Replacement of partially hydrogenated soybean oil by palm oil in margarine without unfavorable effects on serum lipoproteins Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. The type of oil used for cooking is associated with the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in costa rica. Comparison of the effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols, palm oil, and high oleic acid sunflower oil on plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans. Impact of polyunsaturated vegetable oils on adiponectin levels, glycaemia and blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind intervention study. Behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils. Palm Olein and Olive Oil Cause a Higher Increase in Postprandial Lipemia Compared with Lard but Had No Effect on Plasma Glucose, Insulin and Adipocytokines Effect of trans-fatty acid intake on insulin sensitivity and intramuscular lipids--a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women. Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. Fall in total cholesterol concentration over five years in association with changes in fatty acid composition of cooking oil in Mauritius: cross sectional survey Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals.
We have compared the effects of three different margarines , one based on palm oil ( PALM-margarine ) , one based on partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( TRANS-margarine ) and one with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA-margarine ) , on serum lipids in 27 young women . The main purpose of the study was to test if replacement of trans fatty acids in margarine by palmitic acid results in unfavorable effects on serum lipids . The sum of saturated fatty acids ( 12∶0 , 14∶0 , 16∶0 ) was 36.3 % of total fatty acids in the PALM-diet , the same as the sum of saturated ( 12∶0 , 14∶0 , 16∶0 ) ( 12.5 % ) and trans ( 23.1 % ) fatty acids in the TRANS-diet . This sum was 20.7 % in the PUFA-diet . The content of oleic acid was 37.9 , 35.2 , and 38.6 % , respectively , in the three diets , whereas linoleic acid amounted to 16 , 13.5 , and 27.3 % , respectively . Total fat provided 30–31 % and the test margarines 26 % of total energy in all three diets . The subjects consumed each of the diets for 17 d in a Latin-square crossover design . There were no significant differences in total cholesterol , low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B ( apoB ) between the TRANS- and the PALM-diets . High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apoA-I were significantly higher on the PALM-diet compared to the TRANS-diet whereas the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol was lower , although not significantly ( P=0.077 ) on the PALM-diet . Total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , and apoB were significantly lower on the PUFA-diet compared to the two other diets . HDL-cholesterol was not different on the PALM- and the PUFA-diets but it was significantly lower on the TRANS-diet compared to the PUFA diet . Compared to the PUFA-diet  the ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol was higher on both the PALM- and the TRANS-diets whereas apoA-I was not different . Triglycerides and lipoprotein ( a ) were not significantly different among the three diets . We concluded that nutritionally , palmitic acid from palm oil may be a reasonable alternative to trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil in margarine if the aim is to avoid trans fatty acids . A palm oil-based margarine is , however , less favorable than one based on a more polyunsaturated vegetable oil BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population Palm oil and soybean oil are the 2 most widely used cooking oils in the world . Palm oil is consumed mainly in developing countries , where morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) are on the rise . Although cl aims about adverse or protective effects of these oils are commonly made , there are no epidemiologic studies assessing the association between these oils and cardiovascular disease endpoints . We examined whether consumption of palm oil relative to soybean oil and other unsaturated oils ( predominantly sunflower ) is associated with  myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) in Costa Rica . The cases ( n = 2111 ) were survivors of a first acute MI and were matched to r and omly selected population controls ( n = 2111 ) .  Dietary intake was assessed with a vali date d semiquantitative FFQ . Adipose tissue profiles of essential fatty acids were assessed to vali date cooking oil intake and found to be consistent with self-reported major oils used for cooking . The data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression . Palm oil users were more likely to have an MI than users of soybean oil [ odds ratio ( OR ) = 1.33 ; 95 % CI : 1.08 - 1.63 ] or other cooking oils ( OR = 1.23 ; CI : 0.99 - 1.52 ) , but they did not differ from users of soybean oil with a high trans-fatty acid content ( OR = 1.14 ; CI : 0.84 - 1.56 ) . These data suggest that as currently used in Costa Rica , and most likely in many other developing countries , the replacement of palm oil with a polyunsaturated nonhydrogenated vegetable oil would reduce the risk of MI Although medium-chain triacylglycerols ( MCTs , composed of medium-chain fatty acids 8:0 and 10:0 ) have long been described as having neutral effects on serum cholesterol concentrations , experimental evidence supporting this cl aim is limited . In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , we compared the lipid effects of a natural food diet supplemented with either MCTs , palm oil , or high oleic acid sunflower oil in nine middle-aged men with mild hypercholesterolemia . Rather than having a neutral effect , MCT oil produced total cholesterol concentrations that were not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( MCT oil : 5.87 + /- 0.75 mmol/L ; palm oil : 5.79 + /- 0.72 mmol/L ) but significantly higher than that produced by high oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.22 + /- 0.52 mmol/L ) . Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations paralleled those of total cholesterol .  MCT oil tended to result in higher triacylglycerol concentrations than either palm oil or high oleic acid sunflower oil , but this difference was not significant . There were no differences in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations . The palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acid content of plasma triacylglycerols in the MCT-oil diet was not significantly different from that in the palm oil diet . On the basis of percentage of energy , this study suggests that medium-chain fatty acids have one-half the potency that palmitic acid has at raising total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations BACKGROUND Low adiponectin levels are discussed as risk factor for cardiovascular events . This is of special importance in individuals with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) because they are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases . The present study aim ed to investigate the effect of two plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) , with different content of omega-3 fatty acids , on adiponectin levels , glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM individuals treated either with insulin or oral anti-diabetics ( OAD ) . METHODS Ninety-two subjects with T2DM [ 34 treated with insulin ( T2DM-Ins ) and 58 treated with OAD ( T2DM-OAD ) ] participated in this r and omised , double-blind , parallel intervention study . Individuals received either 9 g of nut oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 1.3 : 6.1 ) or mixed oil ( n-3:n-6 ratio : 0.6 : 5.7 ) per day for 10 weeks . The fatty acid profile , tocopherol , adiponectin levels and parameters regarding glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed at baseline , during and after the intervention . RESULTS Compliance was confirmed by significant increases in γ-tocopherol and PUFA in both oil groups . An increase in adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins participants ( + 6.84 % in nut oil and + 4.47 % in mixed oil group after 10 weeks compared to baseline ) was observed , albeit not significantly different from T2DM-OAD individuals ( P = 0.051 ) . Lipid and glucose metabolism were not affected by the intervention . CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that a small and easy change in dietary behaviour towards better fat quality moderately increases adiponectin levels in T2DM-Ins subjects , independently of the administered plant oil BACKGROUND Dietary behenic acid ( 22:0 ) is poorly absorbed . Because of its low bioavailability compared with other fatty acids and because of its very long chain length , the effect of dietary behenic acid ( behenate ) on serum lipid concentrations in humans is assumed to be neutral . OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish the cholesterol-raising potential of behenic acid by comparing the effects on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of a specially formulated fat enriched with behenic acid with those of palm oil ( rich in palmitic acid ; 16:0 ) and high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( rich in cis oleic acid ; 18:1 ) . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , 7 mildly hypercholesterolemic men were fed 3 natural-food diets supplemented with behenate oil , palm oil , or high-oleic acid sunflower oil .  Mean serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and plasma triacylglycerol fatty acid composition were determined from fasting blood drawn during the final 4 d of each 3-wk diet period . RESULTS Behenate oil produced mean concentrations of total cholesterol ( 5.87+/-0.8 mmol/L ) and LDL cholesterol ( 4.40+/-0.8 mmol/L ) not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( 5.84+/-0.7 and 4.42+/-0.7 mmol/L , respectively ) but significantly higher than those produced by high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.12+/-0.5 and 3.70+/-0.6 mmol/L , respectively ) . There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations . CONCLUSIONS Despite its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid , behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols The effect of fats high in individual , prevalent saturated dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and hemostatic variables in young healthy subjects was evaluated in a r and omized strictly controlled metabolic feeding study . Three experimental diets : shea butter ( S ; 42 % stearic acid ) , palm oil ( P ; 43 % palmitic palmitic acid ) , and palm-kernel oil with high-oleic sunflower oil ( ML ; 10 % myristic acid , 30 % lauric acid ) were served to 15 men for 3 wk each , separated by washout periods . Diet S compared with diet P result ed in significant reduction in plasma cholesterol ( 22 % ) LDL cholesterol ( 26 % ) , apolipoprotein B ( 18 % ) , HDL cholesterol ( 12 % ) , apolipoprotein A-I ( 13 % ) , and a 13 % lower factor VII coagulant activity ( P = 0.001 ) . Similar differences were observed between diets S and ML . In conclusion , intake of shea butter high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in young men , compared with fats high in saturated fatty acids with 12 - 16 carbons The aim was to establish whether interesterification of oils , an alternative to the use of trans fatty acids in margarine manufacture , adversely affects plasma lipids .  Twenty-seven hypercholesterolemic men participated in a double-blind , crossover trial of three margarines : 1 ) high-linoleic acid , moderate trans fatty acids ; 2 ) high-palm oil blend ( predominantly lauric , myristic , palmitic , oleic , and linoleic acids ) ; and 3 ) an interesterified form of the high-palm oil margarine . Both high-palm oil margarines led to similar low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations ( 4.43 + /- 0.94 and 4.54 + /- 0.88 mmol/L , respectively ) , which were significantly higher than the LDL concentrations after the high-linoleic acid margarine ( 4.02 + /- 0.85 mmol/L , P < 0.001 ) . Interesterification transferred substantial proportions of palmitic acid into the sn-2 position of glycerides and unsaturated fatty acids into the sn-1,3 positions , and this was reflected in plasma chylomicrons . This study shows that interesterification of oils used to harden margarines does not raise plasma cholesterol more than does the margarine 's constituent fatty acids Postpr and ial lipemia impairs insulin sensitivity and triggers the pro-inflammatory state which may lead to the progression of cardiovascular diseases . A r and omized , crossover single-blind study ( n = 10 healthy men ) was design ed to compare the effects of a high-fat load ( 50 g fat ) , rich in palmitic acid from both plant ( palm olein ) or animal source ( lard ) versus an oleic acid-rich fat ( virgin olive oil ) on lipemia , plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines . Serum triacylglycerol ( TAG ) concentrations were significantly lower after the lard meal than after the olive oil and palm olein meals ( meal effect P = 0.003 ; time effect P < 0.001 ) . The greater reduction in the plasma non-esterified free fatty acids levels in the lard group compared to the olive oil meal was mirrored by the changes observed for serum TAG levels ( P < 0.05 ) . The magnitude of response for plasma glucose , insulin and adipocytokines [ interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) and leptin ] were not altered by the type of dietary fats . A significant difference in plasma IL-1β was found over time following the three high fat loads ( time effect P = 0.036 ) . The physical characteristics and changes in TAG structure of lard may contribute to the smaller increase in postpr and ial lipemia compared with palm olein . A high fat load but not the type of fats influences concentrations of plasma IL-1β over time but had no effect on other pro-inflammatory markers tested in the postpr and ial state Intake of industrially produced trans-fatty acids ( TFA ) has been linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies . We investigated the causality of this association by examining if a high intake of TFA impairs measures of glucose homeostasis and induces intramuscular lipid deposition in abdominally obese women . In a double-blind , parallel dietary intervention study , 52 healthy but overweight postmenopausal women were r and omized to receive either partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( 15 g/d TFA ) or a control oil ( mainly oleic and palmitic acid ) for 16 weeks . Three markers of glucose homeostasis and 4 markers of lipolysis were derived from glucose , insulin , C-peptide , nonesterified fatty acid , and glycerol concentrations during a 3-hour frequent sampling oral glucose tolerance test . Intramuscular lipids were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Forty-nine women completed the  study .  Insulin sensitivity ( assessed by ISI(composite ) ) , β-cell function ( the disposition index ) , and the metabolic clearance rate of insulin were not significantly affected by the dietary intervention . Neither was the ability of insulin to suppress plasma nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol during oral glucose ingestion nor the intramuscular lipid deposition . In conclusion , high TFA intake did not affect glucose metabolism over 16 weeks in postmenopausal overweight women . A study population with a stronger predisposition to insulin resistance and /or a longer duration of exposure may be required for insulin sensitivity to be affected by intake of industrial TFA Accumulation of postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins is generated by assimilation of ingested dietary fat and has been increasingly related to atherogenic risk . Nevertheless , the influence of different kinds of dietary fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid metabolism is not well established , except for ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids . Our goal was to evaluate the effects of test meals containing a common edible fat source of saturated ( butter ) , monounsaturated ( olive oil ) or ( n-6 ) polyunsaturated ( sunflower oil ) fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein responses . After a 12-h fast , 10 healthy young men ingested mixed meals containing 0 g ( control ) or 40 g fat , provided as butter , olive oil or sunflower oil in a r and om order .  Fasting and postmeal blood sample s were collected for 7 h. The no-fat test meal did not elicit any change over baseline except for plasma phospholipids , insulin and nonesterified fatty acids . Conversely , the three fat-containing meals elicited bell-shaped postpr and ial changes ( P < 0.05 ) in serum triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , and nonesterified fatty acids . The butter meal induced a lower postpr and ial rise of triacylglycerols in serum and chylomicrons ( incremental AUC , mmol.h/L : 0.72 ) than the two unsaturated oils ( olive oil : 1.6 , sunflower oil : 1.8 ) , which did not differ . Circulating chylomicrons were smaller after the butter meal than after the two vegetable oil meals . The in vitro susceptibility of circulating chylomicrons to hydrolysis by postheparin plasma was higher after sunflower oil than after butter or olive oil . We conclude that butter results in lower postpr and ial lipemia and chylomicron accumulation in the circulation of young men than olive or sunflower oils after consumption of a single mixed meal Abstract Objective : To determine the extent to which reducing the saturated fatty acid composition of a ubiquitously used cooking oil influenced changes in  cholesterol concentration in the population during a five year intervention  programme in Mauritius . Design : Cross sectional surveys in 1987 and 1992 determined mean total cholesterol concentrations in the population . A r and om sample of respondents in the 1992 survey completed a nutrition question naire that included questions on diet in the previous 24 hours . Setting : Mauritius . Intervention : In 1987 the  government of Mauritius changed the composition of the commonly used cooking oil from being mostly palm oil ( high in saturated fatty acids ) to being wholly soya bean oil ( high in unsaturated fatty acids ) . Subjects : 5080 and 5162 subjects in 1987 and 1992 cross sectional surveys . 2059 subjects aged 30–64 years were r and omly selected from the respondents of the 1992 survey to take part in the nutrition survey Main outcome measures : Fatty acid composition of phospholipids in pooled serum sample s from men and women from the two surveys ; measured and predicted change in serum cholesterol concentration . Results : From 1987 to 1992 total cholesterol concentrations fell significantly by 0.79 mmol/l ( P<0.001 ) in men and 0.82 mmol/l ( P<0.001 ) in women . The estimated intake of saturated fatty acids decreased by 3.5 % of energy intake in men and by 3.6 % in women , and the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by 5.5 % and 5.6 % of energy intake , respectively . These changes were reflected in changes in the fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids , and according to Keys ' formula these changes explained much of the decrease in serum cholesterol concentrations ( predicted decrease of 0.38 mmol/l in men and by 0.40 mmol/l in women ) . Conclusion : Dietary changes that entailed a reduction in the saturated fat content of a ubiquitous cooking oil explained most of the observed decrease in serum cholesterol concentration over five years in the population of Mauritius . Key messages The saturated fatty acid intake of Mauritians was reduced by modifying the composition of the widely used cooking oil Mean serum cholesterol concentration decreased by 15 % after the cooking oil intervention was introduced nationwide Effective , low cost prevention programmes for chronic disease are needed in less industrialised countries . Simple action in dietary policy could be one such BACKGROUND Despite the high content of palmitic acid , palm olein has been shown to have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations when compared with olive oil , which is suggested to be attributable to palmitic acid in the sn-1 and sn-3 position . In contrast , palmitic acid is in the sn-2 position in lard . OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of a diet rich in palm olein , fractionated palm oil , olive oil , and lard on plasma blood lipids , inflammatory markers , glucose , and insulin . DESIGN A controlled double-blinded , r and omized 3 × 3 wk crossover dietary intervention study included 32 healthy men who daily replaced part of their habitual dietary fat intake with ~ 17 % of energy from palm olein , olive oil , or lard , respectively . RESULTS Compared with intake of olive oil , palm olein and lard  increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ( P < 0.0001 ) . Palm olein result ed in a lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration than did olive oil ( P < 0.01 ) . No difference in effects was observed in plasma HDL-cholesterol , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , plasminogen activator-1 , insulin , and glucose concentrations . CONCLUSIONS The current study did not support the previous finding that the effect of palm olein on total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in healthy individuals with normal plasma cholesterol concentrations is neutral compared with that of olive oil . Thus , sn-positioning was not confirmed to be important with regard to the effect on plasma cholesterol . The relatively lower plasma triacylglycerol concentration  after the palm olein diet than after the olive oil diet was unexpected . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00743301
Current evidence on the effects of palm oil consumption on biomarkers of glucose metabolism is poor and limited to only healthy participants .
We conclude that little or no additional benefit will be obtained by replacing palm oil with other oils rich in mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids for changes in glucose metabolism
INTRODUCTION Vegetable oil is an important source of fatty acids , and as palm oil being the highest consumed vegetable oil in many countries , its high saturated fatty acid content has led many concerns on cardiometabolic health .
Dietary fatty acids has also been linked to affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity .
This systematic review is aim ed at critically evaluating the available evidence on the association of palm oil with the biomarkers of glucose metabolism as compared to other vegetable oils .