Hazardous alcohol drinking and premature mortality in Russia: a population based case-control study Neighborhood income and income distribution and the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Density of alcohol outlets and teenage drinking: living in an alcogenic environment is associated with higher consumption in a metropolitan setting. Stress, social support and problem drinking among women in poverty. The built environment and alcohol consumption in urban neighborhoods. Alcoholism effects on social migration and neighborhood effects on alcoholism over the course of 12 years. Neighborhood socioeconomic status effects on adolescent alcohol outcomes using growth models: exploring the role of parental alcoholism. Short-term effects of moving from public housing in poor to middle-class neighborhoods on low-income, minority adults' outcomes. Social Capital in the College Setting: The Impact of Participation in Campus Activities on Drinking and Alcohol-Related Harms Geographic clustering of underage drinking and the influence of community characteristics. Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use: The Influence of Neighborhood Disorder and Hope Initiation of alcohol use in early adolescence: links with exposure to community violence across time.
BACKGROUND The reason for the low life expectancy in Russian men and large fluctuations in mortality are unknown . We investigated the contribution of alcohol , and hazardous drinking in particular , to male mortality in a typical Russian city . METHODS Cases were all deaths in men aged 25 - 54 years living in Izhevsk occurring between Oct 20 , 2003 , to Oct 3 , 2005 . Controls were selected at r and om from the city population and were frequency matched to deaths by age . Interviews with proxy informants living in the same household as cases were done between Dec 11 , 2003 , and Nov , 16 2005 , and were obtained for 62 % ( 1750/2835 ) of cases and 57 % ( 1750/3078 ) of controls . We ascertained frequency and usual amount of beer , wine , and spirits consumed and frequency of consumption of manufactured ethanol-based liquids not intended to be drunk ( non-beverage alcohol ) , and markers of problem drinking . Complete information on markers of problem drinking , frequency of alcohol consumption , education , and smoking was available for 1468 cases and 1496 controls . FINDINGS 751 ( 51 % ) cases were classed as problem drinkers or drank non-beverage alcohol , compared with 192 ( 13 % ) controls . The mortality odds ratio ( OR ) for these men , compared with those who either abstained or were non-problematic beverage drinkers , was 6.0 ( 95 % CI 5.0 - 7.3 ) after adjustment for smoking and education . The mortality ORs for drinking non-beverage alcohol in the past year ( yes vs no ) was 9.2 ( 7.2 - 11.7 ) after adjustment for age . Adjustment for volume of ethanol consumed from beverages lowered the OR to 8.3 ( 6.5 - 10.7 ) , and further adjustment for education and smoking reduced it to 7.0 ( 5.5 - 9.0 ) . A strong direct gradient with mortality was seen for frequency of non-beverage alcohol drinking independent of volume of beverage ethanol consumed . 43 % of mortality was attributable to hazardous drinking ( problem drinking or non-beverage alcohol consumption , or both ) adjusted for smoking and education . INTERPRETATION Almost half of all deaths in working age men in a typical Russian city may be accounted for by hazardous drinking . Our analyses provide indirect support for the contention that the sharp fluctuations seen in Russian mortality in the early 1990s could be related to hazardous drinking as indicated by consumption of non-beverage alcohol Evidence about the relationship between context ual variables and substance use is conflicting . Relationships between neighborhood income and income distribution and the prevalence and frequency of substance use in 59 New York City ( NYC ) neighborhoods were assessed while accounting for individual income and other socio-demographic variables . Measures of current substance use ( in the 30 days prior to the survey ) were obtained from a r and om-digit-dial phone survey of adult residents of NYC and data from the 2000 U.S. Census  to calculate median neighborhood income and income distribution ( assessed using the Gini coefficient ) . Among 1355 respondents analyzed ( female=56.2 % , mean age=40.4 ) , 23.9 % reported cigarette , 40.0 % alcohol , and 5.4 % marijuana use in the previous 30 days . In ecologic assessment , neighborhoods with both the highest income and the highest income maldistribution had the highest prevalence of drinking alcohol ( 69.0 % ) and of smoking marijuana ( 10.5 % ) but not of cigarette use ; there was no clear ecologic association between neighborhood income , income distribution , and cigarette use . In multilevel multivariable models adjusting for individual income , age , race , sex , and education , high neighborhood median income and maldistributed neighborhood income were both significantly associated with a greater likelihood of alcohol and marijuana use but not of cigarette use . Both high neighborhood income and maldistributed income also were associated with greater frequency of alcohol use among current alcohol drinkers . These observations suggest that neighborhood income and income distribution may play more important roles in determining population use of alcohol and marijuana than individual income , and that determinants of substance use may vary by potential for drug dependence . Further research should investigate specific pathways that may explain the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and use of different substances AIM This study examines the relationship between physical , socio-economic and social environments and  alcohol consumption and drunkenness among a general population sample of drinkers aged 12 - 17 years . DESIGN , SETTING , PARTICIPANTS AND MEASURES : The study was conducted in Auckl and , New Zeal and . The design comprised two components : ( i ) environmental measures including alcohol outlet density , locality-based measure of willingness to sell alcohol ( derived from purchase surveys of outlets ) and a locality-based neighbourhood deprivation measure calculated routinely in New Zeal and ( known as NZDEP ) ; and ( ii ) the second component was a r and om telephone survey to collect individual-level information from respondents aged 12 - 17 years including ethnicity , frequency of alcohol supplied socially ( by parents , friends and others ) , young person 's income ; frequency of exposure to alcohol advertising ; recall of br and s of alcohol and self-reported purchase from alcohol outlets . A multi-level model was fitted to predict typical-occasion quantity , frequency of drinking and drunkenness in drinkers aged 12 - 17 years . FINDINGS Typical-occasion quantity was predicted by : frequency of social supply ( by parents , friends and others ) ; ethnicity and outlet density ; and self-reported purchasing approached significance . NZDEP was correlated highly with outlet density so could not be analysed in the same model . In a separate model , NZDEP was associated with quantity consumed on a typical drinking occasion . Annual frequency was predicted by : frequency of social supply of alcohol , self-reported purchasing from alcohol outlets and ethnicity . Feeling drunk was predicted by frequency of social supply of alcohol , self-reported purchasing from alcohol outlets and ethnicity ; outlet density approached significance . Age and gender also had effects in the models , but retailers ' willingness to sell to underage patrons had no effects on consumption , nor did the advertising measures . The young person 's income was influential on typical-occasion quantity once deprivation was taken into account . CONCLUSION Alcohol outlet density was associated with quantities consumed among teenage drinkers in this study , as was neighbourhood deprivation . Supply by family , friends and others also predicted quantities consumed among underage drinkers and both social supply and self-reported purchase were associated with frequency of drinking and drunkenness . The ethnic status of young people also had an effect on consumption AIMS Previous studies have found that stress contributes to problem drinking , while social support can buffer its effects . However , these studies are confined largely to middle-class and general population s. We extend what is known by examining how the unique stressors and forms of social support experienced by women in poverty impact  alcohol problems over a 4-year time-period . DESIGN , SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This prospect i ve study used generalized estimating equations ( GEE ) transition modeling and four annual waves of survey data from 392 American mothers receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ( TANF ) in a large Northern California county . MEASUREMENTS We examined the effects of neighborhood disorder , stressful life events and economic hardship on psychological distress and problem drinking over time , and whether social support moderated these relationships for women in poverty . FINDINGS Neighborhood disorder and stressful life events increased significantly the risk for problem drinking , largely through their effect on psychological distress . We found little evidence , however , that social support buffers poor women from the effects of these stressors . CONCLUSIONS Women in poverty are exposed to severe , chronic stressors within their communities and immediate social networks which increase vulnerability to psychological distress and problem drinking . The finding that social support does not buffer stress among these women may reflect their high level of exposure to stressors , as well as the hardships and scarce re sources within their networks . If the ' private safety net ' of the social network fails to provide a strong buffer , more effective environmental interventions that reduce exposure to stressors may be needed to prevent alcohol problems in poor women 's lives OBJECTIVES To examine the relations between characteristics of the neighborhood built environment and recent alcohol use . METHODS We recruited participants through a r and om digit dial telephone survey of New York City ( NYC ) residents .  Alcohol consumption was assessed using a structured interview . All respondents were assigned to neighborhood of residence . Data on the internal and external built environment in 59 NYC neighborhoods were collected from archival sources . Multilevel models were used to assess the adjusted relations between features of the built environment and alcohol use . RESULTS Of the 1355 respondents , 40 % reported any alcohol consumption in the past 30 days , and 3 % reported more than five drinks in one sitting ( heavy drinking ) in the past 30 days . Few characteristics of the built environment were associated with any alcohol use in the past 30 days . However , several features of the internal and external built environment were associated with recent heavy drinking . After adjustment , persons living in neighborhoods characterized by poorer features of the built environment were up to 150 % more likely to report heavy drinking in the last 30 days compared to persons living in neighborhoods characterized by a better built environment . CONCLUSIONS Quality of the neighborhood built environment may be associated with heavy alcohol consumption in urban population s , independent of individual characteristics . The role of the residential environment as a determinant of alcohol abuse warrants further examination BACKGROUND Although a short-term effect of neighborhood characteristics on individual alcohol abuse has been demonstrated by a quasi-experimental residential mobility study , the obversed effect of alcohol problem involvement on place of residence and residential character has not been studied . We test the alcoholism effect on place of residence , and we also attempt to replicate the neighborhood-to-alcoholism effect . METHODS A sample of 206 Caucasian men ( average age was 33 ) who were systematic ally recruited for alcoholism through a court record search of drunk driving offenses and door-to-door canvassing , in a 4-county-wide area were followed up at 3-year intervals in a prospect i ve study of the course and outcomes of alcoholism . Participants ' alcoholism diagnoses were made by semistructured diagnostic interviews . Residential addresses at baseline and at 12-year follow-up were geocoded . Corresponding census tract variables were used as indicators of neighborhood residential character . RESULTS The regression analysis shows that , the more alcohol problems a man has , the more likely he is going to remain in , or migrate into , a disadvantaged neighborhood . This effect is only evident when a number of relevant confounding variables , including initial level of socioeconomic status , age , antisocial symptomatology , and spousal alcohol-use disorder status at baseline are controlled . Alcoholics in remission tended to live in neighborhoods whose residential characteristics were not distinguishable from those of nonalcoholics . Unremitted alcoholics , however , tended to stay in or migrate into more disadvantaged neighborhoods . CONCLUSION Alcoholic involvement has long-term negative effects on place of residence ; involving an elevated likelihood of moving into or remaining in a disadvantaged neighborhood . Recovery from alcoholism is protective against downward social drift on the one h and , and is favorable to improvement in social conditions on the other OBJECTIVE There is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status ( SES ) on  adolescent alcohol use .  The current study tested whether the prospect i ve effects of neighborhood SES on adolescent alcohol outcomes varied across parental alcoholism subgroups . METHOD Data from a group of adolescents ( N=361 ) from an ongoing longitudinal study of children of alcoholics ( COAs ) and matched controls were collected at three initial annual assessment s. Latent growth models were estimated with a range of related time-invariant and time-varying predictors . RESULTS Among non-COAs , higher neighborhood SES predicted increased rates in alcohol use and consequences , whereas among COAs , lower neighborhood SES was predictive of increased rates in alcohol use and marginally predicted rates of consequences . There were also time-specific effects of family mobility on alcohol outcomes . CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence for differential effects of neighborhood SES on adolescent alcohol use and consequences for non-COAs and COAs . The group differences found in this study may help explain the equivocal findings from previous neighborhood studies , which may use sample s with an unmeasured mix of high- and low-risk adolescents . Future research should identify pathways to alcohol use and problems for high- and low-risk adolescents living in neighborhoods that span the range of the socioeconomic spectrum This study reports results from a quasi-experimental residential mobility study in Yonkers , NY , in which low-income minority families residing in public and private housing in high-poverty neighborhoods were r and omly assigned via  lottery to relocate to publicly funded attached rowhouses in seven middle-class neighborhoods . One hundred seventy-three Black and Latino families who moved and 142 demographically similar families who remained in the original high-poverty neighborhoods were interviewed approximately 2 years after movers relocated ; no baseline data were available . Multiple regression analyses controlling for individual- and family-level background characteristics revealed that adults who moved to low-poverty neighborhoods were less likely to be exposed to violence and disorder , experience health problems , abuse alcohol , receive cash assistance , and were more likely to report satisfaction with neighborhood re sources , experience higher housing quality , and be employed , when compared with adults who remained in high-poverty neighborhoods . Adults who moved to low-poverty neighborhoods were less likely than those who stayed in high-poverty neighborhoods to socialize informally with neighbors . No program effects were found on adults ' symptoms of depression and anxiety . These early program effects inform housing policy initiatives for low-income families Objective : The authors aim ed to replicate previous findings on social capital and harmful alcohol outcomes in the college setting and to ascertain the protective effects of additional indicators of social capital . Methods : Over 4 years ( 2000 - 2004 ) , the authors