Performance Effects of Repetition Specific Gluteal Activation Protocols on Acceleration in Male Rugby Union Players A Passive Heat Maintenance Strategy Implemented during a Simulated Half-Time Improves Lower Body Power Output and Repeated Sprint Ability in Professional Rugby Union Players High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance. Effects of general, specific and combined warm-up on explosive muscular performance ACUTE EFFECTS OF A RESISTED DYNAMIC WARM-UP PROTOCOL ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE Acute effects of prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric warm-up schemes on jump, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate soccer players High-intensity warm-ups elicit superior performance to a current soccer warm-up routine. The influence of passive heat maintenance on lower body power output and repeated sprint performance in professional rugby league players. Effect of Warm-Up on Intermittent Sprint Performance Acute Effects of Loaded Whole Body Vibration Training on Performance Gradual decline in performance and changes in biochemical parameters of basketball players while resting after warm-up The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Post-warmup strategies to maintain body temperature and physical performance in professional rugby union players Influence of Closed Skill and Open Skill Warm-ups on the Performance of Speed, Change of Direction Speed, Vertical Jump, and Reactive Agility in Team Sport Athletes A Multinational Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of ‘11+ Kids’: A Warm-Up Programme to Prevent Injuries in Children’s Football Does warm-up have a beneficial effect on 100-m freestyle? Acute Effects of a Warm-Up Including Active, Passive, and Dynamic Stretching on Vertical Jump Performance The Effects of Adding Different Whole-Body Vibration Frequencies to Preconditioning Exercise on Subsequent Sprint Performance Physiological and performance responses to the “FIFA 11+” (part 1): is it an appropriate warm-up? The Effect of Warm-Ups Incorporating Different Volumes of Dynamic Stretching on 10- and 20-m Sprint Performance in Highly Trained Male Athletes Effects of Functional Exercises in the Warm-up on Sprint Performances The FIFA 11+ Program Is Effective in Preventing Injuries in Elite Male Basketball Players
Abstract Warm-up protocol s have the potential to cause an acute enhancement of dynamic sprinting performance . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three repetition specific gluteal activation warm-up protocol s on acceleration performance in male rugby union players . Forty male academy rugby union players were r and omly assigned to one of 4 groups ( control , 5 , 10 or 15 repetition gluteal activation group ) and performed 10 m sprints at baseline and 30 s , 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 min after their specific intervention protocol . Five and ten meter sprint times were the dependent variable and dual-beam timing gates were used to record all sprint times . Repeated measures analysis of variance found no significant improvement in 5 and 10 m sprint times between baseline and post warm-up scores ( p ≥ 0.05 ) for all groups . There were no reported significant differences between groups at any of the rest interval time points ( p ≥ 0.05 ) . However , when individual responses to the warm-up protocol s were analyzed , the 15 repetition gluteal activation group had faster 10 m times post-intervention and this improvement was significant ( p = 0.021 ) . These results would indicate that there is no specific rest interval for any of the gluteal interventions that results in a potentiation effect on acceleration performance . However , the individual response analysis would seem to indicate that a 15 repetition gluteal activation warm-up protocol has a potentiating effect on acceleration performance provided that the rest interval is adequately and individually determined Reduced physical performance has been observed following the half-time period in team sports players , likely due to a decrease in muscle temperature during this period . We examined the effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy employed between successive exercise bouts on core temperature ( Tcore ) and subsequent exercise performance .  Eighteen professional Rugby Union players completed this r and omised and counter-balanced study . After a st and ardised warm-up ( WU ) and 15 min of rest , players completed a repeated sprint test ( RSSA 1 ) and countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) . Thereafter , in normal training attire ( Control ) or a survival jacket ( Passive ) , players rested for a further 15 min ( simulating a typical half-time ) before performing a second RSSA ( RSSA 2 ) and CMJ ’s . Measurements of Tcore were taken at baseline , post-WU , pre-RSSA 1 , post-RSSA 1 and pre-RSSA 2 . Peak power output ( PPO ) and repeated sprint ability was assessed before and after the simulated half-time . Similar Tcore responses were observed between conditions at baseline ( Control : 37.06±0.05 ° C ; Passive : 37.03±0.05 ° C ) and for all other Tcore measurements taken before half-time . After the simulated half-time , the decline in Tcore was lower ( -0.74±0.08 % vs. -1.54±0.06 % , p<0.001 ) and PPO was higher ( 5610±105 W vs. 5440±105 W , p<0.001 ) in