A supervised brushing trial of sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrices in a fluoridated area. The effectiveness of a 0.2 percent and a 0.05 percent neutral NaF mouthrinsing programme. Caries preventive effect of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) after 1 year's study. Efficacy of APF treatments without prior toothcleaning targeted to high-risk children. The effect of a fluoride gel used for supervised toothbrushing 15 or 30 times per year. Effect of partial substitution of invert sugar for sucrose in combination with Duraphat treatment on caries development in preschool children: the Malmö Study. Caries prevention by dentifrices containing a combination of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride. Report of a 3-year clinical trial. Self-application of fluoride by rinsing. Caries prevention by daily supervised use of a MFP gel dentifrice. Report of a 3-year clinical trial. A 3-year clinical trial of calcium carbonate dentifrice containing calcium glycerophosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate. Studies on the effect of dentifrices with low fluoride content. Clinical anticaries effect of repeated topical sodium fluoride applications by mouthpieces. The anticaries effect of single and combined topical fluoride systems in school children. The use of fluoride dentifrices in the control of dental caries: methodology and results of a clinical trial. Final report on the efficacy of a stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. The effect on dental caries of weekly rinsing with a neutral sodium fluoride or an acidulated phosphate-fluoride mouthwash. Two-year evaluation of a self-administered procedure for the topical application of acidulated phosphate-fluoride; final report. A four-year clinical study to determine the caries-inhibiting effect of calcium glycerophosphate and sodium fluoride in calcium carbonate base dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate. Field test of a sodium fluoride dentifrice containing acid orthophosphate and an insoluble metaphosphate abrasive--second year report. Effects of a chlorhexidine-fluoride-strontium rinsing program on caries, gingivitis and some salivary bacteria among Finnish schoolchildren. Confidence intervals for percentage reduction in caries increments. A dentifrice containing 0.8 per cent sodium monofluorophosphatein an aluminium oxide trihydrate base. A 3-year clinical trial. Clinical evaluation of three concentrations of sodium fluoride in dentifrices. Effect of SnF2 dentrifices on caries in children: two-year clinical study of supervised brushing in children's homes. A clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Cariostatic effects of fluoride mouthrinses in a fluoridated community. Effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) in preschool children. A three-year clinical study to determine the separate and combined caries-inhibiting effects of sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and an acidulated phosphate-fluoride gel. Albany topical fluoride study. [3-year clinical tooth cream test with toothpastes of varying fluoride content: 0.8% and 1.2% sodium monofluorophosphate]. A 24-month study comparing sealant and fluoride varnish in caries reduction on different permanent first molar surfaces. Caries-preventive effect of two concentrations of stannous fluoride mouthrinse. The clinical cariostatic effectiveness of two concentrations of acidulated phosphate-fluoride mouthwash. A comparison between the anticariogenic effects of dentifrices containing stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride. Caries-preventive effects of daily and weekly fluoride mouthrinsing in a fluoridated community: final results after 30 months. Comparative unsupervised clinical trial on caries inhibition effect of monofluorophosphate and amine fluoride dentifrices after 3 years in Strasbourg, France. Caries prevention by daily fluoride mouthrinsing. Report of a three-year clinical trial. Effectiveness of a SnF2-Ca2P2O7 dentifrice on dental caries in children whose teeth calcified in a natural fluoride area. II. Results at the end of 24 months. [Caries limiting effectiveness of newly developed fluoride-containing gels after 3 years clinical use in preschool years]. Caries prevention using a 1.2% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice in an aluminium oxide trihydrate base. Identification and preventive care of high caries-risk children: a longitudinal study. Clinical evaluation of neutral sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and acidulated fluoride-phosphate denifrices. [Fluoride mouthwashes in combination with fluoridation of the public water supply for the prevention of dental caries]. [Effectiveness of a Na2FP03 toothpaste on caries in children]. Combined effects of a fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse on the incidence of dental caries. Clinical testing of a mouthrinse and a dentifrice containing fluoride. A two-year supervised study in school children. The caries-preventive effects of full- and half-strength topical acidulated phosphate fluoride. Caries increment and gingival status during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine- and fluoride-containing dentifrices. Caries-inhibiting effect of a stannous fluoride silica gel dentifrice: a three-year clinical study. Clinical trial among Scottish children of an anti-caries dentifrice containing 2 percent sodium monofluorophosphate. The caries-preventive effect of a fluoride varnish in the fissures of the first permanent molar. A multiple-examiner clinical evaluation of a sodium fluoride dentifrice. Results of a 32-month fluoride varnish study in Sherbrooke and Lac-Megantic, Canada. [The caries-protective efficacy of 2 fluoride varnishes in a 2-year controlled clinical trial]. Comparative study of a fluoride dentifrice containing soluble phosphate and a calcium-free abrasive: second-year report. A clinical comparison of fluoride and antienzyme dentifrices. The effect on dental caries of topically applied acidulated phosphate-fluoride: results after three years. A 3-year clinical trial of the effect on dental caries of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monoflurophosphate. A clinical trial of a calcium carbonate base dentifrice containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate. Evaluation of self-administered prophylaxis and supervised toothbrushing with acidulated phosphate fluoride. Three-year study of the effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) on proximal caries progression in teenagers. Clinical cariostatic effectiveness of a NaF rinse in a low prevalence child population. Effect of professional flossing with NaF or SnF2 gel on approximal caries in 13-16-year-old schoolchildren. Caries-preventive effect of dentifrice containing 2percent sodium monofluorophosphate in a natural fluoride area in Denmark. Clinical evaluation of stannous fluoride as an anticaries mouthrinse. Effectiveness of fortnightly tooth brushing with amine fluorides in caries-prone subjects. The relative caries-inhibiting effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice in a silica gel base. The use of a sodium fluoride mouthwash in reducing the dental caries incresent in eleven year old English school children. The caries-preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. Effect on dental caries of self-application of acidulated phosphate fluoride paste and gel. A clinical study of the caries preventive effects of an APF solution and APF thixotropic gel. Fluorides in community programs; a study of four years of various fluorides applied topically to the teeth of children in fluoridated communities. Caries development after termination of a fluoride rinsing program. Caries inhibition of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base. Incremental rates of dental caries after repeated topical sodium fluoride applications in children with lifelong consumption of fluoridated water. The cariostatic effectiveness of a phosphate-fluoride gel administered annually to school children; final results. An evaluation of the utility of application and cariostatic effectiveness of phosphate-fluorides in solution and gel states. [Cariostatic effect of Fluocaril; controlled clinical research]. The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque and caries in school children. A clinical evaluation of a stannous fluoride and a sarcosinate dentifrice. Clinical evaluation of an aged stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. The effect of oral rinsing with sodium fluoride on the gingiva of children. [Three years of clinical observations with fluoridated tooth-pastes]. Cariostatic effect of a stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice on children: two-year report of a supervised toothbrushing study. The effects of changing caries prevalence and diagnostic criteria on clinical caries trials. A three-year clinical caries evaluation of the effect of a sodium fluoride-silica abrasive dentifrice. A 3-year clinical trial into the effect of fluoride content and toothpaste abrasivity on the caries inhibitory properties of a dentifrice. Effect of stannous fluoride treatments on the progression of initial lesions in approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth. Caries clinical trial of fluoride rinses in a Danish Public Child Dental Service. Clinical testing of fluoride and non-fluoride containing dentifrices inHounslow school children. [Prevention of dental caries by means of mouthwashes with 0.1 solutions of sodium fluoride. Results of a 2 year study]. Observations on dental caries in primary teeth after frequent fluoride toplications in a program involving other preventives. Effect of high-concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren. Approximal caries development following intensive fluoride mouthrinsing in teenagers. A 3-year radiographic study. Cariostatic effects of fluoride mouthrinses in a non-fluoridated community. Clinical study of an amine fluoride gel and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel. Effect of supervised use of an alum mouthrinse on dental caries incidence in caries-susceptible children: a pilot study.
nan nan The caries prophylactic effect of semi-annual applications of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) was tested in 121 15-year-old children. The children were divided into a test (60 subjects). The teeth of the children in the test group were coated with fluoride varnish at the beginning of the experimental period and again 6 months later. A clinical and radiographic examination of all children was performed immediately prior to the first application of varnish and 1 year later. The mean caries increment was 0.9 new DMFS in the test group and 4.0 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant at the 0.1% level. The caries prophylactic effect on different tooth surfaces was statistically significant both on proximal and on occlusal surfaces at the 0.1% level. Analyzing the material with respect to the caries prophylactic effect against the background of caries prevalence at the start of the investigation showed a better effect in the group of children with low and medium initial DMFS values. A clinical field trial was conducted, over a 2-yr period, to evaluate the efficacy of bi-annual APF gel topical applications without previous prophylaxis in reducing dental caries among high-risk children living in non-fluoridated communities. 488 children 6 yr old, presenting at least three cavities on proximal surfaces of their primary teeth, were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group received bi-annual topical APF gel applications and the control group received a placebo. All treatments were given at school without any prior toothcleaning. The APF gel provided a 34.3% reduction in caries incidence (P-value = 0.03) among the children with 3-14 cavities on their primary teeth at the beginning of the study. However, the treatment did not show any efficacy in reducing caries incidence among the higher-risk children having initially more than 14 cavities. These findings suggest that the efficacy of APF gel applications without previous prophylaxis varies according to the individual risk of the subjects and that more comprehensive programs should be targeted to very high-risk children. nan The aim was to study the effect of substitution of invert sugar for sucrose, in combination with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) treatment twice a year, on caries development in preschool children. One hundred and eighty-seven 4-years-olds were divided randomly into four sugar groups: (1) sucrose (S), (2) sucrose-Duraphat (SD), (3) invert sugar (I), and (4) invert sugar-Duraphat (ID). All families were asked to buy beverages, biscuits, breakfast cereals, marmalade, ice cream, jam, ketchup, sweets and table sugar, totally 32 different food items, sweetened with invert sugar or sucrose. The substitution was, thus, restricted to a number of sugar-rich between-meal products. The study was carried out double-blind for 2 years. The children of those parents who did not want to participate in the sugar groups were divided randomly into one of the following two groups: (5) Duraphat (D), and control (C). Because of lack of cooperation, only 114 of the 187 children (61%) were considered to have completed the study. The mean caries increment, including initial lesions, was 3.86 dmfs in the combined groups S and SD (n = 63) and 3.10 dmfs in the combined groups I and ID (n = 51) during the 2 years (p = 0.34). The corresponding values for the 2nd year only were 1.84 and 0.67 dmfs, respectively (p = 0.09). The mean caries increment was 2.86 dmfs in group D (n = 113) and 4.10 dmfs (p = 0.08) in group C (n = 93). If initial caries lesions were excluded from the index, the difference between groups D and C was significant (p = 0.008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan In order to find out if it is possible to prevent caries and gingivitis by periodical use of chlorhexidine-fluoride mouthrinses with or without strontium, and to find out what effects they have on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts, a total of 243 schoolchildren aged 11 yr with high DMFS scores were randomly divided into four groups. One group (C) served as a basic control. Subjects in the second group (CXF) rinsed their mouths twice a day every third week with a rinsing solution containing 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.04% NaF. In the third group (CXFS) the rinsing solution contained 500 ppm Sr during the first and second year and 15 ppm during the last 6 months, in addition to chlorhexidine and fluoride. In the fourth group (CX) the solution contained only 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate. All the rinsing solutions had pH 5.8 buffered with succinic acid-NaOH buffer. After 2 yr and 9 months, the mean DMFS (SD) increments in the C, CXF, CXFS, and CX groups were 3.8 (5.7), 2.5 (3.2), 3.5 (4.8), and 3.4 (5.5), respectively. The percentage of subjects with bleeding gingival units had decreased from initial to final values as follows: C, 81-38; CXF, 88-42; CXFS, 89-56; CX, 89-37. The number of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci in saliva remained virtually unchanged throughout the study. For caries increment and gingival bleeding, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. The chlorhexidine-fluoride combination tended to prevent caries, but the effect on gingival bleeding and salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli was negligible. nan nan nan nan A double-blind study to determine the anticaries efficacy of a neutral pH dentifrice containing sodium fluoride and a high Beta-phase calcium pyrophosphate was conducted among elementary school children in Kansas City, Missouri. A sample of 567 children ages 8-13 were recruited and randomly assigned to test and control groups: the test group received a sodium fluoride high Beta-phase calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice, and the control group received a calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice without the active ingredient. The sodium fluoride dentifrice contained fluoride at the level of 1000 ppm. Caried examinations were conducted at initiation, after 12 months, and again after 24 months at the study's termination. All examinations (clinical and radiographic) were performed by the same investigator. At 12 months the sodium fluoride dentifrice demonstrated a caries reduction of 24.1% (DMFS). At 24 months the reduction demonstrated was 30.1% (DMFS); this reduction is significant at alpha = 0.05. nan The caries-preventive effect of semiannual applications of a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) was tested for 2 years in 225 3-year-old children; 113 children served as a control group. At the baseline examination, 69% of the children in the test group and 75% in the control group were caries-free. The results after 2 years showed an average caries increment of 2.1 surfaces in the test group and 3.7 in the control group. The difference is statistically significant. Thirty-eight percent of the children in the test group and 27% in the control group were still caries-free. The caries reduction was 44%. nan nan nan The aim of this study was to determine the separate effects of dental sealants and fluoride varnish on dental caries in fissured and nonfissured surfaces of permanent first molars.
                A clinical trial was conducted with three groups of 6- to 8-year-old schoolchildren: a sealant group (n = 100), in which Delton was applied to first molars; a varnish group (n = 98), in which Duraphat was applied to first molars; and a control group (n = 116), which had no intervention as part of the study. Absolute and percent caries reductions were compared at 24 months.
                Compared to the controls, sealants resulted in a 68 percent and 87 percent reduction on fissured and nonfissured surfaces, respectively. The corresponding figures for varnish were 38 percent and 66 percent.
                Sealant and fluoride varnish are effective in preventing caries in both fissured and nonfissured surface. The effectiveness of a stannous fluoride mouthrinse, when used once each school day, was investigated in a 3-year study. Effervescent stannous fluoride tablets of two concentrations were dissolved in 20 ml of water, giving solutions of 100 parts/10(6)F- and 200 parts/10(6)F- respectively. Approximately 1,200 children, with a mean age of 10 years, were divided on a random basis into three groups. Two of the groups rinsed with the two strengths of solution and the third group rinsed with a placebo. Examinations were carried out at the commencement of the study, and at yearly intervals thereafter. The final series was carried out a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated. There were significant reductions in the numbers of new caries in each of the two experimental groups as compared with the controls. The concentration of the solutions appeared to have little influence on the results. More dramatic reductions were noted in the teeth which erupted during the course of the study. A residual effect was demonstrated a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated. nan nan nan A randomized, double blind clinical trial of the caries inhibition effects of dentifrices containing respectively monofluorophosphate and amine fluoride was performed. A third control group used a toothpaste without fluoride. A total number of 2008 schoolchildren ranging in age from 6 to 8 years and living in Strasbourg (France) participated in this study. After a baseline examination three groups were constructed with the block randomization technic. The caries inhibition effects of the three dental pastes were compared after 3 years of unsupervised use. The monofluorophosphate dentifrice showed a reduction of 7.02% for DMFT, 5.17% for DMFS and 25.26% for the df rate. The reduction of amine fluoride dentifrice caries was respectively 21.62% for DMFT, 20.94% for DMFS and 48.66% for the df rate. nan nan nan A 3-year clinical trial was carried out in France just after fluoride toothpaste was allowed to be sold on the mass market. The aim was to assess the caries preventive effect of a toothpaste containing the maximum fluoride level permitted by the EEC (1.2% SMFP). The trial started with 1318 10-12-yr-old children from a wide socioeconomic background in a typical French community. Test toothpaste was given to 659 children whereas the remaining 659 children obtained the same toothpaste without the fluoride additive. The brushing was unsupervised and performed by the children at home. Dental caries was assessed by clinical and radiographic examinations. 1061 children completed the trial. An interview carried out at the final examination identified a group of 116 uncooperative children (less than five brushings a week on average) who were not included in the statistical analysis. The following mean reductions were found: 26% for DMFT, 27% for DMFS, and 39% for DMFSU. The DMFS index for approximal, buccal-lingual and occlusal surfaces showed caries reductions of 32%, 25%, and 22%, respectively. The trial demonstrated a highly significant effectiveness of the 1.2% SMFP toothpaste in a French population. A method of identifying high caries-experience children to participate in a mouthrinsing programme was tested. Children aged 9 to 12 years were assigned into high and low caries-risk groups using caries experience in the deciduous dentition and a clinical lesion on the occlusal surface of a first permanent molar within 2 years of eruption as indicators of risk. There were 273 high caries-risk children (101 in the fluoride rinse group, F, and 172 in the placebo rinse group, P); in the low caries-risk group, L, there were 648 children. After 5 years there were differences in the caries experience in the permanent dentition of the high and low caries-risk groups P and L. The high caries-risk group P had mean DMFT and DMFS scores of 2.7 and 3.2 respectively compared with 0.4 for both indices for the low caries-risk group, L. Most lesions occurred on occlusal surfaces. Caries experience was accurately predicted for 87 percent of the children when a DMFT score equal to or greater than 3 was used as the criterion of high caries experience. Accuracy was greater for the low caries-risk group (96 percent) than for the high caries-risk group (51 percent). Similarly the proportion of low caries-experience children identified in the low caries-risk group was greater than the proportion correctly identified in the high caries-risk group. When a DMFS score equal to or greater than 4 was used, there was little change. This method of prediction provided a practical method of identifying groups of children in need of special preventive care. Fortnightly mouthrinsing with 0.2 percent sodium fluoride solution was tested as a preventive measure for half the high caries-risk children (group F); the control group, P, used a placebo rinse. There were no significant differences in the caries scores of the two groups at the end of the study. Mouthrinsing was an ineffective preventive measure for high caries-risk children in this study. nan nan nan 751 14- and 15-year old children completed a 3-year, double-blind, caries preventive program. The effects of daily, supervised toothbrushing with an 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice, rinsing with a 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthrinse, and the combined effects of the two treatments were investigated. Both the dentifrice and mouthrinse reduced the incidence of dental caries, but their combined use at the same time had no greater effect than either used alone. nan nan A total of 91 schoolchildren, 13 years of age, were distributed into three groups. Three test dentifrices were used containing 0.1% NaF, 0.1% NaF and 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% chlorhexidine, respectively. The caries increment and gingival conditions over a period of 2 years were recorded. The caries data of the groups were compared and related to two reference groups in order to estimate a possible influence upon the study results by a change in caries incidence general to the area and age groups in question. There was less caries in the group using the dentifrice containing fluoride and chlorhexidine than in the two other test groups. The differences in caries increment between the groups were not statistically significant. The gingival health seemed to improve in all groups, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The caries data from the reference groups indicated that the general trend towards reduced caries incidence was different from that of the study group. nan nan The aim of the present study was to assess the caries-preventive effect of topical application of Duraphat on the occlusal surface of newly erupted first permanent molars. A base-line examination was performed on children aged 5 years and 9 months. The children were randomly divided into a Duraphat group and a control group. In accordance with the anatomy of the fissure system, the molars were divided into shallow and deep fissures, respectively. From the time of eruption, 381 molars were examined every 3rd month during 24 months. Duraphat was applied every 6th month, altogether four times. The results showed that in the Duraphat group 35% of the fissures were decayed compared with 80% in the control group. Caries reduction amounted to 56%, and the caries-preventive effect was found in molars with shallow and deep fissures. nan nan The aim of this randomized, double-blind study was to measure the cariostatic effect of Bifluorid 12 (VOCO GmbH), containing 6% sodium fluoride and 6% calcium fluoride and Laweflour-Schüttellack (LAW), containing 5% sodium fluoride in comparing of placebo varnish. The caries study included 400 schoolchildren, aged 12-14 years. The tests according to the DMFS were carried out by two independent examiners. The 400 children were divided into 3 test and 1 placebo group, each group consisting of 100 subjects. After two years there was a significant inhibition of caries increment in all test groups compared to placebo group. Percentage caries reduction ranged from 25 to 30%. The highest effect was stated at proximal surfaces. nan nan nan A clinical trial of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate was carried out on 782 schoolchildren in Shropshire, England. After 3 years, a reduction of 23.8% was found in the DMFS increment obtained from clinical examination. The reduction was 38.8% using radiographs. The children were divided into three groups according to baseline DMFS. Those with a "medium" caries experience were found to benefit most from using the dentifrice. There was a difference in the effect on individual tooth sites; the approximal surfaces of the posterior teeth received the most benefit and the occlusal surfaces the least. nan nan The effect of sodium fluoride varnish (Duraphat) applications on proximal caries progression was studied during a 3-yr period in 87 teenagers and compared to a control group (n = 107). In the fluoride varnish group the children were treated with fluoride varnish every third month during the experimental period. Caries lesions on the mesial surfaces of first premolars to the mesial surfaces of second molars were recorded annually on radiographs and an individual progression value was calculated. The study showed that topical application of fluoride varnish every third month significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the progression of proximal caries lesions in premolars and molars. The most obvious reduction of caries progression was observed among children who developed between two and eight new proximal lesions during the test period. In the children with the highest caries activity (greater than nine new proximal lesions) Duraphat treatments did not significantly reduce proximal caries progression in premolars and molars. Epidemiologic studies in which oral health in schoolchildren in the nonfluoridated city of The Hague has been monitored, have revealed a substantial decrease in caries prevalence since 1969 in groups of all socioeconomic status (SES). Because of a still significantly higher caries activity in children of lower socioeconomic classes, in 1981 a weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program in these children was started. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cariostatic effectiveness of a weekly 0.2% neutral NaF rinse in children with low caries prevalence. A sample of 29 schools stratified according to SES and randomly assigned to two groups was selected. One group of schools (14) performed weekly rinsing and the other group (15) served as controls. After 3 yr the number of children available for re-examination had dropped from 501 to 333, of which 62.2% had written parental consent for radiographic examination. Statistical analysis of the data showed that fluoride rinsing could establish a reduction in caries incidence only in children who did not use fluoride tablets. The results of this study are of special interest for health authorities in planning and implementing public dental health measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of professional flossing with NaF and SnF2 gels on caries development on approximal tooth surfaces. Two-hundred-and-eighty 13-year-old schoolchildren were divided into 3 groups: (1) NaF (n = 97), (2) SnF2 (n = 85), and (3) placebo gel group (n = 98). The investigation was carried out double-blind. The children were treated 4 times a year for 3 years with 1% NaF gel, 1% SnF2 gel, or placebo gel. The treatment was carried out by dental nurses and the time required per visit was approximately 10 min. After 3 years, the mean approximal caries increment, including initial caries lesions, was 2.8 in the NaF, 2.4 in the SnF2, and 4.0 in the placebo gel group (P< 0.05 for SnF2 vs placebo); a reduction compared to the placebo of 30% and 39% in the NaF and SnF2 groups, respectively. Thus, professional flossing with NaF or SnF2 gel carried out 4 times a year may be considered as an interesting caries-preventing method for large-scale application in schoolchildren. nan nan The aim of this study was to assess the caries incidence and plaque accumulation in schoolchildren at caries risk, after brushing the teeth fortnightly with gels containing 0, 0.4% F, 1.25% F as amine fluoride (AmF) or the common amine fluoride toothpaste containing 0.125% F. The study was conducted double blind over an 18-month period, and after 6 months discontinuation of brushing. Only the group that brushed with the 1.25% AmF gel showed a significant decrease in caries development compared to the group that brushed with the 0.125% AmF toothpaste. During the 6-month discontinuation period, the incidence of caries increased in all groups; the differences in caries development between all groups were not significant. Plaque indices were significantly lower in the AmF-treated groups. The highest fluoride concentration in the gel reduced the development of caries to zero, probably due to increased fluoride levels in the oral milieu of caries risk children. In order to maintain a positive effect of fluoride over an extended time period, caries-prone subjects should continue an initiated fluoride programme. An unsupervised toothbrushing study involving 1,339 children from 5 to 13 years of age conducted for three years compared two stannous fluoride dentifrices, one in a calcium pyrophosphate base and the other in a silica gel base, with a nonfluoride control dentifrice. The test dentifrice, stannous fluoride in a silica gel base, reduced caries to a significant extent when compared with the nonfluoride control dentifrice.The percentage of reductions ranged from 15% to 25% for whole mouth and interproximal surface indexes. There was no significant difference between the two fluoride dentifrices. nan The study groups using a dentifrice and mouthrinse both containing fluorides, a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride, or a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride with a placebo dentifrice had a 20.7% to 29.0% lower DMF increment than the control group after 30 months. These differences were significant. The study groups using a dentifrice containing amine fluorides and a placebo mouthrinse, a mouthrinse containing amine fluorides and a placebo dentifrice, or a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a placebo mouthrinse had a 13.6% to 22.4% lower DMF increment than the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in effectiveness against caries between the use of the organic or inorganic fluoride products. nan nan nan In a municipality near Copenhagen, Denmark, where fortnightly fluoride rinses with 0.2% neutral sodium fluoride had been performed for more than a decade, 1306 children from kindergarten through 6th grade were stratified by school and grade and randomly distributed into two groups. One group continued the fluoride rinses, the other group had the fluoride solution replaced with distilled water. Both solutions were slightly flavored. 1083 children completed the 3-yr trial. Caries was recorded clinically by the dentists in the municipal dental service using the diagnostic criteria for the Child Dental Health Services, and on bitewing radiographs by one of the authors applying the criteria developed by GRONDAHL et al. Permanent molars and premolars were included in the study. Clinically, caries increment in the two groups was the same with pits and fissures containing 94% of the DMFS. According to the radiographs, caries progression in the water group was higher than in the fluoride group. This difference was statistically significant for the surfaces erupting during the study (P less than 0.05). The purpose of this double blind clinical trial was to determine the anticaries activity of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica gel abrasive base compared with a placebo under conditions of supervised brushing. 1154 schoolchildren, ages 9-12, were recruited in a non-fluoridated semi-rural area of northeastern Connecticut. Subjects were stratified according to school, grade and sex, and then randomly divided into two groups. Each school day, children brushed their teeth for 1 min under supervision by project personnel. Weekend and vacation usage was ad libitum. Caries examinations and radiographic readings were performed by the same examiner (J.R.). After 12 months, the 996 subjects examined showed that the group using the test dentifrice had significantly (less than 0.05) lower DMFT (25.0%) and DMFS (19.1%) increments than the group using the placebo. After 24 months the 876 subjects examined showed that the test group continued to have significantly lower DMFT (24.5%) and DMFS (24.7%) increments than the placebo group. Surface protection after 24 months ranged from 22.1% for occlusal to 37.1% for interproximal surfaces. nan nan nan A controlled, double-blind trial on 42 children showed that a dentrifrice containing 0,25% fluorine clearly prevented caries when used continuously for 2 years. This effects was greater than that of a similar toothpaste containing fluorine. Tolerance was excellent. nan nan nan nan nan nan nan This study was conducted to determine if the anticaries effectiveness of a 0.243% sodium fluoride-silica abrasive dentifrice is superior to a 0.4% stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice. A nonfluoride, calcium pyrophosphate abrasive placebo dentifrice was also included at one-third the sample size of the active treatment groups to estimate the level of efficacy of the sodium fluoride dentifrice. A total of 3,093 schoolchildren were randomly assigned at a ratio of 3:3:1 to the sodium fluoride dentifrice, the stannous fluoride dentifrice, or the placebo dentifrice, respectively. Caries examinations were made by the same examiner initially and after one, two, and three years of ad libitum product usage. After three years, the results showed that the group using the sodium fluoride dentifrice had significantly fewer DMF teeth and DMF surfaces increments than the group using the stannous fluoride dentifrice. The percent reductions for DMF teeth and DMF surfaces were 24.2% and 22.6%, respectively. Both groups using fluoride dentifrices also had significantly fewer DMF teeth and DMF surfaces increments than the group using the placebo dentifrice. The effect of reducing the abrasivity of toothpaste on dental caries was observed in a 3-year clinical trial involving 1106 11-13-year-old Berkshire schoolchildren were divided into three groups; Group 1 were allocated a low abrasivity paste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate, Group 2 a paste of conventional abrasivity also containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate and Group 3 a low abrasivity non-fluoride paste. After 3 years the net DMFS increments (clinical and radiographic scores combined) were 4.22 in Group 1, 4.72 in Group 2 and 6.43 in Group 3. The differences between Groups 1 and 3 and between Groups 2 and 3 were highly significant (P less than 0.001). The mean increment in Group 1 was lower than in Group 2 but did not reach statistical significance. Reducing the abrasivity of the toothpaste had no meaningful effect on the standard of oral hygiene and prevalence of gingivitis as measured by the Gingival and Plaque Indices. Bite-wing radiographs were used to determine the effect of three forms of topical SnF2 therapy on the progression of initial lesions in the approximal surfaces of permanent posterior teeth. Radiographs were taken annually over a four-year period. The subjects were schoolchildren, aged 12-14 yr, living in a low fluoride area. The professional application of a 10% SnF2 solution for 30 s, semi-annually for two yr, had no discernible effect on the development of the initial lesions. However, the home use of a SnF2 dentifrice did inhibit caries progression appreciably at all but one of the four time intervals in the study. The professional application of a 10% SnF2 solution for 30 s, semi-annually for two yr, combined with the home use of a SnF2 dentifrice, was the most effective treatment in retarding lesion development. Even without topical fluoride therapy, the rate of progression of initial approximal lesions was generally quite slow. In view of these findings, it would seem sound clinical practice to treat all initial lesions in approximal surfaces with topical fluoride therapy and delay placement of restorations until there is radiographic evidence of lesions reaching dentin. 365 2nd through 4th graders completed a 3-yr clinical trial on the caries-preventive effect of rinsings every second week during the school year with 10 ml of an 0.2% neutral solution of sodium fluoride. All children received regular dental examinations and treatment in clinics established by the municipality in which the study took place. The trial was performed under double-blind conditions. The caries increment on teeth erupted at baseline was 1.75 DMFS in the fluoride group and 1.83 DMFS in the placebo group (P greater than 0.05; 95% confidence limits for percentage caries reduction: -20.7% and 29.5%). The caries increment on teeth erupting during the trial was 0.73 DMFS in the fluoride group and 0.99 DMFS in the placebo group (P greater than 0.05; 95% confidence limits for percentage caries reduction: 1.0% and 51.6%). nan nan The anticaries effect of repeated toplications with APF gel was assessed in the primary dentition of 2-6-year-olds after 8, 18 and 28 months. Frequent, but less than daily, topical fluoride therapy appeared to have little effect in pre-school children consuming water-borne fluoride and receiving other traditionally recommended modalities of prevention. A double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a non-fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/10(6) solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old children (n approximately equal to 200/group at baseline), about one-half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non-users combined) were 23 % (ammonium fluoride) and 33 % (sodium fluoride), P less than 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/10(6) (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/10(6) (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/10(6) (placebo), P = 0.025. Caries development on approximal surfaces was studied in 139 adolescents for a period of 3 yr. A test group was randomly sampled (n=69) and subjected to a new intensive mode of fluoride (F) mouthrinsings using 10 ml of 0.045% NaF neutral solution once a day for 3 d, twice a year in all, i.e., 6 rinses per year. A control group (n = 70) rinsed in a similar mode using fluoride-free tap water. The two groups received the same basic prophylactic program during the trial. Detection of approximal caries lesions and fillings was based on bitewing radiographs at baseline and after 3 yr. The test group developed an average of 2.75 + 4.76 (mean +/- SD) approximal DFS compared with 3.21 + 4.74 DFS in the control group (n.s.). However, among those teenagers who were caries free (DFS = 0) at baseline, the incidence of approximal carious and filled surfaces was 1.76+/-4.52 in the F-rinsing group (n = 26) compared with 2.76+/-5.01 DFS in the control group (n = 32), a 36% caries reduction which was statistically significant. The intensified mouthrinsing procedure seems to be a promising prophylactic mode for collective caries prevention. nan This study compared caries inhibition in children by an amine fluoride and an acidulated phosphate fluoride when administered in a topically applied gel. In addition, the effects of applying amine fluoride daily and weekly were compared. Four hundred and sixty-eight children, ages 6 to 13, were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and received a total of five, 5-minute treatments. The treatment and interval between each of the five treatments were as follows:(A)acidulated phosphate fluoride daily, (B) amine fluoride daily, (C) amine fluoride weekly, (D) placebo daily, and (E) placebo weekly. When the children were examined for total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces (DMFS) increments 2 years later, no significant differences were observed. However, when the data were examined for effects of DMFS for specific tooth surface, significant restriction (61%) of occlusal increment was shown in the group which was treated with amine fluoride daily for 5 consecutive days as compared with the control group. Aluminum salts have demonstrated anticaries activity in a number of laboratory and animal studies. The aim of this double-blind, pilot, clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of an alum (Al) mouthrinse on dental caries formation both by itself and in combination with an ADA-approved sodium fluoride (F) dentifrice. A total of 260 caries-prone children residing in a low-F area were preselected for the study and scored independently for caries by two experienced examiners. After using gender, age, and initial DMFT(S) scores for baseline stratification, the subjects were assigned to one of three treatment regimens: (1) placebo mouthrinse and F dentifrice, (2) Al mouthrinse and placebo dentifrice, and (3) Al mouthrinse and F dentifrice. The alum mouthrinse contained 500 ppm Al and the sodium fluoride dentifrice contained 1100 ppm F. Rinsing was supervised at school on weekdays for 30 sec/day, while the dentifrices were used ad libitum at home. Subjects were reexamined for caries and oral health after six and twelve months. Both examiners found that children who used Al mouthrinse, in conjunction with either placebo or F dentifrices, had lower caries incidence than those who used placebo mouthrinse/F dentifrice combination; but the differences were statistically significant for only one of the examiners. No evidence of deleterious effects to the oral tissues was observed. The results of this pilot clinical trial demonstrated that daily supervised use of an alum mouthrinse inhibited caries development in decay-prone children at least as effectively as a F dentifrice.
The benefits of topical fluorides have been firmly established on a sizeable body of evidence from randomized controlled trials. While the formal examination of sources of heterogeneity between studies has been important in the overall conclusions reached, these should be interpreted with caution. We were unable to reach definite conclusions about any adverse effects that might result from the use of topical fluorides, because data reported in the trials are scarce.