Endodontic Irrigants on the Push-out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of alkaline pH. Finite element analysis and bond strength of a glass post to intraradicular dentin: comparison between microtensile and push-out tests. Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on Push-out Bond Strength of Four Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Materials when used for repairing Perforations on Human Dentin: An in vitro Evaluation. Comparison of regional bond strength in root thirds among fiber-reinforced posts luted with different cements. Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate-buffered saline on the push-out bond strength to dentine. Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. Effects of various mixing techniques on push-out bond strengths of white mineral trioxide aggregate. Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin. Effect of retreatment on the push-out bond strength of MTA-based and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers Push-out bond strength of two root-end filling materials in root-end cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser or ultrasonic technique. Effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) on bond strength to dentine of two root canal filling materials. Push-out bond strength of a nano-modified mineral trioxide aggregate. Effects of Different Powder to liquid Ratios on the Push out Bond Strength of CEM Cement on Simulated Perforations in the Furcal Area Fiber post placement with core build-up materials or resin cements—An evaluation of different adhesive approaches The effect of smear layer on the push-out bond strength of root canal calcium silicate cements. The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Push-Out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Micro-computed tomography and bond strength analysis of different root canal filling techniques. Evaluation of Various Pretreatments to Fiber Post on the Push‐out Bond Strength of Root Canal Dentin Evaluation of push-out bond strength of a new MTA-based sealer Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin. The effect of photodynamic therapy and polymer solution containing nano-particles of Ag /ZnO on push-out bond strength of the sealers AH-Plus and MTA Fillapex Evaluation of Effects on the Adhesion of Various Root Canal Sealers after Er:YAG Laser and Irrigants Are Used on the Dentin Surface. Effect of irrigation technique for removal of triple antibiotic paste on bond strength of MTA to root dentin. Effect of resin cement system and root region on the push-out bond strength of a translucent fiber post. Effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond values of different root filling materials. Effect of Smear Clear and Some Other Commonly Used Irrigants on dislodgement resistance of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate to Root Dentin Comparison of push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium enriched mixture cement as root end filling materials Bonding effectiveness and sealing ability of fiber-post bonding. Push-Out Bond Strength of Bioceramic Materials in a Synthetic Tissue Fluid The effect of obturation technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate sealers. Comparative evaluation of push-out bond strength of ProRoot MTA, bioaggregate and biodentine. Effect of different irrigant activation protocols on push-out bond strength Influence of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber posts to root dentin using a total etching adhesive system. Effects of silane application on luting fiber posts using self-adhesive resin cement. The effect of light-curing access and different resin cements on apical bond strength of fiber posts. Effect of placement technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium-silicate based cements. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on bond strength of three different root canal sealers Push-out bond strengths of different dental cements used to cement glass fiber posts. Influence of periodontal ligament simulation on bond strength and fracture resistance of roots restored with fiber posts Effect of novel chelating agents on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate cements to the simulated root-end cavities. An in vitro comparison of bond strength of various obturation materials to root canal dentin using a push-out test design. Effect of tooth bleaching on bond strength of enamel-dentin cavities restored with silorane- and dimethacrylate-based materials. Evaluation of the bond strength of root-end placed mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine in the absence/presence of blood contamination Push-Out Bond Strength and Surface Microhardness of Calcium Silicate-Based Biomaterials: An in vitro Study Effects of dentin surface treatments including Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin Evaluation of four cementation strategies on the push-out bond strength between fiber post and root dentin.
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of various irrigants on the push-out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS AND MATERIAL S A total of 140 dentin disks with a thickness of 1.5±0.2 mm and lumen size of 1.3 mm , were r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) and 4 control groups ( n=5 ) . The lumen of disks in groups 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 were filled with CEM and groups 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 were filled with MTA . Control groups were filled with CEM and MTA . Specimens were incubated at 37 ° C for one day in groups 1 to 6 and seven days in groups 7 to 12 . After incubation the sample s were divided into three subgroups ( n=10 ) that were either immersed for 30 min in 5.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) or saline solution .  The push-out bond strength values were measured by using a universal testing machine . The nature of the failures were determined by light microscope . Data was analyzed using the three-way ANOVA to evaluate the effect of material type , different irrigants and time intervals . Post hoc Tukey 's test was used for two-by-two comparison of the groups . RESULTS CEM cement significantly showed a higher push-out bond strength in comparison with MTA ( P=0.001 ) . The elapse of time significantly increased the bond strength ( P=0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the irrigants used in this study ( P=0.441 ) . Bond failure was predominantly of mixed type in MTA and of cohesive type in CEM sample s. CONCLUSION Based on this study , endodontic irrigants did not influence the push-out bond strength of MTA and CEM cement INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a range of alkaline pH values on the push-out strength of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( WMTA ) . METHODS The st and ardized lumens of root slices prepared from extracted single-rooted human teeth were filled with white ProRoot MTA . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 ) and wrapped in pieces of gauze soaked in synthetic tissue fluid ( STF ) ( pH , 7.4 ) and STF buffered in potassium hydroxide at pH values of 8.4 , 9.4 , or 10.4 . The sample s were incubated for 3 days at 37 ° C . The push-out bond strengths were then measured by using a universal testing machine . Failure modes after the push-out test were examined under a light microscope at ×40 magnification . The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests . RESULTS The greatest ( 9.46 ± 0.63 MPa ) and lowest ( 5.68 ± 0.83 MPa ) mean push-out bond strengths were observed after exposure to pH values of 8.4 and 10.4 , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P = .001 ) . The bond failure was adhesive for all experimental groups . CONCLUSIONS Push-out bond strength of WMTA could be influenced by different alkaline pH values OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) into micro-push-out ( Mpo ) , hourglass- ( Mh ) and rectangular stick-shaped ( Ms ) microtensile testing groups before sectioning each root into five 1-mm-thick specimens . During specimen preparation for microTBS testing 46/50 stick and 4/50 hourglass specimens prematurely failed ; therefore , the Ms group could not be included in the mechanical testing . The remaining specimens were tested at 0.5 mm/min until bond failure . Stress distribution within each specimen type for the three mechanical test methods was analyzed by finite element analysis ( FEA ) . Qualitative analyses were carried out through Von Mises , XY and Sy criterion . RESULTS Mpo and Mh had a mean microTBS of 11.89+/-6.55 and 14.98+/-12.72 MPa , respectively , which was not significantly different ( p=0.1311 ) . The push-out test demonstrated a more homogenous stress distribution by FEA and less variability in mechanical testing . SIGNIFICANCE Therefore , the recommended testing method for determining the bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is by Mpo AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment AIM To compare regional bond strength in different thirds of the root canal , among glass fiber-reinforced ( FRC ) endodontic posts luted with different cements , using the push-out test . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty extracted human anterior teeth were endodontically treated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer . The crown portion was removed , and a dowel space was prepared . Prepared teeth were r and omly assigned to one of six groups ( n = 10 ) for luting glass FRC Postec posts , with one of the six cement systems ( Ketac Cem Aplicap , Relyx Unicem Aplicap , Variolink II/Excite DCS , Panavia F/ED Primer , C&B cement/All-Bond 2 , and Multilink/Multilink Primer A/B ) , using an alignment technique . Specimens were embedded in resin , and each root was sectioned into six 1-mm thick serial slices . A push-out test was performed to measure regional bond strengths and to identify the type of failure . RESULTS The highest bond strength values were found in the cervical third and the lowest in the apical third . Highest values were obtained using Variolink II , Panavia F , and Multilink resin cements followed by C&B resin cement and Relyx Unicem ionomer resin cement ; Ketac-cem ionomer cement showed the lowest value . CONCLUSION Highest bond strength values were obtained in the cervical third and with resin cements AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence AIM To assess the push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers in the root canals of extracted teeth . METHODOLOGY Thirty extracted single-rooted central incisors of similar sizes were selected r and omly and distributed to three groups ( n = 10 ) . All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve tapered canal walls . Irrigation was performed using 5 mL 2.5 % NaOCl between each instrument , and the smear layer was removed using 5 mL 17 % EDTA . The canals were filled with three different sealers using a cold lateral compaction technique : group 1 : AH Plus + gutta-percha , group 2 : I Root SP + gutta-percha and group 3 : MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha . Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ± 0.1 in the apical , middle and coronal parts of each root . The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine ( Instron , Canton , MA , USA ) that carried 1-mm , 0.5-mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal , middle and apical specimens , respectively . The loading speed was 1 mm min(-1 ) . The push-out data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance ( anova ) and the post hoc Holm-Sidak test , with significance set at P < 0.05 . RESULTS In the coronal specimens , there was no significant difference between the sealers . In the middle and apical segments , there was no significant difference between I Root SP and AH Plus groups . However , the I Root SP and AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength values than the MTA Fillapex ( P < 0.05 ) . In terms of root segments , the bond strengths in the middle specimens and the apical specimens were higher compared with the bond strengths in the coronal specimens ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bond strengths in the middle and apical specimens . CONCLUSION MTA Fillapex had the lowest push-out bond values to root dentine compared with other sealers INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 different mixing methods on push-out bond strength of white tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth and filled with MTA . The sample s were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 ) of MTA mixed by ultrasonic , trituration , or conventional methods and then allowed to set for 72 hours in a synthetic tissue fluid environment . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope at × 4 to determine the nature of the bond failure . RESULTS The means of push-out bond strength values of white MTA in the ultrasonic , conventional , and trituration groups were 105.67 ± 12.79 , 118.95 ± 12.76 , and 99.60 ± 14.27 MPa , respectively . The differences between the 3 groups were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results of this study , it can be concluded that different mixing methods have no significant effect on push-out bond strength of white MTA The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Background . Further studies on the adhesion properties of MTA-based material s seem necessary due to their growing use in endodontic treatment . This research aim ed to assess the effect of retreatment on the bond strength of MTA-based ( MTA Fillapex ) and epoxy resin-based ( AH Plus ) sealers . Methods . ProTaper rotary files were applied to prepare the root canals of 80 human m and ibular premolars . Then , the roots were r and omly divided intotwo groups of A ( n=40 ) and B ( n=40 ) , which were obturated with gutta-percha and MTA Filla-pex and AH Plus sealer , respectively . In both groups , the teeth were r and omly subdivided into 2 subgroups . No retreatment was carried out in subgroups A1 and B1 , while subgroups A2 and B2 were retreated with rotary files and a solvent . Then , a push-out test was performed on four 2-mm slices of each tooth at a distance of 2 mm from the coronal surface after two weeks of incubation . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results . Regardless of the procedure followed ( P<0.001 ) , significant differences were detected in the mean bond strength values between the two sealers . Irrespective of the sealer type ( P=0.3 ) , no significant differences were revealed by comparing the mean bond strength values of the study subgroups . Furthermore , no statistically significant interaction ( P=0.5 ) was found between the treatment and sealer types . Conclusion . AH Plus sealer exhibited a higher bond strength compared to MTA Fillapex . Retreatment using rotary files and chloroform had no statistically significant effect on the bond strength of sealers evaluated in this study This study compared the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and a new endodontic cement ( NEC ) as root-end filling material s in root-end cavities prepared by ultrasonic technique ( US ) or Er , Cr : YSGG laser ( L ) .  Eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were endodontically treated , apicectomised and r and omly divided into four following groups ( n = 20 ) : US/MTA , US/NEC , L/MTA and L/NEC . In US/MTA and US/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared with ultrasonic retrotip and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . In L/MTA and L/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared using Er , Cr : YSGG laser and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . Each root was cut apically to create a 2 mm-thick root slice for measurement of bond strength using a universal testing machine . Then , all slices were examined to determine the mode of bond failure . Data were analysed using two-way anova . Root-end filling material s showed significantly higher bond strength in root-end cavities prepared using ultrasonic technique ( US/MTA and US/NEC ) ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond strengths of MTA and NEC did not differ significantly . The failure modes were mainly adhesive for MTA , but cohesive for NEC . In conclusion , bond strengths of MTA and NEC to root-end cavities were comparable and higher in ultrasonically prepared cavities OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ) technique in combination with EDTA on bond strength of gutta-percha/AH Plus and Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal fillings to root dentine . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth with intact straight roots , were instrumented endodontically with rotating ProTaper instruments and r and omly divided into two experimental groups . In group 1 ( n = 20 ) , root canals were rinsed for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . In group 2 ( n = 20 ) , Er : YAG laser , with a 14 mm long 400 μ diameter tapered PIPS tip , was used for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . The laser parameters used were : 20 mJ per pulse , 15 Hz , 50 microsecond . In each experimental group , half of the root canals ( n = 10 ) were obturated with gutta-percha/AH Plus and other half ( n = 10 ) with Resilon/RealSeal SE . A micropush-out test was performed on sectiond specimens of the filled roots using a universal testing machine and resistance to failure plus failure modes were determined . RESULTS Both gutta-percha/AH Plus groups had higher bond strength to root dentin than the Resilon/RealSeal SE groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The smear layer removal protocol , with EDTA only or combining PIPS technique with EDTA , had no influence on bond strength of either gutta-percha/AH Plus , or Resilon/RealSeal SE ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , it was found that the application of the PIPS technique did not have an affect on the push-out bond strength of Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal filling to dentin nor on the gutta-percha/AH Plus . A significant difference in bond strength was noted between the two root canal filling material s. Lasers Surg . Med . 48:951 - 954 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , INTRODUCTION To analyze the push-out bond strength of Angelus WMTA ( Angelus Dental Products ) , a nano-modification of WMTA ( Kamal Asgar Research Center ) and Bioaggregate ( Innovative Bioceramix ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth . The dentin disks were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 20 ) and filled with Angelus WMTA , Nano-WMTA , or Bioaggregate , respectively . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under scanning electron microscope at × 40 magnification to determine the nature of the bond failure . The data were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS The greatest mean for push-out bond strength ( 138.48 ± 11.43 MPa ) was observed for the nano-modification of WMTA . The values decreased to 110.73 ± 11.19 and 25.64 ± 5.27 MPa for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Inspection of the sample s revealed the bond failure to be predominantly adhesive type except for the nano-modification group , as some sample s also exhibited cohesive failures . CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the force needed for the displacement of the nano-modification of WMTA ( NWMTA ) was significantly higher than for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate Background Proper bond strength to dentin is one of the properties of bio material s used for therapeutic purpose s such as repair of furcal perforations . The aim of the present study to evaluate the effects of different powder to liquid ratios of Calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) on the push-out bond strengths in simulated perforations in the furcal area and compare it with Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . Material and Methods Furcal perforations , measuring 1.3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height , were prepared in 120 m and ibular first molars . Then the sample s were r and omly assigned to two groups ( n=60 ) .  MTA and CEM cement were used for the repair of perforations in groups 1 and 2 , respectively . Each group was divided into 3 subgroups based on the powder to liquid rations as follows : subgroup 1 ( W/P ) , 1:2 ; subgroup 2 , 1:3 ; and subgroup 3 , 1:4 . After mixing and placing the material s in the perforation area , the sample s were placed in closed containers at 37 ° C and 100 % relative humidity for one week . A universal testing machine was used to determine the bond strength values . After recording the st and ard deviations , data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA . Statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results In the MTA and CEM groups the highest push-out bond strength values were recorded in the third ( W/P : 1:4 ) and first ( W/P : 1:2 ) subgroups , respectively . There were significant differences in both groups between the ratios mentioned above and the other ratios ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions Under the limitations of the present study , an increase in the powder-to-liquid ratio in CEM cement result ed in a decrease in bond strength , contrary to MTA . Key words : CEM , Perforation , Powder-to-liquid ratio , push-out bond strength , MTA Abstract Objective . To compare push-out bond strength of fiber-posts luted with different adhesive approaches to root canal dentin . Material s and methods . Forty maxillary first incisors were decoronated and endodontically treated . Specimens were r and omly distributed into five groups ( n = 8) and fiber-posts ( DentinPost coated , Komet ) were inserted using five different luting material s : etch- and -rinse adhesive systems and corresponding core- and -post material in groups 1 ( DentinBond/DentinBuild , Komet ) and 2 ( XP Bond + SCA/Core-X flow , Densply ) , self-adhesive resin cements in groups 3 ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M Espe ) and 4 ( SmartCem 2 , Dentsply ) and a self-etch adhesive/resin cement in group 5 ( ED-Primer II/Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . The roots were sectioned into eight 1 mm thick serial slices and within 48 h push-out bond strength was investigated . Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for differences between experimental groups at p < 0.05 . The failure modes were analyzed using Chi square test . Results . The bond strength [ MPa ] ( mean/min – max ) for groups 3 ( 12.35/3.60–32.44 ) , 4 ( 13.52/4.48–30.69 ) and 2 ( 11.15/5.23–35.58 ) were significantly higher ( p < 0.001 ) compared to groups 1 ( 6.66/2.34–24.89 ) and 5 ( 7.41/0.28–34.18 ) . Adhesive failure between dentin and luting agent was the most frequent failure mode . Conclusions . Bond strength of fiber-posts adhesively luted to root canal dentin was significantly higher when self-adhesive resin cements were used . One ( group 2 ) of the tested core- and -post material s/etch- and -rinse adhesive achieved comparable bond strength values INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer removal on the push-out bond strength between radicular dentin and three calcium silicate cements ( CSC ) in comparison with gutta percha and sealer . METHODS Eighty human anterior extracted teeth were decoronated , cleaned and shaped to size 50/0.05 apically and r and omly divided into 2 major groups : ( A ) smear layer preserved , and ( B ) smear layer removed using irrigation with 17 % EDTA . Roots within each major group were further divided into 4 subgroups according to the obturation material used : ( 1 ) ProRoot MTA , ( 2 ) Biodentine , ( 3 ) Harvard MTA , ( 4 ) Gutta percha and AH-plus sealer . Obturated roots were stored in synthetic tissue fluid for 7 days to allow maximum setting of the root filling material s. Three 2-mm-thick slices were obtained from each root at different section levels ( coronal , middle , apical ) . The canal diameters and slice thickness were measured , and the adhesion surface area for each slice was calculated . Push-out bond strength test was carried out using a universal testing machine . The bond failure mode was assessed under an optical microscope at 40 × . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength in groups 1A , 2A and 3A were 7.54 ( ±1.11 ) , 7.64 ( ±1.08 ) and 8.79 (±1.55)MPa respectively , while those for groups 1B , 2B and 3B were 6.58 ( ±1.13 ) , 6.47 ( ±1.08 ) , 7.71 (±1.81)MPa , respectively . In the gutta percha and sealer groups the push-out bond strength means were : 1.98 ( ±0.48 ) and 2.09 (±0.51)MPa in the preserved and removed smear layer groups respectively . The push-out strength values were significantly reduced when the smear layer was removed in the CSC groups ( P<0.05 ) while no significant difference was detected in the gutta percha and sealer groups . CONCLUSIONS Based on the conditions of this ex vivo study , it can be concluded that smear layer removal is detrimental to the bond strength between calcium silicate cements and dentin Introduction : This in vitro study investigated the effect of adding 10 % calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) on push out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin . Methods and Material s : A total of 120 root dentin slices with 2 mm thickness were prepared from sixty single-rooted human teeth . Dentinal discs were enlarged to achieve 1.3 mm diameter . The specimens were r and omly allocated into eight groups ( n=15 ) . Dentin discs were filled with either CEM cement or MTA with or without CaCl2 and the push out test was performed after 3 and 21 days . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA test . The level of significance was set at 0.05 . Results : There was an interaction effect amongst all groups ( P=0.028 ) . After 3 days , CEM cement showed a significantly lower bond strength than other groups ( P<0.05 ) while MTA demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than CEM cement with or without CaCl2 ( P=0.001 ) . After 21 days , CEM cement with or without CaCl2 had no significant difference with other groups ( P>0.05 ) . However , the bond strength of MTA decreased when CaCl2 was added ( P=0.011 ) . Conclusion : The addition of 10 % CaCl2 increased the push out bond strength of CEM cement and improved it over time ; while , this substance aggravated this property for MTA INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and bond strength of three root filling techniques ( lateral compaction , continuous wave of condensation and Tagger 's Hybrid technique [ THT ] ) using micro-computed tomography ( CT ) images and push-out tests , respectively . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty m and ibular incisors were prepared using the same protocol and r and omly divided into three groups ( n=10 ) : Lateral condensation technique ( LCT ) , continuous wave of condensation technique ( CWCT ) , and THT . All specimens were filled with Gutta-percha ( GP ) cones and AH Plus sealer . Five specimens of each group were r and omly chosen for micro-CT analysis and all of them were sectioned into 1 mm slices and subjected to push-out tests . RESULTS Micro-CT analysis revealed less empty spaces when GP was heated within the root canals in CWCT and THT when compared to LCT . Push-out tests showed that LCT and THT had a significantly higher displacement resistance ( P<0.05 ) when compared to the CWCT .  Bond strength was lower in apical and middle thirds than in the coronal thirds . CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that LCT and THT were associated with higher bond strengths to intraradicular dentine than CWCT . However , LCT was associated with more empty voids than the other techniques Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of different pretreatments ( fiber post ) with the laser‐activated irrigation ( LAI ) technique ( for removal of the smear layer ) on root canal dentin in terms of push‐out bond strength ( PBS ) in a fiber post . Methods : Fifty freshly extracted m and ibular single‐rooted premolars were prepared , and LAI was applied to all roots ( 17 % EDTA was 5 mL for 120 seconds with an erbium , chromium : yttrium‐sc and ium‐gallium‐garnet laser [ 0.50 W , 20 Hz , 25 mJ ] ) . In addition , 50 quartz fiber posts were r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 10 ) according to the surface treatments as follows : group S ( s and blasting ) , group N1 and group N2 ( neodymium : yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser irradiation [ 2 W , 200 mJ , 10 Hz , with pulse duration s of 180 or 320 microseconds ) , group HF ( 9.7 % hydrofluoric acid etched ) , and group C ( control with no treatment ) . Dual‐cure resin cement was adhered onto the fiber posts after they were covered with a silane agent , and then the posts were placed into the canal space using a Lentulo spiral . The PBS test was performed after all specimens were transversally sectioned ( root slices of 1‐mm thickness ) . Data were analyzed with 1‐way analysis of variance/Tukey post hoc test ( & agr ; = 0.05 ) . Results : The highest PBS value was observed in group S ( middle part ) , and the lowest value was observed in group C ( apical part ) . There were no statistical differences among the groups regardless of the part . Furthermore , when the PBS values of the different parts of dentin were compared within treated groups , significant differences were observed in all groups except group N2 ( P < .05 ) . Conclusions : Within the limitations of this study , it can be concluded that the LAI technique when used with 17 % EDTA had a significant effect on the amount of smear layer removed from the root canal dentin , which was also detected in the fracture pattern ( adhesive failure [ resin‐post interface ] ) . However , the various treatments of the fiber post did not improve the PBS of the root dentin . HighlightsIt is crucial to maximize the bond strength between the root dentin and resin and between the resin and fiber post for the success of post‐core restorations . EDTA + laser‐activated irrigation significantly reduces debris or smear layers from the root dentin wall . The mechanical treatments on the fiber post surfaces can not affect the push‐out bond strength ( PBS ) ; however , other additional parameters must be evaluated . Studies on the effects of different surface treatments on the fiber post and root dentin walls together with PBS could enrich the literature Aim To evaluate the push-out bond strength of  MTA Fillapex ( Angelus ) and compare it with ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply ) and AH Plus ( Dentsply ) . Design Thirty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and prepared using a rotary system . The sample s were divided r and omly into three groups ( n = 10 ) and obturated , respectively , with : ( 1 ) AH Plus + gutta-percha ( DiaDent ) ; ( 2 ) MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha ; ( 3 ) ProRoot MTA . Each root was sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices and 30 sample s for each group were obtained . The sample s were subjected to push-out test . Failure modes were examined under 30 × magnification . The results were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey ’s test . Results Mean push-out bond strength values were ranked as follows : ProRoot MTA > AH Plus > MTA Fillapex . Statistically significant differences were found among all groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion ProRoot MTA had the highest bond strength , whilst MTA Fillapex displayed the lowest values among the groups This study aim ed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) from green tea extract on the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin . Seventy single root canal premolars were decoronated and instrumented . The roots were r and omly irrigated with different final irrigation protocol s ( n=16 ) : 17%EDTA ( EDTA ) , 17%EDTA followed by 2.5%NaOCl ( EDTA+NaOCl ) , 17%EDTA followed by 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EDTA+EGCG ) and 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EGCG ) . Other six root canals were received only 2.5%NaOCl as a control group . One root from each group ( n=1 ) was excluded and prepared for SEM investigation . All root canals were then obturated and horizontally sectioned to perform the push out test . EDTA+EGCG group had the highest bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . EGCG group showed higher bond strength than EDTA group ( p<0.05 ) . The use of EGCG as a final irrigant significantly increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin Background The aim of this in vitro study was to examine and compare the effect of photodynamic therapy and solution containing nano particles Ag/ZnO on adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentinal walls of human root canal . Material and Methods Ninty single-rooted human teeth were selected and their clinical crown was cut from the cemento-enamel junction zone . Canals were prepared by RaCe rotary system and the smear layer was removed using 17 % EDTA and 5.25 % NaOCl . Sample s were r and omly divided into two groups of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex based on the sealer type and each group based on antimicrobial method was divided into two sub-groups of photodynamic therapy and polymer containing nano particles of Ag / ZnO and a control sub-group ( N = 15 ) . After obturation of canals with gutta-percha and sealers mentioned , the sample s were incubated for a week at a humidity of 95 % and 37 ° C and then 2 mm thick discs were prepared from the middle region of roots for Push-out test . The maximum failure force was recorded in newton and converted to MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens of each subgroup were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed by Two way ANOVA and ( P<0.05 ) was considered significant . Results The highest ( 4.84 ± 1.63 ) and lowest ( 0.16 ± 0.075 ) push-out bond strength values were obtained in ( AH Plus-PDT ) and ( MTA Fillapex-Ag/ZnO ) respectively . Independent of antimicrobial method , AH Plus bond strength was significantly higher than the MTA Fillapex ( p<0.001 ) . For both sealers , PDT  increased the bond strength significantly ( p<0.001 ) . Conclusions Photodynamic therapy has a positive effect on the bond strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex sealers . Key words : AH Plus , MTA Fillapex , Nano particles , Photodynamic therapy , Push-out INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of various root canal sealers after various irrigation solutions and Er : YAG laser irradiation were used on root canal dentin . METHODS One hundred fifty freshly extracted human maxillary single-rooted teeth were used in this study . Teeth were sectioned transversally 4 mm below the cementoenamel junction . The root canal of each specimen was prepared using a tapered bur . Teeth were divided into 3 main groups by sealer ( AH Plus Jet [ Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany ] , EndoSequence BC Sealer [ Brasseler , Savannah , GA ] , and Real Seal [ SybronEndo , Orange , CA ] ) and then divided into 5 subgroups by dentin treatment ( distilled water , calcium hydroxide , sodium hypochlorite , EDTA , and Er : YAG laser ) . The specimens were placed immediately at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity for 1 week . Then , the push-out test was applied . The maximum failure load was recorded in newtons and was used to calculate the push-out bond strength in MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The resin root canal sealers had higher push-out bond strength than the bioceramic sealer , and the differences were statistically significant ( P < .05 ) except in the sodium hypochlorite groups . The EDTA and Er : YAG laser applications removed the smear layer and increased the bond strength . The highest adhesion was observed in EDTA groups when each sealer was evaluated in itself . CONCLUSIONS The bonding strength of root canal sealers is influenced by their properties and various dentin surface treatments . The scanning electron microscopic study showed that although the dentinal tubules were open , at the profile examination the sealers did not penetrate into the dentin canals in all specimens This study evaluated the bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin after the performance of various irrigation procedures to remove triple antibiotic paste ( TAP ) . A total of 56 single-rooted human m and ibular premolars were instrumented using a rotary system to size 40 and divided r and omly into a control group ( no intracanal dressing ) and three experimental groups ( TAP application for 28 days ) . TAP was then removed by rinsing with 10 mL 2.5 % NaOCl using three irrigation systems ( Vibringe sonic irrigation , CanalBrush , and syringe irrigation ) . The coronal and middle parts of root canals were then obturated with MTA . After storage for 1 week , each specimen was embedded in an acrylic block and sectioned horizontally ( 2-mm-thick slices ) at two levels ( coronal and middle ) . Bond strength of MTA to root canal dentin was assessed in 28 sample s per group via push-out test using a universal testing machine . Data from the four groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance . Tukey 's test was used for multiple comparisons . Push-out bond strength values were significantly higher in the control and Vibringe groups than in the CanalBrush and syringe irrigation groups ( p < 0.001 ) . TAP removal from root canals with the Vibringe irrigation system may