the Passive versus Control condition . The decline in PPO over half-time was related to the decline in Tcore ( r = 0.632 , p = 0.005 ) . In RSSA 2 , best , mean and total sprint times were 1.39±0.17 % ( p<0.001 ) , 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) and 0.55±0.06 % ( p<0.001 ) faster for Passive versus Control . Passive heat maintenance reduced declines in Tcore that were observed during a simulated half-time period and improved subsequent PPO and repeated sprint ability in professional Rugby Union players The effects of high-intensity , short- duration , re-warm-ups on team-sport-related performance were investigated . In a r and omised , cross-over study , participants performed 2 × 26-min periods of an intermittent activity protocol ( IAP ) on a non-motorized treadmill , interspersed by 15-min of passive recovery ( CON ) ; 3-min small-sided game ( SSG ) ; or a 5RM leg-press . Measures included counter-movement jump , repeated-sprint , the Loughborough soccer passing test ( LSPT ) , blood lactate concentration , heart-rate , and perceptual measures . Data were analyzed using effect size ( 90 % confidence intervals ) , and percentage change ; determining magnitudes of effects . A 5RM re-warm-up improved flight-time to contraction-time ratio when compared to SSG ( 9.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 ) and CON ( ES : 9.4 % , 0.7±0.5 ) re-warm-ups , remaining higher following the second IAP ( 8.8 % , ES ; 0.5±0.3 and 10.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 , respectively ) . Relative-maximum rate-of-force development was greater in the 5RM condition following the second IAP compared to SSG ( 29.3 % , ES ; 0.7±0.5 ) and CON ( 16.2 % , ES ; 0.6±0.6 ) . Repeated-sprint ability during the second IAP improved in the 5RM re-warm-up ; peak velocity , mean velocity , and acceleration were 4 , 3 , and 18 % greater , respectively . Within groups , the SSG re-warm-up improved LSPT performance post-intervention ; 6.4 % ( ES : 0.6±0.8 ) and following the second IAP 6.2 % ( ES : 0.6±0.6 ) , compared to pre-intervention . A 5RM leg-press re-warm-up improved physical performance , while a SSG re-warm-up enhanced skill execution following st and ardized intermittent exercise The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of general , specific and combined warm-up ( WU ) on explosive performance .  Healthy male ( n = 10 ) subjects participated in six  WU  protocol s in a crossover r and omized study design . Protocol s were : passive rest ( PR ; 15 min of passive rest ) , running ( Run ; 5 min of running at 70 % of maximum heart rate ) , stretching ( STR ; 5 min of static stretching exercise ) , jumping [ Jump ; 5 min of jumping exercises – 3x8 countermovement jumps ( CMJ ) and 3x8 drop jumps from 60 cm ( DJ60 ) ] , and combined ( COM ; protocol s Run+STR+Jump combined ) . Immediately before and after each WU , subjects were assessed for explosive concentric-only ( i.e. squat jump – SJ ) , slow stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. CMJ ) , fast stretch-shortening cycle ( i.e. DJ60 ) and contact time ( CT ) muscle performance . PR significantly reduced SJ performance ( p = 0.007 ) . Run increased SJ ( p = 0.0001 ) and CMJ ( p = 0.002 ) . STR increased CMJ ( p = 0.048 ) . Specific WU ( i.e. Jump ) increased SJ ( p = 0.001 ) , CMJ ( p = 0.028 ) and DJ60 ( p = 0.006 ) performance . COM increased CMJ performance ( p = 0.006 ) . Jump was superior in SJ performance vs. PR ( p = 0.001 ) . Jump reduced ( p = 0.03 ) CT in DJ60 . In conclusion , general , specific and combined WU  increase slow stretch-shortening cycle ( SSC ) muscle performance , but only specific WU  increases fast SSC muscle performance . Therefore , to increase fast SSC performance , specific fast SSC muscle actions must be included during the WU This study aim ed to investigate the kinematic and kinetic changes when resistance is applied in horizontal and vertical directions , produced by using different percentages of body weight , caused by jumping movements during a dynamic warm-up . The group of subjects consisted of 35 voluntary male athletes ( 19 basketball and 16 volleyball players ; age : 23.4 ± 1.4 years , training experience : 9.6 ± 2.7 years ; height : 177.2 ± 5.7 cm , body weight : 69.9 ± 6.9 kg ) study ing Physical Education , who had a jump training background and who were training for 2 hours , on 4 days in a week . A dynamic warm-up protocol containing seven specific resistance movements with specific resistance corresponding to different percentages of body weight ( 2 % , 4 % , 6 % , 8 % , 10 % ) was applied r and omly on non consecutive days . Effects of different warm-up protocol s were assessed by pre-/post- exercise changes in jump height in the countermovement jump ( CMJ ) and the squat jump ( SJ ) measured using a force platform and changes in hip and knee joint angles at the end of the eccentric phase measured using a video camera . A significant increase in jump height was observed in the dynamic resistance warm-up conducted with different percentages of body weight ( p < 0.05 ) . On the other h and , no significant difference in different percentages of body weight states was observed ( p > 0.05 ) . In jump movements before and after the warm-up , while no significant difference between the vertical ground reaction forces applied by athletes was observed ( p > 0.05 ) , in some cases of resistance , a significant reduction was observed in hip and knee joint angles ( p < 0.05 ) . The dynamic resistance warm-up method was found to cause changes in the kinematics of jumping movements , as well as an increase in jump height values . As a result , dynamic warm-up exercises could be applicable in cases of resistance corresponding to 6 - 10 % of body weight applied in horizontal and vertical directions in order to increase the jump performance acutely The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up interventions on jump , sprint and agility performance in collegiate soccer players . Twenty-one healthy male college soccer players ( age : 20.14 ± 1.65 years ; body height : 179.9 ± 8.34 cm ; body mass : 74.4 ± 13.0 kg ; % body fat : 9.45 ± 4.8 ) participated in the study . Subjects underwent four different r and omized warm-up protocol s separated by at least 48 hours . The warm-up schemes were : 1 . no conditioning contraction protocol ( NCC ) ; 2 . dynamic stretching ( DS ) ; 3 . prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric exercise ( ST ) ; and , 4 . ST with an additional external load equal to 30 % of body weight ( ST + 30 % BW ) . All interventions were preceded by a general warm-up . Results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in countermovement jump ( CMJ ) at F(3,60 ) = 10.2 , ηρ2 = 0.337 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in CMJ performance in DS when compared to NCC and ST + 30 % BW . No significant difference in CMJ was observed between DS and ST . CMJ scores in NCC , ST , and ST + 30 % BW were non-significant . There was a significant difference in speed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 6.61 , ηρ2 = 0.248 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly better time in DS than NCC and ST . However , no difference in speed was observed between DS and ST + 30 % BW . Similarly , speed was similar in NCC , ST and ST + 30 % BW . A significant difference in agility performance was also observed ; F(3 , 60 ) = 24.1 , ηρ2= 0.546 , p < 0.01 . Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater performance gains in DS than NCC . No significant difference in agility was observed in DS , ST and ST + 30 % BW . In conclusion , a prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric protocol using bodyweight only showed similar benefits with dynamic stretching in countermovement jump performance . When the same isometric condition with additional load equal to 30 % of bodyweight was applied , effects in speed and agility were similar to dynamic stretching OBJECTIVES This study investigated the acute effects of a currently implemented team-sport warm-up and two alternative , high-intensity , short- duration protocol s - 5 repetition maximum leg press and small-sided games . DESIGN Ten male soccer players participated in a r and omised , cross-over study . METHODS Participants performed a team-sport , a leg-press , or a small-sided game warm-up . Subsequent performance tests included counter-movement jump , reactive agility , and 15 × 20 m sprints embedded in an intermittent exercise task . Physiological measures included core temperature , blood lactate concentration , heart rate and rating of perceived exertion . Data were analysed using the effect size statistic with 90 % confidence intervals , and percentage change , to determine magnitude of effects . RESULTS Counter-movement jump height improved following the small-sided game ( 6 % , ES : 0.8±0.8 ) and leg-press warm-up ( 2 % , ES : 0.3±0.5 ) , but not after the team-sport warm-up ( ' unclear ' effect ) . Reactive agility improved after the small-sided game ( 4 % , ES : 0.8±0.7 ) and leg-press warm-ups only ( 5 % , ES : 1.1±0.7 ) , when compared to baseline . Mean 20-m sprint times during the intermittent exercise task improved following the leg-press warm-up , when compared with the small-sided game ( 9 % , ES : 0.9±0.3 ) and team-sport warm-ups ( 7 % , ES : 0.6±0.6 ) . Core temperature was lower following the leg-press warm-up compared to small-sided game ( 1 % , ES : 0.9±0.7 ) and the team-sport WUs ( 2 % , ES : 2.4±0.8 ) . Blood lactate was highest following the small-sided game ( 67 % , ES : 2.7±0.8 ) and team-sport warm-ups ( 66 % , ES : 2.9±0.9 ) . CONCLUSIONS A leg-press and small-sided game warm-up may improve acute team-sport performance tests when compared to a traditional warm-up protocol OBJECTIVES The pre-competition warm-up mediates many temperature related physiological changes which generally lead to an improvement in performance . However , after ceasing exercise body temperature declines rapidly , which reduces some of the benefits of the initial warm-up . We examined the effects of a passive heat maintenance strategy on post-warm-up core temperature ( Tcore ) and performance in professional rugby league players . DESIGN Twenty professional rugby league players completed this r and omised and counter-balanced study . METHODS After a st and ardised warm-up , players completed a countermovement jump ( CMJ ) before resting for 15min wearing normal training attire ( control ) or wearing a passive heat maintenance jacket ( PHM ) , players then completed another CMJ and a repeated sprint protocol ( RSA ) . Tcore was measured at baseline , post-warm-up , pre-RSA and post-RSA . CMJ were analysed for peak power output ( PPO ) , and RSA for fastest , mean and total sprint time . RESULTS Post-warm-up Tcore ( mean±SD ; control 37.70±0.28 ; PHM 37.70±0.27 ° C ; p=0.741 ) and PPO ( control 5220±353 vs. PHM 5213±331W ; p=0.686 ) were similar between conditions . At pre-RSA , PHM was associated with greater Tcore ( control 37.14±0.31 vs. PHM 37.51±0.30 ° C ; p<0.001 ) and PPO ( control 4868±345 vs. PHM 5056±344W ; p<0.001 ) when compared to control . The decline in PPO from post-warm-up to pre-RSA was related to the drop in Tcore ( r=0.71 ; p<0.001 ) . During the RSA , fastest , mean and total sprint time were all improved under PHM compared to control ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Passive heat maintenance is an effective method of attenuating the post-warm-up decline in Tcore and improves PPO and repeated sprint ability in professional rugby league players We aim ed to investigate the effects of different warm-up ( WUP ) intensities on 10 min of subsequent intermittent-sprint running performance . Eleven male , team-sport players performed four trials in a r and omized , cross-over design , consisting of an intermittent-sprint protocol ( 15 × 20-m sprints ) that followed either no-WUP or one of three 10-min WUP trials that varied in intensity . Warm-up intensities were performed at either ( 1 ) half the difference between anaerobic threshold ( AT ) and lactate threshold ( LT ) [ (AT-LT)/2 ] below the LT = WUP 1 ; ( 2 ) midway between LT and AT level = WUP 2 ; ( 3 ) [ (AT-LT)/2 ] above AT = WUP 3 . Sprint times were fastest following WUP 3 , compared with all other trials , for sprints 1–9 and 14 , as well as for total accumulated sprints , with these results supported by moderate to large effect size ( ES ; range : d = −0.50 to −1.06 ) and “ possible ” to “ almost certain ” benefits . Warm-up 3 result ed in faster intermittent-sprint running performance compared with lower intensity WUPs and no WUP for the first 6 min of sprinting , with accumulated sprints for the entire 10 min protocol also being faster after WUP 3 . This information may be pertinent to coaches of team-sport games with respect to player substitutions Background : The application of whole body vibration ( WBV ) as a warm-up scheme has been receiving an increasing interest among practitioners . Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine the effect of loaded and unloaded WBV on countermovement jump , speed and agility . Patients and Methods : Twenty-one healthy male college football players ( age : 20.14 ± 1.65 years ; body height : 179.9 ± 8.34 cm ; body mass : 74.4 ± 13.0 kg ; % body fat : 9.45 ± 4.8 ) underwent r and omized controlled trials that involved st and ing in a half squat position ( ST ) , ST with 30 % of bodyweight ( ST + 30 % ) , whole body vibration at f = 50 Hz , A = 4 mm ( WBV ) , and WBV with 30 % bodyweight ( WBV + 30 % BW ) after a st and ardized warm-up . Post measures of countermovement jump , 15-m sprint , and modified t-test were utilized for analyses . Results : One way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference in the countermovement jump performance , F ( 3 , 60 = 9.06 , η2 = 2.21 , P = 0.000 . Post-hoc showed that WBV + 30 % BW posted significant difference compared to ( P = 0.008 ) , ST + 30 % BW ( P = 0.000 ) and WBV ( P = 0.000 ) . There was also a significant difference in the sprint times among interventions , F ( 3 , 60 ) = 23.0 , η2 = 0.865 , P = 0.000 . Post hoc showed that WBV + 30 % BW displayed significantly lower time values than ST ( P = 0.000 ) , ST + 30 % BW ( P = 0.000 ) and WBV ( P = 0.000 ) . Lastly , there was a significant difference in the agility performance across experimental conditions at F(2.01 , 40.1 ) = 21.0 , η2 = 0.954 , P = 0.000 . Post hoc demonstrated that WBV have lower times than ST ( P = 0.013 ) . Also , WBV + 30 % BW posted lower times compared to ST ( P = 0.000 ) , ST + 30 % ( P = 0.000 ) and WBV ( P = 0.003 ) . Conclusions : Additional external load of 30 % bodyweight under WBV posted superior gains in countermovement jump , speed and agility compared to unloaded WBV , loaded non-WBV and unloaded non-WBV interventions Warm-up is used before every competitive sporting activity as a means to activate the body , reduce the risk of injury and increase performance in subsequent tasks . However , there is little information on how long the effects of warm-up last . This is of particular interest in basketball playing , since no rewarm-up is allowed to players who sit on the bench . Thus , the aim of this study was to examine changes in performance and biochemical parameters of basketball players while resting after warm-up . On each of four consecutive days , 14 elite basketball players ( 7 male and 7 female ) performed a  structured warm-up program  , after which they had body temperature measured , provided blood sample s and performed countermovement jump and 20-m run tests . Then , they rested for either 10 , 20 , 30 or 40 min in a r and om , counterbalanced order . Temperature measurement , blood sampling , and performance testing were repeated after each rest interval . Body temperature and countermovement jump decreased gradually during rest ( p < 0.05 for linear trend ) , whereas 10- and 20-m run times increased gradually ( p < 0.05 for linear trend ) . Serum glucose decreased during rest ( p = 0.028 ) independent of interval duration . We conclude that there is a relatively fast decline in jumping and running performance when basketball players remain inactive after warm-up . Our study highlights the need to address the rapid drop in performance after warm-up for the basketball players who do not participate in a game from the start QUESTIONS Does the PEDro scale measure only one construct ie , the method ological quality of clinical trials ? What is the hierarchy of items of the PEDro scale from least to most adhered to ? Is there any effect of year of publication of trials on item adherence ? Are PEDro scale ordinal scores equivalent to interval data ? DESIGN Rasch analysis of two independent sample s of 100 clinical trials from the PEDro data base scored using the PEDro scale . RESULTS Both sample s of PEDro data showed fit to the Rasch model with no item misfit . The  PEDro scale item hierarchy was the same in both sample s , ranging from the most adhered to item r and om allocation , to the least adhered to item therapist blinding . There was no differential item functioning by year of publication . Original PEDro ordinal scores were highly correlated with transformed PEDro interval scores ( r = 0.99 ) . CONCLUSION The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the method ological quality of clinical trials . It is valid to sum PEDro scale item scores to obtain a total score that can be treated as interval level measurement and subjected to parametric statistical analysis Abstract We compared the effects of using passive-heat maintenance , explosive activity or a combination of both strategies during the post-warmup recovery time on physical performance . After a st and ardised warmup , 16 professional rugby union players , in a r and omised design , completed a counter-movement jump ( peak power output ) before resting for 20 min and wearing normal-training attire ( CON ) , wearing a passive heat maintenance ( PHM ) jacket , wearing normal attire and performing 3 × 5 CMJ ( with a 20 % body mass load ) after 12 min of recovery ( neuromuscular function , NMF ) , or combining PHM and NMF ( COMB ) . After 20 min , participants completed further counter-movement jump and a repeated sprint protocol . Core temperature ( Tcore ) was measured at baseline , post-warmup and post-20 min . After 20 min of recovery , Tcore was significantly lower under CON and NMF , when compared with both PHM and COMB ( P < 0.05 ) ; PHM and COMB were similar . Peak power output had declined from post-warmup under all conditions ( P < 0.001 ) ; however , the drop was less in COMB versus all other conditions ( P < 0.05 ) . Repeated sprint performance was significantly better under COMB when compared to all other conditions . Combining PHM with NMF priming attenuates the post-warmup decline in Tcore and can positively influence physical performance in professional rugby union players Gabbett , TJ , Sheppard , JM , Pritchard-Peschek , KR , Leveritt , MD , and Aldred , MJ . Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed , change of direction speed , vertical jump , and reactive agility in team sports athletes . J Strength Cond Res 22(5 ) : 1413 - 1415 , 2008-In this study , we evaluated the efficacy of two different dynamic warm-up conditions , one that was inclusive of open skills ( i.e. , reactive movements ) and one that included only preplanned dynamic activities ( i.e. , closed skills ) on the performance of speed , change of direction speed , vertical jump , and reactive agility in team sport athletes . Fourteen ( six male , eight female ) junior ( mean ± SD age , 16.3 ± 0.7 year ) basketball players participated in this study . Testing was conducted on 2 separate days using a within-subjects cross-over study design . Each athlete performed a st and ardized 7-minute warm-up consisting of general dynamic movements and stretching . After the general warm-up , athletes were r and omly allocated into one of two groups that performed a dynamic 15-minute warm-up consisting entirely of open or closed skills . Each of the warm-up conditions consisted of five activities of 3 minute duration . At the completion of the warm-up protocol , players completed assessment s of reactive agility , speed ( 5- , 10- , and 20-m sprints ) , change of direction speed ( T-test ) , and vertical jump . No significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) were detected among warm-up conditions for speed , vertical jump , change of direction speed , and reactive agility performances . The results of this study demonstrate that either open skill or closed skill warm-ups can be used effectively for team sport athletes without compromising performance on open skill and closed skill tasks Objective The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a newly developed warm-up programme ( ‘ 11 + Kids ’ ) regarding its potential to reduce injuries in children ’s football . Methods Children ’s football teams ( under 9 years , under 11 years , and under 13 years age groups ) from Switzerl and , Germany , the Czech Republic and the Netherl and s were invited . Clubs were r and omised to an intervention group and a control group , and followed for one season . The intervention group replaced their usual warm-up by ‘ 11 + Kids ’ , while the control group warmed up as usual . The primary outcome was the overall risk of football-related injuries . Secondary outcomes were the risks of severe and lower extremity injuries . We calculated hazard ratios using extended Cox models , and performed a compliance analysis . Results In total , 292,749 h of football exposure of 3895 players were recorded . The mean age of players was 10.8 ( st and ard deviation 1.4 ) years . During the study period , 374 ( intervention group = 139 ; control group = 235 ) injuries occurred . The overall injury rate in the intervention group was reduced by 48 % compared with the control group ( hazard ratio 0.52 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.32–0.86 ) . Severe ( 74 % reduction , hazard ratio 0.26 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.10–0.64 ) and lower extremity injuries ( 55 % reduction , hazard ratio 0.45 ; 95 % confidence interval 0.24–0.84 ) were also reduced . Injury incidence decreased with increasing compliance . Conclusion ‘ 11 + Kids ’ is efficacious in reducing injuries in children ’s football . We observed considerable effects for overall , severe and lower extremity injuries . The programme should be performed at least once per week to profit from an injury preventive effect . However , two sessions per week can be recommended to further increase the protective benefit . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier : NCT02222025 PURPOSE To investigate the effect of warm-up on  100-m swimming performance  . METHODS Twenty competitive swimmers ( with a training frequency of 8.0 ± 1.0 sessions/wk ) performed 2 maximal 100-m freestyle trials on separate days , with and without prior warm-up , in a counterbalanced and r and omized design . The warm-up distance totaled 1000 m and replicated the swimmers ' usual precompetition warm-up strategy . Performance ( time ) , physiological ( capillary blood lactate concentrations ) , psychophysiological ( perceived exertion ) , and biomechanical variables ( distance per stroke , stroke frequency , and stroke index ) were assessed on both trials . RESULTS Performance in the 100-m was fastest in the warm-up condition ( 67.15 ± 5.60 vs 68.10 ± 5.14 s ; P = .01 ) , although 3 swimmers swam faster without warm-up . Critical to this was the 1st 50-m lap ( 32.10 ± 2.59 vs 32.78 ± 2.33 s ; P < .01 ) , where the swimmers presented higher distance per stroke ( 2.06 ± 0.19 vs. 1.98 ± 0.16 m ; P = .04 ) and swimming efficiency compared with the no-warm-up condition ( stroke index 3.46 ± 0.53 vs 3.14 ± 0.44 m2 · c1 · s1 ; P < .01 ) . Notwithst and ing this better stroke-kinematic pattern , blood lactate concentrations and perceived exertion were similar between trials . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that swimmers ' usual warm-up routines lead to faster 100-m freestyle swimming performance , a factor that appears to be related to better swimming efficiency in the 1st lap of the race . This study highlights the importance of performing swimming drills ( for higher distance per stroke ) before a maximal 100-m freestyle effort in similar groups of swimmers Abstract Carvalho , FLP , Carvalho , MCGA , Simão , R , Gomes , TM , Costa , PB , Neto , LB , Carvalho , RLP , and Dantas , EHM . Acute effects of a warm-up including active , passive , and dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance . J Strength Cond Res 26(9 ) : 2447–2452 , 2012—The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different stretching methods combined with a warm-up protocol on vertical jump performance .  Sixteen young tennis players ( 14.5 ± 2.8 years ; 175 ± 5.6 cm ; 64.0 ± 11.1 kg ) were r and omly assigned to 4 different experimental conditions on 4 successive days . Each session consisted of a general and specific warm-up , with 5 minutes of running followed by 10 jumps , accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions : ( a ) Control Condition (CC)—5 minutes of passive rest ; ( b ) Passive Stretching Condition (PSC)—5 minutes of passive static stretching ; ( c ) Active Stretching Condition (ASC)—5 minutes of active static stretching ; and ( d ) Dynamic Stretching Condition (DC)—5 minutes of dynamic stretching . After each intervention , the subjects performed 3  squat jumps ( SJs ) and 3  countermovement jumps ( CMJs ) , which were measured electronically . For the SJ , 1-way repeated measures analysis of variance ( CC × PSC × ASC × DC ) revealed significant decreases for ASC ( 28.7 ± 4.7 cm ; p = 0.01 ) and PSC ( 28.7 ± 4.3 cm ; p = 0.02 ) conditions when compared with CC ( 29.9 ± 5.0 cm ) . For CMJs , there were no significant decreases ( p > 0.05 ) when all stretching conditions were compared with the CC . Significant increases in SJ performance were observed when comparing the DC ( 29.6 ± 4.9 cm ; p = 0.02 ) with PSC ( 28.7 ± 4.3 cm ) . Significant increases in CMJ performance were observed when comparing the conditions ASC ( 34.0 ± 6.0 cm ; p = 0.04 ) and DC ( 33.7 ± 5.5 cm ; p = 0.03 ) with PSC ( 32.6 ± 5.5 cm ) . A dynamic stretching intervention appears to be more suitable for use as part of a warm-up in young athletes Rønnestad , BR and Ellefsen , S. The effects of adding different whole-body vibration frequencies to preconditioning exercise on subsequent sprint performance . J Strength Cond Res 25(12 ) : 3306–3310 , 2011—The phenomenon postactivation potentiation can possibly be used to acutely improve sprint performance . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding whole-body vibration ( WBV ) to body-loaded half-squats , performed as preconditioning activity to the 40-m sprint test . Nine male amateur soccer players performed 1 familiarization session and 6 separate test sessions . Each session included a st and ardized warm-up followed by 1 of the after preconditioning exercises : 30-seconds of half-squats with WBV at either 50 or 30 Hz or half-squats without WBV . The 40-m sprint was performed 1 minute after the preconditioning exercise . For each subject , each of the 3 protocol s was repeated twice on separate days in a r and omized order . Mean values were used in the statistical analysis . Performing the preconditioning exercise with WBV at a frequency of 50 Hz result ed in a superior 40-m sprint performance compared to preconditioning exercise without WBV ( 5.48 ± 0.19 vs. 5.52 ± 0.21 seconds , respectively , p < 0.05 ) . There was no difference between preconditioning exercise with WBV at a frequency of 30 Hz and the no-WBV condition . In conclusion , preconditioning exercise performed with WBV at 50 Hz seems to enhance 40-m sprint performance in recreationally trained soccer players . The present findings suggest that coaches can incorporate such exercise into the warm-up to improve sprint performance or the quality of the sprint training Abstract The aim of the study was to examine the post-exercise effects of the “ FIFA 11 + ” on various physical performance and physiological variables , to underst and whether this programme is an appropriate warm-up for football players . Results were compared with the literature using a meta-analytical approach . Twenty amateur male football players [ mean age 25.5 ( s ± 5.1 ) years , body mass 75(8 ) kg , height 181(6 ) cm ] participated in the study . They were tested twice before ( control period ) and once after the “ FIFA 11 + ” for : 20-m sprints , agility , vertical jump , stiffness , isometric maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) , rate of force development ( RFD ) , and star excursion balance test . Oxygen uptake , lactate and core temperature were also measured . Pre-post warm-up differences were found for all the performance variables ( from 1.0 to 6.2 % ; 0.015 < P < 0.001 ) with the exclusion of MVC ( −13 % ; P = 0.426 ) and RFD ( −10 % ; P = 0.205 ) . After the warm-up there was an increase ( 0.004 < P < 0.001 ) in resting oxygen uptake from 325(87 ) to 379(142 ) mL · min−1 , in core temperature from 37.3(0.3 ) to 37.7(0.3 ) ° C , and in lactate from 1.0(0.2 ) to 2.6(1.1 ) mmol · L−1 . In conclusion , the “ FIFA 11 + ” prevention programme can be considered an appropriate warm-up , inducing improvements in football players comparable with those obtained with other warm-up routines reported in the literature Turki , O , Chaouachi , A , Behm , DG , Chtara , H , Chtara , M , Bishop , D , Chamari , K , and Amri , M. The effect of warm-ups incorporating different volumes of dynamic stretching on 10- and 20-m sprint performance in highly trained male athletes . J Strength Cond Res 26(1 ) : 63–72 , 2012—Recently , athletes have transitioned from traditional static stretching during warm-ups to incorporating dynamic stretching routines . However , the optimal volume of dynamic drills is yet to be identified . The aim of this repeated- measures study was to examine varying volumes ( 1 , 2 , and 3 sets ) of active dynamic stretching ( ADS ) in a warm-up on 10- and 20-m sprint performance . With a within-subject design , 16 highly trained male participants ( age : 20.9 ± 1.3 years ; height : 179.7 ± 5.7 cm ; body mass : 72.7 ± 7.9 kg ; % body fat : 10.9 ± 2.4 ) completed a 5-minute general running warm-up before performing 3 preintervention measures of 10- to 20-m sprint . The interventions included 1 , 2 , and 3 sets of active dynamic stretches of the lower-body musculature ( gastrocnemius , gluteals , hamstrings , quadriceps , and hip flexors ) performed approximately 14 times for each exercise while walking ( ADS1 , ADS2 , and ADS3 ) . The active dynamic warm-ups were r and omly allocated before performing a sprint-specific warm-up . Five minutes separated the end of the warm-up and the 3 postintervention measures of 10- to 20-m sprints . There were no significant time , condition , and interaction effects over the 10-m sprint time . For the 0- to 20-m sprint time , a significant main effect for the pre-post measurement ( F = 10.81 ; p < 0.002 ) , the dynamic stretching condition ( F = 6.23 ; p = 0.004 ) and an interaction effect ( F = 41.19 ; p = 0.0001 ) were observed . A significant decrease in sprint time ( improvement in sprint performance ) post-ADS1 ( 2.56 % , p = 0.001 ) and post-ADS2 ( 2.61 % , p = 0.001 ) was observed . Conversely , the results indicated a significant increase in sprint time ( sprint performance impairment ) post-ADS3 condition ( 2.58 % , p = 0.001 ) . Data indicate that performing 1–2 sets of 20 m of active dynamic stretches in a warm-up can enhance 20-m sprint performance . The results delineated that 3 sets of ADS repetitions could induce acute fatigue and impair sprint performance within 5 minutes of the warm-up Abstract S and er , A , Keiner , M , Schlumberger , A , Wirth , K , and Schmidtbleicher , D. Effects of functional exercises in the warm-up on sprint performances . J Strength Cond Res 27(4 ) : 995–1001 , 2013—The process of warming up prepares athletes for subsequent stress and increases their level of performance . Functional exercises are often included in warm-up programs for power sports , although a positive effect of functional exercises has not been confirmed . The aim of this study was to measure a possible effect of  functional exercises  on sprint performance included in a warm-up program . A total of 121 elite youth soccer players between 13 and 18 years of age participated in this study and performed 2 different warm-up programs . The first program ( NWP ) consisted of 5 minutes of nonspecific running , coordination exercises , stretching , and acceleration runs . The second program ( WPS ) was the same with additional functional exercises . The subjects were tested performing linear sprints of approximately 30 m and change-of-direction sprints of approximately 10 m. The t-test for dependent sample s showed significant differences between the groups for each segment of the linear sprint ( p < 0.01 for 5 m ; p < 0.001 for 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , and 30 m ) ; however , the effect sizes are small . Also , in the change-of-direction sprint , the t-test showed significant differences between the groups ( p < 0.01 for 10 m left , 10 m right ; p < 0.001 for 5 m right ) . These effect sizes are also small . In the change-of-direction sprint time for 5 m left , the data showed no significant differences between the groups . The results show no effects of functional exercises on sprint performance that are implemented in addition to a general warm-up . It appears that a general warm-up program , such as the NWP , generates sufficient activation of the performance-limiting muscles for sprint performance . Functional exercises did not lead to a supplemental activation with a positive effect on sprint performance . Therefore , a warm-up for sprint performance should contain nonspecific running , coordination exercises , stretching exercises , and acceleration runs . These components lead to sufficient activation of the muscles involved in sprint performance . Coaches should use the limited time available for warm-up to work efficiently . The recommendation for warm-up is to pass on functional exercises that have no additional effect in enhancing performance Background : Recently , structured training programs for sports injury prevention ( “ The 11 ” and “ The 11 + ” ) have been vali date d in soccer . The FIFA 11 + program has not been evaluated in basketball . Hypothesis : The FIFA 11 + program is effective in reducing the rates of injury in male basketball players . Study Design : R and omized controlled trial ; Level of evidence , 1 . Methods : The authors r and omized 11 teams of the same club . Seven teams were allocated to the intervention group ( 80 players ; mean [ SD ] age 13.5 [ 2.3 ] years ) , and 4 teams were allocated to the control group ( 41 players ; mean [ SD ] age 15.2 [ 4.6 ] years ) . The authors conducted an injury surveillance program during a 9-month season . The primary outcome was any injury to the athletes . The secondary outcome was any injury to the lower extremity ( foot , ankle , lower leg , knee , thigh , groin , and hip ) . They included an analysis of the type of exposure ( match or training ) , injury location in the body , and type of injury ( acute or overuse ) . Results : During the 9-month season , 23 ( 19 % ) of the 121 players included in the study sustained a total of 31 injuries ( 14 in the intervention group and 17 in the control group ) . In the intervention group , injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures were lower than those in the control group , with statistical significance , for overall injuries ( 0.95 vs 2.16 ; P = .0004 ) , training injuries ( 0.14 vs 0.76 ; P = .007 ) , lower extremity injuries ( 0.68 vs 1.4 ; P = .022 ) , acute injuries ( 0.61 vs 1.91 ; P < .0001 ) , and severe injuries ( 0 vs 0.51 ; P = .004 ) . The intervention group also had statistically significant lower injury rates for trunk ( 0.07 vs 0.51 ; P = .013 ) , leg ( 0 vs 0.38 ; P = .007 ) , and hip and groin ( 0 vs 0.25 ; P = .023 ) compared with the control group . There was no statistically significant difference in match injuries , knee injuries , ankle injuries , and overuse injuries between 2 groups . The most frequent acute injury diagnoses were ligament sprains ( 0.41 and 0.38 in the intervention and control groups , respectively ; P < .006 ) and contractures ( 0.76 and 0.07 in the control and intervention groups , respectively ; P < .003 ) . Conclusion : The FIFA 11 + warm-up program is effective in reducing the rates of injuries in elite male basketball players
Background In team sports , it is imperative that the warm-up improves acute explosive performance .
However , the exact strategies , methods , and consequences of different warm-up practice s remain unclear .
A time delay between the warm-up and match and during half-time could negate the positive metabolic effects of the warm-up .
Objectives We conducted a systematic review to synthesize and analyze the potential effects of strategies during a warm-up ( before match ) , post-warm-up ( time between the end of warm-up and the start of a match ) , and re-warm-up ( half-time break within a match ) on explosive performance in team sports .
Furthermore , we examined optimal warm-up strategies based on the included studies .