THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF PRIOR DYNAMIC RESISTANCE EXERCISE USING DIFFERENT LOADS ON SUBSEQUENT UPPER‐BODY EXPLOSIVE PERFORMANCE IN RESISTANCE‐TRAINED MEN Effects of warm-up before eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Influence of Pre-Exercise Muscle Temperature on Responses to Eccentric Exercise. The effect of three different warm-up intensities on kayak ergometer performance. EFFECTS OF DEEP HEAT AS A PREVENTATIVE MECHANISM ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS Influence of previous concentric exercise on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Effect of a concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced soreness and loss of function of the elbow flexor muscles Stretching Has No Effect on Tennis Serve Performance Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. The effect of an intermittent, high-intensity warm-up on supramaximal kayak ergometer performance Improving golf performance with a warm up conditioning programme Effects of Stretching on Upper-Body Muscular Performance Effect of Warm-up With Different Weighted Bats on Normal Baseball Bat Velocity Effects of Low- and High-Volume Stretching on Bench Press Performance in Collegiate Football Players Warm-up with Baseball Bats of Varying Moments of Inertia: Effect on Bat Velocity and Swing Pattern Acute explosive-force movements enhance bench-press performance in athletic men.
The purpose of this study was to determine if explosive upper-body performance could be improved when it was preceded by conditioning contraction protocol s that incorporate resistance exercise . Providing that performance was enhanced , it was also the intention to determine the optimal conditioning contraction load for enhancing performance . Eight recreationally trained men completed 4 experimental sessions . Each session consisted of a warm-up , 3 bench press throws ( pre ) , a conditioning protocol , and 3 bench press throws ( post ) . The different conditioning protocol s consisted of 5 bench press repetitions using 100 , 75 , or 50 % of 5 repetition maximum ( 5RM ) strength . The fourth protocol , in which no repetitions were completed , acted as a control . Participants performed each conditioning protocol on a different day , and the order in which the protocol s were performed was r and omized . Average power , assessed during the bench press throws , was determined for the starting segment and the end segment ( point of bar release ) for each throw . Comparisons in average power , for each segment of the bench press 1RM , were made between the pre- and postconditioning protocol bench press throws . None of the conditioning protocol s had an effect on bench press throw performance in either of the 2 segments of the movement . The results suggest there is no performance advantage when explosive upper-body movement is preceded by resistance exercise of varying loads . Alternatively , the performance of a set of resistance exercise did not compromise explosive upper-body performance . Considering this , training methods that combine both resistance exercise and plyometric-like exercise may offer a practical and time-efficient training system PURPOSE To test whether active and passive warm-up conducted before eccentric exercise attenuates clinical markers of muscle damage . METHODS Untrained subjects were exposed to one of five conditions : low-heat passive warm-up ( N = 10 ) , high-heat passive warm-up ( N = 4 ) , or active warm-up ( N = 9 ) , preceding eccentric exercise ; eccentric exercise without warm-up ( N = 10 ) ; or high-heat passive warm-up without eccentric exercise ( N = 10 ) . Passive warm-up of the elbow flexors was achieved using pulsed short-wave diathermy , and active warm-up was achieved by concentric contraction . Creatine kinase ( CK ) activity , strength , range of motion , swelling , and muscle soreness were observed before treatment ( baseline ) and 24 , 48 , 72 , and 168 h after treatment . RESULTS High-heat passive warm-up without eccentric exercise did not affect any marker of muscle damage and was used as our control group . Markers of muscle damage were not different between groups that did or did not conduct warm-up before eccentric exercise . The active warm-up and eccentric groups exhibited a greater circumferential increase than controls ( P < 0.0002 ) , however , that was not observed after passive warm-up . Additionally , the active warm-up group exhibited a greater CK response than controls at 72 h ( P < 0.05 ) . The high-heat passive warm-up before eccentric exercise group exhibited significant change from controls at the least number of time points , but due to a small sample size ( N = 4 ) , these data should be viewed as preliminary . CONCLUSION Our observations suggest that passive warm-up performed before eccentric exercise may be more beneficial than active warm-up or no warm-up in attenuating swelling but does not prevent , attenuate , or resolve more quickly the other clinical symptoms of eccentric muscle damage as produced in this study OBJECTIVE : We tested the hypothesis that altering the pre-exercise muscle temperature would influence the magnitude of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise . SUBJECTS : Female students who had no experience in resistance training were placed into either a  microwave treatment group ( n = 10 ) or an icing treatment group ( n = 10 ) . DESIGN AND SETTING : Subjects in each group performed 12 maximal eccentric actions of the forearm flexors of each arm on 2 separate occasions separated by 4 weeks . Before testing , the exercise arm was subjected to either passive warming ( microwave ) or control for the microwave treatment group or cooling ( icing ) or control for the icing treatment group . The control arm performed the same exercise protocol without treatment . Limbs were r and omized for treatment or control and order of testing . Deep muscle temperature increased by approximately 3 degrees C after the microwave treatment and decreased approximately 5 degrees C after the icing treatment . MEASUREMENTS : We evaluated changes in maximal isometric force and indirect markers of muscle damage , including range of motion , upper arm circumference , muscle soreness , and plasma creatine kinase activity , in the microwave and control and icing and control groups using a 2-way , repeated- measures analysis of variance . RESULTS : All measures changed significantly ( P < .01 ) after exercise , but neither of the treatments demonstrated significant effects on most of the variables compared with the control . CONCLUSIONS : These results suggest that pre-exercise cooling does not affect the magnitude of muscle damage in response to eccentric exercise . Similarly , pre-exercise passive muscle warming did not prove beneficial in attenuating indicators of muscle damage . Thus , any beneficial effects of warm-up exercise can not be attributed to the effects of increased muscle temperature PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of warm-up ( WU ) intensity on supramaximal kayak ergometer performance . METHODS In the initial testing session , eight institute of sport kayak squad members performed a grade d exercise test  for determination of VO2max and lactate ( La ) parameters . In a r and om , counterbalanced order , subjects subsequently performed WU for 15-min at either their aerobic threshold ( W1 ) , their anaerobic threshold ( W3 ) , or mid-way between their aerobic threshold and anaerobic threshold ( W2 ) . A 5-min passive rest period and then a 2-min , all-out kayak ergometer test followed the WU . RESULTS For the three different WU conditions , no significant differences were observed for average power , peak VO2 , total VO2 , total VCO2 , or accumulated oxygen deficit ( AOD ) during the 2-min test . However , when compared with W3 , differences in average power approached significance after both W1 ( P = 0.09 ) and W2 ( P = 0.10 ) . Furthermore , when compared with W3 , average power during the first half of the 2-min test was significantly greater after W2 ( P < 0.05 ) and approached significance after W1 ( P = 0.06 ) . After each WU period , there was a significant difference in blood pH ( W1>W2>W3 ; P < 0.05 ) and blood [ La ] ( W1<W2<W3 ; P < 0.05 ) . Despite the significantly different metabolic acidemia after each WU condition , there were no significant differences in the VO2 responses to the 2-min test . However , the greater metabolic acidemia after W3 was associated with impaired 2-min kayak ergometer performance . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded , that although a degree of metabolic acidemia may be necessary to speed O2 kinetics , if the WU is too intense , the associated metabolic acidemia may impair supramaximal performance by reducing the anaerobic energy contribution and /or interfering with muscle contractile processes The effects of increased muscle temperature via continuous ultrasound prior to a maximal bout of eccentric exercise were investigated on the symptoms of  delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) of the elbow flexors .  Perceived muscle soreness , upper arm circumferences , range of motion ( ROM ) , and isometric and isokinetic strength were measured over 7 days on 14 college-aged men ( n = 6 ) and women ( n = 8) . Ten minutes of continuous ultrasound ( ULT ) or sham-ultrasound ( CON ) were administered . Muscle temperature was measured in the biceps brachii of both arms . Muscle temperature increased by 1.79 ° ± 0.49 ° C ( mean ± SD ) in the experimental arm of the ULT group . Muscle soreness was induced by a single bout of 50 maximal eccentric contractions . The ULT group did not differ significantly ( p < 0.05 ) from the CON group with respect to perceived muscle soreness , upper arm circumference , ROM , and isometric and isokinetic strength . In conclusion , increased muscle temperature failed to provide significant prophylactic effects on the symptoms of DOMS This study investigated whether a fatiguing concentric exercise performed immediately before eccentric exercise would exacerbate eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage .  One arm of nine female subjects ( mean + /- s : 23.3 + /- 6.7 years ) performed 12 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors ( ECC ) , and the other arm performed 100 repetitions of isokinetic concentric actions of the elbow flexors followed by the same eccentric exercise ( CON-ECC ) . The two exercise regimens ( ECC and CON-ECC ) were separated by 2 weeks and presented in a counterbalanced order . Changes in muscle soreness level , maximal isometric force generation , relaxed and flexed elbow joint angle , upper arm circumference and plasma creatine kinase activity were compared between the ECC and CON-ECC conditions . All measures changed significantly after both ECC and CON-ECC ; however , there were significant differences in the changes between the conditions . A lower level of soreness , a faster recovery of maximal isometric force generation , a smaller decrease in relaxed elbow joint angle and a smaller increase in upper arm circumference and creatine kinase activity were evident after the CON-ECC condition compared to the ECC condition . Thus , it would seem that muscle damage was attenuated by performance of previous concentric exercise . An additional experiment using a different group of subjects ( n = 5 ) showed that warm-up exercise before the eccentric exercise also attenuated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced changes in muscle strength , range of motion , and soreness  of the elbow flexors . Ten resistance-exercise naïve participants performed  intermittent incremental eccentric actions ( 42 in total ) of the elbow flexor muscles of each arm to induce muscle damage . The arms of each participant were r and omly assigned either to a pre-eccentric exercise warm-up involving intermittent concentric exercise ( warm-up ) or no prior exercise ( control ) .  Strength , range of motion , and ratings of soreness were recorded before and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 7 days after exercise . Strength , range of motion , and soreness during muscular movements changed over time ( P at most 0.01 ; Cohen 's d at least 0.51 , medium ) . There was an interaction ( P < 0.001 ) for strength , showing a smaller reduction after exercise for warm-up than control ( P < 0.001 , d = 2.44 , large effect ) . The decreased range of motion was less for warm-up than control for the arm while extended ( P < 0.001 ) , flexed ( P = 0.002 ) , and relaxed ( P = 0.004 ) . Muscle soreness was reduced for the warm-up group , while the muscle was flexed , extended , and relaxed compared with control ( P < 0.001 ) . The results demonstrate that a concentric warm-up exercise attenuates the reduction in loss of strength , range of motion , and muscle soreness after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage and might allow higher intensities of training to be performed & NA ; Knudson , D.V. , G.J. Noffal , R.E. Bahamonde , J.A. Bauer , and J.R. Blackwell . Stretching has no effect on tennis serve performance . J. Strength Cond . Res . 18(3):654–656 . 2004.—Stretching prior to vigorous physical activity has been shown to decrease high‐force muscular performance , but little is known about the effect of stretching on speed and accuracy movements . Serving percentage and radar measurements of ball speed were studied to examine the acute effect of stretching on tennis serve performance . Eighty‐three tennis players from beginning level to advanced volunteered to serve following traditional ( T ) warm‐up and traditional plus stretching ( S ) conditions .  Service speeds and service percentage of each condition were measured . Dependent t‐tests showed nonsignificant effects of stretching  on service speed ( p = 0.06 ) or accuracy ( p = 0.35 ) , and this lack of an effect was similar for all skill levels , age , and gender . The large sample and good statistical power in this study indicated that these observations are not likely type II errors . There was no short‐term effect  of stretching in the warmup on the tennis serve performance of adult players , so adding stretching to the traditional 5‐minute warm‐up in tennis does not affect serve performance The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of static stretching ; dynamic exercises and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance . Twenty-six elite young tennis players ( 15.1 ± 4.2 years , 167.9 ± 5.8 cm and 61.6 ± 8.1 kg ) performed 4 different warm-up ( WU ) routines in a r and om order on non-consecutive days . The WU methods consisted of traditional WU ( jogging , rally and serve practice ) ( TRAD ) ; traditional WU and static stretching ( TRSS ) ; traditional WU and dynamic exercise ( TRDE ) ; and traditional WU and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity ( TRPLYP ) . Following each WU session , subjects were tested on a tennis serve ball speed test . TRAD , TRSS , TRDE and TRPLYO were compared by repeated measurement analyses of variance and post-hoc comparisons . In this study a 1 to 3 percent increase in tennis serve ball speed was recorded in TRDE and TRPLYO when compared to TRAD ( p < 0.05 ) . However , no significant change in ball speed performance between TRSS and TRAD . ( p > 0.05 ) . ICCs for ball speed showed strong reliability ( 0.82 to 0.93 ) for the ball speed measurements .The results of this study indicate that dynamic and high volume upper extremity plyometric WU activities are likely beneficial to serve speed of elite junior tennis players It has previously been shown that the metabolic acidaemia induced by a continuous warm-up at the ' lactate threshold ' is associated with a reduced accumulated oxygen deficit and decreased supramaximal performance . The aim of this study was to determine if an intermittent , high-intensity warm-up could increase oxygen uptake ( V02 ) without reducing the accumulated oxygen deficit , and thus improve supramaximal performance . Seven male 500 m kayak paddlers , who had represented their state , volunteered for this study . Each performed a grade d exercise test to determine V02max and threshold parameters . On subsequent days and in a r and om , counterbalanced order , the participants then performed a continuous or intermittent , high-intensity warm-up followed by a 2 min , all-out kayak ergometer test . The continuous warm-up consisted of 15 min of exercise at approximately 65 % V02max . The intermittent , high-intensity warm-up was similar , except that the last 5 min was replaced with five 10 s sprints at 200 % V02max , separated by 50 s of recovery at ~55 % V02max . Significantly greater ( P<0.05 ) peak power ( intermittent vs continuous : 629 ± 199 vs 601 ± 204W ) and average power ( intermittent vs continuous : 328±39.0 vs 321 ±42.4 W ) were recorded after the intermittent warm-up . There was no significant difference between conditions for peak V02 , total V02 or the accumulated oxygen deficit . The results of this study indicate that 2 min all-out kayak ergometer performance is significantly better after an intermittent rather than a continuous warm-up Objectives : To determine whether a golf specific warm up programme ( both immediately prior to play and after performing it five times a week for 5 weeks ) improved performance in 10 male golfers compared with 10 controls matched for age , sex , and h and icap . Methods : Twenty male golfers were matched for age ( ±2 years ) and h and icap ( ±1 stroke ) . Club head speed was assessed by two dimensional video analysis in a laboratory setting . In week 1 , all golfers performed 10 strokes . In weeks 2 and 7 , the controls underwent the same procedure as in week 1 . The exercise group performed the golf specific warm up followed by their 10 strokes . Between weeks 2 and 7 , the exercise group performed the specially design ed warm up five times a week for 5 weeks . Results : The mean club head speeds of the exercise group improved at each testing week . Between weeks 1 and 2 , golfers in the exercise group improved their club head speed on average by 3–6 m/s ( 12.8 % ) , and between weeks 1 and 7 , they increased their club head speeds by 7–10 m/s ( 24.0 % ) . With the exception of one golfer whose club head speed varied by 1.7 m/s , the mean club head speeds of the golfers in the control group hardly varied over the testing period ( range : 0.3–0.8 m/s ) . A significant difference ( p = 0.029 ) was found between the mean club head speeds of the exercise and control groups over the duration of the study , and a significant interaction over time ( p<0.001 ) was also found . Conclusions : This study has shown that golfers ’ performances will be significantly improved by undertaking a golf specific warm up programme compared with not performing the warm up Torres , EM , Kraemer , WJ , Vingren , JL , Volek , JS , Hatfield , DL , Spiering , BA , Ho , JY , Fragala , MS , Thomas , GA , And erson , JM , Häkkinen , K , and Maresh , CM . Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance . J Strength Cond Res 22 : 1279 - 1285 , 2008-The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of upper-body static stretching and dynamic stretching on upper-body muscular performance . Eleven healthy men , who were National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I track and field athletes ( age , 19.6 ± 1.7 years ; body mass , 93.7 ± 13.8 kg ; height , 183.6 ± 4.6 cm ; bench press 1 repetition maximum [ 1RM ] , 106.2 ± 23.0 kg ) , participated in this study . Over 4 sessions , subjects participated in 4 different stretching protocol s ( i.e. , no stretching , static stretching , dynamic stretching , and combined static and dynamic stretching ) in a balanced r and omized order followed by 4 tests : 30 % of 1 RM bench throw , isometric bench press , overhead medicine ball throw , and lateral medicine ball throw . Depending on the exercise , test peak power ( Pmax ) , peak force ( Fmax ) , peak acceleration ( Amax ) , peak velocity ( Vmax ) , and peak displacement ( Dmax ) were measured . There were no differences among stretch trials for Pmax , Fmax , Amax , Vmax , or Dmax for the bench throw or for Fmax for the isometric bench press . For the overhead medicine ball throw , there were no differences among stretch trials for Vmax or Dmax . For the lateral medicine ball throw , there was no difference in Vmax among stretch trials ; however , Dmax was significantly larger ( p ≤ 0.05 ) for the static and dynamic condition compared to the static-only condition . In general , there was no short-term effect of stretching on upper-body muscular performance in young adult male athletes , regardless of stretch mode , potentially due to the amount of rest used after stretching before the performances . Since throwing performance was largely unaffected by static or dynamic upper-body stretching , athletes competing in the field events could perform upper-body stretching , if enough time were allowed before the performance . However , prior studies on lower-body musculature have demonstrated dramatic negative effects on speed and power . Therefore , it is recommended that a dynamic warm-up be used for the entire warm-up Montoya , BS , Brown , LE , Coburn , JW , and Zinder , SM . Effect of warm-up with different weighted bats on normal baseball bat velocity . J Strength Cond Res 23(5 ) : 1566 - 1569 , 2009-Traditionally , baseball players have used a heavy bat for warm-up before competition . Because bat velocity is an essential component to hitting a baseball , and because players warm up differently , there is a need to investigate the best way to maximize post warm-up bat velocity . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of warm-up with different weighted bats on normal baseball bat velocity . Nineteen recreational male baseball players ( age , 24.5 ± 3.9 years ; height , 181.1 ± 8.4 cm ; body mass , 87.9 ± 18.4 kg ) participated in this study . Three different r and omized warm-up conditions were completed and analyzed for velocity and for their effect on post warm-up normal baseball bat velocity . Subjects were instructed to perform 5 maximal swings with each of 3 different weighted bats-light ( LB = 9.6 oz ) , normal ( NB = 31.5 oz ) , and heavy ( HB = 55.2 oz)-followed by 30-second rest and then 5 swings of the NB . Analysis of variance revealed that warm-up velocity of the LB ( 63.57 ± 3.58 mph ) was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) faster than that of NB ( 51.25 ± 3.01 mph ) and HB ( 41.79 ± 3.01 mph ) , whereas warm-up velocity of NB was also significantly faster than that of HB . For post warm-up , LB ( 52.29 ± 2.68 mph ) and NB ( 50.60 ± 3.04 mph ) produced significantly faster velocity of the normal bat than the HB ( 48.26 ± 2.98 mph ) . Warming up with 5 swings of a light or normal bat appears to increase post warm-up velocity of the normal bat when compared with warming up with a heavy bat after a rest period of 30 seconds . Within the bat weight spectrum of this study , it is suggested that when preparing to hit , 5 warm-up swings with either a light or normal bat will allow a player to achieve the greatest velocity of their normal bat Molacek , ZD , Conley , DS , Evetovich , TK , and Hinnerichs , KR . Bench press performance in collegiate football players . J Strength Cond Res 24(3 ) : 711 - 716 , 2010-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute low- and high-volume static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching on 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) bench press .  Fifteen healthy male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II football players ( age : 19.9 ± 1.1 years ; weight : 98.89 ± 13.39 kg ; height : 184.2 ± 5.7 cm ; body composition : 14.6 ± 7.4 % ; and 1RM bench press : 129.7 ± 3.3 kg ) volunteered to participate in the study . Subjects completed 5 different stretching protocol s integrated with a 1RM dynamic warm-up routine followed by 1RM testing in r and omly assigned order . The protocol s included ( a ) nonstretching ( NS ) , ( b ) low-volume PNF stretching ( LVPNFS ) , ( c ) high-volume PNF stretching ( HVPNFS ) , ( d ) low-volume static stretching ( LVSS ) , and ( d ) high-volume static stretching ( HVSS ) . Two and 5 sets of stretching were completed for the low- and high-volume protocol s , respectively . The stretching protocol s targeted triceps and chest/shoulder muscle groups using 2 separate exercises . There were no significant differences in 1RM bench press performance ( p > 0.05 ) among any of the stretching protocol s NS ( 129.7 ± 3.3 kg ) , LVPNFS ( 128.9 ± 3.8 kg ) , HVPNFS ( 128.3 ± 3.7 kg ) , LVSS ( 129.7 ± 3.7 kg ) , and HVSS ( 128.2 ± 3.7 kg ) . We conclude that low- and high-volume PNF and static stretching have no significant acute effect on 1RM bench press in resistance-trained collegiate football players . This suggests that resistance-trained athletes can include either ( a ) a dynamic warm-up with no stretching or ( b ) a dynamic warm-up in concert with low- or high-volume static or PNF flexibility exercises before maximal upper body isotonic resistance-training lifts , if adequate rest is allowed before performance Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if warm-up with baseball bats of different moments of inertia has an effect on swing pattern and bat velocity .  Ten experienced baseball players ( ages 20–25 years ) voluntarily participated in this study . Each participant was required to complete 10 dry swings ( 5 warm-up and 5 postwarm-up ) at maximum effort within 3 different conditions . Post warm-up was always with a st and ard bat ( I = .27 kgm2 ; 83.8 cm , 9.1 N ) . Warm-up for Condition 1 was with the st and ard bat . Condition 2 required participants to warm up with a st and ard bat plus a 6.1 N lead donut ( I = .49 kgm2 , 83.8 cm , 15.6 N ) . Condition 3 required participants to warm up with a hollow plastic bat ( I = .08 kgm2 ; 83.8 cm , 3.34 N ) . Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that following warm-up with the weighted bat ( largest moment of inertia ) , swing pattern was significantly altered , and post warm-up velocity was the lowest of the three conditions PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the performance of explosive-force movements before bench-press exercise would improve 1-repetition-maximum ( 1RM ) strength . METHODS Twelve male college athletes participated in 3 testing sessions separated by at least 5 days of rest . During each testing session , the 1RM was assessed on the bench-press exercise . After a general warm-up , subjects performed a specific warm-up that consisted of submaximal sets with increasing loads on the bench-press exercise before attempting a 1RM lift . During the first testing trial , subjects performed a series of 1RM attempts with increasing loads until their 1RM was determined . During the second and third testing trials , subjects performed in a counterbalanced r and omized order either 2 plyometric push-ups or 2 medicine-ball ( 3 to 5 kg ) chest passes 30 seconds before each 1RM attempt . RESULTS Analysis of the data revealed that 1RM bench-press strength was significantly greater after plyometric push-ups ( P = .004 ) or chest passes ( P = .025 ) in comparison with the first trial ( 123.8 + or - 23.5 kg and 124.0 + or - 24.1 kg vs 120.9 + or - 23.2 kg , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that an acute bout of low-volume , explosive-force upper body movements performed 30 seconds before a 1RM attempt might enhance bench-press performance in athletic men
PURPOSE This systematic review was conducted to identify the impact of  upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes .