Definition, measurement, and health risks associated with sedentary behavior. Higher levels of objectively measured sedentary behavior is associated with worse cognitive ability: Two-year follow-up study in community-dwelling older adults A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce older adults’ sedentary behavior Square-stepping exercise versus strength and balance training for fall risk factors Comparison of Actical and activPAL measures of sedentary behaviour in preschool children. Intervening to Reduce Sedentary Behaviors and Childhood Obesity among School-Age Youth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study Sedentary behavior & health-related quality of life among congestive heart failure patients.
PURPOSE AND METHODS Although evidence is accumulating that sedentary behavior ( SB ) , independent of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) , is associated with cardiometabolic and aging outcomes in adults , several gaps present opportunities for future research . This article reports on the " Research Evidence on Sedentary Behavior " session of the Sedentary Behavior : Identifying Research Priorities workshop , sponsored by the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute and the National Institute on Aging , which aim ed to identify priorities in SB research . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A consensus definition of SB has not yet been established , although agreement exists that SB is not simply all behaviors other than MVPA . The two most common definitions are as follows : one based solely on intensity ( < 1.5 metabolic equivalents [ METs ] ) and another which combines low intensity ( ≤1.5 METs ) with a seated or reclining posture . Thus , for the definition of SB , evaluation of whether or not to include a postural component is a research priority . SB assessment method ologies include self-report and objective measurement , each offering distinct information . Therefore , evaluation , st and ardization , and comparison across self-report and objective assessment methods are needed . Specific priorities include the development and validation of novel devices capable of assessing posture and st and ardization of research practice s for SB assessment by accelerometry . The prospect i ve evidence that SB relates to health outcomes is limited in that SB is almost exclusively measured by self-report . The lack of longitudinal studies with objective ly measured SB was recognized as a major research gap , making examination of the association between objective ly measured SB and adverse health outcomes in longitudinal studies a research priority . Specifically , studies with repeated measures of SB , evaluating dose-response relationships , with inclusion of more diverse population s are needed Background : A number of cross‐sectional studies have suggested that higher levels of  sedentary behavior ( SB ) are associated with worse cognitive abilities  in older age . There is a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating this relationship utilizing objective ly assessed SB . This study investigated the relationship between objective ly assessed SB and future cognitive abilities in a cohort of older adults . Methods : A longitudinal study over 22.12 ± 1.46 months including 285 community‐dwelling older adults across 14 regions in Taiwan was undertaken . Cognitive ability was ascertained using a Chinese version of the Ascertain Dementia 8‐item Question naire ( AD8 ) and SB captured by 7 days accelerometer data . Multivariable negative binomial regression models adjusted for confounders were undertaken . Results : 274 community‐dwelling older adults finished the study ( age = 74.6 ± 6.2 , % female = 54.4 % ) . At baseline , 20.1 % ( n = 55 ) , 48.5 % ( n = 133 ) and 31.4 % ( n = 86 ) of the sample engaged in high ( 11 + h ) , medium ( 7–10.99 h ) and low ( < 7 h ) of SB respectively . In the fully adjusted model , higher levels of SB were associated with an increased risk of worse cognitive ability at follow up ( adjusted rate ratio (ARR)1.09 ( 95%CI:1.00–1.19 ) ) , with the strongest relationship evident in those engaging in over 11 h of SB ( ARR 2.27 ( 95%CI:1.24–4.16 ) ) . The relationship remained evident after adjusting for depressive symptoms and physical activity . Conclusion : Our data suggests that objective ly assessed SB , particularly when over 11 h a day , is independently associated with worse cognitive ability over a two year period . Our data adds to the pressing reasons to reduced SB in older age . HighlightsFirst prospect i ve study to investigate objective  ly sedentary behavior ( SB ) and cognition in older adults . Higher levels of objective SB were independently associated with worse cognitive ability over two years . This relationship was most pronounced in older people spending over 11 h a day being sedentary ABSTRACT Lack of  physical activity  (  PA  ) and high levels of sedentary behaviour ( SB ) have been associated with health problems . This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of school-based interventions to increase PA  and decrease SB  among 15–19-year-old adolescents , and examines whether intervention characteristics ( intervention length , delivery mode and intervention provider ) and intervention content ( i.e. behaviour change techniques , BCTs ) are related to intervention effectiveness . A systematic search of r and omised or cluster r and omised controlled trials with outcome measures of PA and /or SB rendered 10 results . Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool . Intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1 . Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA . Effects were generally small and short-term ( Cohen 's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659 ) . Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB . Interventions that increased PA  included a higher number of BCTs , specific BCTs ( e.g. , goal setting , action planning and self-monitoring ) , and were delivered by research staff . Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness . More studies are needed that evaluate long-term intervention effectiveness and target SBs among older adolescents Older adults represent the segment of the population that sits the most . This study evaluated the feasibility , acceptability , safety , and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior ( SB ) in older adults that can be disseminated broadly for limited cost and delivered by paraprofessionals with limited training . Senior centers in Central Pennsylvania were r and omized to receive one of two healthy aging programs ( i.e. , intervention or comparison ) . Participants in both groups attended three 90-min meetings over 2 weeks . Behavior change content was delivered at the second session ( i.e. , day 7 ) . Forty-two participants ( nintervention = 25 , ncomparison = 17 ) were recruited from five senior centers . Content for the intervention group focused on  reducing SB while comparison group content focused on reducing social isolation  . Self-reported SB was assessed on days 7 and 14 . Repeated- measures ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction for total and weekday , but not weekend , SB . In the week following the delivery of group content , participants in the intervention group reported an average decrease in total SB of 837.8 min/week ; however , the comparison group reported a nonsignificant average decrease of 263.0 min/week of total SB . Participants in the intervention group also reported an average decrease in weekday SB of 132.6 min/weekday ( d = −0.83 ) in the week following the delivery of group content ; however , the comparison group reported a nonsignificant decrease of 24.0 min/weekday ( d = −0.16 ) . There were no significant changes in weekend SB in either group in the week following the delivery of group content . Participants ’ attendance , measurement completion , and program ratings were high . Safety issues were minimal . This intervention was feasible to implement and evaluate , acceptable to older adults , and showed promise for reducing older adults ’ SB Background and aims : Feasible and low-cost exercise programmes targeting fall risk factors may decrease the risk of falling in older adults . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of square-stepping exercise ( SSE ) training , which is a new and low-cost method design ed to improve lower-extremity functional fitness , with strength and balance ( SB ) training . Methods : The study included 39 community-dwelling adults aged 65 to 74 years . The participants were r and omized to either group SSE  ( n=20 ) or SB ( n=19 ) . They engaged in 70-min group exercise sessions twice a week for 12 weeks . The efficacy of the program was measured with both a 9-item test battery for assessment of physical performance and self-reported scales ( fear of falling , pleasure in exercise , perceived health status ) . Fall incidence was followed up for 14 months . Results : The results of a 2-way ANOVA revealed that the time effect in 7 of the 9 performance tests was significant , although group-by-time interactions were not . No significant changes were observed in the self-reported scales . During the 14-month follow-up period , 7 falls in 6 participants in the SSE group and 12 falls in 11 participants in the SB group were reported . The incidence rate per person in the SSE group ( 30.0 % ) was not significantly different from that in the SB group ( 57.9 % ) . The rate of falls per trip [ falls/(falls + trips ) ] in the SSE group ( 17.1 % ) was significantly lower than in the SB group ( 50.0 % ) . Conclusions : SSE is as equally effective as SB training in improving lower-extremity functional fitness . SSE may also be recommended for older adults , due to its low cost and effectiveness OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the Actical and activPAL to measure  sedentary behaviour ( SB ) and non-SB in preschoolers in a free-living environment . DESIGN A convenience sample of 49 preschoolers ( 22 boys ; 4.0 ± 0.5 years ) from six early childhood centres in Auckl and , New Zeal and were included in data analysis . METHODS Participants wore a hip-mounted Actical and a thigh-mounted activPAL accelerometer simultaneously during centre attendance for one day and data were collected in 15s epochs . Bl and -Altman tests were used to assess differences in group mean minutes and percentage of time in (non-)SB between both monitors . Agreement between binary coded ( SB vs. non-SB ) 15s-by-15s Actical and activPAL data was evaluated by calculating percentage agreement and κ statistic . RESULTS The monitors were worn on average for 294.8 ± 46.3 min result ing in a total of 57,780 15s epochs . Bl and -Altman tests suggested a small group mean difference in (non-)SB ( 1.3 min ; 0.1 % ) and a wide prediction interval ( 121.3 min ; 39.2 % ) . No obvious systematic bias was observed in the Bl and -Altman plot . Percentage agreement between the 15s-by-15s Actical and activPAL data of all participants was 73.0 % ( inter-child range : 36.8 - 93.8 % ) . The κ statistic showed moderate agreement with a value of 0.46 ( 95 % CI : 0.45 - 0.47 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although the group mean estimate of (non-)SB was similar between the Actical and activPAL , the output of both monitors can not be considered convergent as meaningful r and om disagreement was found between both monitors Objective . To assess the effectiveness of interventions that focus on reducing  sedentary behavior ( SB ) among school-age youth and to identify elements associated with interventions ' potential for translation into practice setting s. Methods . A comprehensive literature search was conducted using 4 data bases for peer- review ed studies published between 1980 and April 2011 . R and omized trials , which lasted at least 12 weeks , aim ed at decreasing  SB among children aged 6 to 19 years were identified . Results . Twelve studies were included ; 3 focused only on SB , 1 focused on  physical activity ( PA )  , 6 were combined SB and PA interventions , and 2 studies targeted SB , PA , and diet .  