Pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: Updated guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Systematic review of prehospital tourniquet use in civilian limb trauma Abnormal uterine bleeding in pre-menopausal women. Summary: 2017 International Consultation on Incontinence Evidence-Based Surgical Pathway for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Dietary and physical activity strategies to prevent type 2 diabetes in South Asian adults: protocol for a systematic review Preoperative or postoperative therapy for resectable oesophageal cancer: an updated practice guideline. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis Symposium integrating evidence-based medicine into clinical practice. The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: evidence for the recommendations. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of patients with biliary neoplasia. Dietary Guideline Adherence Index and Kidney Measures in the Framingham Heart Study. Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. Exercise for people with cancer: a clinical practice guideline. Interventions for enhancing medication compliance/adherence with benefits in treatment outcomes
: The purpose of this up date of the European Society of Anaesthesiology ( ESA ) guidelines on the pre-operative evaluation of the adult undergoing noncardiac surgery is to present recommendations based on the available relevant clinical evidence . Well performed r and omised studies on the topic are limited and therefore many recommendations rely to a large extent on expert opinion and may need to be adapted specifically to the healthcare systems of individual countries . This article aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on the subject with an assessment of the quality of the evidence in order to allow anaesthesiologists all over Europe to integrate - wherever possible - this knowledge into daily patient care . The Guidelines Committee of the ESA formed a task force comprising members of the previous task force , members of ESA scientific subcommittees and an open call for volunteers was made to all individual active members of the ESA and national societies . Electronic data bases were search ed from July 2010 ( end of the literature search of the previous ESA guidelines on pre-operative evaluation ) to May 2016 without language restrictions . A total of 34 066 abtracts were screened from which 2536 were included for further analysis . Relevant systematic review s with meta-analyses , r and omised controlled trials , cohort studies , case-control studies and cross-sectional surveys were selected . The Grading of Recommendations Assessment , Development and Evaluation ( GRADE ) system was used to assess the level of evidence and to grade recommendations . The final draft guideline was posted on the ESA website for 4 weeks and the link was sent to all ESA members , individual or national ( thus including most European national anaesthesia societies ) . Comments were collated and the guidelines amended as appropriate . When the final draft was complete , the Guidelines Committee and ESA Board ratified the guidelines BACKGROUND Military enthusiasm for limb tourniquet use in combat casualty care has result ed in acceptance by the trauma community for use in the prehospital care of civilian limb injuries . To date , there has been no report synthesizing the published data on civilian tourniquet use . The objective of this systematic review was to compile and analyze the content and quality of published data on the civilian use of tourniquets in limb trauma . METHODS The MEDLINE data base was search ed for studies on civilian limb tourniquet use in adults published between 2001 and 2017 . Search terms were tourniquet , trauma , and injury . Military reports and case series lacking systematic data collection were excluded . Counts and percentages were aggregated and weighted for analysis . RESULTS Reports were included from six regional trauma centers and one interregional collaboration ( total of 572 cases ) . One national prehospital data base report was included but analyzed separately ( 2,048 cases ) . All were retrospective cohort studies without prospect i ve data collection . Three reports defined a primary outcome , two had a nontourniquet control group , and no two articles reported the same variables . Limb injury severity and characteristics were inconsistently and incompletely described across reports , as were tourniquet indications and effectiveness . Arterial injury was reported in two studies and was infrequent among cases of tourniquet use . Mortality was low , and limb-specific complications were infrequent but variably reported . CONCLUSION The rapid increase in the civilian use of tourniquets for limb hemorrhage control has occurred without a large amount or high quality of data . Adoption of a multicenter registry with st and ardized data collection specific to limb trauma and tourniquet use can serve to improve the trauma community 's underst and ing of the safety and effectiveness of tourniquet use in civilian trauma setting s. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review , level IV BACKGROUND Abnormal uterine bleeding is the direct cause of a significant health care burden for women , their families , and society as a whole . Up to 30 % of women will seek medical assistance for this problem during their reproductive years . This guideline replaces previous clinical guidelines on the topic and is aim ed to enable health care providers with the tools to provide the latest evidence -based care in the diagnosis and the medical and surgical management of this common problem . OBJECTIVE To provide current evidence -based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of  abnormal uterine bleeding ( AUB ) among women of reproductive age . OUTCOMES Outcomes evaluated include the impact of AUB on quality of life and the results of interventions including medical and surgical management of AUB . METHODS Members of the guideline committee were selected on the basis of individual expertise to represent a range of practical and academic experience in terms of location in Canada , type of practice , subspecialty expertise , and general gynaecology background . The committee review ed relevant evidence in the English medical literature including published guidelines . Recommendations were established as consensus statements . The final document was review ed and approved by the Executive and Council of the SOGC . RESULTS This document provides a summary of up-to- date evidence regarding diagnosis , investigations , and medical and surgical management of AUB . The result ing recommendations may be adapted by individual health care workers when serving women with this condition . CONCLUSIONS Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common and sometimes debilitating condition in women of reproductive age . St and ardization of related terminology , a systematic approach to diagnosis and investigation , and a step-wise approach to intervention is necessary . Treatment commencing with medical therapeutic modalities followed by the least invasive surgical modalities achieving results satisfactory to the patient is the ultimate goal of all therapeutic interventions . EVIDENCE Published literature was retrieved through search es of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library in March 2011 using appropriate controlled vocabulary ( e.g. uterine hemorrhage , menorrhagia ) and key words ( e.g. menorrhagia , heavy menstrual bleeding , abnormal uterine bleeding ) . Results were restricted to systematic review s , r and omized control trials/controlled clinical trials , and observational studies written in English and published from January 1999 to March 2011 . Search es were up date d on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to February 2013 . Grey ( unpublished ) literature was identified through search ing the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies , clinical practice guideline collection s , clinical trial registries , and national and international medical specialty societies . VALUES The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care ( Table ) . BENEFITS , HARMS , AND COSTS Implementation of the guideline recommendations will improve the health and well-being of women with abnormal uterine bleeding , their families , and society . The economic cost of implementing these guidelines in the Canadian health care system was not considered Objective The aim of this article is to summarize the relevant findings that inform the 2017 International Consultation on Incontinence pathway for surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse ( POP ) . Methods We conducted an evidence -based review of the English- language peer- review ed literature relating to POP surgery published prior to December 2016 . Level 1 evidence ( r and omized controlled trials [ RCTs ] or systematic review s of RCTs ) was preferred ; however , level 2 ( poor- quality RCT , prospect i ve cohort studies ) or 3 evidence ( case series or retrospective studies ) has been included if level 1 data were lacking . The committee evaluated the literature and made recommendations based on the Oxford grading system summarized as follows : grade A recommendation usually depends on consistent level 1 evidence ; grade B recommendation usually depends on consistent level 2 and /or 3 studies , or “ majority evidence ” from RCTs ; grade C recommendation usually depends on level 3 studies or “ majority evidence ” from level 2/3 studies or Delphi-processed expert opinion ; grade D , “ no recommendation possible , ” would be used where the evidence is inadequate or conflicting . Results The recommendations from each chapter of the review are presented and serve to inform an evidence -based pathway for the surgical treatment of prolapse . A Web-based interactive application of the pathway is presented . Conclusions The 2017 International Consultation on Incontinence pathway on surgery for POP is design ed as an adjunct to transparent consultation and consent relating to POP surgery . The final decision regarding surgical intervention can be made only after a shared decision-making process between the patient and the clinician that will evaluate a variety of individual factors that can not be assessed in the pathway Introduction Type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) is a major health concern among population s of South Asian ethnicity . Although dietary and physical activity interventions may reduce the risk of T2D , the effectiveness has been moderate among South Asians . This might ( in part ) be because this subgroup follows strategies that were originally developed for interventions among other population s. Therefore , this review aims to assess the evidence for the current dietary and physical activity strategies recommended in T2D prevention intervention studies and guidelines for South Asians . Methods and analysis Included will be all studies and guidelines on dietary and /or physical activity strategies to prevent T2D in adult South Asians . Two review ers will search online data bases from their start until the present date for published and unpublished experimental/quasiexperimental studies , with at least an abstract in English . References of identified articles and key review s will be screened for additional studies . Guidelines will be identified by search es in online data bases and websites of public organisations . Finally , expert consultations will be held to supplement any missing information . Trial quality will be assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies Data , and guidelines with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II . Data on the strategies recommended , targeting and evidence on effectiveness will be extracted by two review ers and presented in tabular and narrative forms . Recommendations will be compared with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines [ PH35 ] . Overall findings on  dietary and physical activity recommendations , as well as findings for specific subgroups ( eg , by sex ) , will be discussed . Ethics and dissemination Ethics assessment is not required . Start date : 1 January 2016 , finishing and reporting date 31 July 2016 . Results will be published in a peer- review ed scientific journal , the project report of EuroDHYAN ( www.eurodhyan.eu ) and in a PhD dissertation . Trial registration number The protocol is registered with the International Prospect i ve Register of Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) registration number CRD42015027067 AIMS Oesophageal cancer is an aggressive disease and the optimal therapy for patients with resectable tumours remains unclear . A systematic review and companion practice guideline were published in 2004 ; however , new evidence has become available since the publication of the original report . An up date of the literature search and a revision of the recommendations were undertaken to incorporate the new data . The following research question was addressed : should patients with resectable oesophageal cancer receive preoperative or postoperative therapy together with surgery ? The outcomes of interest were survival , adverse effects and quality of life . MATERIAL S AND METHODS The literature search of the original systematic review was up date d to April 2007 . MEDLINE , EMBASE , Cochrane Library and abstract s from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology were search ed for reports of r and omised controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing preoperative or postoperative therapy with surgery alone or other preoperative or postoperative therapy . After the completion of the draft systematic review and practice guideline , the report was distributed through a mailed survey to 133 health care providers in Ontario for review and feedback . RESULTS The up date d literature search yielded eight new r and omised controlled trial reports and seven new meta- analysis reports for consideration , together with the evidence review ed in the original review publication . Of the 31 practitioners who responded to the mailed survey , 80 % agreed with the draft recommendations as stated , 83 % agreed that the report should be approved as a practice guideline and 86 % indicated that they would probably use the guideline in their own practice . CONCLUSIONS Preoperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy is recommended as the preferred modality for the management of surgically resectable patients with oesophageal cancer .  Preoperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy alone is an alternative choice for the management of these patients Bronchiectasis in adults is a chronic disorder associated with poor quality of life and frequent exacerbations in many patients . There have been no previous international guidelines . The European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis describe the appropriate investigation and treatment strategies determined by a systematic review of the literature . A multidisciplinary group representing respiratory medicine , microbiology , physiotherapy , thoracic surgery , primary care , methodology and patients considered the most relevant clinical questions ( for both clinicians and patients ) related to management of bronchiectasis . Nine key clinical questions were generated and a systematic review was conducted to identify published systematic review s , r and omised clinical trials and observational studies that answered these questions . We used the GRADE approach to define the quality of the evidence and the level of recommendations . The result ing guideline addresses the investigation of underlying causes of bronchiectasis , treatment of exacerbations , pathogen eradication , long term antibiotic treatment , anti-inflammatories , mucoactive drugs , bronchodilators , surgical treatment and respiratory physiotherapy . These recommendations can be used to benchmark quality of care for people with bronchiectasis across Europe and to improve outcomes . The publication of the first ERS guidelines for bronchiectasis Evidence -based medicine represents the combination of the best available clinical research evidence with clinical experience and expertise and the needs and expectations of patients . Evidence -based medicine as a concept has been available for years , but it has become increasingly important over the last decade . Some evidence has suggested that it began as early as the ancient Chinese medicine practice s , while other evidence has indicated its origins were in postrevolutionary France with the systematic patient observations of Pierre Louis1 . Gordon Guyatt led a group at McMaster University in the early 1990s that introduced many of the current concepts of evidence -based medicine . This led to a major increase in interest in the area . One paper had been published in the literature in 1992 , but by 1998 over a thous and manuscripts had been published in the field1 . Evidence -based medicine utilizes the best available research evidence . In the hierarchy of medical evidence , systematic review s including meta-analyses represent the highest form of evidence if inclusion is limited to Level-I or II studies ( Table I ) . Systematic review s of Level-III or IV observational studies can be performed , but they represent Level-III or IV evidence . Frequently , in orthopaedics , systematic review s or meta-analyses may not be available and clinicians may need to rely upon r and omized controlled trials , cohorts , case-control studies , case series , or , in some areas , expert opinion . Orthopaedists may not yet recognize this hierarchy . During the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Association ( AOA ) , the audience was asked the question : “ Findings from which type of study design are most likely to influence your clinical practice ? ” The responses indicated that a r and omized controlled study design was used by 49 % ; a systematic review and /or meta- analysis of Level-I studies , by 44 % ; expert opinion , by 5 % ; and case series , by 3 % . View this table : TABLE I Medical Evidence Hierarchy At a symposium Revised guidelines for the use of antimicrobial therapy in patients with intra-abdominal infections were recently developed by the Therapeutic Agents Committee of the Surgical Infection Society ( Mazuski et al. , Surg Infect 2002;3:161 - 173 ) . These were based , insofar as possible , on evidence published over the past decade . The objective of this document is to describe the process by which the Committee identified and review ed the published literature utilized to develop the recommendations and to summarize the results of those review s. English- language articles published between 1990 and 2000 related to antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections were identified by a systematic MEDLINE search and an examination of references included in recent review articles . If current literature with regard to a specific issue was lacking , relevant articles published prior to 1990 were identified . All prospect i ve r and omized controlled trials , as well as other articles selected by the Committee , were evaluated individually and collectively . Data with regard to patient numbers , types of infections , and results of interventions were abstract ed . Studies were categorized according to their design , and all included trials were grade d according to quality . On the basis of this evidence , the Committee formulated recommendations for antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections and grade d those recommendations . After receiving comments from invited review ers and the general membership of the Society , the guidelines were finalized and su bmi tted to the Council of the Surgical Infection Society for approval . The final recommendations related to the selection of patients needing therapeutic antimicrobials , acceptable antimicrobial regimens , duration of antimicrobial use , and the identification and treatment of higher-risk patients . Although numerous publications pertaining to these topics were identified , but nearly all of the prospect i ve r and omized controlled trials represented comparisons of different antimicrobial regimens for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections . A few prospect i ve trials evaluated the need for  therapeutic antimicrobial therapy  in patients with peritoneal contamination following abdominal trauma . The quality of these prospect i ve trials was highly variable . Many did not limit enrollment to patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections , lacked blinding of treatment assignment , did not provide a complete description of the criteria used to determine therapeutic success or failure , failed to identify the reasons why patients were excluded from analysis , or did not include an intention-to-treat analysis . For many issues , no prospect i ve r and omized controlled trials were encountered , and guidelines had to be formulated using evidence from studies with historical controls or uncontrolled data , or on the basis of expert d t m n d m e D m This is one of a series of statements discussing the use of GI endoscopy in common clinical situations . The St and ards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ( ASGE ) prepared this text . This guideline is an up date of a previous ASGE guideline published in 2005.1 In preparing this guideline , a search of the medical literature was performed by using PubMed . Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of the identified articles and from recommendations of expert consultants . When few or no data exist from well- design ed prospect i ve trials , emphasis is given to results from large series and reports from recognized experts . Guidelines for appropriate use of endoscopy are based on a critical review of the available data and expert consensus at the time that the guidelines are drafted . Further controlled clinical studies may be needed to clarify aspects of this guideline . This guideline may be revised as necessary to account for changes in technology , new data , or other aspects of clinical practice . The recommendations are based on review ed studies and are grade d on the strength of the supporting evidence ( Table 1).2 The trength of individual recommendations is based on both he aggregate evidence quality and an assessment of the nticipated benefits and harms . Weaker recommendaions are indicated by phrases such as “ We suggest , ” hereas stronger recommendations are typically stated as We recommend . ” This guideline is intended to be an educational device o provide information that may assist endoscopists in roviding care to patients . This guideline is not a rule and hould not be construed as establishing a legal st and ard of are or as encouraging , advocating , requiring , or discourging any particular treatment . Clinical decisions in any articular case involve a complex analysis of the patient ’s ondition and available courses of action . Therefore , clincal considerations may lead an endoscopist to take a ourse of action that varies from these guidelines BACKGROUND No observational studies have directly considered dietary guidelines when examining the prospect i ve association between dietary intake and kidney measures . STUDY DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We examined participants who attended examinations 7 ( 1998 - 2001 ) and 8 ( 2005 - 2008 ) in the Framingham Offspring Cohort . PREDICTORS Individual components of Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index ( DGAI ) that reflect adherence to key dietary recommendations based on the 2005 guideline . OUTCOMES & MEASURES The primary outcome was incident low estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) at follow-up after exclusion of prevalent low eGFR at baseline . Low eGFR was defined as serum creatinine-based eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m2 . RESULTS Among 1,822 participants ( mean age , 59.4 years ; 54.6 % women ) , 181 incident cases of low eGFR were identified . After adjustment for potential confounders , compared to optimal adherence to meat and legume recommendations , low adherence was associated with higher odds of incident low eGFR ( P for trend = 0.01 ) ; ORs in the lowest and intermediate adherence categories were 2.98 ( 95 % CI , 1.13 - 7.92 ) and 1.65 ( 95 % CI , 1.02 - 2.66 ) , respectively . Low adherence to dairy product recommendations was also associated with higher odds of incident low eGFR compared to optimal adherence ( P for trend = 0.03 ) ; ORs in the lowest and intermediate adherence categories were 1.98 ( 95 % CI , 1.03 - 3.82 ) and 1.59 ( 95 % CI , 0.81 - 3.11 ) , respectively . In addition , low adherence to meat and legume recommendations was associated with rapid eGFR decline ( P for trend = 0.01 ) , and low adherence to dairy product recommendations was associated with rapid eGFR decline ( P for trend = 0.01 ) and incident albuminuria ( P for trend = 0.03 ) . LIMITATIONS The DGAI was developed based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans . CONCLUSIONS Better adherence to dietary recommendations for both meat and legumes and dairy products was associated with lower risk for developing adverse kidney measures Purpose To increase awareness , outline strategies , and offer guidance on the recommended management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor ( ICPi ) therapy .  Methods A multidisciplinary , multi-organizational panel of experts in medical oncology , dermatology , gastroenterology , rheumatology , pulmonology , endocrinology , urology , neurology , hematology , emergency medicine , nursing , trialist , and advocacy was convened to develop the clinical practice guideline . Guideline development involved a systematic review of the literature and an informal consensus process . The systematic review focused on guidelines , systematic review s and meta-analyses , r and omized controlled trials , and case series published from 2000 through 2017 . Results The systematic review identified 204 eligible publications . Much of the evidence consisted of systematic review s of observational data , consensus guidelines , case series , and case reports . Due to the paucity of high- quality evidence on management of immune-related adverse events , recommendations are based on expert consensus . Recommendations Recommendations for specific organ system-based toxicity diagnosis and management are presented . While management varies according to organ system affected , in general , ICPi therapy should be continued with close monitoring for grade 1 toxicities , with the exception of some neurologic , hematologic , and cardiac toxicities .  ICPi therapy may be suspended for most grade 2 toxicities , with consideration of resuming when symptoms revert to grade 1 or less . Corticosteroids may be administered . Grade 3 toxicities generally warrant suspension of ICPis and the initiation of high-dose corticosteroids ( prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/d or methylprednisolone 1 to 2 mg/kg/d ) . Corticosteroids should be tapered over the course of at least 4 to 6 weeks . Some refractory cases may require infliximab or other immunosuppressive therapy . In general , permanent discontinuation of ICPis is recommended with grade 4 toxicities , with the exception of endocrinopathies that have been controlled by hormone replacement . Additional information is available at www.asco.org/supportive-care- guidelines and www.asco.org/ guidelines wiki BACKGROUND Development of this guideline was undertaken by the Exercise for People with Cancer Guideline Development Group , a group organized by Cancer Care Ontario 's Program in Evidence -Based Care ( pebc ) . The purpose of the guideline was to provide guidance for clinicians with respect to exercise for patients living with cancer , focusing on the benefits of specific types of exercise , recommendations about screening requirements for new referrals , and safety concerns . METHODS Consistent with the pebc 's st and ardized approach , a systematic search was conducted for existing guidelines , and systematic literature search es were performed in medline and embase for both systematic review s and primary literature . Content and methodology experts performed an internal review , which was followed by an external review by targeted experts and intended users . RESULTS The search identified three guidelines , eighteen systematic review s , and twenty-nine r and omized controlled trials with relevance to the topic . The present guideline provides recommendations for the duration , frequency , and intensity of exercise appropriate for people living with cancer . It also provides recommendations for pre-exercise assessment , safety concerns , and delivery models . CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to show that exercise provides benefits in quality of life and muscular and aerobic fitness for people with cancer both during and after treatment , and that it does not cause harm . The present guideline is intended to support the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology 's Canadian physical activity guidelines . The recommendations are intended for clinicians and institutions treating cancer patients in Ontario , and for policymakers and program planners involved in the delivery of exercise programs for cancer patients Scientific background Poor compliance or adherence in  drug therapy  can cause increased morbidity , mortality and enormous costs in the healthcare system ( in Germany annually approximately 10 billion euros ) . Different methods are used for enhancing the compliance or adherence . Research questions The evaluation addresses the questions about existence , efficacy , cost-benefit relation as well as ethical-social and juridical implication s of strategies for enhancing compliance or adherence in drug therapy with concomitant improvements in treatment outcomes . Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in the medical , also health economic relevant , literature data bases in January 2007 , beginning from 2002 . Systematic review s on the basis of ( r and omised controlled trials ( RCT ) concerning interventions to enhance compliance or adherence with regard to treatment outcomes as well as systematic review s of health economic analyses were included in the evaluation . Additionally , it was also search ed for publications which primarily considered ethical-social and juridical aspects of these interventions for the German context . Results One systematic review with data for 57 RCT was included in the medical evaluation and one systematic review with data for six studies into the health economic evaluation . No publication primary concerning ethical-social or juridical implication s could be identified . A significant positive effect on the treatment outcome was reported for 22 evaluated interventions . For many interventions the results can be classified as reliable : counseling with providing an information leaflet and compliance diary chart followed by phone consultation for helicobacter pylori positive patients , repeated counseling for patients with acute asthma symptoms , telephone calls to establish the level of compliance and to make recommendations based on that for the therapy of cardiovascular diseases , calls of an automated telephone system with phone counseling in problem cases for diabetics , different family based interventions including repeated family counseling , education and " culturally modified family therapy " in patients with schizophrenia , repeated " compliance therapy " sessions for patients with acute psychosis . For other interventions the results should be viewed with more concern ( because of the poor method ical quality of the underlying studies ) . The effect size of the interventions can not be estimated from the available data . From the available data , no reliable results can be provided concerning the cost-benefit relation of these strategies . Discussion Many of the reported studies had a poor reporting and method ological quality . The reliability of the conclusions of the studies is restricted because of method ical shortcomings . Efficacy and cost estimates determined in the health economic studies are not transferable to the current situation in Germany . It has been discussed recently that the compliance or adherence enhancing interventions can restrict the autonomy and the privacy of the patients . Conclusions In drug therapy some compliance or adherence enhancing interventions with concomitant positive effect on the treatment outcome may be used . The cost-benefit relation of these interventions is to be estimated . Using these interventions the patient ’s autonomy and privacy are to be restricted as few as possible
The 50 original articles included in this qualitative , systematic review revealed that the recommendations " Tourniquet " of the DGAI published in 2016 are mostly still up to date despite an inhomogeneous study situation .
INTRODUCTION The effectiveness of a  tourniquet  in the case of life-threatening hemorrhages of the extremities is well recognized and led to the recommendations on " Tourniquet " of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care ( DGAI ) in 2016 .
The aim of this systematic review was to re-evaluate the current medical literature in relation to the published DGAI recommendations .