Acute effects of feeding fructose, glucose and sucrose on blood lipid levels and systemic inflammation The Effects of Physiologic Amounts of Simple Sugars on Lipoprotein, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Normal Subjects Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects. Moderate Amounts of Fructose Consumption Impair Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men Beneficial Effects of Palatable Guar and Guar Plus Fructose Diets in Diabetic Children Blood lipid distribution of hyperinsulinemic men consuming three levels of fructose. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil.
Background Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between fructose consumption and risk of developing metabolic syndrome . Mechanisms by which dietary fructose mediates metabolic changes are poorly understood . This study compared the effects of fructose , glucose and sucrose consumption on post-postpr and ial lipemia and low grade inflammation measured as hs-CRP . Methods This was a r and omized , single blinded , cross-over trial involving healthy subjects ( n = 14 ) . After an overnight fast , participants were given one of 3 different isocaloric drinks , containing 50 g of either fructose or glucose or sucrose dissolved in water .  Blood sample s were collected at baseline , 30 , 60 and 120 minutes post intervention for the analysis of blood lipids , glucose , insulin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . Results Glucose and sucrose supplementation initially result ed in a significant increase in glucose and insulin levels compared to fructose supplementation and returned to near baseline values within 2 hours . Change in plasma cholesterol , LDL and HDL-cholesterol ( measured as area under curve , AUC ) was significantly higher when participants consumed fructose compared with glucose or sucrose ( P < 0.05 ) . AUC for plasma triglyceride levels however remained unchanged regardless of the dietary intervention . Change in AUC for hs-CRP was also significantly higher in subjects consuming fructose compared with those consuming glucose ( P < 0.05 ) , but not sucrose ( P = 0.07 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrates that fructose as a sole source of energy modulates plasma lipids and hsCRP levels in healthy individuals . The significance of increase in HDL-cholesterol with a concurrent increase in LDL-cholesterol and elevated hs-CRP levels remains to be delineated when considering health effects of feeding fructose-rich diets . Registration number for clinical Using a crossover design , eight healthy volunteers r and omly received physiologic amounts ( ⅓ of each subject 's total carbohydrate intake ) of either fructose or sucrose as the primary source of simple sugar , incorporated into isocaloric diets comprised of typical American foods . After 7 and 14 days of consuming either of the two sugars , no change occurred in fasting glucose or insulin levels . In addition , total triglyceride , totalcholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were unaltered . Since our study used conventional foods in normal eating patterns rather than contrived formulas or excessive amounts of simple sugar , our data indicate that there is no difference between sucrose or fructose on various lipid components or glucose and fasting insulin levels in the “ real world ” innormal subjects BACKGROUND About 9 % of average dietary energy intake in the United States comes from fructose . Such a high consumption raises concern about the metabolic effects of this sugar . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fructose on plasma lipids . DESIGN The study was conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at Fairview-University of Minnesota Medical Center . The participants were 24 healthy adult volunteers ( 12 men and 12 women ; 6 of each sex were aged < 40 y and 6 of each sex were aged > /=40 y ) . All subjects received 2 isoenergetic study diets assigned by using a r and omized , balanced crossover design . One diet provided 17 % of energy as fructose . The other diet was sweetened with glucose and was nearly devoid of fructose . Each diet was fed for 6 wk . Both diets were composed of common foods and contained nearly identical amounts of carbohydrate , protein , fat , fiber , cholesterol , and saturated , monounsaturated , and polyunsaturated fatty acids . All meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the General Clinical Research Center . RESULTS The responses to the study diets differed by sex . In men , the fructose diet produced significantly higher fasting , postpr and ial , and daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentrations than did the glucose diet . The daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentration after 6 wk of the fructose diet was 32 % greater in men than the corresponding concentration during the glucose diet ( P : < 0.001 ) . The fructose diet had no significant effect on fasting or postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in women . The fructose diet also had no persistent effect on fasting plasma cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , or LDL cholesterol in either men or women . CONCLUSIONS Dietary fructose was associated with increased fasting and postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in men . Diets high in added fructose may be undesirable , particularly for men . Glucose may be a suitable replacement sugar OBJECTIVE Adverse effects of hypercaloric , high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly . The implication s of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption , however , have not been well studied . This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine healthy , normal-weight male volunteers ( aged 21–25 years ) were studied in this double-blind , r and omized , cross-over trial . All subjects consumed four different sweetened beverages ( 600 mL/day ) for 3 weeks each : medium fructose ( MF ) at 40 g/day , and high fructose ( HF ) , high glucose ( HG ) , and high sucrose ( HS ) each at 80 g/day . Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6]-2H2 glucose labeling were used to measure endogenous glucose production . Lipid profile , glucose , and insulin were measured in fasting sample s. RESULTS Hepatic suppression of glucose production during the clamp was significantly lower after HF ( 59.4 ± 11.0 % ) than HG ( 70.3 ± 10.5 % , P < 0.05 ) , whereas fasting glucose , insulin , and C-peptide did not differ between the interventions . Compared with HG , LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly higher after MF , HF , and HS , and free fatty acids were significantly increased after MF , but not after the two other interventions ( P < 0.05 ) . Subjects ’ energy intake during the interventions did not differ significantly from baseline intake . CONCLUSIONS This study clearly shows that moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose significantly alter hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism compared with similar amounts of glucose This r and omized cross‐over study evaluates the effects of extended , guar and guar + fructose diets on the metabolic balance of children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM ) . We studied 22 children ; mean age 12.2 years , mean duration of diabetes 4.4 years . The diet was supplemented for three weeks with guar in palatable form ( 5 % of daily carbohydrate intake ) and with guar + fructose ( 1 g of fructose/kg body weight , max 30 g/d ) for another three weeks . A control group ( 8 children , mean age 12.3 , duration of diabetes 4.3 years ) followed the same experimental protocol without guar supplementation .  The metabolic balance was assessed by glucosuria index ( per cent of tests with less than 1 % glucosuria from all urine tests ) and measurements of red cell glycohaemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) . Serum total and HDL‐choiesterol , C‐peptide , pancreatic and enteroglucagon were also measured . HbA1c decreased during guar ( p<0.001 ) and guar + fructose diet ( p<0.001 ) . The glucosuria index improved ( p<0.02 ) and the serum total cholesterol concentration decreased ( p<0.02 ) during the experimental guar diets . Guar in acceptable form and quantity in the diet appears to improve metabolic control of diabetic children Twelve carbohydrate-sensitive men selected due to their abnormally high insulin responses to a sucrose load and 12 men with normal insulin responses were fed diets containing 0 , 7.5 , and 15 % fructose for 5 wk each in a cross-over design . The diets contained 43 % total carbohydrate , 42 % fat , and 15 % protein . Initial fasting total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in the hyperinsulinemic men than in the controls . Diastolic blood pressure was not affected by diet , but systolic blood pressure was slightly higher after the men consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Free fatty acids were not different . Total plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher after the men consumed 7.5 and 15 % fructose than when they consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Plasma triglyceride increased significantly as fructose in the diets of the hyperinsulinemics increased , but was not affected in the controls . These changes in blood lipids are associated with heart disease This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted
In conclusion , it was shown that very high fructose intake ( > 100 g/d ) increases serum LDL-C and TC concentrations .
Fructose is widely used as a sweetener in the production of many foods , yet the relation between fructose intake and cholesterol remains uncertain .
In this study , we performed a systematic review and meta- analysis of human , controlled , feeding trials involving isocaloric fructose exchange for other carbohydrates to quantify the effects of fructose on serum total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and  HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in adult humans .