ACUTE EFFECTS OF HEAVY PRELOADING ON VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL JUMP PERFORMANCE Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance. THE EFFECT OF STATIC,BALLISTIC, AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION STRETCHING ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Effect of Warm‐Up on the Standing Broad Jump in Trained and Untrained Men and Women ACUTE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WARM‐UP PROTOCOLS WITH AND WITHOUT A WEIGHTED VEST ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETIC WOMEN Dynamic warm-up protocols, with and without a weighted vest, and fitness performance in high school female athletes. Is there an association between self-reported warm-up behaviour and golf related injury in female golfers? ACUTE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WARM‐UP PROTOCOLS ON FITNESS PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN A comparison of active and passive warm ups on energy system contribution and performance in moderate heat. Warm-up attitudes and behaviours of amateur golfers. Improving golf performance with a warm up conditioning programme THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF HEAVY‐LOAD SQUATS AND LOADED COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMPS ON SPRINT PERFORMANCE Effect of warm-up on cycle time trial performance.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a heavy dynamic preload , consisting of 1 set of 5 repetition maximum ( 5RM ) back squats , on countermovement vertical jump ( VJ ) and horizontal jump ( HJ ) performance . The study also investigated the ability of subjects to learn to apply the effects of the preload over subsequent training sessions . Nineteen ( N = 19 ) resistance-trained men ( age = 25.0 ± 4.8 years ; weight = 79.3 ± 6.6 kg ) participated in the study . Each subject took part in 4 practice and 4 testing sessions . The 4 practice sessions were included to allow for any learning effects of VJ and HJ to stabilize and to establish a true 5RM back squat . The 4 testing sessions were included to see if subjects were able to capitalize on the repeat exposure to the protocol . One practice session consisted of a 10-minute warm-up ( 5 minutes of cycling and 5 minutes of stretching ) , 2 sets of VJ and HJ ( each set of VJ and HJ consisted of 4 jump repetitions ) with a 5-minute rest between sets , progressive 5RM back squat evaluation , and 2 final sets of VJ and HJ . Both VJ and HJ increased approximately 2 % over the 4 practice sessions , and 5RM back squat strength improved from 164.2 ± 25.1 kg to 196.9 ± 23.0 kg ( p ≤ 0.05 ) . The 4 testing sessions each consisted of the st and ardized warm-up , 1 set of 4 VJs and HJs , a 5-minute rest , 5RM back squat , a 5-minute rest , and the final set of VJs and HJs . Pre- and post-5RM VJ and HJ order was r and omly assigned . The results indicated no significant differences occurred between the mean or maximal values for either VJ or HJ as a consequence of the dynamic preload exercise . In addition , the results reflected an inability of subjects to benefit from the repeated exposure to the heavy dynamic preload exercise protocol PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three different warm-up regimes on cycling work output during a 7-min performance trial . METHODS After habituation to the experimental methods , 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7-min performance trials , involving 2 min of constant-work rate exercise at approximately 90 % VO2max and a further 5 min during which subjects attempted to maximize power output . This trial was performed without prior intervention and 10 min after bouts of moderate , heavy , or sprint exercise in a r and om order . Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath by breath during all performance trials . RESULTS At the onset of the performance trial , baseline blood [ lactate ] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint but not moderate exercise ( mean + /- SD : control , 1.0 + /- 0.3 mM ; moderate , 1.0 + /- 0.2 mM ; heavy , 3.0 + /- 1.1 mM ; sprint , 5.9 + /- 1.5 mM ) . All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response ( control , 2.59 + /- 0.28 L x min(-1 ) ; moderate , 2.69 + /- 0.27 L x min(-1 ) ; heavy , 2.78 + /- 0.26 L x min(-1 ) ; sprint , 2.78 + /- 0.30 L x min(-1 ) ) . Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise but not significantly reduced after sprint exercise ( control , 330 + /- 42 W ; moderate , 338 + /- 39 W ; heavy , 339 + /- 42 W ; sprint , 324 + /- 45 W ) . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains can improve severe-intensity cycling performance by ~2 - 3 % , the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different modes of stretching on vertical jump performance .  Eighteen male university students ( age , 24.3 ± 3.2 years ; height , 181.5 ± 11.4 cm ; body mass , 78.1 ± 6.4 kg ; mean ± SD ) completed 4 different conditions in a r and omized order , on different days , interspersed by a minimum of 72 hours of rest . Each session consisted of a st and ard 5-minute cycle warm-up , accompanied by one of the subsequent conditions : ( a ) control , ( b ) 10-minute static stretching , ( c ) 10-minute ballistic stretching , or ( d ) 10-minute proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching . The subjects performed 3 trials of static and countermovement jumps prior to stretching and poststretching at 5 , 15 , 30 , 45 , and 60 minutes . Vertical jump height decreased after static and PNF stretching ( 4.0 % and 5.1 % , p < 0.05 ) and there was a smaller decrease after ballistic stretching ( 2.7 % , p > 0.05 ) . However , jumping performance had fully recovered 15 minutes after all stretching conditions . In conclusion , vertical jump performance is diminished for 15 minutes if performed after static or PNF stretching , whereas ballistic stretching has little effect on jumping performance . Consequently , PNF or static stretching should not be performed immediately prior to an explosive athletic movement Most systematic review s rely substantially on the assessment of the method ological quality of the individual trials . The aim of this study was to obtain consensus among experts about a set of generic core items for quality assessment of r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) . The invited participants were experts in the field of quality assessment of RCTs . The initial item pool contained all items from existing criteria lists . Subsequently , we reduced the number of items by using the Delphi consensus technique . Each Delphi round comprised a question naire , an analysis , and a feedback report . The feedback report included staff team decisions made on the basis of the analysis and their justification . A total of 33 international experts agreed to participate , of whom 21 completed all question naires . The initial item pool of 206 items was reduced to 9 items in three Delphi rounds . The final criteria list ( the Delphi list ) was satisfactory to all participants . It is a starting point on the way to a minimum reference st and ard for RCTs on many different research topics . This list is not intended to replace , but rather to be used alongside , existing criteria lists The effect of 3 warm-up routines on  st and ing broad jump ( SBJ ) performance was investigated . Thirty-two men and women participated as subjects . Following the determination of 1-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) squat , subjects completed warm-up routines and broad jumps on 4 occasions in a r and omized order . Subjects performed SBJ immediately ( POST ) and 15 min following ( POST15 ) the given warm-up routine . The routines were high force , consisting of high % 1RM , low repetition squats ; high power , consisting of low % 1RM , low repetition speed squats ; stretching , consisting of static stretches ; and no activity , a control condition . Repeated measures analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) revealed no differences among broad jump performance following any of the warm-up routines ( p = 0.157 ) . A strong correlation ( R = 0.805 ) was found between 1RM squat and SBJ . These data indicate that warm-up of any type has little effect on jump performance and that maximum strength is strongly related to jumping ability The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of 3 different warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on vertical jump ( VJ ) and long jump ( LJ ) performance in athletic women . Sixteen subjects ( 19.7 ± 1.4 years , 67.0 ± 10.7 kg , 165.7 ± 11.4 cm ) participated in 3 testing sessions in r and om order on 3 nonconsecutive days . Prior to the testing of the VJ and LJ , the subjects performed 1 of the following 10-minute warm-up protocol s : ( a ) low- to moderate-intensity stationary cycling followed by 4 lower-body