Associations of Blood Pressure in Pregnancy With Offspring Blood Pressure Trajectories During Childhood and Adolescence: Findings From a Prospective Study Blood pressures of young mothers and their first children 3-6 years following hypertension during pregnancy. Perinatal factors associated with blood pressure during childhood. Associations of Maternal and Paternal Blood Pressure Patterns and Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy with Childhood Blood Pressure Blood pressure and growth at 6 years of age among offsprings of mothers with hypertension of pregnancy.
Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are related to higher  offspring blood pressure ( BP ) , but it is not known whether this association strengthens or weakens as BP changes across childhood . Our aim was to assess the associations of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal BP changes during pregnancy with trajectories of offspring BP from age 7 to 18 years . Methods and Results In a large UK cohort of maternal – offspring pairs ( N=6619 ) , we used routine antenatal BP measurements to derive hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal BP trajectories . These were related to offspring BP trajectories , obtained from research clinic assessment s , using linear spline r and om-effects models . After adjusting for maternal and offspring variables , including body mass index , offspring of women who had existing hypertension , gestational hypertension , or preeclampsia during pregnancy had on average higher BP at age 7 years compared to offspring of normotensive pregnancies ( mean difference [ 95%CI ] in systolic BP : 1.67 mm Hg [ 0.48 , 2.86 ] , 1.98 mm Hg [ 1.32 , 2.65 ] , and 1.22 mm Hg [ −0.52 , 2.97 ] , respectively ) . These differences were consistent across childhood to age 18 years , as the patterns of BP change did not differ between offspring of hypertensive pregnancies and normotensive pregnancies . Maternal BP at 8 weeks ’ gestation was also positively associated with offspring BP in childhood and adolescence , but changes in BP across pregnancy were not strongly associated . Conclusions The differences in BP between offspring of hypertensive pregnancies and offspring of normotensive pregnancies remain consistent across childhood and adolescence . These associations appear to be most contributed to by higher maternal BP in early pregnancy rather than by pregnancy-related BP changes To determine if hypertension during pregnancy in adolescence is associated with subsequently elevated blood pressure ( BP ) , st and ardized BP was measured in young mothers 3–6 yr after their first pregnancy . In a population of 409 adolescents in a Young Mothers ' Program , ( age , 13–20 ; 46 % white , 54 % black ) , systolic ( S ) BP during pregnancy was related to body weight ( p < 0.01 ) but not to race , and 74 women ( 18 % ) had hypertension late in pregnancy ( HP ) . Of these women , 63 were studied in follow-up 3–6 yr later ; 52 additional young mothers who were normotensive in pregnancy ( NP ) were r and omly selected for comparison . At the time of follow-up mean SBP ( 115.7 mmHg ± 1.5 S.E. ) and diastolic ( D ) BP ( 67.9 ± 1.7 ) of HP were higher ( p < 0.01 ) than SBP ( 108.8 ± 1.4 ) and DBF ( 60.6 ± 1.9 ) of NP , unrelated to race and body size . SBP , but not DBP , of women taking oral contraceptive agents was higher than SBP of women who were not ( p < 0.01 ) , and highest SBP occurred in HP women on oral contraceptives ( 119.9 ± 2.1 ) . Children 's ( age 3–6 ) SBP correlated with mothers ' SBP ( p < 0.005 ) , and SBP of HP children ( 97.6 ± 1.3 ) was higher ( p < 0.03 ) than that of NP children ( 93.1 ± 1.5 ) . In summary , in adolescent primparous women , a history of hypertension late in pregnancy was associated with increased body weight and with higher blood pressures in both mothers and their children 3–6 yr later . Oral contraceptive usage was associated with increased SBP in both HP and NP , and highest SBP occurred in HP on oral contraceptives This study aims to determine whether variables reflecting an adverse intrauterine environment are associated with  childhood blood pressure .  The authors conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prospect i ve cohort of children born to healthy , nulliparous women enrolled in a r and omized controlled trial . A total of 518 children were traced in 1995 - 1996 from 614 eligible children born in a clinic in Rosario , Argentina . The outcome was systolic blood pressure at 5 - 9 years . Hemoglobin during pregnancy was positively associated with children 's pressure . Other maternal characteristics during pregnancy ( blood pressure , smoking , weight gain , weight at 20 weeks ' gestation , and glycemia ) and size at birth ( birth weight , ponderal index , head circumference/length ratio , and small for gestational age ) were not associated with children 's pressure . Among children in the upper quartile of body mass index , there was a weak inverse correlation between birth weight and systolic pressure , and systolic pressure was 14.8 mmHg ( 95 percent confidence interval : 3.3 , 26.4 ) higher in low birth weight children than in others . The main predictors of childhood pressure were childhood body mass index and maternal pressure outside pregnancy . In this healthy population , the authors found weak support for an association between variables reflecting an adverse fetal environment and childhood blood pressure . Low birth weight was a risk factor for high blood pressure only in overweight children Background Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy may affect the cardiovascular risk of offspring . We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure throughout pregnancy and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with childhood blood pressure of offspring . Specific focus was on the comparison with paternal blood pressure effects , the identification of critical periods , and the role of birth outcomes and childhood body mass index in the observed associations . Methods and Results This study was embedded in a population ‐based prospect i ve cohort study among 5310 mothers and fathers and their children . We measured maternal blood pressure in each trimester of pregnancy and paternal blood pressure once . Information about hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was obtained from medical records . We measured childhood blood pressure at the median age of 6.0 years ( 95 % range 5.7–8.0 years ) . Both maternal and paternal blood pressure were positively associated with childhood blood pressure ( all P<0.05 ) , with similar effect estimates . Conditional regression analyses showed that early , mid‐ , and late‐pregnancy maternal blood pressure levels were all independent and positively associated with childhood blood pressure , with the strongest effect estimates for early pregnancy . Compared with children of mothers without hypertensive disorders in pregnancy , children of mothers with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy had higher diastolic blood pressure by a st and ard deviation score of 0.13 ( 95 % CI 0.05–0.21 ) . The observed associations were not material ly affected by birth outcomes and childhood body mass index . Conclusions Both maternal and paternal blood pressure affects childhood blood pressure , independent of fetal and childhood growth measures , with the strongest effect of maternal blood pressure in early pregnancy The association between hypertension of pregnancy and blood pressure ( BP ) and physical growth of the offspring at 6 years of age has been studied in a historical prospect i ve study . Ninety-four consecutive women who developed hypertension during pregnancy and were hospitalized with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and their children were included . The comparison group consisted of  individually-matched normal pregnant women .  Each mother-child pair was examined when the child was 6 years of age . The mean systolic BP ( SBP ) of the offspring was 101.3 + /- 10.2 ( S.D. ) mmHg and that of the controls 99.8 + /- 9.5 mmHg . The mean diastolic BP ( DBP ) was significantly higher among the cases than among the controls ( 66.2 + /- 8.3 mmHg and 63.9 + /- 8.0 mmHg , P = 0.03 ) . Among the cases , 11 children had a DBP above the 90th centile , whereas only four among the controls . A low , but significant , correlation was found between maternal and child BP for the cases . The DBP of the children with a positive family history of high BP was significantly higher than those with a negative history . There were no differences in height , weight or obesity index between cases and controls
Background Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ( HDPs ) are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide and have been suggested to increase long-term cardiovascular disease risk in the offspring .
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether HDPs are associated with cardiometabolic markers in childhood .