Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and trans-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity. Fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions and blood lipids in normolipidaemic volunteers fed two types of cheese having different fat compositions: a pilot study A good response to oil with medium- and long-chain fatty acids in body fat and blood lipid profiles of male hypertriglyceridemic subjects. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. The influence of a formula supplemented with dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in healthy full-term infants: a double-blind randomized controlled trial Dietary fat modulates serum paraoxonase 1 activity in rats. High Fat Diet with a High Monounsaturated Fatty Acid and Polyunsaturated/Saturated Fatty Acid Ratio Suppresses Body Fat Accumulation and Weight Gain in Obese Hamsters Monounsaturated fat decreases hepatic lipid content in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults Dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight loss in obese adults. Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. The effect of red palm olein and refined palm olein on lipids and haemostatic factors in hyperfibrinogenaemic subjects. Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and Olive Oil Lipid (Clinoleic) in Very Preterm Neonates The Type of Fat Ingested at Breakfast Influences the Plasma Lipid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Impacts of dietary fat changes on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Impact of polyunsaturated vegetable oils on adiponectin levels, glycaemia and blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind intervention study. Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Fish oil fatty acids improve postprandial vascular reactivity in healthy men. Higher docosahexaenoic acid, lower arachidonic acid and reduced lipid tolerance with high doses of a lipid emulsion containing 15% fish oil: a randomized clinical trial. Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high-risk patients. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. Omega-3 fatty acids and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 in healthy older adult males and females The influence of fish-oil lipid emulsions on retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Plasma lipid effects of three common vegetable oils in reduced-fat diets of free-living adults. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Relationship between dietary carbohydrates and fats in their influence on serum lipid concentrations. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Grape polyphenols do not affect vascular function in healthy men. Virgin olive oil, palm olein and coconut oil diets do not raise cell adhesion molecules and thrombogenicity indices in healthy Malaysian adults Short-Term Use of Parenteral Nutrition With a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Olive Oil, Medium-Chain Triglycerides, and Fish Oil Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. Fatty acid saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and cholesterol efflux capacity. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is not associated with greater in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with oils rich in oleate and linoleate as assessed by plasma malondialdehyde and F(2)-isoprostanes. n -- 3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy in women with allergic disease: effects on blood pressure, and maternal and fetal lipids. The influence of dietary fats on platelets in man. Effect of extra-virgin olive oil and fish-oil supplementation on plasma lipids and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative alteration in free-living spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease. Flaxseed oil does not affect inflammatory markers and lipid profile compared to olive oil, in young, healthy, normal weight adults. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may decrease adiposity and improve blood lipid profiles under some conditions . The goal of this study was to determine the effects of CLA supplementation on blood lipid profiles and adiposity of rats fed a diet containing a primarily saturated fat versus a diet containing a primarily unsaturated fat . Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly assigned to one of four diets containing coconut oil , coconut oil with CLA , corn oil or corn oil with CLA . After 28 days , blood was collected and serum concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and triacylglycerols ( TG ) were assessed . Food intake , body weights , and epididymal fat pads were measured . No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were noted among groups for amount of food consumed , weight gained , food efficiency ratio or serum TG concentrations . TC concentrations were lower ( p<0.05 ) in the CLA-supplemented rats that were fed coconut oil but not those consuming corn oil . Serum HDL-C was lower ( p<0.05 ) in rats consuming corn oil but was not significantly different ( p>0.05 ) for CLA supplemented groups . Epididymal fat pads weighed significantly more ( p<0.05 ) in the coconut oil fed group compared to the corn oil fed group , but there was no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) between the corn oil and coconut oil + CLA group . Overall , this study suggests that CLA is more beneficial for control of blood lipids and adiposity when supplemented to a diet rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat This study aim ed to determine the effects of incorporating fish with 40%- or 30%-fat diets and the differences in response to fish or fish oil omega 3 fats .  Men with high-normal blood pressure and elevated serum cholesterol were r and omly allocated to one of seven diets for 12 wk . Fish or fish oil with a 40%-fat diet increased total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , HDL2 cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol , and reduced triglycerides . The 30%-fat diet alone reduced cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and HDL cholesterol , with triglycerides unchanged . Fish with the 30%-fat diet reduced cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and triglycerides and increased HDL2 cholesterol . This study has shown that plasma lipids are affected similarly by fish or fish oil in men consuming a 40%-fat diet . Adverse effects of omega 3 fats on total and LDL cholesterol are reversed by a 30%-fat diet , whereas one daily fish meal substantially lowers triglycerides and reverses the fall in HDL cholesterol that is usual with a low-fat diet Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Background Dietary trans-rich and interesterified fats were compared to an unmodified saturated fat for their relative impact on blood lipids and plasma glucose . Each fat had melting characteristics , plasticity and solids fat content suitable for use as hardstock in margarine and other solid fat formulations . Methods Thirty human volunteers were fed complete , whole food diets during 4 wk periods , where total fat ( ~31 % daily energy , > 70 % from the test fats ) and fatty acid composition were tightly controlled . A crossover design was used with 3 r and omly-assigned diet rotations and repeated- measures analysis . One test fat rotation was based on palm olein ( POL ) and provided 12.0 percent of energy ( % en ) as palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) ; a second contained trans-rich partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO ) and provided 3.2 % en as trans fatty acids plus 6.5 % en as 16:0 , while the third used an interesterified fat ( IE ) and provided 12.5 % en as stearic acid ( 18:0 ) . After 4 wk the plasma lipoproteins , fatty acid profile , as well as fasting glucose and insulin were assessed . In addition , after 2 wk into each period an 8 h postpr and ial challenge was initiated in a subset of 19 subjects who consumed a meal containing 53 g of test fat . Results After 4 wk , both PHSO and IE fats significantly elevated both the LDL/HDL ratio and fasting blood glucose , the latter almost 20 % in the IE group relative to POL . Fasting 4 wk insulin was 10 % lower after PHSO ( p > 0.05 ) and 22 % lower after IE ( p < 0.001 ) compared to POL . For the postpr and ial study the glucose incremental area under the curve ( IAUC ) following the IE meal was 40 % greater than after either other meal ( p < 0.001 ) , and was linked to relatively depressed insulin and C-peptide ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both PHSO and IE fats altered the metabolism of lipoproteins and glucose relative to an unmodified saturated fat when fed to humans under identical circumstances OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of factor VII coagulant activity ( factor VIIc ) , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and blood lipids on a saturated fat-rich diet with one rich in monounsaturated fat . DESIGN Subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups . The study design was an ABB/BAA extra-period crossover . One group consumed a diet rich in saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) with fat making up 20.8 % of total energy , for 5 weeks and then one rich in monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , with fat making up 20.3 % of total energy for 10 weeks . The other group consumed the MUFA diet for 5 weeks followed by the SFA diet for 10 weeks . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication were recruited to participate . Eighteen subjects were recruited and 15 ( 5 men , 10 women ) completed the community-based study . INTERVENTION Blood was sample d at the beginning and end point of each 5-week diet period for analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors and blood lipids . Subjects kept 3-day food diaries twice during each of the three diet periods and were weighed on each visit for blood collection . Analysis of plasma fatty acids was used to indicate dietary compliance . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in fasting factor VIIc , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , insulin , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , apolipoproteins A-1 and B , and plasma oleic acid levels while receiving the SFA diet vs MUFA diet . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A general linear model allowing for the ABB/BAA extra-period crossover , was used for each of the outcome measures . RESULTS Factor VIIc was lower on the MUFA diet ( P < .05 ) but fibrinogen and insulin concentrations and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity did not differ between diets . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P < .001 ) and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) levels were lower on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet . A significant increase in both plasma phospholipid and neutral lipid oleic acid ( P < .0001 ) occurred on the MUFA diet . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of foods rich in saturated fat with foods rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil and margarine has favorable outcomes on blood lipids and factor VIIc . This oil presents another useful source of MUFA for diets aim ed at prevention of heart disease The aim of this r and omised , double-blind , crossover study in normolipidaemic volunteers was to investigate the effect of consumption of an experimental cheese ( from cows fed a grass and maize silage-based diet with 5 % of linseed oil added ) or a control cheese ( without linseed oil ) on both plasma lipids and fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . A lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids as well as a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the experimental cheese ; its consumption was successful in limiting the enhanced blood concentration of atherogenic fatty acids , without affecting fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . These results indicate that dairy products could be considered as key foods for fat modifications with the objective of optimizing their nutritional quality A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride ( MLCT ) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects . One-hundred- and -twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups ; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride ( LCT ) oil for 8 weeks . All subjects were requested to consume 25 - 30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise . Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed . The  LCT group consisted of 50 subjects ( 34 men and 16 women ) , while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects ( 33 men and 18 women ) who completed the study . Larger decreases in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , body fat , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , C2 , C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group . However , no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed . Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium- and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic effects of dietary fat quality in people with type 2 diabetes are not well-understood . The study objective was to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and safflower ( SAF ) oils on glycemia , blood lipids , and inflammation . The hypothesis we tested is that dietary oils improve glycemia , lipids , and inflammatory markers in a time-dependent way that follows accumulation of linoleic acid and CLA isomers in serum of subjects supplemented with dietary oils . METHODS Fifty-five post-menopausal , obese women with type 2 diabetes enrolled , and 35 completed this r and omized , double-masked crossover study . Treatments were 8 g daily of CLA and SAF for 16 weeks each . We used a multiple testing procedure with pre-determined steps analysis to determine the earliest time that a significant effect was detected . RESULTS CLA did not alter measured metabolic parameters . SAF decreased HbA1c ( -0.64 ± 0.18 % , p = 0.0007 ) and C-reactive protein ( -13.6 ± 8.2 mg/L , p = 0.0472 ) , increased QUICKI ( 0.0077 ± 0.0035 , p = 0.0146 ) with a minimum time to effect observed 16 weeks after treatment . SAF increased HDL cholesterol ( 0.12 ± 0.05 mmol/L , p = 0.0228 ) with the minimum time to detect an effect of SAF at 12 weeks . The minimum time to detect an increase of c9t11-CLA , t10c12-CLA , and linoleic acid in serum of women supplemented CLA or SAF , respectively , was four weeks . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 8 g of SAF daily improved glycemia , inflammation , and blood lipids , indicating that small changes in dietary fat quality may augment diabetes treatments to improve risk factors for diabetes-related complications BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population Background Human milk is the optimal nutrition for infants . When breastfeeding is not possible , supplementation of infant formula with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids appears to promote neurodevelopmental outcome and visual function .  Plant oils , that are the only source of fat in most of infant formulas , do not contain specific fatty acids that are present in human and cow milk and do not encounter milk fat triglyceride structure . Experimental data suggest that a mix of dairy lipids and plant oils can potentiate endogenous synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . This trial aims to determine the effect of an infant formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in full-term infants ( primary outcome ) . Erythrocyte membrane long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids content , the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level , the gastrointestinal tolerance , the changes throughout the study in blood fatty acids content , in growth and body composition are evaluated as secondary outcomes . Methods / Design In a double-blind controlled r and omized trial , 75 healthy full-term infants are r and omly allocated to receive for four months a formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils or a formula containing only plant oils or a formula containing plant oils supplemented with arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid .  Twenty-five breast-fed infants constitute the reference group .  Erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile , long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the other fatty acids content , the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level are measured after four months of intervention . Gastrointestinal tolerance , the changes in blood fatty acids content , in growth and body composition , assessed by means of an air displacement plethysmography system , are also evaluated throughout the study . Discussion The achievement of an appropriate long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids status represents an important goal in neonatal nutrition . Gaining further insight in the effects of the supplementation of a formula with dairy lipids and plant oils in healthy full-term infants could help to produce a formula whose fat content , composition and structure is more similar to human milk . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier We examined the effects of dietary fats with specific fatty acid compositions , on serum paraoxonase ( PON1 ) activity in rats . Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided r and omly into four dietary groups . One group received the control diet [ AIN 93 M with soybean oil ( 5 g/100 g diet ) ] , whereas the remaining three groups received the modified control diet supplemented with ( 15 g/100 g diet ) triolein , tripalmitin or fish oil , respectively . After 20 d , blood was obtained after overnight food deprivation and PON1 activity was determined . Serum lipids and lipid components of lipoproteins were also determined . Serum PON1 activity [ micromol/(L.min ) ] was significantly ( P : < 0.05 ) higher in triolein ( 98 + /- 6 ) and lower in fish oil ( 41 + /- 4 ) , compared with tripalmitin-fed rats ( 63 + /- 11 ) . Serum PON1 activity in tripalmitin-fed rats was comparable to that of controls ( 67 + /- 9 ) . Serum PON1 activity correlated significantly with serum lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) activity ( r = 0.77 , P : < 0.001 ) and was transported in blood principally in association with the denser subfraction of HDL , very high density lipoprotein ( VHDL ; d > 1.15 kg/L ) . Serum PON1 activity correlated strongly with serum lipids as well as lipids of VLDL , HDL and its subfractions . Multiple linear regression analysis , however , showed a significant relationship of serum PON1 activity , principally with the phospholipids of VHDL ( r = 0.47 , P : < 0.002 ) . These data suggest that the modulation of serum PON1 activity by dietary fat may be mediated via the effect of the specific fatty acids on the synthesis and secretion of VHDL , the subfraction of HDL that transports the majority of PON1 in the blood The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high fat diet with experimental oil consisting of 60 % MUFAs ( monounsaturated fatty acids ) with a P/S ratio of 5 on fat deposition and lipid metabolism in obese hamsters . Hamsters were r and omly assigned to a control group and a diet-induced obesity group for nine weeks . Then an additional eight-week experimental period began , during which obese hamsters were r and omly divided into three groups and fed different amounts of the experimental oil mixture in their diets as follows : 5 % , 15 % , and 20 % w/w ( OB-M5 , OB-M15 , and OB-M20 groups , respectively ) . The results showed that the OB-M15 and OB-M20 groups had significantly lower blood cholesterol and higher insulin levels . Compared to the control group , the three obese groups exhibited higher hepatic fatty acid synthase activity ; however , the acyl-CoA oxidase activities were also enhanced . Although dietary fat content differed , there were no differences in energy intake , final body weights , and epididymal fat weights among the four groups . These results suggest that regardless of whether the specimens had a high fat intake or not , dietary fat containing high MUFAs with a high P/S ratio had beneficial effects on maintaining blood lipid profiles and may not result in body fat accumulation in obese hamsters , possibly by promoting lipolytic enzyme activities AIM To evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fats on the hepatic lipid content and oxidative stress parameters in rat liver with experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . METHODS A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly divided into five groups . The rats in the control group ( n = 8) were on chow diet ( Group 1 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on methionine choline-deficient diet ( MCDD ) ( Group 2 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD enriched with olive oil ( Group 3 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD with fish oil ( Group 4 ) and rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD with butter fat ( Group 5 ) . After 2 mo , blood and liver sections were examined for lipids composition and oxidative stress parameters . RESULTS The liver weight/rat weight ratio increased in all treatment groups as compared with the control group . Severe fatty liver was seen in MCDD + fish oil and in MCDD + butter fat groups , but not in MCDD and MCDD + olive oil groups . The increase in hepatic triglycerides ( TG ) levels was blunted by 30 % in MCDD + olive oil group ( 0.59 + /- 0.09 ) compared with MCDD group ( 0.85 + /- 0.04 , P < 0.004 ) , by 37 % compared with MCDD + fish oil group ( 0.95 + /- 0.07 , P < 0.001 ) , and by 33 % compared with MCDD + butter group ( 0.09 + /- 0.1 , P < 0.01 ) . The increase in serum TG was lowered by 10 % in MCDD + olive oil group ( 0.9 + /- 0.07 ) compared with MCDD group ( 1.05 + /- 0.06 ) . Hepatic cholesterol increased by 15-fold in MCDD group [ ( 0.08 + /- 0.02 , this increment was blunted by 21 % in MCDD + fish oil group ( 0.09 + /- 0.02 ) ] . In comparison with the control group , ratio of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-6/omega-3 increased in MCDD + olive oil , MCDD + fish oil and MCDD + butter fat groups by 345- , 30- and 397-fold , respectively . In comparison to MCDD group ( 1.58 + /- 0.08 ) , hepatic MDA contents in MCDD + olive oil ( 3.3 + /- 0.6 ) , MCDD + fish oil ( 3.0 + /- 0.4 ) , and MCDD + butter group ( 2.9 + /- 0.36 ) were increased by 108 % , 91 % and 87 % , respectively ( P < 0.004 ) . Hepatic paraoxonase activity decreased significantly in all treatment groups , mostly with MCDD + olive oil group ( -68 % ) . CONCLUSION Olive oil decreases the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver of rats with NAFLD , but does not provide the greatest antioxidant activity The degree to which different saturated fatty acids exert their cholesterol-raising effects is still unknown . Therefore , we studied the effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins of diets rich in lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids .  Eighteen women and 14 men consumed in r and om order three experimental diets , each for 6 wk . The diets consisted of solid foods and contained 40 % of energy as fat , of which 28 % was supplied by the experimental fats . The fat high in lauric acid was a mixture of palm kernel oil ( 75 % ) and a high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 25 % ) ; the fat high in palmitic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 55 % ) , palmstearin ( 36 % ) , and sunflower oil ( 9 % ) ; and the fat high in oleic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 37 % ) and sunflower oil ( 63 % ) . The calculated nutrient composition was the same in each diet except for approximately equal to 8.5 % of energy , which was provided by lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids . With the lauric acid diet the subjects ' serum total cholesterol concentration increased by 0.22 mmol/L ( P = 0.0121 ; 95 % CI : 0.02 , 0.41 mmol/L ) as compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.48 mmol/L ( P < 0.0001 ; 95 % CI : 0.29 , 0.67 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  Total cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid diet were 0.26 mmol/L ( P = 0.0012 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.46 mmol/L ) higher than with the oleic acid diet .  High-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations increased by 0.12 mmol/L ( P = 0.006 ; 95 % CI : 0.04 , 0.20 mmol/L ) with the lauric acid compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.14 mmol/L ( P < 0.001 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.22 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  HDL-cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid and the oleic acid diet were the same . No effects were seen in serum triacylglycerol and lipoprotein(a ) concentrations . We conclude that both lauric and palmitic acids are hypercholesterolemic compared with oleic acid . Lauric acid raises total cholesterol concentrations more than palmitic acid , which is partly due to a stronger rise in HDL cholesterol Background Linseed oil has been investigated as a rich source of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids , which mainly produce a non-atherogenic lipid profile . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil supplementation associated with nutritional guidelines on the lipid profiles of older adults , according to the intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) . Methods We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 110 older adults r and omized in two groups : placebo and linseed oil .  The linseed oil group received supplementation with 3 g of linseed oil . Both groups received nutritional guidance and were supplemented for 90 days with monthly blood collection for biochemical analysis . The dietary intake of saturated fat was subdivided into low ( < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) and high consumption groups ( > 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) . Results Low SFA ( < 7 % SFA/day of total energy value ) consumption was associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations . However , we observed that the linseed oil group , including older adults who consumed > 7 % SFA/day , had a greater reduction in total cholesterol than the placebo group ( P=0.020 ) . The same was observed for low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( P<0.050 ) , suggesting an additive effect of linseed oil and diet . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were increased significantly in only the linseed group , suggesting that the nutritional intervention alone did not improve HDL cholesterol . Conclusion The results suggest that the nutritional intervention was effective , but linseed oil showed notable effects by increasing the HDL cholesterol concentration . In addition , consumption of < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value increased the effect of linseed oil , demonstrating the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fat BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities , with increased risk of developing insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , stroke and CVD . Nutrients that can assist in weight loss may also reduce the risk of obesity related co-morbidities . AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether LCn-3PUFA , combined with a reduced energy diet , facilitated weight loss and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators . DESIGN A double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . Both groups followed a low energy diet for 12 weeks , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d monounsaturated oil ( Placebo ) ( n = 18 ) , the other 6 × 1 g capsules/d LCn-3PUFA ( fish oil ) ( n = 17 ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and post intervention . RESULTS There was a two-fold increase in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil group ( p < 0.001 ) . There were no significant difference within and between the placebo and the fish oil groups for weight reduction ( 3.37 % and 4.35 % respectively ) , fat mass reduction ( 8.95 % and 9.76 % respectively ) , or changes in inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids apart from triglycerides , reduced by 27 % in fish oil group ( p < 0.05 ) . For fish oil group there were significant correlations between leptin and weight loss ( p = 0.01 ) and leptin and EPA and DHA ( p < 0.05 for both ) . CONCLUSION Dietary LCn-3PUFA supplementation during a weight loss program does not appear to assist weight loss . Poor dietary compliance may be a contributing factor in accurate assessment of the role of these fatty acids in weight loss The effect of fats high in individual , prevalent saturated dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and hemostatic variables in young healthy subjects was evaluated in a r and omized strictly controlled metabolic feeding study . Three experimental diets : shea butter ( S ; 42 % stearic acid ) , palm oil ( P ; 43 % palmitic palmitic acid ) , and palm-kernel oil with high-oleic sunflower oil ( ML ; 10 % myristic acid , 30 % lauric acid ) were served to 15 men for 3 wk each , separated by washout periods . Diet S compared with diet P result ed in significant reduction in plasma cholesterol ( 22 % ) LDL cholesterol ( 26 % ) , apolipoprotein B ( 18 % ) , HDL cholesterol ( 12 % ) , apolipoprotein A-I ( 13 % ) , and a 13 % lower factor VII coagulant activity ( P = 0.001 ) . Similar differences were observed between diets S and ML . In conclusion , intake of shea butter high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in young men , compared with fats high in saturated fatty acids with 12 - 16 carbons Accumulation of postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins is generated by assimilation of ingested dietary fat and has been increasingly related to atherogenic risk . Nevertheless , the influence of different kinds of dietary fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid metabolism is not well established , except for ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids . Our goal was to evaluate the effects of test meals containing a common edible fat source of saturated ( butter ) , monounsaturated ( olive oil ) or ( n-6 ) polyunsaturated ( sunflower oil ) fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein responses . After a 12-h fast , 10 healthy young men ingested mixed meals containing 0 g ( control ) or 40 g fat , provided as butter , olive oil or sunflower oil in a r and om order .  