β-Glucan-enriched bread reduces energy intake and modifies plasma ghrelin and peptide YY concentrations in the short term Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males. Dose-dependent effects of cholecystokinin-8 on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormones, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men. Prebiotic supplementation improves appetite control in children with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Energy intake and appetite are related to antral area in healthy young and older subjects.
Dietary fibre consumption may help to control appetite and to reduce calorie intake . Underlying molecular mechanisms were not fully investigated . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of barley beta-glucans on short-term appetite and on satiety-related hormones in healthy subjects . Fourteen volunteers were selected and r and omly assigned to have isocaloric breakfasts including a 3 % beta-glucan-enriched bread ( betaGB ) or a control bread ( CB ) . Post-breakfast individual self-records of appetite ratings and measure of calorie intake at an ad libitum lunch as well as measure of blood glucose , insulin , ghrelin and PYY concentrations , were performed . betaGB determined a significant higher reduction of hunger and increase of fullness and satiety than CB . Accordingly , a 19 % reduction of energy intake at lunch subsequent to betaGB consumption compared to CB , was recorded . A 23 % lower AUC(60 - 180 ) of plasma ghrelin and a 16 % higher total AUC of PYY response after betaGB than CB consumption , independent from insulin response , was found . Glucose response was also blunted by betaGB vs CB . Barley beta-glucans were able to control appetite in the short term by modulating sensations and reducing energy intake . Data suggested for the first time that satiety effect of beta-glucans are mediated by ghrelin and PYY Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people . We have reported that healthy older , compared to younger , adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein — effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown . The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose , gut hormone , and amino acid concentrations , and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal , in healthy older and younger men .  Hydrolyzed whey-protein ( 30 kcal , 90 kcal , and 180 kcal ) and a saline control ( ~0 kcal ) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger ( 19–29 years , 73 ± 2 kg , 22 ± 1 kg/m2 ) and 10 older ( 68–81 years , 79 ± 2 kg , 26 ± 1 kg/m2 ) healthy men in a r and omized , double-blind fashion . Plasma insulin , glucagon , gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP ) , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) , peptide tyrosine-tyrosine ( PYY ) , and amino acid concentrations , but not blood glucose , increased , while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions . Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men . Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin , glucagon , GIP , GLP-1 , PYY , and amino acids concentrations ( p < 0.05 ) . In conclusion , intraduodenal whey-protein infusions result ed in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin , insulin , glucagon , GIP , GLP-1 , PYY , and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men , which correlated to subsequent energy intake Gastric emptying , as well as intragastric meal distribution , and gastrointestinal hormones , including cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , play an important role in appetite regulation . The evaluation of gastrointestinal factors regulating food intake is commonly performed in healthy , lean , young male participants . It has , however , been suggested that there is a marked interindividual variability in the effects of nutrient ' preloads ' on energy intake in this group . Whether there is significant intraindividual variation in acute energy intake after a nutrient preload , and , if so , how this relates to day-to-day differences in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal hormone release , is unclear . The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the hypothesis that energy intake after a nutrient preload would be reproducible and associated with reproducible patterns of gastric emptying , intragastric distribution and gastrointestinal hormone release .  Fifteen healthy men ( age 25 ( sem 5 ) years ) consumed a glucose preload ( 50 g glucose in 300 ml water ; 815 kJ ) on three occasions . Gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution ( using  three-dimensional ultrasound )  , blood glucose , plasma insulin and CCK concentrations and appetite perceptions were evaluated over 90 min , and energy intake from a cold buffet-style meal was then quantified . Energy intake was highly reproducible within individuals between visits ( intraclass correlation coefficient , ri = 0.9 ) . Gastric emptying , intragastric meal distribution , blood glucose , plasma insulin and CCK concentrations and appetite perceptions did not differ between visits ( ri>0.7 for all ) . In healthy males , energy intake is highly reproducible , at least in the short term , and is associated with reproducible patterns of gastric emptying , glycaemia , insulinaemia and CCK release CCK mediates the effects of nutrients on gastrointestinal motility and appetite . Intravenously administered CCK stimulates pyloric pressures , increases plasma PYY , and suppresses ghrelin , all of which may be important in the regulation of appetite and energy intake . The dose-related effects of exogenous CCK on gastrointestinal motility and gut hormone release , and the relationships between these effects and those on energy intake , are uncertain . We hypothesized that 1 ) intravenous CCK-8 would have dose-dependent effects on antropyloroduodenal ( APD ) pressures , plasma PYY and ghrelin concentrations , appetite , and energy intake and 2 ) the suppression of energy intake by CCK-8 would be related to the stimulation of pyloric motility . Ten healthy men ( age 26 + /- 2 yr ) were studied on four separate occasions in double-blind , r and omized fashion . APD pressures , plasma PYY and ghrelin , and appetite were measured during 120-min intravenous infusions of 1 ) saline ( " control " ) or 2 ) CCK-8 at 0.33 ( " CCK0.33 " ) , 3 ) 0.66 ( " CCK0.66 " ) , or 4 ) 2.0 ( " CCK2.0 " ) ng.kg(-1).min(-1 ) . After 90 min , energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified . CCK-8 dose-dependently stimulated phasic and tonic pyloric pressures and plasma PYY concentrations ( r > 0.70 , P < 0.05 ) and reduced desire to eat and energy intake ( r > -0.60 , P < 0.05 ) without inducing nausea . There were relationships between basal pyloric pressure and isolated pyloric pressure waves ( IPPW ) with plasma CCK ( r > 0.50 , P < 0.01 ) and between energy intake with IPPW ( r = -0.70 , P < 0.05 ) . Therefore , our study demonstrates that exogenous CCK-8 has dose-related effects on APD motility , plasma PYY , desire to eat , and energy intake and suggests that the suppression of energy intake is related to the stimulation of IPPW Background : Prebiotics have been shown to improve satiety in adults with overweight and obesity ; however , studies in children are limited . Objective : We examined the effects of prebiotic supplementation on appetite control and energy intake in children with overweight and obesity . Design : This study was a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial . Forty-two boys and girls , ages 7 - 12 y , with a body mass index ( BMI ) of ≥85th percentile were r and omly assigned to 8 g oligofructose-enriched inulin/d or placebo ( maltodextrin ) for 16 wk . Objective measures of appetite included energy intake at an ad libitum breakfast buffet , 3-d food records , and fasting satiety hormone concentrations . Subjective appetite ratings were obtained from visual analog scales before and after the breakfast . Children 's Eating Behavior Question naires were also completed by caregivers . Results : Compared with placebo , prebiotic intake result ed in significantly higher feelings of fullness ( P = 0.04 ) and lower prospect i ve food consumption ( P = 0.03 ) at the breakfast buffet at 16 wk compared with baseline . Compared with placebo , prebiotic supplementation significantly reduced energy intake at the week 16 breakfast buffet in 11- and 12-y-olds ( P = 0.04 ) but not in 7- to 10-y-olds . Fasting adiponectin ( P = 0.04 ) and ghrelin ( P = 0.03 ) increased at 16 wk with the prebiotic compared with placebo . In intent-to-treat analysis , there was a trend for prebiotic supplementation to reduce BMI z score to a greater extent than placebo ( -3.4 % ; P = 0.09 ) and a significant -3.8 % reduction in per- protocol analysis ( P = 0.043 ) . Conclusions : Independent of other lifestyle changes , prebiotic supplementation in children with overweight and  obesity improved subjective appetite ratings . This translated into reduced energy intake in a breakfast buffet in older but not in younger children . This simple dietary change has the potential to help with appetite regulation in children with obesity . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02125955 BACKGROUND Gastric distension reduces food intake , and antral , rather than proximal , gastric distension may be the dominant mechanism in the induction of appetite-related sensations . Healthy aging is associated with reduced appetite . OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of different energy preloads on appetite , plasma cholecystokinin , antral area , and subsequent energy intake in healthy older and young subjects . DESIGN On 3 separate days , 12 young and 12 older subjects consumed 400 mL of a drink containing either 0 kcal ( water ) , 250 kcal , or 750 kcal 70 min before a buffet-style meal . RESULTS Hunger was less in the older than in the young subjects ( P < 0.001 ) . Both nutrient preloads reduced hunger and increased fullness more than did water ( P < 0.02 ) , and older subjects were more full than were the young ( P < 0.05 ) . Antral area was greater after the nutrient preloads than after water ( P = 0.001 ) and greater in the older than in the young subjects ( P = 0.005 ) . In both groups , food intake was suppressed in an energy-dependent manner ( P = 0.008 ) . Plasma cholecystokinin was greater in the older than in the young subjects ( P = 0.003 ) . Immediately before the meal , hunger ( r = -0.59 ) and energy intake ( r = -0.90 ) were inversely related and fullness ( r = 0.66 ) was directly related to antral area ( all : P < 0.001 ) . Antral area , but not plasma cholecystokinin , was a predictor of subsequent energy intake . CONCLUSION In healthy young and older subjects , the suppression of subsequent energy intake by a liquid preload is nutrient dependent and comparable , and both satiation and satiety are related to antral area and ( presumably ) antral distension
Higher circulating concentrations of insulin , leptin , cholecystokinin and peptide-YY accord with reduced appetite and energy intakes in healthy older adults .
Interventions to reduce circulating levels of these hormones may be beneficial for combatting the anorexia of ageing
Ageing is associated with reduced appetite and energy intakes .
However , the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood .
This systematic review and meta- analysis quantified differences in circulating concentrations of appetite-related hormones between healthy older and younger adults .