increase the push-out bond strength of MTA compared with the use of the CanalBrush or syringe irrigation OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the bond strength of luting systems for bonding glass fiber posts to root canal dentin . The hypothesis tested was that there are no differences in bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cement systems . METHODS Forty bovine incisors were r and omly assigned to five different resin cement groups ( n=8 ) . After endodontic treatment and crown removal , translucent glass fiber posts were bonded into the root canal using five different luting protocol s ( self-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; self-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; and dual-cured self-adhesive cement ) . Push-out bond strength was evaluated at three different radicular levels : cervical , middle , and apical . The interface between resinous cement and the post was observed using a stereoscopic microscope . RESULTS Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference among the cements ( p<0.05 ) and the root canal thirds ( p<0.05 ) . The self-adhesive resinous cement had lower values of retention . CONCLUSIONS The resin cements used with etch- and -rinse and self-etch adhesive systems seem to be adequate for glass fiber post cementation AIMS To evaluate the effect of plunger diameter on the push-out bond strength of different root filling material s to root canal dentine . METHODOLOGY Freshly extracted human incisors ( n=90 ) were decoronated , and the root canals were enlarged with post drills . Prepared roots were placed into a custom alignment apparatus to embed the roots vertically within self-curing acrylic resin . The specimens were r and omly assigned into three groups according to the root filling system used : gutta-percha/AH Plus ; Resilon/Epiphany ; and fibre-reinforced composite (FRC)/Duolink resin cement . After filling , the specimens were further subdivided according to the diameter of the plunger used to employ the debonding force : 0.75 , 1 and 1.25 mm . Intra-radicular bond strength was measured using the push-out test at a cross-head speed of 1 mm min(-1 ) . The data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction at P = 0.05 . RESULTS Regardless of the plunger diameter , FRC yielded the highest bond strength , followed by gutta-percha and Resilon , respectively ( P<0.001 ) . In all groups , greater plunger diameter result ed in an apparent increased bond strength , but the differences were only significant in the FRC group , with the 1.25-mm plunger generating higher debonding values compared with that of its 0.75- and 1-mm versions ( P<0.001 ) . In the gutta-percha and Resilon groups , the majority of specimens had adhesive failures . Roots filled with FRC exhibited more cohesive failures than those of the other test groups . CONCLUSIONS Different plunger diameters are associated with significantly different intra-radicular push-out bond strengths of root filling systems Background This study aim ed to assess the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin after irrigation with Smear Clear in comparison with 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and saline as commonly used root canal irrigants . Material and Methods The coronal and mid-root areas of maxillary anterior teeth were horizontally sectioned into one-millimeter thick slices . The root canal lumen of dentinal slices was dilated using a diamond bur with 1.3 mm diameter . After the application of MTA , the sample s were incubated in 100 % humidity for 10 minutes and were then r and omly divided into four groups ( n=20 ) and immersed in Smear Clear , 2.5 % NaOCl , 2 % CHX and saline for 30 minutes . No irrigant was used for the control group ( n=20 ) . A wet cotton pellet was placed on the sample s and after 48 hours of incubation , push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . The sample s were evaluated under a stereomicroscope to determine the mode of failure . One-way ANOVA was used to assess statistical differences among the groups . Results The control group showed the highest bond strength with significant differences with other groups ( P<0.05 ) . Among the experimental groups , the saline group had no significant difference with CHX ( P=0.09 ) but it had significant differences with Smear Clear and NaOCl groups ( P<0.05 ) . No significant difference in bond strength to MTA was noted after irrigation with Smear Clear , CHX and NaOCl ( P>0.05 ) . Other pairwise comparisons showed no significant difference ( P>0.05 ) . Conclusions Irrigation with Smear Clear , CHX and NaOCl did not cause a significant change in bond strength of MTA to dentin . Key words : Root Canal Irrigants , push-out , Mineral Trioxide Aggregate , dentin Background : The purpose of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and calcium enriched mixture ( CEM ) as root end filling material s. Material s and Methods : A total of 40 root dentin slices ( 1 ± 0.2 mm ) were prepared from freshly extracted human maxillary central teeth and their lumens were enlarged to 1.3 mm . The slices were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 20 ) . MTA and CEM cement were mixed according to manufacturer 's instruction and introduced into the lumens . The specimens were wrapped in pieces of wet gauze soaked in distilled water and incubated at 37 ° C for 3 days . The push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine . The slices were then examined under a light microscope at ×10 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test ( P < 0.001 ) . Results : The mean push-out bond strength for CEM cement and MTA were 1.68 ± 0.9 and 5.94 ± 3.99 respectively . The difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond failure was predominantly of adhesive type in MTA group and cohesive type in CEM group . Conclusion : CEM cement showed significantly lower bond strength to the dentinal wall compared to MTA OBJECTIVES To evaluate the push-out bond strength and the sealing ability of five adhesive cements routinely used for fiber-post bonding . METHODS Fifty extracted single-rooted teeth were r and omly divided in five groups and restored using Parapost FiberLux and the following luting agents : Panavia 21 ( PAN ) , Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , Variolink II ( VAR ) , RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) and experimental GC self-adhesive cement ( EGC ) . After 1 week of water storage at 37 degrees C , three sections ( coronal , middle and apical ) of 2 mm thickness were prepared from each specimen . Sealing ability was quantified with a fluid-filtration system ( Flodec ) during 10 min , after which the push-out bond strength was immediately measured . Data were analyzed with ANOVA ( push-out ) and Kruskal-Wallis ( sealing ability ) . RESULTS The push-out bond strength and sealing ability were not significantly different among the coronal , middle and apical sections for each luting agent . The highest push-out bond strength was measured for CLF ( 14.60+/-3.63 MPa ) , which was not significantly different from PAN ( 12.57+/-2.45 MPa ) , but significantly higher than VAR ( 11.09+/-4.09 MPa ) , UNI ( 11.29+/-4.31 MPa ) and EGC ( 7.65+/-4.79 MPa ) . When evaluating the sealing ability , significant differences were not found among PAN , CLF and VAR , and between UNI and EGC . The latter luting agents scored significantly lower than the former ones . The push-out bond strength was correlated to the sealing ability ( p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE The self-etching MDP-based cements presented the highest push-out bond strength . Although the bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive cements appears promising , their interaction with root dentin might be too weak to minimize microleakage at the post-cement-dentin interface Objective : This study compared the push-out bond strength of EndoSequence Root Repair Material ( ERRM ) and Bioaggregate ( BA ) , new bioceramic material s , to that of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) , a synthetic tissue fluid , for either 1 week or 2 months . Material s and Methods : One-hundred and twenty root sections were filled with ProRoot MTA , BA , or ERRM . Each tested material was then r and omly divided into two subgroups ( n = 20 ) : root sections were immersed in PBS for 1 week or 2 months . The bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine . After that , the failure modes were examined with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . The push-out data and failure mode categories were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and chi-square tests , respectively . Results : The bond strength of ERRM was significantly higher than that of BA and MTA at both incubation periods . No significant difference was found between the bond strength of MTA and BA at either 1 week or 2 months . Increasing the incubation time to 2 months result ed in a significant increase in bond strength of all the material s. The failure mode was mainly mixed for MTA and BA , but cohesive for ERRM at both incubation periods . Conclusion : ERRM had significantly higher bond strength to root canal walls compared to MTA and BA . Increasing the incubation time significantly improved the bond strength and bioactive reaction products of all material INTRODUCTION Calcium silicate-based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities . They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone ( SC ) technique . No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer ( Avalon Biomed Inc , Bradenton , FL ) and EndoSequence BC Sealer ( BC ; Brasseler USA , Savannah , GA ) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique . METHODS Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) , instrumented , and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave ( CW ) technique : group 1 , BC-SC ; group 2 , BC-CW ; group 3 , MTA Plus-SC ; group 4 , MTA Plus-CW ; and group 5 , AH Plus ( Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany)-CW . The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices , and bond strengths were measured using a st and ardized push-out test . The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification . RESULTS The MTA Plus-CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups . The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus-SC and AH Plus-CW groups . No significant differences were seen among the other groups . Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 ( ie , MTA Plus-CW ) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer . CONCLUSIONS BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique . The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers OBJECTIVE To evaluate the push-out bond strength of Biodentine ( BD ) in comparison with two available calcium silicate based material s , bioaggregate ( BA ) and ProRoot MTA ( WMTA ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-three Root dentin slices of freshly extracted single Rooted human teeth were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 41 ) according to the used test material : WMTA , BA , BD . After canal space preparation , the filling material s were placed inside the lumen of the slices . After 72 hours , the maximum force applied to material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded and slices were then examined under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure . Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) test was used to compare means of push-out bond strength . Post-hoc test was then accomplished for multiple comparisons . Chi-square test was used to determine if there is significant association between the type of material and type of failure . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength ± st and ard deviation in MPa values of WMTA , BA and BD were 23.26 ± 5.49 , 9.57 ± 3.45 , 21.86 ± 6.9 , respectively . There was no significant difference between the means of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.566 ) , but the mean of BA was significantly lower than those of WMTA and BD ( p = 0.000 ) . Under stereomicroscope , WMTA and BA showed a majority of mixed type of failure than cohesive failure , while BD showed the opposite . No adhesive failure was observed in any specimen . CONCLUSION The findings of the present study imply that the force needed for BD displacement is similar to WMTA and significantly higher than the force required to displace BA The study aim ed to evaluate the effect of various final irrigant activation protocol s on push-out bond strength of fiber post . Thirty-two single-rooted human maxillar central teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction , instrumented and obturated . Post-space preparation was performed , and roots were r and omly divided into eight groups ( n = 4 ) according to the final irrigant activation protocol s ; distilled water was used as an irrigant in group 1 . The other groups were treated with 2.5 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA . Conventional syringe irrigation ( CSI , no activation ) was used in group 2 . Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI , group 3 ) , EndoVac apical negative pressure ( ANP , group 4 ) , diode laser ( group 5 ) , neodymium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser ( group 6 ) , erbium : yttrium – aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser ( group 7 ) , and Er : YAG laser using with photon-induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ™ ) technique ( group 8) . In all groups , fiber posts ( White Post DC , FGM ) were luted using Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) . The specimens were transversally sectioned , and all slices from coronal and apical regions were subjected to push-out tests . The data were calculated as megapascals and analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference ( HSD ) tests . Removing the smear layer increased the bond strength to dentine when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ) . The highest bond strength was obtained in the PIPS laser-activated irrigation group ( p < 0.05 ) . Coronal root region presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical region ( p < 0.05 ) . PIPS laser-activated irrigation showed higher efficiency as a final irrigant activation protocol on push-out bond strength of fiber post INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of gel chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol ( EtOH ) on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber post relined with resin composite to the root dentin using a total etch adhesive system . METHODS Forty bovine incisor roots were divided into four groups after phosphoric acid etching : irrigation with physiologic solution ( control ) , 5 minutes with CHX , 1 minute with EtOH , and 5 minutes with chlorhexidine followed by 1 minute with EtOH . Fiber posts relined with resin composite were cemented with either RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) and a total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups : 24 hours of storage and 12 months of storage . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure modes were observed , and the bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS CHX irrigation result ed in homogeneous bond strength values at 24 hours and 12 months of storage ( P < .05 ) . A significant bond strength decrease was noticed after 12 months of storage when irrigations were performed with physiologic solution and EtOH application only or associated with CHX ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of CHX pretreatment could preserve the bond strength of the fiber post relined with resin composite to root dentin for 12 months . The use of EtOH and CHX followed by EtOH did not preserve the bond strength of the total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of different glass-fiber post surface treatments on the bond strength to root dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Fifty bovine incisors were used in this study . After removing the crowns , the teeth were endodontically treated . The roots were r and omly divided into five groups according to post surface treatment . The groups were as follows : CO ( Control ) - no treatment ; G1 - RelyX Ceramic Primer ( silane ) only ; G2 - silane and Solobond M ; G3 - silane and Scotchbond Adhesive ; G4 - silane and Excite . For post cementation , RelyX Unicem was used according to the manufacturer 's recommendation and the roots were stored in a light-proof container with 100 % relative humidity for 24 h. The specimens were transversally sectioned . Subsequently , the cervical , middle , and apical regions of the root were positioned in a push-out device and tested at 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine ( Instron ) . The data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . The fractured specimens were then observed under a stereoscopic loupe at 60X magnification . RESULTS No significant difference in bond strength was found among the groups that received a silane or silane plus an adhesive system ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the CO ( no silane ) showed the lowest bond strength . Regarding G1 , G2 , G3 , and G4 , the cervical region of the root canal attained better bond strengths than did the middle or apical regions . The most frequent failure mode occurred at the cement/dentin interface . CONCLUSION Silane application may be necessary to improve the adhesion of fiber posts luted with the self-adhesive resin cement evaluated here . The application of an adhesive layer between the fiber post and resin cement did not have any influence on the bond strength when the silane coupling was previously used PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of light-curing access on the bond strength of fiber glass posts to the apical area of bovine roots using self-adhesive cement or dual-cured cement with an etch- and -rinse adhesive system . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The root canals of 60 bovine teeth were endodontically treated and filled . A 15-mm-length post space was prepared and roots were r and omly divided into three groups , simulating the levels of light-curing access : coronal ( C ) , with 15-mm post space ; middle ( M ) , in which the coronal thirds of roots were cut out , leaving a 10-mm post space ; and apical ( A ) , in which the coronal and middle thirds of roots were cut out , leaving a 5-mm post space . Fiber glass posts ( Reforpost # 3 , Angelus ) were cemented with RelyX U100 ( 3 M ESPE ) or RelyX ARC/Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus ( SBMP ) ( 3 M ESPE ) ( n=10 ) and light-cured . After 24 hours , the apical thirds of roots were sectioned perpendicularly to the long axis and su bmi tted to a push-out test ( 0.5 mm/min , 200 N ) . The Kruskal-Wallis test compared the three levels of light-curing access , and the Mann-Whitney test compared the cements . RESULTS The bond strength was significantly higher in the groups C ( p=0.028 ) and M ( p=0.016 ) when U100 was used , whereas it was similar for both cements in group A. The bond strengths of posts cemented with ARC/SBMP were significantly higher in group A compared to group C ( p=0.031 ) . CONCLUSIONS The type of cement used and the light-curing access level influenced the bond strength between glass fiber posts and root canals . The bond strength of the RelyX ARC/SBMP cement proved to be more dependent on photoactivation than was the RelyX U100 cement . The light-curing access level did not influence the apical bond strength of RelyX U100 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic and manual placement techniques on the push-out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA with and without calcium chloride .  One hundred and twenty mid-root slices from forty freshly extracted single-rooted human m and ibular premolar teeth were instrumented and r and omly divided into six groups ( n=20 ) according to the filling material and placement technique applied , as follows : G1 : MTA-manual compaction , G2 : Biodentine-manual compaction , G3 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-manual compaction , G4 : MTA-ultrasonic activation , G5 : Biodentine-ultrasonic activation , G6 : MTA+5 % CaCl2-ultrasonic activation . The push-out bond strengths were measured using an Instron testing machine . Data were analyzed using twoway analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) with Bonferroni correction . The ultrasonic activation significantly enhanced the bond strength values of the material s. Biodentine presented higher bond strength values than that of MTA groups . The addition of CaCl2 to MTA did not improve the bond strength of the material Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of Photo-Activated Disinfection ( PAD ) system to dentin with different root canal sealers by using a push-out test design . Material s and Methods : A total of 30 extracted m and ibular premolar teeth with single and straight roots were used . The crowns were removed and the root canals were prepared by using ProTaper rotary files . The smear layer was removed and the roots were r and omly divided into two groups ( n = 15 ) according to the use of PAD system as the final disinfecting agent . Each group was then divided into 6 ( n = 5 ) subgroups and obturated with gutta-percha and 3 different root canal sealers . The groups were Group 1 : Sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-AH Plus sealer ; Group 2 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-AH Plus ; Group 3 : NaOCl + EDTA-Sealapex ; Group 4 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-Sealapex ; Group 5 : NaOCl + EDTA-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Fiallapex ; and Group 6 : NaOCl + EDTA + PAD-MTA-Fillapex . 1-mm thickness horizontal sections ( n : 5 × 4 = 20 ) were sliced for the push-out bond strength measurement . Results : Group 3 and 4 showed significantly lower bond strengths compared with all the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistically significant difference was found among Groups 1 , 2 and 5 , but there was statistically significant difference between Group 5 and 6 ( P < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : This in vitro study indicated that the PAD system adversely affected the bond strength of the MTA Fillapex root canal sealer STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Since the introduction of glass fiber posts , irreversible vertical root fractures have become a rare occurrence ; however , adhesive failure has become the primary failure mode . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts cemented with different luting agents on 3 segments of the root . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty human maxillary canines with similar root lengths were r and omly divided into 8 groups ( n=10 ) according to the cement assessed ( Rely X luting , Luting and Lining , Ketac Cem , Rely X ARC , Biscem , Duo-link , Rely X U100 , and Variolink II ) . After st and ardized post space preparation , the root dentin was pretreated for dual-polymerizing resin cements and untreated for the other cements . The mixed luting cement paste was inserted into post spaces with a spiral file and applied to the post surface that was seated into the canal . After 7 days , the teeth were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis into 1-mm-thick sections . The push-out test was performed at a speed of 0.5 mm/min until extrusion of the post occurred . The results were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA and the all pairwise multiple comparison procedures ( Tukey test ) ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS ANOVA showed that the type of interaction between cement and root location significantly influenced the push-out strength ( P<.05 ) . The highest push-out strength results with root location were obtained with Luting and Lining ( S3 ) ( 19.5 ±4.9 MPa ) , Ketac Cem ( S2 ) ( 18.6 ±5.5 MPa ) , and Luting and Lining ( S1 ) ( 18.0 ±7.6 MPa ) . The lowest mean values were recorded with Variolink II ( S1 ) ( 4.6 ±4.0 MPa ) , Variolink II ( S2 ) ( 1.6 ±1.5 MPa ) , and Rely X ARC ( S3 ) ( 0.9 ±1.1 MPa ) . CONCLUSIONS Self-adhesive cements and glass ionomer cements showed significantly higher values compared to dual-polymerizing resin cements . In all root segments , dual-polymerizing resin cements provided significantly lower bond strength . Significant differences among root segments were found only for Duo-link cement Objective Considering that periodontal ligament simulation may influence the stress distribution over teeth restored with intraradicular retainers , this study aim ed to assess the combined effect of mechanical cycling and periodontal ligament simulation on both the bond strength between fiber posts and root dentin and the fracture resistance of teeth restored using glass fiber posts . Material and Methods Ninety roots were r and omly distributed into 3 groups ( n=10 )  ( C-MC : control ; P-MC : polyether ; AS-MC : addition silicone ) to test bond strength and 6 groups ( n=10 )  ( C : control ; P : polyether ; AS : addition silicone , without mechanical cycling , and C-MC , P-MC and AS-MC with mechanical cycling ) to test fracture strength , according to the material used to simulate the periodontal ligament . For the bond strength test , fiber posts were cemented , cores were built , mechanical cycling was applied ( 2 × 106 cycles , 88 N , 2.2 Hz , and 45º incline ) , and the teeth cut into 3 slices ( 2 mm ) , which were then subjected to the push-out test at 1 mm/min . For the fracture strength test , fiber posts were cemented , cores were built , and half of the groups received mechanical cycling , followed by the compressive strength ( 45 ° to the long axis and 1 mm/min ) performed on all groups . Results Periodontal ligament simulation did not affect the bond strength ( p=0.244 ) between post and dentin . Simulation of periodontal ligament ( p=0.153 ) and application of mechanical cycling ( p=0.97 ) did not affect fracture resistance . Conclusions The material s used to simulate the periodontal ligament did not affect fracture or bond strength , therefore periodontal ligament simulation using the tested material s could be considered optional in the conditions of the study To compare the effects of different chelating agents on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to the simulated root-end cavities . Root-end cavities were prepared on the roots of fifty extracted maxillary anterior teeth . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) based on the final irrigation regimen : Group 1 : 17 % EDTA , Group 2 : 7 % maleic acid , Group 3 : QMix , Group 4 : 2.25 % peracetic acid ( PAA ) , Group 5 : 0.9 % saline . Then , the sample s from each group were subdivided into two groups ( n = 5 ) based on the apical filling material . In group 1 , root-end cavities of all sample s were filled with Biodentine and in group 2 , with MTA . Each sample was horizontally sectioned to produce two discs of ∼1 mm thick per specimen . The maximum load required for the dislodgement of 100 retrofillings was recorded . The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope after debonding to assess the type of bond failure . Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests . Irrigation with saline result ed in higher bond strength compared to the other irrigants in the retro grade cavities obturated with MTA or Biodentine ( p < .05 ) . In MTA group , there was no significant difference between the test irrigants ( p > .05 ) . EDTA and PAA groups showed higher dislodgement resistance values than the other test irrigants , when Biodentine was used as a filling . The type of irrigation solution influences the bond strength of the root-end fillings The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the bond strength of various obturation material s to root canal dentin by using a push-out test design . Twenty-five single-rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study . The crowns were removed , and root canal instrumentation was completed by using Endogel-coated 0.06 EndoSequence rotary files ( Brasseler , Savannah , GA ) and appropriate irrigation with 5.25 % NaOCl and a final rinse with 17 % EDTA . After instrumentation , the roots were r and omly divided into five single-matched cone obturation groups ( n = 5 roots/group ) , as follows : group 1 , gutta percha with Kerr EWT ( Kerr Corp , Romulus , MI ) ; group 2 , gutta percha with AH Plus ( Dentsply , DeTrey , Germany ) ; group 3 , Resilon ( Pentron Clinical Technologies , Wallingford , CT ) and Epiphany ( Pentron ) ; group 4 , Activ GP ( Brasseler ) obturation system ; and group 5 , EndoREZ obturation system ( Ultradent , South Jordan , UT ) . The obturated roots were cut perpendicular to the long access to create 1-mm thick slices from the apical , middle , and coronal thirds . The bond strength was measured for each test slice with a push-out testing machine . Statistical analysis was completed by using a two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukeys test with significance set at p < 0.05 . Group 2 showed a significantly ( p < 0.05 ) greater bond strength compared with all other groups . Also , groups 1 and 4 had significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher bond strengths compared with groups 3 and 5 The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of  tooth bleaching  on the push-out bond strength of a composite resin based on dimethacrylates and silorane to cavities that involve both enamel and dentin . A total of 80 bovine incisors were sectioned on the buccal surface to obtain specimens ( 10 × 10 mm ) presenting enamel and dentin ( 1-mm thick each substrate ) . The specimens were r and omly distributed into eight groups ( n=10 ) , according to the bleaching protocol ( 1 - -none ; 2 - -10 % carbamide peroxide [ CP ] for 21 days , six hours each day ; 3 - -three applications of 35 % hydrogen peroxide [ HP ] in 15-minute sessions , one session every seven days for three weeks ; 4 - -10 % CP for 18 days , six hours each day + three applications of 35 % HP in 15-minute sessions , one session every seven days for three weeks ) and the restorative system applied ( Adper Single Bond 2 + Filtek Supreme ; Filtek Silorane adhesive and composite resin ) . After treatment , cavities were made ( 1.2-mm diameter on dentin ; 1.5-mm diameter on enamel ) with a diamond bur . At 24 hours after restoration , a push-out bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . The bleaching treatments did not significantly affect the bond strengths of either restorative system to enamel-dentin . Regardless of the bleaching treatment , the dimethacrylate-based resin system exhibited significantly higher bond strengths to enamel-dentin than did the silorane-based system Objective : Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) has been accepted as an appropriate root-end filling material in endodontic microsurgery because of setting ability in the wet environment . The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength of root-end placed MTA and Biodentine ( Septodont , Saint Maur des Fossés , France ) in the absence/presence of blood contamination . Material s and Methods : Forty-eight single-rooted maxillary incisors were used . subsequent to root-end resection and apical preparation using ultrasonic retro-tips , the specimens were r and omly separated into two groups according to the root-end filling material s : MTA ( Cerkamed Medical Company , Stalowa , Pol and ) or Biodentine . The specimens were then separated into two subgroups according to storage condition ( absence/presence of blood ) ( n = 12 ) . After obtaining 2.0 ± 0.1 mm slices , push-out tests were performed . Each slice was examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the failure mode . The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's post hoc test for multiple comparisons . The failure modes were analyzed using the Chi-square test ( P = 0.05 ) . Results : The bond strength was significantly affected by the presence of blood contamination and root-end filling material type ( P < 0.001 ) . Biodentine had better bond strength than MTA ( P < 0.001 ) . The most common failure type was adhesive failure . According to the Chi-square test , there were no statistically significant differences among the groups ( P = 0.394 ) . Conclusions : Biodentine had better bond strength values compared to MTA , and the bond strength of both MTA and Biodentine as root-end filling material s was negatively affected by the presence of blood Objective : This was an in vitro evaluation of push-out bond strength and surface microhardness of calcium silicate-based bio material s in coronal and apical root dentin . Material s and Methods : Ninety sections ( 2 mm thick ) of coronal and apical root dentin were obtained from roots of 60 extracted teeth ; the canals were enlarged to a st and ardized cavity diameter of 1.3 mm . Sections were r and omly divided into 6 groups ( n = 15 per group ) , and cavities were filled with Biodentine ™ , BioAggregate , or ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) , according to the manufacturers ' instructions . Push-out bond strength values were measured using a universal testing machine under a compressive load at a speed of 1 mm/min . Sample s were analyzed under a light microscope to determine the nature of bond failure . Ten sample s ( 2 mm thick ) were prepared for all the material s , and Vickers microhardness was determined using a digital hardness tester . Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests at a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results : Biodentine ( 42.02 ; 39.35 MPa ) and ProRoot MTA ( 21.86 ; 34.13 MPa ) showed significantly higher bond strengths than BioAggregate ( 6.63 ; 10.09 MPa ) in coronal and apical root dentin , respectively ( p < 0.05 ) . Biodentine also differed significantly from ProRoot MTA in coronal dentin . Bond failure was predominantly adhesive in Biodentine and ProRoot MTA , while BioAggregate showed predominantly mixed failure . ProRoot MTA ( 158.52 HV ) showed significantly higher microhardness and BioAggregate ( 68.79 HV ) showed the lowest hardness . Conclusion : Biodentine and ProRoot MTA showed higher bond strength and microhardness compared to BioAggregate Abstract Objective . Intra-canal post systems are commonly used to restore root-filled teeth . Bond strengths of the posts can be affected by various surface treatments of the post or the dentin . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dentin surface treatments including erbium-chromium ; yttrium-sc and ium-gallium-garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) laser irradiation with different intensities on the push-out bond strength of the glass fiber posts to root dentin . Material s and methods . Forty single-rooted human maxillary incisors were filled and post spaces were prepared . After these procedures , the specimens were divided r and omly into four groups according to the dentin surface treatments , as follows : ( i ) untreated surface ( control ) , ( ii ) 1W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application , ( iii ) 2W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application and ( iv ) 3W Er , Cr : YSGG laser application . Then the posts were cemented into the root canals using dual-cured resin cement . Bonded specimens were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and push-out tests were performed using a universal testing device . All specimens were loaded until fracture and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 32 × magnification . Representative specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA , Tukey and Wilcoxon tests . Results . The bond strength values ranged from 3.22–4.68 MPa . There were no statistically significant differences among the groups , regardless of the different levels . The coronal and middle levels of the post space had significantly higher bond strength values compared with the apical level ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . Er , Cr : YSGG laser irradiation with different intensities did not increase the bond strength of the fiber posts to the root canal dentin walls This trial used push-out testing to evaluate four different fiber post cementation strategies .  Specimens of bovine m and ibular teeth were r and omly allocated into four groups according to cementation strategies ( n = 10 ) : ScotchBond Multi Purpose and RelyX ARC ( Group 1 ) ; AdheSE and Multilink Automix ( Group 2 ) ; phosphoric acid and RelyX U100 ( Group 3 ) ; and RelyX U100 ( Group 4 ) . Four slices from each specimen ( 2.0 mm thick ) were obtained for the push-out test . All slices were analyzed for failure mode after testing . A one-way ANOVA showed differences between the groups ( P = 0.002 ) . A Tukey test indicated that Group 1 had the highest bond strength values ( 13.96 ± 6.41 MPa ) . Groups 2 ( 6.58 ± 2.14 MPa ) , 3 ( 5.85 ± 2.57 MPa ) , and 4 ( 8.19 ± 2.28 MPa ) had similar bond strengths , but all of them were lower than Group 1 . A three-step total etching adhesive system , associated with a conventional resin cement , might be a good alternative for fiber post cementation
HIGHLIGHTSPOBT in endodontic research predicts the clinical behavior of endodontic material s .
Introduction : There is limited literature on the impact of testing variables on the push‐out bond test ( POBT ) .
This review identified design s of the POBT used in the endodontic literature and aim ed to determine which experimental variables may influence the push‐out bond strength ( POBS ) .