Effect of trans-fatty acid intake on insulin sensitivity and intramuscular lipids--a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women. A high-trans fatty acid diet and insulin sensitivity in young healthy women. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study. Dairy and industrial sources of trans fat do not impair peripheral insulin sensitivity in overweight women. Intake of trans fat and incidence of stroke in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Consumption of trans fats and estimated effects on coronary heart disease in Iran Dietary fat type influences total milk fat content in lean women. Serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a short-term marker of dairy food intake, is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and its underlying disorders. Plasma phospholipid trans fatty acids and risk of heart failure. Do trans fatty acids from industrially produced sources and from natural sources have the same effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects? Results of the trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) study. Rationale and design of the TRANSFACT project phase I: a study to assess the effect of the two different dietary sources of trans fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Trans, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vascular function-a yin yang situation? Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study
Intake of industrially produced trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) has been linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies . We investigated the causality of this association by examining if a high intake of TFA impairs measures of glucose homeostasis and induces intramuscular lipid deposition in abdominally obese women . In a double-blind , parallel dietary intervention study , 52 healthy but overweight postmenopausal women were r and omized to receive either partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( 15 g/d TFA ) or a control oil ( mainly oleic and palmitic acid ) for 16 weeks . Three markers of glucose homeostasis and 4 markers of lipolysis were derived from glucose , insulin , C-peptide , nonesterified fatty acid , and glycerol concentrations during a 3-hour frequent sampling oral glucose tolerance test . Intramuscular lipids were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Forty-nine women completed the  study .  Insulin sensitivity ( assessed by ISI(composite ) ) , β-cell function ( the disposition index ) , and the metabolic clearance rate of insulin were not significantly affected by the dietary intervention . Neither was the ability of insulin to suppress plasma nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol during oral glucose ingestion nor the intramuscular lipid deposition . In conclusion , high TFA intake did not affect glucose metabolism over 16 weeks in postmenopausal overweight women . A study population with a stronger predisposition to insulin resistance and /or a longer duration of exposure may be required for insulin sensitivity to be affected by intake of industrial TFA Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that a diet rich in saturated fat affects insulin sensitivity . Monoenes and dienes that have an usaturated bond with the trans configuration ( trans fatty acids ) resemble saturated fatty acids with respect to structure , but no published data are available on the effect of trans fatty acids on insulin sensitivity . Therefore , the effects of diets high in trans fatty acids ( TFA diet ) and oleic acid ( monounsaturated fat [ MUFA ] diet ) on glucose and lipid metabolism were studied in 14 healthy women . Subjects consumed both experimental diets for 4 weeks according to a r and omized crossover study design . Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a st and ardized baseline diet for 2 weeks . The diets provided 36.6 % to 37.9 % of energy ( E% ) as fat . In the TFA diet , there was 5.1 E% trans fatty acids , and in the MUFA diet , 5.2 E% oleic acid , substituted for saturated fatty acids in the baseline diet . A frequently sample d intravenous glucose tolerance test ( FSIGT ) was performed at the end of the experimental diet periods . Glucose effectiveness ( S(G ) ) and the insulin sensitivity index ( S(I ) ) did not differ after the two experimental diet periods . There was also no difference in the acute insulin response between the diets . The total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ratio and serum total triglyceride , HDL , and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) triglyceride and apolipoprotein B ( apoB ) concentrations were higher ( P < .05 ) after the TFA diet . In conclusion , in young healthy women , the TFA diet result ed in a higher total/HDL cholesterol ratio and an elevation in triglyceride and apo B concentrations but had no effect on glucose and insulin metabolism compared with the MUFA diet BACKGROUND The effect of individual dietary fatty acids on emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease that are associated with sub clinical inflammation is unknown . OBJECTIVE The goal was to evaluate the role of dietary fat and specific fatty acids , especially trans fatty acids , in altering concentrations of markers of inflammation in humans fed controlled diets . DESIGN In a r and omized crossover design , 50 men consumed controlled diets for 5 wk that provided 15 % of energy from protein , 39 % of energy from fat , and 46 % of energy from carbohydrate . Eight percent of fat or fatty acids was replaced across diets with the following : cholesterol , oleic acid , trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) , stearic acid ( STE ) , TFA+STE ( 4 % of energy each ) , and 12:0 - 16:0 saturated fatty acids ( LMP ) . RESULTS Fibrinogen concentrations were higher after consumption of the diet enriched in stearic acid than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet . C-reactive protein concentrations were higher after consumption of the TFA diet than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet , but were not significantly different after consumption of the TFA and TFA+STE diets than after consumption of the LMP diet .  