Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women Change in body composition during a weight loss trial in obese adolescents. Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. Effects of Cinnamon Consumption on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Comparison of the association of predicted fat mass, body mass index, and other obesity indicators with type 2 diabetes risk: two large prospective studies in US men and women A Dietary Supplement Containing Cinnamon, Chromium and Carnosine Decreases Fasting Plasma Glucose and Increases Lean Mass in Overweight or Obese Pre-Diabetic Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial The effect of auricular acupuncture in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Fat mass- and obesity-associated genotype, dietary intakes and anthropometric measures in European adults: the Food4Me study. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population. Dietary Determinants of Changes in Waist Circumference Adjusted for Body Mass Index – a Proxy Measure of Visceral Adiposity Whole-grain intake as a marker of healthy body weight and adiposity. Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Association of physical activity with body mass index, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in older adults The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan.
Background : Obese individuals are more likely to have either lower blood concentrations or lower bioavailability of minerals and /or vitamins . However , there are limited data on the effects of nutritional supplementation on body weight ( BW ) control , energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism in obese subjects . Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of supplementation with multivitamin and multimineral on adiposity , energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women . Design : A total of 96 obese Chinese women ( body mass index ( BMI ) 28 kg m−2 ) aged 18–55 years participated in a 26-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled intervention study . Subjects were r and omized into three groups , receiving either one tablet of multivitamin and mineral supplement ( MMS ) , or calcium 162 mg ( Calcium ) or identical placebo daily during the study period . BW , BMI , waist circumference ( WC ) , fat mass ( FM ) , fat-free mass , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C and HDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TGs ) were measured at baseline and 26 weeks . Results : A total of 87 subjects completed the study . After 26 weeks , compared with the placebo group , the MMS group had significantly lower BW , BMI , FM , TC and LDL-C , significantly higher REE and HDL-C , as well as a borderline significant trend of lower RQ ( P=0.053 ) and WC ( P=0.071 ) . The calcium group also had significantly higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C levels compared with the placebo group . Conclusion : The results suggest that , in obese individuals  , multivitamin and mineral supplementation could reduce BW and fatness and improve serum lipid profiles , possibly through increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation . Supplementation of calcium alone ( 162 mg per day ) only improved lipid profiles UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Adolescence is an important period of physiological growth . Loss of central adiposity with preservation of lean mass during weight loss is optimal . There are discrepancies in the literature concerning changes in lean mass during weight loss in adolescents . What this study adds This study provides information of regional and total body composition change in adolescents during weight loss . This study controls for important factors that impact body composition in growing adolescents such as age , sex , height , baseline weight and race . This study provides correlations of changes in waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) with total and trunk fat mass during weight loss in adolescents . SUMMARY Background Changes in body composition during weight loss among obese adolescents are poorly understood . This study characterized the composition of weight loss and its association with changes in waist circumference ( WC ) in obese adolescents . Methods Total ( Tot ) , trunk ( Tr ) and appendicular ( Ap ) fat mass ( FM ) and lean mass ( LM ) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 61 obese adolescents ( 40 girls ) who participated in a r and omized controlled weight loss trial .  Changes in body composition were assessed at 0 , 6 and 12 months using mixed-effects regression models . Correlation analysis of change in WC and total and regional compartments of FM and LM were assessed . Results Weight loss for adolescents was 90.3 % FM and 15.9 % LM at 0 - 6 months , and 98.2 % FM and 7 % LM at 0 - 12 months . At 12 months , girls lost 2.67 kg more TotFM than boys in models adjusted for height , age , race and baseline weight . Boys gained LM in all compartments in all models . At 12 months , girls lost TotLM ( 2.23 ± 0.74 , P < 0.004 ) and ApLM ( 0.69 ± 0.31 , P = 0.03 ) and gained TrLM ( 0.37 ± 0.35 , P = 0.29 ) . The percentage LM , increased for boys and girls in all models . TotFM was correlated with body mass index ( BMI ) change with TotFM ( R = 0.70 - 0.91 , P = 0.001 ) and WC change ( R = 0.53 - 0.55 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions Weight loss in obese adolescents during a weight loss trial using lifestyle management and sibutramine was primarily from trunk FM . Although absolute LM increased in boys and decreased in girls , the percentage of weight that is LM increased for both boys and girls . Changes in BMI were more reflective of changes in FM than changes in WC BACKGROUND & AIMS Multiple studies have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ) type II , with conflicting results . Differences in Baseline Body Mass Index ( BMI ) of patients may be able to explain the observed differences in the results . This study was design ed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes of patients with DM type II based on their baseline BMI . METHODS The study was design ed as a triple-blind placebo-controlled r and omized clinical trial , using a parallel design . One hundred and forty patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences with diagnosis of DM type II were r and omly assigned in four groups : cinnamon ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) and Placebo ( BMI ≥ 27 , BMI < 27 ) . Patients received cinnamon bark powder or placebo in 500 mg capsules twice daily for 3 months . Anthropometric , glycemic and lipid outcomes were measured before and after the intervention . RESULT Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric ( BMI , body fat , and visceral fat ) , glycemic ( FPG , 2hpp , HbA1C , Fasting Insulin , and Insulin Resistance ) , and lipids ( Cholesterol Total , LDL-c and HDL-c ) outcomes ( except for triglycerides level ) . All observed changes ( except for Cholesterol Total and LDL-c ) were significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . CONCLUSION Based on the study findings , cinnamon may improve anthropometric parameters , glycemic indices and lipid profile of patients with type II diabetes . These benefits are significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI ( BMI ≥ 27 ) . The trial protocol was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials data base ( registration ID : I RCT 2017031133015N1 ) There is increasing epidemiological evidence linking sub-optimal vitamin D status with overweight and obesity . Although increasing BMI and adiposity have also been negatively associated with the change in vitamin D status following supplementation , results have been equivocal . The aim of this r and omised , placebo-controlled study was to investigate the associations between anthropometric measures of adiposity and the wintertime serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ( 25(OH)D ) response to 15 μg cholecalciferol per d in healthy young and older Irish adults . A total of 110 young adults ( 20 - 40 years ) and 102 older adults ( ≥ 64 years ) completed the 22-week intervention with > 85 % compliance . The change in 25(OH)D from baseline was calculated . Anthropometric measures of adiposity taken at baseline included height , weight and waist circumference ( WC ) , along with skinfold thickness measurements to estimate fat mass ( FM ) . FM was subsequently expressed as FM ( kg ) , FM ( % ) , FM index ( FMI ( FM kg/height m2 ) ) and as a percentage ratio to fat-free mass ( FFM ) . In older adults , vitamin D status was inversely associated with BMI ( kg/m2 ) , WC ( cm ) , FM ( kg and % ) , FMI ( kg/m2 ) and FM : FFM ( % ) at baseline ( r - 0·33 , - 0·36 , - 0·33 , - 0·30 , - 0·33 and - 0·27 , respectively , all P values < 0·01 ) . BMI in older adults was also negatively associated with the change in 25(OH)D  following supplementation ( β - 1·27 , CI - 2·37 , - 0·16 , P = 0·026 ) ; however , no such associations were apparent in younger adults . Results suggest that adiposity may need to be taken into account when determining an adequate wintertime dietary vitamin D intake for healthy older adults residing at higher latitudes Objective : Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide . Traditional herbs and spices can be used to control blood glucose concentrations . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the daily intake of three grams cinnamon over eight weeks on glycemic status , lipid profiles and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients . Methods : A double blind , r and omized , placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients with type 2 diabetes . Participants were r and omly assigned to take either a three g/day cinnamon supplement ( n=22 ) or a placebo ( n=22 ) for eight weeks . Weight , height , body fat mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and after intervention . The fasting blood glucose , insulin , HbA1c , total cholesterol , LDL C , HDL C , Apo lipoprotein A I and B were measured at baseline and endpoint . Results : From 44 subjects participated in this study 37 completed the study . There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics , dietary intake and physical activity between groups . In the treatment group , the levels of fasting blood glucose , HbA1c , triglyceride , weight , BMI and body fat mass decreased significantly compared to baseline , but not in placebo group . No significant differences were observed in glycemic status indicators , lipid profile and anthropometric indicators between the groups at the end of intervention . Conclusion : These data suggest that cinnamon may have a moderate effect in improving glycemic status indicators Obesity , defined by body mass index ( BMI ) , is a well-established risk factor of type 2 diabetes , but BMI has been criticized for its inability to discriminate fat mass and lean body mass . We examined the association between predicted fat mass and type 2 diabetes risk  in two large US prospect i ve cohorts , and compared the magnitude of the association with BMI and other obesity indicators . Vali date d anthropometric prediction equations previously developed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate predicted fat mass and percent fat for 97,111 participants from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ( 1987–2012 ) and the Nurses ’ Health Study ( 1986–2012 ) who were followed up for type 2 diabetes .  Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes across quintiles of predicted fat mass were 1.00 , 1.96 , 2.96 , 3.90 , and 8.38 for men and 1.00 , 2.20 , 3.50 , 5.73 , and 12.1 for women ; of BMI were 1.00 , 1.69 , 2.45 , 3.54 , and 6.94 for men and 1.00 , 1.76 , 2.86 , 4.88 , and 9.88 for women . Predicted FM showed the strongest association with  type 2 diabetes  in men followed by waist circumference ( WC ) , waist-to-height ratio ( WHtR ) , predicted percent fat , BMI , Waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) , and a body shape index ( ABSI ) . For women , the strongest association was shown for WHtR , followed by WC , predicted percent fat , predicted fat mass , BMI , ABSI , and WHR . Compared to BMI , predicted fat mass demonstrated consistently stronger association with type 2 diabetes risk . However , there was inconclusive evidence to suggest that predicted fat mass is substantially superior to other obesity indicators Background Preventing or slowing the progression of prediabetes to diabetes is a major therapeutic issue . Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the effects of 4-month treatment with a dietary supplement containing cinnamon , chromium and carnosine in moderately obese or overweight pre-diabetic subjects , the primary outcome being change in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) level . Other parameters of plasma glucose homeostasis , lipid profile , adiposity and inflammatory markers were also assessed . Methods In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study , 62 subjects with a FPG level ranging from 5.55 to 7 mmol/L and a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 , unwilling to change their dietary and physical activity habits , were allocated to receive a 4-month treatment with either 1.2 g/day of the dietary supplement or placebo . Patients were followed up until 6 months post-r and omization . Results Four-month treatment with the dietary supplement  decreased FPG compared to placebo ( -0.24±0.50 vs + 0.12±0.59 mmol/L , respectively , p = 0.02 ) , without detectable significant changes in HbA1c . Insulin sensitivity markers , plasma insulin , plasma lipids and inflammatory markers did not differ between the treatment groups . Although there were no significant differences in changes in body weight and energy or macronutrient intakes between the two groups , fat-free mass ( % ) increased with the dietary supplement compared to placebo ( p = 0.02 ) . Subjects with a higher FPG level and a milder inflammatory state at baseline benefited most from the dietary supplement . Conclusions Four-month treatment with a dietary supplement containing cinnamon , chromium and carnosine decreased FPG and increased fat-free mass in overweight or obese pre-diabetic subjects . These beneficial effects might open up new avenues in the prevention of diabetes . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov BACKGROUND The aims of this r and omized study are to examine the effect of auricular acupuncture on obese women and to explore the relationship between the effect of auricular acupuncture and obesity-related hormone peptides . METHODS Forty-five of 60 obese women aged between 16 and 65 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 27 kg/m2 and who had not received any other weight control maneuvers within the last 3 months completed this study . The subjects were blinded and r and omly divided into groups A and B. Group A ( n = 23 ) received auricular acupuncture , and group B ( n = 22 ) received sham auricular acupuncture using placebo needles , twice each week for 6 weeks . The subjects ' body weight ( BW ) , BMI , waist circumference ( WC ) , and obesity-related hormone peptides were measured at the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks of treatment . The data were compared and expressed as percent reductions . RESULTS This study found no statistical difference in percent reduction in BW , BMI , and WC between the group receiving 6 weeks of auricular acupuncture treatment and the control group . After treatment , group A revealed a significant increase in ghrelin level and decrease in leptin level . On the other h and , group B , who received sham auricular acupuncture , showed no significant difference in ghrelin and leptin levels . CONCLUSIONS This study found no statistical difference in percent reduction in BW , BMI , and WC between the two groups . No adverse effects of short-term auricular acupuncture treatment were seen in the study . Auricular acupuncture may have potential benefit on obesity-related hormone peptides The interplay between the fat mass- and obesity-associated ( FTO ) gene variants and diet has been implicated in the development of obesity . The aim of the present analysis was to investigate associations between FTO genotype , dietary intakes and anthropometrics among European adults . Participants in the Food4Me r and omised controlled trial were genotyped for FTO genotype ( rs9939609 ) and their dietary intakes , and  diet quality scores ( Healthy Eating Index and PREDIMED-based Mediterranean diet score ) were estimated from FFQ . Relationships between FTO genotype , diet and anthropometrics ( weight , waist circumference ( WC ) and BMI ) were evaluated at baseline . European adults with the FTO risk genotype had greater WC ( AA v. TT : + 1·4 cm ; P=0·003 ) and BMI ( + 0·9 kg/m2 ; P=0·001 ) than individuals with no risk alleles . Subjects with the lowest fried food consumption and two copies of the FTO risk variant had on average 1·4 kg/m2 greater BMI ( Ptrend=0·028 ) and 3·1 cm greater WC ( Ptrend=0·045 ) compared with individuals with no copies of the risk allele and with the lowest fried food consumption . However , there was no evidence of interactions between FTO genotype and dietary intakes on BMI and WC , and thus further research is required to confirm or refute these findings OBJECTIVE Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has several benefits , including body fat reduction , as proved in animals . However , the results of CLA-induced body composition alterations in humans are inconsistent , and no related data are available for Chinese population s. This study aim ed to determine whether CLA affects body weight ( BW ) loss and body composition of overweight and obese Chinese subjects . METHODS In this r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , subjects with a body mass index ( BMI ) of 24 to 35 kg/m(2 ) r and omly received 1.7 g of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA ( n = 30 ) or placebo ( salad oil ; n = 33 ) in 200 mL of sterilized milk twice daily for 12 wk . Changes in body composition were determined by bioimpedance measurements . RESULTS Sixty-three subjects completed the study  ( CLA , n = 30 ) . After 12 wk , compared with the baseline , the BW , BMI , total fat mass , fat percentage , subcutaneous fat mass , and waist-to-hip ratio decreased in the CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) . The CLA group was stratified by BMI and gender . The BW , BMI , subcutaneous fat mass , and waist-to-hip ratio decreased in 27 subjects with a BMI ≥ 27 , and these indices , except subcutaneous fat mass , were lower in female subjects . The levels of total cholesterol , triacylglycerol , low-density lipoprotein , and plasma fasting glucose increased , whereas those of high-density lipoprotein decreased after 3 mo of CLA treatment . The changes were not significantly different from the baseline values . CONCLUSION The supplementation of CLA for 12 wk in overweight and grade I obese Chinese subjects yielded lower obesity indices , with no obvious adverse effects Background Given the recognized health effects of visceral fat , the underst and ing of how diet can modulate changes in the phenotype “ waist circumference for a given body mass index ( WC BMI ) ” , a proxy measure of visceral adiposity , is deemed necessary . Hence , the objective of the present study was to assess the association between dietary factors and prospect i ve changes in visceral adiposity as measured by changes in the phenotype WC BMI . Methods and Findings We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study .  Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years . WC BMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on body mass index , and annual change in WC BMI ( ΔWC BMI , cm/y ) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline , divided by follow-up time . The association between energy , energy density ( ED ) , macronutrients , alcohol , glycemic index ( GI ) , glycemic load ( GL ) , fibre and ΔWC BMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression , and r and om-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates . Men and women with higher ED and GI diets showed significant increases in their WC BMI , compared to those with lower ED and GI [ 1 kcal/g greater ED predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.09 cm ( 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.13 ) in men and 0.15 cm ( 95 % CI 0.09 to 0.21 ) in women ; 10 units greater GI predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.07 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.12 ) in men and 0.06 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.10 ) in women ] . Among women , lower fibre intake , higher GL , and higher alcohol consumption also predicted a higher ΔWC BMI . Conclusions Results of this study suggest that a diet with low GI and ED may prevent visceral adiposity , defined as the prospect i ve changes in WC BMI . Additional effects may be obtained among women of low alcohol , low GL , and high fibre intake OBJECTIVE To review evidence relating to the consumption of whole grains and healthy body weight ( BW ) . DESIGN Systematic review and analysis of observational studies reporting whole-grain consumption and measures of BW and adiposity , including the effect on macronutrient intakes and lifestyle factors . SETTING Medline and other data bases were search ed for the period 1990 to 2006 to produce a full reference list ; observational studies were retained for further analysis if they included an appropriate control group and reported whole-grain intake and body mass index ( BMI ) or a measure of adiposity . SUBJECTS Fifteen trials were identified which included data from 119 829 male and female subjects aged 13 years and over . RESULTS The combined and weighted mean difference in BMI from 15 studies representing 20 treatment groups ( n = 119 829 ) using a r and om-effects model was 0.630 kg/m2 lower when high versus low whole-grain intake was compared , P < 0.0001 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 0.460 , 0.800 kg/m2 ) . In high consumers , adiposity assessed as waist circumference was reduced by 2.7 ( 95 % CI 0.2 , 5.2 ) cm , P = 0.03 ( six data sets , n = 4178 ) or as waist : hip ratio by 0.023 ( 95 % CI 0.016 , 0.030 ) , P < 0.0001 ( four data sets , n = 20 147 ) . Higher intake of whole grains led to increased dietary fibre intake ( 9 g , P < 0.01 ) , while total and saturated fat intakes decreased by 11 g and 3.9 g , respectively . CONCLUSION A higher intake of whole grains ( about three servings per day ) was associated with lower BMI and central adiposity . In addition , people who consume more whole grains are likely to have a healthier lifestyle as fewer of them smoke , they exercise more frequently and they tend to have lower fat and higher fibre intakes AIMS To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of cinnamon on HbA1c , blood pressure and lipid profiles in people with type 2 diabetes . METHODS 58 type 2 diabetic patients ( 25 males and 33 females ) , aged 54.9 ± 9.8 , treated only with hypoglycemic agents and with an HbA1c more than 7 % were r and omly assigned to receive either 2 g of cinnamon or placebo daily for 12 weeks . RESULTS After intervention , the mean HbA1c was significantly decreased ( P<0.005 ) in the cinnamon group ( 8.22 % to 7.86 % ) compared with placebo group ( 8.55 % to 8.68 % ) . Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures ( SBP and DBP ) were also significantly reduced ( P<0.001 ) after 12 weeks in the cinnamon group ( SBP : 132.6 to 129.2 mmHg and DBP : 85.2 to 80.2 mmHg ) compared with the placebo group ( SBP : 134.5 to 134.9 mmHg and DBP : 86.8 to 86.1 mmHg ) . A significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) was observed at week 12 compared to baseline in the cinnamon group , however , the changes were not significant when compared to placebo group . There were no significant differences in serum lipid profiles of total cholesterol , triglycerides , HDL and LDL cholesterols neither between nor within the groups . CONCLUSIONS Intake of 2 g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c , SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients  . Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus Background There is limited , and inconsistent , data on the prospect i ve association between physical activity and surrogate markers of adiposity in older adults . We aim to determine the prospect i ve association of leisure time physical activity ( LTPA ) with body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference ( WC ) and the incidence of obesity . Methods This prospect i ve analysis included 7144 individuals with a mean age of 67 ± 6.2 years , from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea ( PREDIMED ) study .  BMI and WC were measured and LTPA was recorded using the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Question naire . Exposure and outcome variables were calculated as cumulative average of repeated measurements . Results Total LTPA was inversely associated ( P < 0.001 ) with BMI and WC . The difference in BMI and WC between extreme quintiles of LTPA ( Q1-Q5 ) was 2.1 kg/m2 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.68 ; 2.49 , P < 0.001 ) and 4.8 cm ( CI 2.28 ; 7.25 , P < 0.001 ) , respectively . Low-intensity LTPA was inversely associated with BMI but not with WC , while moderate/vigorous LTPA showed an inverse relationship with BMI and WC . The hazard of general and abdominal obesity incidence decreased across quintiles of total and moderate/vigorous LTPA ( P < 0.001 for both ) , whereas low-intensity LTPA was inversely associated with the incidence of general obesity ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusion LTPA was inversely associated with BMI , WC and incidence of general and abdominal obesity . The finding that low-intensity LTPA was inversely related to BMI and the incidence of obesity is of particular importance because this level of physical activity could be a feasible option for many older adults AIM To determine the relationship between  periodontitis and overweight/obesity among Jordanians . MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic r and om sample of 340 persons aged between 18 and 70 years was selected from those who accompanied patients during their visit to the outpatient clinics in the medical centre of Jordan University of Science and Technology in north of Jordan . All participants underwent periodontal examination  , had anthropometric measurements  , and completed the question naire .  Periodontitis was defined as presence of four or more teeth with one or more sites with probing pocket depth > or=4 mm and clinical attachment loss > or=3 mm . RESULTS Only 14 % of normal weight participants had periodontal disease whereas 29.6 % of overweight and 51.9 % of obese participants had periodontal disease . Periodontitis was more prevalent among subjects with high waist circumference ( WC ) and among subjects with high waist-to-hip ratio . After adjusting for important variables , only body mass index ( BMI ) -defined obesity [ odds ratio (OR)=2.9 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.3 , 6.1 ] , high WC ( OR=2.1 , 95%CI : 1.2 , 3.7 ) , and high fat per cent ( OR=1.8 , 95 % CI : 1.03 , 3.3 ) remained significantly associated with increased odds of periodontitis . CONCLUSION BMI -defined obesity , high WC , and high fat per cent were significantly associated with increased odds of having periodontitis
The cinnamon administrations significantly reduced FM at the dosages of ≥2 g/d , when administered for ≥12 weeks .
Cinnamon administration result ed in BW and WC reduction in non-linear fashion ( P = 0.04 ) .
Cinnamon supplementation significantly affects obesity measures .
BACKGROUND & AIMS Data about the effects of cinnamon supplementation on obesity measures are conflicting .
This systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) was conducted to summarize the effects of cinnamon intake on body weight ( BW ) , Body Mass Index ( BMI ) , Waist Circumference ( WC ) , and fat mass ( FM ) in adults .