Combined training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity independent of age. Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Impact of Training Modality on Strength and Physical Function in Older Adults Resilience to exercise detraining in healthy older adults. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri-modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community: a randomized, controlled trial. Effects of a targeted multimodal exercise program incorporating high-speed power training on falls and fracture risk factors in older adults: a community-based randomized controlled trial. The effect of a training program combined with augmented afferent feedback from the feet using shoe insoles on gait performance and muscle power in older adults: a randomised controlled trial A cognitive training intervention improves modality-specific attention in a randomized controlled trial of healthy older adults
CONTEXT Skeletal muscle from sedentary older adults exhibits reduced mitochondrial abundance and oxidative capacity . OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to determine whether 8 weeks of combined training ( CT ) has a more robust effect than endurance training ( ET ) or resistance training ( RT ) on mitochondrial physiology in healthy young ( 18 - 30 years ) and older ( ≥ 65 years ) adults . INTERVENTION Thirty-four young and 31 older adults were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of ET , RT , and control/CT .  Control subjects completed 8 weeks of no exercise ( control ) followed by 8 weeks of CT  . Body composition , skeletal muscle strength , and peak oxygen uptake were measured before and after the intervention . Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy sample s were obtained before and 48 hours after the intervention . Mitochondrial physiology was evaluated by high-resolution respirometry and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting . RESULTS ET and CT significantly increased oxidative capacity and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors . All training modalities improved body composition , cardiorespiratory fitness , and skeletal muscle strength . CT induced the most robust improvements in mitochondria-related outcomes and physical characteristics despite lower training volumes for the ET and RT components . Importantly , most of the adaptations to training occurred independent of age . CONCLUSION Collectively , these results demonstrate that both ET and CT increase muscle mitochondrial abundance and capacity although CT induced the most robust improvements in the outcomes measured . In conclusion , CT provides a robust exercise regimen to improve muscle mitochondrial outcomes and physical characteristics independent of age OBJECTIVES Although deficits in skeletal muscle strength , gait , balance , and oxygen uptake are potentially reversible causes of frailty , the efficacy of exercise in reversing frailty in community-dwelling older adults has not been proven . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intensive exercise training ( ET ) on measures of physical frailty in older community-dwelling men and women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Medical school research center . PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifteen sedentary men and women ( mean age + /- st and ard deviation = 83 + /- 4 ) with mild to moderate physical frailty , as defined by two of the following three criteria : Modified Physical Performance Test ( modified PPT ) score between 18 and 32 , peak oxygen uptake ( VO2 peak ) between 10 and 18 mL/kg/min , and self-report of difficulty or assistance with one basic activity of daily living ( ADL ) , or two instrumental ADLs . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to a control group that performed a 9-month low-intensity home exercise program ( control ) or an exercise-training program ( ET ) . The control intervention primarily consisted of flexibility exercises . ET began with 3 months of flexibility , light-resistance , and balance training . During the next 3 months , resistance training was added , and , during the next 3 months , endurance training was added . MEASUREMENTS Modified PPT score , VO2 peak , performance of ADLs as measured by the Older Americans Re sources and Services instrument , and the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) . RESULTS ET result ed in significantly greater improvements than home exercise in three of the four primary outcome measures . Adjusted 95 % confidence bounds on the magnitude of improvement in the ET group compared with the control group were 1.0 to 5.2 points for the modified PPT score , 0.9 to 3.6 mL/kg/min for VO2 peak , and 1.6 to 4.9 points for the FSQ score . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that intensive ET can improve measures of physical function and pre clinical disability in older adults who have impairments in physical performance and oxygen uptake and are not taking hormone replacement therapy better than a low-intensity home exercise program Background : The importance of maintaining strength in older adults is well documented and various training modalities have been recommended ; however , the effectiveness of various interventions with high translation to public health practice has not been completely characterized . Additionally , the interrelations among mode , strength , and lower extremity physical function ( LEPF ) changes in older adults warrant further investigation . Purpose : The primary aims were to examine the effectiveness of cardiovascular endurance training ( CVE ) compared with balance and flexibility training ( FLEX ) and to explore the relationship of muscle strength to LEPF . Methods : Fifty-five adults ( 69.1 ± 5.6 years , 35 female ) were r and omly assigned to 10 months of CVE or FLEX . Knee extension and flexion at 60 and 120 ° ·s–1 were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer  . LEPF was measured using a battery of tasks . The CVE group exercised using treadmills , cycles , and elliptical trainers . The FLEX group participated in a group exercise class that incorporated flexibility and balance activities . Results : The CVE training group significantly improved peak oxygen consumption by 6 % ( p = 0.03 ) , while the FLEX training group showed no change ( p = 0.47 ) . Participants significantly improved peak torque at both speeds and muscle actions by 21–65 % ( p ≤ 0.05 ) , with no group effect ( p > 0.05 ) . Both groups also significantly improved performance on all LEPF tasks included in this study ( 4–7 % , p ≤ 0.05 ) . Significant correlations ( all p = 0.00 ) were found between improvements in strength and improvements in LEPF including timed walk and peak torque extension and flexion at 60 ° ·s–1 ( r = 0.40 and 0.27 , respectively ) , obstacle walk and peak torque extension and flexion at 60 and 120 ° ·s–1 ( r range 0.27–0.40 ) , and stair ascent and peak torque extension at 120 ° ·s–1 ( r = 0.37 ) . Conclusions : Sedentary older adults achieve similar improvements in strength and LEPF  with either CVE or FLEX training with the latter being related to improvements in leg strength OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of stopping and restarting two types of exercise programs in older adults . DESIGN A controlled , longitudinal study that utilized r and om assignment of volunteers . Treatments were exercise programs design ed to improve cardiovascular or neuromuscular fitness . MEASUREMENTS Dependent variables measured before and after implementation of treatments were : maximum oxygen consumption , oxygen pulse , treadmill and cycle training workloads , quadriceps isokinetic peak torque , quadriceps isokinetic total work , and quadriceps training workload . MAIN RESULTS Exercise training was highly effective in improving cardiovascular endurance or muscular strength . Ten weeks of exercise detraining result ed in small losses in newly gained cardiovascular capacity but more noticeable losses in muscular strength . Exercise retraining was accomplished easily using cardiovascular or resistive exercises . The functional benefits of restarting a cardiovascular exercise program appeared additive despite a 10-week intervening period of exercise detraining . In this age group , cardiovascular exercise produced limited improvements in muscular strength , and resistive exercise training positively influenced cardiovascular exercise performance . CONCLUSIONS Older adults are fairly resilient to 10 weeks of cardiovascular detraining and retain newly gained muscular strength for at least 5 weeks , despite an interruption of formal exercise . An occasional missed exercise session or temporary cessation of habitual exercise should not be a cause for distress in exercising older adults . Instead , they should realize the case with which they may restart their exercise program and also appreciate the generalized fitness benefits that can be ascribed to becoming more active Previous studies concerning psychological benefits of exercise among the elderly has focused predominantly on the effects of aerobic exercise . In the present study , psychological and behavioral adaptations in response to 12-weeks of strength training were examined in medically healthy but sedentary 42 older adults ( mean age = 68 years ) . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high and low intensity resistance training intensity on a ) muscular fitness , b ) psychological affect , and c ) neurocognitive functioning . Subjects were r and omly assigned to high intensity/low volume ( EXH : 2 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions for 75 to 85 % of 1 RM ) , low intensity/high volume ( EXL : 2 sets of 14 to 16 repetitions for 55 to 65 % of 1 RM ) , or no exercise control programs . Prior to and following the 12-week program , subjects underwent comprehensive physiological and psychological evaluations . Physiological assessment included measurements of blood pressure , heart rate , arm and leg muscle strength , body composition , and oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) . Psychological measures included evaluations of mood , anxiety , and physical self-efficacy as well as cognitive functioning . The results of this study indicated that both high and low intensity strength programs were associated with marked improvements in physiological fitness and psychological functioning . Specifically , subjects in the strength training programs increased overall muscle strength by 38.6 % and reduced percent body fat by 3.0 % . Favorable psychological changes in the strength-trained subjects included improvements in positive and negative mood , trait anxiety , and perceived confidence for physical capability . The treatment effects of neurocognitive functioning were not significant . In summary , this study demonstrated that participation in 12-weeks of high or low intensity strength training can improve overall physical fitness , mood , and physical self-efficacy in older adults while cognitive functioning remains constant OBJECTIVES To test the feasibility and efficacy of current guidelines for multimodal exercise programs in older adults . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Retirement village . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight subjects ( 14 men and 24 women ) aged 76.6 + /- 6.1 . INTERVENTION A wait list control or 10 weeks of supervised exercise consisting of high-intensity ( 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) ) progressive resistance training ( PRT ) 3 days per week , moderate-intensity ( rating of perceived exertion 11 to 14/20 ) aerobic training 2 days per week , and progressive balance training 1 day per week . MEASUREMENTS Blinded assessment s of dynamic muscle strength ( 1RM ) , balance , 6-minute walk , gait velocity , chair st and , stair climb , depressive symptoms , self-efficacy , and habitual physical activity level . RESULTS Higher baseline strength and psychological well-being were associated with better functional performance . Strength gains over 10 weeks averaged 39+/-31 % in exercise , versus 21+/-24 % in controls ( P=.10 ) , with greater improvements in hip flexion ( P=.01 ) , hip abduction ( P=.02 ) , and chest press ( P=.04 ) in the exercise group . Strength adaptations were greatest in exercises in which the intended continuous progressive overload was achieved . Stair climb power ( 12.3+/-15 % , P=.002 ) and chair st and time ( -7.1+/-15 % , P=.006 ) improved significantly and similarly in both groups . Reduction in depressive symptoms was significantly related to compliance ( attendance rate r=-0.568 , P=.009 , PRT progression in loading r=-0.587 , P=.02 , and total volume of aerobic training r=-0.541 , P=.01 ) , as well as improvements in muscle strength ( r=-0.498 , P=.002 ) . CONCLUSION Robust physical and psychological adaptations to exercise are linked , although volumes and intensities of multiple exercise modalities sufficient to cause significant adaptation appear difficult to prescribe and adhere to simultaneously in older adults Multimodal exercise programs incorporating traditional progressive resistance training ( PRT ) , weight-bearing impact training and /or balance training are recommended to reduce risk factors for falls and fracture . However , muscle power , or the ability to produce force rapidly , has emerged as a more crucial variable to functional decline than muscle strength or mass . The aim of this 12-month community-based r and omized controlled trial , termed Osteo-cise : Strong Bones for Life , was to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a multimodal exercise program incorporating high-velocity (HV)-PRT , combined with an osteoporosis education and behavioral change program , on bone mineral density ( BMD ) , body composition , muscle strength and functional muscle performance in older adults . Falls incidence was evaluated as a secondary outcome . A total of 162 older adults ( mean ± SD ; 67 ± 6 years ) with risk factors for falls and /or low BMD were r and omized to the Osteo-cise program ( n = 81 ) or a control group ( n = 81 ) . Exercise consisted of fitness center-based HV-PRT , weight-bearing impact and challenging balance/mobility activities performed three times weekly . After 12 months , the Osteo-cise program led to modest but significant net gains in femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD ( 1.0 % to 1.1 % , p < 0.05 ) , muscle strength ( 10 % to 13 % , p < 0.05 ) , functional muscle power ( Timed Stair Climb , 5 % , p < 0.05 ) and dynamic balance ( Four Square Step Test 6 % , p < 0.01 ; Sit-to-St and , 16 % , p < 0.001 ) relative to controls . There was no effect on total body lean mass or mobility ( timed-up- and -go ) , and no difference in falls rate ( incidence rate ratio [ IRR ] , 1.22 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.72 - 2.04 ) . In conclusion , this study demonstrates that the Osteo-cise : Strong Bones for Life community-based , multimodal exercise program represents an effective approach to improve multiple musculoskeletal and functional performance measures in older adults with risk factors for falls and /or low BMD . Although this did not translate into a reduction in the rate of falls , further large-scale trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this multimodal approach on reducing falls and fracture Background . Aged-related loss of afferent feedback of the feet plays an important role in gait performance . Although strength , balance and gait training can significantly improve the muscle power and functional abilities of older individuals , it remains unclear whether training effects can be enhanced by augmenting afferent feedback from the feet adding shoe insoles complementary to conventional training . Objective . The current study investigated the effect of physical exercise combined with wearing MedReflex ® shoe insoles on the gait performance and muscle power in older adults . Methods . Twenty-eight independent living , older adults aged 65–91 years were r and omly assigned to either an insole group ( IG ; n = 14 ) or a training group ( TG ; n = 14 ) . Further 14 subjects matched to the IG and TG were recruited as a control group ( CG ; n = 14 ) ( no exercise ) . The IG and TG completed the same training program consisting of aerobic exercises , progressive resistance strength training and stretching exercises twice per week for 12 weeks , whereas , the IG wore the insoles during everyday life and during training sessions . Assessment s included the Falls Efficacy Scale – International ( FES-I ) , gait analysis and muscle power measurements of the knee and ankle joint at pre- and post-training . Results . There were significant time × group interactions in walking speed , step length and in several muscle power measurements . The positive effects of gait parameters ranged between 1 % and 12 % and between 1 % and 8 % and the trend to improvements of muscle power ranged between 15–79 % and 20–79 % for the IG and TG , respectively . The IG and TG did not differ significantly in their improvements . The CG showed a trend to deteriorations between 0 % and −5 % for gait parameters and between −4 % and −14 % for muscle power . No significant change in FES-I score occurred in neither groups . Conclusions . The results of this study provide evidence of significant improvements in gait performance and muscle power after a conventional training program in independent living , older adults . However , there is no additional effect of long-term adaptation of gait caused by wearing insoles concurrent to physical training Age-related deficits in cognitive and sensory function can result in increased distraction from background sensory stimuli . This r and omized controlled trial investigated the effects of a cognitive training intervention aim ed at helping healthy older adults suppress irrelevant auditory and visual stimuli . Sixty-six participants received 8 weeks of either the modality-specific attention training program or an educational lecture control program . Participants who completed the intervention program had larger improvements in modality-specific selective attention following training than controls . These improvements also correlated with reductions in bimodal integration during selective attention . Further , the intervention group showed larger improvements than the control group in non-trained domains such as processing speed and dual-task completion , demonstrating the utility of modality-specific attention training for improving cognitive function in healthy older adults
After a long-term resistance training , healthy older adults showed enhanced muscle oxygen extraction capacity , regulation of vessels and vascular endothelium function ; endurance training is reported to improve microvascular blood flow and matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen utilization , muscle oxidative capacity and muscle saturation , and walking sessions results in better muscle oxygen availability and muscle oxygen extraction capacity in older adults with peripheral arterial disease .
This review supports the fact that depending on the clinical status of the participants and the modality , exercise training improves different aspects of the muscle oxygenation in older adults
AIM To determine the effects of different modality of exercise training programs on muscle oxygenation in older adults .