Interleukin 6 concentrations were lower after consumption of the oleic acid diet than after consumption of the LMP , TFA , and STE diets .  E-selectin concentrations were higher after consumption of the TFA diet than after consumption of the carbohydrate diet . Consumption of the TFA but not the TFA+STE diet result ed in higher E-selectin concentrations than did the LMP diet . CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that dietary fatty acids can modulate markers of inflammation . Although stearic acid minimally affects LDL cholesterol , it does appear to increase fibrinogen concentrations BACKGROUND The 2 major dietary sources of trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) are partially hydrogenated oils and ruminant-derived products . Epidemiologic data suggest that chronic consumption of industrial sources of TFAs could be damaging to insulin sensitivity , but intervention studies on this issue have remained inconclusive . OBJECTIVE The trial was design ed to compare the effects of dairy compared with industrial sources of TFAs on insulin sensitivity in overweight women . DESIGN Sixty-three healthy women with abdominal obesity [ waist circumference > 88 cm and a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) > 28 ] were recruited . After a run-in period , the volunteers were r and omly assigned to consume 1 of 3 four-week diets : 60 g low-TFA lipids/d ( 0.54 g/d ; n = 21 ) , ruminant TFA-rich lipids ( 4.86 g/d ; n = 21 ) , or industrial TFA-rich lipids ( 5.58 g/d ; n = 21 ) . Changes in peripheral insulin sensitivity were assessed by using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps . RESULTS After the intervention period , fasting glycemia and insulinemia and insulin sensitivity were not significantly modified in either group ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that consumption of dairy- and industrial- source TFAs for 4 wk at nutritional levels do not impair peripheral insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant women . Our study may not preassess the effects of TFAs in normal insulin-sensitive individuals . This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov as NCT00617435 BACKGROUND Whether elevated intakes of trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) increase the risk of stroke remains unclear . Except for the Women 's Health Initiative-Observational Study , most studies that directly assessed the association between TFA intake and stroke yielded null results . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between TFA intake and stroke incidence . DESIGN We prospect ively investigated the association between TFA intake and stroke incidence in black and white men and women ( n = 17,107 ) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke ( REGARDS ) cohort . Participants were recruited between 2003 and 2007 from the continental United States and followed for incident stroke . Diet was assessed by using the Block 1998 food-frequency question naire . Cox regression was used to test whether energy-adjusted TFA intake in 1-SD increments was associated with incident stroke . RESULTS During a median follow-up of 7 y , 479 strokes were identified , including 401 ischemic strokes . Sex modified the association between TFA intake and stroke ( P-interaction = 0.06 ) , and thus the results were stratified by sex . In fully adjusted models , a 1-SD ( 2-g/d ) increase in TFA intake was associated with an increased risk of any stroke in men ( HR : 1.14 ; 95 % CI : 1.02 , 1.28 ) but not in women ( HR : 0.93 ; 95 % CI : 0.79 , 1.11 ) . Similarly , our results showed an increased risk of ischemic stroke in men ( HR : 1.13 ; 95 % CI : 1.00 , 1.28 ) but not in women ( HR : 0.93 ; 95 % CI : 0.77 , 1.12 ) . CONCLUSIONS We show that sex modifies the association between TFA intake and stroke ; for every 2-g/d increase in TFA intake , there was a 14 % increase in the risk of stroke in men but not in women . Our findings provide further evidence to support the concerted effort to minimize TFAs in the diet BACKGROUND The intake of trans fatty acids ( TFA ) from industrially hydrogenated vegetable oils ( iTFA ) is known to have a deleterious effect on cardiovascular health , the effects of TFA from ruminants ( rTFA ) are virtually unknown . OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of rTFA and iTFA on plasma LDL concentrations and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects . DESIGN In a double-blind , r and omized crossover controlled study , 38 healthy men were fed each of 4 experimental isoenergetic diets lasting 4 wk each . The 4 diets were high in rTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , moderate in rTFA ( 4.2 g/2500 kcal ) , high in iTFA ( 10.2 g/2500 kcal ) , and low in TFA from any source ( 2.2 g/2500 kcal ) ( control diet ) . RESULTS Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher after the high- rTFA diet than after the control ( P = 0.03 ) or the moderate- rTFA ( P = 0.002 ) diet . Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations also were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) higher after the iTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly ( P = 0.02 ) lower after the high-rTFA diet than after the moderate-rTFA diet . Finally , all risk factors were comparable between the control and the moderate-rTFA diets . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that , whereas a high dietary intake of TFA from ruminants may adversely affect cholesterol homeostasis , moderate intakes of rTFA that are well above the upper limit of current human consumption have neutral effects on plasma lipids and other cardiovascular disease risk factors Objective : To investigate the consumption of industrial trans-fatty acids ( TFAs )  in Iranian homes and the proportion of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) events in Iran attributable to such intake . Design , setting and participants : The consumption of industrial TFAs was determined using ( 1 ) detailed in-home assessment s of dietary intake among 7158 urban and rural households containing 35 924 individuals and ( 2 ) gas chromatography to determine TFA contents of the most commonly consumed partially hydrogenated oils . The population -attributable risk for CHD owing to TFA consumption was calculated on the basis of ( 1 ) documented effects of TFAs on total : high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol in r and omized controlled dietary trials and ( 2 ) relationships of TFA intake with incidence of CHD in prospect i ve observational studies . Results : Partially hydrogenated oils were used extensively for cooking in Iranian homes with average per-person intake of 14 g/1000 kcal .  TFAs  accounted for 33 % of fatty acids in these products , or 4.2 % of all calories consumed ( 12.3 g/day ) . On the basis of total : HDL cholesterol effects alone , 9 % of CHD events would be prevented by replacement of TFA in Iranian homes with cis-unsaturated fats ( 8 % by replacement with saturated fats ) . On the basis of relationships of TFA intake with CHD incidence in prospect i ve studies , 39 % of CHD events would be prevented by replacement of TFA with cis-unsaturated fats ( 31 % by replacement with saturated fats ) . These population -attributable risks may be overestimates owing to competing risks and because not all the fat used for cooking might actually be consumed . If actual TFA consumption were only half as large , the estimated proportion of CHD events prevented by TFA elimination would be 5 % on the basis of total : HDL cholesterol effects and replacement with cis-unsaturated ( 4 % for replacement with saturated fats ) , and 22 % on the basis of prospect i ve studies and replacement with cis-unsaturated fats ( 17 % for replacement with saturated fats ) . These estimates do not include possible additional benefits derived from replacing TFAs with vegetable oils containing n-3 fatty acids . Conclusions : Intake of TFAs is high in Iranian homes and contributes to a sizeable proportion of CHD events . Replacement of partially hydrogenated oils with unhydrogenated oils would likely produce substantial reductions in CHD incidence . Sponsorship : National Heart , Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , USA . National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute , Tehran , Iran Trans fatty acids ( TFA ) are found naturally in some foods ( e.g. , dairy products ) as well as many processed foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils ( PHVO ) . Data from a growing literature suggest that some TFA decrease milk fat in lactating animals . Because the physiologic effects of TFA in lactating women are unknown , this study was design ed to investigate the effects of TFA consumption on human milk fat . A r and omized , crossover design ( n = 12 ) was used to study the effect of 3 dietary treatments : high PHVO ( regular margarine ) , low PHVO ( low TFA margarine ) , or low PHVO but high in naturally occurring TFA ( butter ) on milk fat . Treatments were administered for 5 d , with 7-d washout periods .  Maternal adiposity  was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry  . Milk and blood were collected on d 5 of each intervention period . In general , milk and serum fatty acid concentrations mirrored those of the dietary treatments . There were significant interactions between treatment and maternal adiposity on milk fat and infant milk consumption , as well as on serum glucose and nonesterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) concentrations . Consumption of regular margarine , compared with low TFA margarine , result ed in lower milk fat in leaner , but not in more obese women . Consumption of either regular or low TFA margarine , compared with butter , elevated serum NEFA concentrations in the more obese women . In summary , consumption of regular margarine , compared with low TFA margarine , decreased milk fat in lean women . Further studies are required to determine whether infant milk consumption might compensate for this potentially important change in milk composition BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that dairy consumption is associated with lower  type 2 diabetes risk .  However , observational studies have reported inconsistent results , and few have examined dairy 's association with the underlying disorders of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction . OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of the dairy fatty acid biomarkers pentadecanoic acid ( 15:0 ) and trans-palmitoleic acid ( trans 16:1n-7 ) with type 2 diabetes traits by evaluating 1 ) prospect i ve associations with incident diabetes after 5 y of follow-up and 2 ) cross-sectional associations with directly measured insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction . DESIGN The study analyzed 659 adults without diabetes at baseline from the triethnic multicenter Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study ( IRAS ) .  Diabetes status was assessed by using oral-glucose-tolerance tests . Frequently sample d intravenous-glucose-tolerance tests measured insulin sensitivity ( SI ) and β-cell function [ disposition index ( DI ) ] . Serum fatty acids were quantified by using gas chromatography . Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for demographic , lifestyle , and dietary variables . RESULTS Serum 15:0 was a significant biomarker for total dairy intake in the IRAS cohort . It was associated with a decreased incident diabetes risk ( OR : 0.73 , P = 0.02 ) and was positively associated with log SI ( β : 0.84 , P = 0.03 ) and log DI ( β : 2.21 , P = 0.02 ) in fully adjusted models . trans 16:1n-7 was a marker of total partially hydrogenated dietary fat intake and was not associated with outcomes in fully adjusted models . CONCLUSIONS Serum 15:0 , a marker of short-term intake of this fatty acid , was inversely associated with diabetes risk in this multiethnic cohort . This study may contribute to future recommendations regarding the benefits of dairy products on type 2 diabetes risk BACKGROUND Although trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) may increase the risk of dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease ( CAD ) , limited data are available on their association with heart failure ( HF ) . OBJECTIVE Our goal was to assess associations of plasma and dietary TFAs with HF and CAD . DESIGN We used a prospect i ve , nested case-control design to select 788 incident HF cases and 788 matched controls from the Physicians ' Health Study for biomarker analyses and a prospect i ve cohort for the dietary analyses .  Plasma fatty acids were assessed by using gas chromatography , and dietary intake was estimated by using a food-frequency question naire . Self-reported HF was ascertained by using annual follow-up question naires with validation in a sub sample . We used conditional logistic ( or Cox ) regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted ORs ( or HRs ) for HF and CAD . RESULTS Multivariable-adjusted ORs ( 95 % CIs ) for HF across consecutive quintiles of plasma trans 18:2 ( linoleic acid ) fatty acids were 1.0 ( reference ) , 1.10 ( 0.79 , 1.54 ) , 0.88 ( 0.62 , 1.25 ) , 0.71 ( 0.49 , 1.02 ) , and 0.67 ( 0.45 , 0.98 ) ( P-trend = 0.01 ) . Each SD of plasma trans 18:2 was associated with a 22 % lower risk of HF ( 95 % CI : 6 % , 36 % ) . Plasma trans 16:1 and 18:1 were not associated with risk of HF ( P > 0.05 ) . Dietary trans fats were not associated with incident HF or CAD . CONCLUSIONS Our data are consistent with a lower risk of HF with higher concentrations of plasma trans 18:2 but not with trans 16:1 or trans 18:1 fatty acids in male physicians .  Dietary TFAs were not related to incident HF or CAD BACKGROUND The consumption of monounsaturated trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Putative differences between the effects of TFAs from industrially produced and natural sources on CVD risk markers were not previously investigated in healthy subjects . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to compare the effects of TFAs from industrially produced and natural sources on HDL and LDL cholesterol , lipoprotein particle size and distribution , apolipoproteins , and other lipids in healthy subjects . DESIGN In a r and omized , double-blind , controlled , crossover design , 46 healthy subjects ( 22 men and 24 women ) consumed food items containing TFAs ( 11 - 12 g/d , representing approximately 5 % of daily energy ) from the 2 sources . RESULTS Forty subjects ( 19 men and 21 women ) completed the study . Compared with TFAs from industrially produced sources , TFAs from natural sources significantly ( P = 0.012 ) increased HDL cholesterol in women but not in men . Significant ( P = 0.001 ) increases in LDL-cholesterol concentrations were observed in women , but not in men , after the consumption of TFAs from natural sources . Apolipoprotein (apo)B and apoA1 concentrations confirmed the changes observed in LDL and HDL cholesterol . Analysis of lipoprotein subclass showed that only large HDL and LDL concentrations were modified by TFAs from natural sources but not by those from industrially produced sources . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that TFAs from industrially produced and from natural sources have different effects on CVD risk factors in women . The HDL cholesterol-lowering property of TFAs seems to be specific to industrial sources . However , it is difficult in the present study to draw a conclusion about the effect of TFAs from either source on absolute CVD risk in these normolipidemic subjects . The mechanism underlying the observed sex- and isomer-specific effects warrants further investigation BACKGROUND Detrimental effects of consumption of industrial trans fatty acids ( TFA ) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils ( PHVO ) on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors are well documented . However , very little information is available on the effect of natural sources of TFA coming from milk fat , dairy products and ruminant meat . In fact , due to the naturally low level of TFA in milk fat , it is almost impossible to conduct a clinical trial with a limited number of subjects ( < 200 ) . METHODOLOGY To compare the effects of industrial and natural dietary sources of TFA , two specific test fats have been design ed and produced . A substantial amount of milk fat ( 130 kg ) enriched in TFA has been produced by modification of the cow 's diet and selection of cows with the highest TFA content . The level obtained was approximately 4- to 7-fold higher than typically present in milk fat ( approximately 20 instead of 3 - 6 g/100 g of total fatty acids ) . The control fat is composed of PHVO balanced in saturated fatty acids ( lauric , myristic and palmitic ) . Both experimental fats contain about 20 - 22 % of monounsaturated TFA and the volunteers ' daily experimental fat intake ( 54 g ) , will represent about 12.0 g/day of TFA or 5.4 % of the daily energy ( based on 2000 kcal/day ) . These two test fats have been incorporated into food items and will be provided to 46 healthy subjects under a r and omised , double blind , controlled , cross-over design . The primary outcome is high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , which is an independent risk factor for CVD . Other parameters such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( VLDL-C ) , and HDL-C level and subclasses will be also to be evaluated . CONCLUSION We have shown that it is technically feasible to perform a clinical trial on the comparative effects of natural and industrial sources of TFA isomers on CVD risk factors . Results are expected by mid-2006 Trans fatty acids ( TFA ) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) have opposite effects on several biological functions . We report a study on the effects on risk markers for cardiovascular disease .  Eighty-seven healthy males were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of daily intake of either 20 g of industrially produced TFA ( IP-TFA ) , 4 g n-3 PUFA , or control fat , incorporated in bakery products as part of the daily food . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the TFA-group , triglycerides and mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the n-3 group . Heart rate variability ( HRV ) , arterial dilatory capacity , flow mediated vasodilation , compliance , and distensibility were unchanged . Post hoc , we did a subgroup analysis of the results from the subjects with normal initial HRV . In these , 24-h heart rate ( HR ) was significantly increased by approximately three beats/min in the TFA group , with a decrease of the same magnitude in the n-3 group . A high HR is associated to an increased mortality and vice versa . Our results thus support the notion that IP-TFA and n-3 PUFA affect risk for cardiovascular mortality via mechanisms not only related to changes in plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins Background : Studies of long-term intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids ( TFA ) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) suggest opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk . Common mechanisms of action are probable . Objective : To examine the effects on cardiovascular risk markers of dietary enrichment with TFA or n-3 PUFA . Design : R and omized , double-blind , parallel intervention trial . Setting : Department of Human Nutrition , The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University . Subjects : In all , 87 healthy males included , 79 completed . Intervention : Subjects were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of a daily intake of 33 g of experimental fats from either partially hydrogenated soy oil containing 20 g of TFA , 12 g of fish oil with approximately 4 g of n-3 PUFA and 21 g of control fat , or 33 g of control fat . The experimental fats were incorporated into bakery products .  Plasma lipids , blood pressure , heart rate variability ( HRV ) , arterial dilatory capacity , compliance , and distensibility were recorded before and after intervention and at follow-up 12 weeks after the intervention . Results : High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) decreased in the TFA group and triglycerides and mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the n-3 PUFA group compared to the control group . HRV , arterial dilatory capacity , compliance , and distensibility were unchanged . Conclusion : The results indicate that the association between coronary heart disease risk and intake of TFA and n-3 PUFA relates only modestly to changes in traditional risk markers . Sponsorship : Danish Medical Research Council ( Grant no. 22 - 01 - 0390 ) , Center of Advanced Food Research ( Copenhagen , Denmark ) ( Grant no. KVL-R-2001 - 107 ) , the Danish Heart Association ( Grant no. 99 - 2 - 3 - 45 - 22748 ) , Novozymes ( Bagsvaerd , Denmark ) , Aarhus Olie ( Aarhus , Denmark ) , and from private sources . The experimental fats were provided by Pronova Biocare ( Aalesund , Norway ) and Aarhus Olie ( Aarhus , Denmark )
RESULTS Increased TFA intake did not result in significant changes in glucose or insulin concentrations .
Our analysis also showed the absence of publication bias and any dose-response relations between the ES and TFA intake .
Increased TFA intake does not result in changes in glucose , insulin , or triglyceride concentrations but leads to an increase in total and LDL-cholesterol and a decrease in HDL-cholesterol concentrations .
There is no evidence to support a potential benefit of the reduction of dietary TFA intake on glucose homeostasis
BACKGROUND Although evidence from cohort studies has suggested that trans fatty acid ( TFA ) consumption may be associated with insulin resistance and diabetes , r and omized placebo-controlled trials ( RCTs ) have yielded conflicting results .
OBJECTIVE In a meta- analysis , we combined all available RCTs that examined the role of  TFA intake  on  glucose homeostasis .