The majority of the studies were conducted in a school setting , while others were conducted in such setting s as clinics , community centers , and libraries . Conclusions . Overall , interventions that focused on decreasing SB were associated with reduction in time spent on SB and /or improvements in anthropometric measurements related to childhood obesity . Several of the studies did consider elements related to the intervention 's potential for translation into practice setting Background Identifying ways to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time during childhood is a key public health issue . Research on the putative influences on preschool children ’s  physical activity ( PA ) and  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is limited and has yielded inconsistent results . Our aim was to identify correlates of PA and SB in preschool children . Methods Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Swiss Preschoolers ’ Health Study ( SPLASHY ) , a Swiss population -based cohort study . Of 476 two to six year old children , 394 ( 54 % boys ) had valid PA data assessed by accelerometry .  Information on exposure data was directly measured or extracted from parental question naires . Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to separately assess associations between 35 potential correlates and  total PA ( TPA ) , moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SB . Results In total , 12 correlates from different domains were identified . TPA and MVPA were greater in boys than girls , increased with age and were positively associated with gross motor skills . Children from single parent families had a higher level of TPA and spent less time sedentary than those living with two parents . Time spent outdoors was positively associated with TPA and negatively with SB . The child ’s activity temperament was related all three outcomes , whereas parental sports club membership , living area per person and neighborhood safety were associated with SB only . Fixed and r and om factors in the final models accounted for 28 % , 32 % and 22 % of the total variance in TPA , MVPA and SB , respectively . Variance decomposition revealed that age , sex and activity temperament were the most influential correlates of both , TPA and MVPA , whereas the child ’s activity temperament , time outdoors and neighborhood safety were identified as the most important correlates of SB . Conclusions A multidimensional set of correlates of young children ’s  activity behavior has been identified . Personal factors had the greatest influence on PA , whereas environmental-level factors had the greatest influence on SB . Moreover , we identified a number of previously unreported , potentially modifiable correlates of young children ’s PA and SB . These factors could serve to define target groups or become valuable targets for change in future interventions .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N41045021 ( date of registration : 21.03.14 ) BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrates that participation in light-intensity physical activity ( LIPA ) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) are favorably associated with health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) . Emerging work demonstrates that  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is detrimentally associated with various cardiometabolic biomarkers , with few studies exploring the association of SB on HRQOL , and no studies examining this among congestive heart failure patients . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to examine the potential independent associations of SB on HRQOL among congestive heart failure patients . METHODS Data from the 2003 - 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used .  Physical activity was assessed over 7days during all waking hours using the ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer .  HRQOL was assessed using the Centers for Disease Control HRQOL index survey . RESULTS 190 participants self-reported a physician-diagnosis of congestive heart failure . After adjustments , SB behavior ( 1-min/day increase ) was associated with worse HRQOL ( β=0.004 ; 95 % CI : 0.0004 - 0.007 ; P=0.03 ) . When MVPA was added as a covariate to this model , SB remained significantly associated with worse HRQOL ( β=0.003 ; 95 % CI : 0.0001 - 0.007 ; P=0.04 ) . However , when adding LIPA to this model that also included MVPA as a covariate , SB was no longer associated with HRQOL ( β=0.0001 ; 95 % CI : -0.003 - 0.004 ; P=0.92 ) . CONCLUSIONS If confirmed by prospect ive/experimental work , this suggests that SB may not have detrimental HRQOL effects among congestive heart failure patients
These studies indicate that analysis of the data using 60-s epochs and a vertical magnitude cut-point < 200 cpm or using 30- or 60-s epochs with a machine learning algorithm provides the most valid estimates of SB .
Conclusions Few studies have examined the reliability and validity of accelerometers for measuring SB  in older adults .
Studies to date suggest that the criteria research ers use for classifying an epoch as sedentary instead of as non-wear time ( e.g. , the non-wear algorithm used ) may need to be different for older adults than for younger adults .
The required number of hours and days of wear for valid estimates of SB in older adults was not clear from studies to date .
Background The evidence showing the ill health effects of prolonged sedentary behaviour ( SB ) is growing .
Most studies of  SB in older adults have relied on self-report measures of SB .
However , SB is difficult for older adults to recall and objective measures that combine accelerometry with inclinometry are now available for more accurately assessing SB .
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the validity and reliability of these accelerometers for the assessment of  SB in older adults .