Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. Does music exposure during chemotherapy improve quality of life in early breast cancer patients? A pilot study. Music for patients with hematological malignancies undergoing bone marrow biopsy: a randomized controlled study of anxiety, perceived pain, and patient satisfaction. Exploring the Feasibility of a Therapeutic Music Video Intervention in Adolescents and Young Adults During Stem-Cell Transplantation The effectiveness of music in relieving pain in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the mood and life quality of cancer patients. Music therapy CD creation for initial pediatric radiation therapy: a mixed methods analysis. Music Therapy for Patients Who Have Undergone Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Music Therapy to Reduce Pain and Anxiety in Children With Cancer Undergoing Lumbar Puncture: A Randomized Clinical Trial Effects of music therapy on depression and duration of hospital stay of breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of music therapy and verbal relaxation on chemotherapy-induced anxiety. Effects of Live Sax Music on Various Physiological Parameters, Pain Level, and Mood Level in Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial [Role of interactive music in oncological pediatric patients undergoing painful procedures]. The effect of live music on decreasing anxiety in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Music as an adjunct to antiemetic therapy. Effects of music therapy on pain among female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: results from a randomized controlled trial The effects of music therapy on the quality and length of life of people diagnosed with terminal cancer. Music Reduces Patient Anxiety During Mohs Surgery: An Open‐Label Randomized Controlled Trial A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay. Music imagery for adults with acute leukemia in protective environments: a feasibility study Nevasic audio program for the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: A feasibility study using a randomized controlled trial design. Effect of Music on Anxiety of Women Awaiting Breast Biopsy Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. The effects of interactive music therapy on hospitalized children with cancer: a pilot study. Maladaptive coping and affective disorders among cancer patients. Effects of Chinese medicine five-element music on the quality of life for advanced cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial Music as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety in patients receiving radiation therapy. The therapeutic use of music for cancer-related pain. Effects of Music Therapy on Anesthesia Requirements and Anxiety in Women Undergoing Ambulatory Breast Surgery for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Music therapy for mood disturbance during hospitalization for autologous stem cell transplantation Monochord sounds and progressive muscle relaxation reduce anxiety and improve relaxation during chemotherapy: a pilot EEG study. Effects of Intravenous Patient-Controlled Sufentanil Analgesia and Music Therapy on Pain and Hemodynamics After Surgery for Lung Cancer: A Randomized Parallel Study. Effects of music therapy on anxiety of patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy: a randomized clinical trial. The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: a mixed methods study Impact of Music on Pediatric Oncology Outpatients
PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of r and om assignment to music versus usual care on anxiety , perceived pain level and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing bone marrow biopsies . METHOD Patients were r and omized to music or usual care after completing a baseline question naire . All patients completed a post-procedure question naire . RESULTS Study participants ( N=59 ) had a mean age of 50.9 years ( SD = 13.9 ; range 22 - 78 ) . Post-procedure state anxiety ( STAI ) and pain rating ( VAS ) were not significantly different between groups ( STAI p=0.766 ; VAS p=0.771 ) . However , patient satisfaction with music was high ; 66 % of these patients said they very much preferred to listen to music at a future biopsy . CONCLUSIONS While there were no significant group differences for the music intervention compared to st and ard of care for anxiety or perceived pain , additional feedback indicated that patients found the music intervention beneficial and requested use of music during future procedures The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a therapeutic music video ( TMV ) intervention for adolescents and young adults ( AYAs ) undergoing stem-cell transplantation ( SCT ) . Twelve AYAs ( aged 11 - 24 years ) were r and omized to the TMV or an audio-book protocol . The TMV was design ed to diminish symptom distress and improve coping , derived meaning , resilience , and quality of life by supporting AYAs in exploring thoughts and feelings . Six sessions with a board-certified music therapist were held twice a week for 3 weeks . The Adolescent Resilience Model guided the selection of a large , comprehensive battery of outcome measures . Major data collection s occurred before admission , after intervention , and at 100 days after transplantation . Participants completed a brief set of measures at presession/postsessions 2 , 4 , and 6 . Rates of consent , session completion , and question naire completion supported feasibility . Immediate follow-up measures suggest positive trends in the TMV group for hope , spirituality , confidence/mastery , and self-transcendence . Positive trends at 100 days include MOS , symptoms distress , defensive coping , spirituality , and self-transcendence .  Therapeutic music video participants also demonstrated gains in quality of life . The TMV intervention may buffer the immediate after-effects of the stem-cell transplantation experience , and a larger study is warranted OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients A mixed methods research design was used to investigate the effects of a music therapy CD ( MTCD ) creation intervention on pediatric oncology patients ' distress and coping during their first radiation therapy treatment .  The music therapy method involved children creating a music CD using interactive computer-based music software , which was " remixed " by the music therapist- research er to extend the musical material . Eleven pediatric radiation therapy out patients aged 6 to 13 years were r and omly assigned to either an experimental group , in which they could create a music CD prior to their initial treatment to listen to during radiation therapy , or to a st and ard care group . Quantitative and qualitative analyses generated multiple perceptions from the pediatric patients , parents , radiation therapy staff , and music therapist- research er . Ratings of distress during initial radiation therapy treatment were low for all children . The comparison between the two groups found that 67 % of the children in the st and ard care group used social withdrawal as a coping strategy , compared to 0 % of the children in the music therapy group ; this trend approached significance ( p = 0.076 ) . MTCD creation was a fun , engaging , and developmentally appropriate intervention for pediatric patients , which offered a positive experience and aided their use of effective coping strategies to meet the dem and s of their initial radiation therapy treatment Objectives . This study examines the short- and long-term QOL benefits of a music therapy intervention for patients recovering from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT ) . Methods . Ninety allogeneic HSCT patients , after transplant , were r and omized to receive ISO-principle ( i.e. , mood matching ) based music therapy ( MT ; n = 29 ) , unstructured music ( UM ; n = 30 ) , or usual care ( UC ; n = 31 ) for four weeks . The ISO principle posits that patients may shift their mood from one state to another by listening to music that is “ equal to ” the individual 's initial mood state and subsequently listening to music selection s that gradually shift in tempo and mood to match the patient 's desired disposition . Participants in MT and UM groups developed two audio CDs to help them feel more relaxed and energized and were instructed to use the CDs to improve their mood as needed . Short-term effects on mood and long-term effects on QOL were examined . Results . MT and UM participants reported improved mood immediately after listening to CDs ; the within-group effect was greater for UM participants compared to MT participants . Participant group was not associated with long-term QOL outcomes . Conclusions . Music listening improves mood acutely but was not associated with long-term benefits in this study A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains the most important cancer among women worldwide . The disease itself and treatment may have a profound impact on the patients ' psychological well being and quality of life . Depression is common in breast cancer patients and affects the therapeutic effects as well as prolongs the duration of hospital stay . However , few studies reported the effectiveness of music therapy on depression and duration of hospital stay of female patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy . METHODS One hundred and twenty subjects were recruited to this clinical trial and r and omly allocated to two groups . The experimental group ( n = 60 ) received music therapy on the basis of routine nursing care , whereas the control group ( n = 60 ) only received the routine nursing care . The whole intervention time was from the first day after radical mastectomy to the third time of admission to hospital for chemotherapy .  Data of demographic characteristics and depression were collected by using the General Question naire and Chinese version of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale ( ZSDS ) respectively . One pre-test ( the day before radical mastectomy ) and three post-tests ( the day before discharge from hospital , the second and third admission to hospital for chemotherapy ) were utilized . Duration of hospital stay was calculated from the first day after radical mastectomy to the day of discharged from hospital . RESULTS The mean depression score of all subjects was 37.19 ± 6.30 . Thirty-six cases ( 30 % ) suffered from depression symptoms , with 26 ( 72.2 % ) mild depression cases , 9 ( 25.0 % ) moderate depression cases , and 1 ( 2.8 % ) severe depression case . After music  therapy , depression scores of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group in the three post-tests , with significant differences ( F = 39.13 , P < 0.001 ; F = 82.09 , P < 0.001 ) . Duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy of the experimental group ( ( 13.62 ± 2.04 ) days ) was shorter than that of the control group ( ( 15.53 ± 2.75 ) days ) with significant difference ( t = -4.34 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Music therapy has positive effects on improving depression of female patients with breast cancer , and duration of hospital stay after radical mastectomy can be reduced . It is worthy of applying music therapy as an alternative way of nursing intervention in clinical nursing process of caring female patients with breast cancer AIMS To determine the effect of music therapy and verbal relaxation on state anxiety and anxiety-induced physiological manifestations among patients with cancer before and after chemotherapy . BACKGROUND Cancer and its treatment provoke a series of changes in the emotional sphere of the patient 's anxiety . Music therapy and verbal relaxation had reported the anxiety reduction effect on patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy . Few studies have been undertaken comparing music therapy and verbal relaxation in differentiating high-normal state anxiety sub sample . DESIGN A r and omised controlled trial and permuted block design were used . Outpatient chemotherapy clinic operated by a University medical centre in southern Taiwan . METHODS Ninety-eight patients were r and omised into three groups : the music therapy group received one-hour single music session ; the verbal relaxation group received 30 minutes of guided relaxation ; the control group received usual care .  Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Instrument , Emotional Visual Analog Scale , three biobehavioural indicators : skin temperature , heart rate and consciousness level were measured during and after chemotherapy . RESULT Music therapy had a greater positive effect on postchemotherapy anxiety than verbal relaxation and control groups and a significantly increase in skin temperature .  Patients with high state anxiety receiving music therapy had a greater drop in postchemotherapy anxiety than did the normal state anxiety sub sample . CONCLUSIONS Both music and verbal relaxation therapy are effective in reducing chemotherapy-induced anxiety . Thirty minutes of intervention initiates anxiety reduction .  Patients with high state anxiety receiving chemotherapy obtain the most benefit from music or verbal relaxation . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Prior to chemotherapy , patients with high state anxiety must be sorted from all patients as they are more responsive to interventions . Oncology nurses can offer music and verbal relaxation as adjuvant interventions to reduce chemotherapy-induced anxiety and enhance the quality of care Background : Few r and omized controlled trial studies have focused on the effect of music in cancer patients , and there are no r and omized controlled trials on the effects of live music with saxophone in cancer patients . Objectives : To determine the effects of live saxophone music on various physiological parameters , pain level , and mood level . Design : A r and omized controlled trial study . Participants : 52 cancer patients were r and omized to a control group ( n = 26 ) , an experimental group ( n = 26 ) whose members received 30 minutes of live music therapy with saxophone . Measurements : Systolic and diastolic blood pressure , pulse rate , glycemia , oxygen saturation , pain level , and mood level were measured before and after the live music performance . Results : There was a statistical difference between the groups for oxygen saturation ( 0.003 ) and mood level ( 0.001 ) . Conclusions : Live music performed with a saxophone could be introduced in oncology care to improve the oxygen saturation and mood in cancer patients AIM The present study has examined whether interactive music may be considered an effective treatment for the attenuation of anxiety in oncological paediatric patients undergoing painful procedures ( lumbar injection , bone marrow aspiration , osteomedullary biopsy and arterial catheter ) . METHODS Thirty-nine tumour patients aged between 2 and 12 were r and omised into 2 groups : Music ( M ) ( N. 20 ) and Controls ( N. 19 ) and were treated by M : conscious sedation and intervention of interactive music and C : sedation . The following factors were assessed : temperament on the Emotivity , Activity , Sociability scale , anxiety on the Yale preoperative anxiety scale ( mYPAS ) , the induction compliance checklist ( ICC ) , parent anxiety by cataloguing the trait-state anxiety inventory , and the degree of satisfaction of children , parents and staff using the Barrera question naires . Data significance was accepted with values of P<0.05 . RESULTS There was a fall in mYPAS values in M compared to C in the four phases of the process : Phase 1 ( P<0.05 ) ; Phase 2 , 3 and 4 ( P<0.01 ) . For the ICC children with a score of < or=1 , ' ' collaborated ' ' , those with a score of > 1 were ' ' non collaborators ' ' ; in the music group the trend was for an increase in the number of collaborating children ( P<0.07 ) . CONCLUSIONS The M group presents a significant effect of attenuation of anticipatory anxiety and a tendency to great induction compliance compared to group C. The parents do not show any significant anxiety attenuation effect . The degree of satisfaction of children , parents and staff point to a positive role and a beneficial effect of interactive music on the occasion of painful procedures The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of familiar live music on the anxiety levels of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment . R and omly selected patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) conditions . Pre and posttests consisted of question naires and the recording of the patient 's heart rate and blood pressures . Subjects in the experimental group received 20 minutes of familiar live music during their chemotherapy treatment . Subjects in the control group received st and ard chemotherapy . It was assumed that those patients receiving music intervention would : ( a ) lower their anxiety levels ; ( b ) experience a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure ; ( c ) improve their levels of negative reactions including fatigue , worry , and fear ; and ( d ) improve their levels of positive reactions including comfort and relaxation . Results of the study showed statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of anxiety , fear , fatigue , relaxation , and diastolic blood pressure . No significant differences between groups were found for heart rate and systolic blood pressure . Descriptive values indicated that , on average , the experimental group was influenced positively by the music intervention , and participants improved their quality of life while undergoing chemotherapy treatment PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test whether use of music as a diversional intervention during high-dose chemotherapy administration would affect perception of nausea and episodes of vomiting . SAMPLE 39 patients undergoing bone marrow transplant . A total of 33 patients were included in the data analysis , with 17 in the control group and 16 in the music intervention group . METHODS Patients were assigned r and omly to a control group ( usual antiemetic protocol ) or the experimental group ( usual antiemetic group plus music intervention during the 48 hours of high-dose cyclophosphamide administered as part of the preparative regimen ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Use of a music intervention , perception of nausea , and instances of vomiting . FINDINGS Significant differences were found between group scores on a visual analog scale for nausea and number of episodes of vomiting , demonstrating that the experimental group experienced less nausea and fewer instances of vomiting . CONCLUSION This study found that music is an effective adjunct to a pharmacologic antiemetic regimen for lessening nausea and vomiting , and this study merits further investigation through a larger multi-institutional effort . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Using music as a diversional adjunct intervention to antiemetic therapy is helpful in decreasing nausea and vomiting . The intervention can be initiated independently by nurses and individualized for each patient , leading to greater patient comfort and compliance with high-dose chemotherapy Music therapy has been used in multiple health care setting s to reduce patient pain , anxiety , and stress . However , few available studies have investigated its effect on  pain among breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy . The aim of this study was to explore the effects of music therapy on pain reduction in patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy . This r and omized controlled trial was conducted at the Surgical Department of Oncology Center , First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from March to November 2009 . A total of 120 breast cancer patients who received Personal Controlled Analgesia ( PCA ) following surgery ( mastectomy )  were r and omly allocated to two groups , an intervention group and a control group ( 60 patients in each group ) . The intervention group accepted music therapy from the first day after radical mastectomy to the third admission to hospital for chemotherapy in addition to the routine nursing care , while the control group received only routine nursing care .  Pain scores were measured at baseline and three post-tests using the General Question naire and Chinese version of Short-Form of McGill Pain Question naire . The primary endpoint was the change in the Pain Rating Index ( PRI-total ) score from baseline . Music therapy was found to reduce the PRI-total score in the intervention group significantly compared with the control group with a mean difference ( 95 % CI ) of −2.38 ( −2.80 , −1.95 ) , −2.41 ( −2.85 , −1.96 ) , and −1.87 ( −2.33 , −1.42 ) for the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd post-tests , respectively . Similar results were found for Visual Analogue Scale ( VAS ) and Present Pain Intensity ( PPI ) scores . The findings of the study provide some evidence that music therapy has both short- and long-term positive effects on alleviating pain in breast cancer patients following radical mastectomy The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy on quality of life , length of life in care , physical status , and relationship of death occurrence to the final music therapy interventions of hospice patients diagnosed with terminal cancer . Subjects were adults who were living in their homes , receiving hospice care , and were diagnosed with terminal cancer . A total of 80 subjects participated in the study and were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : experimental ( routine hospice services and clinical music therapy ) and control ( routine hospice services only ) . Groups were matched on the basis of gender and age . Quality of life was measured by the Hospice Quality of Life Index-Revised ( HQOLI-R ) , a self-report measure given every visit . Functional status of the subjects was assessed by the hospice nurse during every visit using the Palliative Performance Scale . All subjects received at least two visits and quality of life and physical status assessment s. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between groups on self-report quality of life scores for visits one and two . Quality of life was higher for those subjects receiving music therapy , and their quality of life increased over time as they received more music therapy sessions . Subjects in the control group , however , experienced a lower quality of life than those in the experimental group , and without music , their quality of life decreased over time . There were no significant differences in results by age or gender of subjects in either condition . Furthermore , there were no significant differences between groups on physical functioning , length of life , or time of death in relation to the last scheduled visit by the music therapist or counselor . This study provides an overview of hospice/palliative care , explains the role of music therapy in providing care , and establishes clinical guidelines grounded in research for the use of music therapy in improving the quality of life among the terminally ill BACKGROUND Many patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery ( MMS ) experience anxiety and stress . Although music has been proven to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation in other fields of medicine , scant research investigates the effect of music on anxiety during MMS . OBJECTIVES To determine whether music can reduce anxiety in patients undergoing MMS . METHODS AND MATERIAL S An open‐labeled r and omized controlled trial was conducted to assess anxiety before and after listening to music .  Subjects undergoing MMS were r and omly allocated to listen to self‐selected music ( n = 50 ) or to have surgery without music ( n = 50 ) . Anxiety was measured using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) and on a visual analog scale ( VAS ) . RESULTS Subjects in the music group experienced statistically significantly lower STAI and VAS scores than those in the control group . STAI and VAS scores were significantly lower in subjects who underwent MMS for the first time . Anxiety measures did not correlate with sex or type of skin cancer . CONCLUSION Listening to self‐selected music reduces anxiety in patients undergoing MMS , especially those who undergo MMS for the first time . Presenting patients the opportunity to listen to music is a simple strategy to minimize anxiety during MMS PURPOSE To examine effects of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training on depression , anxiety and length of hospital stay in Chinese female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy . METHODS A total of 170 patients were r and omly allocated to the intervention group ( n = 85 ) receiving music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training plus routine nursing care and the control group ( n = 85 ) receiving routine nursing care . Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training were performed twice a day within 48 h after radical mastectomy , once in the early morning ( 6a.m.-8a.m . ) and once in the evening ( 9p.m.-11p.m . ) , for 30 min per session until discharged from the hospital . RESULTS A general linear model with univariate analysis showed that the intervention group patients had significant improvement in depression and anxiety in the effects of group ( F = 20.31 , P < 0.001 ; F = 5.41 , P = 0.017 ) , time ( F = 56.64 , P < 0.001 ; F = 155.17 , P < 0.001 ) and group*time interaction ( F = 6.91 , P = 0.009 ; F = 5.56 , P = 0.019 ) . The intervention group patients had shorter length of hospital stay ( 12.56 ± 1.03 ) than that of the control group ( 17.01 ± 2.46 ) with statistical significance ( F = 13.36 , P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training  can reduce depression , anxiety and length of hospital stay in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy Background Patients receiving intensive chemotherapy  can experience increased distressed related to both the cancer diagnosis and treatment isolation . If not addressed , distress can lead to anxiety , depression , and post-traumatic stress disorder . The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and possible benefits of a music imagery intervention for patients hospitalized in a protective environment for the treatment of acute leukemia or high- grade non-Hodgkin ’s lymphoma . Material s and methods Adults receiving intensive myelosuppressive chemotherapy in a protective environment were r and omized to st and ard care or st and ard care plus music imagery . The music imagery sessions occurred twice weekly for up to eight sessions . Patients were encouraged to use the music imagery daily . Results The principal criteria of feasibility were rate of consent , rate of completion of scheduled sessions , and rate of question naire completion . Forty-nine out of 78 patients consented , a 63 % consent rate . Seventy-two percent of all scheduled music imagery sessions were completed . The rate of question naire completion was 60 % with missing data because of illness severity and early discharge . The principal outcomes of benefit ( e.g. , efficacy ) were positive and negative affects , fatigue , and anxiety . Both groups improved over time on all outcomes ( all p < 0.001 ) . However , a subgroup of individuals with low baseline negative affect who received the intervention reported significantly less anxiety at discharge than individuals with low baseline negative affect who did not receive the intervention . Conclusions Music imagery is feasible for adults with acute leukemia in protected environments . Patients with lower initial distress may benefit from a music imagery program in terms of reduced anxiety at discharge PURPOSE Pharmacological therapy is only partially effective in preventing or treating chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV ) . Therefore , exploring the complementary role of non-pharmacological approaches used in addition to pharmacological agents is important . Nevasic uses specially constructed audio signals hypothesized to generate an antiemetic reaction . The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of conducting a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) to evaluate the effectiveness of Nevasic  to control CINV . METHODS A mixed methods design incorporating an RCT and focus group interviews . For the RCT , female breast cancer patients were r and omized to receive either Nevasic plus usual care , music plus usual care , or usual care only . Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and linear mixed-effects models . Five focus group interviews were conducted to obtain participants ' views regarding the acceptability of the interventions in the trial . RESULTS 99 participants were recruited to the RCT and 15 participated in focus group interviews . Recruitment targets were achieved . Issues of Nevasic acceptability were highlighted as weaknesses of the program . This study did not detect any evidence for the effectiveness of Nevasic ;  however , the results showed statistically significant less use of anti-emetics ( p = 0.003 ) and borderline non-significant improvement in quality of life ( p = 0.06 ) . CONCLUSIONS Conducting a non-pharmacological intervention using such an audio program is feasible , although difficulties and limitations exist with its use . Further studies are required to investigate the effectiveness of Nevasic from perspectives such as anti-emetic use , as well as its overall effect on the levels of nausea and vomiting Abstract The authors investigated the effect of music on the state anxiety of a sample of 20 patients awaiting breast biopsy at a suburban medical facility . The patients were assigned alternately to either the control or experimental group . The individuals in the experimental group were given a 20-minute music-based intervention in a preoperative holding area , whereas the patients in the control group received the customary preoperative care . Clinicians measured blood pressure , heart rate , and respiration in both groups of patients , and the participants completed the State portion of the self-administered State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) . After the patients completed the 20 minutes of music or of preoperative care without music , clinicians again measured the participants ' vital signs and the patients completed the STAI . The authors ' findings indicated that the posttest state anxiety and respiratory rates of the patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the patients in the control group Music therapy has decreased anxiety levels in many medical setting s. This r and omized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of a music listening intervention , delivered by a board-certified music therapist , in patients undergoing curative radiation therapy ( RT ) .  Emotional distress ( anxiety , depression , and treatment-related distress ) and symptoms ( fatigue and pain ) were measured at baseline , mid-treatment , and end of treatment in 63 patients undergoing RT .  Although patients who listened to self-selected music reported lower anxiety and treatment-related distress , there was a decline in these outcomes for patients in both groups over the course of RT .  Depression , fatigue , and pain were not appreciably affected by music therapy . Within the music group , there was a significant correlation between number of times music was used/week and the change in treatment-related distress , suggesting that higher doses of music produced greater declines in distress . While these findings provided some support for the use of music in reducing distress during RT , further research demonstrating clear differences between intervention and control conditions is needed . Physical symptoms were not affected by the use of music over the course of RT BACKGROUND The use of music therapy with children in health setting s has been documented , but its effectiveness has not yet been well established . This pilot study is a preliminary exploration of the effectiveness of interactive music therapy in reducing anxiety and increasing the comfort of hospitalized children with cancer . METHODS Pre- and post-music therapy measures were obtained from children ( N = 65 ) and parents . The measures consisted of children 's ratings of mood using schematic faces , parental ratings of the child 's play performance , and satisfaction question naires completed by parents , children and staff . RESULTS There was a significant improvement in children 's ratings of their feelings from pre- to post-music therapy . Parents perceived an improved play performance after music therapy in pre-schoolers and adolescents but not in school-aged children . Qualitative analyses of children 's and parents ' comments suggested a positive impact of music therapy on the child 's well-being . CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings are encouraging and suggest beneficial effects of interactive music therapy with hospitalized pediatric hematology/oncology patients . In future studies replicating these findings should be conducted in a r and omized control trial Coping has attracted much attention in research as a possible mediator of the psychological impact of cancer . Yet , conceptual ambiguity and method ological limitations have result ed in weak and contradictory findings . A major shortcoming has been the use of design s which do not represent adequately the complexity or the diversity of dem and s which arise from the diagnosis and treatment of cancer . The neglect of appraisal in the assessment of the relationship between coping and mental health is of particular concern , given the role it has been found to play in the onset and maintenance of affective disorders . In a prospect i ve study 673 newly diagnosed cancer patients were interviewed 4 to 8 weeks and 1 year later to assess the effects of their appraisal s , coping responses and resolution of any concerns on subsequent mental health .  Logistic regression analyses , adjusted for possible confounding variables , were used to investigate the relationships between coping variables and affective disorders . When examined separately the degree of threat appraised , the reporting of a helpless response and perceived success of primary responses in resolving concerns all predicted subsequent effective disorder . However , in a multivariate model only appraisal and success of the response in resolving the concern were significant . No response was found to prevent affective disorders , however certain types of responses were associated with the resolution of specific concerns . The results highlight the importance of assessing the whole coping process and the need to address the complex and multifaceted characteristics of cancer dem and s. On the basis of our findings we describe a maladaptive cycle of coping , which we believe contributes to the later onset of affective disorders  in cancer patients Objectives To evaluate the effects of the Chinese medicine ( CM ) five-element music on quality of life for senior and non-senior advanced cancer patients . Methods With a r and omized controlled trial , 170 advanced cancer patients were r and omly assigned to three groups : the CM five-element music group ( 68 patients ) , the Western music therapy group ( 68 cases ) , and the no music therapy group ( 34 cases ) . All patients of 70 years old or older were considered seniors and the remaining patients younger than 70 years were considered nonseniors . Patients in the CM five-element music group listened to CM five-element music , the patients in the Western music group listened to Western music , and the patients in the no music group did not listen to music . A course of treatment was 3 weeks , with 30 min each day , 5 days a week . The Hospice Quality of Life Index-Revised ( HQOLI-R ) and Karnofsky performance score ( KPS ) were measured in the three groups before and after treatment . The symptom diary score was measured in the three groups every 3 days , 7 times in total . Results CM five-element music group showed a significant difference of HQOLI-R , KPS and symptom diary score with other groups ( all P<0.01 ) . There were significant differences of HQOLI-R , symptom diary score , and KPS after treatment in CM five-element music group and other groups in the non-senior subgroup ( P<0.05 ) . Additionally , there were significant differences in HQOLI-R and KPS after treatment among the three groups in the senior subgroup ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions CM five-element music therapy could improve the quality of life and KPS for senior and non senior advanced cancer patients , and it could improve subjective symptoms for non-senior advanced cancer patients PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To determine whether music moderates the level of anxiety that patients experience during radiation therapy . DESIGN Experimental , longitudinal , r and om assignment to music or no music therapy . SETTING Urban radiation oncology center in a Department of Veterans Affairs hospital in the southeastern United States . SAMPLE Forty-two men ( 19 in the experimental group , 23 in the control group ) aged 39 - 80 years ( 74 % white , 12 % African American , 12 % Hispanic , and 2 % other ) receiving definitive external beam radiation therapy for pelvic or abdominal malignancies . METHODS Patients in the experimental group listened to music of their choice provided via audiotapes and headphones before and during their simulation and daily treatments for the duration of the planned course of therapy . The control group received st and ard care . The  State-Trait Anxiety Inventory  was administered initially to participants in both groups at the time of evaluation ( time 1 ) , post-simulation ( time 2 ) , at the end of the first week ( time 3 ) , at the end of the third week ( time 4 ) , and at the end of the fifth week or end of radiation therapy ( time 5 ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLE State anxiety . FINDINGS No significant difference existed between the two groups to suggest that music moderated the level of anxiety during radiotherapy . However , post-hoc analyses identified changes and trends in state anxiety scores , suggesting a possible benefit of music therapy during radiotherapy . CONCLUSIONS Despite a lack of group differences , early intervention with music therapy for patients with high levels of anxiety may be beneficial . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses and other clinicians may administer state anxiety scales at the initial visit or prior to pretreatment radiation planning ( simulation ) . Individuals who have high state anxiety scores may receive nursing interventions tailored to reduce anxiety during simulation and the early part of radiotherapy The purpose of this experimental crossover study was to evaluate to what extent the therapeutic use of music would decrease pain in patients with cancer who were receiving scheduled analgesics . Baseline data were collected for three days . Subjects then were assigned r and omly to listen to their preference of seven types of relaxing music or a control ( a 60-cycle hum ) twice daily for three days . Then they crossed over into the alternate group for the next three days . Finally , each subject returned to a follow-up baseline period . Pain , the dependent variable , and mood , which was proposed as an intervening variable , were measured by visual analogue scales . The convenience sample included 15 out patients with cancer , 12 female and 3 male , ages 20 through 87 . Results of the McGill Pain Question naire ( MPQ ) , a reliable and valid multidimensional instrument administered upon entry into the study , indicated that the study sample was comparable to other sample s of patients with cancer who were in pain . There was an inconsistent relation between pain and mood . The effect of the music on pain varied by individual ; 75 % had at least some response and 47 % had a moderate or great response . Multivariate Analysis of Variance ( MANOVA ) indicated a statistically significant decrease in pain from using either the music or sound , but there was no effect on mood . Although the mean percentage of change in pain for music was twice that for sound , the results did not differ statistically . The findings support the use of music as an independent nursing intervention to relieve pain PURPOSE To investigate the effect of live and recorded perioperative music therapy on anesthesia requirements , anxiety levels , recovery time , and patient satisfaction in women experiencing surgery for diagnosis or treatment of breast cancer . PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2012 and 2014 , 207 female patients undergoing surgery for potential or known breast cancer were r and omly assigned to receive either patient-selected live music ( LM ) preoperatively with therapist-selected recorded music intraoperatively ( n=69 ) , patient-selected recorded music ( RM ) preoperatively with therapist-selected recorded music intraoperatively ( n=70 ) , or usual care ( UC ) preoperatively with noise-blocking earmuffs intraoperatively ( n=68 ) . RESULTS The LM and the RM groups did not differ significantly from the UC group in the amount of propofol required to reach moderate sedation . Compared with the UC group , both the LM and the RM groups had greater reductions ( P<.001 ) in anxiety scores preoperatively ( mean changes [ and st and ard deviation : -30.9 [ 36.3 ] , -26.8 [ 29.3 ] , and 0.0 [ 22.7 ] ) , respectively . The LM and RM groups did not differ from the UC group with respect to recovery time ; however , the LM group had a shorter recovery time compared with the RM group ( a difference of 12.4 minutes ; 95 % CI , 2.2 to 22.5 ; P=.018 ) . Satisfaction scores for the LM and RM groups did not differ from those of the UC group . CONCLUSION Including music therapy as a complementary modality with cancer surgery may help manage preoperative anxiety in a way that is safe , effective , time-efficient , and enjoyable High‐dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation ( HDT/ASCT ) is a commonly used treatment for hematologic malignancies . The procedure causes significant psychological distress and no interventions have been demonstrated to improve mood in these patients . Music therapy has been shown to improve anxiety in a variety of acute medical setting s. In the current study , the authors determined the effects of music therapy compared with st and ard care  on mood during inpatient stays for HDT/ASCT BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is the most distressing form of cancer treatment in oncology , but listening to music can be an adjuvant during chemotherapy . Monochord ( MC ) sounds are used in music therapy for the alleviation of pain , enhanced body perception , and relaxation . This study investigated the relaxation effect of MC sounds for patients during chemotherapy  compared with progressive muscle relaxation ( PMR ) , an established relaxation technique . METHODOLOGY /PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two r and omized groups of patients were observed during chemotherapy .  One group listened to recorded MC sounds ( n=20 ) and the other group listened to recorded PMR ( n=20 ) . Each session was investigated pre and post using Spielberger 's State Anxiety Inventory ( SAI ) and a question naire about the patient 's physical and psychological states . Further , for the first and the last session , multivariate electroencephalogram ( EEG ) signals  were recorded . Patients in both MC and PMR groups showed significant improvement in their physical and psychological states and in state anxiety . The EEG data showed that the MC and the PMR groups were associated with an increase of posterior theta ( 3.5 - 7.5 Hz ) and a decrease of midfrontal beta-2 b and ( 20 - 29.5 Hz ) activity during the end phase of relaxation treatment . Further , the MC group was associated with decreased alpha b and ( 8 - 12 Hz ) activity in comparison with PMR group . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that both listening to recorded MC sounds and practising PMR have a useful and comparable effect on gynaecologic oncological patients during chemotherapy , with partially overlapping but also notably divergent neural correlates . Future research should establish the systematic use of MC in oncological context OBJECTIVE Postoperative pain is caused by surgical injury and trauma ; is stressful to patients ; and includes a series of physiologic , psychological , and behavioral reactions . Effective postoperative analgesia helps improve postoperative pain , perioperative safety , and hospital discharge rates . This study aim ed to observe the influence of postoperative intravenous sufentanil patient-controlled analgesia combined with music therapy versus sufentanil alone on hemodynamics and analgesia in patients with lung cancer . METHODS This was a r and omized parallel study performed in 60 patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II undergoing lung cancer resection at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine , Central South University . Patients were r and omly assigned to a music therapy ( MT ) group and a control ( C ) group . The MT group underwent preoperative and postoperative music intervention while the C group did not . Both groups received intravenous patient-controlled sufentanil analgesia . The primary outcome was the visual analogue scale ( VAS ) score at 24 hours after surgery . The secondary outcomes included hemodynamic changes ( systolic blood pressure , diastolic blood pressure , heart rate ) , changes on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale ( SAS ) , total consumption of sufentanil , number of uses , sedation , and adverse effects . The postoperative sufentanil dose and analgesia frequency were recorded . RESULTS Compared with the C group , the MT group had significantly lower VAS score , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , heart rate , and SAS score within 24 hours after surgery ( p < 0.01 ) . In addition , postoperative analgesia frequency and sufentanil dose were reduced in the MT group ( p < 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Combined music therapy and sufentanil improves intravenous patient-controlled analgesia effects compared with sufentanil alone after lung cancer surgery . Lower doses of sufentanil could be administered to more effectively improve patients ' cardiovascular parameters AIM This paper is a report of a clinical trial of the effects of music therapy on anxiety of female breast cancer patients following radical mastectomy . BACKGROUND There is insufficient evidence on the effects of music therapy on state anxiety of breast cancer patients following radical mastectomy . METHODS A Hall 's Core , Care , and Cure Model-based clinical trial was conducted in 120 female breast cancer patients from March to November 2009 . A r and omized controlled design was utilized . The patients were r and omly allocated to the experimental group ( n = 60 ) received music therapy in addition to routine nursing care , and the control group ( n = 60 ) only received routine nursing care . A st and ardized question naire and the State Anxiety Inventory were applied . The primary endpoint was the state anxiety score measured at pretest ( on the day before radical mastectomy ) and at three post-tests ( on the day before patients were discharged from hospital , the second and third time of admission to hospital for chemotherapy respectively ) . RESULTS The pretest score revealed that the majority of the patients had a moderate level ( 77·5 % ) and 15 % had severe level of state anxiety . The repeated-measure ancova model analysis indicated that the mean state anxiety score was significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group at each of the three post-test measurements . The mean difference between the experimental and control group together with 95 % confidence intervals were -4·57 ( -6·33 , -2·82 ) , -8·91 ( -10·75 , -7·08 ) and -9·69 ( -11·52 , -7·85 ) at the 1st post-test , 2nd post-test and 3rd post-test respectively . CONCLUSION Music therapy is found to have positive effects on decreasing state anxiety score Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of music therapy ( MT ) versus music medicine ( MM ) interventions on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients and to enhance underst and ing of patients ’ experiences of these two types of music interventions . Methods This study employed a mixed methods intervention design in which qualitative data were embedded within a r and omized cross-over trial . Thirty-one adult cancer patients participated in two sessions that involved interactive music making with a music therapist ( MT ) and two sessions in which they listened to pre-recorded music without the presence of a therapist ( MM ) . Before and after each session , participants reported on their mood , anxiety , relaxation , and pain by means of visual analogue and numeric rating scales . Thirty participants completed an exit interview . Results The quantitative data suggest that both interventions were equally effective in enhancing target outcomes . However , 77.4 % of participants expressed a preference for MT sessions . The qualitative data indicate that music improves symptom management , embodies hope for survival , and helps connect to a pre-illness self , but may also access memories of loss and trauma . MT sessions helped participants tap into inner re sources such as playfulness and creativity . Interactive music making also allowed for emotional expression . Some participants preferred the familiarity and predictability of listening to pre-recorded music . Conclusions The findings of this study advocate for the use of music in cancer care . Treatment benefits may depend on patient characteristics such as outlook on life and readiness to explore emotions related to the cancer experience : Music is widely used to enhance well-being . We wished to assess music 's effect on pediatric oncology out patients . Patients who had leukemia and were in maintenance or consolidation outpatient treatment served as their own control at two visits . At visit 1 , children rested for 20 min ; at visit 2 , for 20 min they listened to music design ed to increase vitality and improve heart rate variability ( HRV ) . At both visits , parents completed before and after treatment visual analog scales ( VAS ) of their child 's relaxation , well-being , vitality , anxiety , stress , and depression ; patients ' heart rates were monitored during treatments to calculate HRV . The 47 patients with complete VAS data and 34 patients with usable HRV data were similar . At baseline , VAS scores for negative states were low ( average < 2.5 of 10 ) and positive states were high ( average 7 > of 10 ) . Relaxation improved more with music than rest ( p < 0.01 ) . The HRV parasympathetic parameter was significantly lower with music than rest . No other differences were significant . Further studies are needed to better delineate the relationship between subjective and objective measures of well-being among patients who are not in severe distress
BACKGROUND Having cancer may result in extensive emotional , physical and social suffering .
Music interventions have been used to alleviate symptoms and treatment side effects in cancer patients .
OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the effects of music therapy and music medicine interventions for psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer .