Teacher, peer and parent autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: A trans-contextual model of motivation in four nations The impact of a stage-matched intervention to promote exercise behavior in participants with type 2 diabetes. Relations Between Autonomous Motivation and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation: The Mediating Role of Self-Regulation Techniques. Using a behaviour change techniques taxonomy to identify active ingredients within trials of implementation interventions for diabetes care A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents Does primary care referral to an exercise programme increase physical activity one year later? A randomized controlled trial.
An extended trans- context ual model of motivation for health-related physical activity was tested in sample s from four nations . The model proposes a motivational sequence in which perceived autonomy support from teachers in a physical education ( PE ) context and from peers and parents in a leisure-time physical activity context predict autonomous motivation , intentions and physical activity behaviour in a leisure-time context . A three-wave prospect i ve correlational design was employed . High-school pupils from Britain , Estonia , Finl and and Hungary completed  measures of  perceived autonomy support from PE teachers , autonomous motivation  in both context s ,  perceived autonomy support from peers and parents , attitudes , subjective norms , perceived behavioural control and intentions from the Theory of Planned Behaviour ( TPB )  , and  measures of behaviour and past behaviour in a leisure-time context . Path-analyses controlling for past behaviour supported trans- context ual model hypotheses across all sample s. Effects of perceived autonomy support from peers and parents on leisure-time autonomous motivation were small and inconsistent , while effects on TPB variables were stronger . There was a unique effect of perceived autonomy support from PE teachers on leisure-time autonomous motivation . Findings support the model , which provides an explanation of the processes by which perceived autonomy support from different sources affects health-related physical activity motivation across these context This study was design ed to develop and evaluate a stage-matched intervention ( SMI ) in Korean participants with type 2 Diabetes . The SMI was based on main constructs derived from the Transtheoretical Model match to the individual 's stages of readiness for exercise behavior . The SMI was developed according to the results of the content validity tested by an expert group ( n = 9 ) . A control group pre- and post-test design was used for evaluating the impact of the SMI : the intervention group ( n = 22 ) participated in the SMI for 3 months , while the control group ( n = 23 ) received usual educational advice . The intervention group , compared to the control group , showed significant improvements in stages of change for exercise behavior ( p < 0.001 ) , physical activity levels ( p < 0.001 ) , and reductions in FBS ( p < 0.05 ) and HbA(1)c ( p < 0.05 ) . This study yielded evidence for the beneficial impact of the SMI in participants with type 2 Diabetes This study tested the predictive validity of a multitheory process model in which the effect of autonomous motivation from self-determination theory on physical activity participation is mediated by the adoption of self-regulatory techniques based on control theory .  Finnish adolescents ( N = 411 , aged 17 - 19 ) completed a prospect i ve survey including vali date d measures of the predictors and physical activity , at baseline and after one month ( N = 177 ) . A sub sample used an accelerometer to objective ly measure physical activity  and further vali date the  physical activity self-report assessment tool  ( n = 44 ) . Autonomous motivation statistically significantly predicted action planning , coping planning , and self-monitoring . Coping planning and self-monitoring mediated the effect of autonomous motivation on physical activity , although self-monitoring was the most prominent . Controlled motivation had no effect on self-regulation techniques or physical activity . Developing interventions that support autonomous motivation for physical activity may foster increased engagement in self-regulation techniques and positively affect physical activity behavior Background Method ological guidelines for intervention reporting emphasise describing intervention content in detail . Despite this , systematic review s of quality improvement ( QI ) implementation interventions continue to be limited by a lack of clarity and detail regarding the intervention content being evaluated . We aim ed to apply the recently developed Behaviour Change Techniques Taxonomy version 1 ( BCTTv1 ) to trials of implementation interventions for managing diabetes to assess the capacity and utility of this taxonomy for characterising active ingredients . Methods Three psychologists independently coded a r and om sample of 23 trials of healthcare system , provider- and /or patient-focused implementation interventions from a systematic review that included 142 such studies . Intervention content was coded using the BCTTv1 , which describes 93 behaviour change techniques ( BCTs ) grouped within 16 categories . We supplemented the generic coding instructions within the BCTTv1 with decision rules and examples from this literature . Results Less than a quarter of possible BCTs within the BCTTv1 were identified . For implementation interventions targeting providers , the most commonly identified BCTs included the following : adding objects to the environment , prompts/cues , instruction on how to perform the behaviour , credible source , goal setting ( outcome ) , feedback on outcome of behaviour , and social support ( practical ) . For implementation interventions also targeting patients , the most commonly identified BCTs included the following : prompts/cues , instruction on how to perform the behaviour , information about health consequences , restructuring the social environment , adding objects to the environment , social support ( practical ) , and goal setting ( behaviour ) . The BCTTv1 mapped well onto implementation interventions directly targeting clinicians and patients and could also be used to examine the impact of system-level interventions on clinician and patient behaviour . Conclusions The BCTTv1 can be used to characterise the active ingredients in trials of implementation interventions and provides specificity of content beyond what is given by broader intervention labels . Identification of BCTs may provide a more helpful means of accumulating knowledge on the content used in trials of implementation interventions , which may help to better inform replication efforts . In addition , prospect i ve use of a behaviour change techniques taxonomy for developing and reporting intervention content would further aid in building a cumulative science of effective implementation interventions ABSTRACT Lack of  physical activity  (  PA  ) and high levels of sedentary behaviour ( SB ) have been associated with health problems . This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of school-based interventions to increase PA  and decrease SB  among 15–19-year-old adolescents , and examines whether intervention characteristics ( intervention length , delivery mode and intervention provider ) and intervention content ( i.e. behaviour change techniques , BCTs ) are related to intervention effectiveness . A systematic search of r and omised or cluster r and omised controlled trials with outcome measures of PA and /or SB rendered 10 results . Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool . Intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1 . Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA . Effects were generally small and short-term ( Cohen 's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659 ) . Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB . Interventions that increased PA  included a higher number of BCTs , specific BCTs ( e.g. , goal setting , action planning and self-monitoring ) , and were delivered by research staff . Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness . More studies are needed that evaluate long-term intervention effectiveness and target SBs among older adolescents OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of a primary care referral scheme on increasing physical activity at 1 year from referral . Design Two-group r and omized controlled trial recruiting primary care referrals to a borough-based exercise scheme . Setting A local authority borough in the north-west of Engl and . Participants 545 patients defined as sedentary by a primary care practitioner . Intervention Referral to a local-authority exercise referral scheme and written information compared with written information only . Main outcome measures Meeting physical activity target at 12 months following referral , with a secondary outcome measured at 6 months from referral . RESULTS At 12 months , a non-significant increase of 5 per cent was observed in the intervention compared with control group , for participation in at least 90 minutes of moderate/vigorous activity per week ( 25.8 versus 20.4 per cent , OR 1.45 , 0.84 to 2.50 , p = 0.18 ) . At 6 months , a 10 per cent treatment effect was observed which was significant ( 22.6 versus 13.6 per cent , OR 1.67 , 1.08 to 2.60 , p = 0.05 ) . The intervention increased satisfaction with information but this did not influence adherence with physical activity . CONCLUSION Community-based physical activity referral schemes have some impact on reducing sedentary behaviour in the short-term , but which is unlikely to be sustained and lead to benefits in terms of health
ABSTRACT Motivation is a proximal determinant of behaviour , and increasing motivation is central to most health behaviour change interventions .
This systematic review and meta- analysis sought to identify features of physical activity interventions associated with favourable changes in three prominent motivational constructs : intention , stage of change and autonomous motivation .