dictionnaire:the_morphology_of_classical_latin7 [2015/11/06 17:10]\nLigne 1128: Ligne 1128:\nThe compounds of //fer-re// add to these particularities the phonological particularities that concern the possible consonantal final of their prefix, but are not always spelled: The compounds of //fer-re// add to these particularities the phonological particularities that concern the possible consonantal final of their prefix, but are not always spelled:\n- * //ad-fer-ō// “bring” pronounced [affero:], //ad-fer-s, ad-tul-ī// pronounced [attuli:], //ad-lā-t-um// pronounced [alla:tum] \_\_ //ef-fer-ō// “carry or bring out or away”, //ef-fer-s//, //ex-tul-ī, ē-lā-t-um// \_\_ //dif-fer-ō// “scatter, disperse”, //dif-fer-s//, //distul-ī, dī-lā-t-um// \_\_ //au-fer-ō// “carry or fetch away”, //au-fer-s, abs-tul-ī, ab-lā-t-um// \_\_ //of-fer-ō// “bring to a place”, //of-fer-s, ob-tul-ī, ob-lā-t-um// \_\_ //in-fer-ō// “carry or convey into a place”, //in-fer-s, in-tul-ī, il-lā-t-um// \_\_ //re-fer-ō// “bring back or again”, //re-fer-s, ret-tul-ī, re-lā-t-um// \_\_ //suf-fer-ō// “submit to”, //suf-fer-s, sus-tul-ī, sub-lā-t-um// . + * //ad-fer-ō// “bring” pronounced [affero:], //ad-fer-s, ad-tul-ī// pronounced [attuli:], //ad-lā-t-um// pronounced [alla:tum] \_\_ //ef-fer-ō// “carry or bring out or away”, //ef-fer-s//, //ex-tul-ī, ē-lā-t-um// \_\_ //dif-fer-ō// “scatter, disperse”, //dif-fer-s//, //distul-ī, dī-lā-t-um// \_\_ //au-fer-ō// “carry or fetch away”, //au-fer-s, abs-tul-ī, ab-lā-t-um// \_\_ //of-fer-ō// “bring to a place”, //of-fer-s, ob-tul-ī, ob-lā-t-um// \_\_ //in-fer-ō// “carry or convey into a place”, //in-fer-s, in-tul-ī, il-lā-t-um// \_\_ //re-fer-ō// “bring back or again”, //re-fer-s, ret-tul-ī, re-lā-t-um// \_\_ //suf-fer-ō// “submit to”, //suf-fer-s, sus-tul-ī, sub-lā-t-um//((//Sus-tul-ī// and //sublā-t-um// also supply the perfect and supine of the verb //toll-ō// “pick up”.)) .\nLigne 1134: Ligne 1134:\n- 1. The verb uol-ō whose principal parts are + * **7.10.3.1. The verb uol-ō** whose principal parts are\n- uol-ō, uī-s, uolŭ-ī, uel-le has the particularity of not knowing the allomorph in i uul-t, uul-tis, uel-le phonetic realization of /uel-se /, uel-le-m phonetic realization of /uel-se:-m/ but nevertheless it follows the 2a conjugation, like fer-ō, while it shows some particularities of the su-m conjugation. It is certainly conjugated like fer-ō or leg-ō, with the imperfect uol-ēba-m, uol-ēbā-s and the future uol-a-m, uol-ē-s, like fer-ēba-m and fer-a-m; but in the subjunctive it gives uel-i-m, uel-ī-s etc. like s-i-m, s-ī-s etc. and it shows the same variant en u- in the present fourth person uolu-mus, like su-mus, and unlike feri-mus. To this morphological irregularity is added a phonological particularity that shows that the basic allomorph of the verb is uel-. After an initial u the palatal phoneme /e/ is realized as a velar o before a explosive velar [ł], an u before an implosive [ł], i. e. an [ł] followed by a consonant that is not a second lateral, but an e before a palatal [l]. Thus, the lateral being velar before every vowel except /i/ or every consonant except /l/, /uel/ is realized [woł-] in + * //uol-ō// “I want”, //uolu-mus// “we want”, //uol-unt// “they want”, //uol-ēba-m// “I wanted”, //uol-ēbā-s, etc. uol-a-m// “I shall want”, //uol-ē-s, etc. uol-en-s//, //uol-ent-is// “wanting”\n+ [wuł-] in\n- <code> + * //uul-t// “he want”, //uul-tis// “you want”\n+ but [wel-] in\n- [wuł-] in + * //uel-i-m, uel-ī-s, etc.// and //uel-le-m, uel-lē-s, etc.//\n- <code> + In the second Person of the present //infectum//, the morphological segment //uel-// is replaced by a segment //uī-//, hence //uī-s// “you want” (cf. //in-uī-tus// “not wishing, unwilling”), probably because the consonantal group [ls#] is almost impossible in Latin, //puls, lt-is// “a kind of porridge” quoted by Touratier (2005, p. 127, n. 2) and //uls// “on the farther side of” being the only two examples found in the data basis itinera electronic. In //perfectum// it is the allomorph //uolu-// that is used with the //perfectum// morphological segment /uis ~ u/:\n- </code> +\n- but [wel-] in + * //uolŭ-ī// “I wanted” corresponding to [wołu-w-i:], //uolŭ-is-tī// to [wołu-wis-ti:], etc.\n- <code> + * **7.10.3.2. The compounds**\n- uel-i-m, uel-ī-s, etc. and uel-le-m, uel-lē-s, etc. +\n+ The two compound verbs /no:n uel/ “be unwilling, will not” and /ma:-uel/ “be more willing, prefer”, the principal parts of which are:\n- In the second Person of the present infectum, the morphological segment uel- is replaced by a segment uī-, hence uī-s “you want” (cf. in-uī-tus “not wishing, unwilling”), probably because the consonantal group [ls#] is almost impossible in Latin, puls, lt-is “a kind of porridge” quoted by Touratier (2005, p. 127, n. 2) and uls “on the farther side of” being the only two examples found in the data basis itinera electronic. In perfectum it is the allomorph uolu- that is used with the perfectum morphological segment /uis ~ u/: uolŭ-ī “I wanted” corresponding to [wołu-w-i:], uolŭ-is-tī to [wołu-wis-ti:], etc. + * //nōl-ō, nōn uī-s, nōlŭ-ī, nōl-le// \_\_ //māl-ō, mā-uī-s, mālŭ-ī, māl-le//\n+ exactly follow the same conjugation as the simple verb, but show moreover an allomorph that cancels the begin of the simple verb every time that it would receive an intermediate realization, //i. e.// [e] or [o], hence //māl-ō//, realization of /ma:-uol-ō/, //māl-unt//, realization of /ma:-uol-unt/, //māl-ēba-m//, realization of /ma:-uol-e:ba:-m/, //māl-a-m//¸ realization of /ma:-uol-a:-m/, \_\_ //māl-i-m//, realization of /ma:-uel-i-m/, //māl-le-m//¸ realization of /ma:-uel-le:-m/, //mā-le//, realization of /ma:-uel-le/. \_\_ //nōl-ō//, realization of /no:n uol-o:/, //nōl-unt//, realization of /no:n uol-unt/, //nōl-ēba-m//, realization of /no:n uol-e:ba:-m/, //nōl-a-m//¸ realization of /no:n uol-a:-m/, \_\_ //nōl-i-m//, realization of /no:n uel-i-m/, //nōl-le-m//¸ realization of /no:n uel-le:-m/, //nō-le//, realization of /no:n uel-le/, beside these three forms:\n- <code> + * //mā-uī-s, mā-uul-t//, and //mā-uul-tis// \_\_ //nōn uī-s, nōn uul-t, nōn uul-tis//\n- 2. The compounds +\n+ which use another allomorph than uel- or uol-.\n- The two compound verbs /no:n uel/ “be unwilling, will not” and /ma:-uel/ “be more willing, prefer”, the principal parts of which are: + * **7.10.4. The verb //e-ō, ī-re//**\n+ Having the following principal parts:\n- <code> + * //e-ō, ī-s, i-ī (ī-u-ī), ĭ-t-um, ī-re//\n+ it is a member of the 2nd conjugation, like its morph //ī-// shows in the second person of the so-called present (//ī-s//) and in the infinitive (//ī-re//), but it uses the imperfect and future morphological segment of the 1st conjugation:\n- exactly follow the same conjugation as the simple verb, but show moreover an allomorph that cancels the begin of the simple verb every time that it would receive an intermediate realization, i. e. [e] or [o], hence māl-ō, realization of /ma:-uol-ō/, māl-unt, realization of /ma:-uol-unt/, māl-ēba-m, realization of /ma:-uol-e:ba:-m/, māl-a-m¸ realization of /ma:-uol-a:-m/, māl-i-m, realization of /ma:-uel-i-m/, māl-le-m¸ realization of /ma:-uel-le:-m/, mā-le, realization of /ma:-uel-le/. nōl-ō, realization of /no:n uol-o:/, nōl-unt, realization of /no:n uol-unt/, nōl-ēba-m, realization of /no:n uol-e:ba:-m/, nōl-a-m¸ realization of /no:n uol-a:-m/, nōl-i-m, realization of /no:n uel-i-m/, nōl-le-m¸ realization of /no:n uel-le:-m/, nō-le, realization of /no:n uel-le/, beside these three forms: + * //ī-ba-m// “I went”, //ī-bā-s, ī-b-ō// “I shall go”, //ī-bi-s, etc.//\n- <code> + In the participle, it uses the expected segment //-ent-// of the 2nd conjugation, for the singular nominative and neuter accusative, but an allomorph //-unt-// for the other cases:\n+ * //i-en-s// “going (Nom. masc. or neut.)”, //e-unt-is// “going (Gen.)”,…, //e-unt-em// (Acc. masc.), but //i-en-s// “going (Acc.neut.)”, //etc.//\n- which use another allomorph than uel- or uol-. + In low Latin, the analogical genitive //i-ent-is// was created (cf. //ientibus// in C.I.L. VI, 10241, 12).\n+ The gerund has an allomorph //-und-// instead of the expected form //-end-//:\n- <code> + * //ad e-und-um// “in order to go”, //tempus e-und-ī// “time to go”;\n- D. The verb e-ō, ī-re +\n+ Beside these conjugation anomalies, the verb //ī-re// shows an allomorph //e-// that is phonologically conditioned: it appears before a vowel, different from //e//. Thus //e-ō// “I go”, //e-unt// “they go”, //e-unt-is// “going (Gen.)”, //e-und-um// , //e-a-m// “I may go”, //e-ā-s//\n- Having the following principal parts: + but\n+ * //i-en-s// “going (Nom.)”, phonetic realization of /i:-ent-s/. Before a consonant, it is therefore the allomorph /i:/:\n- e-ō, ī-s, i-ī (ī-u-ī), ĭ-t-um, ī-re\n+ * //ī-ba-m, ī-b-ō, ī-re, ī-re-m,//\n- it is a member of the 2nd conjugation, like its morph ī- shows in the second person of the so-called present (ī-s) and in the infinitive (ī-re), but it uses the imperfect and future morphological segment of the 1st conjugation: + which receives a short realization before a vowel, as in the perefect //i-ī//, the pluperfect //i-er-am// or the future perfect //i-er-ō//. The verb //ī-re// has another allomorph /i/, which is not an allophone of /i:/, in the supine //ĭ-t-um//, and the so-called future participle //ĭ-tūr-us//.\n+ In the //perfectum//, the verb //ī-re// regularly uses the morphological segment / … is/:\n- <code> + * //i-ī, i-is-tī, i-i-t, i-i-mus, i-is-tis, i-er-unt// phonetic realization of /i:-is-unt/\n+ without the contraction of //ii// which would lead to a confusion with the present //i-t//, //i-mus//; //ii// before //s// is regularly contracted to //ī//: as //īsse// (= /i:-is-se/), //īstī// (= /i:-is-ti:/), because a confusion with the present is not possible. But a rare perfect in //-uis-// was created particularly in poetry (Cat., 66,12: //ī-uer-a-t//), maybe in order to avoid the tribrach //ĭ-ěr-ăt//.\n- In the participle, it uses the expected segment -ent- of the 2nd conjugation, for the singular nominative and neuter accusative, but an allomorph -unt- for the other cases: i-en-s “going (Nom. masc. or neut.)”, e-unt-is “going (Gen.)”,…, e-unt-em (Acc. masc.), but i-en-s “going (Acc.neut.)”, etc. In low Latin, the analogical genitive i-ent-is was created (cf. ientibus in C.I.L. VI, 10241, 12). The gerund has an allomorph -und- instead of the expected form -end-:\n- <code> + * **The compound verbs //ad-eō// “approach”** and //in-eō// “enter” are transitive and can be inflected in the passive:\n+ * //ad-eor, ad-ī-ris, ad-ī-tur, ad-ī-mur, ad-ī-minī, ad-e-untur// \_\_ impf. //ad-ī-ba-r//, fut. //ad-ī-bo-r//, subj. //ad-e-a-r//, impf. Subj. //ad-ī-re-r// \_\_ inf. //ad-ī-rī//, part. //ad-i-t-us//, gerundive //ad-e-und-us// \_\_ //perfectum ad-i-t-us su-m, er-a-m, er-ō, s-i-m, es-se-m.//\n- Beside these conjugation anomalies, the verb ī-re shows an allomorph e- that is phonologically conditioned: it appears before a vowel, different from e. Thus e-ō “I go”, e-unt “they go”, e-unt-is “going (Gen.)”, e-und-um , e-a-m “I may go”, e-ā-s + The simple verb //e-ō// has also some passive forms, but used impersonally: //ī-tur// “some one goes (it is gone)”, //i-t-um est// “some one went”, and //ī-rī// (cf. p. 76 the so-called passive future infinitive). Plautus has a form of passive infinitive //irier//((Plaut, //Rud.// 1242: //Mihi istaec uidetur praeda praedatum irier// “this appears to be plunder that will soon be plundered from you again” (Cleveland K. Chase, 1919))) .\n+ The verb //uēne-ō, ī-s, i-ī// or //ī-u-ī// “be sold” (for //uēnum ī-re// “go to sale”), which is used as a passive of //uend-ō, i-s//, //did-ī, di-t-um, e-re// “sell”, follows the conjugation of //e-ō//, and has also several forms in the passive, as the infinitive //ueniri//((Plaut., //Pers.// 577-8 : //Veniri hanc uolo, Si potest// “I want her to be sold, if possible”.)).\n+ The verbs //neque-ō, ī-s, i-ī// or //ī-u-ī, ī-re// “be unable to”, and //que-ō, ī-s, i-ī// or //ī-u-ī, ī-re// “be able to”, follow also the conjugation of //e-ō//, which they are compound (//neque-ō// is probably derived from an impersonal phrase //%%*%%neque itur// “it does not go well”, and //que-ō// by backformation from //neque-ō//).\n- i-en-s “going (Nom.)”, phonetic realization of /i:-ent-s/. Before a consonant, it is therefore the allomorph /i:/: + * **7.10.5. The verb //fie-rī//**\n+ This verb, the principal parts of which are:\n- <code> + * //fī-ō, fī-s,fac-t-us su-m, fierī//\n- </code> + is the passive of\n+ * //faciō, i-s, fēc-ī, fac-t-um, face-re// “make”\n- which receives a short realization before a vowel, as in the perefect i-ī, the pluperfect i-er-am or the future perfect i-er-ō. The verb ī-re has another allomorph /i/, which is not an allophone of /i:/, in the supine ĭ-t-um, and the so-called future participle ĭ-tūr-us. In the perfectum, the verb ī-re regularly uses the morphological segment / … is/: + which is regular. But it has the imperative //fac//, and the perfectum future //fax-ō//, and //perfectum// subjunctive //fax-i-m//, besides the regular forms //fēc-er-ō// and //fēc-er-i-m//.\n+ As for //fī-ō//, its //infectum// system is regular and belongs to the 2nd conjugation but the subjunctive imperfect is //fierem//, and the infinitive //fierī//. This appearent irregularity is very easily explained if we suppose that this verb shows, in //infectum//, an allomorph /fi:i/ and in perfectum an allomorph fac-. And the irregularity is the fact that the signifier is associated with the signified “be made”, which is really the passive of “make”, and thus it needs no Passive morphem, which nevertheless appears in the infinitive //fie-rī//. In the //perfectum//, it is the supine of the verb //faci-ō// “make” that is used; in order to correspond to the same signified, it needs the Passive morphem and thus the morphological combination with the //perfectum// or the person unit.\n- <code> + The irregularities mentioned by grammars between the //ī// de //fīō// which doesn’t become short before a vowel, and the expected short //ǐ// of //fierem// and //fierī//, which don’t seem to correspond to the 2nd conjugation, //fie-rem// corresponding to //cape-rem//, but with one additional //i//, and //fie-rī// to //audī-rī//, but with one additional //e//. If we admit that this verb has an allomorph /fi:i/ in the //infectum//, then in /fi:i-o:/ the short //i//, which is between two vowel has a consonantal phonetic realization [j], and the /i:/ which is not found before a vowel has no reason to become short; hence //fī-ō//. And so, for //fī-unt//, //fī-ēba-m, fī-a-m, fī-ē-s//, //etc.// But in the imperfect subjunctive /fi:i-se:-m/, the short //i// is before a consonant and therefore has a vocalic realization; but this consonant /s/ being between two vowels and after a morpheme boundary is phonetically realized [r], which leads the neutralization of the /i/ ~ /e/ opposition, and therefore an intermediary realization for the previous vowel. And the long //ī// before this vowel receives a bisegmental realization [ij] because the neutralization of the quantity oppositions, hence [fijerem] spelled //fierem//. And so, /fi:i-ri:/ with the not necessary and anomalous morphological combination //-rī// of passive infinitive makes [fijeri:], which is fully phonologically normal.\n+ As for the other persons of the so-called present, //fī-s// corresponds to /fi:i-s/ which is realized [fi:-s] spelled //fis//, because the obligatory contraction into a long //ī// of two //i// not separated by a morpheme boundary; fit corresponds to /fi:i-t/; but beside the contraction into a long //ī//, there is neutralization if the quantity oppositions before word final consonant other than //s//, hence the phonetic realization [fit].\n- without the contraction of ii which would lead to a confusion with the present i-t, i-mus; ii before s is regularly contracted to ī: as īsse (= /i:-is-se), īstī (= /i:-is-ti:/), because a confusion with the present is not possible. But a rare perfect in -uis- was created particularly in poetry (Cat., 66,12: ī-uer-a-t), maybe in order to avoid the tribrach ĭ-ěr-ăt.\n- <code> + **Most compounds of //faci-ō//** show the morphological alternations /a/ ~ /i/ in an open syllable, and /a/ ~ /e/ in a closed syllable, which are synchronical consequences of the historical phonetic change called apophony, are inflectd in the following way:\n+ * //con-fici-ō, -fici-s, -fēc-ī, -fec-t-um, -fice-re// « finish »\n- The simple verb e-ō has also some passive forms, but used impersonally: ī-tur “some one goes (it is gone)”, i-t-um est “some one went”, and ī-rī (cf. p. 76 the so-called passive future infinitive). Plautus has a form of passive infinitive irier . The verb uēne-ō, ī-s, i-ī or ī-u-ī “be sold” (for uēnum ī-re “go to sale”), which is used as a passive of uend-ō, i-s, did-ī, di-t-um, e-re “sell”, follows the conjugation of e-ō, and has also several forms in the passive, as the infinitive ueniri . The verbs neque-ō, ī-s, i-ī or ī-u-ī, ī-re “be unable to”, and que-ō, ī-s, i-ī or ī-u-ī, ī-re “be able to”, follow also the conjugation of e-ō, which they are compound (neque-ō is probably derived from an impersonal phrase %%*%%neque itur “it does not go well”, and que-ō by backformation from neque-ō). + and in the passive:\n+ * //con-fici-or, -fice-ris, -fec-t-us su-m, fic-ī.//\n- <code> + But a few isolated forms of //fī-ō// can occur in these verbs: //confit// “it happens”, //dēfit// “it lacks”, //inter-fī-a-t// “let him perish”, //inter-fie-rī// “to perish”.\n- E. The verb fie-rī “1) be made → 2) become” +\n+ Some compounds retain the //a//¸ and normally have //-fi-ō// in the passive: as, //pate-faci-ō// “to make visible", //cale-faci-ō// “make hot”, //bene-faci-ō// “do a service to”, //satis-faci-ō// “give satisfaction”.\n- This verb, the principal parts of which are: fī-ō, fī-s,fac-t-us su-m, fierī is the passive of + But occasionly occur //calfacientur// (Vitr. 5,10,1), //satisfacitur// (Var.,// Men.//,82)\n- faciō, i-s, fēc-ī, fac-t-um, face-re “make”\n+ * **7.10.6. The verb //ed-ō, i-s, ēd-ī, ē-s-um, e-re//, “eat”**\n- which is regular. But it has the imperative fac, and the perfectum future fax-ō, and perfectum subjunctive fax-i-m, besides the regular forms fēc-er-ō and fēc-er-i-m. As for fī-ō, its infectum system is regular and belongs to the 2nd conjugation but the subjunctive imperfect is fierem, and the infinitive fierī. This appearent irregularity is very easily explained if we suppose that this verb shows, in infectum, an allomorph /fi:i/ and in perfectum an allomorph fac-. And the irregularity is the fact that the signifier is associated with the signified “be made”, which is really the passive of “make”, and thus it needs no Passive morphem, which nevertheless appears in the infinitive fie-rī. In the perfectum, it is the supine of the verb faci-ō “make” that is used; in order to correspond to the same signified, it needs the Passive morphem and thus the morphological combination with the perfectum or the person unit. The irregularities mentioned by grammars between the ī de fīō which doesn’t become short before a vowel, and the expected short ǐ of fierem and fierī, which don’t seem to correspond to the 2nd conjugation, fie-rem corresponding to cape-rem, but with one additional i, and fie-rī to audī-rī, but with one additional e. If we admit that this verb has an allomorph /fi:i/ in the infectum, then in /fi:i-o:/ the short i, which is between two vowel has a consonantal phonetic realization [j], and the /i:/ which is not found before a vowel has no reason to become short; hence fī-ō. And so, for fī-unt, fī-ēba-m, fī-a-m, fī-ē-s, etc. But in the imperfect subjunctive /fi:i-se:-m/, the short i is before a consonant and therefore has a vocalic realization; but this consonant /s/ being between two vowels and after a morpheme boundary is phonetically realized [r], which leads the neutralization of the /i/ ~ /e/ opposition, and therefore an intermediary realization for the previous vowel. And the long ī before this vowel receives a bisegmental realization [ij] because the neutralization of the quantity oppositions, hence [fijerem] spelled fierem. And so, /fi:i-ri:/ with the not necessary and anomalous morphological combination -rī of passive infinitive makes [fijeri:], which is fully phonologically normal. As for the other persons of the so-called present, fī-s corresponds to /fi:i-s/ which is realized [fi:-s] spelled fis, because the obligatory contraction into a long ī of two i not separated by a morpheme boundary; fit corresponds to /fi:i-t/; but beside the contraction into a long ī, there is neutralization if the quantity oppositions before word final consonant other than s, hence the phonetic realization [fit]. + which must not be confused with the verb\n+ * //ēd-ō, i-s, did-ī, di-t-um, e-re// “eject, emit”,\n- <code> + has become a regular verb of the 2a conjugation; but besides the forms in //i// it shows some forms without //i// but with an initial long //ē//, whereas the forms of the 2a conjugation start with a short e:\n- Most compounds of faci-ō show the morphological alternations /a/ ~ /i/ in an open syllable, and /a/ ~ /e/ in a closed syllable, which are synchronical consequences of the historical phonetic change called apophony, are inflectd in the following way: +\n- con-fici-ō, -fici-s, -fēc-ī, -fec-t-um, -fice-re « finish » +\n+ * //ē-s// beside //edi-s//, //ēs-se-m// beside //ede-re-m//, phonetic realization of /edi-se:-m/, //ēs-se// beside //ede-re// phonetic realization of /edi-se/\n- and in the passive: + which can be descripted by a variant /e:d/ immediately before a phoneme /s/. That would correspond to the diachronic change of //%%*%%ed-s// > //%%*%%ēs-s// (with regressive assimilation and compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel((cf. Niedermann, Max, 1953 , //Phon. historique//, p. 69.)) ), and finally //%%*%%ēs-s// > //ēs// ((Cf. Niedemann, 19533, p. 121.))), and //%%*%%ed-tos// > //%%*%%ētstos, ēs-sus//((Cf Niedermann, 1953, p. 149.)) ,// ēsus//((Cf. Niedermann, 19533, p. 148)). But there are also\n+ //ēst, ēstis//, (the passive //ēs-tur//) beside //edi-t, edi-tis// (and //edi-tur//),\n- con-fici-or, -fice-ris, -fec-t-us su-m, fic-ī.\n+ which cannot correspond to /e:d-t/ and /e:d-tis/, and even result from //%%*%%ed-tis//, as they should have become //%%*%%ēs// and //%%*%%ēsis//, and not //ēs-t// and //ēs-tis//; but “the analogical process impeded the phonetic process”, as Ernout writes((Cf. Niedermann, 1953, p. 148)) . Therefore, it is necessary to assume the existence of an allomorph /e:s-/ phonologically conditioned by a morphem beginning with an apico-dental /t/ or /s/. Then, like the verbs without an allomorph in //i// (cf. //s-i-m// and //uel-i-m//), it uses the subjunctive allomorph in //-i-m//, beside the expected subjunctive in //-a-//:\n- But a few isolated forms of fī-ō can occur in these verbs: confit “it happens”, dēfit “it lacks”, inter-fī-a-t “let him perish”, inter-fie-rī “to perish”. Some compounds retain the a¸ and normally have -fi-ō in the passive: as, pate-faci-ō “to make visible", cale-faci-ō “make hot”, bene-faci-ō “do a service to”, satis-faci-ō “give satisfaction”. But occasionly occur calfacientur (Vitr. 5,10,1), satisfacitur (Var., Men.\n+ * //ed-i-m, ed-ī-s, ed-i-t//, //etc.// beside //ed- a-m, ed-ā-s, ed-a-t, etc.//\n- <code> + The two forms concurrently existed until the Augustan age; “Horatius always uses //edim//, Ovidius //edam//” (according to Ernout, 19533, p. 184).\n- which must not be confused with the verb\n+ So the verb //ed-ō// is conjugated in following way:\n- ēd-ō, i-s, did-ī, di-t-um, e-re “eject, emit”,\n- has become a regular verb of the 2a conjugation; but besides the forms in i it shows some forms without i but with an initial long ē, whereas the forms of the 2a conjugation start with a short e: ē-s beside edi-s, ēs-se-m beside ede-re-m, phonetic realization of /edi-se:-m/, ēs-se beside ede-re phonetic realization of /edi-se/ which can be descripted by a variant /e:d/ immediately before a phoneme /s/. That would correspond to the diachronic change of %%*%%ed-s > %%*%%ēs-s (with regressive assimilation and compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel ), and finally %%*%%ēs-s > ēs ), and %%*%%ed-tos > %%*%%ētstos, ēs-sus , ēsus . But there are also + PRESENT: //ed- ō, edi-s (ēs), edi-t (ēs-t), edi-mus, edi-tis (ēs-tis), ed-unt// \_\_ IMPERFECT: //ed-ēba-m, ed-ēbā-s, ed-ēba-t, etc.// \_\_ SUBJUNCTIVE: //ed-a-m, (ed-i-m), ed-ā-s (ed-ī-s), ed-a-t (ed-i-t), etc.// \_\_ IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: //ēs-se-m, ēs-sē-s, ēs-se-t, etc. (ed-ere-m, ede-rē-s, etc.// being secondary and analogical((//Ederent// is nevertheless found in Gel. 19,2,7.)) ) \_\_ IMPERATIVE: //ēs, ēs-te// \_\_ FUTURE IMPERATIVE: //ēs-tō, ēs-tō-te, ed-untō// \_\_ INFINITIVE: //ēs-se// (//ede-re// being secondary and analogical) \_\_ PERFECT INFINITIVE: //ēd-is-se// \_\_ GERUND: //ed-end-ī, d-ō, d-um// \_\_ SUPINE: //ēs-um, ēs-ū// \_\_ FUTURE PARTICIPLE: //esūr-us//((Plaut, //Men.// 147 : //Vbi essuri sumus ?// “Where are we going to eat?”)).\n- ēst, ēstis, (the passive ēs-tur) beside edi-t, edi-tis (and edi-tur),\n+ * **7.10.7. The verb //d-ō// “give”** is regularly conjugated like //am-ō, amā-s//, but it has an //ă// everywhere //am-ō// has an //ā//, except in the present //dā-s// and the imperative //dā//. Thus it is conjugated in the following way:\n+ in the present: //d-ō, dā-s, dăt, dă-mus, dă-tis, dă-nt// \_\_ in the other tenses and moods: //dă-ba-m, dă-b-ō, dă-re, dă-te, dă-tō, dă-re-m, etc.// \_\_ in the passive: //da-ri, da-tur, da-ba-r, da-b-or, da-t-us su-m, da-t-us er-a-m, da-rī, da-t-um es-se, etc.//\n- <code> + If the subjunctive //d-e-m, d-ē-s, d-e-t// is classical, archaic Latin retains subjunctive forms which show the original autonomy of the subjunctive:\n- ed-i-m, ed-ī-s, ed-i-t, etc. beside ed- a-m, ed-ā-s, ed-a-t, etc. +\n- The two forms concurrently existed until the Augustan age; “Horatius always uses edim, Ovidius edam” (according to Ernout, 19533, p. 184). + * Plaut., //Amph.// 72: //Duint// , Plaut., //Capt.// 947: //ne duīs// , Plaut., //Aul.// 238: //ne duās//.\n- So the verb ed-ō is conjugated in following way:\n+ * **7.11. Classified lists of verbs**\n+ * **7.11.1. The first conjugation**\n+ * **7.11.1.1.** The 1st conjugation\n- If the subjunctive d-e-m, d-ē-s, d-e-t is classical, archaic Latin retains subjunctive forms which show the original autonomy of the subjunctive:\n- <code> + There are “about 570 verbs in //-ē-//, among which 180 are simple verbs” (according to Ernout, 1953, p.143)\n+ * 7.11.1.1.1. Most of these verbs are inflected like //mone-ō// “warn”, //ŭ-ī, i-t-um//:\n- There are “about 570 verbs in -ē-, among which 180 are simple verbs” (according to Ernout, 19533, p.143) a.\tMost of these verbs are inflected like mone-ō “warn”, ŭ-ī, i-t-um: cale-ō “be warm”, debe-ō, habe-o, praebe-ō, tace-ō, etc. b. some have certainly a perfetum in ŭ-ī, but no supine in i-tum time-ō “fear”, timŭ-ī, ─ care-ō “lack”, carŭ-ī, ─ ege-ō “need”, egŭ-ī, ─ cense-ō “value”, cēnsŭ-ī, cēn-s-um doce-ō “teach”, docŭ-ī, doc-t-um misce-ō “mix”, miscŭ-ī, mix-t-um tene-ō “hold“, tenŭ-ī, ten-t-um torre-ō “roast“, torrŭ-ī, tos-t-um c. Some of these have the same morph in all the form systems: dele-ō “destroy”, dēlē-re, dēlē-u-ī, dēlē-t-um fle-ō “weep”, flē-re¸ flē-u-ī, flē-t-um ne-ō “sew”, nē-re, nē-u-ī, nē-t-um com-ple-ō “fill up”, -plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um ex-ple-ō “fill up”, -plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um im-ple-ō “fill”, -plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um re-ple-ō “fill again”, -plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um + * //cale-ō// “be warm”, //debe-ō, habe-o, praebe-ō, tace-ō, etc.//\n+ * //dele-ō// “destroy”, //dēlē-re, dēlē-u-ī, dēlē-t-um// \_\_ //fle-ō// “weep”, //flē-re//¸ //flē-u-ī, flē-t-um// \_\_ //ne-ō// “sew”, //nē-re, nē-u-ī, nē-t-um// \_\_ //com-ple-ō// “fill up”, //-plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um// \_\_ //ex-ple-ō// “fill up”, //-plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um// \_\_ //im-ple-ō// “fill”, //-plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um// \_\_ //re-ple-ō// “fill again”, //-plē-re, -plē-u-ī, -plē-t-um//.\n+ * 7.11.1.1.4. some of these have a reduplication //perfectum//:\n- morde-ō “bite”, mo-mord-ī, mor-s-um pende-ō “hang”, pe-pend-ī, ─ sponde-ō “pledge”, spo-pond-ī, spōn-s-um tonde-ō “shear”, to-tond-ī (tond-ī), tōn-s-um + * //morde-ō// “bite”, //mo-mord-ī, mor-s-um// \_\_ //pende-ō// “hang”, //pe-pend-ī, ─ // \_\_ //sponde-ō// “pledge”, //spo-pond-ī, spōn-s-um// \_\_ //tonde-ō// “shear”, //to-tond-ī (tond-ī), tōn-s-um//.\n- <code> + * 7.11.1.1.5. a number of these has a sigmatic //perfectum//:\n+ * //ārde-ō, ār-s-ī, ār-sūr-us// \_\_ //rīde-ō, rī-s-ī, rī-s-um// \_\_ //suāde-ō// “urge”, //suā-s-ī, suā-s-um// \_\_ //haere-ō// “cling”, //hae-s-ī, hae-s-um// \_\_ //mane-ō// “wait”, //man-s-ī, man-s-um// \_\_ //fulge-ō// “shine”, //ful-s-ī, ─// \_\_ //torque-ō// “twist”, //tor-s-ī, tor-t-um// \_\_ //indulge-ō// “indulge”, //indul-s-ī, indul-t-um// \_\_ //iube-ō// “order”, //ius-s-ī, ius-s-um// \_\_ //auge-ō// “increase”, //aux-ī, auc-t-um// \_\_ //lūce-ō// “shine”, //lūx-ī, ─//.\n+ * 7.11.1.1.6. some have a lengthening //perfectum//:\n- ārde-ō, ār-s-ī, ār-sūr-us rīde-ō, rī-s-ī, rī-s-um suāde-ō “urge”, suā-s-ī, suā-s-um haere-ō “cling”, hae-s-ī, hae-s-um mane-ō “wait”, man-s-ī, man-s-um fulge-ō “shine”, ful-s-ī, ─ torque-ō “twist”, tor-s-ī, tor-t-um indulge-ō “indulge”, indul-s-ī, indul-t-um iube-ō “order”, ius-s-ī, ius-s-um auge-ō “increase”, aux-ī, auc-t-um lūce-ō “shine”, lūx-ī, ─ f.\tsome have a lengthening perfectum caue-ō “care”, cāu-ī, cau-t-um faue-ō “favor”, fāu-ī, fau-t-um foue-ō, “cherish”, fōu-ī, fō-t-um moue-ō “move”, mōu-ī, mō-t-um uoue-ō “vow“, uōu-ī, uō-t-um sede-ō “sit”, sēd-ī, ses-s-um uide-ō “see“, uīd-ī, uī-s-um g.\tthree are semi-deponent: aude-ō “dare”, au-s-us su-m gaude-ō “rejoice”, gāuī-s-us su-m sole-ō “be wont“, soli-t-us su-m + * //caue-ō// “care”, //cāu-ī, cau-t-um// \_\_ //faue-ō// “favor”, //fāu-ī, fau-t-um// \_\_ //foue-ō//, “cherish”, //fōu-ī, fō-t-um// \_\_ //moue-ō// “move”, //mōu-ī, mō-t-um// \_\_ //uoue-ō// “vow“, //uōu-ī, uō-t-um// \_\_ //sede-ō// “sit”, //sēd-ī, ses-s-um// \_\_ //uide-ō// “see“, //uīd-ī, uī-s-um//.\n+ * //aude-ō// “dare”, //au-s-us su-m// \_\_ //gaude-ō// “rejoice”, //gāuī-s-us su-m// \_\_ //sole-ō// “be wont“, //soli-t-us su-m//\n+ * **7.11.1.2. The 1a. conjugation.** There are “about 3620 verbs in //-ā-//, among which 1800 are simple verbs” (according to Ernout, 1953, p.138)\n- <code> + * 7.11.1.2.1. most of these verbs have only two allomorphs, like //amā- ~ am-//\n+ * 7.11.1.2.2. two verbs have a reduplication perfectum:\n- dă-re “give”, de-d-ī, dă-t-um stā-re “stand”, ste-t-ī, stā-tūr-us c. some verbs have a prefectum in ŭ-ī: crepā-re “resound”, crepŭ-ī, crepi-t-um cubā-re “be in bed”, cubŭ-ī, cubi-t-um domā-re “subdue”, domŭ-ī, domi-t-um secā-re “cut”, secŭ-ī, sec-t-um sonā-re “sound”, sonŭ-ī, soni-t-um tonā-re “thunder“, tonŭ-ī, ─ uetā-re “forbid”, uetŭ-ī, ueti-t-um + * //dă-re// “give”, //de-d-ī, dă-t-um// \_\_ //stā-re// “stand”, //ste-t-ī, stā-tūr-us//\n+ * 7.11.1.2.4. one verb with a lengthening perfectum\n- <code> + * //iuuā-re// “help”, //iūu-ī, iū-t-um//\n+ * **7.11.2. The 2nd conjugation**\n- iuuā-re “help”, iūu-ī, iū-t-um + * **7.11.2.1. The 2nd conjugation**\n+ There are ─ beside 5 deponents and some derivatives in //-ŭri-ō//, among which only two are in common usage: //par-turī-re// “be in labor” from //pari-ō// “bring forth”, and //ēsurī-re// “be hungry” from //ed-ō// “eat” ─ 65 denominatives //ī-re// (according to Mignot, 1969, //Les verbes dénominatifs latins//, p. 51)\n- <code> + * 7.11.2.1.1.: Verbs with a //-uis- perfectum//:\n- 1. The 2nd conjugation + * audī-re, \_\_ //sepelī-re, sepelī-u-ī, pul-tum// “bury”; \_\_ //cupi-ō, cupī-u-ī, cupī-t-um, e-re// “wish for, desire”; \_\_ //sapi-ō, sapī-u-ī, e-re// “have a taste, show good sense”,”\n+ * 7.11.2.1.3. Verbs with lengthening //perfectum//:\n- There are ─ beside 5 deponents and some derivatives in -ŭri-ō, among which only two are in common usage: par-turī-re “be in labor” from pari-ō “bring forth”, and ēsurī-re “be hungry” from ed-ō “eat” ─ 65 denominatives ī-re (according to Mignot, 1969, Les verbes dénominatifs latins, p. 51) a.\tVerbs with a -uis- perfectum: audī-re, sepelī-re, sepelī-u-ī, pul-tum “bury”; cupi-ō, cupī-u-ī, cupī-t-um, e-re “wish for, desire”; sapi-ō, sapī-u-ī, e-re “have a taste, show good sense”,” b. Verbs in ŭī: aperī-re, aperŭ-ī, aper-tum “open”, operī-re, uī, tum “cover”, salī-re, uī, tum “jump, leap”; rapi-ō, e-re, u¬¬ī, t-um “take away” + * //uenī-re, uēn-ī, uen-tum// “come”; \_\_ //fodi-ō, fōd-ī, fos-sum, fode-re// “dig”; \_\_ //faci-ō, fēc-ī, fac-tum, face-re// “make”; \_\_ //iaci-ō, iēc-ī, iac-tum, iace-re// “throw”; \_\_ //fugi-ō, fūg-ī, fugi-tūr-us, fuge-re// “flee”.\n+ * 7.11.2.1.4. Verbs with sigmatic //perfectum//:\n- <code> + * //farcī-re, far-s-ī, far-tum (farc-tum)// “stuff”; \_\_ //haurī-re// “drain”, //hau-s-ī, haus-tum//, this verb shows the difference between the historic rhotacismus, which happened (//haurī-// < //%%*%%hausi-//), and the synchronic rhotacismus, which doesn’t happen (/hauri:/ alternating with /haus/ in the perfect and supine). \_\_ //sarcī-re, sars-ī, sar-tum// “patch”, \_\_ //sentī-re, sen-s-ī, sen-sum// “feel”, \_\_ //uincī-re, uinx-ī, uinc-tum// “bind” \_\_ //quati-o, ─, quas-sum, quate-re// “shake”; \_\_ //concuti-ō, -cus-sī, -cus-sum, -cute-re// “shake”; \_\_ //percuti-ō, -cus-sī, -cus-sum,-cute-re// “strike forcibly hit”. \_\_\n- fodi-ō, fōd-ī, fos-sum, fode-re “dig”; faci-ō, fēc-ī, fac-tum, face-re “make”; iaci-ō, iēc-ī, iac-tum, iace-re “throw”; fugi-ō, fūg-ī, fugi-tūr-us, fuge-re “flee” + * 7.11.2.1.5. Verbs with Reduplication //perfectum//:\n- <code> + * //pari-o, pe-per-ī, par-tum, pare-re// “give birth to, bear”.\n+ * **7.11.2.2. The 2a conjugation**\n- farcī-re, far-s-ī, far-tum (farc-tum) “stuff”; haurī-re “drain”, hau-s-ī, haus-tum, this verb shows the difference between the historic rhotacismus, which happened (haurī- < %%*%%hausi-), and the synchronic rhotacismus, which doesn’t happen (/hauri:/ alternating with /haus/ in the perfect and supine). sarcī-re, sars-ī, sar-tum “patch”, sentī-re, sen-s-ī, sen-sum “feel”, uincī-re, uinx-ī, uinc-tum “bind” quati-o, ─, quas-sum, quate-re “shake”; concuti-ō, -cus-sī, -cus-sum, -cute-re “shake”: percuti-ō, -cus-sī, -cus-sum,-cute-re “strike forcibly hit”. + “about 570 simple verbs and 1830 compound verbs, in all: about 2400 verbs” (Ernout, 1953, p. 124)\n+ * 7.11.2.2.1. with sigmatic //perfectum//: stem ending with a bilabial:\n- <code> + * //nūb-ō// “marry”, //nūp-s-ī, nūp-tum//; \_\_ //scrīb-ō// “write”, //scrīp-s-ī, scrīp-tum//.\n+ stem ending with a voiced apico-dental:\n- pari-o, pe-per-ī, par-tum, pare-re “give birth to, bear”. + * //cēd-ō// “yield”, //ces-s-ī, ces-sum//; \_\_ //claud-ō// “shut”, //clau-s-ī, claus-sum//; \_\_ //dīuid-ō// “divide”, //dīuī-s-ī, dīuī-sum//; \_\_ //frend-ō// “gnash”,// ─, frēs-sum (fres-sum)//; \_\_ //laed-ō// “hurt”, //lae-s-ī, lae-sum//; \_\_ //lūd-ō// “play”, //lūd-ī, lū-sum//; \_\_ //plaud-ō// “applaud”, //plau-s-ī, plau-sum//; \_\_ //rād-ō// “scrape”, //rā-s-ī, rā-sum//; \_\_ //rōd-ō// “gnaw”, //rō-s-ī, rō-sum//; \_\_ //trūd-ō// “thrust”, //trū-s-ī, trū-sum//; \_\_ //uād-ō// “go”, //uā-s-ī, uā-sum//. \_\_ //mitt-ō// “send”, //mī-s-ī// (= /mi:t-s-i:/), //mis-sum// (= /mit-sum/); \_\_ //omitt-ō// “release from”, //omī-s-ī, omis-sum//.\n+ stem ending with a velar:\n- <code> + * //dīc-ō// “say”, //dīx-ī, dic-tum//; \_\_ //dūc-ō// “guide”, //dūx-ī, duc-tum//;\n+ stem ending with a voiced velar:\n- “about 570 simple verbs and 1830 compound verbs, in all: about 2400 verbs” (Ernout, 19533, p. 124) a.\twith sigmatic perfectum: stem ending with a bilabial: carp-ō, carp-s-ī, carp-tum “pluck”; rēp-ō “creep”, rēp-s-ī, ─ ; scalp-ō, scalp-s-ī, scalp-tum “scrape”; sculp-ō “carve”, sculp-s-ī, sculp-tum; serp-ō “crawl”, serp-s-ī, ─; stem ending with a voiced bilabial: nūb-ō “marry”, nūp-s-ī, nūp-tum; scrīb-ō “write”, scrīp-s-ī, scrīp-tum. stem ending with a voiced apico-dental: cēd-ō “yield”, ces-s-ī, ces-sum; claud-ō “shut”, clau-s-ī, claus-sum; dīuid-ō “divide”, dīuī-s-ī, dīuī-sum; frend-ō “gnash”, ─, frēs-sum (fres-sum); laed-ō “hurt”, lae-s-ī, lae-sum; lūd-ō “play”, lūd-ī, lū-sum; plaud-ō “applaud”, plau-s-ī, plau-sum; rād-ō “scrape”, rā-s-ī, rā-sum; rōd-ō “gnaw”, rō-s-ī, rō-sum; trūd-ō “thrust”, trū-s-ī, trū-sum; uād-ō “go”, uā-s-ī, uā-sum. mitt-ō “send”, mī-s-ī (= /mi:t-s-i:/), mis-sum (= /mit-sum/); omitt-ō “release from”, omī-s-ī, omis-sum. stem ending with a velar: dīc-ō “say”, dīx-ī, dic-tum; dūc-ō “guide”, dūx-ī, duc-tum; stem ending with a voiced velar: ang-ō “choke”, ānx-ī, ─; cing-ō “bind”, cinx-ī, cinc-tum; ēmung-ō “clean out”, -mūnx-ī, -mūnc-tum; fīg-ō “fix”, fīx-ī, fīx-um; fing-ō “fashion”, finx-ī, fic-tum; -flīg-ō “smite”, -flīx-ī, -flīc-tum; frig-ō “fry”, frīx-ī, frīc-tum; iung-ō “join”, iūnx-ī, iūnc-tum; perg-ō “go on”, perrēx-ī, perrēc-tum; ping-ō “paint”, pīnx-ī, pic-tum; plang-ō “beat”, plānx-ī, plānc-tum; reg-ō “rule”, rēx-ī, rēc-tum; string-ō “bind”, strīnx-ī, stric-tum; sūg-ō “suck”, sūx-ī, sūc-tum; surg-ō “rise”, surrēx-ī, surrēc-tum; teg-ō “shelter”, tēx-ī, tēc-tum; ting-ō “stain”, tīnx-ī, tīnc-tum; merg-ō “plunge”, mer-s-ī, mer-sum; sparg-ō “scatter”, spar-s-ī, spar-sum; terg-ō “wipe”, ter-s-ī, ter-sum; stem ending with a labiovelar: coqu-ō “cook”, cox-ī, coc-tum; -stingu-ō “quench”, -stīnx-ī, -stīnc-tum; ungu-ō (ung-ō) “anoint”, ūnx-ī, ūnc-tum; stem ending with ct: flect-ō “bend”, flex-ī, flex-um; nect-ō “weave”, nex-ī (nexu-i), nex-um; pect-ō “comb”, pex-ī, pex-um; plect-ō “braid”, plex-ī, plec-tum. stem ending with a nasal: cōm-ō “comb, deck”, cōmp-s-ī, cōmp-tum; dēm-ō “take away”, dēmp-s-ī, dēmp-tum; prem-ō, pres-s-ī, pres-sum “press”; prōm-ō “bring out”, prōmp-s-ī, prōmp-tum; sūm-ō “take”, sūmp-sī, sūmp-tum. temn-ō “despise”, temp-s-ī, temp-tum. + * //ang-ō// “choke”, //ānx-ī, ─//; \_\_ //cing-ō// “bind”, //cinx-ī, cinc-tum//; \_\_ //ēmung-ō// “clean out”, //-mūnx-ī, -mūnc-tum//; \_\_ //fīg-ō// “fix”, //fīx-ī, fīx-um//; \_\_ //fing-ō// “fashion”, //finx-ī, fic-tum//; \_\_ //-flīg-ō// “smite”, //-flīx-ī, -flīc-tum//; \_\_ //frig-ō// “fry”, //frīx-ī, frīc-tum//; \_\_ //iung-ō// “join”, //iūnx-ī, iūnc-tum//; \_\_ //perg-ō// “go on”, //perrēx-ī, perrēc-tum//; \_\_ //ping-ō// “paint”, //pīnx-ī, pic-tum//; \_\_ //plang-ō// “beat”, //plānx-ī, plānc-tum//; \_\_ //reg-ō// “rule”, //rēx-ī, rēc-tum//; \_\_ //string-ō// “bind”, //strīnx-ī, stric-tum// ; \_\_ //sūg-ō// “suck”, //sūx-ī, sūc-tum//; \_\_ //surg-ō// “rise”, //surrēx-ī, surrēc-tum//; \_\_ //teg-ō// “shelter”, //tēx-ī, tēc-tum//; \_\_ //ting-ō// “stain”, //tīnx-ī, tīnc-tum//; \_\_ //merg-ō// “plunge”, //mer-s-ī, mer-sum//; \_\_ //sparg-ō// “scatter”, //spar-s-ī, spar-sum//; \_\_ //terg-ō// “wipe”, //ter-s-ī, ter-sum//;\n+ stem ending with a labiovelar:\n- flu-ō “flow”, flūx-ī, flux-um; stru-ō “build”, strūx-ī, strūc-tum. trah-ō “drag”, trāx-ī, trāc-tum; ueh-ō “draw”, uēx-ī, uec-tum. uīu-ō “live”, uīx-ī, uīc-tum. ger-ō “carry”, ges-s-ī, ges-tum (there are two allomorphs /geri/ ~ /ges/); ūr-ō “burn”, us-s-ī, us-tum. b.\twith -uis- or only -is- Perfectum? acu-ō, acu-ī, acū-tum “sharpen”; the present acu-ō corresponds to [akuwo:], which is the phonetic realization of /aku:-o:/ (cf. acū-tum). As for the perfect acu-ī, is it a perfect in /is/, as /aku:-i:/ or /aku-i:/, or a perfect in /uis/? If it was in /uis/, it would correspond to a phonological sequence /aku:-uis-/ or /aku-u-i:/. argu-ō “accuse” (= /argu:-ō/), argu-ī, argū-tum; imbu-ō “give a taste of”, imbu-ī, imbū-tum; lu-ō “wash”, lu-ī, -lū-tum; metu-ō “fear”, metu-ī, metū-tum; minu-ō “lessen”, minu-ī, minū-tum; statu-ō “establish”, statu-ī, statū-tum; su-ō “sew”, su-ī, sū-tum; (ex)u-ō “put off”, u-ī, ū-tum; tribu-ō “assign”, tribu-ī, tribū-tum; (con)gru-ō “agree”, gru-ī, ─ ; -nu-ō “nod”, -nu-ī, ─ ; spu-ō “spit”, spu-ī, ─ ; sternu-ō “sneeze”, sternu-ī, ─ ; ru-ō “fall”, ru-ī, rŭ-tum (rui-tūr-us), /ruo:/ would be better than /ruuo:/, because it would explain why the supine is rutum and not %%*%%rūtum. Perfectum in [i:-wis]: arcess-ō “summon”, arcessī-u-ī, arcessī-tum; capess-ō “undertake”, capessī-u-ī, ─ ; incess-ō “attack”, incessī-u-ī, ─ ; lacess-ō “provoke”, lacessī-u-ī, lacessī-tum; pet-ō “seek to obtain”, petī-u-ī or peti-ī, petī-tum; quaer-ō “seek”, quaesī-u-ī or quaesi-ī, quaesī-tum; rud-ō “bray”, rudī-u-ī, ─ ; scisc-ō “decree”, scī-u-ī, scī-tum; ter-ō “rub”, trī-u-ī, trī-tum. sin-ō “permit”, sī-u-ī, si-tum. perfectum in [u-wis]: al-ō “nourish”, alu-ī, al-tum (ali-tum); col-ō “dwell, till”, colu-ī, cultum; compēsc-ō “restrain”, compēscu-ī, ─ ; cōnsul-ō “consult”, cōnsulu-ī, cōnsul-tum; -cumb-ō “lie down”, -cubu-ī, cubi-tum; deps-ō “knead”, dessu-ī, deps-tum; frem-ō “roar”, fremu-ī, ─ ; gem-ō “groan”, gemu-ī, ─ ; gign-ō “beget”, genu-ī, geni-tum; met-ō “reap”, messu-ī, -messum; mol-ō “grind”, molu-ī, moli-tum; occul-ō “hide”, occulu-ī, occul-tum; pōn-ō “put”, posu-ī, posi-tum; ser-ō “entwine”, seru-ī, ser-tum; stert-ō “snore”, stertu-ī, ─ ; strep-ō “sound”, strepu-ī, ─ ; tex-ō “weave”, texu-ī, tex-tum; trem-ō “tremble”, tremu-ī, ─ ; uom-ō “vomit”, uomu-ī, ─ . “the perfect in -uī had a great success: in the late adge, it replaced some old lengthened or sigmatic perfect: arduī, leguī, reguī instead of arsī¸ lēgī, rēxī” (Ernout, 19533, p. 208). perfectum in [e:-wis]: cern-ō “decree”, crē-u-ī, crē-tum; consuesc-ō “become accustomed“, consuēu-ī, consuē-tum; crēsc-ō “increase”, crē-u-ī, crē-tum; (ad)olēsc-ō “grow up”, adolē-u-ī, adultum; quiēsc-ō “rest”, quiē-u-ī, quiē-tum; ser-ō “sow”, sē-u-ī, sa-tum; spern-ō “scorn”, sprē-u-ī, sprē-tum; suēsc-ō “be wont”, suē-u-ī, suē-tus. pāsc-ō “feed”, pā-u-ī, pās-tum; stern-ō, strā-u-ī, strā-tum “strew”. cognosc-ō “get to know”, cognosce-re, cognō-u-ī, cogni-tum; ignosc-ō “forgive”, ignosce-re, ignō-u-ī, ignō-tum; nosc-ō “know”, nosce-re, nōu-ī, nō-tum. c.\twith the same allomorph in perfectum as in infectum; and consequently with perfectum in /is/ or /…is/: bibo “drink”, bib-ī (pō-tuī); īc-ō “hit”, īc-ī, ic-tum; -cend-ō “kindle”, -cend-ī,-censum; -scend-ō “climb”, -scend-ī, -scen-sum; cūd-ō “forge”, -cūd-ī, -cū-sum; -fend-ō “ward off”, -fend-ī, -fen-sum; mand-ō “chew”, mand-ī, man-sum; pand-ō “open”, pand-ī, pan-sum (pas-sum); pīns-ō (pīs-ō) “bruise”, pīns-ī, pīns-um (pīns-tum, pīs-tum); prehend-ō “seize”, prehend-ī, prehen-sum; scand-ō “climb”, ascend-ī, ascen-sum; sīd-ō “settle”, sīd-ī (-sēd-ī), -ses-sum; strīd-ō “whiz”, strīd-ī ─; uell-ō « pluck », uell-ī (-uul-sī), uul-sum; uerr-ō, uerr-ī, uer-sum “sweep”; uert-ō, uert-ī, uer-sum “turn”; animaduert-ō “pay attention to”, uert-ī, uer-sum; uīs-ō “go and look”, uīs-ī, uī-sum. + * //coqu-ō// “cook”, //cox-ī, coc-tum//; \_\_ //-stingu-ō// “quench”, //-stīnx-ī, -stīnc-tum//; \_\_ //ungu-ō (ung-ō)// “anoint”, //ūnx-ī, ūnc-tum//;\n+ * //flect-ō// “bend”, //flex-ī, flex-um//; \_\_ //nect-ō// “weave”, //nex-ī (nexu-i), nex-um//; \_\_ //pect-ō// “comb”, //pex-ī, pex-um//; \_\_ //plect-ō// “braid”, //plex-ī, plec-tum //.\n- solu-ō “moose, pay”, solu-ī, solū-tum; [solw-o:] = /solu-o:/, [solw--i:] and [solu:-tus], phonetic realization of /soluu-t-us/; uolu-ō “turn”, uolu-ī, uolū-tum. consequ-or «follow », consequ-ī, consecū-t-us su-m . d.\twith a reduplication perfectum: cad-ō “fall”, ce-cid-ī, cā-sum; caed-ō “cut”, ce-cīd-ī, cae-sum; can-ō “sing”, ce-cin-ī, can-tum; scind-ō “tear”, scicid-ī (-scid-ī), sci-sum; tang-ō “touch”, tange-re, te-tig-ī, tac-tum; at-ting-ō “touch”, at-tinge-re, at-ø-tig-ī, at-tac-tum; cond-ō “put away” , conde-re, condid-ī, condi-tum ; pell-ō “push”, pelle-re, pe-pul-ī, pul-sum; perd-ō “ruin, destroy”, perdere, perdid-ī, perdi-tum ; posc-ō “ask”, posce-re, po-posc-ī ; prae-st-ō “be superior to others”, prae-stā-re, prae-sti-t-ī, prae-stā-tum (prae-sti-tum); prōd-ō “give birth to”, prōde-re, prōdid-ī, prōdi-tum; uend-ō “sell”, uende-re, uendid-ī, uendi-tum. + stem ending with a nasal:\n+ * //cōm-ō// “comb, deck”, //cōmp-s-ī, cōmp-tum//; \_\_ //dēm-ō// “take away”, //dēmp-s-ī, dēmp-tum//; \_\_ //prem-ō, pres-s-ī, pres-sum// “press”; \_\_ //prōm-ō// “bring out”, //prōmp-s-ī, prōmp-tum//; \_\_ //sūm-ō// “take”, //sūmp-sī, sūmp-tum//. \_\_ //temn-ō// “despise”, //temp-s-ī, temp-tum//. \_\_ //flu-ō// “flow”, //flūx-ī, flux-um//; \_\_ //stru-ō// “build”, //strūx-ī, strūc-tum//. \_\_ //trah-ō// “drag”, //trāx-ī, trāc-tum//; \_\_ //ueh-ō// “draw”, //uēx-ī, uec-tum//. \_\_ //uīu-ō// “live”, //uīx-ī, uīc-tum//. \_\_ //ger-ō// “carry”, //ges-s-ī, ges-tum// (there are two allomorphs /geri/ ~ /ges/); \_\_ //ūr-ō// “burn”, //us-s-ī, us-tum//.\n- e . with a lengthening perfectum:\n+ * 7.11.2.2.2. with //-uis-// or only //-is-// //Perfectum//?\n- ag-ō “drive”, ēg-ī, āc-tum. ed-ō “eat”, ēd-ī, ē-sum; leg-ō “gather”, lēg-ī, lec-tum; em-ō “buy”, ēm-ī, emp-tum. cōg-ō “drive together” (=co+agō), cōge-re, coēg-ī, coac-tum; relinqu-ō “leave, abandon”, relinque -re, relīqu-ī, relic-tum; collig-ō “gather together, collect”, collige-re, collēg-ī, collec-tum. + * //acu-ō, acu-ī, acū-tum// “sharpen”; the present //acu-ō// corresponds to [akuwo:], which is the phonetic realization of /aku:-o:/ (cf. //acū-tum//). As for the perfect //acu-ī//, is it a perfect in /is/, as /aku:-i:/ or /aku-i:/, or a perfect in /uis/? If it was in /uis/, it would correspond to a phonological sequence /aku:-uis-/ or /aku-u-i:/.\n+ * //arcess-ō// “summon”, //arcessī-u-ī, arcessī-tum//; \_\_ //capess-ō// “undertake”, //capessī-u-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //incess-ō// “attack”, //incessī-u-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //lacess-ō// “provoke”, //lacessī-u-ī, lacessī-tum//; \_\_ //pet-ō// “seek to obtain”, //petī-u-ī// or //peti-ī, petī-tum//; \_\_ //quaer-ō// “seek”, //quaesī-u-ī// or //quaesi-ī, quaesī-tum//; \_\_ //rud-ō// “bray”, //rudī-u-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //scisc-ō// “decree”, //scī-u-ī, scī-tum//; \_\_ //ter-ō// “rub”, //trī-u-ī, trī-tum//. \_\_ //sin-ō// “permit”, //sī-u-ī, si-tum//.\n- <;code>; + * //al-ō// “nourish”, //alu-ī, al-tum (ali-tum)//; \_\_ //col-ō// “dwell, till”, //colu-ī, cultum//; \_\_ //compēsc-ō// “restrain”, //compēscu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //cōnsul-ō// “consult”, //cōnsulu-ī, cōnsul-tum//; \_\_ //-cumb-ō// “lie down”, //-cubu-ī, cubi-tum//; \_\_ //deps-ō// “knead”, //dessu-ī, deps-tum//; \_\_ //frem-ō// “roar”, //fremu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //gem-ō// “groan”, //gemu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //gign-ō// “beget”, //genu-ī, geni-tum//; \_\_ //met-ō// “reap”, //messu-ī, -messum//; \_\_ //mol-ō// “grind”, //molu-ī, moli-tum//; \_\_ //occul-ō// “hide”, //occulu-ī, occul-tum//; \_\_ //pōn-ō// “put”, //posu-ī, posi-tum//; \_\_ //ser-ō// “entwine”, //seru-ī, ser-tum//; \_\_ //stert-ō// “snore”, //stertu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //strep-ō// “sound”, //strepu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //tex-ō// “weave”, //texu-ī, tex-tum//; \_\_ //trem-ō// “tremble”, //tremu-ī, ─ //; \_\_ //uom-ō// “vomit”, //uomu-ī, ─ //.\n+ “the perfect in -uī had a great success: in the late adge, it replaced some old lengthened or sigmatic perfect: arduī, leguī, reguī instead of arsī¸ lēgī, rēxī” (Ernout, 1953, p. 208).\n- ger-ō “bear, carry”, gere-re, ges-s-ī, ges-tum (= /geri ~ ger/ and /ges/); quer-or “complain”, quere-ris, quer-ī, ques-t-us su-m (= /kweri ~ kwer/ and /kwes/ + Passive); ūr-ō “burn”, ūre-re, us-s-ī, us-tum (= /ūri ~ ūr/ and /us/); quaer-ō “seek”, quaesī-u-ī or quaesi-ī, quaesī-tum (= /kwairi ~ kwair/ and /kwaisi:/); hauri-ō “drain”, haurī-re “drain”, hau-s-ī, haus-tum (= /hauri:/ and /haus/). + //perfectum// in [e:-wis]:\n+ * //cern-ō// “decree”, //crē-u-ī, crē-tum//; \_\_ //consuesc-ō// “become accustomed“, //consuēu-ī, consuē-tum//; \_\_ //crēsc-ō// “increase”, //crē-u-ī, crē-tum//; \_\_ //(ad)olēsc-ō// “grow up”, //adolē-u-ī, adultum//; \_\_ //quiēsc-ō// “rest”, //quiē-u-ī, quiē-tum//; \_\_ //ser-ō// “sow”, //sē-u-ī, sa-tum//; \_\_ //spern-ō// “scorn”, //sprē-u-ī, sprē-tum//; \_\_ //suēsc-ō// “be wont”, //suē-u-ī, suē-tus//. \_\_ //pāsc-ō// “feed”, //pā-u-ī, pās-tum//; \_\_ //stern-ō//, //strā-u-ī, strā-tum// “strew”. \_\_ //cognosc-ō// “get to know”, //cognosce-re, cognō-u-ī, cogni-tum//; \_\_ //ignosc-ō// “forgive”, //ignosce-re, ignō-u-ī, ignō-tum//; \_\_ //nosc-ō// “know”, //nosce-re, nōu-ī, nō-tum//. \_\_\n- nōsc-ō “know”, nosce-re, nōu-ī, nō-tum (= /nōsk/ and /nō/); cognosc-ō “get to know”, cognosce-re,cognō-u-ī, cogni-tum; ignosc-ō “forgive”, ignosce-re, ignō-u-ī, ignō-tum. crēsc-ō “increase”, crēsc-is, crē-u-ī, crē-tum (= /kre:sk/ and /kre:/); suēsc-ō “be wont”, suē-u-ī, suē-tus (= /suēsk/and /suē/); (ad)olēsc-ō “grow up”, adolē-u-ī, adultum; quiēsc-ō “rest”, quiē-u-ī, quiē-tum. pāsc-ō “feed”, pā-u-ī, pās-tum (= /pāsk/ and /pā/); + * 7.11.2.2.3. with the same allomorph in //perfectum// as in //infectum//; and consequently with //perfectum// in /is/ or /…is/:\n+ * //bibo// “drink”, //bib-ī// (//pō-tuī//); \_\_ //īc-ō// “hit”, //īc-ī, ic-tum//; \_\_ //-cend-ō// “kindle”, //-cend-ī,-censum//; \_\_ //-scend-ō// “climb”, //-scend-ī, -scen-sum//; \_\_ //cūd-ō// “forge”, //-cūd-ī, -cū-sum//; \_\_ //-fend-ō// “ward off”, //-fend-ī, -fen-sum//; \_\_ //mand-ō// “chew”, //mand-ī, man-sum//; \_\_ //pand-ō// “open”, //pand-ī, pan-sum (pas-sum)//; \_\_ //pīns-ō (pīs-ō)// “bruise”, //pīns-ī, pīns-um (pīns-tum, pīs-tum)//; \_\_ //prehend-ō// “seize”, //prehend-ī, prehen-sum//; \_\_ //scand-ō// “climb”, //ascend-ī, ascen-sum//; \_\_ //sīd-ō// “settle”, //sīd-ī (-sēd-ī), -ses-sum//; \_\_ //strīd-ō// “whiz”, //strīd-ī ─//; \_\_ //uell-ō// « pluck », //uell-ī (-uul-sī), uul-sum//; \_\_ //uerr-ō, uerr-ī, uer-sum// “sweep”; \_\_ //uert-ō, uert-ī, uer-sum// “turn”; \_\_ //animaduert-ō// “pay attention to”, //uert-ī, uer-sum//; \_\_ //uīs-ō// “go and look”, //uīs-ī, uī-sum//.\n- • Verbs with a suppletive stem:\n+ * //solu-ō// “moose, pay”, //solu-ī, solū-tum//; [solw-o:] = /solu-o:/, [solw--i:] and [solu:-tus], phonetic realization of /soluu-t-us/; \_\_ //uolu-ō// “turn”, //uolu-ī, uolū-tum//. \_\_ //consequ-or// «follow », //consequ-ī, consecū-t-us su-m// .\n- toll-ō “pick up”, tolle-re, sustul-ī, sublā-tum. fer-ō “carry”, fer-s, tul-ī, lātum. + * 7.11.2.2.4. with a reduplication //perfectum//:\n- • Defective verbs, the signifier of which is always constituted by a morphological unit of Perfectum:\n+ * 7.11.2.2.5. with a lengthening //perfectum//:\n- coep-ī “I began”, coep-is-tī, coep-is-se; memin-ī “I remember”, memin-is-tī, memin-is-se; ōd-ī “I hate”, ōd-is-tī, ōd-is-se. + * //ag-ō// “drive”, //ēg-ī, āc-tum//. \_\_ //ed-ō// “eat”, //ēd-ī, ē-sum//; \_\_ //leg-ō// “gather”, //lēg-ī, lec-tum//; \_\_ //em-ō// “buy”, //ēm-ī, emp-tum//. \_\_ //cōg-ō// “drive together” (=//co+agō//), //cōge-re, coēg-ī, coac-tum//; \_\_ //relinqu-ō// “leave, abandon”, //relinque -re, relīqu-ī, relic-tum//; \_\_ //collig-ō// “gather together, collect”, //collige-re, collēg-ī, collec-tum//.\n- • Semi-deponent verbs, which always add a Passive morphological unit to the Perfectum morpheme: aude-ō “dare”, au-s-us su-m; gaude-ō “rejoice”, gāuī-s-us su-m ; sole-ō “be wont”, soli-t-us su-m; fīd-ō “trust”, fīde-re, fī-s-us sum. + * **7.11.3. Some irregularities**\n- <;code>; + * //ger-ō// “bear, carry”, //gere-re, ges-s-ī, ges-tum// (= /geri ~ ger/ and /ges/); \_\_ //quer-or// “complain”, //quere-ris, quer-ī, ques-t-us su-m// (= /kweri ~ kwer/ and /kwes/ + Passive); \_\_ //ūr-ō// “burn”, //ūre-re, us-s-ī, us-tum// (= /ūri ~ ūr/ and /us/); \_\_ //quaer-ō// “seek”, //quaesī-u-ī or quaesi-ī, quaesī-tum// (= /kwairi ~ kwair/ and /kwaisi:/); \_\_ //hauri-ō// “drain”, //haurī-re// “drain”, //hau-s-ī, haus-tum// (= /hauri:/ and /haus/).


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Dele á-hwǽr, and add: -hwár, -wern. I. local, 1. in every place, a. referring to the whole of space God bið á wesende and ǽghwǽr ondweard, Bl. H. 19, 26. Ǽghwár, 23, 21. b. of limited space Oeghuer, -huuér, óghuuaer vulgo, passim, Txts. 107, 2173. Ǽgiwern passim, An. Ox. 11, 160. Wé forhealdað ǽghwǽr (-hwár, v. l. ) Godes gerihta, Wlfst. 157, 14. Hié hergodon ǽghwǽr be ðám sǽ, Chr. 918; P. 98, 12: 998; P. 131, 13. Him wæs ǽghwǽr wá, Sat. 342. Ǽghwǽr onbútan circumquaque, An. Ox. 2, 251. Ǽghwǽr on eorþan, Gen. 2705. Geneósian ealra þeóda ǽghwǽr landes ad visitandas omnes gentes, Ps. Th. 58, 5. Ǽghwár eorðan usquequaque, Ps. L. 118, 107. [In Met. 10. 58 substitute :-- the likes of them are everywhere.] 2. to every place, in every direction Se wind mæg féran ǽghwǽr, Rä. 41, 69. Hié sendon ǽgwern æfter fultume, Ors. 4, 1; S. 154, 22. II. in every case Bið andgit ǽghwǽr sélest, B. 1059: Gú. 573. III. in every respect Ǽghwáre usquequaque, R. Ben. I. 36, 10.\nToller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "ǽg-hwǽr." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 13.\nǽg-hwǽr á-hwiér; adv. [á + ge + hwǽr]. I. everywhere; ubique God ǽghwǽr is eall, and náhwár todǽled God is everywhere all, and nowhere divided, Homl. Th. i. 286, 27. Hí ðá farende ǽghwǽr bodedon illi profecti prædicaverunt ubique, Mk. Bos. 16, 20. Ǽghwǽr sindon hiora gelícan they are everywhere like them. Bt. Met. Fox 10, 116; Met. 10, 58.


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Bosworth/Toller, page b1266\nThis is page 1266 of An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by Bosworth and Toller (1898)\n1266 WORD-GERÝNE -- WORN.\nforð gán wyrd æfter ðissum wordgemearcum (according to these terms), 1 Cd. Th. 142, 2 ; Gen. 2355. [Cf. Wrítan wordgimerkiun hwat sie that barn hétan skoldin, Hé1. 233.]\nword-gerýne, es; n. A mystery expressed in words, a deep saying :-- Him tácna fela tíres brytta onwráh wordgerýnum, Exon. Th. 29, 16 ; Cri. 463. Sum biþ listhendig tó áwrítanne wordgerýnu, 299, 3; Crä. 96. Ic ðæt ongiten hæbbe þurg wítgena wordgerýno on Godes bócum, Elen. Kmbl. 578; El. 289: 646; El. 323.\nword-gid[d], es; n. A lay :-- Cyning mæ-acute;nan, wordgyd wrecan and worn sprecan, Beo. Th. 6325 ; B. 3173.\nword-gleáw; adj. Prudent in speech :-- Cwæð se ðe wæs cyninges ræ-acute;swa, wís and wordgleáw, Cd. Th. 242, 12 ; Dan. 418.\nword-hleóþor, es; m. The sound of speaking, voice: -- Wordhleóðor ástág háliges láre the voice of the holy one's teaching rose up, Andr. Kmbl. 1416; An. 708. Wearð gehýred heofoncyninges stefn, word-hleóðres swég mæ-acute;res þeódnes, 186; An. 93.\nword-hord, es; n. A word-hoard, store of words :-- Him Andreas þurh andsware wordhord onleác, Andr. Kmbl. 632; An. 316. Weges weard wordhord onleác, beald reordade, 1202; An. 601 : Beo. Th. 524; B. 259: Met. 6, l: Exon. Th. 318, 20; Víd. I. Mé fród wita sægde sundorwundra fela, wordhord onwreáh, 313, 20; Mod. 3.\nwordian; p. ode To speak:- -- Wurdiaþ (but changed to wurdliaþ) rhetoricamttr, loquimur, Hpt. Gl. 527, 58. Wordiende concionandi, loquentes, 461, 36. [Þe king wordede þus, Laym. 18052. Þei word-eden wyseli a gret while togideres. Piers P. 4, 46. Icel. orða. Cf. Goth. waurdjan.]\nwordig; adj. Wordy, verbose :-- Wordig gehlýd verbosa garrulitas, Hpt. Gl. 439, 58. [Icel. orðigr.]\nword-lác, es; n. A speech; loquela :-- Næ-acute;ron wordlácu ne spræ-acute;cu ðara ðe ne wæ-acute;ron gehérde stefna heoi a non sunt loquelae- neque sermones quorum non audiantur ttoces eorum, Ps. Lamb. 18, 4.\nword-laþu, e; f. Speech, discourse: -- Sumum hé wordlaþe wíse sendeþ on his módes gemynd. Exon. Th. 41,31; Cri. 664. Mín hyge blissaþ þurh ðíne wordlæðe, Andr. Kmbl. 1270; An. 635.\nword-latu, e; f. Delay in speaking :-- ' Ðú scealt hræðe cýðan, gif ðú his ondgitan æ-acute;nige hæbbe. ' Næs ðá wordlatu (there was no delay in the answer), Andr. Kmbl. 3042; An. 1524. (Cf. búton late sine morn, R. Ben. 55, 12, omitted under latu. )\nword-leán, es; n. A reward for words (a song) :-- Oft ic wóðboran wordleána sum ágyfe æfter giedde. Exon. Th. 489, 18 ; Rä. 78, 9.\nwordlian, wurdlian; p. ode To talk, discourse :-- Wurdliaþ (changed from wurdiaþ) rhetoricamur, loquimur, . . . snytrian &l-bar; wurðlian philosophari, Hpt. Gl. 527, 58-63. Epactas ðe wíse preóstas oft ymbe gerádlíce wurdliaþ, Anglia viii. 300, 45. Hyt geríst ðæt wé ymbe ða epactas wurdlion, 305, 19: 308, 16. Se sceop in gebringþ ððre hádas, ðe wið hine wurdlion swylce hig him andswarion, 330, 43. Uton nú on Englisc ymbe ðys be dæ-acute;le wurdlian, 303, 14. [Gewurdlud vel gesprecen, 320, 16.] Wordlian sermocinari, Hpt. Gl. 461, 38. [O. H. Oer. wortalón; wortalónti verbosus ; wortalári verbosus.] v. wordlung ; wordrian.\nword-1oc, es; n. A conclusion expressed in words: -- Wordlocum dialectica (the passage is: Ut tomus dialectica dogmata rerum disceret, Aid. 170), Wrt. Voc. ii. 93, 23 : 27, 16.\nword-loca, an; m. The storehouse of words:- -- Ongan hé reordigan, wordlocan onspeónn, Andr. Kmbl. 940; An. 470.\nword-lof, es; n. Praise in words, praise :-- Cyning mec weorþaþ, ne wyrneþ wordlofes, wísan mæ-acute;neþ míne for mengo, Exon. Th. 401, 13 ; Rä. ai, II. [Icel. orð-lof praise.]\nword-loga, an; m. One who is false to his wnrd :-- Ðæt gé ne beón wedlogan ne wordlogan, Wulfst. 40, 10. v. word, II. 9.\nwordlung, e; f. I. in a good sense, discourse, conversation :-- His wordlunc sermocinalio ejus (cum simplicibus, Prov. 3, 32), Kent. Gl. 61. II. in a bad sense, idle talk, babbling, chattering :-- Ðæt sidefulle wíf wordlunge ne lufaþ (cf. idele weord ne luuað, III. 21), O. E. Homl. i. 301, 2. Ásolcennys ácenð ídelnysse, gemágnysse and wordlunge, Homl. Th. ii. 220, 26. [Cf. O. H. Ger. wortal verbosus.] v.\nword-mittung, e; f. Collation :-- Wordmittung vel wordsomnung collatio, Wrt. Voc. i. 54, 51.\nwordrian; p. ode To speak, discourse: -- Wordriendra, baennendra, maðeliendra concionatorum, loculorum, rhetorum, Hpt. Gl. 460, 70. Cf. wordlian, wordian.\nword-riht, es; n. I. a law expressed in the form of a command (v. word, II. 6), an ordinance; or a law expressed in spoken words, a spoken law:- -- Móyses dómas, wræclíco wordriht, Cd. Th. 177, 31; Exod. 3. II. a statement of what is right; or (?) a duty which one has given his word to perform (v. word, II. 9) :-- Wígláf madelode, wordrihta fela sægde gesíðum (told them much of what they ought to do ; or (?) told them much of what they had promised to do. Cf. wégehéton, 5261; B. 2634), Beo. Th. 5256; B.\nword-samnere, es; m. A collector of words :-- Wotdsornnere cocologus ( = GREEK ?), Wrt. Voc. ii. 135, 42.\nword-samnung. v. word-mittung.\nword-sáwere, es; m. A word-sower :-- Héton menn wordsáwere ðone æðelan láreów praedicator egregius seminiverbiits esfvocatus, Past. 15; Swt. 97, 4.\nword-sige, es; m. Success in speaking :-- Sigegyrd ic mé wege, word-sige and worcsige, Lchdm. i. 388, 15.\nword-snotor; adj. Expert in speech, eloquent, learned :-- Óslác, gamolfeax hæleð, wís and wordsnotor, Chr. 975 ; Erl. 126, 21. Lýfing se wordsnotera biscop, 1047; Erl. 171, 28. Wordsnoteran (Homerum), Hpt. Gl. 463, 53. Wordsnotere oratores, rhetores, grammatici, 481, 72. Wordsnoterum sapientium, 503, 67. Ne weorþeþ on wornlde æ-acute;nig wordsnotera ne on wordum getingra, ðonne hé (Antichrist) wyrðeþ, Wulfst. 54, 21.\nword-snotorung, e; f. A sophism :-- Wordsnoterung sophisms, Hpt. Gl. 459, 61.\nword-wís; adj. Wise in speech, learned :-- Ðæs wordwísan sophisle, Wrt. Voc. ii. 78, 39. [O. Sax. word-wís: Icel. orð-víss.]\nword-wynsum; adj. Pleasant in speech, affable; affabilis, Wrt. Voc. i. 61, 37.\nwór-hana, an; m. A pheasant: -- Wórhona, uuórhana, -hona fafianus, Txts. 61, 830. Wórhana, Wrt. Voc. ii. 34, 71: fusiaims, i. 280, 29: fursianus (fursianus is glossed by mórhana. Hpt. Zeit. 33, 240, 27), 62, 24.\nwór-hen[n], e; f. The word glosses cracinus, Wrt. Voc. ii. 22, 75 : 136. 59.\nwórian; p. ode To wander about :-- Ic wórige uagor, Ælfc. Gr. 25; Zup. 145, 13. (l) literal, to wander about, ramble, be a vagabond :-- Ic wórige and beó áflýmed geond ealle eorðan ero vagus ei profugus in terra, Gen. 4, 14. Hí lufiaþ ídele blisse, wóriaþ and wundriaþ, and ealne dæg fleardiaþ, L. I. P. 14; Th. ii. 322, 24. Is ðæs (the whale's) híw gelíc hreófóm stáne, swylce wórie bi wædes ófre, Exon. Th. 360, 21; Wal. 9. Seó rípung ðæs geatweardes gestæþþignesse sý swylc dæt hine ne wórian ne scríðan ne lyste (eitin non sinat uagari), R. Ben. 126, 17. Ðú færsð wórigende (vagus), Gen. 4, 12: Boutr. Scrd. 20, 43: 19, 2. Ne férde heó wórigende geond land, ac wæs wunigende binnan Godes temple, Homl. Th. i. 148, 3: ii. 160, 21. Wórigende geond wudas and feldas, 188, 14. Eówre beam beóð wórigende on ðisum wéstene felii vestri ernnt vagi in deserto, Num. 14, 33 : Homl. Th. ii. 30, 27. Æ-acute;fre unstaþolfæste and wóriende, R. Ben. 9, 23. (I a) of the movements of the planets :-- Hí (the planets) synd wórigende gecwedene, for ðan ðe æ-acute;lc gæ-acute;ð on his ágenum ryne, Boutr. Scrd. 18, 29. (2) figurative in various senses :-- Wóraþ fluctuat, estuat, i. vacillat, dubitat, anxiat, Wrt. Voc. ii. 149, 60. Wóriaþ ða wínsalo the halls totter (are ruinous), Exon. Th. 291, 6; Wand. 78. Gangas rihte dóþ, ðæt ná healtigende wórige (erret), Scint. 186, 4. Bútan sóþre lufe. i. á gán (ambulare) magan menn ac wórian (errare), 3, 8. Wer unsnoter and wórigende (errans) þencþ stunte, 138, 18. Wóriende vagi (sunt gressus ejus, Prov. 5, 6) i. vagabunda (rumorum praeconia, Ald. 64), Hpt. Gl. 512, 51. His eágan ne férdon wórigende geond mistlíce lustas, Homl. Th. i. 168, 13. Wórigende sefan (vagos sensus) hé þreáge, Hymn. Surt. 114, 15.\nwóriend, es; m. A vagabond; vagabundus, Hpt. Gl. 484, 64.\nworld, v. weorold.\nworms, worsm, wurms, wursm, es; n. Corrupt matter :-- Worms pus, Wrt. Voc. ii. 68, 52. Uuorsm, Txts. 86, 777. Wurms virus, Hpt. Gl. 520, 41. Ðæt worms (worsm, Cote. MSS. ) ðara wunda, Past. 36; Swt. 259, 15. Ðæt worsm putredo, 38; Swt. 273, 22. Bið seó micge lyswen swilce worms, Lchdm. ii. 198, 27. Se swile and ðæt worms, 208, II. Wið ða gerynnincge ðæs worsmes (wormses, v. l.), i. 292, 8. On ða ádle ðe mon wormse spíweþ, ii. 200, . 21 : 208, 5. Hreófeligum wormse elephantino tabo, Hpt. Gl. 490, 38. Áfléwð ðæt sár of ðære wunde mid ðý wormse mala livor vulneris abstergit, Past. 36 ; Swt. 259, 2. Heó ðæt worsm (worms, v. l.) út átýhþ. Lchdm. i. 100, 13. Ðæt worms, ii. 72, 14. Ðæt wursm, 202, 25. Eall ðæt fole wæs on blæ-acute;dran and ða wæ-acute;ron swíðe hreówlíce berstende and ða worms út siónde vesicas effervescentes, ulceraque manantia, Ors. I. 7 ; Swt. 38, 7. [Mine wunden gedereð neowe wrusum (wursum, v. l.), A. R. 274, 3. Wrusum sanies, 322, II. Worsum, C. M. 11835. Wirrsenn, Orm. 4782.] v. wyrms.\nworms-gemang (?), es; n. A mixture in which there is corrupt matter :-- Wið ðæt man blód and worsmgemang (worsm gemang ?) hræ-acute;ce. Lchdm. i. 250, 7. Cf. blód-gemang.\nworn, weorn, es; m. A swarm, band, Jlock, crowd, multitude, many, a great number, a great quantity, (l) of animate objects :-- Seó wilgedryht wildne weorþiaþ, worn æfter óþrum (flock (of birds) following flock) turba prosequitur, Exon. Th. 222, 4; Ph. 343. Folc onette, weras wíf somod, womum and heápum, ðreátum and þrymmum, þrungon and uraon, Judth. Thw. 23, 39; Jud. 164. Mægen wérge monna cynnes wornum hweorfaþ on wídne leg. Exon. Th. 59, 25; Cri. 958. (I a) with gen. pl. :-- Wæs ðér worn ( GREEK ) swína michil, Mk. Skt. Lind. Rush. 5, ii. 13. Ðæ-acute;r witena biþ worn ætsomne, 295, 35; Crä. 43 : Salm. Kmbl. 802 ; Sal. 400. Weard Seme suna and dohtra worn áféded, Cd. Th. 99, 5; Gen. 1641. Hé worn gestrýnde suna and dohtra, 74, II; Gen. 1220. Oft se stiáw gecostaþ;


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Bosworth/Toller, page d0726\nThis is page 726 of the supplement to An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by T. Northcote Toller (1921)\n726 TUNGOL -- ÞÆC-SELE\ntungol. Add: m. :-- Se seldcúða tungel gebícnode þæ-acute;s sóðan cyninges ácennednysse, Hml. Th. i. 106, 27.\ntungol-spræ-acute;c, e; f. Astrology :-- Tungelspræ-acute;ce aslrologia, Hpt. Gl. 479, 49.\ntún-hofe. v. hofe.\ntún-ræ-acute;d. Add :-- Sum tún wæ-acute;s ... Þe æ-acute;lce geáre oftost wæs áwést þurh hagol ... þá sende se túnræ-acute;d sumne getrýwne æ-acute;rendracan tó Martine his helpes biddende, Hml. S. 31, 1219.\nturf-hacce(?), an; f. A turf-hoe, implement for cutting turf :-- Ligones, ferrum fossorium (fusorium, MS.) tyrfahga (turfhacce? v. N.E.D. hack an implement for breaking or chopping up, mattock, hoe, &c.), Txts. 112, 43.\ntwædding, e; f. Adulation :-- Twaddung adulatio, Chrd. 40, 28. Hig mid twæddingum beswícan eos adulationibus decipere, 62, 23.\ntwá-nihte. Add: v. twi-nihte: -twecca. v. twæccea.\ntwégen. II 2. add :-- Þissa twéga mæ-acute;st, Lch. ii. 354, 18. IV. add :-- Þæ-acute;t sió hel sié swylc(e) twá deóp, Verc. Först. 109, 5. v. em-twá.\ntwelf. II. add: (3) as a number :-- Geýc twelf þæ-acute;rtó, Angl. viii. 301, 20. Þriwa feówer beóð twelf, 328, 21.\ntwéntig. I 1. add :-- Þis is þára twéntiga hída bóc, C.D. iii. 426, 12. (1 a) uninflected :-- Twéntig síðon seofon beóð án hund and feówertig, Angl. viii. 303, 6. (3) helping to form ordinals :-- His ríces þý þriddan geáre eác twéntigum, Bd. 1. 13; Sch. 36, 17. II 1. add :-- Ðes friódóm waes bigeten mid ðaem twéntigum hída, C.D. i. 315, 22. (2) add :-- Weaxeð þ-bar; flód ðæs sæ-acute;s feówer and twéntigum síða, Shrn. 63, 29. Þá diáconas sceoldon þegnian fram fíf and twéntigum wintra and ofer þ-bar; Gr. D. 102, 11. v. hund-twéntig.\ntwéntig-feald. Add :-- Týnfealdum oððe twéntifealdum deni aut viceni, R. Ben. I. 54, 15.\ntwéntig-geáre; adj. Twenty years old :-- On þám geáre þe Ælfréd Æðelincg wæs án-and-twéntig-geáre, Hml. S. 32, 37.\ntweó. I b. add :-- Sume martyra lima geáhniaþ, and an tweón is hwæeðer hý martyras sýn alii membra martyrum -- si tamen martyrum -- venditant, R. Ben. 135, 26. v. ge-tweó.\ntweógan. I c. add after Swt. 192, 15: 5, 7; S. 230, 20. II a. add :-- [Þonne hí þeówiað þám ungesewenlican Gode, hí húru ne tweógen ná þára ungesewenlicra gescæfta ut quae invisibili serviunt esse invisibilia non dubitentur, Gr. D. 269, 2. (b) add :-- Ic wát þ-bar; hí tweógiað be þæ-acute;re sáwle life æfter þæs líchaman deáðe multos ... de vita animae post mortem carnis perpendo dubitare, Gr. D. 259, 7. (d) add :-- Ne scealt þú ná tweógian (tweógan, v.l.) þ-bar; þes hafað þá ungeswenlican hýrsumnesse dubitare non debes hunc invisibilia obsequia habere, Gr. D. 268, 25. Hit mæg beón tweód fram unstrangum módum hwæþer hí sýn þe ne sýn þæ-acute;r andwearde ab infirmis potest mentibus dubitari utrumne ..., 177, 8. (d a) with acc. and clause (= acc. and infin.) :-- Þú ne tweóst ná þone ungeswenlican God þ-bar; hé is scyppende esse non dubitas creantem Deum, Gr. D. 268, 22. v. un-tweód.\ntweógendlíce. Add: v. un-átweógendlíce.\ntweógung. Add :-- Ic wille ániman fram þám þe þás bóc ræ-acute;dað þone intingan æ-acute;lcre tweónnge (tweónge, v.l.) æt æ-acute;lcum þæ-acute;ra spella þe ic wríte ut dubitationis occasionem legentibus subtraham per singula quae describo, Gr. D. 9, 6.\ntweónian. Add: I c. and e :-- Hine tweónað ymb ðæs untruman geðyld, hwæðer hé geðafian mæge ðæt hine mon sníde, Past. 187, 7. v. á-tweónian; un-tweónigende.\ntweónigend-lic. Add: doubtful, uncertain, dubious :-- Tweóniend-licre tweónunge ðry[dunge] ancipiti ambiguitatis scrupulo, An. Ox. 676. Tweóniendlicra gewrita Apocrifarum, 5103.\ntwi-bleó. Add: double-formed :-- Æ-acute;gðer ge cynren ge túdor is twy-bleoh genus prolisque biformis, Chrd. 78, 6.\ntwi-bytme.. For 'bytm' at end l. bytme: -twicce. v. -twæccea.\ntwiccian. Add :-- Hé cúðe twiccian þá wæstmas gódra mægna ille virtutum fructus carpere noverat, Gr. D. 256, 19.\ntwi-deágod; adj. Double-dyed :-- Twideágadre deáge bis tincto cocco, An. Ox. 1060. v. twi-gedeágod.\ntwi-ecgede. Add :-- Twiecggedum bis acuto mucrone), An. Ox. 229.\ntwi-feald. I. add :-- Mon æ-acute;lcne ceáp mehte be twifealdan bet geceápian þonne mon æ-acute;r mehte, Ors. 5, 13; S. 248, 2. II. add :-- Þám móde þæs gehýrendan becymeþ twifeald (twig-, v.l.) fultum (duplex adjutorium) ... hit byþ oærned UNCERTAIN ... hit byð geeádmódod, Gr. D. 8, 16.\n-twifealdian. v. ge-twifealdian: twiflldan. Add: v. ge-twifildan.\ntwi-fingre. Substitute: Two fingers thick, a term applied to fat on swine :-- Æt twyfingrum spic, Ll. Th. i. 132, 19.\ntwi-fyrclian to fork off from, separate from another object :-- Þeáh æ-acute;lc leásung hæbbe sume gelícnysse þæ-acute;re sóðnysse, þeáh twyfyrclað and tódæ-acute;ld seó árwyrðnys (differt tamen dignitas) þæs sóðan wísdómes fram lícetunge leásre láre, Chrd. 96, 37.\ntwi-fyrede. l. -fýrede\ntwig. Add :-- Twig flagella, An. Ox. 53, 2: 8.\ntwiga. v. palm-twiga.\ntwi-híwe. II. add :-- Twihíwum wurmon bis tincto cocco, An. Ox. 2, 24.\ntwi-milte; adj. Twice melted :-- Geola swá twymylte wex flaua, An. Ox. 4462.\ntwin. Add :-- Twinne, twifealde. An. Ox. 5085.\ntwín. Add :-- Hwíte twíne geþráwne bisso retorto, Wrt. Voc. ii. 126, 34.\ntwi-ræ-acute;de. II. add: at variance, discordant :-- -Twyræ-acute;de tó gesibbianne discordantes reconciliandi, Chrd. 112, 10.\ntwi-sehtan. Dele '(?)', and add: The Latin is :-- Filosophos uiderit disiungi dampnum significat. v. Archiv cxxv. 56, 295, where twi-sehtan is given as the true reading.\ntwi-sestre; adj. Containing two sesters :-- Éghuælc án wæs twisestre gemet, Jn. L. 2, 6 marg.\ntwisled. Add :-- Tó ðám twysledan hamme, C.D. v. 281, 24. On þæt twyslede treow, C.D.B. ii. 246, 22.\ntwislung. Add: differentiation :-- Wé nellað náne twislunge habban nánes hádes reclusa personarum acceptione, Chrd. 13, 24. v. weg-twislung.\ntwi-spræ-acute;cness. Add :-- Forlæ-acute;tan wé leásunga and lícettunga, tæ-acute;lnessa and twyspræ-acute;cnessa, Verc. Först. 94, 3.\ntýd instructed, v. týn.\ntýderness a branch :-- Wínbóga týddernessa palmitum propagines, An. Ox. 3849. Cf. týdrung; II.\n-týdre. v. or-týdre: týdruug. In l. 2 after 61 insert :-- Týd-drunge, An. Ox. 1031: tyge. Add: v. sweord-tyge: tygþ. v. tíþ.\ntyhtan, I. add :-- Þá gefæstnadon þá cwelleras þone Crístes þegn on þæ-acute;re hengene, and hine hetelíce tihton swá swá man web tiht, Hml, S. 37, 100-102. II 2. (a) add :-- Þonne hé cymð hé eów tiht and gewissað tó ealluum ðám ðingum ðe ic eów sæ-acute;de ille uos docebit omnia et suggeret uobis omnia quaecumque dix&e-long;ro nobis, Jn. 14, 26, Hml. Th. i. 298, 3. Hé útlændisce hider in tihte, Chr. 959; P. 115, 12. (b) add :-- Þæt mæ-acute;den tihte þá wydewan þ-bar; heó þá sceattas dæ-acute;lde þearfum, Hml. S. 2, 142. Hí tihton heora geféran þ-bar; hí unforhte wæ-acute;ron, and bæ-acute;don þ-bar; hí áwurpon heora wæ-acute;pna him fram, 28, 61. (3) with dat. of person, to urge something on a person :-- Hé arn swá swá him his nytenlice yld tihte plegende mid his efenealdum, Hml. Th. ii. 134, 4.\ntyhtend. Add; v. leás-tyhtend: tyhtend-lic. Add: v. mis-tyhtendlic.\ntyhting. Add :-- Hí tihton heora geféran þ-bar; hí unforhte wæ-acute;ron ... Betwux þysum tihtingum tengdon þá hæ-acute;þenan, Hml. S. 28, 66. v. leás-, on-tyhting.\ntyhtness. Add :-- Tyhtnesse instinctu, An. Ox. ii. 179.\ntyllan. For 'compound' in l. 1 substitute 'compounds be-,'.\ntyllan to pay toll :-- Halwun freóde Hægelflæ-acute;de hire w&i-long;man and tilde (cf. Ælfríc nam þæt toll for þæs kynges hand, 31), Cht. E. 253, 16.\ntýn. Add :-- Hí man tý þ-bar; hí góde bæcystran beón, Chrd. 19, 18. Týn heora láreówas hí erudiantur a magistris, 58, 4. Týd[e] cati, An. Ox. 56, 159.\ntýnan. Add: v. ymb-týnan; un-týned: -tyngfull, -tynglic, -tynglice, -tyngness. v. ge-tyngfull, &c.: týning. Add: v. æcer-týning: tyrfan. v. ge-, of-tyrfan.\ntyrning. I. add :-- Sume preóstas gýmað þ-bar; heora loccas mid [næ-acute;dle ?] tyrninge cyrpsion crines calamistri uestigio rotantur, Chrd. 64, 34.\ntýþ-. tíþ- forms should be taken here.\nþá. I. add :-- Be ðæ-acute;m wæs swíðe wel gecweden ðurh ðone wítgan ... ðæ-acute; cwæð se wítga unde bene per prophetam dicitur, Past. 409, 33. II, add :-- Him þá etendum, Mk. 14, 22. Hér Cynegíls and Cuichelm gefuhtun wið Pendan, and geþingodan þá, Chr. 628; P. 24, 18. III 1. add :-- Þám forman, dæge azimorum, þá hí eástron offrodon, Mk. 14, 12. v. geó.\nþaccian. Add :-- Þú tó þon gelæ-acute;ded wæ-acute;re þ-bar; þú mid þínre brádre handa þá nunnan ofer hire eaxle þaccodest qui perductus es, ut posteriora illius alapaferires, Gr. D. 190, 14. [v. N.E.D. thack.] v. ge-þaccian.\nþacian. Add: [v. N.E.D. thack.]: þac-sele. v. þæc-sele.\nþæcele. Add: used figuratively :-- Inæ-acute;led mid þám þæcelum (þyccylum, v.l.) þæ-acute;re æfeste invidiae facibus succensus, Gr. D. 117, 28.\nþæc-sele (?) a building with a thatched roof (?) :-- Of ðon nyrðan gate on þacseleheal; of þacseleheal, C.D. iii. 134, 37.


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