Shear bond strength of precoated orthodontic brackets: an in vivo study Comparison of bond strength between a conventional resin adhesive and a resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive: an in vitro and in vivo study. Effect of a self-etching primer on shear bond strength of adhesive precoated brackets in vivo. Shear bond strength comparison between two orthodontic adhesives and self-ligating and conventional brackets. Comparison of bracket debonding force between two conventional resin adhesives and a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement: an in vitro and in vivo study. Clinical performance of orthodontic brackets and adhesive systems: a randomized clinical trial. Effect of self-etching primers on bond strength--are they reliable? A new self-curing resin-modified glass-ionomer cement for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets in vivo.
Objective To evaluate the shear bond strength of precoated orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer relative to that of noncoated conventionally-bonded brackets at two different time intervals . Methods Twenty-one subjects were selected for r and omized split-mouth bonding of two types of brackets to the maxillary arch . Half of the teeth had precoated brackets bonded using self-etching adhesive , and the other half had regular brackets bonded using Transbond XT adhesive . Nitinol wires were tied to the upper arch and were left until the time of debonding . The patients were r and omly divided into two groups : one debonded after one hour and the other debonded two weeks after the initial wire placement . The shear bond strength was directly recorded from the patients ’ mouths using an in vivo debonding device . Results There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between the precoated and conventional groups or within each group at different time intervals . There were significant differences between anterior and posterior teeth in both the precoated and conventional groups . Conclusion Pre-coated brackets bonded with self-etching adhesive have the same bonding strength as the conventionally bonded brackets The objectives of this study were ( 1 ) to compare the in vivo survival rates of orthodontic brackets bonded with a resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive ( Fuji Ortho LC ; GC America , Alsip , Ill ) after conditioning with 10 % polyacrylic acid and a conventional resin adhesive ( Light Bond ; Reliance Orthodontic Products , Itasca , Ill ) bonded with 37 % phosphoric acid , ( 2 ) to compare the in vitro bond shear/peel bond strength between the 2 adhesives , ( 3 ) to determine the mode of bracket failure in the in vivo and in vitro tests according to the adhesive remnant index ( ARI ) , and ( 4 ) to compare the changes in surface morphology of enamel surface after etching or conditioning with 10 % polyacrylic acid , with scanning electron microscopy . In the in vitro study , 50 extracted premolars were r and omly divided into 4 groups : brackets bonded with Fuji Ortho LC or Light Bond adhesive that were debonded after either 30 minutes or 24 hours . Bond strengths were determined with a testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and a paired Student t test . The in vivo study consisted of 398 teeth that were r and omly bonded with Fuji Ortho LC or Light Bond adhesive in 22 subjects with the split-mouth technique . Bracket survival rates and distribution were followed for 1.3 years . Data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates of survivorship function . The in vitro study results showed significant differences ( P < .05 ) among the adhesives and the debond times . Light Bond had significantly greater bond strengths than Fuji Ortho LC at 24 hours ( 18.46 + /- 2.95 MPa vs 9.56 + /- 1.85 MPa ) and 30 minutes ( 16.19 + /- 2.04 MPa vs 6.93 + /- 1.93 MPa ) . Mean ARI scores showed that Fuji Ortho LC had significantly greater incidences of enamel/adhesive failure than Light Bond adhesive ( 4.9 vs 4.1 ) . For the in vivo study , no significant differences in failure rate , sex , or location in dental arch or ARI ratings were found between the 2 adhesives . These results suggest that , compared with conventional resin , brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive had significantly less shear bond strength in vitro . However , similar survival rates of the 2 material s studied after 1.3 years indicate that resin-reinforced glass ionomers can provide adequate bond strengths clinical ly . The weaker chemical bonding between the adhesive and the enamel might make it easier for clinicians to clean up adhesives on the enamel surface after debonding The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a self-etching primer ( SEP ) ( Transbond Plus SEP , 3 M Unitek , Monrovia , Calif ) on shear bond strength of adhesive uncoated and precoated Victory brackets ( 3 M Unitek ) . The sample group consisted of 23 patients , with four premolars each , equally divided in four different groups . Brackets were bonded in vivo by the same operator using a split-mouth r and om technique : group 1 , 37 % phosphoric acid + primer + composite + conventional Victory bracket ; group 2 , 37 % phosphoric acid + primer + precoated Victory bracket ; group 3 , SEP + composite + conventional bracket ; group 4 , SEP + precoated bracket . After 30 days , premolars were extracted for orthodontic reasons and a Universal Instron Machine was used to apply an occlusal shear force directly to the enamel-bracket interface at a speed of 0.5 mm/min . The groups were compared using two-way analysis of variance . Mean results and st and ard deviation for the groups were : group 1 = 11.60 + /- 2.65 Mpa , group 2 = 9.79 + /- 2.71 Mpa , group 3 = 10.75 + /- 2.67 Mpa , and group 4 = 10.31+/- 2.70 Mpa . No difference was observed between the conventional etching and primer or SEP ( P = .948 ) . However , significant differences in bond strength were present between the uncoated and precoated brackets ( P = .032 ) . Considering the values required to withst and normal orthodontic forces ( 8 - 9 Mpa ) , it could be concluded that the SEP combined with adhesive precoated brackets showed adequate shear bond strength and may be suitable for clinical use OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the shear bond strengths of two adhesives using two types of brackets : a conventional and a self-ligating bracket system . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty extracted human premolars were collected . The premolars were r and omly divided into three groups of 20 teeth . All three groups were direct bonded . Groups 1 and 2 used light-cured adhesive and primer ( Transbond XT ) with a conventional ( Orthos ) and a self-ligating bracket ( Damon 2 ) , respectively . Group 3 used a light-cured primer ( Orthosolo ) and a light-cured adhesive ( Blūgloo ) with a self-ligating bracket ( Damon 2 ) . The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 40 + /- 2 hours , after which they were debonded and inspected for Adhesive Remnant Index ( ARI ) scoring . RESULTS The mean shear bond strength was 15.2 MPa for group 1 , 23.2 MPa for group 2 , and 24.8 MPa for group 3 . A one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test showed significant differences in bond strength ( P < .001 ) between group 1 and groups 2 and 3 but no significant difference ( P > .05 ) between groups 2 and 3 . A Weibull analysis demonstrated that all three groups provided sufficient bond strength with over 90 % survival rate at normal masticatory and orthodontic force levels . A Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference ( P > .05 ) in ARI scores among all three groups . CONCLUSIONS All three groups demonstrated clinical ly acceptable bond strength . The Damon 2 self-ligating bracket exhibited satisfactory in vitro bond strength with both adhesive systems used The purpose of this study was to compare the debonding force of orthodontic brackets bonded with two conventional resin adhesives ( Resilience L3 and Light Bond ) and a resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement ( Fuji Ortho LC ) . For the in vitro part of the study , 80 extracted premolars were r and omly divided into four groups . In groups A and B , brackets were bonded to unetched enamel using Fuji Ortho LC cement in wet and dry conditions , respectively . In groups C and D , brackets were bonded to etched enamel using Resilience L3 and Light Bond , respectively .  Debonding force was determined using a servohydraulic testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Data was analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test at p<0.05 . A significant difference was found in debonding force between unetched Fuji Ortho LC and the two conventional resins . There was no significant difference between the two conventional resins or between unetched resin-reinforced glass ionomer in the wet and dry conditions . For the in vivo part of the study , 30 patients were r and omly assigned to one of the three bonding material groups . Bracket survival rates and distributions were obtained by following these patients for 1.2 years . Data was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates of survivorship function . Bond failure interface was determined using a modified adhesive remnant index ( ARI ) . These results showed no significant difference between survival rates and distributions among the three bonding material s with respect to the type of malocclusion , type of orthodontic treatment , or location of bracket . There were significant differences between survival distributions of males and females in the unetched Fuji Ortho LC group and among type of teeth in the conventional resin groups . The predominant mode of bracket failure for the unetched Fuji Ortho LC cement was at the enamel-adhesive interface , and for conventional resins , the enamel-adhesive interface and the bracket-adhesive interface . These results suggest that resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement can withst and occlusal and orthodontic forces despite having a bond strength lower than that of conventional resin adhesives The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinical performance of adhesive precoated brackets ( APC ) with that of two types of uncoated bracket bases , Straight-Wire and Dyna-Lock , bonded using two types of orthodontic adhesives , Transbond XT , and Right-On .  Forty consecutive orthodontic patients entered the trial and 607 brackets were bonded . The incidence and site of first time bond failures were recorded over a period of 1 year . The time required for bonding was also recorded . The overall bond failure rate was 6.6 per cent . There were no significant differences between the failure rates of the five groups , or between the upper and lower arch . However , significantly more brackets failed on the left side than on the right . Premolar brackets were lost most often , whilst incisor brackets failed least . No association was found between bond failure and time elapsed since bonding . Bonding time was least with Right-On adhesive . There were no significant differences between bonding times using APC or Transbond . Results of the present study conflict with those of a previous ex vivo study by the authors , using the same material s and bonding technique . Suggested reasons for this are discussed Currently introduced self-etching primers combine conditioning and priming agents into a single product . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of using three self-etching primers on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of orthodontic brackets and on the bracket/adhesive failure mode . Brackets were bonded to extracted human teeth according to one of four protocol s. In the control group , teeth were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid . In the experimental groups , the enamel was conditioned with three different self-etching primers , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSE ) , Etch & Prime 3.0 ( EP3 ) , or Transbond Plus ( TBP ) , as suggested by the manufacturer . The brackets were then bonded with Transbond XT in all groups . The present in vitro findings indicate that conditioning with TBP before bonding orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface result ed in a significantly ( P < or = .001 ) higher SBS ( mean , 16.0 + /- 4.5 MPa ) than that found in CSE , EP3 , and the control ( acid-etched [ AE ] ) groups . CSE produced bond strength values ( mean 11.5 + /- 3.3 MPa ) that are statistically comparable to those produced by acid etching ( mean 13.1 + /- 3.1 MPa ) . The use of EP3 for enamel conditioning result ed in the lowest mean SBS value ( mean 9.9 + /- 4.0 MPa ) . A comparison of the adhesive remnant index scores indicated that there was more residual adhesive remaining on the teeth that were treated with conventional acid etching than in the CSE and EP3 groups . In the TBP group , the failure sites were similar to those of the AE group but different from those of the CSE group A new self-curing ( chemically cured ) resin-modified glass-ionomer cement , Fuji Ortho ( GC International ) , is based on the technology of hybrid glass-ionomer restorative material s and features chemical adhesion to tooth structure and long-term fluoride release . This article describes a 12-month clinical evaluation of  Fuji Ortho for the direct bonding of orthodontic ( metal ) brackets with System 1 + ( Ormco Corp. ) as a control . Three failures of Fuji Ortho occurred from a sample of 60 ( 5 % ) , with five failures of the composite resin from a sample of 60 ( 8.3 % ) . No statistical significance was seen between these results . Fuji Ortho is a satisfactory adhesive for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets where there are no occlusal interferences
The review reached no real conclusion apart from the lack of efforts to clinical ly evaluate the bonding efficiency of a wide range of orthodontic bracket-adhesive systems in terms of debonding force compared to laboratory-based in vitro and ex vivo studies
The aim of this study was to systematic ally review the available studies measuring the bond strength of  orthodontic bracket-adhesive system  under different experimental conditions in vivo .