Effects of Probiotic and Prebiotic Supplementation on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Glycemic Parameters in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial Effects of Multistrain Probiotic Supplementation on Glycemic and Inflammatory Indices in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Cucurbita ficifolia and Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Blood Glucose, Lipid Profile, and Inflammatory Marker in Type 2 Diabetes Effect of multi-strain probiotics (multi-strain microbial cell preparation) on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Effect of alive probiotic on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients: Randomized clinical trial. Clinical application of probiotics in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Effect of Probiotic Fermented Milk (Kefir) on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Effect of Probiotics on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, Insulin Action, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Trial Probiotic Therapy of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Why Is the Evidence Still Poor and What Can Be Done About It? Probiotics in obese pregnancy do not reduce maternal fasting glucose: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial (Probiotics in Pregnancy Study). Dietary fiber, glycemic index, glycemic load and renal cell carcinoma risk. Probiotic B420 and prebiotic polydextrose improve efficacy of antidiabetic drugs in mice Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Status in Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial The rationale for paired pre- and postprandial self-monitoring of blood glucose: the role of glycemic variability in micro- and macrovascular risk Effects of probiotic supplements on insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial Combined effects of oligofructose and Bifidobacterium animalis on gut microbiota and glycemia in obese rats.
BACKGROUND According to previous studies , probiotic and prebiotic supplementation have desirable effects on glycemic parameters . Thus far , the effect of supplementation on the glycemic parameters and adipokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) has not been assessed . Therefore , the aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with probiotic and prebiotic on adiokines and glycemic parameters in the patients with NAFLD . METHODS In the present r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 89 patients with NAFLD were r and omly divided into three groups to receive one probiotic capsule + 16 g/d maltodextrin ( probiotic group ) or 16 g/d oligofructose powder + one placebo capsule ( prebiotic group ) , and one placebo capsule + 16 g/d maltodextrin ( control group ) for 12 weeks . All the subjects in the study were advised to follow the weight loss diet and physical activity recommendations during the intervention . Fasting blood sample s were taken at baseline and after the intervention to measure leptin , adiponectin , insulin , and fasting blood sugar . RESULTS At the end of the study , serum concentrations of leptin , insulin , and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in the probiotic and prebiotic groups compared with the control group . Despite the changes within the groups , serum concentrations of adiponectin did not change significantly between the three groups . Also , fasting blood sugar did not change between the groups , but decreased in the prebiotic group . Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) increased significantly in probiotic and prebiotic groups compared with the control group . CONCLUSION Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation along with lifestyle intervention has a favorable impact on glycemic parameters and leptin levels compared with lifestyle intervention alone Objective : Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) is a condition defined by exceeding triglycerides accumulation in the liver . The condition can develop into fibrosis , cirrhosis , and hepatocellular carcinoma . Considering the ever-increasing prevalence of NAFLD , the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory indices in patients with NAFLD . Methods : This r and omized clinical trial was conducted on 42 patients with NAFLD who had been referred to a gastroenterology clinic . Subjects in the intervention and control groups consumed 2 capsules/day probiotic or placebo , respectively , for 8 weeks . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , insulin , insulin resistance , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study . Results : Means of FBS , insulin , insulin resistance , and IL-6 were significantly different between groups after intervention ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas TNF-α was not significantly modified ( p > 0.05 ) . In the probiotic group , insulin , insulin resistance , TNF-α , and IL-6 decreased significantly at the end of the study compared to the beginning of study . Conclusion : Considering the effects of probiotic supplementation on the reduction of glycemic and inflammatory indices in patients with NAFLD , consumption of probiotics is recommended as a complementary therapy in these patients Background : Control of blood sugar , hypertension , and dyslipidemia are key factors in diabetes management . Cucurbita ficifolia ( pumpkin ) is a vegetable which has been used traditionally as a remedy for diabetes in Iran . In addition , consumption of probiotics may have beneficial effects on people with Type 2 diabetes . The aim of this study was an investigation of the effects of C. ficifolia and probiotic yogurt consumption alone or at the same time on blood glucose and serum lipids in diabetic patients . Methods : Eighty eligible participants r and omly were assigned to four groups : 1 - green C. ficifolia ( 100 g ) ; 2 - probiotic yogurt ( 150 g ) ; 3 - C. ficifolia plus probiotic yogurt ( 100 g C. ficifolia plus 150 g yogurt ) ; and 4 -control ( dietary advice ) for 8 weeks . Blood pressure , glycemic response , lipid profile , and high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) were measured before and after the intervention . Results : Total cholesterol ( TC ) decreased significantly in yogurt and yogurt plus C. ficifolia groups ( within groups P = 0.010 , and P < 0.001 , respectively ) . C. ficifolia plus yogurt consumption result ed in a decrease in triglyceride ( TG ) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( within groups P < 0.001 and P = 0.001 , respectively ) . All interventions led to a significant decrease in blood sugar , hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , hsCRP , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level within groups . Blood pressure decreased significantly in Cucurbita group and yogurt group ( within groups P < 0.001 , and P = 0.001 for systolic blood pressure [ SBP ] and P < 0.001 , and P = 0.004 for diastolic blood pressure [ DBP ] , respectively ) . All variables changed between groups significantly except LDL-C level . Conclusions : Variables including TG , HDL-C , TC , fasting blood sugar , HbA1c , SBP , DBP , and hsCRP changed beneficially between groups . It seems that consumption of C. ficifolia and probiotic yogurt may help treatment of diabetic patients Aim Evidence of a possible connection between gut microbiota and several physiological processes linked to type 2 diabetes is increasing . However , the effect of multi-strain probiotics in people with type 2 diabetes remains unclear . This study investigated the effect of multi-strain microbial cell preparation — also refers to multi-strain probiotics — on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes . Design A r and omized , double-blind , parallel-group , controlled clinical trial . Setting Diabetes clinic of a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Participants A total of 136 participants with type 2 diabetes , aged 30–70 years , were recruited and r and omly assigned to receive either probiotics ( n = 68 ) or placebo ( n = 68 ) for 12 weeks . Outcomes Primary outcomes were glycemic control-related parameters , and secondary outcomes were anthropomorphic variables , lipid profile , blood pressure and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein . The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium quantities were measured before and after intervention as an indicator of successful passage of the supplement through gastrointestinal tract . Statistical analysis Intention-to-treat ( ITT ) analysis was performed on all participants , while per- protocol ( PP ) analysis was performed on those participants who had successfully completed the trial with good compliance rate . Results With respect to primary outcomes , glycated hemoglobin decreased by 0.14 % in the probiotics and increased by 0.02 % in the placebo group in PP analysis ( p < 0.05 , small effect size of 0.050 ) , while these changes were not significant in ITT analysis . Fasting insulin increased by 1.8 µU/mL in placebo group and decreased by 2.9 µU/mL in probiotics group in PP analysis . These changes were significant between groups at both analyses ( p < 0.05 , medium effect size of 0.062 in PP analysis and small effect size of 0.033 in ITT analysis ) . Secondary outcomes did not change  significantly . Probiotics successfully passed through the gastrointestinal tract . Conclusion Probiotics modestly improved HbA1c and fasting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND Probiotics have beneficial effect on obesity related disorders in animal models . Despite a large number of animal data , r and omized placebo-controlled trials ( RCT ) concluded that probiotics have a moderate effect on glycemic control-related parameters . However , effect of probiotics on insulin resistance are inconsistent . AIM In a double-blind single center RCT , effect of alive multistrain probiotic vs. placebo on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patient were assessed . METHODS A total of 53 patients met the criteria for inclusion . They were r and omly assigned to receive multiprobiotic " Symbiter " ( concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Propionibacterium ) or placebo for 8-weeks administered as a sachet formulation . The primary main outcome was the change HOMA-IR ( homeostasis model assessment -estimated insulin resistance ) which calculated using Matthews et al. 's equation . Secondary outcomes were the changes in glycemic control-related parameters , anthropomorphic variables and cytokines . RESULTS Supplementation with alive multiprobiotic for 8 weeks was associated with significant reduction of HOMA-IR from 6.85 ± 0.76 to 5.13 ± 0.49 ( p = 0.047 ) , but remained static in the placebo group . With respect to our secondary outcomes , HbA1c insignificant decreased by 0.09 % ( p = 0.383 ) and 0.24 % ( p = 0.068 ) respectively in placebo and probiotics groups . However , in probiotic responders ( n = 22 , patient with decrease in HOMA-IR ) after supplementation a significant reduction in HbA1c by 0.39 % ( p = 0.022 ) as compared to non-responders was observed . In addition , from markers of chronic systemic inflammatory state only TNF-α and IL-1β changes significantly after treatment with probiotics . CONCLUSION Probiotic therapies modestly improved insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes BACKGROUND & AIMS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with dysbiosis and one of the possible routes to restore a healthy gut microbiota is by the regular ingestion of probiotics . We aim ed to investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control , lipid profile , inflammation , oxidative stress and short chain fatty acids in T2D . METHODS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled trial , 50 volunteers consumed daily 120 g/d of fermented milk for 6 wk . Participants were assigned into two groups : probiotic group , consuming fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 ( 109 colony-forming units/d , each ) and control group , consuming conventional fermented milk .  Anthropometric measurements , body composition , fasting blood and faecal sample s were taken at baseline and after 6 wk . RESULTS 45 subjects out of 50 ( 90 % ) completed follow-up . After 6 wk , there was a significant decrease in fructosamine levels ( -9.91 mmol/L ; p = 0.04 ) and hemoglobin A1c tended to be lower ( -0.67 % ; p=0.06 ) in probiotic group . TNF-α and resistin were significantly reduced in probiotic and control groups ( -1.5 and -1.3 pg/mL , -.1 and -2.8 ng/mL , respectively ) , while IL-10 was significantly reduced ( - 0.65 pg/mL ; p < 0.001 ) only in the control group . Fecal acetic acid was increased in both groups ( 0.58 and 0.59 % in probiotic and control groups , respectively ; p < 0.01 ) . There was a significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c ( + 0.31 for control group vs -0.65 for probiotic group ; p=0.02 ) , total cholesterol ( + 0.55 for control group vs -0.15 for probiotic group ; p=0.04 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( + 0.36 for control group vs -0.20 for probiotic group p=0.03 ) . CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption improved the glycemic control in T2D subjects , however , the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with others metabolic changes , such as decrease in inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α and resistin ) and increase in the acetic acid Background : Diabetes is a global health problem in the world . Probiotic food has anti-diabetic property . The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) on glucose and lipid profile control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients aged 35 to 65 years . Patients were r and omly and equally ( n=30 ) assigned to consume either probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) or conventional fermented milk ( dough ) for 8 weeks . Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk . Blood sample s tested for fasting blood glucose , HbA1C , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol , HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study . Results : The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant ( P=0.01 ) . After intervention , reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant ( P=0.001 ) , also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group ( P=0.02 ) adjusting for serum levels of glucose , baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model . Serum triglyceride , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention . Conclusion : Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes Background : The dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes and its associated complications require a natural and safe solution to control and delay such complications . The present study tested the hypothesis that probiotics may affect biochemical indices of diabetic patients Methods : Thirty four types 2 diabetic patients aged between 25 to 65 years , and diagnosed with diabetes for less than 15 years were selected for this single- blinded clinical trial . Using balanced block r and om sampling , the patients were divided into two groups of intervention ( probiotics ) and placebo . Blood sample s tested for baseline glucose , insulin , TG , total cholesterol , LDL-C , HDL-C , malondialdehyde , high sensitive CRP ( hs-CRP ) and IL-6 . After six weeks of experiment , fasting blood sample s were re-tested and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software . Results : There were no significant differences between anthropometric data including body mass index and waist to hip ratio in placebo and treatment groups . There was no significant difference in FBS , Serum TG concentration total cholesterol and LDL-C levels between placebo and treatment groups . HDL-C levels were slightly elevated after probiotic treatment , which were not statistically significant . Insulin , MDA and IL-6 levels were reduced and high sensitive CRP hs . CRP levels were elevated , although , not statistically significant . Conclusion : The result of this study indicates a non- significant declining trend in the level of TG , MDA and IL-6 and insulin resistance after consumption of probiotics Background / Aims Despite numerous r and omized clinical trials and meta-analyses , there is no increased evidence for the efficacy of  probiotics  in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) . We review this evidence , identify and analyse the reasons for this lack of evidence and propose method ological improvements for future studies . Methods Based on a literature search , we identified 56 papers that matched the purpose of our analyses . Twenty-seven studies used multi-species bacterial preparations and 29 used single-strain probiotics . They were analysed regarding  patients included , treatment duration , probiotic dosage , and outcome measures . Results Trials in both groups suffered from heterogeneity with respect to probiotic concentration , duration of treatment , and other method ological issues ( crossover design and underpowered studies ) . This heterogeneity did not allow the application of a meta-analytic approach and a systematic review was therefore performed instead . Multi-strain preparations combined 2 to 8 different bacterial subspecies , mostly lactobacilli or bifidobacteria , and used variable lengths of treatments . Overall , more than 50 % of trials presented negative outcomes . The majority of the single-strain probiotic trials employing lactobacilli or Saccharomyces were negative , whereas trials employing bifidobacteria showed positive results . Conclusions The heterogeneity of the studies of probiotics in IBS questions the value of meta-analyses . The use of different bacterial strains and different mixtures of these strains , as well as different dosages , are the main contributors to this heterogeneity . Current data provides limited evidence for the efficacy of a small number of  single-strain probiotics  in IBS ( mostly bifidobacteria ) and sound studies following strict trial guidelines ( Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines for clinical trials ) are needed . We summarised and proposed some method ological issues for future studies in the field BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported beneficial effects of probiotics on maternal glycemia in healthy pregnant women . Obesity significantly increases risk of impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy , but glycemic effects of probiotics in this specific obstetric group require additional investigation . OBJECTIVE The aim of the Probiotics in Pregnancy Study was to investigate the effect of a probiotic capsule on maternal fasting glucose in obese pregnant women . DESIGN In this placebo-controlled , double-blind , r and omized trial , 175 pregnant women with an early pregnancy body mass index ( BMI ; in kg/m² ) from 30.0 to 39.9 were recruited from antenatal clinics at the National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Irel and . Exclusion criteria were BMI < 30.0 or > 39.9 , prepregnancy or gestational diabetes , age < 18 y , multiple pregnancy , and fetal anomaly . Women were r and omly assigned to receive either a daily probiotic or a placebo capsule from 24 to 28 wk of gestation in addition to routine antenatal care . The primary outcome was the change in fasting glucose between groups from preintervention to postintervention . Secondary outcomes were the incidence of gestational diabetes and neonatal anthropometric measures . RESULTS In 138 women who completed the study ( 63 women in the probiotic group ; 75 women in the placebo group ) , mean ( ±SD ) early pregnancy BMI was 33.6 ± 2.6 , which differed significantly between probiotic ( 32.9 ± 2.4 ) and placebo ( 34.1 ± 2.7 ) groups . With adjustment for BMI , the change in maternal fasting glucose did not differ significantly between treated and control groups [ -0.09 ± 0.27 compared with -0.07 ± 0.39 mmol/L ; P = 0.391 ; B = -0.05 ( 95 % CI : -0.17 , 0.07 ) ] . There were also no differences in the incidence of impaired glycemia ( 16 % in the probiotic group compared with 15 % in the placebo group ; P = 0.561 ) , birth weight ( 3.70 kg in the probiotic group compared with 3.68 kg in the placebo group ; P = 0.723 ) , or other metabolic variables or pregnancy outcomes . A secondary analysis of 110 women , excluding antibiotic users and poor compliers , also revealed no differences in maternal glucose or other outcomes between groups . CONCLUSION Probiotic treatment of 4 wk during pregnancy did not influence maternal fasting glucose , the metabolic profile , or pregnancy outcomes in obese women Several epidemiological studies have investigated the potential association between dietary fiber , glycemic index ( GI ) or glycemic load ( GL ) , and renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) risk with inconsistent results . The aim of this study was to systematic ally evaluate this issue with a meta- analysis approach . A comprehensive literature search up to March 2018 was performed in PubMed and Web of Science data bases . Summary relative risks ( RRs ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) were estimated with a r and om-effects model . Twelve studies were finally included in this study ( eight for fiber analysis , five for GI and five for GL ) . A significant positive association was observed between GI and the risk of RCC ( summary RR 1.16 , 95 % CI 1.02 - 1.32 ) , and no significant heterogeneity was detected among studies ( I2 = 22.8 % , P = 0.262 ) . A significant inverse association was found between fiber intake and the risk of RCC ( summary RR 0.82 , 95 % CI 0.72 - 0.92 ) , and no significant heterogeneity was observed across studies ( I2 = 27.6 % , P = 0.218 ) . GL was not significantly associated with RCC risk ( summary RR 1.14 , 95 % CI 0.81 - 1.60 ) , and significant heterogeneity was found across studies ( I2 = 78.6 % , P < 0.001 ) . In conclusion , this systematic review and meta- analysis suggests that dietary GI and fiber may be associated with the risk of RCC . Further large prospect i ve cohort studies are still warranted to confirm our preliminary findings Background Gut microbiota is now known to control glucose metabolism . Previous studies have shown that probiotics and prebiotics may improve glucose metabolism , but their effects have not been studied in combination with drug therapy . The aim of this study was to investigate whether probiotics and prebiotics combined with drug therapy affect diabetic outcomes . Methods Two different study design s were used to test gut microbiota modulating treatments with metformin ( MET ) or sitagliptin ( SITA ) in male C57Bl/6J mice . In Design 1 , diabetes was induced with four-week feeding with a ketogenic , 72 kcal% fat diet with virtually no carbohydrates . Mice were then r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 10 in each group ) : ( 1 ) vehicle , ( 2 ) Bifidobacterium animalis ssp . lactis 420 ( B420 ) ( 109 CFU/day ) , ( 3 ) MET ( 2 mg/mL in drinking water ) , or ( 4 ) MET + B420 ( same doses as in the MET and B420 groups ) . After another 4 weeks , glucose metabolism was assessed with a glucose tolerance test . Fasting glucose , fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were also assessed . In Design 2 , mice were fed the same 72 kcal% fat diet to induce diabetes , but they were simultaneously treated within their respective groups ( n = 8 in each group ) : ( 1 ) non-diabetic healthy control , ( 2 ) vehicle , ( 3 ) SITA [ 3 mg/(kg*day ) ] ( 4 ) SITA with prebiotic polydextrose ( PDX ) ( 0.25 g/day ) , ( 5 ) SITA with B420 ( 109 CFU/day ) , and ( 6 ) SITA + PDX + B420 . Glucose metabolism was assessed at 4 weeks , and weight development was monitored for 6 weeks . Results In Design 1 , with low-dose metformin , mice treated with B420 had a significantly lower glycemic response ( area under the curve ) ( factorial experiment , P = 0.002 ) and plasma glucose concentration ( P = 0.02 ) compared to mice not treated with B420 . In Design 2 , SITA + PDX  reduced glycaemia in the oral glucose tolerance test significantly more than SITA only ( area under the curve reduced 28 % , P < 0.0001 ) . In addition , B420 , PDX or B420+PDX , together with SITA , further decreased fasting glucose concentrations compared to SITA only ( −19.5 , −40 and −49 % , respectively , P < 0.01 for each comparison ) . The effect of PDX may be due to its ability to increase portal vein GLP-1 concentrations together with SITA ( P = 0.0001 compared to vehicle ) whereas SITA alone had no statistically significant effect compared to vehicle ( P = 0.14 ) . Conclusions This study proposes that combining probiotics and /or prebiotics with antidiabetic drugs  improves glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in mice . Mechanisms could be related to incretin secretion Objective . This trial aims to examine the effects of a Probiotic Mixture ( VSL#3 ) on glycemic status and inflammatory markers , in women with GDM . Material s and Methods . Over a period of 8 weeks , 82 women with gestational diabetes were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n = 41 ) which were given VSL#3 capsule or to a control group which were given placebo capsule ( n = 41 ) . Fasting plasma glucose , homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance , glycosylated hemoglobin , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-6 , Interferon gamma , and interleukin-10 were measured before and after the intervention . Results . After 8 wk of supplementation FPG , HbA1c , HOMA-IR , and insulin levels remained unchanged in the probiotic and placebo groups . The comparison between the two groups showed no significant differences with FPG and HbA1c , but there were significant differences in insulin levels and HOMA-IR ( 16.6 ± 5.9 ; 3.7 ± 1.5 , resp . ) . Unlike the levels of IFN-g ( 19.21 ± 16.6 ) , there was a significant decrease in levels of IL-6 ( 3.81 ± 0.7 ) , TNF-α ( 3.10 ± 1.1 ) , and hs-CRP ( 4927.4 ± 924.6 ) . No significant increase was observed in IL-10 ( 3.11 ± 5.7 ) in the intervention group as compared with the control group . Conclusions . In women with GDM , supplementation with probiotics ( VSL#3 ) may help to modulate some inflammatory markers and may have benefits on glycemic control ABSTRACT Background : Decisions regarding diabetes management traditionally have been driven by the results of fasting plasma glucose measurement or measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin ( A1C ) , yet glycemic control remains far from optimal in many individuals with diabetes . Mounting evidence implicates glycemic variability , manifested predominantly as postpr and ial glycemic spikes , as a key factor in the development of macrovascular complications . Recent studies suggest that newer therapies specifically targeting postpr and ial hyperglycemia can significantly reduce postpr and ial glucose levels and improve overall glycemic control . Methods : A Medline search was performed using the term ‘ postchallenge ’ or ‘ postpr and ial ’ , together with glucose or diabetes . After excluding review articles and case studies , we review ed primary articles , meta-analyses , and references therein and selected those that best addressed this topic . Selection bias may be considered a potential limitation of this approach . Findings : Although not conclusively demonstrated by prospect i ve studies , a wealth of evidence suggests that postpr and ial hyperglycemia should not be ignored as an important target for preventing complications of diabetes . Conclusions : Improved detection and management of postpr and ial hyperglycemia and glycemic variability is necessary to optimize glycemic control . Meal-based self-monitoring of blood glucose ( SMBG ) has been shown to improve glycemic control as part of a comprehensive management strategy by helping patients underst and the effects of food choices , physical activity , and medications on blood glucose concentrations . SMBG can also help healthcare professionals recognize postpr and ial hyperglycemia , guide therapeutic adjustments and receive more timely feedback regarding medication changes . The arrival of new therapies that specifically target postpr and ial hyperglycemia offer healthcare professionals the opportunity to optimally manage diabetes Abstract Aims / Introduction To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplements on insulin resistance in pregnant women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus . Material s and Methods A r and omized , double‐blind , placebo‐controlled trial was carried out between June 2016 and February 2017 . Pregnant women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study at 24–28 weeks‐of‐gestation and r and omized to receive either probiotic supplements containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus or a placebo daily for four consecutive weeks . Primary outcomes were mean differences in insulin resistance ( homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ) , fasting insulin and fasting plasma glucose between the two groups . Secondary outcomes were changes in maternal weight after the intervention . Results Data from 28 patients in the probiotic group and 29 in the placebo group were analyzed . The changes in metabolic parameters after r and omization showed significant improvement in glucose metabolism in the probiotic group compared with the placebo group , including fasting plasma glucose ( 0.68 ± 5.88 vs 4.620 ± 7.78 mg/dL , mean difference −3.94 mg/dL , 95 % confidence interval −7.62 , −0.27 , P = 0.034 ) , fasting plasma insulin ( 1.11 ± 1.71 vs 3.77 ± 1.70 mIU/L , mean difference −2.67 mIU/L , 95 % confidence interval −3.57 , −1.76 , P = 0.001 ) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance ( 0.25 ± 0.37 vs 0.89 ± 0.46 , mean difference −0.63 , 95 % confidence interval −0.86 , −0.41 , P = 0.001 ) . Weight gain during r and omization was similar between the two groups . Conclusions Four weeks of probiotic supplements  in women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes in the late second and early third trimester lowered fasting glucose and increased insulin sensitivity  . Probiotic supplements may be considered as an adjunct treatment for glycemic control in these patients OBJECTIVE Prebiotics and probiotics may be able to modify an obesity-associated gut microbiota . The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of the prebiotic oligofructose ( OFS ) and the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis BB-12 ( BB-12 ) on gut microbiota and host metabolism in obese rats . METHODS Adult male , diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley rats were r and omized to : ( 1 ) Control ( C ) ; ( 2 ) 10 % OFS ; ( 3 ) BB-12 ; ( 4 ) OFS + BB-12 for 8 weeks ( n = 9 - 10 rats/group ) . Body composition , glycemia , gut permeability , satiety hormones , cytokines , and gut microbiota were examined . RESULTS Prebiotic , but not probiotic  reduced energy intake , weight gain , and fat mass ( P < 0.01 ) . OFS , BB-12 , and the combined OFS + BB-12  improved glycemia ( P < 0.05 ) . Individually , OFS and BB-12  reduced insulin levels ( P < 0.05 ) . Portal GLP-1 was increased with OFS , whereas probiotic increased GLP-2 ( P < 0.05 ) . There was a marked increase in bifidobacteria and lactobacilli ( P < 0.01 ) with OFS that was not observed with probiotic alone . CONCLUSIONS The impact of prebiotic intake on body composition and gut microbiota was of greater magnitude than the probiotic BB-12 . Despite this , an improvement in glucose AUC with both prebiotic or probiotic demonstrates the beneficial role of each of these " biotic " agents in glycemic control
CONCLUSIONS Probiotic consumption may improve glycemic control modestly .
Modification of gut microbiota by probiotic supplementation may be a method for preventing and control hyperglycemia in clinical practice
BACKGROUND Previous clinical trials indicate that probiotic consumption may improve blood glucose control , however , results from r and omized trials on glycemic control have been inconsistent .
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of probiotics on glycemic control in a systematic review and meta- analysis of r and omized controlled trials .