Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Influence of a hydrophobic resin coating on the immediate and 6-month dentin bonding of three universal adhesives. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Effect of chemomechanical caries removal on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin.
PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To test the influence of a hydrophobic resin coating ( HC ) on the immediate ( 24h ) and 6-month ( 6 m ) microtensile dentin bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal adhesives applied in self-etch ( SE ) or in etch- and -rinse ( ER ) mode . METHODS Sixty caries-free extracted third molars were assigned to 12 experimental groups result ing from the combination of the factors " adhesive system " ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [ SBU ] , 3 M ESPE ; All-Bond Universal [ ABU ] , Bisco Inc. ; and G-Bond Plus [ GBP ] , GC Corporation ) ; " adhesive strategy " ( SE or ER ) ; " hydrophobic resin coating " [ HC ] ( with or without Heliobond , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; and " storage time " ( 24h or 6 m ) . Specimens were prepared for μTBS testing - ( 24h ) half of the beams were immediately tested under tension ; and ( 6 m ) the other half was stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C ) for 6 m prior to testing . For each tooth , two beams were r and omly selected for NL evaluation for both evaluation times . Data were analyzed for each adhesive system using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS μTBS : ( 24h ) : In SE mode , HC result ed in statistically greater mean μTBS for all adhesives . ( 6 m ) : When HC was not used the mean μTBS for SBU/ER , ABU/ER , GBP/ER and SBU/SE decreased significantly . NL : ( 24h ) : SBU/ER , ABU/ER and GBP/SE result ed in a significant reduction in NL when HC was applied . ( 6 m ) : No significant reduction was observed for SBU/ER or for SBU/SE regardless of the use of HC . SIGNIFICANCE The application of a hydrophobic resin coating improved the 24h and the 6 m performances of all three adhesives systems in SE mode OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based ( Papacárie ) and sodium-hypochlorite-based ( Carisolv ) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin , in comparison to the st and ard rotary-instrument caries removal method . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used . Forty-eight teeth were r and omly divided into three groups , according to the caries excavation methods : ( i ) Papacárie , ( ii ) Carisolv and ( iii ) a round steel bur . After caries removal , each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step ( Clearfil SE Bond ) or one-step ( Clearfil S3 Bond ) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups . Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing . Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test . For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope , caries was similarly removed from the remaining thirty carious molars , bonding was performed as for bond strength testing , and the teeth were sectioned . RESULTS RESULTS of three-way ANOVA revealed that bond strength was significantly affected by " adhesive " ( p<0.001 ) and " dentin " ( p<0.001 ) , but not " caries excavation methods " ( p>0.05 ) . The bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive was significantly higher than that of the one-step self-etching adhesive ( p<0.001 ) . Conversely , the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to sound dentin was significantly higher than to residual caries-affected dentin ( p<0.001 ) . Greater silver penetration was observed in the bonded interfaces of residual caries-affected dentin and in interfaces bonded with the one-step self-etching adhesive vs those bonded with the two-step self-etching adhesive . CONCLUSION Chemomechanical caries removal did not affect the bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin as compared to caries excavation with rotary instruments
The meta- analysis demonstrated that the etch- and -rinse technique significantly reduced the nanoleakage of the Peak Universal and G-Bond Plus adhesives , whereas the self-etch mode reduced the nanoleakage of All-Bond Universal .
In comparison , the etching technique did not significantly alter the nanoleakage of either Prime&Bond Elect or Scotchbond Universal which was characterized by the smallest nanoleakage .
CONCLUSIONS Etching modes significantly , in various ways , influence the nanoleakage of universal adhesives .
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Contrary to the drive to simplify bonding technologies , an appreciation of their adhesive components and how these perform according to bonding technique could yield a knowledge-based practical approach that ultimately improves the longevity of direct composite restorations
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate how etching modes affect the nanoleakage of universal adhesive from in vitro studies .