Antiinflammatory effects of L-carnitine supplementation (1000 mg/d) in coronary artery disease patients. Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia. Effects of a 1-year supplementation with cholecalciferol on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects. The use of an anti-inflammatory supplement in patients with chronic kidney disease Mediator effects of parameters of inflammation and neurogenesis from a N-acetyl cysteine clinical-trial for bipolar depression. Short-term Curcuminoid Supplementation for Chronic Pulmonary Complications due to Sulfur Mustard Intoxication: Positive Results of a Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms and inflammatory markers in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Effect of 10-day broccoli consumption on inflammatory status of young healthy smokers The effect of intensive risk factor management in type 2 diabetes on inflammatory biomarkers. Markers of chronic inflammation and obesity: a prospective study on the reversibility of this association in middle-aged women undergoing weight loss by surgical intervention Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as predictors of mortality in frail, community-living elderly individuals. Inflammatory markers and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women. Bilberry juice modulates plasma concentration of NF-κB related inflammatory markers in subjects at increased risk of CVD Malnutrition and its association with inflammation and vascular disease in children on maintenance dialysis Effects of Antioxidant Supplements Intervention on the Level of Plasma Inflammatory Molecules and Disease Severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Inflammation markers predict zinc transporter gene expression in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE Inflammation mediators have been recognized as risk factors for the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease ( CAD ) . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine supplementation ( LC , 1000 mg/d ) on inflammation markers in patients with CAD . METHODS We enrolled 47 patients with CAD in the study . The patients with CAD were identified by cardiac catheterization as having < 50 % stenosis of one major coronary artery . The patients were r and omly assigned to the placebo ( n = 24 ) and LC ( n = 23 ) groups and the intervention was administered for 12 wk . The levels of LC , antioxidant status ( malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes activities ) , and inflammation markers ( C-reactive protein [ CRP ] , interleukin [IL]-6 , and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α ) were measured . RESULTS Thirty-nine participants completed the study ( 19 placebo ; 20 LC ) . After LC supplementation , the levels of inflammation markers were significantly reduced compared with the baseline ( CRP , P < 0.01 ; IL-6 , P = 0.03 ; TNF-α , P = 0.07 ) and those in the placebo group ( CRP , P < 0.05 ; IL-6 , P = 0.04 ; TNF-α , P = 0.03 ) . The levels of inflammation markers were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of LC and antioxidant enzymes activities ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS We suggest that LC supplementation , due to its antioxidant effects , may have potential utility to reduce inflammation in CAD Inflammation , oxidative stress , and high concentration of serum lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp ( a ) ] are common complications in hemodialysis patients . The present study was design ed to investigate the effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , Lp ( a ) , and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp ( a ) hyperlipoproteinemia [ hyper Lp ( a ) ] . This was an unblinded , r and omized clinical trial . Thirty-six hyper Lp ( a ) hemodialysis patients ( 23 men and 13 women ) were r and omly assigned to either a carnitine or control group . Patients in the carnitine group received 1000 mg/d oral L-carnitine for 12 weeks , whereas patients in the control group did not receive any L-carnitine supplement . At baseline and the end of week 12 , 5 mL of blood were collected after a 12- to 14-hours fast and serum free carnitine , CRP , interleukin-1β , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein were measured . Serum free carnitine concentration increased significantly by 86 % in the carnitine group at the end of week 12 compared with baseline ( P<0.001 ) , while serum CRP and IL-6 showed a significant decrease of 29 % ( P<0.05 ) and 61 % ( P<0.001 ) , respectively . No significant changes were observed in serum free carnitine , CRP , and IL-6 in the control group . There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes of serum interleukin-1β , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations . L-carnitine supplement  reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients , but has no effect on hyper Lp ( a ) and oxidative stress Insufficient vitamin D status has been linked to autoimmune diseases , cancer and metabolic disorders , like obesity and insulin resistance . In vitro and animal studies suggest that vitamin D may play a crucial role in immune activation and inflammation . The relation between vitamin D and pro-inflammatory cytokines is not completely established . Furthermore , it is not known if the effect of vitamin D on entities of metabolic syndrome is mediated through its effect on cytokines or other biomarkers . The objectives of this study were to investigate if there is a relationship between vitamin D status and such pro-inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) and high sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) in patients with overweigh and obesity . We also proposed that the intervention with high dose of cholecalciferol may have effect on the cytokine levels and result in corresponding changes in the measures of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR and QUICKI ) . Serum levels of IL-6 , TNF-α and hs-CRP were measured in 332 overweight and obese subjects who completed a 1-year r and omised intervention with either 40,000 IU vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) per week or 20,000 IU vitamin D per week  ,  or placebo .  We found significant associations between IL-6 , TNF-α , vitamin D and insulin resistance indices at baseline . One year intervention with vitamin D  decreased serum IL-6 levels ; however hs-CRP levels were significantly increased . Neither measures of insulin resistance , nor TNF-α were influenced by a 1-year vitamin D supplementation Abstract Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is characterized by a continuous reduction in kidney function , increased inflammation , and reduced antioxidant capacity . The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a herbal supplement on systemic inflammation and antioxidant status in non-dialysis CKD patients . Sixteen patients with CKD ( 56.0±16.0 yrs , 171.4±11.9 cm , 99.3±20.2 kg ) were r and omly chosen to receive a herbal supplement composed of Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata , or placebo . Plasma levels of interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , and serum C-reactive protein ( CRP ) were measured at baseline and 8 weeks . Baseline data demonstrated elevated inflammation and low antioxidant levels . A significant time effect ( p=0.03 ) and time x compliance interaction effect ( p=0.04 ) were observed for IL-6 . No significant differences were observed for any other variables . This study demonstrates that mild and moderate CKD is associated with chronic inflammation and low antioxidant activity . Systemic inflammation and impaired antioxidant status may be greater in CKD population s with multiple comorbidities . Curcumin and Boswellia serrata are safe and tolerable and helped to improve the levels of an inflammatory cytokine OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to explore effects of adjunctive treatment with N-acetyl cysteine ( NAC ) on markers of inflammation and neurogenesis in bipolar depression . METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled r and omised trial . Serum sample s were collected at baseline , week 8 , and week 32 of the open-label and maintenance phases of the clinical trial to determine changes in interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , IL-10 , tumour necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) following adjunctive NAC treatment , and to explore mediation and moderator effects of the listed markers . RESULTS Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , tumour necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukins ( IL ) -6 , 8 , or 10 were not significantly changed during the course of the trial or specifically in the open-label and maintenance phases . There were no mediation or moderation effects of the biological factors on the clinical parameters . CONCLUSION The results suggest that these particular biological parameters may not be directly involved in the therapeutic mechanism of action of adjunctive NAC in bipolar depression Pulmonary problems are among the most frequent chronic complications of sulfur mustard ( SM ) intoxication and are often accompanied by deregulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines . Curcuminoids , comprising curcumin , demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin , are phytochemicals with remarkable anti-inflammatory properties that are derived from dried rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa L. ( turmeric ) . The present pilot study aim ed to investigate the clinical effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on markers of pulmonary function and systemic inflammation in SM-intoxicated subjects . In a r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial , 89 male subjects who were suffering from chronic SM-induced pulmonary complications were recruited and assigned to either curcuminoids ( 500 mg TID per oral ; n=45 ) or placebo ( n=44 ) for a period of 4 weeks . Efficacy measures were changes in the spirometric parameters ( FVC , FEV1 , FEV1/FVC ) and serum levels of inflammatory mediators including interleukins 6 ( IL-6 ) and 8 ( IL-8 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNFα ) , transforming growth factor-β ( TGFβ ) , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , calcitonin gene related peptide ( CGRP ) , substance P and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) . 78 subjects completed the trial .  Although FEV1 and FVC remained comparable between the groups , there was a greater effect of curcuminoids vs. placebo in improving FEV1/FVC ( p=0.002 ) . Curcuminoids were also significantly more efficacious compared to placebo in modulating all assessed inflammatory mediators : IL-6 ( p<0.001 ) , IL-8 ( p=0.035 ) , TNFα ( p<0.001 ) , TGFβ ( p<0.001 ) , substance P ( p=0.016 ) , hs-CRP ( p<0.001 ) , CGRP ( p<0.001 ) and MCP-1 ( p<0.001 ) . Curcuminoids  were safe and well-tolerated throughout the trial . Short-term adjunctive therapy with curcuminoids  can suppress systemic inflammation in patients suffering from SM-induced chronic pulmonary complications Purpose This study was design ed to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on depression and chronic inflammation in hemodialysis patients . Method Fifty-four maintenance hemodialysis patients were r and omized to ingest two omega-3 ( each containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid ) or placebo capsules , three times daily for 4 months . Main outcome measures : Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) score and serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-10 , tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α , ferritin , intact parathyroid hormone ( iPTH ) , and ratios of IL-10 to IL-6 and IL-10 to TNF-α were measured at baseline and at the end of the study . Results Omega-3 supplement  lowered BDI score significantly after 4 months of intervention . Among pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators , only serum ferritin level and IL-10 to IL-6 ratio showed significant changes in favor of omega-3 supplement during the study . In linear regression model adjusted for baseline values , omega-3 treatment was a significant predictor of reduced serum CRP , ferritin , and iPTH levels , and increased IL-10 to IL-6 ratio . No significant association was found between the anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant effects  of omega-3 supplement . Conclusions Supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids decreases depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients apart from their anti-inflammatory effects Abstract This study evaluated the effects of 10-day broccoli ( 250 g/day ) intake on dietary markers and markers of inflammations in young male smokers . A dietary intervention study with a repeated measures crossover design was conducted . Circulating levels of carotenoids , folate , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin 6 receptor ( IL-6sR ) and adiponectin were measured . Broccoli intake significantly increased plasma levels of folate ( + 17 % ) and lutein ( + 39 % ) , while no significant effect was observed for TNF-α , IL-6 , IL-6sR or adiponectin . Plasma CRP decreased by 48 % ( post-hoc analysis , p < 0.05 ) following broccoli diet ; this result ed to be independent from the plasma variations in lutein and folate . An inverse correlation between lycopene , TNF-α and IL-6sR was observed at baseline . In conclusion , broccoli consumption may reduce CRP levels in smokers , consistent with epidemiologic observations that fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower circulating CRP concentrations AIMS To determine whether intensive risk factor management reduced markers of inflammation in middle-aged and older people with type 2 diabetes who either had , or were at risk for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) , and whether these effects were mediated by adiposity . METHODS The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ( ACCORD ) trial was a multicenter double 2 by 2 factorial r and omized controlled trial of 10,251 middle-aged and older people who had type 2 diabetes , a GHbA1c of 7.5 % or greater , and evidence of CVD or CVD risk factors . Biomarkers were assessed in a subset of 562 participants . Intervention effects on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) were tested using linear regression models . RESULTS A significantly lower average hs-CRP was noted in the intensive versus the st and ard glycemic group ( p=0.029 ) . Adjusting for change in BMI or waist circumference result ed in larger differences in adjusted hs-CRP ( p<0.001 and p<0.002 , respectively ) between the glycemic intervention groups . CONCLUSIONS Intensive glycemic control was associated with a reduction in hs-CRP in this study population . Intervention associated increases in adiposity suppressed the beneficial effect of intensive glycemic control on lowering hs-CRP Background : Human adipose tissue expresses and releases proinflammatory cytokines and these measures of chronic inflammation have recently been associated with obesity . Hypothesis : To test whether the proinflammatory state is reversible in subjects undergoing weight loss by surgical measures .Subjects and Methods : Twenty morbidly obese women participated in this prospect i ve study . Subjects were examined for fat mass , high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) before and 1 y after Swedish adjustable gastric b and ing . Results : Anthropometric measures displayed a significant reduction of the body mass index ( BMI ) from 41.6±5.4 to 30.8±6.1 kg/m2 and the fat mass from 53.9±10.3 to 29.8±12.1 kg ( mean±s.d . ) . Hs-CRP levels decreased significantly from 1.33±1.21 mg/dl in pre-gastric b and ing subjects to 0.40±0.61 mg/dl in post-gastric b and ing subjects , respectively . IL-6 and TNF-α levels did not differ significantly between pre- and post-gastric b and ing subjects . Conclusions : We speculate that in these patients the marked reduction in C-reactive protein might be beneficial in reducing their cardiovascular risk and is not solely mediated by IL-6 and TNF-α INTRODUCTION Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can alter the inflammatory response in diabetic patients . This study aim ed to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients . METHODS A r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 84 subjects aged 45 - 85 years with at least a two-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Participants were r and omly assigned to the treatment or control group . Each subject in the treatment group received three omega-3 capsules per day ( eicosapentaenoic acid 1,548 mg ; docosahexaenoic acid 828 mg ; other omega-3 fatty acids 338 mg ) , while each subject in the control group received three placebo capsules ( sunflower oil 2,100 mg ) for a period of eight weeks . At the beginning of the study and post intervention , fasting blood sample s were taken and serum concentrations of IL-2 , TNF-α and CRP were assessed and compared . RESULTS Serum IL-2 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the controls ( p < 0.01 ) . There was no significant change in serum CRP levels . CONCLUSION Short-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation ( 3 g/day for eight weeks ) can decrease the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in diabetic patients , with no change in CRP levels . Consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements is highly recommended to alleviate inflammation caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus UNLABELLED To investigate whether interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) protein levels predict all-cause mortality in older persons living in the community . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Data were from the Aging and Longevity Study in the Sirente Geographic Area , a prospect i ve cohort study . PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 80 and older living in an Italian mountain community ( N = 362 ) . MEASUREMENTS Participants were classified according to the median value of the three inflammation markers ( IL-6 , 2.08 pg/mL ; TNF-α , 1.43 pg/mL ; CRP , 3.08 mg/L ) . A composite summary score of inflammation was also created . The main outcome was risk of death after 4 years of follow-up . RESULTS One hundred fifty deaths occurred during 4 years of follow-up . In the unadjusted model , high levels of each of the three markers were associated with greater mortality . After adjusting for potential confounders , high levels of IL-6 ( hazard ratio ( HR ) = 2.18 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.29 - 3.69 ) and CRP ( HR = 2.58 , 95 % CI = 1.52 - 4.40 ) were associated with a significantly greater risk of death , whereas the association between TNF-α protein levels and mortality was no longer significant ( HR = 1.26 , 95 % CI = 0.74 - 2.15 ) . The composite summary score of inflammation was strongly associated with mortality , with the highest risk estimated for individuals with all three inflammatory markers above the median . CONCLUSION Low levels of inflammatory markers are associated with better survival in older adults , independent of age and other clinical and functional variables We conducted a prospect i ve , nested , case-control study of inflammatory markers as predictors of  type 2 diabetes among 32,826 women who provided blood sample s in 1989 through 1990 in the Nurses ' Health Study . Among women free of diabetes , cardiovascular disease , or cancer at baseline , 737 had developed diabetes by 2000 . Control women ( n = 785 ) were selected matched on age , fasting status , race , and BMI for cases in the top BMI decile . Baseline levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor 2 , interleukin (IL)-6 , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) were significantly higher among case than control subjects ( all P < /= 0.001 ) . After adjusting for BMI and other lifestyle factors , all three biomarkers significantly predicted diabetes risk ; the odds ratios ( ORs ) comparing extreme quintiles were 1.64 ( 95 % CI 1.10 - 2.45 ) for TNF-alphaR2 , 1.91 ( 1.27 - 2.86 ) for IL-6 , and 4.36 ( 2.80 - 6.80 ) for CRP ( P for trend < 0.001 for all biomarkers ) . In a multivariate model simultaneously including the three biomarkers , only CRP levels were significantly associated with risk of diabetes ( OR comparing extreme quintiles of CRP = 3.99 , P for trend < 0.001 ) . These data support the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes . Elevated CRP levels are a strong independent predictor of type 2 diabetes and may mediate associations of TNF-alphaR2 and IL-6 with type 2 diabetes Purpose Bilberries are abundant in polyphenols . Dietary polyphenols have been associated with strategies for prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases . We investigated the effect of bilberry juice on serum and plasma biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant status in subjects with elevated levels of at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Methods In a r and omized controlled trial , participants consumed either bilberry juice ( n = 31 ) or water ( n = 31 ) for 4 weeks . Results Supplementation with bilberry juice result ed in significant decreases in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-15 , and monokine induced by INF-γ ( MIG ) . Unexpectedly , an increase in the plasma concentration of tumor nuclear factor-α ( TNF-α ) was observed in the bilberry group . CRP , IL-6 , IL15 , MIG , and TNF-α are all target genes of nuclear factor- kappa B ( NF-κB ) , —a transcription factor that is crucial in orchestrating inflammatory responses . Plasma quercetin and p-coumaric acid increased in the bilberry group , otherwise no differences were observed for clinical parameters , oxidative stress or antioxidant status . Furthermore , we studied the effect of polyphenols from bilberries on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation in a monocytic cell line . We observed that quercetin , epicatechin , and resveratrol inhibited NF-κB activation . Conclusions These findings suggest that supplementation with bilberry polyphenols may modulate the inflammation processes . Further testing of bilberry supplementation as a potential strategy in prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases is warranted Background Malnutrition is associated with both inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adults with chronic kidney disease . We studied the prevalence of malnutrition and its possible associations with inflammation and vascular disease in children on chronic dialysis .  Methods Thirty-three patients on maintenance dialysis ( 18 peritoneal dialysis , 15 hemodialysis ) and 19 age- and gender- matched healthy controls were studied . Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements including body mass index ( BMI ) , upper arm measurements , multifrequency bioimpedance analysis ( BIA ) and serum levels of albumin , prealbumin , and cholesterol .  Inflammation was assessed by serum levels of C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin (IL)-6 , and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha . The carotid artery intima thickness ( cIMT ) was measured to assess vascular disease . Results Compared with healthy children , patients had lower anthropometric measurements ( P < 0.05 ) and serum albumin level ( P < 0.001 ) , and higher CRP and TNF-alpha ( P = 0.030 and P = 0.007 , respectively ) , and higher cIMT-SDS ( P < 0.001 ) . Malnutrition was present in 8 ( 24 % ) and lower BIA-based fat mass was independently associated with higher IL-6 levels ( P = 0.035 ) . An increased cIMT was present in 16 ( 48.5 % ) ; however , there was no difference in cIMT-SDS between patients with and without malnutrition . Carotid IMT did not show any association with nutritional indices ; but positively correlated with serum IL-6 ( P = 0.037 ) , CRP ( P = 0.012 ) , and iPTH ( P = 0.009 ) , and independently associated with only iPTH ( P = 0.018 ) . Conclusions Children on dialysis are at an increased risk of malnutrition , inflammation , and vascular disease . Although each of these three conditions exists , there is no interaction among them all . We postulate that the malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis ( MIA ) complex might not exist in pediatric dialysis patients Objective : Excess generation of reactive oxygen species in damaged joints accelerates inflammatory responses in RA ( rheumatoid arthritis ) patients . The complementary effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the blood level of inflammatory mediators and the severity of the disease in RA patients were evaluated . Study Design and Setting s : The study was conducted as a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind , three-treatment cross-over design trial . The participants visited the hospital as out patients . Subjects : Twenty patients meeting the 1987 criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis completed the study . Interventions : The subjects were r and omized in three groups to receive one of following supplementation ; quercetin+vitamin C ( 166mg+133mg/capsule ) , α-lipoic acid ( 300mg/capsule ) or placebo for 4 weeks ( 3 capsules/day ) . Each treatment period consisted of 4 weeks with 2 weeks of wash-out period before the subject starts next supplementation . Outcome Parameters : Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α ) , interleukin-1β(IL-1β ) , interleukin -6(IL-6 ) , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) were measured . The severity of disease was evaluated using Korean Health Assessment Question naire(KHAQ ) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS ) . Nutrient intake was measured at baseline and at the end of each intervention period . Results : The mean energy and nutrient intakes remained constant during study period . No significant differences were found in the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CRP between treatments . The scores of disease severity measurements were not significantly different between treatments , although quercetin supplementation had a tendency to reduce VAS . Conclusions : Dietary supplementation of antioxidants at 900 mg/day for 4 weeks did not change the blood biomarkers of inflammation and disease severity of RA patients under conventional medical treatments . Further considerations for dose-response relationships , duration of supplementation , and susceptible biomarkers are required The pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) often is associated with underlying states of conditioned zinc deficiency and chronic inflammation . Zinc and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids each exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and may be of therapeutic benefit in the disease . The present r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , 12-week trial was design ed to investigate the effects of zinc ( 40 mg/day ) and α-linolenic acid ( ALA ; 2 g/day flaxseed oil ) supplementation on markers of inflammation [ interleukin (IL)-1β , IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) ] and zinc transporter and metallothionein gene expression in 48 postmenopausal women with type 2 DM . No significant effects of  zinc or ALA supplementation were observed on inflammatory marker concentrations or fold change in zinc transporter and metallothionein gene expression . Significant increases in plasma zinc concentrations were observed over time in the groups supplemented with zinc alone or combined with ALA ( P=.007 and P=.009 , respectively ) . An impact of zinc treatment on zinc transporter gene expression was found ; ZnT5 was positively correlated with Zip3 mRNA ( P<.001 ) only in participants receiving zinc , while zinc supplementation abolished the relationship between ZnT5 and Zip10 . IL-6 predicted the expression levels and CRP predicted the fold change of the ZnT5 , ZnT7 , Zip1 , Zip7 and Zip10 mRNA cluster ( P<.001 and P=.031 , respectively ) . Fold change in the expression of metallothionein mRNA was predicted by TNF-α ( P=.022 ) . Associations among inflammatory cytokines and zinc transporter and metallothionein gene expression support an interrelationship between zinc homeostasis and inflammation in type 2 DM
Conclusion Our results indicate  that L-carnitine  reduced inflammatory mediators , especially in studies with a duration of more than 12 weeks .
Aim and background Reducing inflammation by nutritional supplements may help to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases .
Our aim in this meta- analysis was to determine the effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators including C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) .