Inverse associations of outdoor activity and vitamin D intake with the risk of Parkinson’s disease Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease
Early studies had suggested that vitamin D intake was inversely associated with neurodegenerative diseases , such as Alzheimer ’s disease and multiple sclerosis . However , the associations of vitamin D intake and outdoor activities with Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) are still unclear , so this study is to evaluate these relationships from a case-control study in elderly Chinese . The study population involved 209 cases with new onsets of PD and 210 controls without neurodegenerative diseases . The data on  dietary vitamin D and outdoor activities  were collected using a food-frequency question naire and self-report question naire . Multivariable logistic regressions  were used to examine the associations between dietary outdoor activities , vitamin D intake and PD . Adjustment was made for sex , age , smoking , alcohol use , education , and body mass index ( BMI ) . Adjusted odds ratios ( ORs ) for PD in quartiles for outdoor physical activity were 1 ( reference ) , 0.739 ( 0.413 , 1.321 ) , 0.501 ( 0.282 , 0.891 ) , and 0.437 ( 0.241 , 0.795 ) , respectively ( P=0.002 for trend ) . Adjusted ORs for PD in quartiles for total vitamin D intake were 1 ( reference ) , 0.647 ( 0.357 , 1.170 ) , 0.571 ( 0.318 , 1.022 ) , and 0.538 ( 0.301 , 0.960 ) , respectively ( P=0.011 for trend ) . Our study suggested that outdoor activity and total vitamin D intake were inversely associated with PD , and outdoor activity seems to be more significantly associated with decreased risk for PD.概要研究目的评估户外活动 、 维生素D 的摄入与帕金森病(PD)风险关系。研究方法收集209 例新发PD 病例和210 名无神经退行性疾病对照人群 , 进行食物频率问卷调查 , 计算膳食维生素D 摄入量并记录自我报告的问卷调查户外活动情况 。 利用多变量Logistic 回归研究膳食维生素D 摄入及户外活动与PD 的相关性 , 并校正性别 、 年龄 、 吸烟 、 饮酒 、 教育程度和身体质量指数 ( BMI ) 变量 。 按户外活动时间从少到多四分位分组 , 校正后的比值比(OR)(95%可信区间(CI))值分别为1(参考 ) 、 0.739(0.413 , 1.321 ) 、 0.501(0.282 , 0.891)和0.437(0.241 , 0.795 ) , 趋势P=0.002 ; 按维生素D 摄入量从少到多四分位分组 , 校正后的OR 值分别为1(参考 ) 、 0.647(0.357 , 1.170 ) 、 0.571(0.318 , 1.022)和0.538(0.301 , 0.960 ) , 趋势P=0.011。重要结论表明户外活动和总的维生素D 摄入量与PD 呈负相关 ; 户外活动可更显著下降PD 的风险相关 UNLABELLED Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) are well known to contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson 's disease ( PD ) . Clinical trials of antioxidants are currently underway in PD patients , however , antioxidant research has been hindered by a lack of peripheral biomarkers . METHODS Twenty-two patients with PD elected to have a novel antioxidant assessment ( Functional Intracellular Assay ( FIA ) , SpectraCell Lab , Houston , TX ) performed between 2004 and 2008 . Each PD case was compared to four age- and gender-matched controls ( n=88 ) in four separate , r and om iterations using laboratory data su bmi tted during the same time period . Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of functional deficiency in antioxidant nutrients ( i.e. , glutathione , coenzyme Q10 , selenium , vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid ) by case-control status . The proportion of cases with functional deficiency was also compared to that for controls by chi(2 ) test . RESULTS Compared to cases , PD patients had a significantly greater odds of deficiency in coenzyme Q10 status ( OR : 4.7 - 5.4 ; 95 % CI : 1.5 - 17.7 ; P=0.003 - 0.009 ) based on FIA results , but not of vitamin E , selenium , lipoic acid , or glutathione ( all P>0.05 ) . The proportion of cases with coenzyme Q10 deficiency was also significantly greater in cases than in controls ( 32 - 36 % vs. 8 - 9 % ; P=0.0012 - 0.006 ) . CONCLUSIONS Deficiency of coenzyme Q10 assessed via FIA should be explored as a potential peripheral biomarker of antioxidant status in PD
Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of PD
Abstract To estimate the associations between vitamin D status and Parkinson ’s disease ( PD ) .