Tap water for irrigation of lacerations. [Does a shower put postoperative wound healing at risk?]. Effect of washing closed head and neck wounds on wound healing and infection. Is tap water a safe alternative to normal saline for wound irrigation in the community setting? Comparison of isotonic saline, distilled water and boiled water in irrigation of open fractures. Is routine procaine spirit application necessary in the care of episiotomy wound? Comparison between sterile saline and tap water for the cleaning of acute traumatic soft tissue wounds. [Modification of postoperative wound healing by showering]. A multicenter comparison of tap water versus sterile saline for wound irrigation. Wound irrigation in children: saline solution or tap water?
This study was designed to compare the infection rates of simple lacerations irrigated with tap water versus sterile normal saline before repair. Patients with simple lacerations to an extremity that were less than 8 hours from injury were prospectively enrolled. Exclusions from the study were: dog bites, hand lacerations, immunocompromised patients, and those on antibiotics at the time of injury. Patients who qualified were randomized to receive tap water or normal saline for wound irrigation. Before and after irrigation, wound cultures were obtained. After the procedure was complete, patients were scheduled for a 48 hour follow-up wound check. A total of 46 patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-four patients were randomized to the normal saline group and 21 were assigned to receive tap water irrigation. There were 2 infected lacerations in both the tap water and normal saline groups. The organisms cultured from the wounds in both groups were similar and there was no difference in colony counts when tap water was used. The use of tap water for the irrigation of lacerations does not result in the growth of unusual organisms or increase the colony counts of organisms. Wound infection rates were the same in both groups. This pilot study suggests that the use of tap water for irrigation of wounds may be safe. Further validation is necessary.
                Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. A prospective randomized study was designed to determine the effect of postoperative water contact on tissue healing. A total of 121 patients undergoing open hernia repair was divided into two groups. The first group was permitted to shower postoperatively, allowing the wound to come into direct contact with the water, the second group was instructed to keep the incision dry. Water contact, wound healing and patient satisfaction were assessed. There was no difference in wound healing between the two groups and no manifest infection. A group of 100 patients were compared with 100 control patients. Both groups had either traumatic or surgically incised clean wounds of the head and neck. The groups were similar except that the 100 test patients were allowed to wash their head and neck wounds with soap and water within hours after the repair, while the control group kept their wounds dry until all of the sutures were removed. On the basis of this study, we believe that allowing patients to wash their wounds and bathe routinely as early as 8 hours after wound closure hs no effect on wound or infection. We believe that good technique during surgery for incision or laceration closure is much more important than any manipulation of the wound or of the general body systems. This double-blind randomised controlled trial compared the effects of tap water and normal saline on the healing and infection rates of acute and chronic wounds.
                The trial was conducted in two metropolitan community health centres in New South Wales, Australia. Thirty-five patients with 49 acute or chronic wounds were randomised to receive wound irrigation with either normal saline or tap water.
                Statistical analysis demonstrated there was no significant difference between the infection and healing rates in wounds irrigated with normal saline or tap water.
                Although the small sample size is a limitation of this study, the researchers conclude that drinkable tap water appears to provide a safe alternative to normal saline for wound cleansing and may be preferred by some patients. A prospective randomised study was carried out on 86 patients with first, second and third degree open fractures in order to compare the effect of isotonic saline, distilled water and boiled water as irrigating fluids. The standard management consisted of emergency surgical toilet, use of broad spectrum antibiotics and fracture immobilization. The results show that the outcome was not affected by the type of irrigating fluid used. A randomised controlled trial to investigate the usefulness of local application of procaine spirit versus cleansing with water for care of episiotomy wound after normal vaginal delivery was conducted in 100 women.
                Fifty women entered the study arm and 50 entered the control arm of the study. Women in the two arms were similar in their demographic and obstetric characteristics.
                The pain scores on a verbal analogue scale was highest (score = 2.5) on Day 1 of the delivery. This was the same in women in both arms. The number of paracetamol tablets consumed was also low and was similar in both groups of women. By the fourteenth day of delivery, all the women were pain-free and the wound had healed well. It was noted that all the women maintained a high standard of perineal hygiene with a mean of 5 washes a day.
                It is concluded that in a woman with normal vaginal delivery, local application of procaine spirit is unnecessary in the care of a routine episiotomy wound. To find out if there were any differences in infection rates if acute traumatic soft tissue wounds were cleaned with tap water instead of sterile saline.
                Randomised study.
                Emergency department at one city hospital.
                705 consecutive patient with soft tissue wounds less than six hours old that did not penetrate a viscus, cavity, or joint and could be treated by primary suture.
                Randomly allocated to have the wound cleaned with either sterile saline or tap water in addition to debridement.
                Rate of wound infection, the presence of which was indicated by pus in the wound and prolonged healing.
                The infection rate in wounds cleaned with sterile saline was 10.3% compared with 5.4% in wounds cleaned with tap water (p less than 0.05). Infected wounds were significantly larger than uninfected ones (p less than 0.05) and more likely to be located on a lower extremity (p less than 0.05). There were no microbiological differences between the two groups, and no bacterial species grown from tap water was subsequently grown from an infected wound.
                Sterile saline should be replaced by tap water for the cleaning of acute traumatic superficial soft tissue wounds. Usually postoperative wounds are kept dry until the stitches are removed. In a prospective randomized study early water contact was allowed in order to test postoperative wound healing in 817 patients operated on for varicose veins. Regardless of whether the wounds were kept dry or had water contact with or without shower foam from the second postoperative day, no infection was registered. To compare wound infection rates for irrigation with tap water versus sterile saline before closure of wounds in the emergency department.
                The study was a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial conducted at two Level 1 urban hospitals and a suburban community hospital. Subjects were a convenience sample of adults presenting with acute simple lacerations requiring sutures or staples. Subjects were randomized to irrigation in a sink with tap water or with normal saline using a sterile syringe. Wounds were closed in the standard fashion. Subjects were asked to return to the emergency department for suture removal. Those who did not return were contacted by telephone. Wounds were considered infected if there was early removal of sutures or staples, if there was irrigation and drainage of the wound, or if the subject needed to be placed on antibiotics. Equivalence of the groups was met if there was less than a doubling of the infection rate.
                A total of 715 subjects were enrolled in the study. Follow-up data were obtained on 634 (88%) of enrolled subjects. Twelve (4%) of the 300 subjects in the tap water group had wound infections, compared with 11 (3.3%) of the 334 subjects in the saline group. The relative risk was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 0.5 to 2.7).
                Equivalent rates of wound infection were found using either irrigant. The results of this multicenter trial evaluating tap water as an irrigant agree with those from previous single institution trials. Irrigation, a critical component of wound management, is commonly performed with sterile normal saline solution. The purpose of this study was to compare the infection rates of wounds irrigated with normal saline solution versus those of wounds irrigated with running tap water.
                A prospective trial was conducted in an urban pediatric emergency department. Tap water pressure and flow rates were measured, and cultures were obtained before the study and at 5 months after study initiation. Patients 1 to 17 years of age presenting to the pediatric ED with a simple laceration were eligible. Exclusion criteria included immunocompromise, complicated lacerations, or current use of or need for antibiotics. Patients were allocated to the running tap water group or the standard normal saline solution irrigation group. Wounds were closed in standard fashion. Patients returned to the pediatric ED in 48 to 72 hours for evaluation.
                Two hundred seventy-one patients were enrolled in the normal saline solution group and 259 in the tap water group. Tap water and normal saline solution pressures and flow rates differed. The groups did not differ in terms of patient demographic characteristics or wound characteristics. However, more wounds were located on the hand in the tap water group (21.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.3% to 27.1%) compared with those in the normal saline solution group (9.2%; 95% CI 5.9% to 13.4%). The wound infection rates were similar in the 2 groups (normal saline solution group: 2.8% [95% CI 1.1% to 5.7%] versus running tap water group: 2.9% [95% CI 1.2% to 5.9%]).
                There were no clinically important differences in infection rates between wounds irrigated with tap water or normal saline solution. Tap water might be an effective alternative to normal saline solution for wound irrigation in children.
There is no evidence that using tap water to cleanse acute wounds in adults or children increases or reduces infection. There is not strong evidence that cleansing wounds per se increases healing or reduces infection. In the absence of potable tap water, boiled and cooled water as well as distilled water can be used as wound cleansing agents.