Fasting and postmeal blood sample s were collected for 7 h. The no-fat test meal did not elicit any change over baseline except for plasma phospholipids , insulin and nonesterified fatty acids . Conversely , the three fat-containing meals elicited bell-shaped postpr and ial changes ( P < 0.05 ) in serum triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , and nonesterified fatty acids . The butter meal induced a lower postpr and ial rise of triacylglycerols in serum and chylomicrons ( incremental AUC , mmol.h/L : 0.72 ) than the two unsaturated oils ( olive oil : 1.6 , sunflower oil : 1.8 ) , which did not differ . Circulating chylomicrons were smaller after the butter meal than after the two vegetable oil meals . The in vitro susceptibility of circulating chylomicrons to hydrolysis by postheparin plasma was higher after sunflower oil than after butter or olive oil . We conclude that butter results in lower postpr and ial lipemia and chylomicron accumulation in the circulation of young men than olive or sunflower oils after consumption of a single mixed meal Little is known about the physiological effects of red palm olein ( RPO ) . The effects of red palm olein and palm olein ( POL ) compared to sunflower oil ( SFO ) , on lipids , haemostatic factors and fibrin network characteristics in hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers were investigated . Fifty-nine free-living , hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers participated in this r and omized , controlled , single blind parallel study . After a 4-week run-in , during which subjects received sunflower oil products , they were paired and r and omly assigned to one of three intervention groups receiving products containing 25 g/day ( approximately 12 % of total energy intake ) of either red palm olein , palm olein or sunflower oil for another 4 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , blood sample s and dietary intakes were measured before run-in , and before and after intervention . The differences in changes in total serum cholesterol response between palm olein and red palm olein ( + 0.59 vs. + 0.18 mmol/l ; p=0.053 ) , and between palm olein and sunflower oil ( + 0.59 vs. -0.003 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) were significant . The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLC ) response in the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups also differed significantly ( + 0.42 vs. -0.11 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( tPA(ag ) ) decreased significantly in the red palm olein group compared to the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups . No effects were found in other haemostatic variables .  Palm olein and red palm olein had no independent effect on fibrin network characteristics . In conclusion , compared to palm olein , red palm olein had less detrimental effects on the lipid profile and decreased tissue plasminogen activator antigen . Studies in larger groups are advised for confirmation of results , elucidation of mechanisms and effects of nonglyceride constituents of red palm oil ( PO ) Objectives : Fat emulsions used in Australia for parenteral nutrition in preterm neonates have been based on either soybean oil or olive oil ( OO ) . OO lipid Clinoleic has a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ( 9:1 ) ; this may not be ideal for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supply . Newly available SMOFlipid has an appropriate ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ( 2.5:1 ) . SMOFlipid also contains OO ( 25 % ) , coconut oil ( 30 % ) , and soybean oil ( 30 % ) . The aims of the study were to evaluate the safety of the SMOFlipid and to test the hypothesis that SMOFlipid would lead to increased omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and reduced oxidative stress as compared with Clinoleic in preterm neonates ( < 30 weeks ) . Methods : Preterm neonates ( 23–30 weeks ) were r and omised to receive Clinoleic or SMOFlipid emulsion for 7 days . Investigators and outcome assessors were masked to allocation . Plasma F2-isoprostanes ( lipid peroxidation marker ) , red blood cell fatty acids , and vitamin E were measured before and after the study . Blood culture positive sepsis and growth were monitored for safety . Results : Thirty of 34 participants completed the study . Both emulsions were well tolerated without any adverse events . F2-isoprostane levels were reduced in the SMOFlipid group as compared with baseline . Eicosapentanoic acid and vitamin E levels were significantly increased in the SMOFlipid group . Oleic acid and linoleic acid levels were increased in both groups . No significant differences were noted in post study docosahexaenoic acid levels in both groups despite higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in SMOFlipid . Conclusions : SMOFlipid was safe , well tolerated , and showed beneficial effect in terms of reduction of oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation levels in high-risk preterm neonates To assess whether the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify the plasma lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk variables in postmenopausal women at risk of cardiovascular disease , a longitudinal , r and omized , and crossover study was carried out with postmenopausal women at risk of CVD . They were r and omly assigned to eat each type of breakfast during one month : 6 study periods ( breakfast with the same composition plus butter/margarine/virgin olive oil ) separated by two washout periods . On the first and last days of each study period , weight , arterial blood pressure , heart rate , and body mass index were recorded in fasting conditions and a blood sample was collected to measure plasma lipid profile . When comparing final values to baseline values , we only found out statistically significant differences on plasma lipid profiles .  Butter-based breakfast increased total cholesterol and HDL , while margarine-based breakfast decreased total cholesterol and LDL and increased HDL . After the olive oil-based breakfast intake , a tendency towards a decrease of total cholesterol and LDL levels and an increase of HDL levels was observed . No statistically significant differences were observed in triglycerides levels , BMI , and arterial pressure in any breakfast type . The margarine-based breakfast was the only one which significantly increased the percentage of volunteers with optimal lipid profiles . The polyunsaturated fat at breakfast has improved the plasma lipid profile in the analyzed sample population , suggesting that PUFA-based breakfast can be advisable in women at risk of CVD OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the impact of increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on blood glucose , lipid metabolism , and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus . METHODS Under constant total energy and protein intake , 84 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus were r and omly divided into the experimental and control groups , which were given oil-rich and conventional low-oil meals , respectively . RESULTS After the dietary intervention , the intake and energy supply of fat and the three fatty acids were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group ( p<0.001 ) . The intake and energy supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids  increased significantly post-intervention in the experimental group but did not change in the control group . In both the intervention and the control group , fasting blood glucose , 2 h postpr and ial plasma glucose , and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly post-intervention ( p<0.05 ) ; the lipid changes were consistent between groups . Pregnancy outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS An appropriate increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid intake benefits pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus as well as fetuses , as long as the diet therapy follows basic recommendations and total energy intake is strictly controlled BACKGROUND Low adiponectin levels are discussed as risk factor for cardiovascular events . This is of special importance in individuals with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) because they are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases . The present study aim ed to investigate the effect of two plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) , with different content of omega-3 fatty acids , on adiponectin levels , glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM individuals treated either with insulin or oral anti-diabetics ( OAD ) . METHODS Ninety-two subjects with T2DM [ 34 treated with insulin ( T2DM-Ins ) and 58 treated with OAD ( T2DM-OAD ) ] participated in this r and omised , double-blind , parallel intervention study . Individuals received either 9 g of nut oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 1.3 : 6.1 ) or mixed oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 0.6 : 5.7 ) per day for 10 weeks . The fatty acid profile , tocopherol , adiponectin levels and parameters regarding glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed at baseline , during and after the intervention . RESULTS Compliance was confirmed by significant increases in γ-tocopherol and PUFA in both oil groups . An increase in adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins participants ( + 6.84 % in nut oil and + 4.47 % in mixed oil group after 10 weeks compared to baseline ) was observed , albeit not significantly different from T2DM-OAD individuals ( P = 0.051 ) . Lipid and glucose metabolism were not affected by the intervention . CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that a small and easy change in dietary behaviour towards better fat quality moderately increases adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins subjects , independently of the administered plant oil Plant sterols ( PS ) and MUFA are well-documented cholesterol lowering agents . We aim ed to determine the effect of PS esterified to olive oil fatty acids ( PS-OO ) on blood lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects . Twenty-one moderately overweight , hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three consecutive treatment diets , each lasting 28 d and separated by 4-week washout periods , using a r and omized crossover design . Diets contained 30 % energy as fat , 70 % of which was provided by olive oil ( OO ) , and differed only in the treatment oils : OO , PS esterified to sunflower oil fatty acids ( PS-SO ) , and PS-OO . Both PS-SO and PS-OO treatments provided 1.7 g PS /d . PS-OO and PS-SO consumption result ed in a decrease ( P = 0.0483 ) in LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations compared with the OO diet . Although total cholesterol and apo B-100 levels were not significantly affected , PS-SO and , to some extent , PS-OO reduced the total : HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ratio ( P = 0.0142 ) and the apo B-100:apo A-I ratio ( P = 0.0168 ) compared with the OO diet . There were no differences across diets in lipoprotein(a ) ( Lp(a ) ) and lipid peroxidation levels . However , following consumption of OO and PS-SO , Lp(a ) concentrations increased ( P = 0.0050 and 0.0421 , respectively ) , while PS-OO treatment did not affect Lp(a ) levels . Furthermore , there was a decrease ( P = 0.0097 ) in lipid peroxidation levels with PS-OO treatment during the supplementation phase . Our results suggest that supplementing an OO-rich diet with PS-OO favourably alters the plasma lipid profile and may decrease the susceptibility of LDL-C to lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects Chronic fish oil intervention had been shown to have a positive impact on endothelial function . Although high-fat meals have often been associated with a loss of postpr and ial vascular reactivity , studies examining the effects of fish oil fatty acids on vascular function in the postpr and ial phase are limited . The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the addition of fish oil fatty acids to a st and ard test meal on postpr and ial vascular reactivity .  A total of 25 men received in a r and om order either a placebo oil meal ( 40 g of mixed fat ; fatty acid profile representative of the U.K. diet ) or a fish oil meal ( 31 g of mixed fat and 9 g of fish oil ) on two occasions . Vascular reactivity was measured at baseline ( 0 h ) and 4 h after the meal by laser Doppler iontophoresis , and blood sample s were taken for the measurement of plasma lipids , total nitrite , glucose and insulin . eNOS ( endothelial NO synthase ) and NADPH oxidase gene expression were determined in endothelial cells after incubation with TRLs ( triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins ) isolated from the plasma sample s taken at 4 h. Compared with baseline , sodium nitroprusside ( an endothelium-independent vasodilator)-induced reactivity ( P=0.024 ) and plasma nitrite levels ( P=0.001 ) were increased after the fish oil meal . In endothelial cells , postpr and ial TRLs isolated after the fish oil meal increased eNOS and decreased NADPH oxidase gene expression compared with TRLs isolated following the placebo oil meal ( P</=0.03 ) . In conclusion , meal fatty acids appear to be an important determinant of vascular reactivity , with fish oils significantly improving postpr and ial endothelium-independent vasodilation BACKGROUND & AIMS Lipid emulsions containing fish oil , as source of long chain omega 3 fatty acids , have recently became available for parenteral nutrition in infants , but scanty data exist in extremely low birth weight preterms . The objective of this study was to compare plasma fatty acids and lipid tolerance in preterm infants receiving different doses of a 15 % fish oil vs. a soybean oil based lipid emulsion .  METHODS Preterm infants ( birth weight 500 - 1249 g ) were r and omized to receive parenteral nutrition with MOSF ( 30 % Medium-chain triglycerides , 25 % Olive oil , 30 % Soybean oil , 15 % Fish oil ) or S ( S , 100 % Soybean oil ) both at two levels of fat intake : 2.5 or 3.5 g kg(-1 ) d(-1 ) , named 2.5Fat and 3.5Fat respectively . Plasma lipid classes and their fatty acid composition were determined on postnatal day 7 and 14 by gas chromatography together with routine biochemistry . RESULTS We studied 80 infants . MOSF infants had significantly higher plasma phospholipid Docosahexaenoic acid and Eicosapentaenoic and lower Arachidonic acid . Plasma phospholipids , triglycerides and free cholesterol were all significantly higher in the MOSF-3.5Fat group , while cholesterol esters were lower with MOSF than with S. The area under the curve of total bilirubin was significantly lower with MOSF than with S. CONCLUSIONS The use of a lipid emulsion with 15 % FO result ed in marked changes of plasma long-chain fatty acids . Whether the benefits of increasing Docosahexaenoic acid outweigh the potential negative effect of reduced Arachidonic acid should be further studied . MOSF patients exhibited reduced lipid tolerance at 3.5 g kg(-1 ) d(-1 ) fat intake . The trial was conducted between January 2008 and December 2012 so we had not registered it in a public trials registry as it is now required for trials that started after July 2008 Activities of low-fat diets with olive oil or corn oil on lipids and platelets were studied in 23 middle-aged patients with high atherosclerosis risk for 8 wk . The olive oil diet had a polyunsaturated-saturated ratio of 0.33 vs 1.28 for the corn oil diet .  Plasma total cholesterol was reduced with corn oil , but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower with corn oil and unchanged or raised by olive .  Plasma apolipoprotein B levels were equally reduced by both diets ; apolipoprotein AI and the apo AI : B ratio rose only with olive oil .  Plasma-glucose levels were lowered significantly with olive oil . Changes in platelet function were characterized by a reduced sensitivity to arachidonic acid ( particularly with corn oil ) and to collagen ( particularly with olive ) . An olive oil diet with a moderate fat intake ( about 30 % of total calories ) leads to favorable plasma lipoprotein and platelet changes Medium-chain triglycerides ( MCT ) have been proposed as weight-lowering agents , although there is some concern regarding their hyperlipidemic effect . This study evaluates the effects of a combination of MCT oil , phytosterols and flaxseed oil [ functional oil ( FctO ) ] on plasma lipid concentrations and LDL particle size .  Twenty-four healthy overweight men ( body mass index 28.2 + /- 0.4 kg/m(2 ) ) consumed controlled diets design ed to maintain weight for two periods of 29 d each . Diets contained 40 % of energy as fat , 75 % of which was added fat , either FctO or olive oil ( OL ) .  Body composition and blood sample s were analyzed at the baseline and the endpoint of each period . Total cholesterol concentration decreased 12.5 % ( -0.68 mmol/L ; P < 0.05 ) when subjects consumed FctO and 4.7 % when they consumed OL . Similarly , FctO consumption lowered LDL cholesterol concentrations by 13.9 % , whereas OL consumption did not . There was no difference in absolute change in LDL-cholesterol between FctO and OL consumption . Peak LDL particle size was greater in those who consumed FctO than in those who consumed OL ( P < 0.05 ) , with no effect of diet on proportion of large , medium or small particles . We conclude that those who consume a diet containing FctO have a better lipid profile than those who consume a diet rich in OL , which also leads to a larger lipoprotein particle size .  Functional oil consumption can therefore help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease Purpose Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a novel inflammatory factor that has been independently associated with stroke and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Omega-3 fats have been implicated in reducing inflammation associated with CVD . The aim of this study was to determine if an 8-week isocaloric diet supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic ( DHA ) in the form of fish oil or α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) in the form of flaxseed oil would alter Lp-PLA2 among healthy adults ages 50 years and older . Methods Fifty-nine healthy adults ( ~75 % female , average age 61 years ) were r and omized to one of three groups with equal amounts of total fat intake . All capsules contained ~1 g of fat . The control group ( n = 19 ) consumed olive oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) ; the ALA group ( n = 20 ) consumed flaxseed oil capsules ( ~11 g/day ) and the EPA/DHA group ( n = 20 ) consumed fish oil capsules ( ~2 g/day + 9 g/day of olive oil ) . Fasting blood sample s were obtained before and after the 8-week intervention for determination of Lp-PLA2 mass and activity as well as lipid values . Results We did not find any significant changes in Lp-PLA2 mass or activity after the intervention in any of the groups ; however , change in oxidized LDL was associated with change in Lp-PLA2 mass ( r = 0.37 , p < 0.01 ) . ConclusionS upplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acids for 8-weeks did not influence Lp-PLA2 activity or mass among older adults ; altering oxidized LDL may be necessary to see changes in Lp-PLA2 levels OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of two lipid emulsions on the development of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants . DESIGN R and omized controlled study . PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty very low birth weight infants receiving parenteral nutrition from the first day of life were evaluated . One of the two lipid emulsions were used in the study infants : Group 1 ( n=40 ) received fish-oil based lipid emulsion ( SmofLipid ® ) and Group 2 ( n=40 ) soybean oil based lipid emulsion ( Intralipid ® ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The development of retinopathy of prematurity and the need for laser photocoagulation were assessed . RESULTS The maternal and perinatal characteristics were similar in both groups . The median ( range ) duration of parenteral nutrition [ 14days ( 10 - 28 ) vs 14 ( 10 - 21 ) ] and hospitalization [ 34days ( 20 - 64 ) vs 34 ( 21 - 53 ) ] did not differ between the groups . Laboratory data including complete blood count , triglyceride level , liver and kidney function tests recorded before and after parenteral nutrition also did not differ between the two groups . In Group 1 , two patients ( 5.0 % ) and in Group 2 , 13 patients ( 32.5 % ) were diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity ( OR : 9.1 , 95 % CI 1.9 - 43.8 , p=0.004 ) . One patient in each group needed laser photocoagulation , without significant difference . Multivariate analysis showed that only receiving fish-oil emulsion in parenteral nutrition decreased the risk of development of retinopathy of prematurity [ OR : 0.76 , 95 % CI ( 0.06 - 0.911 ) , p=0.04 ] . CONCLUSIONS Premature infants with very low birth weight receiving an intravenous fat emulsion containing fish oil developed less retinopathy of prematurity We compared plasma lipid changes due to the polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) in partially hydrogenated soybean oil , corn oil , and sunflower oil fed in reduced-fat diets ( 22 - 26 % of total energy ) . Each oil was the dominant fat in isoenergetic diets of central ly prepared foods consumed by 26 male and 35 female normolipidemic , free-living individuals . Test diets were consumed double-blind , alternating with self-selected diets for 5 wk each . The ranges of proportions of total fat were : 4.7 - 9.7 % polyunsaturated fat , 8.9 - 14.2 % monounsaturated fat and 5.4 - 7.4 % saturated fat . All three diets lowered ( P < 0.0001 ) total cholesterol ( 11 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 13 % ) , and HDL cholesterol ( 10 % ) , without triglyceride changes . We conclude that PUFAs at approximately 6 % of total energy result in clinical ly relevant plasma cholesterol-lowering and that the proportion of polyunsaturated fat must be an important consideration when planning reduced-fat , reduced-saturated-fat diets STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of fish oil supplements low in saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients . DESIGN Single-blind , placebo-controlled ( safflower oil ) , crossover trial with 6-week treatment periods . SETTING Outpatient lipid clinic in a university medical center . PATIENTS Eleven adult patients had isolated hypertriglyceridemia ( type IV ) and seven had concomitant hypercholesterolemia ( Type IIb ) . INTERVENTION Twelve 1-g capsules of either fish oil or placebo ( safflower oil ) were taken daily during each treatment period . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blood was drawn at the fifth and sixth week of each period and analyzed for total lipids ; cholesterol in very low , low ( LDL ) , and high density ( HDL ) lipoproteins ( mmol/L ) ; and apoprotein B ( mg/dL ) . Compared with the placebo , fish oil lowered plasma triglyceride levels ( 4.0 + /- 1.8 to 2.5 + /- 1.0 ) , and raised LDL cholesterol levels ( 3.7 + /- 1.75 to 4.25 + /- 0.85 ) , apolipoprotein B levels ( 122 + /- 29 to 140 + /- 34 ) , and the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ( 4.0 + /- 0.9 to 4.7 + /- 1.4 ) ( P less than 0.05 ; mean + /- SD ) . No significant changes were seen in levels of HDL or HDL cholesterol subfractions . Similar responses were seen in patients with both type IIb and IV lipoprotein phenotypes . CONCLUSIONS Because the fish oil supplement contributed negligible amounts of cholesterol and saturated fat to the diet , the n-3 fatty acids most likely caused the observed effects . These findings indicate that relatively small amounts of fish oil can have beneficial effects on plasma triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic patients , but the increase in LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B levels , and in the LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio suggests the need for careful monitoring of plasma lipoprotein changes during fish oil supplementation , and for a careful evaluation of their long-term benefits OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a trans fat-free monounsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil ( NuSun sunflower oil , National Sunflower Association , Bismark , ND ) that is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) and low in saturated fatty acids on lipid and lipoprotein levels and oxidative stress . DESIGN A double-blinded , r and omized , three period crossover , controlled feeding study . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Thirty-one men ( n=12 ) and women ( n=19 ) with moderate hypercholesterolemia who were 25 to 64 years of age . INTERVENTION Experimental diets provided 30 % fat ( olive oil or NuSun sunflower oil contributed one half of the total fat ) , 8.3 % vs 7.9 % saturated fatty acid , 17.2 % vs 14.2 % monounsaturated fatty acid , and 4.3 % vs. 7.7 % PUFA ( olive oil and NuSun sunflower oil , respectively ) , and 294 mg cholesterol . The control diet was an average American diet ( 34 % fat , 11.2 % saturated fatty acid , 14.9 % monounsaturated fatty acid , 7.8 % PUFA ) . Subjects consumed each diet for 4 weeks with a 2-week compliance break before crossing over to another diet . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured , and measures of oxidative stress , including lag time , rate of oxidation , total dienes , and lipid hydroperoxides , were assessed . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The mixed model procedure was used to test for main effects of diet , feeding period , and order of diets . Tukey-Kramer adjusted P values were used to determine diet effects . RESULTS The NuSun sunflower oil diet decreased both total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the average American diet and the olive oil diet . There was no effect of the olive oil diet compared with the average American diet . Total cholesterol decreased 4.7 % and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 5.8 % on the NuSun sunflower oil diet vs the average American diet . There was no effect of the experimental diets on triglyceride levels , rate of oxidation , total dienes , lipid hydroperoxides , or alpha-tocopherol . Lag time was the longest following the olive oil diet and shortest following the NuSun sunflower oil diet . CONCLUSIONS The higher PUFA content appeared to account for the greater total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering and reduction in lag time of the NuSun sunflower oil diet . However , the fact that there were no differences in the result ing oxidation products suggests there were no adverse effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation . Since PUFAs are important for cholesterol lowering , foods that replace saturated fatty acids should include a balance of unsaturated fatty acids 1 . Diets containing 45 % joules as fat , 45 % joules as carbohydrate and 10 % joules as calcium caseinate were given for 5 days to ten men and seven women . The fats used were sunflower seed oil or cream , and the carbohydrates were either glucose and fructose , glucose and raw starch or fructose and raw starch . 2 . Sunflower seed oil in the diet result ed , after 5 days , in a significant fall in the concentration of triglyceride , cholesterol and phospholipid in the serum taken from subjects fasted for 12 h irrespective of the carbohydrate mixture of the diet . 3 . Although there were changes in serum lipid concentrations in relation to the different mixtures of carbohydrate they were much less than those seen after ingesting sunflower seed oil . 4 . Men and women differed in their response to carbohydrates , but this distinction was not seen in response to dietary fats This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted Data suggest that polyphenol-rich products may improve endothelial function and other cardiovascular health risk factors .  Grape and wine contain high amounts of polyphenols , but effects of these polyphenols have hardly been investigated in isolation in r and omized controlled studies . Our objective in this study was to test the chronic effect of polyphenol-rich solids derived from either a wine grape mix or grape seed on flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) . Blood pressure and other vascular function measures , platelet function , and blood lipids were secondary outcomes . Thirty-five healthy males were r and omized in a double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover study consisting of three 2-wk intervention periods separated by 1-wk washout periods . The test products , containing 800 mg of polyphenols , were consumed as capsules . At the end of each intervention period , effects were measured after consumption of a low-fat breakfast ( ~751 kJ , 25 % fat ) and a high-fat lunch ( ~3136 kJ , 78 % fat ) . After the low-fat breakfast , the treatments did not significantly affect FMD . The absolute difference after the wine grape solid treatment was -0.4 % ( 95 % CI = -1.8 to 0.9 ; P = 0.77 ) and after grape seed solids , 0.2 % ( 95 % CI = -1.2 to 1.5 ; P = 0.94 ) compared with after the placebo treatment . FMD effects after the high-fat lunch and effects on secondary outcomes also showed no consistent differences between both of the grape solids and placebo treatment . In conclusion , consumption of grape polyphenols has no major impact on FMD  in healthy men . Future studies should address whether grape polyphenols can improve FMD and other cardiovascular health risk factors in population s with increased cardiovascular risk Background / objectives : Effects of high-protein diets that are rich in saturated fats on cell adhesion molecules , thrombogenicity and other nonlipid markers of atherosclerosis in humans have not been firmly established . We aim to investigate the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared separately with virgin olive oil ( OO ) , palm olein ( PO ) and coconut oil ( CO ) on cell adhesion molecules , lipid inflammatory mediators and thromobogenicity indices in healthy adults . Methods : A r and omized cross-over intervention with three dietary sequences , using virgin OO , PO and CO as test fats , was carried out for 5 weeks on each group consisting of 45 men and women . These test fats were incorporated separately at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . Results : For fasting and nonfasting blood sample s , no significant differences were observed on the effects of the three test-fat diets on thrombaxane B2 ( TXB2 ) , TXB2/PGF1α ratios and soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules . The OO diet induced significantly lower ( P<0.05 ) plasma leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) compared with the other two test diets , whereas PGF1α concentrations were significantly higher ( P<0.05 ) at the end of the PO diet compared with the OO diet . Conclusion : Diets rich in saturated fatty acids from either PO or CO and high in monounsaturated oleic acid from virgin OO do not alter the thrombogenicity indices — cellular adhesion molecules , thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) and TXB2/prostacyclin ( PGF1α ) ratios . However , the OO diet lowered plasma proinflammatory LTB4 , whereas the PO diet raised the antiaggregatory plasma PGF1α in healthy Malaysian adults . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT 00941837 Background : For premature neonates needing parenteral nutrition ( PN ) , a balanced lipid supply is crucial . The authors hypothesized that a lipid emulsion containing medium-chain triglycerides ( MCTs ) and soybean , olive , and fish oils would be as safe and well tolerated as a soybean emulsion while beneficially influencing the fatty acid profile . Methods : Double-blind , controlled study in 53 neonates ( < 34 weeks ’ gestation ) r and omized to receive at least 7 days of PN containing either an emulsion of MCTs and soybean , olive , and fish oils or a soybean oil emulsion .  Target lipid dosage was 1.0 g fat/kg body weight [BW]/d on days 1–3 , 2 g/kg BW/d on day 4 , 3 g/kg BW/d on day 5 , and 3.5 g/kg BW/d on days 6–14 . Results : Test emulsion vs control , mean ± SD : baseline triglyceride concentrations were 0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.54 ± 0.19 mmol/L and increased similarly in both groups to 0.69 ± 0.38 vs 0.67 ± 0.36 on day 8 of treatment ( P = .781 for change ) . A significantly higher decrease in total and direct bilirubin vs baseline was seen in the test group compared with the control group P < .05 between groups ) . In plasma and red blood cell phospholipids , eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher , and the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was lower in the test group ( P < .05 vs control ) . Conclusions : The lipid emulsion , based on a mixture of MCTs and soybean , olive , and fish oils , was safe and well tolerated by preterm infants while beneficially modulating the fatty acid profile Epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with favorable plasma lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk . These effects may result from their high monounsaturated fat ( MUFA ) content but nuts contain constituents other than fatty acids that might be cardioprotective . We conducted a study to compare the effects of whole-almond vs. almond oil consumption on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women . Using a r and omized crossover trial design , 22 normolipemic men and women replaced half of their habitual fat ( approximately 14 % of approximately 29 % energy ) with either whole almonds ( WA ) or almond oil ( AO ) for 6-wk periods . Compliance was ascertained by monitoring dietary intake via biweekly 5-d food records , return of empty almond product packages and weekly meetings with a registered dietitian . Fat replacement with either WA and AO result ed in a 54 % increase in percentage of energy as MUFA with declines in both saturated fat and cholesterol intake and no significant changes in total energy , total or polyunsaturated fat intake . The effects of  WA  and  AO  on plasma lipids did not differ compared with baseline ; plasma triglyceride , total and LDL cholesterol significantly decreased , 14 , 4 and 6 % respectively , whereas HDL cholesterol increased 6 % . Neither treatment affected in vitro LDL oxidizability . We conclude that WA and AO do not differ in their beneficial effects on the plasma lipid variables measured and that this suggests that the favorable effect of almonds is mediated by components in the oil fraction of these nuts BACKGROUND The fatty acid content and saturation degree of the diet can modulate HDL composition and cholesterol efflux . OBJECTIVE We studied the modifications in plasma lipoprotein particles and serum capacity to stimulate cholesterol efflux induced by different fatty acids . DESIGN Seventeen women and 24 men followed in the same sequence 4 diets containing 35 % of total energy as fat . The saturated fat diet contained 17 % palm oil ; the monounsaturated fat diet , 20.9 % olive oil ; the n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet , 12.5 % sunflower oil ; and the n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet , sunflower oil supplemented with 4 - 4.5 g fish oil/d . Each phase lasted 4 - 5 wk . RESULTS In both sexes , apolipoprotein ( apo ) A-I concentrations were significantly lower with unsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet , but concentrations of lipoproteins containing only apo A-I ( Lp A-I ) were lower only in the men . Concentrations of lipoproteins containing both apo A-I and apo A-II ( Lp A-I : A-II ) were lower with both polyunsaturated fat diets in the women but significantly higher in the men . Lp E concentrations were significantly higher with the 2 polyunsaturated fat diets . Lp E non-B particle concentrations were not modified in the men but were significantly higher in the women in both polyunsaturated fat phases . Lp C-III concentrations were higher with the saturated fat diet only in the men . The serum sample s taken after the n-3 polyunsaturated fat phase were the most efficient for extracting cellular cholesterol in both sexes . CONCLUSIONS The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat diets were healthier , producing a better lipid profile . The n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet increased the capacity of serum to promote the efflux of cholesterol from cells in culture BACKGROUND Regular exercise and consuming long-chain n-3 fatty acids ( FAs ) from fish or fish oil can independently improve cardiovascular and metabolic health , but combining these lifestyle modifications may be more effective than either treatment alone . OBJECTIVE We examined the individual and combined effects of n-3 FA supplements and regular exercise on body composition and cardiovascular health . DESIGN Overweight volunteers [ body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m(2 ) ) : > 25 ] with high blood pressure , cholesterol , or triacylglycerols were r and omly assigned to one of the following interventions : fish oil ( FO ) , FO and exercise ( FOX ) , sunflower oil ( SO ; control ) , or SO and exercise ( SOX ) . Subjects consumed 6 g tuna FO/d ( approximately 1.9 g n-3 FA ) or 6 g SO/d . The exercise groups walked 3 d/wk for 45 min at 75 % age-predicted maximal heart rate . Plasma lipids , blood pressure , and arterial function were assessed at 0 , 6 , and 12 wk . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 0 and 12 wk only . RESULTS FO supplementation  lowered triacylglycerols , increased HDL cholesterol , and improved endothelium-dependent arterial vasodilation ( P<0.05 ) . Exercise improved arterial compliance ( P<0.05 ) . Both fish oil and exercise independently reduced body fat ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS FO supplements and regular exercise both reduce body fat and improve cardiovascular and metabolic health . Increasing intake of n-3 FAs could be a useful adjunct to exercise programs aim ed at improving body composition and decreasing cardiovascular disease risk BACKGROUND Although the replacement of dietary saturated fat with unsaturated fat has been advocated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease , diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) could increase lipid peroxidation , potentially contributing to the pathology of atherosclerosis . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine indexes of in vivo lipid peroxidation , including free F(2)-isoprostanes , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances ( TBARS ) , in the plasma of postmenopausal women taking dietary oil supplements rich in oleate , linoleate , and both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid . DESIGN Fifteen postmenopausal women took 15 g sunflower oil/d , providing 12.3 g oleate/d ; safflower oil , providing 10.5 g linoleate/d ; and fish oil , providing 2.0 g EPA/d and 1.4 g DHA/d in a 3-treatment crossover trial . RESULTS Plasma free F(2)-isoprostane concentrations were lower after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower-oil supplementation ( P : = 0.003 ) . When plasma free F(2)-isoprostane concentrations were normalized to plasma arachidonic acid concentrations , significant differences among the supplements were eliminated . Plasma MDA concentrations were lower after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower-oil supplementation ( P : = 0.04 ) , whereas plasma TBARS were higher after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower oil ( P : = 0.003 ) and safflower oil ( P : = 0.001 ) supplementation . When plasma MDA concentrations were normalized to plasma PUFA concentrations , significant differences were eliminated , but TBARS remained higher after fish-oil supplementation than after sunflower oil ( P : = 0.01 ) and safflower-oil ( P : = 0.0003 ) supplementation . CONCLUSIONS With fish-oil supplementation , there was no evidence of increased lipid peroxidation when assessed by plasma F(2)-isoprostanes and MDA , although plasma TBARS was higher than with sunflower-oil and safflower-oil supplementation n--3 Fatty acids derived from fish oil reduce plasma triacylglycerols ( triglycerides ) and increase HDL-C ( high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ) ; however , the effect of n--3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy , a hyperlipidaemic state , remains unknown . We took the opportunity to investigate maternal lipid levels and blood pressure during and after pregnancy , and fetal lipid levels at birth , in a study that aim ed primarily to examine the effect of fish oil supplementation during pregnancy on immune function in infants born to women with allergic disease . Eighty-three pregnant women who had allergic disease , but were otherwise healthy , completed the study . They were r and omly allocated to receive fish oil or olive oil capsules , taken as 4 g/day , from 20 weeks of pregnancy until delivery . Compared with olive oil , fish oil supplementation did not alter triacylglycerols , total cholesterol , LDL-C ( low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ) or HDL-C during or after pregnancy . There was also no effect of fish oil on cord blood triacylglycerols , total cholesterol , LDL-C or HDL-C.  Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy did not alter maternal blood pressure during or after pregnancy . The effects of fish oil on lipids and blood pressure in non-pregnant individuals appear to be lost when it is administered during pregnancy . Two groups , each of 10 subjects , have been given isocaloric diets for 21 days . The diets were identical with the exception of their fat content . One group was given 40 % of the calories as soybean oil , and the other the same amount as MCT oil .  Platelet and serum lipids and platelet function tests were evaluated before and after the dietary period . The platelet lipid analysis included estimation of total cholesterol and phospholipids , fractionation of phospholipids by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatographic estimation of the fatty acid and aldehyde composition of the various phospholipids . Platelet function tests included platelet factor-3 ( PF-3 ) activity and availability , platelet aggregation induced by collagen , ADP and thrombin and platelet electrophoresis . In subjects given a soybean oil diet a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol and phospholipids occurred . No changes were observed in the platelet cholesterol and phospholipid levels , whereas a significant increase of linoleic acid in choline , ethanolamine and serine phosphoglycerides took place . The relative increase of linoleic acid was most marked in the choline phosphoglycerides . A moderate decrease in palmitic and oleic acids was seen in most phospholipid fractions . PF-3 activity in platelet-rich plasma showed a consistent decrease in these subjects , whereas the other platelet function tests showed insignificant changes . In subjects given MCT oil diet no significant changes were observed in serum or platelet lipids , including the phospholipid fatty acids . Increased PF-3 activity in platelet-rich plasma exposed to ADP was the only functional disturbance observed in this group The aim of this study was to analyse the in vivo effect of a diet rich in extra-virgin olive oil and a fish-oil supplement on plasma and lipoprotein fatty-acid composition and on LDL susceptibility to oxidative modification in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease . A total of 12 patients were included in the experimental group which received extra virgin olive oil and a fish oil supplement ( group OF ) . On the other h and , 13 patients which had refined olive oil as the main visible fat were considered as Control group . Plasma triglycerides decreased significantly after three months of dietary intervention . The LDL and plasma fatty-acid pattern in the group OF was characterized by a significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , mainly 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 . The slopes of LDL oxidative susceptibility were similar between baseline and endpoint values in both groups . However , the uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages was significantly reduced in OF patients in comparison with the Control group . In conclusion , the daily intake of about 40 g/d of extra-virgin olive oil in combination with a daily supplement of 16 g of fish oil for 3 months in patients with peripheral vascular disease leads to a plasma-lipid profile less atherogenic than in patients having refined olive oil as the main visible food fat . The simultaneous consumption of alpha-tocopherol and natural antioxidants provided by extra-virgin olive oil seems to have a protective effect on the LDL susceptibility to oxidative modifications in spite of a higher proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids OBJECTIVE Olive oil ( OO ) is a rich source of monounsaturated fat and bioactive components that exert strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties . Flaxseed oil ( FO ) is rich in α-linolenic n-3 fatty acid ( ALA ) , which also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects . This r and omized , cross-over study aim ed at exploring whether diet 's enrichment with FO could beneficially alter inflammatory markers and lipid profile , compared to OO , in a sample of normal weight , apparently healthy young adults . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Participants were supplied with 15 mL/day of either FO or OO . Each intervention and the wash-out period lasted 6 weeks . Dietary , anthropometric and physical activity variables were recorded at the beginning and the end of each intervention . Serum biochemical and inflammatory markers were measured . Compliance to the intervention was evaluated by fatty acid analysis in erythrocytes . Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the treatment . RESULTS Thirty seven participants completed the study . No difference between the two interventions was observed in adiponectin , TNF-α , high sensitivity-CRP or glucose levels and lipid profile . At the end of the FO period , participants exhibited significant reductions in total ( -5.0 % ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -6.7 % ) levels ( all P<0.01 ) . During the FO and the OO period serum adiponectin changes were significantly correlated with changes in erythrocyte % ALA ( rs=0.34 , P=0.007 ) and in erythrocyte % EPA ( r(s)=0.47 , P=0.01 ) , respectively . CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of FO did not confer any benefit in inflammatory or biochemical markers in normal weight young adults , who traditionally use olive oil as the main edible oil To evaluate which dietary fat may provide the best response in terms of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and also of platelet aggregability and superoxide formation by white blood cells , 12 type II patients were r and omly allocated to three different diets , which provided polyunsaturated fatty acids ( corn oil ) , monounsaturated fatty acids ( olive oil ) , and a supplementation of ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids to a prudent diet . Olive oil and , more significantly , n-3 ethyl esters lowered total cholesterol best ( -2.2 % and -5.8 % , respectively ) ; the latter diet , as expected , also significantly lowered triglyceridemia ( -21.4 % ) . The corn-oil diet exerted a small , statistically significant reduction of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL ) ( -4.3 % ) , and it also lowered plasma total apo B concentrations ( -3.8 % ) . n-3 ethyl esters significantly raised both total ( + 3.1 % ) and particularly HDL2 cholesterol ( + 24 % ) . Platelet reactivity was insignificantly reduced by the three regimens , but all three significantly reduced thrombin-stimulated formation of thromboxane B2 . Finally , only the n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced O2- generation by adherent monocytes . Dietary unsaturated fatty acids are generally effective on the plasma lipid and lipoproteins in type II patients , but significant differences may be found between the three tested regimens Recent studies have suggested that omega 3-fats of marine origin may have a protective role in heart disease . This study aim ed to compare the effects of fish or fish oil , in the setting of a high- or low-fat diet , on platelet aggregation and platelet thromboxane in men with increased risk of cardiovascular disease . One hundred twenty men who were nonsmokers , 30 to 60 years old , with mildly elevated blood pressure and cholesterol were r and omly allocated to one of five high-fat ( 40 % of daily energy ) or two low-fat ( 30 % ) groups for 12 weeks . The five high-fat groups took either 6 or 12 fish oil capsules daily ; fish ; a combination of fish and fish oil ; or placebo capsules . The two low-fat groups took either fish or placebo capsules . Fish meals provided 1.3 g of eicosapentaenoic acid daily , equivalent to 6 fish oil capsules , and contained an average of 3.65 g/d of omega 3-fatty acids . Multiple regression analysis of the combined groups showed that all groups taking omega 3-fatty acids reduced platelet aggregation to both collagen ( P < .0001 ) and platelet-activating factor ( PAF ) ( P < .05 ) and platelet thromboxane B2 responses ( P < .05 ) to collagen-induced aggregation . The low-fat diet alone had no effect on PAF-induced platelet aggregation and only a small effect on platelet responses to collagen ( P < .05 ) . Platelet aggregation responses to PAF were reduced more by fish oil than fish in a high-fat diet , whereas fish had a greater effect when part of a low-fat rather than a high-fat diet . There was no significant difference in collagen-induced platelet aggregation or platelet thromboxane between fish and fish oils on a high or low fat intake . In conjunction with our previous findings of improvements in lipoproteins , blood pressure , and heart rate in this population , these results on platelet function suggest that dietary omega 3-fatty acids incorporated into a low- rather than a high-fat diet have a wider spectrum of more favorable effects on cardiovascular risk factors
Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .