Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Prostate cancer and adiponectin. Relationship between serum adiponectin and prostate cancer grade. Effect of a 12-Week Low vs. High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training on Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Exercise Intervention Study. High-Protein Breakfast Promotes Weight Loss by Suppressing Subsequent Food Intake and Regulating Appetite Hormones in Obese Chinese Adolescents Effect of low-GDP bicarbonate-lactate-buffered peritoneal dialysis solutions on plasma levels of adipokines and gut appetite-regulatory peptides. A randomized crossover study. EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE-REGULATING HORMONES IN OVERWEIGHT WOMEN Effects of exercise program on appetite-regulating hormones, inflammatory mediators, lipid profiles, and body composition in healthy men. Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Fasting gut hormone levels change with modest weight loss in obese adolescents. Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer risk and mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Leptin increases prostate cancer aggressiveness A study of caloric restriction versus standard diet in overweight men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial.
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 circulating adipokines according to body mass index ( BMI ) in Korean men with localized prostate cancer ( PCa ) undergoing radical prostatectomy ( RP ) .  Material s and Methods Sixty-two of 65 prospect ively enrolled patients with clinical ly localized PCa who underwent RP between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated . Patients were classified into 2 groups according to their BMI : non-obese ( < 25 kg/m2 ) and obese ( ≥25 kg/m2 ) . The adipokines evaluated were interleukin-2 , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) , chemerin , C-X-C motif chemokine 10 , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin . Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of advanced tumor stage . Results We found that obese patients with PCa who underwent RP had a higher incidence of tumors with a high Gleason score ( ≥8 ) , pathological T3 ( pT3 ) stage , and positive extraprostatic extension than patients with a normal BMI . Additionally , patients with obesity showed significantly lower serum adiponectin and higher serum leptin levels , but did not show differences in other adipokines . Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGF-1 ( odds ratio [OR]=1.03 ) was identified as a predictor of advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) in the overall population . However , only leptin remained an independent predictive factor for advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) ( OR=1.15 ) in patients with obesity . Conclusions In conclusion , our results indicate that a higher leptin level in obese men can be considered a risk factor for aggressive PCa . This prospect i ve study provides greater insight into the role of circulating adipokines in Korean patients with PCa undergoing RP , particularly in patients with obesity OBJECTIVES To search for any relation between plasma adiponectin levels and the cellular differentiation or progression of prostate cancer ( PCa ) . PCa is becoming an increasingly important public health problem , particularly for those countries with a trend toward an aging population . Because insulin resistance in the setting of obesity is associated with the development of PCa , we hypothesized that decreased adiponectin levels might underlie the association between PCa and obesity/insulin resistance . METHODS In this study , we investigated plasma adiponectin levels in 30 patients with PCa , 41 subjects with benign prostatic obstruction , and 36 healthy individuals . The body mass index and age of the groups were similar . Patients with PCa were stratified into two groups according to the spread of the disease as organ-confined and advanced disease and into three groups according to grade ( low , intermediate , and high grade determined by a Gleason sum of less than 5 , between 5 and 7 , and more than 7 , respectively ) . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the PCa group than in the benign prostatic obstruction group or controls ( P < 0.001 for both ) . Additionally , the plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the advanced disease group than in the organ-confined PCa group ( P = 0.012 ) . Significant negative associations were found between plasma adiponectin levels and prostate-specific antigen levels or biopsy Gleason scores in the PCa group . The plasma adiponectin levels of those with high- grade PCa were also significantly lower than those for both the low- grade and intermediate- grade groups ( P < 0.001 for both ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study imply that plasma adiponectin levels are not only lower in patients with PCa but are also negatively associated with the histologic grade and disease stage . Future prospect i ve studies are recommended to establish any causal relation between PCa and plasma adiponectin levels BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with prostate cancer ( PCA ) grade , but the mechanism behind this relationship is not understood . Adiponectin is an adipokine that has been linked with the development of hormonally sensitive carcinomas , including prostate cancer . We evaluated the relationship between serum  adiponectin and Gleason score ( GS ) in a prospect i ve series of patients seen in a single institution . METHODS Localized PCA patients evaluated at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 2001 and 2005 who enrolled in a prospect i ve serum banking protocol were eligible for this study . Patients with prior hormonal therapy and /or metastatic disease were excluded . High- grade disease was defined as biopsy or radical prostatectomy ( RP ) GS of 7 or higher . Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between high- grade disease and adiponectin levels while adjusting for other potential prognostic variables . RESULTS There were 539 patients included in this study , of whom 199 had undergone RP . Median age was 60 years . Median PSA was 5.1 ng/dl .  Biopsy GS of 7 or higher was seen in 46.9 % of patients . For biopsy GS , higher PSA , older age , and higher BMI were significantly associated with increased odds of GS 7 or higher , but adiponectin was not . In men undergoing RP , there was a significant inverse relationship between pathologic GS and adiponectin dichotomized at the median , due to a significantly higher rate of upgrading in patients with lower adiponectin ( P = 0.014 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although there was no association between biopsy GS and adiponectin , in patients who had undergone RP , lower adiponectin was independently associated with high- grade prostate cancer Little is known about how the intensity of aerobic training influences appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Our goal was to assess the effect of low and high intensity aerobic trainings on food intake and appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Forty three obese adolescents ( age : 13 - 18y , BMI : 34.48 ± 3.94 kg/m2 ) were r and omized into high intensity training ( HIT ; n = 20 ) or low intensity training ( LIT ; n = 23 ) groups for 12 weeks . All participants also received the same nutritional , psychological and clinical counseling . Pre- and postintervention energy intake ( EI ) and circulating levels of insulin , leptin , peptide YY3 - 36 ( PYY3 - 36 ) and ghrelin were measured . Adolescents in the HIT showed a reduction in total EI and an increase in PYY3 - 36 ( p < .05 ) . Aerobic exercise training performed at ventilatory threshold 1 intensity , reduced EI and augmented PYY3 - 36 in obese adolescents , compared with LIT . The data suggest that HIT and LIT have differential effects in the regulation of appetite signals and subsequent EI in obese adolescents Objective : A high-protein diet may decrease food intake through regulating satiety and appetite hormones and can be an effective strategy for weight loss . Few studies exist on obese Chinese adolescents . Methods and Material s : 156 obese Chinese adolescents were enrolled and r and omly assigned to one of two isoenergetic breakfasts , either with egg or steamed bread . Subsequent lunchtime food intake was recorded 4 h later . Appetite was assessed with a visual analog scale . Anorexigenic hormones peptide YY ( PYY ) , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) and orexigenic hormone ghrelin were determined with radioimmunoassay at 0 , 30 , and 180 min . Body weight was recorded . The tests were repeated 3 months later . Analysis was performed between two tests and then two groups . Pearson 's correlation was used for association analysis . Results : Subsequent lunchtime food intake and body weight were decreased while satiety was increased in subjects on an egg breakfast , which is associated with an increase of serum PYY and GLP-1 ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . There were strong correlations between weight loss , appetite , subsequent food intake and changes of appetite hormones . Conclusion : A high-protein breakfast promotes weight loss in obese Chinese adolescents , possibly through its regulation of satiety , subsequent food intake and appetite hormones BACKGROUND Malnutrition is common in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) .  Previous studies have disclosed disturbances in the hormonal axes regulating appetite in these patients . The effect of newer biocompatible PD solutions on these disorders is undetermined . METHODS Using a crossover r and omized design , 21 patients stable on PD underwent 5 weeks of therapy with each of classic glucose degradation product (GDP)-rich lactate-buffered PD solutions ( L ) and newer low-GDP bicarbonate-lactate-buffered PD solutions ( BL ) . At the end of each phase , we scrutinized patients for adequacy markers , peritoneal transport ( peritoneal equilibration test with 3.86 % glucose-based solutions ) , general biochemical markers and , more specifically , cytokines , adipokines ( leptin and adiponectin ) and selected gastrointestinal peptides which regulate appetite in the short term [ ghrelin , peptide YY , cholecystokinin , glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP1 ) ] . For plasma GLP1 levels , we analysed a group of healthy , sex- , age- and body mass index-matched controls . RESULTS Use of BL solutions was associated with higher plasma levels of acylated ( but not total ) ghrelin ( median 243 BL versus 141 pg/mL L , P = 0.05 ) , adiponectin ( median 20.2 BL versus 17.6 mcg/mL L , P = 0.008 ) and growth hormone ( median 1.8 BL versus 1.0 ng/mL L , P = 0.013 ) , without significant differences for the other cytokines , leptin or gut peptides scrutinized . We did not observe significant differences between L and BL solutions concerning estimations of adequacy , peritoneal transport or general biochemical markers . CONCLUSIONS Use of GDP-free , neutral-pH , bicarbonate-lactate-buffered PD solutions is associated with higher plasma levels of acylated ghrelin and adiponectin than classic solutions . These findings may contribute to explaining improved appetite scores and overall survival rates reported with the use of so-called biocompatible PD solutions Over the past decade , our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin . These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body 's nutritional status . The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise .  Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a r and omized crossover design . In the exercise trial , subjects ran for 60 min at 50 % of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period . In the control trial , subjects rested for 2 h.  Obestatin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20 , 40 , 60 , 90 and 120 min after baseline . A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant ( P < 0.05 ) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin . However , changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant ( P > 0.05 ) . The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise result ed in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels , it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels AIM Exercise can improve appetite , inflammatory mediators , lipid profiles , and body composition in overweight or obese patients . However , it has not yet been clearly eluci date d how exercise affects healthy people in relation to these variables . Thus , we investigated the effects of an exercise program on appetite-regulating hormones , inflammatory mediators , lipid profiles , and body composition in healthy men . METHODS Thirty sedentary men were recruited and r and omly assigned to two groups ( exercise group , EG , N.=15 and control group , CG , N.=15 ) . Total plasma ghrelin , leptin , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) were determined by radioimmunoassay and immunoassay . Total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C and LDL-C ) were determined by enzymatic assay . Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis . RESULTS After 8 weeks , the ghrelin and leptin levels of CG showed a tendency to increase , whereas those of EG were significantly decreased . Although TNF-α and CRP , except for IL-6 , showed a tendency to increase in CG , all three tended to decrease in EG after 8 weeks . TG and LDL-C were significantly increased in CG . The TC , TG , and LDL-C levels of EG were remarkably decreased , whereas HDL-C was significantly increased . In EG , body weight , fat mass , percent fat , and waist/hip ratio were significantly decreased , whereas muscle mass was significantly increased after 8 weeks . CONCLUSION The present study results have demonstrated the beneficial effects of an exercise program by altering appetite-regulating hormones , decreasing inflammatory factors , and improving lipid profiles and body composition in healthy young men When previously sedentary men and women follow exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding , men lose body fat , but women do not . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this observation could be related to sex differences in the way energy-regulating hormones and appetite perception respond to exercise . Eighteen ( 9 men , 9 women ) overweight/obese individuals completed four bouts of exercise with energy added to the baseline diet to maintain energy balance ( BAL ) , and four bouts without energy added to induce energy deficit ( DEF ) . Concentrations of acylated ghrelin , insulin , and leptin , as well as appetite ratings were measured in response to a meal after a no-exercise baseline and both exercise conditions . In men , acylated ghrelin area under the curve ( AUC ) was not different between conditions . In women , acylated ghrelin AUC was higher after DEF ( + 32 % ) and BAL ( + 25 % ) , and the change from baseline was higher than men ( P < 0.05 ) . In men , insulin AUC was reduced ( -17 % ) after DEF ( P < 0.05 ) , but not BAL . In women , insulin AUC was lower ( P < 0.05 ) after DEF ( -28 % ) and BAL ( -15 % ) . Leptin concentrations were not different across conditions in either sex . In men , but not in women , appetite was inhibited after BAL relative to DEF . The results indicate that , in women , exercise altered energy-regulating hormones in a direction expected to stimulate energy intake , regardless of energy status . In men , the response to exercise was abolished when energy balance was maintained . The data are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women BACKGROUND Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth . OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents . METHODS Participants were a subset of those taking part in the ' Eat Smart Study ' . They were aged 10 - 17 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 90th centile and were r and omized to one of three groups :  wait-listed control , structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks . Outcomes were fasting glucose , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , total amylin , acylated ghrelin , active glucagon-like peptide-1 , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine . Pre- and postpr and ial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales . RESULTS Of 87 ' Eat Smart ' participants , 74 participated in this sub- study . The mean ( st and ard deviation ) BMI z-score was 2.1 ( 0.4 ) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 ( 0.4 ) in the control group . Fasting insulin ( P = 0.05 ) and leptin ( P = 0.03 ) levels decreased , while adiponectin levels increased ( P = 0.05 ) in the intervention groups compared with control . The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other . A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin ( P < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model of assessment -insulin resistance ( P < 0.001 ) , leptin ( P < 0.001 ) , total amylin ( P = 0.03 ) , GIP ( P = 0.01 ) , PP ( P = 0.02 ) and increased adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference in appetite sensations . CONCLUSIONS Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain BACKGROUND Prostate cancer ( PCa ) mortality rates are lower in the Mediterranean countries compared with northern Europe . Although specific components of the Mediterranean diet ( Med-Diet ) may influence PCa risk , few studies have assessed the traditional Med-Diet pattern with the risk of incident advanced or lethal PCa or with disease progression among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa . OBJECTIVE To determine whether the traditional Med-Diet pattern is associated with risk of incident advanced or lethal PCa and with PCa-specific and overall mortality among men with PCa . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS We prospect ively followed 47 867 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study followed from 1986 to 2010 . The case-only analysis included 4538 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa , followed from diagnosis to lethal outcome or to January 2010 . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine traditional and alternative Med-Diet scores in relation to PCa incidence outcomes ( advanced and lethal disease ) . In a case-only survival analysis , we examined postdiagnostic Med-Diet and risk of lethal ( metastases or PCa death ) and fatal PCa as well as overall mortality among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic disease . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Between 1986 and 2010 , 6220 PCa cases were confirmed . The Med-Diet was not associated with risk of advanced or lethal PCa . In the case-only analysis , there was no association between the Med-Diet after diagnosis and risk of lethal or fatal PCa . However , there was a 22 % lower risk of overall mortality ( hazard ratio : 0.78 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.67 - 0.90 ; p(trend)=0.0007 ) among men with greater adherence to the Med-Diet after PCa diagnosis . We found similar associations for the alternative score . CONCLUSIONS A higher Med-Diet score was not associated with risk of advanced PCa or disease progression . Greater adherence to the Med-Diet after diagnosis of nonmetastatic PCa was associated with lower overall mortality Recent studies indicate that adipose tissue and adipocytokines might affect the development of prostate cancer ( PCa ) . Leptin would have a stimulating effect on prostate cancer cells by inducing promotion and progression , whereas adiponectin would have a protective effect . The aim of this study was to determine the relation between body composition , leptin , and adiponectin levels with the prevalence and aggressiveness of PCa in men of Mendoza , Argentina . Seventy volunteers between 50 and 80 years ( 35 healthy men as control group and 35 with PCa ) were selected . The PCa group was subclassified according to the Gleason Score ( GS ) . Digital rectal examination , transrectal ultrasound , and prostatic biopsy were performed ; PSA , testosterone , leptin , and adiponectin levels  were determined ; and a nutritional interview including anthropometric measurements and a food frequency question naire was carried out . Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test , ANOVA I , and Bonferroni ( p < 0.05 ) . Body mass index and percentage of body fat mass were not statistically different between PCa and control groups . However , body fat mass was higher in subjects with more aggressive tumors ( p = 0.032 ) . No differences were observed regarding leptin levels between the groups . Nevertheless , leptin levels were higher in subjects with high GS ( p < 0.001 ) . Adiponectin levels showed no statistical differences regarding the presence and aggressiveness of the tumor ( p = 0.131 ) . Finally , consumption and nutrient intake did not differ in the studied groups . In conclusion , body composition and leptin are related to the PCa aggressiveness but not with its prevalence INTRODUCTION Obese men have an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa)-specific mortality . Potential mechanisms include insulin and related proteins . We investigate whether a short-term caloric restriction diet in overweight/obese men with newly diagnosed PCa can lead to measurable changes in patient anthropometrics and insulin-related proteins . METHODS Overweight and obese PCa patients choosing active surveillance or radical prostatectomy were r and omized to a 6-week , caloric-restricted diet or to continue their current diet . Changes from baseline to end of study in anthropometrics , dietary constituents and serum proteins ( insulin , c-peptide , IGF-1 , adiponectin , IGF-BP3 ) were compared between the intervention and control groups using a Generalized Estimating Equation model . RESULTS Nineteen patients were r and omized to the intervention ( N = 10 ) or control ( N = 9 ) group . Men in the intervention group had a 1.7 % ( 3.7 lbs ) mean decline in weight versus 1.0 % ( 2.0 lbs ) in controls ( P < 0.05 ) , and a reduced intake of calories , total and saturated fat , protein and starch ( all P < 0.1 compared to controls ) . There was a significant difference ( P = 0.002 ) in mean serum IGFBP-3 between the intervention ( + 2.8 % ) and control group ( -6.9 % ) . Other biomarkers changed with the diet intervention to a degree similar to previous weight loss studies but were not statistically significant compared with controls . CONCLUSION In this small pilot study , a 6-week caloric restricted diet in men with newly diagnosed PCa produced changes in weight , diet and serum proteins possibly related to prognosis . These results support larger-scale trials testing longer-term weight loss effects on potential PCa progression biomarkers
Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .