Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. The effects of Western music on postoperative pain in Taiwan. Does music exposure during chemotherapy improve quality of life in early breast cancer patients? A pilot study. The effectiveness of music in relieving pain in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. The effect of the bonny method of guided imagery and music on the mood and life quality of cancer patients. Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. Burn pain and anxiety: the use of music relaxation during rehabilitation. Music Therapy to Reduce Pain and Anxiety in Children With Cancer Undergoing Lumbar Puncture: A Randomized Clinical Trial The effect of live music on decreasing anxiety in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Music as an adjunct to antiemetic therapy. Effects of Music Therapy on Physiological and Psychological Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Perioperative music therapy with a key-lighting keyboard system in elderly patients undergoing digestive tract surgery. The effects of music therapy on the quality and length of life of people diagnosed with terminal cancer. The symptoms of advanced cancer: relationship to age, gender, and performance status in 1,000 patients Effect of Music on Anxiety of Women Awaiting Breast Biopsy The effects of music on the rate of perceived exertion and general mood among coronary artery bypass graft patients enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation phase II. Perceived and Physiological Indicators of Relaxation: As Different as Mozart and Alice in Chains Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. The effects of interactive music therapy on hospitalized children with cancer: a pilot study. Maladaptive coping and affective disorders among cancer patients. The therapeutic use of music for cancer-related pain. Effectiveness of a music therapy intervention on relaxation and anxiety for patients receiving ventilatory assistance. [Clinical observation of music therapy combined with anti-tumor drugs in treating 116 cases of tumor patients]. Music therapy for mood disturbance during hospitalization for autologous stem cell transplantation
PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that the effects of a music intervention are greater than those of simple distraction and that either intervention is better at controlling procedural pain and anxiety than treatment as usual . DESIGN R and omized , controlled experiment . SETTING A midwestern comprehensive cancer center . SAMPLE 60 people with cancer having noxious medical procedures such as tissue biopsy or port placement or removal ; 58 provided usable data . METHODS Participants completed measures of pain and anxiety before and after their medical procedures and provided a rating of perceived control over pain and anxiety after the procedure . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Procedural pain , state anxiety , and perceived control over pain and anxiety . FINDINGS Contrary to hypotheses , outcomes achieved with music did not differ from those achieved with simple distraction . Moreover , outcomes achieved under treatment as usual were not significantly different from those obtained with music or distraction interventions . Some patients found that the interventions were bothersome and reported that they wanted to attend to the activities of the surgeon and the medical procedure itself . CONCLUSIONS The effects of music , distraction , and treatment as usual are equivocal . In addition , patients have individual preferences for use of distraction during painful or anxiety-provoking procedures . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING Patients having noxious medical procedures should be asked about their desire to be distracted before and during the procedure and offered a strategy that is consistent with their preferences Music is a method nurses can use to help relieve pain , however little is known about its effectiveness across cultures . In this study , Western music was tested for its effectiveness in reducing  postoperative pain in 38 Taiwanese patients , and its acceptability was explored . A pretest and post-test experimental design was used with visual analogue scales to measure sensation and distress of pain . Before surgery , subjects were r and omly assigned to receive tape recorded music or the usual care . Those who were assigned to the music group chose among 5 types of sedative music . On postoperative Day 1 and Day 2 , the effectiveness of the tape-recorded music was investigated during 15 minutes of rest in bed . Patients were interviewed on Day 3 to determine their liking for the music , its calming effects , and the helpfulness of the music . Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between time and group in the distress of pain on Day 1 , but not on Day 2 , and in pain sensation on Day 2 , but not Day 1 . Subjects from Taiwan were similar to subjects in a previous study in the United States in their liking for the music , and in reports of the helpfulness of the music for pain sensation and distress , but fewer Taiwanese found the music calming , and they had different choices : more chose harp music and fewer chose jazz than subjects in the U.S. study , and some would prefer Buddhist hymns or popular songs heard in Taiwan . Findings support the use of culturally acceptable music in addition to analgesic medication for the sensation and distress of postoperative pain BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with poor quality of life ( qol ) in breast cancer patients . We tested the effect of listening to music during chemotherapy on quality of life in these patients . MATERIAL / METHODS We tested in a prospect i ve cohort the changes in qol scores as assessed by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Question naire ( EORTC QLQ-C30 ) , and the influence of listening to non-preferred music at the chemotherapy unit on these parameters in a mixed linear model by repeated measures analysis of variance ( RMANOVA ) . RESULTS For the whole cohort , musical intervention was not associated with a change in any dimension of quality of life . However ; the music effect significantly interacted with patient age ; patients > 45 years old had improved insomnia and appetite loss scores after musical intervention ( F = 6.76 , P = 0.019 and F = 11.22 , P = 0.004 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that brief , non-preferred music exposure at the time of chemotherapy administration does not improve quality of life in patients with early breast cancer . Nonetheless , there is still a possibility that a subgroup will benefit from this approach as suggested by the interaction of the music effect with patient age OBJECTIVES To examine effects of sedative music on  cancer pain .  DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial . SETTING S Two large medical centers in Kaoshiung City , in southern Taiwan . PARTICIPANTS 126 hospitalized persons with cancer pain . METHODS Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental ( n=62 ) or a control group ( n=64 ) , with computerized minimization , stratifying on gender , pain , and hospital unit . Music choices included folk songs , Buddhist hymns ( Taiwanese music ) , plus harp , and piano ( American ) . The experimental group listened to music for 30 min ; the control group rested in bed .  Sensation and distress of pain were rated on 100 mm VAS before and after the 30-min test . RESULTS Using MANCOVA , there was significantly less posttest pain in the music versus the control group , p<.001 . Effect sizes were large , Cohen 's d=.64 , sensation , d=.70 , distress , indicating that music was very helpful for pain . Thirty minutes of music provided 50 % relief in 42 % of the music group compared to 8 % of the controls . The number needed to treat ( NNT ) to find one with 50 % sensation relief was three patients . More patients chose Taiwanese music ( 71 % ) than American music ( 29 % ) , but both were liked and effective . CONCLUSIONS Offering a choice of familiar , culturally appropriate music was a key element of the intervention . Findings extend the Good and Moore theory ( 1996 ) to cancer pain . Soft music was safe , effective , and liked by participants . It provided greater relief of cancer pain than analgesics alone . Thus nurses should offer calming , familiar music to supplement analgesic medication for persons with cancer pain Cancer patients continue to experience elevated levels of emotional distress , even after cancer treatment . Elevated emotional distress negatively impacts immune and endocrine functions and decreases life quality . This study explored the effectiveness of GIM in alleviating mood disturbance and improving quality of life in cancer patients . Eight volunteers with a cancer history were r and omly assigned to either an experimental or a wait-list control group . Experimental subjects individually participated in 10 weekly GIM sessions . All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States ( POMS ) and Quality of Life-Cancer ( QOL-CA ) question naires pretest , posttest , and at a 6-week follow-up . Individuals who participated in GIM sessions scored better on both mood scores and quality of life scores at posttest than those participating in the control group . Additionally , mood and quality of life scores continued to improve in the experimental group , even after sessions were complete . Results indicate that GIM was effective in improving mood and quality of life in these cancer patients We know from animal studies that a stimulating and enriched environment can enhance recovery after stroke , but little is known about the effects of an enriched sound environment on recovery from neural damage in humans . In humans , music listening activates a wide-spread bilateral network of brain regions related to attention , semantic processing , memory , motor functions , and emotional processing .  Music exposure also enhances emotional and cognitive functioning in healthy subjects and in various clinical patient groups . The potential role of music in neurological rehabilitation , however , has not been systematic ally investigated . This single-blind , r and omized , and controlled trial was design ed to determine whether everyday music listening can facilitate the recovery of cognitive functions and mood after stroke . In the acute recovery phase , 60 patients with a left or right hemisphere middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) stroke were r and omly assigned to a music group , a language group , or a control group . During the following two months , the music and language groups listened daily to self-selected music or audio books , respectively , while the control group received no listening material . In addition , all patients received st and ard medical care and rehabilitation . All patients underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment , which included a wide range of cognitive tests as well as mood and quality of life question naires , one week ( baseline ) , 3 months , and 6 months after the stroke . Fifty-four patients completed the study . Results showed that recovery in the domains of verbal memory and focused attention improved significantly more in the music group than in the language and control groups . The music group also experienced less depressed and confused mood than the control group . These findings demonstrate for the first time that music listening during the early post-stroke stage can enhance cognitive recovery and prevent negative mood . The neural mechanisms potentially underlying these effects are discussed Pain and anxiety are well-documented problems during the rehabilitation of patients with burns . This study examined the effect of music on anxiety and pain during range of motion .  Eleven subjects with partial-thickness or deeper burns were r and omly assigned to a control group ( without music intervention ) or experimental group ( with music intervention ) .  Vital signs , pain , and anxiety were recorded before and after treatments . There was no difference in pretest and posttest anxiety across the groups ; however , there was a difference in anxiety between the groups . Conversely , there was a difference in pretest and posttest pain across the groups but no difference in pain between the groups . Results showed no significant reduction in anxiety and pain during therapy with music relaxation . Limitations included nonhomogenous groups , small sample size , potentially unrepresentative sample , variation in exercise protocol , and small musical selection . Further research is recommended A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics . The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures .  A r and omized clinical trial was used in 40 children ( aged 7 - 12 years ) with leukemia , followed by interviews in 20 of these participants . The participants were r and omly assigned to a music group ( n = 20 ) or control group ( n = 20 ) . The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate , blood pressure , respiratory rate , and oxygen saturation measured before , during , and after the procedure . Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure . Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures . The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture . The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure . The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children , including less pain and fear The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of familiar live music on the anxiety levels of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment . R and omly selected patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) conditions . Pre and posttests consisted of question naires and the recording of the patient 's heart rate and blood pressures . Subjects in the experimental group received 20 minutes of familiar live music during their chemotherapy treatment . Subjects in the control group received st and ard chemotherapy . It was assumed that those patients receiving music intervention would : ( a ) lower their anxiety levels ; ( b ) experience a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure ; ( c ) improve their levels of negative reactions including fatigue , worry , and fear ; and ( d ) improve their levels of positive reactions including comfort and relaxation . Results of the study showed statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of anxiety , fear , fatigue , relaxation , and diastolic blood pressure . No significant differences between groups were found for heart rate and systolic blood pressure . Descriptive values indicated that , on average , the experimental group was influenced positively by the music intervention , and participants improved their quality of life while undergoing chemotherapy treatment PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES To test whether use of music as a diversional intervention during high-dose chemotherapy administration would affect perception of nausea and episodes of vomiting . SAMPLE 39 patients undergoing bone marrow transplant . A total of 33 patients were included in the data analysis , with 17 in the control group and 16 in the music intervention group . METHODS Patients were assigned r and omly to a control group ( usual antiemetic protocol ) or the experimental group ( usual antiemetic group plus music intervention during the 48 hours of high-dose cyclophosphamide administered as part of the preparative regimen ) . MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Use of a music intervention , perception of nausea , and instances of vomiting . FINDINGS Significant differences were found between group scores on a visual analog scale for nausea and number of episodes of vomiting , demonstrating that the experimental group experienced less nausea and fewer instances of vomiting . CONCLUSION This study found that music is an effective adjunct to a pharmacologic antiemetic regimen for lessening nausea and vomiting , and this study merits further investigation through a larger multi-institutional effort . IMPLICATION S FOR NURSING PRACTICE Using music as a diversional adjunct intervention to antiemetic therapy is helpful in decreasing nausea and vomiting . The intervention can be initiated independently by nurses and individualized for each patient , leading to greater patient comfort and compliance with high-dose chemotherapy Background : Cardiac surgery is a common interventional procedure for ischemic and valvular heart disease . Cardiac surgery is accompanied by postoperative pain and anxiety . The use of music therapy has been shown to reduce pain , anxiety , and physiological parameters in patients having surgical procedures . Objectives : To compare the effects of music therapy versus a quiet , uninterrupted rest period on pain intensity , anxiety , physiological parameters , and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery . Subjects and methods : An experimental design was used . A total sample of 86 patients ( 69.8 % males ) were r and omized to 1 of 2 groups ; 50 patients received 20 minutes of music ( intervention ) , whereas 36 patients had 20 minutes of rest in bed ( control )  . Anxiety , pain , physiologic parameters , and opioid consumption were measured before and after the 20-minute period . Results : A significant reduction in anxiety ( P ≤ .001 ) and pain ( P = .009 ) was demonstrated in the group that received music compared with the control group , but no difference was observed in systolic blood pressure ( P = .17 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( P = .11 ) , or heart rate ( P = .76 ) . There was no reduction in opioid usage in the 2 groups . Conclusions : Patients recovering from cardiac surgery may benefit from music therapy BACKGROUND / AIMS It is important to minimize the perioperative mental dysfunction of elderly patients undergoing surgery and to avoid lowering their coping skills postoperatively . Music therapy for digestive tract surgery has yet not been explored . METHODOLOGY We evaluated perioperative music therapy using a simple key-lighting keyboard system in 37 elderly patients who underwent digestive tract surgery ( Group A ) compared with 13 patients who were not applied music therapy ( Group B ) . RESULTS On the first day after surgery there were no general hemodynamic changes after music therapy . There were no significant changes in the Philadelphia Geriatric Center morale scale and the Yesavage depression scale between the day before surgery and 7 POD in both groups . The self-assessed visual analogue health scale and the number connection test worsened significantly from 58.9+/-14.6 and 159+/-47 to 42.3+/-14.6 and 199+/-51 ( p<0.05 ) , respectively , over this time in Group B , but it did not worsen significantly in Group A. The happiness score increased significantly from 3.9+/-1.1 to 4.6+/-1.2 ( P<0.05 ) over this time in Group A , but it did not increase significantly in Group B. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the music therapy with a key-lighting keyboard system in elderly patients does not change postoperative hemodynamics and helps to maintain perioperative mental functioning The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy on quality of life , length of life in care , physical status , and relationship of death occurrence to the final music therapy interventions of hospice patients diagnosed with terminal cancer . Subjects were adults who were living in their homes , receiving hospice care , and were diagnosed with terminal cancer . A total of 80 subjects participated in the study and were r and omly assigned to one of two groups : experimental ( routine hospice services and clinical music therapy ) and control ( routine hospice services only ) . Groups were matched on the basis of gender and age . Quality of life was measured by the Hospice Quality of Life Index-Revised ( HQOLI-R ) , a self-report measure given every visit . Functional status of the subjects was assessed by the hospice nurse during every visit using the Palliative Performance Scale . All subjects received at least two visits and quality of life and physical status assessment s. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference between groups on self-report quality of life scores for visits one and two . Quality of life was higher for those subjects receiving music therapy , and their quality of life increased over time as they received more music therapy sessions . Subjects in the control group , however , experienced a lower quality of life than those in the experimental group , and without music , their quality of life decreased over time . There were no significant differences in results by age or gender of subjects in either condition . Furthermore , there were no significant differences between groups on physical functioning , length of life , or time of death in relation to the last scheduled visit by the music therapist or counselor . This study provides an overview of hospice/palliative care , explains the role of music therapy in providing care , and establishes clinical guidelines grounded in research for the use of music therapy in improving the quality of life among the terminally ill Abstract A multivariate analysis of the data was conducted to evaluate the effects of age , gender , and performance status on symptom profile . A comprehensive prospect i ve analysis of symptoms was conducted in 1,000 patients on initial referral to the Palliative Medicine Program of the Clevel and Clinic . The median number of symptoms per patient was 11 ( range 1–27 ) . The ten most prevalent symptoms were pain , easy fatigue , weakness , anorexia , lack of energy , dry mouth , constipation , early satiety , dyspnea , and greater than 10 % weight loss . The prevalence of these 10 symptoms ranged from 50 % to 84 % . Younger age was associated with 11 symptoms : blackout , vomiting , pain , nausea , headache , sedation , bloating , sleep problems , anxiety , depression , and constipation . Gender was associated with 8 symptoms . Males had more dysphagia , hoarseness , > 10 % weight loss and sleep problems ; females , more early satiety , nausea , vomiting , and anxiety . Performance status was associated with 14 symptoms . Advanced cancer patients are polysymptomatic . Ten symptoms are highly prevalent . Symptom prevalence for 24 individual symptoms differs with age , or gender , or performance status Abstract The authors investigated the effect of music on the state anxiety of a sample of 20 patients awaiting breast biopsy at a suburban medical facility . The patients were assigned alternately to either the control or experimental group . The individuals in the experimental group were given a 20-minute music-based intervention in a preoperative holding area , whereas the patients in the control group received the customary preoperative care . Clinicians measured blood pressure , heart rate , and respiration in both groups of patients , and the participants completed the State portion of the self-administered State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) . After the patients completed the 20 minutes of music or of preoperative care without music , clinicians again measured the participants ' vital signs and the patients completed the STAI . The authors ' findings indicated that the posttest state anxiety and respiratory rates of the patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the patients in the control group The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of music on perceived exertion and mood in 30 coronary artery bypass graft patients during cardiac rehabilitation . The modified Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion ( RPE ) and the Rejeski Feeling Scale ( FS ) were the dependent variables . Group A subjects exercised with music and Group B subjects exercised without music as they rated their perceived exertion and mood . The use of music to reduce perceived exertion was not supported ( p = 0.16 ) . However , Group A members reported significantly enhanced mood while exercising to music and Group B members reported a significantly decreased mood without music ( p = 0.0006 ) . Enhancement of mood might lead to increased compliance with a regular exercise routine The effects of listening to different types of music on perceived and physiological indicators of relaxation were evaluated . Fifty-six undergraduate students , 24 males and 32 females , mean age of 21 , were r and omly assigned to listen to classical , hard rock , self-selected relaxing music , or no music . Participants ' relaxation level , skin temperature , muscle tension and heart rate were evaluated before and after exposure to a music condition . Analyses of variance using baseline measures as covariates indicated that skin temperature decreased for all conditions ( p = 0.001 ) and the classical , self-selected relaxing music and no music groups reported significant increases in feelings of relaxation ( p = 0.004 ) . These results partially support the hypothesis that classical and self-selected relaxing music can increase perceptions of relaxation to a greater degree than listening to hard rock music . However , no differences were found between different types of music on physiological indicators of arousal . Implication s for using music to reduce stress were discussed Music therapy has decreased anxiety levels in many medical setting s. This r and omized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of a music listening intervention , delivered by a board-certified music therapist , in patients undergoing curative radiation therapy ( RT ) .  Emotional distress ( anxiety , depression , and treatment-related distress ) and symptoms ( fatigue and pain ) were measured at baseline , mid-treatment , and end of treatment in 63 patients undergoing RT .  Although patients who listened to self-selected music reported lower anxiety and treatment-related distress , there was a decline in these outcomes for patients in both groups over the course of RT .  Depression , fatigue , and pain were not appreciably affected by music therapy . Within the music group , there was a significant correlation between number of times music was used/week and the change in treatment-related distress , suggesting that higher doses of music produced greater declines in distress . While these findings provided some support for the use of music in reducing distress during RT , further research demonstrating clear differences between intervention and control conditions is needed . Physical symptoms were not affected by the use of music over the course of RT BACKGROUND The use of music therapy with children in health setting s has been documented , but its effectiveness has not yet been well established . This pilot study is a preliminary exploration of the effectiveness of interactive music therapy in reducing anxiety and increasing the comfort of hospitalized children with cancer . METHODS Pre- and post-music therapy measures were obtained from children ( N = 65 ) and parents . The measures consisted of children 's ratings of mood using schematic faces , parental ratings of the child 's play performance , and satisfaction question naires completed by parents , children and staff . RESULTS There was a significant improvement in children 's ratings of their feelings from pre- to post-music therapy . Parents perceived an improved play performance after music therapy in pre-schoolers and adolescents but not in school-aged children . Qualitative analyses of children 's and parents ' comments suggested a positive impact of music therapy on the child 's well-being . CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings are encouraging and suggest beneficial effects of interactive music therapy with hospitalized pediatric hematology/oncology patients . In future studies replicating these findings should be conducted in a r and omized control trial Coping has attracted much attention in research as a possible mediator of the psychological impact of cancer . Yet , conceptual ambiguity and method ological limitations have result ed in weak and contradictory findings . A major shortcoming has been the use of design s which do not represent adequately the complexity or the diversity of dem and s which arise from the diagnosis and treatment of cancer . The neglect of appraisal in the assessment of the relationship between coping and mental health is of particular concern , given the role it has been found to play in the onset and maintenance of affective disorders . In a prospect i ve study 673 newly diagnosed cancer patients were interviewed 4 to 8 weeks and 1 year later to assess the effects of their appraisal s , coping responses and resolution of any concerns on subsequent mental health .  Logistic regression analyses , adjusted for possible confounding variables , were used to investigate the relationships between coping variables and affective disorders . When examined separately the degree of threat appraised , the reporting of a helpless response and perceived success of primary responses in resolving concerns all predicted subsequent effective disorder . However , in a multivariate model only appraisal and success of the response in resolving the concern were significant . No response was found to prevent affective disorders , however certain types of responses were associated with the resolution of specific concerns . The results highlight the importance of assessing the whole coping process and the need to address the complex and multifaceted characteristics of cancer dem and s. On the basis of our findings we describe a maladaptive cycle of coping , which we believe contributes to the later onset of affective disorders  in cancer patients The purpose of this experimental crossover study was to evaluate to what extent the therapeutic use of music would decrease pain in patients with cancer who were receiving scheduled analgesics . Baseline data were collected for three days . Subjects then were assigned r and omly to listen to their preference of seven types of relaxing music or a control ( a 60-cycle hum ) twice daily for three days . Then they crossed over into the alternate group for the next three days . Finally , each subject returned to a follow-up baseline period . Pain , the dependent variable , and mood , which was proposed as an intervening variable , were measured by visual analogue scales . The convenience sample included 15 out patients with cancer , 12 female and 3 male , ages 20 through 87 . Results of the McGill Pain Question naire ( MPQ ) , a reliable and valid multidimensional instrument administered upon entry into the study , indicated that the study sample was comparable to other sample s of patients with cancer who were in pain . There was an inconsistent relation between pain and mood . The effect of the music on pain varied by individual ; 75 % had at least some response and 47 % had a moderate or great response . Multivariate Analysis of Variance ( MANOVA ) indicated a statistically significant decrease in pain from using either the music or sound , but there was no effect on mood . Although the mean percentage of change in pain for music was twice that for sound , the results did not differ statistically . The findings support the use of music as an independent nursing intervention to relieve pain OBJECTIVE To test the effects of music therapy on relaxation and anxiety reduction for patients receiving ventilatory assistance . DESIGN Two-group , pretest-posttest experimental design with repeated measures . Subjects r and omized to either a 30-minute music condition or a rest period . SETTING Four urban midwestern intensive care units . SUBJECTS Fifty-four alert , nonse date d patients receiving mechanical ventilation . OUTCOME MEASURES State anxiety ( pretest and posttest ) , heart rate , and respiratory rate obtained every 5 minutes for 30 minutes . RESULTS Subjects who received music therapy reported significantly less anxiety posttest ( 10.1 ) than those subjects in the control group ( 16.2 ) . Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased over time for those subjects in the music group as compared with the control group subjects . CONCLUSIONS A single music therapy session was found to be effective for decreasing anxiety and promoting relaxation , as indicated by decreases in heart rate and respiratory rate over the intervention period with this sample of patients receiving ventilatory assistance OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical effect of music therapy in treating tumor patients . METHODS Music therapy combined with anti-tumor drugs , including chemotherapy and Chinese drugs , was given to 162 tumor patients according to syndrome differentiation to observe the change of self-rating depression scale ( SDS ) , self-rating anxiety scale ( SAS ) , minnesota multiphasic personality inventory ( MMPI ) , Hamilton rating scale for depression ( HAMD ) and T lymphocyte subsets ( immuno-histochemical assay ) , NK cell anti-tumor activity ( NAG method ) , etc . while 46 caces did n't receive music therapy were  taken as the control group . RESULTS The scale marks of SDS and SAS of the treated group after treatment were obviously lower than that of the control group significantly ( P < 0.05 , P < 0.01 ) . After treatment , the average values of MMPI on falseness ( F ) , hypochondriasis ( HS ) , depression ( D ) and psychosthenia ( Pt ) in the treated group were all improved ( P < 0.01 or P < 0.05 ) ; but in the control group , significant difference only showed in MMPI on HS ( P < 0.05 ) . HAMD in the treated group revealed some improvement in insomnia , early awakening , daily work and interest , systemic symptoms and hypochondriasis ( P < 0.05 ) , and significant improvement in depression , difficulty in falling asleep , psychiatric anxiety and somatic anxiety ( P < 0.01 ) ; while in the control group , only work interest and HS had some improvement ( P < 0.05 ) . CD8 percent was reduced in both groups after treatment ( P < 0.01 ) , but in the treated group CD3 , CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio were not significantly changed after treatment ( P > 0.05 ) ; while in the control group they lowered obviously ( P < 0.05 ) . As for NK cell anti-tumor activity in the treated group before and after treatment , it was not significantly lowered ( P > 0.05 ) ; while in the control group the lowering after treatment was significant ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Music therapy could regulate the emotion of tumor patient , optimize the emotional effect , improve the somatic symptoms , enhance the immune function , motivate the active principle and raise the self-regulating power in the body High‐dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation ( HDT/ASCT ) is a commonly used treatment for hematologic malignancies . The procedure causes significant psychological distress and no interventions have been demonstrated to improve mood in these patients . Music therapy has been shown to improve anxiety in a variety of acute medical setting s. In the current study , the authors determined the effects of music therapy compared with st and ard care  on mood during inpatient stays for HDT/ASCT
Purpose A systematic review and meta- analysis to examine the effect of music interventions on psychological and physical outcome measures in cancer patients .