Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and anthelmintic drug treatment. Diet and hip fractures among elderly Europeans in the EPIC cohort Diet, smoking and anthropometric indices and postmenopausal bone fractures: a prospective study. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. Fatty acid consumption and risk of fracture in the Women's Health Initiative. Hip fractures. Epidemiology, risk factors, falls, energy absorption, hip protectors, and prevention. Extra virgin olive oil consumption reduces the risk of osteoporotic fractures in the PREDIMED trial.
The provision of vitamin A in food sources of beta-carotene is an alternative to the distribution of high-dose capsules . To examine factors that may influence the success of food-based programs , a study was carried out in Sumatra , Indonesia , of the effect of food sources of beta-carotene , extra dietary fat , and  Ascaris lumbricoides infection on serum retinol concentrations in children .  Meals and snacks with various amounts of beta-carotene and fat were fed at midday to children 3 - 6 y of age for 3 wk . Some groups of children were dewormed with the anthelmintic levamisole before the feeding period , whereas others remained infected . Results showed that the incorporation of beta-carotene sources ( mainly in the form of red sweet potatoes ) into the meal significantly increased serum retinol concentrations . The greatest rise in serum retinol occurred when meals contained added beta-carotene sources and added fat and the children were dewormed . Adding more fat to the meal and deworming the children caused a rise in serum retinol similar to that seen when feeding additional beta-carotene sources . Moreover , the effects of fat and deworming together were additive to the effects of additional beta-carotene sources . When the meal contained additional beta-carotene sources , added fat caused a further improvement in serum retinol concentrations but only if A. lumbricoides infection was low . These studies indicated that food-based interventions in vitamin A-deficient areas might be successful and that other interventions such as increasing dietary fat concentrations and anthelmintic treatment should be considered along with increasing consumption of beta-carotene-rich food Background / Objectives : Evidence on the role of diet during adulthood and beyond on fracture occurrence is limited . We investigated diet and hip fracture incidence in a population of elderly Europeans , participants in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and nutrition study .Subjects/ Methods : 29 122 volunteers ( 10 538 men , 18 584 women ) aged 60 years and above ( mean age : 64.3 ) from five countries were followed up for a median of 8 years and 275 incident hip fractures ( 222 women and 53 men ) were recorded .  Diet  was assessed at baseline through vali date d dietary question naires . Data were analyzed through Cox proportional-hazards regression with adjustment for potential confounders . Results : No food group or nutrient was significantly associated with hip fracture occurrence . There were suggestive inverse associations , however , with vegetable consumption ( hazard ratio ( HR ) per increasing sex-specific quintile : 0.93 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 0.85–1.01 ) , fish consumption ( HR per increasing sex-specific quintile : 0.93 , 95 % CI : 0.85–1.02 ) and polyunsaturated lipid intake ( HR per increasing sex-specific quintile : 0.92 , 95 % CI : 0.82–1.02 ) , whereas saturated lipid intake was positively associated with hip fracture risk ( HR per increasing sex-specific quintile : 1.13 , 95 % CI : 0.99–1.29 ) . Consumption of dairy products did not appear to influence the risk ( HR per increasing sex-specific quintile : 1.02 , 95 % CI : 0.93–1.12 ) . Conclusions : In a prospect i ve study of the elderly , diet , including consumption of dairy products , alcohol and vitamin D , did not appear to play a major role in hip fracture incidence . There is however , weak and statistically non-significant evidence that vegetable and fish consumption and intake of polyunsaturated lipids may have a beneficial , whereas saturated lipid intake a detrimental effect OBJECTIVE Bone fractures are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly in the US . The present study assesses the possible role of a number of risk factors for postmenopausal bone fractures .  METHODS We analysed the relationships of anthropometric , demographic and lifestyle factors  with the risk of bone fracture among 6250 postmenopausal women in a prospect i ve cohort study , the New York University Women 's Health Study . RESULTS After an average of 7.6 years of follow-up , 1025 new incident  bone fractures were reported , including 34 hip and 159 wrist fractures ( incidence rates ; 71.6 and 334.7 per 105 woman-years , respectively ) . The risk of fracture increased with increasing age , body height and total fat intake , while it was significantly lower among obese and African American women . The relative risk among African Americans was 0.45 ( 95 % CI : 0.32 - 0.63 ) compared with non-African Americans . Women taller than 170 cm had a 64 % increase in risk of fractures , as compared with those under 155 cm . These associations were generally more pronounced when fractures were limited to those at the hip and wrist . CONCLUSIONS The present study provides an indication for a potential role of dietary fat in the development of postmenopausal fractures and further evidence to support protective effects of obesity , short stature and African American ethnicity BACKGROUND The efficacy of calcium with vitamin D supplementation for preventing hip and other fractures in healthy postmenopausal women remains equivocal . METHODS We recruited 36,282 postmenopausal women , 50 to 79 years of age , who were already enrolled in a Women 's Health Initiative ( WHI ) clinical trial . We r and omly assigned participants to receive 1000 mg of elemental [ corrected ] calcium as calcium carbonate with 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or placebo .  Fractures were ascertained for an average follow-up period of 7.0 years . Bone density was measured at three WHI centers . RESULTS Hip bone density was 1.06 percent higher in the calcium plus vitamin D group than in the placebo group ( P<0.01 ) . Intention-to-treat analysis indicated that participants receiving calcium plus vitamin D supplementation had a hazard ratio of 0.88 for hip fracture ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0.72 to 1.08 ) , 0.90 for clinical spine fracture ( 0.74 to 1.10 ) , and 0.96 for total fractures ( 0.91 to 1.02 ) . The risk of renal calculi increased with calcium plus vitamin D ( hazard ratio , 1.17 ; 95 percent confidence interval , 1.02 to 1.34 ) . Censoring data from women when they ceased to adhere to the study medication reduced the hazard ratio for hip fracture to 0.71 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0.52 to 0.97 ) . Effects did not vary significantly according to prer and omization serum vitamin D levels . CONCLUSIONS Among healthy postmenopausal women , calcium with vitamin D supplementation result ed in a small but significant improvement in hip bone density , did not significantly reduce hip fracture , and increased the risk of kidney stones . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00000611 . ) BACKGROUND Fatty acids ( FAs ) may be important dietary components that modulate osteoporotic fracture risk . OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine FA intake in relation to osteoporotic fractures . DESIGN The participants were postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women 's Health Initiative ( n = 137,486 ) . Total fractures were identified by self-report ; hip fractures were confirmed by medical record review . FA intake was estimated from baseline food-frequency question naires and st and ardized to total caloric intake . No data on omega-3 ( n-3 ) FA supplements were available . Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to estimate risk of fracture . RESULTS Higher saturated FA consumption was associated with higher hip fracture risk [ quartile 4 multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio ( HR ) : 1.31 ; 95 % CI : 1.11 , 1.55 ; P for trend = 0.001 ] . Lower total fracture risk was associated with a higher monounsaturated FA intake ( quartile 3 HR : 0.94 ; 95 % CI : 0.89 , 0.98 ; P for trend = 0.050 ) and polyunsaturated FA intake ( quartile 4 HR : 0.95 ; 95 % CI : 0.90 , 0.99 ; P for trend = 0.019 ) . Unexpectedly , higher consumption of marine n-3 FAs was associated with greater total fracture risk ( quartile 4 HR : 1.07 ; 95 % CI : 1.02 , 1.12 ; P for trend = 0.010 ) , whereas a higher n-6 FA intake was associated with a lower total fracture risk ( quartile 4 HR : 0.94 ; 95 % CI : 0.89 , 0.98 ; P for trend 0.009 ) . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that saturated FA intake may significantly increase hip fracture risk , whereas monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA intakes may decrease total fracture risk . In postmenopausal women with a low intake of marine n-3 FAs , a higher intake of n-6 FAs may modestly decrease total fracture risk . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00000611 The present review summarizes the pathogenic mechanisms leading to  hip fracture based on epidemiological , experimental , and controlled studies . The estimated lifetime risk of hip fracture is about 14 % in postmenopausal women and 6 % in men . The incidence of hip fractures increases exponentially with aging , but the time-trend in increasing age-specific incidence may not be a universal phenomenon . Postmenopausal women suffering earlier non-hip fractures have an increased risk of later hip fracture . The relative risk being highest within the first years following the fracture . Nursing home residents have a high risk of  hip fracture ( annual rate of 5 - 6 % ) , and the incidence of falls is about 1,500 falls/1,000 persons/year . Most hip fractures are a result of a direct trauma against the hip . The incidence of falls on the hip among nursing home residents is about 290 falls/1,000 persons/year and about 24 % of these impacts lead to hip fracture . The force acting on the hip may reach 3.7 kN in falls on the hip from st and ing height , which means that only susceptible subjects will sustain a hip fracture in such falls . The effective load acting on the hip is 35 % of the body weight in unprotected falls on the hip . Women with hip fractures have a lower body weight compared with controls , and they may also have less soft tissue covering the hip even when adjusted for body mass index , indicating a more and roid body habitus . Experimental studies show that the passive energy absorption in soft tissue covering the hip may influence the risk of hip fracture , and being an important determinant for the development of hip fracture , maybe more important than bone strength . External hip protectors were developed and tested in an open r and omised nursing home study . The rate of hip fractures was reduced by 50 % , corresponding to 9 out of 247 residents saved from sustaining a hip fracture . The review points to the essentials of the development of hip fracture , which constitutes ; risk of fall , type of fall , type of impact , energy absorption , and lastly bone strength , which is the ultimate and last permissive factor in the cascade leading to hip fracture . Risk estimation and prevention of hip fractures may prove realistic when these issues are taken into consideration BACKGROUND & AIMS The incidence of osteoporotic fractures is lower in countries in the Mediterranean basin .  Virgin olive oil , a key component of the Mediterranean Diet ( MDiet ) , with recognised beneficial effects on metabolism and cardiovascular health , may decrease the risk of osteoporotic fractures . The aim to this study was to explore the effect of chronic consumption of total olive oil and its varieties on the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures in a middle-aged and elderly Mediterranean population . METHODS We included all participants ( n = 870 ) recruited in the Reus ( Spain ) centre of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea ( PREDIMED ) trial . Individuals , aged 55 - 80 years at high cardiovascular risk , were r and omized to a MedDiet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil , a MedDiet supplemented with nuts , or a low-fat diet . The present analysis was an observational cohort study nested in the trial . A vali date d food frequency question naire was used to assess dietary habits and olive oil consumption . Information on total osteoporotic fractures was obtained from a systematic review of medical records . The association between yearly repeated measurements of olive oil consumption and fracture risk was assessed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards . RESULTS We documented 114 incident cases of  osteoporosis-related fractures during a median follow-up of 8.9 years . Treatment allocation had no effect on fracture risk . Participants in the highest tertile of extra-virgin olive oil consumption had a 51 % lower risk of fractures ( HR:0.49 ; 95 % CI:0.29 - 0.81 . P for trend = 0.004 ) compared to those in the lowest tertile after adjusting for potential confounders . Total and common olive oil consumption was not associated with fracture risk . CONCLUSIONS Higher consumption of extra-virgin olive oil is associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis-related fractures in middle-aged and elderly Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk
Total dietary fat intake might influence the risk of fracture ; however , conflicting findings have been reported to date .
Moreover , the type of fatty acids is also of vital importance .
We aim ed to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the association between dietary fat intake , saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) , monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) , and the risk of fracture .