static stretches ( SS ) ( 3 × 20 seconds ) ; ( b ) 12 moderate- to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) ; and ( c ) the same 12 dynamic exercises with a weighted vest ( 10 % of body mass ) worn for the last 4 exercises ( DYV ) . Analysis of the data revealed that VJ performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 43.9 ± 6.7 cm ) and DY ( 43.6 ± 6.5 cm ) as compared to SS ( 41.7 ± 6.0 cm ) . Long jump performance was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) following DYV ( 186.8 ± 19.5 cm ) as compared to DY ( 182.2 ± 19.1 cm ) , which in turn was significantly greater ( p < 0.05 ) than performance following SS ( 177.2 ± 18.8 cm ) . Warm-up protocol s that include dynamic exercise may be a viable method of enhancing jumping performance  in athletic women as compared to stationary cycling and static stretching . In addition , these data suggest that it may be desirable for athletic women to perform dynamic exercises with a weighted vest on some movements prior to the performance of the long jump CONTEXT Recent authors have not found substantial evidence to support the use of static stretching for improving performance , so interest in dynamic warm-up procedures has risen . Our findings may improve the underst and ing of the acute effects of different types of pre-exercise protocol s on performance and may help clinicians develop effective warm-up protocol s for sports practice and competition . OBJECTIVE To examine the acute effects of 4 warm-up protocol s with and without a weighted vest on anaerobic performance in female high school athletes . DESIGN R and omized , counterbalanced , repeated- measures design . SETTING High school fitness center . PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthy high school female athletes ( age = 15.3 + /- 1.2 years , height = 166.3 + /- 9.1 cm , mass = 61.6 + /- 10.4 kg ) . INTERVENTION(S ) After 5 minutes of jogging , subjects performed 4 r and omly ordered warm-up protocol s : ( 1 ) Five static stretches ( 2 x 30 seconds ) ( SS ) , ( 2 ) nine moderate-intensity to high-intensity dynamic exercises ( DY ) , ( 3 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass ( DY2 ) , and ( 4 ) the same 9 dynamic exercises performed with a vest weighted with 6 % of body mass ( DY6 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Vertical jump , long jump , seated medicine ball toss , and 10-yard sprint . RESULTS Vertical jump performance was significantly greater after DY ( 41.3 + /- 5.4 cm ) and DY2 ( 42.1 + /- 5.2 cm ) compared with SS ( 37.1 + /- 5.1 cm ) , and long jump performance was significantly greater after DY2 ( 180.5 + /- 20.3 cm ) compared with SS ( 160.4 + /- 20.8 cm ) ( P < /= .05 ) . No significant differences between trials were observed for the seated medicine ball toss or 10-yard sprint . CONCLUSIONS A dynamic warm-up performed with a vest weighted with 2 % of body mass may be the most effective warm-up protocol for enhancing jumping performance in high school female athletes Golfing injuries have been shown to occur frequently , and injury counter measures have been suggested to help reduce injury risk . Performing an appropriate warm-up is thought to reduce injury risk , however there is a lack of evidence to support this notion . Therefore this study aim ed to investigate the relationships between warm-up participation and injury in a cohort of female golfers . A total of 522 golfers participating in the Victorian Women 's Pennant Competition completed the study . Over one-third ( 35.2 % ) of the golfers reported having sustained a golfing injury within the previous 12 months , with the lower back the most commonly injured region . Most golfers reported not warming-up prior to play or practice . Golfers who reported not warming-up on a regular basis were more likely to have reported a golfing injury in the previous 12 months than those reporting frequent warm-up participation ( OR=45.2 ; 95 % CI : 13.5 , 151.7 ) . Less skilled golfers were also less likely to report sustaining a golfing injury than more skilled golfers ( OR=0.2 ; 95 % CI : 0.1 , 0.5 ) . This study is one of the few to establish an association between warm-up participation and injury . Further prospect i ve studies are warranted to determine whether warm-up reduces injury risk for golf participation The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects on youth fitness of 3 different warm-up protocol s utilizing static stretching or dynamic exercise performance . Sixty children ( mean age 11.3 ± 0.7 years ) performed 3 different warm-up routines in r and om order on nonconsecutive days . The warm-up protocol s consisted of 5 minutes of walking and 5 minutes of static stretching ( SS ) , 10 minutes of dynamic exercise ( DY ) , or 10 minutes of dynamic exercise plus 3 drop jumps from 15-cm boxes ( DYJ ) . Following each warm-up session , subjects were tested on the vertical jump , long jump , shuttle run , and v-sit flexibility . Analysis of the data revealed that vertical-jump and shuttle-run performance declined significantly following SS as compared to DY and DYJ , and long-jump performance was significantly reduced following SS as compared to DYJ ( p < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences in flexibility following the 3 warm-up treatments . The results of this study suggest that it may be desirable for children to perform moderate-to high-intensity dynamic exercises prior to the performance of activities that require a high power output The effect of either an active warm up ( AWU ) or a passive warm up ( PWU ) on performance and energy system contribution in a moderately hot ambient environment ( 30 degrees C , 50 % Relative humidity ) was investigated . The AWU procedure involved exercise at 100 % VO2 max followed by four 30 sec efforts at 100 % of VO2 max and the PWU involved the application of heat pads to the quadriceps for 60 min . Following either warm up procedure , ( r and omized cross over design ) a 60 s supramaximal test on a Monark bicycle ergometer was performed . The AWU procedure elicited the greatest average power output ( 0 - 30 s : 669 + /- 28 W vs 645 + /- 30 W , p < 0.05 ) and ( 0 - 60 s 529 + /- 20 W vs 513 + /- 20 W , p < 0.05 ) , the greatest peak power output ( 917 + /- 45 W vs 880 + /- 46 W , p < 0.01 ) and VO2 peak during the initial 30 s ( 1.4 + /- 0.1 vs 1.2 + /- 0.1 l.min-1 , p < 0.01 ) and over the duration of the 60 s test ( 3.2 + /- 0.1 vs 2.9 + /- 0.2 l.min-1 , p < 0.05 ) . The estimated anaerobic energy release was not significantly different between the trials . The performance benefits of an AWU occurred within the first 30 s of exercise as there was no significant differences in average power output or VO2 peak in the final 30 s of exercise . In conclusion , an AWU enhances  sprinting performance  in a moderately hot ambient environment , despite a higher rectal temperature than a PWU . The increased power output is derived from greater oxygen consumption in the initial stages of exercise Although it is widely recommended that golfers warm-up before play/ practice to enhance their physical performance and to prevent injuries , few actually undertake this activity . The reasons why golfers do/do not warm-up are not known . The aim of this study was to determine the self-reported behaviours and attitudes of adult golfers towards warming-up . A survey of 1040 r and omly selected golfers was conducted over a 3-week period in July 1999 . Information about golf participation , usual warm-up habits and reasons for these warm-up behaviours was obtained by a verbally administered self-report survey . Over 70 % of the surveyed golfers stated that they never or seldom warm-up , with only 3.8 % reporting warming-up on every occasion . The most common reasons why golfers warmed-up included to play better ( 74.5 % ) , to prevent injury ( 27.0 % ) , and because everyone else does ( 13.2 % ) . Common reasons for not warming-up were the perception that they do n't need to ( 38.7 % ) , do n't have enough time ( 36.4 % ) and ca n't be bothered ( 33.7 % ) . These findings suggest that in order to increase the proportion of golfers  who warm-up , education programs focussing on the benefits of warming-up , including injury prevention , need to be developed and implemented . Different strategies may need to be adopted to accommo date golfers ' differing attitudes and baseline behaviours Objectives : To determine whether a golf specific warm up programme ( both immediately prior to play and after performing it five times a week for 5 weeks ) improved performance in 10 male golfers compared with 10 controls matched for age , sex , and h and icap . Methods : Twenty male golfers were matched for age ( ±2 years ) and h and icap ( ±1 stroke ) . Club head speed was assessed by two dimensional video analysis in a laboratory setting . In week 1 , all golfers performed 10 strokes . In weeks 2 and 7 , the controls underwent the same procedure as in week 1 . The exercise group performed the golf specific warm up followed by their 10 strokes . Between weeks 2 and 7 , the exercise group performed the specially design ed warm up five times a week for 5 weeks . Results : The mean club head speeds of the exercise group improved at each testing week . Between weeks 1 and 2 , golfers in the exercise group improved their club head speed on average by 3–6 m/s ( 12.8 % ) , and between weeks 1 and 7 , they increased their club head speeds by 7–10 m/s ( 24.0 % ) . With the exception of one golfer whose club head speed varied by 1.7 m/s , the mean club head speeds of the golfers in the control group hardly varied over the testing period ( range : 0.3–0.8 m/s ) . A significant difference ( p = 0.029 ) was found between the mean club head speeds of the exercise and control groups over the duration of the study , and a significant interaction over time ( p<0.001 ) was also found . Conclusions : This study has shown that golfers ’ performances will be significantly improved by undertaking a golf specific warm up programme compared with not performing the warm up The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether performing high force or explosive force movements prior to sprinting would improve running speed .  Fifteen NCAA Division III football players performed a heavy-load squat ( HS ) , loaded countermovement jump ( LCMJ ) , or control ( C ) warm-up condition in a counterbalanced r and omized order over the course of 3 weeks . The HS protocol consisted of 1 set of 3 repetitions at 90 % of the subject 's 1 repetition maximum ( 1RM ) . The LCMJ protocol was 1 set of 3 repetitions at 30 % of the subject 's 1RM . At 4 minutes post – warm-up , subjects completed a timed 40-m dash  with time measured at 10 , 30 , and 40 m. The results of the study indicated that when preceded by a set of HS , subjects ran 0.87 % faster ( p ≤ 0.05 ) in the 40-m dash ( 5.35 ± 0.32 vs. 5.30 ± 0.34 seconds ) in comparison to C. No significant differences were observed in the 10-m or 30-m split times between the 3 conditions . The data from this study suggest that an acute bout of low-volume heavy lifting with the lower body may improve 40-m sprint times , but that loaded countermovement jumps appear to have no significant effect PURPOSE This study was design ed to determine the effect of warm-up on 3-km cycling time trial ( TT ) performance , and the influence of accelerated VO(2 ) kinetics on such effect . METHODS Eight well-trained road cyclists , habituated to 3-km time trials , performed r and omly ordered 3-km TT after a ) no warm-up ( NWU ) , b ) easy warm-up ( EWU ) ( 15 min comprised of 5-min segments at 70 , 80 , and 90 % of ventilatory threshold ( VT ) followed by 2 min of rest ) , or c ) hard warm-up ( HWU ) ( 15 min comprised of 5-min segments at 70 , 80 , and 90 % VT , plus 3 min at the respiratory compensation threshold ( RCT ) followed by 6 min of rest ) . VO(2 ) and power output ( SRM ) , aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions , and VO(2 ) kinetics ( mean response time to 63 % of the VO(2 ) observed at 2 km ) were determined throughout each TT . RESULTS Three-kilometer TT performance was ( P < 0.05 ) improved for both EWU ( 266.8 + /- 12.0 s ) ( -2.8 % ) and HWU ( 267.3 + /- 10.4 s ) ( -2.6 % ) versus NWU ( 274.4 + /- 12.1 s ) . The gain in performance was predominantly during the first 1000 m in both EWU ( 48 % of gain ) and HWU ( 53 % of gain ) . This reflected a higher power output during the first 1000 m in both EWU ( 384 W ) and HWU warm-up ( 386 W ) versus NWU ( 344 W ) trials . The mean response time was faster in both EWU ( 45 + /- 10 s ) and HWU ( 41 + /- 12 s ) versus NWU ( 52 + /- 13 s ) trials . There were no differences in anaerobic power output during the trials , but aerobic power output during the first 1000 m was larger during both EWU ( 203 W ) and HWU ( 208 W ) versus NWU ( 163 W ) trials . CONCLUSIONS During endurance events of intermediate duration ( 4 - 5 min ) , performance is enhanced by warm-up irrespective of warm-up intensity . The improved performance is related to an acceleration of VO(2 ) kinetics
The value of warming-up is a worthy research problem because it is not known whether warming-up benefits , harms , or has no effect on individuals .
The purpose of this study was to review the evidence relating to performance improvement using a warm-up .