Protocol for systematic reviews of determinants/correlates of obesity-related dietary and physical activity behaviors in young children (preschool 0 to 6 years): evidence mapping and syntheses Efficacy of postural and neck-stabilization exercises for persons with acute whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. Risk Factors Associated with Falls in Older Adults with Dementia: A Systematic Review. Effectiveness of physical therapist administered spinal manipulation for the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. Towards systematic reviews that inform health care management and policy-making The Effects of Exercise on Memory Function Among Young to Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapies in the Treatment of Adults With PTSD The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Prevention of cervical cancer in HIV-seropositive women from developing countries: a systematic review protocol Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders, whiplash-associated disorders, or non-specific low back pain? A systematic review of systematic reviews by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration Falls in frequent neurological diseases--prevalence, risk factors and aetiology. Resting blood pressure reductions following isometric handgrip exercise training and the impact of age and sex: protocol for a systematic review [Postoperative nausea and vomiting].
Background The aim of these review s is to inform the design and content of interventions to reduce obesity in young children . The behaviors that are associated with obesity/overweight have been studied extensively ; however , the factors associated with these behaviors in young children ( 0 to 6 years ) have not been systematic ally review ed . Over the past few years the focus of obesity prevention has shifted to preschool children because of the high prevalence of obesity at school entry and recognition that habits formed in early life could track into adulthood . In order to develop effective interventions and change behavior , it is important to underst and the factors that are associated with those behaviors . For example , we need to underst and whether it would be more important to target the family , childcare setting s or the wider environment and identify the most effective way of changing these energy balance related behaviors . Methods / Design Quantitative ( intervention and observational ) and qualitative literature on determinants/correlates of fruit and vegetable intake , sugar sweetened beverage and other unhealthy diet intake , and physical activity and sedentary behaviors in young children will be systematic ally identified , mapped and review ed . A common search strategy ( no language or period restrictions ) will be used to identify papers from eight electronic data bases and this will be supplemented by h and - search ing . Next , studies in developed countries that examine the factors associated with these behaviors in children aged 0 to 6 years ( at baseline ) will be screened and mapped descriptively followed by in-depth data extraction , quality assessment and synthesis . Data from quantitative studies will be summarized using either forest plots or harvest plots and narrative synthesis , and qualitative studies using thematic analysis . Qualitative evidence will be integrated with the quantitative evidence , using a parallel synthesis approach , to provide a deeper underst and ing of effective strategies to influence these energy balance related behaviors . Discussion In addition to updating and mapping current research , these review s will be the first to comprehensively synthesize and integrate both the quantitative and qualitative evidence pertaining to determinants/correlates/barriers/facilitators of obesity related behaviors in this young age group ( 0 to 6 years ) with the aim of informing future interventions . Systematic review registration International Prospect i ve Register for Systematic Review s ( PROSPERO ) Registration number : PURPOSE We systematic ally review ed r and omized and quasi-r and omized clinical trials in the literature to assess the efficacy of neck stabilization and postural exercises on pain , neck range of motion , and time off work in adults with acute whiplash-associated disorders . METHODS Electronic data bases , reference lists of relevant Cochrane review s , reference lists of studies selected for inclusion , and tables of contents of relevant journals were systematic ally search ed for r and omized and quasi-r and omized controlled trials . Two independent review ers selected studies for inclusion , assessed method ological quality , and extracted data . Because of the heterogeneity of the interventions , a qualitative synthesis was performed using " levels of evidence " as recommended by van Tulder et al. RESULTS Eight studies representing five clinical trials were selected for inclusion . Two trials were grade d as high quality , two as moderate quality , and one as low quality . Many of these studies had mixed results , demonstrating significant differences on some outcome measures but not on others . CONCLUSIONS There is moderate evidence to support the use of postural exercises for decreasing pain and time off work in the treatment of patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders . However , no evidence exists to support the use of postural exercises for increasing neck range of motion . There is conflicting evidence in support of neck stabilization exercises in the treatment of patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders Purpose : People with dementia fall more often than cognitively healthy older adults , but their risk factors are not well understood . A review is needed to determine a fall risk profile for this population . The objective was to critically evaluate the literature and identify the factors associated with fall risk in older adults with dementia . Methods : Articles published between January 1988 and October 2014 in EMBASE , PubMed , PsycINFO , and CINAHL were search ed . Inclusion criteria were participants aged 55 years or older with dementia or cognitive impairment , prospect i ve cohort design , detailed fall definition , falls as the primary outcome , and multi-variable regression analysis . Two authors independently review ed and extracted data on study characteristics , quality assessment , and outcomes . Adjusted risk estimates were extracted from the articles . Results : A total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria . Risk factors were categorized into demographic , balance , gait , vision , functional status , medications , psychosocial , severity of dementia , and other . Risk factors varied with living setting and were not consistent across all studies within a setting . Conclusion : Falls in older adults with dementia are associated with multiple intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors , some shared with older adults in general and others unique to the disease . Risk factors vary between community- and institution-dwelling sample s of adults with dementia or cognitive impairment BACKGROUND CONTEXT Low back pain ( LBP ) is a prevalent disorder in society that has been associated with increased loss of work time and medical expenses . A common intervention for LBP is spinal manipulation , a technique that is not specific to one scope of practice or profession . PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of physical therapy spinal manipulations for the treatment of patients with low back pain . METHODS A search of the current literature was conducted using PubMed , CINAHL , SPORTD iscus , Pro Quest Nursing and Allied Health Source , Scopus , and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register . Studies were included if each involved : 1 ) individuals with LBP ; 2 ) spinal manipulations performed by physical therapists compared to any control group that did not receive manipulations ; 3 ) measurable clinical outcomes or efficiency of treatment measures , and 4 ) r and omized control trials . The quality of included articles was determined by two independent authors using the criteria developed and used by the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) . RESULTS Six r and omized control trials met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review . The most commonly used outcomes in these studies were some variation of pain rating scales and disability indexes . Notable results included varying degrees of effect sizes favoring physical therapy spinal manipulations and minimal adverse events result ing from this intervention . Additionally , the manipulation group in one study reported statistically significantly less medication use , health care utilization , and lost work time . CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this systematic review there is evidence to support the use of spinal manipulation by physical therapists in clinical practice . Physical therapy spinal manipulation appears to be a safe intervention that improves clinical outcomes for patients with low back pain Objectives To identify ways to improve the usefulness of systematic review s for health care managers and policy-makers that could then be evaluated prospect ively . Methods We systematic ally review ed studies of decision-making by health care managers and policy-makers , conducted interviews with a purposive sample of them in Canada and the United Kingdom ( n=29 ) , and review ed the websites of research funders , producers/purveyors of research , and journals that include them among their target audiences ( n=45 ) . Results Our systematic review identified that factors such as interactions between research ers and health care policy-makers and timing/timeliness appear to increase the prospect s for research use among policy-makers . Our interviews with health care managers and policy-makers suggest that they would benefit from having information that is relevant for decisions highlighted for them ( e.g. context ual factors that affect a review 's local applicability and information about the benefits , harms/risks and costs of interventions ) and having review s presented in a way that allows for rapid scanning for relevance and then grade d entry ( such as one page of take-home messages , a three-page executive summary and a 25-page report ) . Managers and policy-makers have mixed views about the helpfulness of recommendations . Our analysis of websites found that context ual factors were rarely highlighted , recommendations were often provided and grade d entry formats were rarely used . Conclusions Research ers could help to ensure that the future flow of systematic review s will better inform health care management and policy-making by involving health care managers and policy-makers in their production and better highlighting information that is relevant for decisions . Research funders could help to ensure that the global stock of systematic review s will better inform health care management and policy-making by supporting and evaluating local adaptation processes such as developing and making available online more user-friendly ‘ front ends ’ for potentially relevant systematic review Objective : To systematic ally summarize the experimental effects of exercise on cognitive-related memory function among young to middle-aged adults , which has yet to be done in the literature . Data Source : PubMed . Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria : Studies were included if they were published in the English language , indexed in PubMed , employed an experimental study design ( eg , traditional parallel group r and omized controlled trial : either acute intervention or chronic/training intervention study ) , and conducted among human adults . Studies were excluded if nonhumans ( ie , animal models ) were studied , if children/adolescents ( < 18 years ) or older adults ( > 50 years ) were evaluated , and if select chronic diseases ( eg , diabetes and dementia ) were present . Data Extraction : A systematic review approach was employed . Data Synthesis : An extraction table was created synthesizing the key results , and recommendations for future research are emphasized . Results : Among the 17 evaluated studies , 2 were published before the year 2000 ( ie , 1998 and 1999 ) , 2 were published in 2007 , and the remaining 13 were published in the years 2011 and beyond . This highlights the emergence of this research topic within this age-group ( young to middle-aged adults ) . Among the 17 evaluated studies , 14 were conducted among healthy sample s , with 3 conducted among those with a diagnosis of depression . Among the 17 studies , 4 employed a chronic training protocol , with 13 utilizing an acute exercise protocol . Among the 3 experimental studies in the depressed population , all demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on memory function . Among the 14 trials in the nondepressed population , 10 ( 71 % ) demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on some aspect of memory function . Conclusion : Acute and chronic exercise appears to play a pronounced effect on memory function  among young to middle-aged adults . Implication s and recommendations for future research are outlined in this systematic review Objective : There is a growing body of literature supporting the use of creative arts therapies ; however , the efficacy of creative arts therapies in the treatment of  posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD )  has not been systematic ally evaluated . The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of creative arts therapy including music therapy , art therapy , dance/movement therapy , and drama therapy , in the treatment of PTSD . Method : Ten data bases were search ed for peer- review ed literature published from inception to December 2016 . Studies were included in the review if they used a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) , a pseudo RCT , or a controlled study design ; tested the efficacy of one of the creative arts therapies described above ; and reported changes to PTSD diagnosis or symptomatology . Results : From an initial yield of 1,918 records , 1,653 records were screened on title and abstract and 125 were screened at full-text . Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for review , with four studies investigating art therapy , two studies investigating music therapy , and a final study investigating drama therapy . Individual studies were initially rated on a st and ardized quality and bias checklist , and then GRADE was used to rate the overall evidence for each intervention . The evidence for music therapy , art therapy , and drama therapy  was ranked as low to very low , with no studies found for dance/movement therapy . Generally , the quality of the trials was very poor . Future directions for this field of research are to improve the scientific quality of the research trials in this area STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and best evidence synthesis . OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and incidence of  neck pain and disability in workers ; to identify risk factors for neck pain in workers ; to propose an etiological diagram ; and to make recommendations for future research . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous review s of the etiology of neck pain in workers relied on cross-sectional evidence . Recently published cohorts and r and omized trials warrant a re- analysis of this body of research . METHODS We systematic ally search ed Medline for literature published from 1980 - 2006 . Retrieved articles were review ed for relevance . Relevant articles were critically appraised . Articles judged to have adequate internal validity were included in our best evidence synthesis . RESULTS One hundred and nine papers on the burden and determinants of neck pain in workers were scientifically admissible . The annual prevalence of neck pain varied from 27.1 % in Norway to 47.8 % in Québec , Canada . Each year , between 11 % and 14.1 % of workers were limited in their activities because of neck pain . Risk factors associated with neck pain in workers include age , previous musculoskeletal pain , high quantitative job dem and s , low social support at work , job insecurity , low physical capacity , poor computer workstation design and work posture , sedentary work position , repetitive work and precision work . We found preliminary evidence that gender , occupation , headaches , emotional problems , smoking , poor job satisfaction , awkward work postures , poor physical work environment , and workers ' ethnicity may be associated with neck pain . There is evidence that interventions aim ed at modifying workstations and worker posture are not effective in reducing the incidence of neck pain in workers . CONCLUSION Neck disorders are a significant source of pain and activity limitations in workers . Most neck pain results from complex relationships between individual and workplace risk factors . No prevention strategies have been shown to reduce the incidence of neck pain in workers Background Over 85 % of cervical cancer cases and deaths occur in developing countries . HIV-seropositive women are more likely to develop precancerous lesions that lead to cervical cancer than HIV-negative women . However , the literature on cervical cancer prevention in seropositive women in developing countries has not been review ed . The aim of this study is to systematic ally review cervical cancer prevention modalities available for HIV-seropositive women in developing countries . Methods / design This protocol was developed by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses Protocol s ( PRISMA -P ) statement , and the systematic review will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines . Embase , MEDLINE , PubMed , CINAHL and Cochrane Library will be search ed from inception up to date of final search , and additional studies will be located through citation and reference list tracking . Eligible studies will be r and omised controlled trials , prospect i ve and retrospective cohort studies , case-control and cross-sectional studies carried out in developing countries . Studies will be included if they are published in English and examine cervical cancer prevention modalities in HIV-seropositive women . Results will be summarised in tables and , where appropriate , combined using meta- analysis . Discussion This review will address the gap in evidence by systematic ally review ing the published literature on the different prevention modalities being used to prevent  cervical cancer in HIV-seropositive women in developing countries . The findings may be used to inform evidence -based guidelines for prevention of cervical cancer in seropositive women as well as future research . Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42017054678 Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) for the management of neck pain and associated disorders ( NAD ) , whiplash-associated disorders , and non-specific low back pain ( LBP ) with or without radiculopathy . Methods We systematic ally search ed six data bases from 2000 to 2014 . R and om pairs of independent review ers critically appraised eligible systematic review s using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria . We included systematic review s with a low risk of bias in our best evidence synthesis . Results We screened 706 citations and 14 systematic review s were eligible for critical appraisal . Eight systematic review s had a low risk of bias . For recent-onset NAD , evidence suggests that intramuscular NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes as combined manipulation and soft tissue therapy . For NAD ( duration not specified ) , oral NSAIDs may be more effective than placebo . For recent-onset LBP , evidence suggests that : ( 1 ) oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes to placebo or a muscle relaxant ; and ( 2 ) oral NSAIDs with bed rest lead to similar outcomes as placebo with bed rest . For persistent LBP , evidence suggests that : ( 1 ) oral NSAIDs are more effective than placebo ; and ( 2 ) oral NSAIDs may be more effective than acetaminophen . For recent-onset LBP with radiculopathy , there is inconsistent evidence on the effectiveness of oral NSAIDs versus placebo . Finally , different oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes for neck and LBP with or without radiculopathy . Conclusions For NAD , oral NSAIDs may be more effective than placebo . Oral NSAIDs are more effective than placebo for persistent LBP , but not for recent-onset LBP . Different oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes for neck pain and LBP The prevalence of falls among neurological patients is unknown , although disturbances of gait and posture are common . Falls may lead to burdens for the patient , the caregivers and the health system . We design ed a prospect i ve study and investigated all patients for a history of falls admitted to a neurological hospital during a 100-day period . Clinical investigation was carried out and several disease specific rating scales were applied . A total of 548 patients were investigated . Of all patients 34 % had fallen once or more often during the last twelve months . A disturbance of gait was blamed for the fall in 55 % , epileptic seizures in 12 % , syncope in 10 % and stroke in 7 % . Intrinsic risk factors for falls were high age , disturbed gait , poor balance and a fear of falling . As extrinsic factors we identified the treatment with antidepressants , neuroleptics and different cardiovascular medications , adverse environmental factors in the patients ' home and the use of walking aids . Within the diagnoses , falls were most frequent in Parkinson 's disease ( 62 % ) , syncope ( 57 % ) and polyneuropathy ( 48 % ) . According to these findings falls in neurological in- patients are twice as frequent as in an age-matched population living in the community . Falls in neurological patients are particularly linked to medication and disorders affecting gait and balance Background The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is directly correlated to one ’s resting blood pressure ( BP ) , age , and biological sex . Resting BP can be reduced using h and grip exercise training , but the impact of age and sex on the effectiveness of training is not well documented . Methods / design A systematic search of the literature will be conducted for all experimental studies ( including r and omized controlled trials and prospect i ve experiments ) that report the influence of isometric h and grip exercise training on resting systolic blood pressure . The data bases Medline , Embase , Cochrane Review s , Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL ) , SPORTD iscus , Web of Science , Allied and Complementary Medicine ( AMED ) , PubMed , and Scopus will be search ed until 1 December 2015 . Screening of potential articles , data abstract ion , and quality appraisal will be completed in duplicate independently . When necessary , corresponding authors will be contacted in order to facilitate the separation of pooled data into age and sex categories . Method ological quality will be determined using the Quality Assessment Framework developed by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale as appropriate . Any discrepancies will be resolved by a third author . Findings will be presented in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic review s and meta- analysis ( PRISMA ) guidelines . Discussion This systematic review will determine the overall effectiveness  of h and grip exercise training in improving resting blood pressure . A novel , focused assessment will contrast  effectiveness of h and grip training  based on the age ( younger 18–54 years , older > 55 years ) and the sex ( men , women ) of study participants . This information is essential to consoli date before moving forward with the development and implementation of h and grip exercise training programmes which are design ed to best meet the needs of particular cohorts . Systematic review registration PROSPERO During the last years huge amounts of literature have been review ed systematic ally . Recently , guidelines have been proposed . For the first time a large prospect i ve study has been performed on the effect of combining antiemetics . In this review we try to propose a rational approach to  postoperative nausea and vomiting .  The scoring of patients at risk , rational anaesthetic agents , prophylactic administration of antiemetics to patients at risk and effective postoperative antiemetic treatment are suggested
Among the multiple risk factors studied , a reduced performance in balance and gait was consistently associated with falls , while the contribution of single physical and cognitive impairments was variable in different population s. Walking aids , wheelchair characteristics and environmental hazards are significant environmental risk factors .
Falling is a common problem among young patients affected by neurological disorders , although the risk of falling for a specific individual is difficult to predict and the risk of a severe fall-related injury has not yet been established .
IMPLICATION S FOR REHABILITATION Young patients with impaired gait and balance or medium to severe motor disability appear to be at increased risk of falling .
Patients who are relatively independent and still participating in challenging activities have an increased exposure to fall-risk .
Walking aids , wheelchair characteristics and environmental hazards are significant environmental risk factors .
PURPOSE To review systematic ally the literature on fall risk factors for young patients affected by neurological disorders .