Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Long-term dentin retention of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement in non-carious cervical lesions. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Six-month bracket survival with a self-etch adhesive. Eighteen-month bracket survival rate: conventional versus self-etch adhesive. Bond strength of adhesive resin cement with different adhesive systems Adhesion of 10-MDP containing resin cements to dentin with and without the etch-and-rinse technique Effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to self-etching primer application on adhesion of resin composite to enamel and dentin. Influence of acid etching and enamel beveling on the 6-month clinical performance of a self-etch dentin adhesive. Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Bond strength of a mild self-etch adhesive with and without prior acid-etching. SEM qualitative evaluation of four self-etching adhesive systems.
Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical long-term retention to dentin of seven adhesive systems . METHODS A total of 270 Class V restorations of four etch- and -rinse , one self-etch adhesive system and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement were placed in non-carious cervical lesions without intentional enamel involvement . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months and then every year during a 13-year follow-up . Dentin bonding efficiency was determined by the percentage of lost restorations . RESULTS During the 13 years , 215 restorations could be evaluated . The cumulative loss rate at 13 years was 53.0 % , with significant different failures rates for the different systems varying between 35.6 and 86.8 % . Four systems fulfilled the ADA 18-month full acceptance retention criteria . Two systems showed at 18 months and earlier high debonding rates . The annual failure rates for the etch- and -rinse systems were Optibond 3.1 % , Permagen 13.0 % , Scotchbond MP 4.8 % , Syntac classic 2.8 % ; for the self-etch system P&S 4.4 % ; and the resin-modified glass ionomer cement Vitremer 2.7 % . CONCLUSION It can be concluded that all systems showed a continuous degradation of the bond with a wide variation , which was independent of the adhesion strategy . Three bonding systems showed a cumulative failure rate after 13 years between 36 and 41 % with the best retention for the resin-modified glass ionomer cement and a four-step etch- and -rinse system OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To evaluate , over a 6-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive ( Transbond Plus Self-Etching ) compared with a conventional adhesive that uses the etch and rinse approach ( Transbond XT ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One operator , using the straight-wire technique , placed 567 metallic brackets in 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) such that homologous teeth from the same arch received different material s. The brackets were bonded following the manufacturer 's instruction except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) . The failure modes were visually classified into three modes : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rate of the brackets was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS The failure rates of the conventional and self-etch  [ corrected ] adhesives  were 10.6 % and 7.4 % , respectively . The failure rate of the conventional system was 0.43 [ corrected ] times greater than that of the self-etch system . The self-etch adhesive showed a higher survival rate compared with the conventional system ( P < .05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel surface . No difference in the fracture debonding mode was observed for the material s. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the self-etch Transbond Plus Self-Etching can be safely used for orthodontic brackets because it provides higher survival rates than does the conventional Transbond XT The aim of this study was to evaluate , over an 18-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive [ Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer ( SEP ) , 3 M Unitek ] compared with a conventional adhesive that employs the etch- and -rinse approach ( Transbond XT , 3 M Unitek ) . One operator , using the straight-wire technique , bonded 567 metallic brackets to the teeth of 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) in a way that patients acted as self-control . The brackets were bonded following the manufacturers ' instructions except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) since previous investigations have reported that prolonged application times can improve the bonding efficacy of self-etch systems to enamel . The failure modes were visually classified into : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rates of the brackets were estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < 0.05 ) . The failure rates of the self-etch and conventional adhesives were 15.6 and 17.6 per cent , respectively . No significant differences in the survival rate were observed between the material s ( P > 0.05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel interface . There was no difference in the fracture debonding mode . These findings indicate that Transbond Plus SEP can be safely used for orthodontic brackets since the survival rates are similar to the conventional Transbond XT Background To assess the immediate bond strength of a dual-cure adhesive resin cement to the hybridized dentin with different bonding systems . Material and Methods Fifty-six healthy human molars were r and omly divided into 7 groups ( n=8 ) . After 3 longitudinal sections , the central cuts were included in PVC matrix and were su bmi tted to dentin hybridization according to the groups : G1 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Apder ™ Scotchbond ™ Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , G2 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Optibond ™ FL , Kerr ) , G3 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( All-Bond 3 ® , Bisco ) , G4 - etch & rinse simplified system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE ) , G5 - self-etching system with one step ( Bond Force , Tokuyama ) , G6 - universal system in moist dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) , G7 - universal system in dry dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) . Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder ( Duo-link , Bisco ) made from a polypropylene matrix . In the evaluation of bond strength , the sample s were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy . Results The Kruskal-Wallis test suggests a statistically significant difference between groups ( p=0,039 ) , and Tukey for multiple comparisons , indicating a statistically significant difference between G3 and G4 ( p<0.05 ) . It was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures , followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin . Conclusions The technique and the system used to dentin hybridization are able to affect the immediate bond strength of resin cement dual adhesive . Key words : Adhesion , adhesive resin cement , adhesive systems , microshear PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesion of 10-MDP containing self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements to dentin with and without the use of etch- and -rinse technique . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Human third molars ( N=180 ) were r and omly divided into 6 groups ( n=30 per group ) . Conventional ( Panavia F2.0 , Kuraray-PAN ) and self-adhesive resin cements ( Clearfil SA , Kuraray-CSA ) were bonded to dentin surfaces either after application of 3-step etch- and -rinse ( 35 % H3PO4 + ED Primer ) or two-step self-etch adhesive resin ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test using the universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The failure types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and quality of hybrid layer was observed under a scanning electron microscope . The data ( MPa ) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS Overall , PAN adhesive cement showed significantly higher mean bond strength ( 12.5 ± 2.3 - 14.1 ± 2.4 MPa ) than CSA cement ( 9.3 ± 1.4 - 13.9 ± 1.9 MPa ) ( P<.001 ) . Adhesive failures were more frequent in CSA cement groups when used in conjunction with two-step self-adhesive ( 68 % ) or no adhesive at all ( 66 % ) . Hybrid layer quality was inferior in CSA compared to PAN cement in all conditions . CONCLUSION In clinical situations where bonding to dentin substrate is crucial , both conventional and self-adhesive resin cements based on 10-MDP can benefit from etch- and -rinse technique to achieve better quality of adhesion in the early clinical period PURPOSE To investigate the effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to the application of self-etching primer on the adhesion of resin composite to tooth substrates . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Bovine teeth were r and omly divided in four groups of 20 sample s each . Tooth surface conditions were as follows : Group 1 : enamel ground with 600-grit SiC paper ; Group 2 : ground enamel was etched with 35 % phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds , water-rinsed and completely dried ; Group 3 : ground dentin ; Group 4 : dentin etched using the same method as Group 2 . The sample s in each group were divided in two subgroups of 10 each . UniFil Bond ( UB ) and Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were applied as adhesive systems with self-etching primers , and a layer of resin composite ( AP-X ) was placed and light-cured for 40 seconds . The tensile bond strengths ( TBS ) were measured and the resin-tooth interfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The mean TBS values were 11.2 MPa ( Group 1-UB ) , 14.3 MPa ( Group 1-SE ) , 16.3 MPa ( Group 2-UB ) , 20.5 MPa ( Group 2-SE ) , 13.4 MPa ( Group 3-UB ) , 16.7 MPa ( Group 3-SE ) , 9.3 MPa ( Group 4-UB ) and 12.6 MPa ( Group 4-SE ) . Two-way ANOVA and Scheffe 's F test showed that the enamel etching significantly increased the TBS values but dentin etching significantly decreased the TBS values This study tested the hypothesis that beveling and /or etching enamel does not affect the 6-month clinical performance of the self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond in class V noncarious lesions . With Institutional Review Board approval , 34 patients were enrolled in this study . A total of 120 noncarious cervical lesions were selected and assigned to 4 groups : ( 1 ) Clearfil SE Bond was applied without any cavity preparation ; ( 2 ) After the enamel was beveled , Clearfil SE Bond was applied ; ( 3 ) After the enamel was etched for 15 seconds with 35 % phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond was applied ; ( 4 ) After the enamel was beveled and etched with 35 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds , Clearfil SE Bond was applied . A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations . Six months after initial placement , 120 restorations ( a 100 % recall rate ) were re-evaluated . Retention rates at 6 months were 100 % for all groups . Sensitivity to air improved from baseline to 6 months , but the overall difference was not statistically significant . The 6-month retention rate of the self etch dentin adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond was not improved by enamel beveling or by enamel etching . For the self-etch material Clearfil SE Bond , instrumentation or etching of enamel may not be critical for its clinical performance at 6 months PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE UNLABELLED The self-etch approach provides dentists with a generation of user-friendly and less technique-sensitive adhesives . Nevertheless , some concern has been raised regarding their bonding effectiveness to enamel , in particular when so-called ' mild ' self-etch adhesives are employed . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond ( C-SE ; Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) bonds equally effective to enamel/dentin either with or without prior etching with phosphoric acid . METHODS Bur-cut enamel/dentin surfaces prepared from human molars were partially split in two halves by cutting a shallow groove . One half was first etched with 40 % phosphoric acid ( K-etchant ) , while protecting the other half by holding a razor blade in the groove . Next , C-SE was applied strictly following the manufacturer 's instructions , after which the surface was built up using Z100 ( 3 M Espe ) . After 24-h water storage , micro-specimens were prepared with the interface circularly constricted using a Micro-Specimen Former , prior to micro-tensile bond strength ( MPa ) measurement . In addition , interfaces of C-SE with enamel/dentin prepared with and without beforeh and acid etching were examined by Feg-SEM and TEM . RESULTS Beforeh and etching significantly increased the bonding effectiveness of C-SE to enamel . A clearly more micro-retentive surface was revealed by TEM and Feg-SEM when enamel was etched . Phosphoric-acid etching prior to C-SE application on dentin significantly decreased the muTBS to dentin . TEM provided indications of a low- quality hybrid layer after beforeh and phosphoric-acid etching . CONCLUSION Using C-SE , additional etching with phosphoric acid to improve bonding effectiveness should be limited to enamel AIM Recently , there has been a tendency to simplify bonding procedures . Current self-etching adhesives combine conditioning , priming and bonding functions thus reducing technique-sensitivity as well as the risk of making errors . Another important advantage of this approach is that it allows the resin to etch and infiltrate the substratum simultaneously thus reducing the risk of any discrepancy between these 2 processes . The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding quality of 4 self-etching adhesives both on dentin and enamel using SEM analysis . METHODS Twenty caries-free molars were used . The a prisma tic enamel layer was removed from the internal and external slopes of the vestibular cusps using a diamond bur . Each molar was then transversally cut just above the pulp chamber using a diamond saw ( composhave 4255 Intensiv ) thus obtaining twenty coronal fragments and 20 radicular fragments . Radicular and coronal fragments were then r and omly divided into 5 groups . Each group consisted of 8 specimens : 4 coronal and 4 radicular ones . A different adhesive system was used for each group following the manufacturer 's directions . Each group underwent the same treatment : a thin layer of flowable composite was applied and then polymerized . Subsequently , a single 2 mm layer of microhybrid composite was added . The coronal and radicular portions were longitudinally cut to show the ground enamel/adhesive , unground enamel/adhesive and dentine/adhesive interfaces . Eighty specimens were obtained and prepared for SEM observation . Forty specimens with an adhesive/enamel interface and 40 with an adhesive/dentine interface . RESULTS The interfacial exam frequently showed gaps between the substratum and the restoration . The final etching was generally satisfactory on ground enamel , while it was poor on unground enamel . Sometimes gaps were evident at the adhesive interface in dentin specimens . The tested adhesive systems produced a suitable hybrid layer and a lot of resin-tags were present . CONCLUSIONS Self-etching adhesives showed an adequate adhesion to dentin . However , while they provided encouraging results on ground enamel they did not show to be dependable on unground enamel
However , for the ultra-mild All-Bond Universal adhesive , the etch- and -rinse strategy was significantly different than the self-etch mode in terms of dentin micro-tensile bond strength , as well as in the global analysis of enamel micro-tensile and micro-shear bond strength ( p≤0.05 ) .
The enamel bond strength of universal adhesives is improved with prior phosphoric acid etching .
However , this effect was not evident for dentin with the use of mild universal adhesives with the etch- and -rinse strategy .
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Selective enamel etching prior to the application of a mild universal adhesive is an advisable strategy for optimizing bonding
OBJECTIVES A systematic review was conducted to determine whether the etch- and -rinse or self-etching mode is the best protocol for dentin and enamel adhesion by universal adhesives .