conducted annual  cross-sectional , r and om- sample student surveys at 32 US institutions of higher education ( N = 15,875 ) and constructed multilevel models to examine the association between individual- and campus-level participation in campus activities and harmful drinking outcomes . Results : At the individual level ,  community volunteerism was protective against harmful drinking outcomes . In contrast to past research , campus-level volunteerism was not significantly associated with the outcome measures . At both the individual and campus levels , participation in a religious organization  was protective . Greek membership and varsity athletic participation were risk factors at the individual level . Conclusions : Results did not corroborate previous findings and revealed mixed results for other measures of participation at the campus level . The influence of social capital on college alcohol consumption deserves further attention The aim of this paper was to examine the extent to which underage drinking clusters geographically in a sample of communities , and to investigate the manner in which community-level context s are related to this process . We used data from a r and omized community trial of underage drinking to provide the first quantitative estimates of the magnitude of the geographic clustering of underage drinking based upon pairwise odds ratios ( PWORs ) . The Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws R and omized Community Trial provided data from repeated cross-sectional sample s of youth aged 14 - 20 from 68 communities surveyed in 2004 , 2006 , and 2007 ( n=18,730 ) .  Past 30-day drinking , binge drinking , getting drunk , experiencing non-violent consequences as a result of drinking and making a purchase attempt all significantly clustered within-communities with PWORs ranging from 1.05 to 1.21 . After adjustment for individual-level characteristics , results remained relatively unchanged . However , there was evidence that the magnitude of the clustering varied as a function of neighborhood disadvantage , neighborhood disorder , and family structure . Clustering of drunkenness and experiencing non-violent consequences as a result of drinking was greatest in the least economically disadvantaged and least disordered communities with the greatest percentage of married-couple families . The clustering of making a purchase attempt , however , was greatest in more disordered communities , specifically the largest communities with the highest degree of residential mobility and housing density . These findings that clustering of underage drinking behaviors varies by community context has the potential for identifying the types of communities to target for underage drinking behavior-specific preventive interventions Purpose . To investigate relationships between adolescents ' current alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana use ;  perceptions of neighborhood disorder ; and sense of hope . Design . Question naires were administered to a nonr and om sample of middle school students during the spring of 1999 . Subjects . The ethnically and geographically diverse sample ( n = 369 ) , from a range of low socioeconomic status background s , was considered to be at high risk for alcohol , tobacco , and other drug use because of previous enrollment in low socioeconomic status elementary schools . Measures . Alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana use were dichotomized into current and never/no use . Six variables described neighborhood social disorder . Sense of hope was assessed using the Children 's Hope Scale . Results . Statistically significant relationships were found between perceived neighborhood disorder and current alcohol ( p = .01 ) , tobacco ( p = .001 ) , and marijuana ( p < .001 ) use . A statistically significant and independent relationship was found between sense of hope and current alcohol ( p = .02 ) , tobacco ( p = .02 ) , and marijuana ( p = .06 ) use . Results indicated linear trends in participants ' increased use of alcohol , tobacco , and marijuana and ( 1 ) perception of higher neighborhood disorder and ( 2 ) lower sense of hope . Conclusion . Substance use prevention programs for youth might usefully be directed not only to agdolescents but also to the neighborhoods in which they live . Additionally , it would be important to emphasize creating safer neighborhood environments that support the development of a stronger sense of hope for the future Early alcohol use initiation has been linked with exposure to community violence , but the direction of these associations and the roles of witnessing violence vs. victimization are not clear . This study used a cross-lagged structural equation model to examine the prospect i ve relationships between alcohol use initiation and witnessing community violence  and victimization in early adolescence . A sample of 603 boys and girls provided two waves of data 16 months apart . After controlling for continuity in alcohol use and violence exposure , early initiation of alcohol use predicted later victimization in the community . Witnessing community violence increased and victimization decreased the risk of subsequent alcohol use . Prevention programs targeting early alcohol initiation may result in decreased victimization , while interventions addressing constructive ways of coping with witnessing community violence may also reduce early adolescents ' alcohol use
PURPOSE To explore evidence on the influence of community level social factors on  alcohol use among adults and adolescents .