A.D. 1023. King Cnut to Christ Church, Canterbury; grant of the port of Sandwich. Latin and English versions\n1. Canterbury, D.C., S 259 (s. xii 1; Latin; OS Facs., i. 21)\n2. Canterbury, D.C., S 261 (s. xi/xii; Latin; OS Facs., i. 20)\n3. London, British Library, Stowe Charters 39 (s. xii 1; Latin; OS Facs., iii. 40)\n4. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Eng. hist. a. 2 (S.C. 31346), no. VIIIa (s. xi/xii; Latin; BA Facs., no. 34)\n5. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 189, ff. 195-201v (s. xii; Latin; note)\n6. Canterbury, D.C., S 262 (s. xiii; Latin)\n7. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. A, ff. 144v-145r (s. xiii; Latin)\n8. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. B, f. 171r-v (s. xv; Latin)\n9. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. C, f. 55r-v (s. xiii; Latin)\n10. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. E, f. 45r (s. xiii ex.; Latin)\n11. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. E, f. 200r-v (s. xiii ex.; Latin)\n12. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. I, f. 57r-v (s. xiii ex.; Latin)\n13. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. O, ff. 180r-181r (s. xiii 2; Latin)\n14. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. P, f. 28r-v (s. xiii in.; Latin)\n15. London, British Library, Add. 14907, ff. 20v-21r (s. xviii; Latin)\n16. London, Lambeth Palace Library, 1370, f. 70r (s. xii; Latin; summary)\n17. London, Lambeth Palace Library, 582 (s. xviii; Latin; extracts)\n18. London, Lambeth Palace Library, 1212 (s. xiii; Latin; summary)\n19. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Eng. hist. a. 2 (S.C. 31346), no. VIIIb (s. xviii; Latin; ex 4)\n20. Maidstone, Kent Archives Office, DRc/R1 (Textus Roffensis) (s. xii 1; Latin; incomplete summary)\n21. Canterbury, D.C., S 260 (s. xi 2; English; OS Facs., i. 19)\n22. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. A, f. 144r-v (s. xiii; English)\n23. Canterbury, D.C., Reg. E, ff. 44v-45r (s. xiii ex.; English)\nTwysden, X Scriptores, cols 2225-6, Latin, summary version; Hearne, Textus Roffensis, p. 37, Latin, summary version; K, 737, Latin, full version, ex MSS 1, 2, 6; K, 1328, Latin, summary version; K, 737, English version, ex MS 21; Mon. Angl. (rev. edn), i. 99 (no. 4), Latin, summary version; Thorpe, pp. 314-16, Latin, full version, ex MSS 1, 2, 3, 6; Thorpe, p. 335, Latin, summary version; Napier and Stevenson, pp. 27-9 (no. 12), Latin, full version, ex MS 4; Pierquin, Recueil, pt 6, no. 6 bis, Latin, full version; Fleming 1997, p. 151 (no. 86), Latin, summary version, ex MS 14\nThorpe, pp. 316-19, English version, ex MS 21; Robertson, Charters, pp. 158-61 (no. 82), English version, ex MS 21\nNapier and Stevenson, pp. 136-51, post-Conquest forgery perhaps founded on genuine charter of Cnut; Ward 1943, pp. 25-6; Harmer, Writs, pp. 177 n. 1, 426, linguistic forms of English version later than Cnut's reign; authenticity not entirely above suspicion; Stenton 1955, p. 17, diplomatically acceptable, either represents or is modelled in minute detail on charter of 1023; Robertson, Charters, pp. 406-11, xxvii, authentic; p. xxvii (correction) linguistic forms later than Cnut's time; Ker 1960, p. 18, scribe of MS 4 identified with one working in 1107; HRH, p. 236, subscriptions are consistent, charter has at least an authentic base; Brooks 1984, pp. 292-4, 388 n. 140, may be a post-Conquest forgery based on a more restricted original diploma of 1023; on script; Tatton-Brown 1984, p. 19, on topography; BA Facs., p. 10; Dumville 1993, p. 133, cited; Lawson 1993, pp. 66 n. 29, 169, 237, probably forged; Keynes 1994a, p. 52 n. 51, probably spurious\n+ In nomine Dei summi et saluatoris nostri Iesu Christi . Certis adstipulationibus nos sancti et iusti patres frequentatiuis orationibus admonent . ut Deum quem diligimus et credimus intima mentis affectione cum bonorum operum diligentia incessanter eum timeamus et amemus . Quia retributionem omnium actuum nostrorum in die examinationis iuxta uniuscuiusque meritum reddet . Ideoque subtilissima mentis certatione illum imitari satagamus . licet mortalis uite pondere pressi et labentibus huius seculi possessionibus simus infoecati . tamen miserationis eius largitate caducis opibus eterna celestis uite premia mercari queamus . Quapropter ego CNVT . diuina fauente gratia . Anglorum ceterarumque adiacentium insularum basileus . propriis manibus meis capitis mei coronam pono super altare Christi in Dorobernia ad opus eiusdem ecclesie et concedo eidem ecclesie ad uictum monachorum portum de Sanduuic . et omnes exitus eiusdem aque ab utraque parte fluminis cuiuscumque terra sit . a Pipernæsse usque ad Mearcesfleote . ita ut natante naue in flumine cum plenum fuerit . quam longius de naui potest securis paruula quam Angli uocant tapereax super terram proici . ministri ecclesie Christi rectitudines accipiant . Nullusque omnino homo habet aliquam consuetudinem in eodem portu . exceptis monachis ecclesie Christi . Eorum autem est nauicula et transfretatio portus . et theloneum omnium nauium cuiuscumque sit et undecumque ueniat que ad predictum portum et ad Sanduuic uenerint . Si quid autem in magno mari extra portum quantum mare plus se retraxerit et adhuc statura unius hominis tenentis lignum quod Angli nominant spreot et tendentis ante se quantum potest : monachorum est . Quicquid etiam ex hac parte medietatis maris inuentum et delatum ad Sanduuic fuerit : siue sit uestimentum siue rete . arma . ferrum . aurum . argentum : medietas monachorum erit . Alia pars remanebit inuentoribus Quod si alter deinceps quilibet codicellulus emerserit . qui prisce tempestatis stilo digestus . huic nostre confirmationi uisus fuerit aliquatenus refragari : illius modi litterature membranula suricum morsibus conrodenda aut certe potius igniuomi uaporis incendio comburenda adnichiletur . eiusque presentator cuiuscumque extiterit persone . pro purgamento fauille deputetur . et ignominiosissima confusione subsannetur . et ab omnibus in circuitu presentibus unianimo detestetur . Huiusque priuilegii rata confirmatio semper inposterum preualeat . et tam Dei omnipotentis auctoritate . quam mea simul et omnium concorditer optimatum corroboratione confirmata . contra uniuersa refragatorum cogitamenta . cunctis succedentibus aeui temporibus . stabilis et inconcussa columnaris status similitudine . perseuerantissimo iure consolidetur . Si autem quod non optamus aliquis tumido supercilio inflatus hanc nostram corroborationem infringere uel minuere temptauerit . nouerit se anathematizatum esse a Deo et sanctis eius . ni ante mortem digna satisfactione emendauerit . quod iniuste deliquit . Scripta est hec scedula anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Iesu Christi . millesimo xxiii . his testibus concordantibus quorum onomata inferius lucide karaxantur. + Ego CNVT . rex Anglorum . hanc litterature confirmationem indeclinabiliter confirmo. + Ego Æþelnoðus Dorobernicus archipresul hanc prerogatiuam uexillo sancto confirmaui. + Ego Ælfricus Eboracensis ecclesie archiepiscopus . eiusdem regis beniuolentiam cum sancte crucis signo corroboro. + Ego Ælfwius . Lundoniensis ecclesie pontifex . consensi. + Ego Ælfsinus Wentonie episcopus assensum prebui. + Ego Bryhtwoldus Coruiniensis ecclesie episcopus . condonaui. + Ego Æþelricus . Dorccensis ecclesie episcopus consolidaui. + Ego Ælmær biscop. + Ego Godwine biscop. + Ego Bryhtwine biscop. + Ego Æþelstan . biscop. + Ego Ælmær abb’. + Ego Brihtmær abb’. + Ego Brihtwig abb’. + Ego Wulfnoð abb’. + Ego Godwine dux. + Ego Eglaf dux. + Ego Þrym dux. + Ego Yric dux. + Ego Thord minister. + Ego Agemund . minister. + Ego Ægelric . minister. + Ego Ælfwine . minister. + Ego Brihtric . minister. + Ego Leofric . minister. + Ego Siræd . minister. + Ego Godwine . minister. + Ego Eadmær . minister. English version: + On ðas hegestes Godes . 7 ures hlauordes hælendes Cristes naman . Ure halige 7 ure rihtwise fæderes mid soðre gefæstnunge . 7 mid gelomrædre menunge us gemenegið þæt we ðone ælmihti God ðe we luuiað 7 we onbeleuað mid inweardre gelustfulnesse ure heorten 7 mid geornfulnesse godre wurke unatirendlice ondræden 7 luuian . Forði ðe he scel geldan edlean ealre ure weorke on domesdæge æfter æghwilces mannes earnunge . 7 forði mid ðam hehlicastan gewinne ures modes swinke we him to gefolgienne þeahðe we gesæmde beon mid ðare berdene ðas deadlices liues . 7 ðare gewitendre æhte þises middaneardes beon awemde . þeahhwædere we magen gebecgen ðe ece meden ðas heouenlices liues mid þam riosenden welan ; 7 forði ic CNUT ðurh Godes geue Ænglelandes kining 7 ealre ðare Eglande þe ðærto licgeð . legge upan Cristes weouod inne Cantwareberig mines heouodes kinehelm mid minen agenen handen to ðas ilcen menstres freme . 7 ic ann þam ilikan menstre to ðare munece bigleoue ða hæuene on Sandwic 7 ealle ða lændinge 7 þa gehrihte of ðam ilkan wætere of ægder healue ðas streames age land seðe hit age . fram Pipernæsse to Mærcesfleote . swa þæt þonne hit bið full flod 7 þæt scip bið aflote swa feorr swa mæg an taperæx beon geworpen ut of ðam scipe up on þæt land þa gereflanges of Cristes circean underfon ða gerihte . Ne næfre nan man an anes kennes wisan næfð nænne anweald on þare ilicere hæue\_ne/ butan ða munekes of Cristes circean . 7 heore is þæt scip 7 si ouerfæreld þare hæuene . 7 si tolne of ealle scipen bi þas ðe hit beo 7 cume ðanon þe hit cume þe to þare ilicare hæuene æt Sandwic cumð . 7 gif aht is in ðare micelre sæ wiðutan ðare hæuene swa micel swa seo sæ heo mæst wiðteohð 7 git anes mannes længe þe healt ænne spreot on his hand 7 strecð hine swa feor swa he mæg aræcen into ðare sæ þæt is ðare muneke . 7 eal þæt ðe of ðas healue þare middel sæ wurð gefunden 7 to Sandwic gebroht . bi hit scrud . bi hit net . oððe wæpne . oððe isen . gold oððe seoluer þæt healue dæl sceal beon ðare muneke . 7 þæt oðer dæl scel beliuan þam ðe hit findæð . 7 gif ænig oðer gewrit heoneforð wurð forð gebroht þe beo heortoforen gemaked þe on æniges kinnes wisen beo geðuht þissere ure gefæstnunge to wiðcweðene þæt gewrit beo geworpen musen to gnagene oððe on fere to forbærnenne . 7 se ðe hit forðbrængð beo swilces hades swilc he beo bio he gehealden for æscegeswap . 7 mid ealre ðare unwurðreste scame beo he gescænt 7 of eallan þan mannen ðe ðær gehænde beoð mid ane mode wurðe he gescuned . 7 seo strange gefæstnunge þi\_i/sere landboc æfre ma heoneforð beo gestranged . 7 ægder mid ðas ælmihtiges Godes ealderdome 7 mire . 7 ealre minre ðegene gefæstnunge togænes ealre þare wiðcweðendre smæigunge on ecnesse staðelfæst 7 unawægendlic mid ðurhwuniende rihte beo gefæstned . 7 gif ænig is þæt gewilnað oððe to brekene oððe to gelitligene mid toðundene modignesse þas ure gefæstnunge : wite he hine selfne amansumod fram Gode 7 fram eallen his halgan . butan he toforan ðam deaðe mid wurðe behriwsunge gebete þæt he unrihtwislice forgelte . Ðeos landboc wæs gewriten on ðan þusende 7 ðri 7 twentehte gære fram ures hlauordes hælendes Cristes akennednesse . mid ðare geðwærunge þissere manne þe here naman heræfter beoð gewritene. + Ic CNUT se kining of Ænglelande þas gefæstnunge of ðisen gewrite unawendedlice gefæstni + Ic Ægelnoð ercebiscop of Cantwareberig þas sundergeoue mid þam halige tacne getremde. + Ic Ælfric se ercebiscop of Euerwic ðas ilces kinges godne wille mid ðam halege rode tacne gefæstni. + Ic Ælfwine se biscop of Lundene geðwærðe. + Ic Ælfwine biscop of Wincæstre gæf geðwærunge. + Ic Brihwald biscop Coruiniensis ecclesie geðwærde. + Ic Ægelric biscop of Dorsætscire gefæstnede. + Ic Ælmer biscop. + Ic Godwine bisceop. + Ic Brihtwine biscop. + Ic Æðelstan biscop. + Ic Ælmær abbod. + Ic Brihtmær abbod. + Ic Brihtwine abbod. + Ic Wulnoð abbod. + Ic Godwine eorl. + Ic Ægelaf eorl. + Ic Ðrim eorl. + Ic Yric eorl. + Ic Ðord minister. + Ic Agemund . minister. + Ic Ægelric . minister. + Ic Ælfwine . minister. + Ic Brihtric . minister. + Ic Leofric . minister. + Ic Siræd . minister. + Ic Godwine . minister. + Ic Eadmær . minister. Summary version: [C]nut rex Anglorum dedit ecclesie Christi brachium sancti Bartholomei cum magno pallio et sui capitis auream coronam et portum de Sanduuic et omnes exitus eiusdem aque ab utraque fluminis parte, ita ut natante naue in flumine cum plenum fuerit quam longius de naui potest securis paruula super terram proici debet a ministris ecclesie Christi rectitudo nauis accipi. Nullus omnino hominum aliquam consuetudinem in eodem portu habet exceptis monachis ecclesie Christi. Eorum quoque est transfretatio portus et nauicula et theloneum nauicule et omnium nauium que ad Sandwic uenerint a Pepernessa usque Northmutha. Si quid autem in magno mari repertum fuerit delatum Sandwic medietatem Christi ecclesia habebit . Reliqua uero pars inuentoribus remanebit.\nIn the name of the most high God and of our Lord the Saviour Christ. Our holy and righteous fathers with true exhortation and with frequent admonition remind us that we should fear and love with inward joyfulness of heart and with zeal in good works the Almighty God whom we love and believe in. Since he shall requite all our works on the Day of Judgement, according to everyone’s deserts, let us strive with the utmost effort of our minds to follow him. Although we are laden with the burden of this mortal life and defiled with the transitory property of this world, yet we may purchase the eternal reward of heavenly life with these perishable riches. And therefore I, Cnut, by the grace of God king of England and of all the adjacent islands, lay the royal crown from my head with my own hands upon the altar of Christ in Canterbury for the benefit of the said monastery, and I grant to the said monastery for the sustenance of the monks the harbour at Sandwich and all the landing places and the water dues from both sides of the river, from Pepperness to Mærcesfleote, whoever may own the land , in such wise that whenever it is high tide and a ship is afloat, the officers of Christ Church shall receive the dues from as far inland as can be reached by a taperæx thrown from the ship. And no-one shall ever in any kind of way have any control in the said harbour, except the monks of Christ Church, and theirs is to be the ship and the ferrying across the harbour and the toll of every ship that comes to the said harbour at Sandwich, whatever it be and wherever it come from . And if there is anything in the high sea outside the harbour, the rights of the monks shall extend as far as the utmost limit to which the sea recedes and the length of a man, who in addition holds a pole in his hand as far as he can stretch [it] out into the sea, and half of all that is found on this side of the ‘middle sea’ and brought to Sandwich—whether it be clothing or nets or weapons, or iron, gold or silver—shall go to the monks, and the other half shall be left to those who find it. And if any other document is henceforth produced which has been made heretofore and which in any kind of way be thought to contradict this our confirmation, that document shall be cast to mice to gnaw or into the fire to be burned up, and he who produces it, of whatever rank he may be, shall be regarded as the sweepings of ashes and be made to appear contemptible with the most ignominious shame and [be] unanimously shunned by all the men who are nearby. And the firm confirmation of this charter shall be strengthened for all time henceforth, and with the authority of almighty God and with mine and with the ratification of all my thegns it shall be established with lasting justice, unwavering and immovable forever against all contradictory deliberations. And if there is anyone who attempts with puffed-up pride either to break or diminish this our confirmation, he shall know himself accursed by God and by all his saints, unless before his death he make amends with valid repentance for what he has unrighteously committed. This charter was written in the year 1023 after the birth of our Lord, the Saviour Christ, with the agreement of these men whose names are recorded hereafter: [Witnesses]\nIn nomine dei summi et saluatoris nostri Ihesu Christi. Certis adstipulationibus nos sancti patres frequentatiuis orationibus admonent, ut deum quem diligimus et credimus intima mentis affectione cum bonorum operum diligentia incessanter eum timeamus et amemus, quia retributionem omnium actuum nostrorum in die examinationis iuxta uniuscuiusque meritum reddet. Ideoque subtilissima mentis certatione illum imitari satagamus, licet mortalis uitae pondere pressi et labentibus huius saeculi possessionibus simul infoecati, tamen miserationis eius largitate caducis opibus aeterna coelestis uitae praemia mercari queamus. Quapropter ego Cnut diuina fauente gratia Anglorum caeterarumque adiacentium insularum basileus, propriis manibus meis capitis mei [auream] coronam pono super altare Christi in Dorobernia ad opus eiusdem aecclesiae, et concedo eidem aecclesiae ad uictum monachorum portum de Sanduuic et omnes exitus eiusdem aquae ab utraque parte fluminis cuiuscumque terra sit, a Pipernæsse usque ad Mearcesfleote, ita ut natante naue in flumine cum plenum fuerit quam longius de naui potest securis paruula quam Angli uocant taper-eax super terram proiici, ministri aecclesiae Christi rectitudines accipiant, nullusque omnino homo habet aliquam consuetudinem in eodem portu, exceptis monachis aecclesiae Christi. Eorum autem est nauicula et transfretatio portus et theloneum omnium nauium cuiuscumque sit et undecumque ueniat quae ad praedictum portum et ad Sanduuic uenerint. Si quid autem in magno mari extra portum quantum mare plus se retraxerit, et adhuc statura unius hominis tenentis lignum quod Angli nominant spreot et tendentis ante se quantum potest, monachorum est. Quicquid etiam ex hac parte medietatis maris inuentum et delatum ad Sanduuic fuerit, siue sit uestimentum, siue rete, arma, ferrum, aurum, argentum, medietas monachorum erit, alia pars remanebit inuentoribus. Quod si aliter deinceps quilibet codicellulus emerserit qui priscae tempestatis stilo digestus huic nostrae confirmationi uisus fuerit aliquatenus refragari, illius modi litteraturae membranula suricum morsibus conrodenda, aut certe potius igniuomi uaporis incendio comburenda adnichiletur, eiusque praesentator cuiuscumque extiterit personae, pro purgamento fauillae deputetur, et ignominiosissima confusione subsannetur, et ab omnibus in circuitu praesentibus uni animo detestetur. Huiusque priuilegii rata confirmatio semper inposterum praeualeat, et tam dei omnipotentis auctoritate quam mea simul et omnium concorditer optimatum corroboratione confirmata contra uniuersa refragatorum cogitamenta cunctis succedentibus aeui temporibus stabilis et inconcussa, columnaris status similitudine, perseuerantissimo iure consolidetur. Si autem, quod non optamus, aliquis tumido supercilio inflatus hanc nostram corroborationem infringere uel minuere temptauerit, nouerit se anathematizatum esse a deo et sanctis eius, ni ante mortem digna satisfactione emendauerit quod iniuste deliquit. Scripta est haec scedula anno ab incarnatione domini nostri Iesu Christi millesimo .xxiii. his testibus concordantibus quorum onomata inferius lucide karaxantur. + Ego Cnut rex Anglorum hanc litteraturae confirmationem indeclinabiliter confirmo. + Ego Æ∂elno∂us Dorobernicus archipraesul hanc praerogatiuam uexillo sancto confirmaui. + Ego Ælfricus Eboracensis aecclesiae archiepiscopus eiusdem regis beneuolentiam cum sanctae crucis signo corroboro. + Ego Ælfwinus Lundoniensis aecclesiae pontifex consensi. + Ego Ælfsinus Wentoniae episcopus assensum praebui. + Ego Byrhtwoldus Coruiniensis aecclesiae episcopus condonaui. + Ego Æ∂elricus Dorccensis aecclesiae episcopus consolidaui. + Ego Ælmær bisceop. + Ego Godwine bisceop. + Ego Bryhtwine bisceop. + Ego Æ∂elstan bisceop. + Ego Ælmær abbod. + Ego Brihtmær abbod. + Ego Brihtwig abbod. + Ego Wulno∂ abbod. + Ego Godwine dux. + Ego Eglaf dux. + Ego ˘rym dux. + Ego Yric dux. + Ego ˘ord minister. + Ego Agemund minister. + Ego Ægelric minister. + Ego Ælfwine minister. + Ego Brihtric minister. + Ego Leofric minister. + Ego Siræd minister. + Ego Godwine minister. + Ego Eadmær minister. + On ∂as hegestes Godes . 7 ures hlauordes hælendes christes naman . ure halige 7 ure rihtwise fæderes mid so∂re gefæstnunge . 7 mid gelomrædre menunge us gemenegi∂ ˇæt we ∂one ælmihti God ∂e we luuia∂ 7 we onbeleua∂ mid inweardre gelustfulnesse ure heorten 7 mid geornfulnesse godre wurke unatirendlice ondræden 7 luuian . For∂i ∂e he scel geldan edlean ealre ure weorke on domesdæge æfter æghwilces mannes earnunge . 7 for∂i mid ∂am hehlicastan gewinne ures modes swinke we him to gefolgienne ˇeah∂e we gesæmde beon mid ∂are berdene ∂ s deadlices liues . 7 ∂are gewitendre æhte ˇises middaneardes beon awémde . ˇeahhwædere we magen gebecgen ∂a éce meden ∂as heouenlices liues mid ˇam riosenden welan; 7 for∂i ic Cnut ∂urh Godes geue Ænglelandes kining 7 ealre ∂are eglande ˇe ∂ærto licge∂ . legge upan christes weoued inne Cantwareberig mines heouodes kinehelm mid minen agenen h nden to ∂as ilcen menstres freme . 7 ic nn ˇam ilikan menstre to ∂are munece bigleoue ∂a hæuene on Sandwic 7 ealle ∂a lændinge 7 ˇa gehrihte of ∂am ilkan wætere of ægder healue ∂as streames age land se∂e hit age . fram Pipernæsse to Mærcesfleote . swa ˇæt ∂onne hit bi∂ full flód 7 ˇæt scip bi∂ aflote . swa feorr swa mæg an taperæx beon geworpen ut of ∂am scipe up on ˇæt land ˇa gereflanges of christes circean underfon ∂a gerihte. Ne næfre nan man an anes kennes wisan næf∂ nænne anweald on ˇare ilicere hæue'ne' butan ∂a munekes of christes circean . 7 heore is ˇæt scip 7 si ouerfæreld ˇare hæuene . 7 si tolne of ealle scipen bi ˇas ∂e hit beo 7 cume ∂anon ˇe hit cume ˇe to ˇare ilicare hæuene æt Sandwic cum∂ . 7 gif aht is in ∂are micelre s' wi∂utan ∂are hæuene swa micel swa seo s' heo mæst wi∂teoh∂ 7 git anes mannes længe ˇe healt ænne spreot on his hand 7 strec∂ hine swa feor swa he mæg aræcen into ∂are s' ˇæt is ∂are muneke . 7 eal ˇæt ∂e of ∂as healue ˇare middelsæ wur∂ gefunden 7 to Sandwic gebroht . bi hit scrud . bi hit net . o∂∂e wæpne . o∂∂e isen . gold o∂∂e seoluer ˇæt healue dæl sceal beon ∂are muneke . 7 ˇæt o∂er dæl scel beliuan ˇam ∂e hit findæ∂ . 7 gif ænig o∂er gewrit heonefor∂ wur∂ for∂gebroht ˇe beo heortoforen gemaked ˇe on æniges kinnes wisen beo ge∂uht ˇissere ure gefæstnunge to wi∂cwe∂ene ˇæt gewrit beo geworpen musen to gnagene o∂∂e on fere to forbærnenne . 7 se ∂e hit for∂bræng∂ beo swilces hades swilc he beo bio he gehealden for æscegeswap . 7 mid ealre ∂are unwur∂reste scame beo he gescænt 7 of eallan ˇan mannen ∂e ∂ær gehænde beo∂ mid ane mode wur∂e he gescuned . 7 seo strange gefæstnunge ˇi's'sere landboc æfrema heonefor∂ beo gestranged . 7 ægder mid ∂as ælmihtiges Godes ealderdome 7 mire . 7 ealre minre ∂egene gefæstnunge togænes ealre ˇare wi∂cwe∂endre smæigunge on ecnesse sta∂elfæst 7 unawægendlic mid ∂urhwuniende rihte beo gefæstned . 7 gif ænig is ˇæt gewilna∂ o∂∂e to brekene o∂∂e to gelitligene mid to∂undene modignesse ˇas ure gefæstnunge ; wite he hine selfne amansumod fram Gode 7 fram eallen his halgan . butan he toforan ∂am dea∂e mid wur∂e behriwsunge gebete ˇæt he unrihtwislice forgelte. ˘eos landboc wæs gewriten on ∂an ˇusende 7 ∂ri 7 twentehte gære fram ures hlauordes hælendes christes akennednesse . mid ∂are ge∂wærunge ˇissere manne ˇe here naman heræfter beo∂ gewritene + Ic Cnut se kining of Ænglelande ˇas gefæstnunge of ∂isen gewrite unawendedlice gefæstni. + Ic Ægelno∂ ercebiscop of Cantwareberig ˇas sundergeoue mid ˇam halige tacne getremde. + Ic Ælfric se ercebiscop of Euerwic ∂as ilces kinges godne wille mid ∂am halege rode tacne gefæstni. + Ic Ælfwine se biscop of Lundene ge∂wær∂e. + Ic Ælfwine biscop of Wincæstre gæf ge∂wærunge. + Ic Brihwald biscop Coruiniensis ecclesie ge∂wærde. + Ic Ægelric biscop of Dorsætscire gefæstnede. + Ic Ælmer biscop. + Ic Godwine biscop. + Ic Brihtwine biscop. + Ic Æ∂elstan biscop. + Ic Ælmær abbod. + Ic Brihtmær abbod. + Ic Brihtwine abbod. + Ic Wulno∂ abbod. + Ic Godwine eorl. + Ic Ægelaf eorl. + Ic ˘rim eorl. + Ic Yric eorl. + Ic ˘ord minister. + Ic Agemund .minister. + Ic Ægelric .minister. + Ic Ælfwine .minister. + Ic Brihtric .minister. + Ic Leofric .minister. + Ic Siræd .minister. + Ic Godwine .minister. + Ic Eadmær .minister.


Ælfric of Eynsham (Ælfric)\n10th century; ed. not skaldic;\nLife of St Edmund (Edmund) - 23\nPreface to Genesis (PrefGen) - 21\nPreface to Genesis Assignment (PrefGenx) - 21\nPreface to Genesis Assignment —\n8 — Ælfric, PrefGenx §44-50\nCite as: Not published: do not cite (Ælfric, PrefGenx §44-50)\nWe secgað eac foran to þæt seo boc is swiþe deop gastlice to understandenne, and we ne writaþ na mare buton þa nacedan gerecednisse. Þonne þincþ þam ungelæredum þæt eall þæt andgit beo belocen on þære anfealdan gerecednisse, ac hit ys swiþe feor þam. Seo boc ys gehaten Genesis, þæt ys gecyndboc, for þam þe heo ys firmest boca and spricþ be ælcum gecinde, ac heo ne spricð na be þæra engla gesceapenisse.\nBefore we also say that the book is very spiritually deep to understand, and we never write more but (than) the bare narrative. Then [it] seems to the unlearned that all that knowledge is locked in that simple narrative, but it is very far from it. The book is called Genesis, that is [the] book of origin, because she (it) is first of the books and speaks about each species, but it never speaks about the creation of angels.


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Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, Sabaeus , splendēscō , spūtātilicus\nsputo, to be spit upon, abominable, detestable : crimina eius, Sisenn. ap. C.


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'þúma' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nan; m. The thumb Ðúma, thúma, thúmo pollux, Txts. 89, 1617. Swá greáte swá ðín þúma, Lchdm. iii. 18, 25. Ic com mid handa on ðone stán drífan, and se ðúma gebrocen wæs, Bd. 5, 6; S. 619, 24. Gif se þúma biþ of áslægen, ðam sceal .xxx. sciłł. tó bóte. Gif se nægl biþ of áslegen, ðam sculon .v. sciłł. tó bóte, L. Alf. pol. 56; Th. i. 94, 28. Gif man þúman of áslæhþ, .xx. sciłł. Gif þúman nægl of weorðeþ, .iii. sciłł. gebéte, L. Ethb. 54; Th. i. 16, 9. Hé æthrán his swíðran þúman (pollicem manus ejus dextrae ), Lev. 8, 23. Þúman pollices, Wrt. Voc. ii. 82, 48: Ex. 29, 20. [Mid te þume, A. R. 18, 14. Þe nayle of þe þoume, Ayenb. 43, 14. To the thowme, Rel. Ant. i. 190, 22 (end of 14th cent.). Thombe, Chauc., Piers P. Thowmbe, Prompt. Parv. 492. In other glossaries of 15th cent. it is spelt thome, Wit. Voc. i. 184 (where also thombe): 207, col. 2: thowme, 186, col. 1: thombe, 179: 247, col. 2: (in same glossary also) thumb, 246, col. 1. O. Frs. thúma: O. L. Ger. thúmo: O. H. Ger. dúmo: Dan. tomme: Swed. tumme.] v. þýmel.\nBosworth, Joseph. "þúma." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Ed. Thomas Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. 1075.


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Rhine-Alpine Talks - Green Corridor - EGTC Rhine-Alpine\nDu bist hier: Startseite / Events / Veranstaltungen / Rhine-Alpine Talks – Green Corridor\nRhine-Alpine Talks – Green Corridor\n11. September 2020 /in Workshop /von Udval Hatanbaatar\nThe second edition will deal with the topic “Green Corridor“. The programme will be published here shortly.\nhttps://egtc-rhine-alpine.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/RA-Talks-03.07.2020.png 1022 1879 Udval Hatanbaatar https://egtc-rhine-alpine.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/logo-egtc_164x156px.jpg Udval Hatanbaatar2020-07-03 14:09:272020-07-07 17:29:46Rhine-Alpine Talks - Green Corridor\nRhine-Alpine Talks – Corona and the Corridor Rhine-Alpine Talks – Cross-Border Issues


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-: Dimension Numbers :-\nÞe nines system is one þat purely depends on þe lengþ of þe time unit. Þe table below shows þe NNA system, wiþ time dependencies. To keep þe exact Nines definition wiþ þe local time system, þe units of lengþ, mass and time vary directly wiþ time.\ntime T s = 1.000 000 000 000 t\nlengþ T c c=0.299792458 m = 3.335 640 951 981 t\nmass T c³/G G=0.0667258 kg = 2.476 462 069 977 t\ncharge T c²/√(Gμ/4π) μ4π=100 C = 28.741 239 181 087 t\nOne can þen do a time dependence of all of þe named SI units, according to þis scale. So if þis system was exported to Mars, þe size of þe Nines units would change accordingly. One can get a rough conversion simply by using your ruler and a local ruler.\nt=1 m, kg, s, F, C, J, Wb, H, m³/s²\nt=0 S, A, W, V, Ω, m/s, N\nt=-1 m/s², Hz\nt=-2 Pa, kg/m³\nÞe dependence of mass on lengþ does not scale well when one takes it to þe extremes of atomic or astronomical scales. Over þis range of dimensions, we notice þat density and velocity are relatively constant.\nAccordingly, one designs a scale based on density, velocity and time.\nt=-1 frequency acceleration\nt=0 unit velocity spec mass\nt=1 time lengþ kin viscos traction\nt=2 area volume flow\nt=0 density pressure power flux\nt=1 mass/area dyn viscos surface tension\nt=2 1/G mass/lengþ mass flow force power\nt=3 mass momentum energy\nt=4 mmt of mass action\nÞis table becomes neater, if one makes þe verticals run wiþ lengþ raþer þan time. Also, one can see if one places d=100, v=10 and t=1, one gets relatively easy numbers to use, to add up to form þe dimension number.\nÞe bulk of þe electrical units fit into þe middle, so it is more sensible to start wiþ d=200. Also, some mechanical quantities are based on sqrt(force) or sqrt(density), so it's a useful change.\nÞis scale is þe CGS numbers.\n-21 -11 1/lengþ -1 frequency 9 acceleration\n-10 0 UNITY 10 velocity 20 spec energy\n1 1 time 11 lengþ 21 kin viscosity 31 traction\n12 22 area 32 mass flow\n23 33 volume\n230 power flux\n211 211 mass/area 221 dyn visc 231 241\n222 222 mass/line 232 mass flow 242 force 252 power\n233 233 mass 243 momentum 253 power\n244 244 mass moment 254 action\nÞe placing of þe electrical quantities into þe dimensional scale took some effort, much work was centred on a þing called þe DC triangle.\nIn essence, all quantities þat i could round up had SI units, þat after removing lengþ and time, maps onto one of þe following measures: 1, watt, ampere, volt, ohm and siemens.


Nice and gemmy terminated Imperial Topaz lot. A good matching pair.\n- 2 Topaz Crystals\n9.20 ct / 1.84 g\n17 x 6 x 4 mm\n17.5 x 6 x 5mm\n7.75 CTS peach/pink imperial topaz terminated crystal specimen, ouro preto, Brazil\ntopaz imperial chackra gem stone crytal brazil minais gerais orange golden healing


Bosworth/Toller, page d0279\nThis is page 279 of the supplement to An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by T. Northcote Toller (1921)\nGÆRSTÚN-DÍC -- GAGOLBÆ-acute;R-NES 279\ncivitatem habetur, quod Saxonice Garstone appellatur ... This sunðe the gemeare thes gerstunlandes, and thære mede, C. D. B. ii. 349, 32-39. Forð tó Ósmundæs garstúnæs hyrnan; ðonan forð on bican gerstúnes hyrnan, i. 540, 2-3. On lyngærstún eástewerdne, iii. 55, 16. [v. N. E. D. garston.] v. hors-gærstún.\ngærstún-díc. Add :-- On becenes grestúndíc; ðet á be díc on Eccen, C. D. v. 330, 35.\ngærsum, es; m. n. Substitute: gærsurna(-e), an; m. (f.): gærsum, es; m.: e; f., and add I. in a collective sense, treasure :-- Heora gærsama fornéh eall losade, Chr. 1075; P. 209, 38. Gif hé ne sealde þe máre gersuman, 1047; P. 171, 14. Hí budon þám pápan mycelne garsuman and seolfer, Chr. 995; P. 130, 22. Gærsuman, 34. Ealne his gærsuman and his orf, 1078; P. 213, 28. Walþeóf bæd forgyfenysse and beád gærsuman, 1076; P. 211, 34. II. an article of value; in pl. treasures :-- Hé forleás æ-acute;gðer ge men ge hors and feola his gersuma (unárímede gærsaman, v. l.), Chr. 1076; P. 213, 6. Hí bereafedan hí æt eallon þan gærsaman þe heó áhte, þá wæ-acute;ron unátellendlice (nam of hire call þ-bar; heó áhte on golde and on seolfre and on unásecgendlicum þingum, v. l.), 1043; P. 163, 35. Þám (Henry) hé becwæð gersuman unáteallendlice, 1086; P. 219, 14. Hé sceáwode þ-bar; mádmehús, and þá gersuman þe his fæder gegaderode; þá wæ-acute;ron unásecgendlice æ-acute;nie men hú mycel þæ-acute;r wæs gegaderod, on golde and on seolfre, and on faton, and on pællan, and on gimman, and on manige oðre deórwurðe þingon. Se cyng dæ-acute;lde þá gersuman for his fæder sáule, 1086; P. 222, 14-20. Hé hæfð geinnod þ-bar; æ-acute;r wæs geútod þurh Godes fultum ... and þurh his gærsuma, Cht. Th. 428, 10. ¶ the word translates munus, though this is used in the sense of office, service :-- Fram æ-acute;lcere gærsuman woruldlicra brúcunga unmæ-acute;ne ab omni munere secularium functionum immunes, C. D. B. i. 154, 15.\ngærs-yrþ. v. gærs-irþ: gæst a guest, v. gist: gæ-acute;st spirit, v. gást: gæ-acute;stan. Add: [v. N. E. D. gast.]\ngæ-acute;st-lic (gæst- ?); adj. Terrible, ghastly :-- Ongitan sceal gleáw hæle hú gæ-acute;stlic bið, þonne eall þisse worulde wela wéste stondeð, Wand. 73. Cf. (?) gæ-acute;stan.\ngæ-acute;ten. Add: Mid gæ-acute;tenum smeruwe, Lch. i. 178, 18. [O. H. Ger. geizín caprinus.]\ngaf; adj. Dele, and see gaf-spræ-acute;c: -gaf; n. See ge-gaf: gafelian. v. gafolian.\ngafeluc. Add :-- Gafeluca iaculo, sagitta, Hpt. Gl. 432, 44. Gaflucas catapultas, sagittas, 405, 53. Gafelucas, arwan catapultas, 505, 56. Hí scuton mid gafelucum ... oð þ-bar; hé eall wæs beset mid heora scotungum swilce igles byrsta, Hml. S. 32, 116.\ngafol tribute. Add: (1) in the following glosses :-- Ged&e-hook;bin gebil gedaebeni geabuli debita pensio, Txts. 56, 336. Cesareum tributum, i. regalis gafol, Wrt. Voc. ii. 131, 3. Gebles (geabules, gaebles) monung exactio, Txts. 60, 394. Gafules manung, Wrt. Voc. ii. 30, 10. Gafeles andfengend numerarii, 62, 34. Gaebuli, geabuli aere alieno, Txts. 42, 115. Gedéfum gafule debita pensione, Wrt. Voc. ii. 25, 23. (2) payment exacted by a stronger from a weaker people, by the conqueror from the conquered :-- On þisum geáre wæs þ-bar; gafol gelæ-acute;st ofer eall Angelcynn; þ-bar; wæs ealles .lxxii þúsend punda, Chr. 1018; P. 155, 10. Man sceolde gafol gyldon þám flotan ... Leófsig gesætte þet hí féngon tó gafle ... and him man geald .xxiii. þúsend punda, 1002; P. 133, 36. Cáseres gæfel, Mt. L. 17, 24. Gæfil (gæfle, R.) onfón tributum accipere, 25. Geafel, Mk. L. 12, 14; Lk. L. 20, 22. Gæfelo tributa, 23, 2. (2 a) figurative :-- Wé wæ-acute;ron gefreoþode feónda gafoles, Bl. H. 105, 23; Wlfst. 251, 16. Se middangeard ús (devils) wæs lange æ-acute;r underþeóded, and ús deáþ mycel gafol geald, Bl. H. 85, 12. (3) payment exacted by the state, a tax :-- Æt gæflæs monunge in teloneo, Mt. R. 9, 9. Gif wilisc man geþeó þ-bar; hé hæbbe híwisc landes and mæge cyninges gafo forð bringan (þám cyng gafol gyldan, v. l.), Ll. Th. i. 186, 14. Landágende men ic læ-acute;rde þ-bar; hié heora gafol águldon, Bl. H. 185, 21. (4) payment exacted by the church :-- Hú hí Godes lage heóldon and Godes gafel læ-acute;stan, Ll. Th. i. 350, 8. (4 a) of payment exacted by the Jewish law :-- Þ-bar;te saldun gæfel (hostiam) æfter ðætte ácweden wæs in æ-acute; Drihtnes, twoege turturas &l-bar; twoege birdas culfra, Lk. R. 2, 24. (5) payment exacted by a lord, e.g. rent by a landlord :-- Gafel tributis (serviet), trifetum, Kent. Gl. 426. Se hláford tó his gafole búton wítnunge fó, Ll. Th. i. 270, 19. Gif se hláford wile þ-bar; land áræ-acute;ran tó weorce and tó gafole, 146, 4. Mid ús is geræ-acute;d þ-bar; hé sylle .v. sustras huniges tó gafole, 436, 2. Sum hit is ðan scipwealan tó gafole gesett, C. D. iii. 450, 19. (5 a) figurative :-- Hwane manaþ God máran gafoles þonne þone biscop, Bl. H. 45, 16. Gif gé gesáwen hwelce mús þæt wæ-acute;re hláford ofer óþre mýs and sette him dómas and nídde hié æfter gafole si inter mures videres unum aliquem jus sibi ac potestatem prae ceteris vendicantem, Bt. 16, 2; F. 52, 3. (6) a contribution exacted in aid of the needy, a rate :-- Þæt úre teóþan sceattas sýn earmra manna gafol (a poor-rate), Bl. H. 41, 24. Teóþunga gafelu (tributa) synd beþurfendra sáwla, Scint. 108, 15. (7) interest on a loan :-- Hé gýmð græ-acute;delíce his teolunge, his gafoles, Hml. Th. i. 66, 11. 'Ic wolde mín ágen ofgán mid ðám gafole.' God forbeád ... þæt nán ðæ-acute;ra manna þe rihtwís beón wile ne sceal syllan his feoh tó gafole. Ðis gafol ... nis ná woruldlic, ac is gástlic, ii. 554, 8-12. Þ-bar; hé his feoh ne his æ-acute;hta tó nánum unrihtum gafole (ullo injusto foenore) ne læ-acute;ne; þ-bar; is, þ-bar; hé hine máran ne bidde tó ágyfanne þonne hé him æ-acute;r læ-acute;nde, Ll. Th. ii. 194, 16. (8) a debt (lit. and fig.), due, obligation :-- Þ-bar; wæ-acute;re mid gafoles neóde (necessitate debiti) sum getreówe wer ... þ-bar; hé wæ-acute;re geswænced fram his moniendum fore .xii. scyllingum, Gr. D. 157, 21-33. Sé þe geswænced wæs mid þæs gafoles manunge (necessitate debiti), 158, 12. Gemæ-acute;nelicum deáþes gafele generali mortis debito, An. Ox. 1448. Nán fram þám gefule (debito) þeówdómes sí beládud, Angl. xiii. 439, 1057. Þænne gaful gemæ-acute;nre týddernysse tó ágyldenne æ-acute;nig geclypud byþ cum ad debitum communis fragilitatis exsoluendum quis uocatus fuerit, 442, 1093. v. æ-acute;-gafol(e); adj.\ngafol, e; f. A fork. Take here geafel in Dict., and add :-- Furca, furcula diminutive gæfle, Wrt. Voc. ii. 151, 82. Hé sceal habban ... race, geafle, Angl. ix. 263, 7. Forcelle gæfle, dictae quod frumenta celluntur, i. commoventur, Wrt. Voc. ii. 150, 17. [O. L. Ger. ga&b-bar;ala: O. H. Ger. gabala furca, furcilla.] v. berigeblæ; gafol-rand.\ngafol-bere. Add: Cf. bere-gafol.\ngafol-fisc, es; m. Fish paid as toll or tribute :-- Ic geann þám munecan tó fódan mín gafolfisc þe mé áríst be sælande concedo maritimos pisces qui mihi contingere debent annualiter per thelonei lucrum, Cht. Th. 307, 37.\ngafol-freó; adj. Free from tax or tribute :-- Ic habbe gifen ... ðat cotlíf ðé ic wæs boren inne ... and áne hýde ... scotfré and gafolfré, C. D. iv. 215, 33. Gauelfré, 191, 18.\ngafol-geréfa a tax-gatherer. Take here gæfel-geroefa in Dict., and add :-- Mathéus se gæfelgeroefe (publicanus), Mt. R. 10, 3.\ngafol-gilda one who pays gafol. Add: (1) v. gafol, (2) :-- Hanna mid eallum his folce wearð Rómánum tó gafolgieldum and him æ-acute;lce geáre gesealde twá hund talentana siolfres, Ors. 4, 6; S. 170, 26. (2) v. gafol, (7) :-- Gafolgilda fenerator, Wrt. Voc. ii. 33, 43. v. next word.\ngafol-gildere. Add: a debtor, v. gafol, (8), (7) :-- Gif ðú wilt þæt þis feoh becume tó ðínre sáwle ðearfe, tódæ-acute;l hit ðearfum and wanhálum, wydewum and steópbearnum and hafenleásum gafegyldrum, Hml. Th. ii. 484, 33. Cf. Lk. 7, 41 under gafol-gilda.\ngafol-heord. Add: a swarm of bees rented from the lord, the rent (gafol) being paid in honey: gafol-hwitel. l. -hwítel a whittle or blanket to be paid to the lord as a tax: gafolian (-el-) to confiscate. v. ge-gafolian.\ngafol-irþ, e; f. The ploughing by the gebúr and the sowing from his own barn of a certain portion of the lord's land and the reaping and carrying of the crop to the lord's barn by way of rent :-- His (the gebúr) gauolyrde .iii. æceras erige and sáwe of his áganum berne, Ll. Th. i. 434, 18. Cf. Þa gerihta þæ ðá ceorlas sculan dón tó Hysseburnan ... .iii. æceras geerian on heora ágenre hwíle and mid heora ágenan sæ-acute;de gesáwan, and on heora ágenre hwíle on bærene gebringan, Cht. Th. 144, 28-38.\ngafol-land. Add :-- Tó stræ-acute;t synd .xii. hída .xxvii. gyrda gafollandes ... tó Middeltúne .v. hída .xiii. gyrda gafollandes ... tó cinges túne .v. hída synd .xiii. gyrda gafollandes and .i. hída bufan díc ðæt is nú eác gafolland, C. D. iii. 450, 12-18.\ngafol-lic; adj. Connected with tribute or taxes :-- Fiscalis reda gebellicu[m] waegnfearu, Wrt. Voc. ii. 108, 63. Fiscalis ræde gafellicum wæ-acute;nfare, 35, 56. Gafollic fiscale (tributum), An. Ox. 6, 20.\ngafol-manung, e; f. A demanding of tax or tribute, 'the receipt of custom' :-- Sittende tó geafolmonunge sedentem ad teloneum, Mk. R. 2, 14.\ngafol-rand, es; m. A pair of compasses :-- Gafelrond (printed -rod) circinnus, Wrt. Voc. ii. 131, 25. Gabulrond, gabelrend, gabarind circino, ferrum duplex, unde pictores faciunt circulos, Txts. 51, 469. Gabulrond radio, 93, 1711. Gafolrand circinnum, Wrt. Voc. ii. 22, 50. [Gabulhrand circino, Grff. ii. 531.] v. gafol a fork.\ngafol-swán. Add: a swineherd who had a herd of swine from the lord on condition of paying a certain part of the stock. Cf. gafol-heord: gafol-tíning. l. -týning: gafol-wydu. l. -wudu: gafol-yrþ. v. gafol-irþ.\ngaf-spræ-acute;c, e; f. Buffoonery, scurrility :-- Hwæ-acute;r biþ his gafspræ-acute;c, and ðá ídelan gamenunga, and his ungemetegode hleahter?, Bas. 50, 28. [v. N. E. D. gaff.] v. ge-gafspræ-acute;c; gaffetung.\ngagátes. l. gagates jet, at end for Lch. iii. l. Lch. ii., and add :-- Hér bið geméted gagates stán; sé bið swylce blæc gim, gif mon déð on fyr, næ-acute;dran fleógaþ áweg ðone stenc gignit lapidem gagatem; est nigrogemmeus, et ardens igni admotus incensus serpentes fugat, Bd. 1, 1; Sch. 9. 5. [v. N. E. D. gagate.]\ngagat-stán, es; m. Jet :-- Gagatstán gagates, Wrt. Voc. i. 38, 28.\ngagol. Add :-- Mid gealge móde oferswíþed lasciuo superatus animo, Bd. 5, 6; Sch. 576, 8. v. gagolisc.\ngagol-bæ-acute;re; adj. Lascivious, wanton. v. next word.\ngagolbæ-acute;r-nes. Add :-- Gagolbæ-acute;rnesse lascivia, Wrt. Voc. ii. 49, 70. Sé ðe eall his mód bið áflogen tó gæglbæ-acute;rnesse qui totis cogitationibus ad lasciviam defluens, Past. 73, 11.


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The Islamic State's Appointment of a New 'Caliph' (Old English Version) :: Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi\nby Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi • Mar 11, 2022 at 5:29 pm\nAs an amusing exercise in illustrating this divergence, I decided to translate into Old English the new speech of 'Abu Omar al-Muhajir' (the Islamic State's new spokesman) announcing the appointment of 'Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi' as caliph of the group in succession to 'Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi,' who was killed in a U.S. raid last month. I feature this Old English translation in this post, and raise the following points for discussion and comment\nSe Ælmihtiga cwæþ: "Of þæm geleafullum sind weras þe wæron Gode holde on þæm þe hie badodon, ond of him biþ se þe fulfremede and swealt, ond se þe basnaþ, and hie ne onhwurfon nan þing."\nEala, ge muslimas on gehwelcum stowe, arisaþ ond sweriaþ holdaþ þara geleafullra beothatan ond þara muslima calife, for þæm þe he biþ of folce anwisnesse ond soþes (we demaþ hine swa ond God biþ his demere), ond gif hit us mihtelic wære, inwrige we his naman ond his lichaman, ac is ælcum þingum his tima ond his stow. Forþa ne bidaþ ond ne getweogaþ þæt ge swerien him holdaþ, for þæm þe imam Muslim reahte on his soþlican bec þæt Abdullah bin Omar (begen Gode gecweme sien) sægde þæt he hierde Godes apostol (sy Godes sibb ond bletsung ofer him) cweþende: "Swa hwa swa animþ hand of gehiersumnesse, gemeteþ God on Domesdæge ond næfþ nanne gelefenscipe, ond swa hwa swa swelteþ ond næfþ nanne holdaþ ofer his hneccan, swelteþ deaþe unislamisces unwisdomes. Witodlice we ne cnawaþ wealdend butan hine þe lætt Godes lage wealdan on þæm þe God him mæht geaf, ond fieht for Godes intingan.


demen - Middle English Compendium\nForms dẹ̄men v. Also (rarely) deamen, di(e)men. Forms: p. dẹ̄mde, dẹ̄mede, dempte; ppl. i)dẹ̄med, dempt.\nEtymology OE dēman\n(a) Law To pass judgment on (sb. or sth.); judge, adjudicate; (b) to render judgment, judge; -- with prep. phr.; (c) ~ dom, to pass judgment, render a verdict, impose a sentence; also, sit in judgment, hold court.\nc1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)1038 : It nere no lawe þat þe sone þe fader scholde deme; Þare-fore..I-nelle me no-þing take to Iuggement of kingus court.\nc1300 SLeg.Becket (Hrl 2277)p.70 : To deme a man bihynden him, thu wost hit nere no lawe.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1770 : Min holi fader, as you semeth Mi reson and my cause demeth!\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)4.178 : Resoun shal rekene with ʒow..And deme ʒow..as ʒe han deserued.\na1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2200 : Thou maist well seyn..That he is gentil by cause he doth As longeth to a gentilman..A cherl is demed by his dede.\n(1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)111/6 : Ʒe þat all þinge has forsakyn..sal syt on xij setis, demand þe xij tribis of israel.\n(a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)79/23 : Holy fader, demeþ nouʒt by þe face, but riʒtful dome ʒe deeme.\n(1402) Topias (Dgb 41)p.57 : Men..Whe have leve of scripture to deme after mennes werkes.\nc1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)443 : Anenst hir estatis I woll in no manere Deme ne determyn.\na1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.Pentec.(Lamb 487)95 : He demað stiðne dom þam forsunegede.\na1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)143 : Þenne wille god deme his leste dom, and wile ʒelden eche men his mede efter his werke.\nc1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)195 : Þe luðere reue of rome..lette bringen hire biuoren his eh sihðe, as he set & demde þe hehe burh domes.\nc1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1755 : He demeþ manie riʒte dom, An diht & writ mani wisdom.\na1275 Doomsday (Trin-C B.14.39)10 : Þenne comeþ ure lauerd crist, his domes for to deme.\n(c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2488 : Hwan þe dom was demd and giue..Þat he sholde þarne lif [etc.].\nc1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11807 : Alas, were was loue þo, suiche domes to deme!\na1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)503/181 : To deme my domes I woll descende.\n(a) To judge (sb., sth.) adversely; criticize, censure, condemn; (b) to be critical or censorious, find fault.\na1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)57/32 : Sume..diemeð hem seluen, seggeð ðat hi bieð senfullest of alle oðre manne.\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.14.4 : Who art thou, that demest [L judicas] anothir seruaunt?\nc1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.95 : I deme men þat don ille, and ʒit I do wel worse.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2014 : Thogh it scholde him wel beseme That he alle othre men can deme, And hath foryete his oghne vice.\nc1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)17.227 : Sciences swelleþ in a mannes saule, And doþ hym to be deynous and deme þat beth nat lerede.\na1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)195 : Deme ʒe noght ihesus till ne fra, bot mensk him þat ʒe may.\n(c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)23/356 : Ʒour God ʒe con not knowe; ʒour dedus demeys ʒoue dredles..ʒe han chasid away charyte.\n(1433) Reg.Spofford in Cant.Yk.S.23154 : Sogettes may lefulli deme the maner of levynge of her prelates..for yevell prelates ben the traytoures of God.\nc1440 Treat.Prayer (Thrn)298 : He es werre þan wode þat demes any manes herte.\na1450 PPl.B (Cmb Dd.1.17)5.144 : Dempne [Ld: Þise possessioneres preche and depraue freres].\na1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)4054 : To say þat his soule is dampned..is a poynte of owre byleue; Bot..y nyl not deme nomon here.\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.7.1 : Nyle ʒe deme [L judicare], that ʒe be nat demyd.\na1425(?a1400) PCounsel.(Hrl 674)161/20 : Loke neiþer þat þou deme ne discusse in þe dedes of God ne of man.\nc1450 Whos conscians (SeldSup 52)41 : Whos conscians..be not clene, of oþer men dedis the wars thay wyll deme.\n(a) To sentence (sb.), impose a penalty upon; condemn to death; doom (sb.); (b) ~ to dethe (bale), to sentence (sb.) to death (torture); ~ to mendes, sentence to make amends; ~ to dien (hongen), sentence to die (hang); etc.; (c) to impose or inflict (punishment on sb.); (d) fig. to condemn (sb.).\nc1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)328 : Hwet is mare medschipe þen for to leuen on him ant seggen he is godes sune, þe þet Giws demden & heaðene ahongeden?\nc1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10362 : Þe king anon in wraþþe..demde hom..& let hom honge heye.\nc1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)635 : In his court he schal deme [Cai: dampne] þe & al to-lime.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)9628 : Þis thral..Wel has serued for to be demed.\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)4.181 : I wil haue leute in lawe..And.. wronge shal be demed.\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)583 : If destyny me demys, hit is dere welcum..That I..shuld fle.\na1500(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Dub 213)757* : All at wer dampned to þe deth & demyd at þe lawe.\nc1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)100/30 : Þa Iudeus..ure Hælend to deaþe demdon.\nc1225 St.Juliana (Roy 17.A.27)20/172 : He me walde warpen ut of mine wike ant demen me to deaðe.\na1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2038 : Pvtifar trewið hise wiwes tale, And haued dempt iosep to bale.\na1350 Harrow.H.(Hrl 2253)54 : Mon haþ do me shome ynoh..demeden me to deʒe on rode.\nc1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)636 : Þou schalt be..dempt, heiʒe to hong.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.271 : Claudius..Was demed for to hange vp on a tree.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.1947 : Atteint thei were be the lawe And diemed forto honge and drawe.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14995 : Þai sal him tak and deme to ded.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.4.128 : The justise regal hadde whilom demed hem bothe to gon into exil.\n?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)191/26 : The kyng may nought deme noman to deth withouten assent of his barouns.\n(?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.749 : His cherlis..Wer dempt be lawe to deien in prisoun.\n1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)4357 : Þis wyche..To þe comoun bordel I iudycyally deme.\n?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)8250 : Wha so þaim [laws] brake, to mendys þai demyd.\na1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)35/15 : And weryn the Citteseynnes to deth demyd.\na1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero A.14)207 : Ich bide þe..bi his deaðfule grure and..bi al þet me him demde.\n(c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)29/533 : Ʒour dedus þai doþ ʒou deme.\n(a) To act as judge or arbiter; ~ after right, ~ truli, render fair judgment; (b) ~ dom, ~ right, to pronounce judgment, arbitrate; ~ laue, administer the law; (c) to judge (a contest); (d) to judge (contestants); try (sb.).\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.340 : If thou evere in cause of love Schalt deme, and thou be so above That thou miht lede it at thi wille [etc.].\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.750 : Thei mihten noght acorde in on, And toke a jugge..And bede him demen in the cas.\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.382 : Salamon..demed wel & wysely.\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)19.302 : Whan he in courte sitteth To demen as a domesman, adradde was he neure [etc.].\nc1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.283 : He was to hem fauourable..whiche is nouʒt commendable Of hem þat lyst to demen after ryʒt.\n(c1425) Doc.Lynn in Nrf.Archaeol.6223 : Ʒe shal..truli deeme..bitwene parti & parti.\nc1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)166 : It liketh hym at the wrastlyng for to be, And demeth yit wher he do bet or he.\n(1439) Doc.in Collect.Topogr.515 : I prey him..that his reward..may be put in..iugement of iiij..discreet persones..chosen to arbitre and deme.\nc1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)188 : Þo quaþ þe hule, 'þu [Jes-O: hwo] schal us seme þat cunne & wille riʒt us deme?'\nc1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1747 : Ich nam of drad of none dome..þat maister nichole..Bi tuxen vs deme schulde.\n(c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2467 : Þe king..bad he sholden demen him rith..He..seyden..'We deme þat he be al quic slawen.'\nc1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)5.175 : By leel men and lyf-holy my lawe shal be demyd.\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1860 : Brutus hit [a match] demdæ uppen ære dune.\na1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)3735 : Ʒowre grete debate es broght til ende..And I sal deme ʒow als I can.\n?1435(1432) Lydg.Hen.VI Entry (Jul B.2)271 : Ye be iuges, other ffolke to deme.\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12243 : Þes duly schuld dem þo dukis by ryght, Qwiche wegh þe wale god is worthi to haue.\na1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)98a : Ledeþe him in to youre synagoge and demeþe him by youre lawe.\nc1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2028 : Wee have no Iuge here of Autorite, But evandir, the Steward, shall deme both the & me.\nTo rule (a people) under the law of the land.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5210 : Þe ward he [Joseph] has o þat kingrike, And demes bath pour and rike.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7002 : Saleph had a sun, othomel, He demed þe folk of israel.\n?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.280 : Edward..wille þat Scotlond be..þorgh wise men demed.\nTo decide or agree (that sth. be done); also, render a decision, arbitrate.\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)460 : Heo habbeð idemed [Otho: imaked] þat ich am duc ofer heom.\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28242 : Anæn swa he demen iherde of Modredes ðeðe [read: deðe], he nom nis swein [etc.].\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.5152 : The partie..hath diemed and ordeigned..That he schal have the halvendel..of Adrianes good.\n(1399) RParl.3.452a : The Lordes in this Parlement..deme and ajuggen and decreen that [etc.].\n(1419) Doc.in Sur.Soc.8514 : Thay..demed and awarded that the Tresorer and the person of Seint John kyrk..gar remove thayre pryves that standys upon the kynge's dyke.\nc1438 Contract in OSSLH 4196 : The said arbitrours, takyng on ham the charge of the said arbitrement, awarde and iugement, awardede and demyd..that..Richard Fortescu and John Silverlok..sholde enfeffe the said Thomas.\n(1450-4) Contract in OSSLH 4211 : The which arbitrourz..demyd, awarded, and finally determynyd betwix ye seid Robert and Thomas, The which award, deme and determinacon ye seid Robert..hath bene redy..to kepe and performe.\n(a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)159 : The grete debate..was compromitted to the dom of the Kyng of Frauns, that whatsoevyr he dempt they schuld observe.\nTheol. Of Jesus: (a) to judge (mankind on Judgment Day); (b) to condemn or damn (sb.); ~ to helle; -- with to phr. or inf. phr.; (c) of God: to pass judgment upon (sb. or sth.), judge.\nc1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)108/2 : He þenne walde ylce men..demen, & heom ædlean syllæn æfter heore aʒene wruhte.\nc1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10556 : He shall demenn att te Dom All mannkinn, cwike & dæde.\nc1225 Nic.Creed (Jun 121)5 : He eftð cumeð mid wuldre to deminde þen cwike and þan deaden.\na1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)143 : For to deme baþe þe gode and þe uuele.\na1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)171 : Þan he cumeð, almiddeneard to demen.\nc1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)340 : & steah in to heouene; & schal eft o domesdei cumen ba to demen, þe cwike & te deade.\na1250 Creed (Nero A.14:Everett)217 : He kumeð to demen ðe quike and ðe deade.\n?c1250 Somer is comen & (Eg 613)73 : He wule come a domes-day, to dem us euerich one.\na1350 God þat al þis myhtes (Hrl 2253)37 : When we bueþ dempned after vr dede a domesday.\n(1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)13/23 : He ssel come ate daye of dome to deme þe dyade and þe libbinde.\na1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.69 : After al þis shal men see Crist oure Lord come from hevene..to deme men.\n?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)85/34 : God schal come to deme all maner of folk.\n(1448) in Willis & C.Cambridge 1379 : When euery man shal most streitly be examined and demed after his demeritees.\nc1175 Orm.(Jun 1)9969 : Illc an mann..Beoþ demmd þurrh Crist o Domess daʒʒ, Inn helle fir to bærnenn.\na1200 PMor.(Trin-C B.14.52)274 : Þo beð mid hem in helle fordon and demde.\na1200 Trin.Hom.Creed (Trin-C B.14.52)15 : He beð dempd to þolie wowe mid deflen on helle.\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 3.18 : He that bileueth in to him is not demyd or dampnyd; forsothe he that bileueth not is now demed.\na1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.6 : Mankind that..Was demed to the pin of helle.\na1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)3207 : Rytwysnes, be stylle; lete no man be ʒou dampnyd be, nor deme ʒe no man to helle.\na1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)119 : Drihten ne demeð nenne Mon efter his biginnigge.\nc1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)20/9 : Þu art, drihtin, domes-mon of cwike & of deade: dem bituhen unc twa.\n(1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)125/1 : Þe wylle of god þet al y-ziʒþ and demþ.\nc1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6147 : God..Demeth þe herte, & þe word riʒt nouʒt.\n(a) To give an order or directions; order, direct; ~ decre; also, give permission [quot.Pearl]; (b) to order (that sth. be done), decree; order or ask (sb. to do sth.); (c) to request or suggest (sth.); pray (to God); (d) to advise (sb.).\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)17847 : Al swa his men duden swa þe king demde [Otho: hadde idiht].\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)19979 : Nuste noht his duʒeðe what he deme [Otho: seggen] wolde..ænne að he þer swor [etc.].\nc1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)1462 : Ichulle dihten þe deden of mi kinedom efter þet tu demest.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.3045 : If ye wole that men do yow obeisance, ye moste deme moore curteisly.\nc1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1745 : Þen watz demed a decre bi þe duk selven: Bolde Baltaza[r] bed þat hym bowe schulde Þe comynes al of Calde.\nc1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)324 : Þurʒ drwry deth boz vch ma dreue, Er ouer þys dam hym Dryʒtyn deme.\nc1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3740 : He shall make a-mendis..Riʒte as the lawe wol deme.\nc1225 SWard (Roy 17.A.27)40/393 : Þet wit ga euer biuore, ant teache wil efter him to al þet he dihteð & demeð to donne.\n(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.153 : Þe cardinals..ordeyned and demed [L decreverunt] þat þe pope be not beried in holy chirche.\n(1417) Doc.in Sur.Soc.8511 : The Maistre and the Freres of the Hospitale..demys that a lyne be drawen [etc.].\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)606 : What-euer ye deme me to do..I hete you full highly..your wille for to wirke.\n?c1450(?a1400) Wycl.Clergy HP (Lamb 551)393 : Oure bischopis..dempten þat who so euer take mynystres of þe chirche fro spiritualle office to seculere, þat þer be noone offrynge done for hym.\na1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)647/22 : The whych we wylle & deme by her owne namys to be expressyd.\na1250 Lofsong Louerde (Nero A.14)211 : Milde merciable godd, ich deme to þe.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1639 : So that I wiste I sholde yow nat greue, I wolde demen that ye tellen sholde A tale next.\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)400 : Ʒe me deme sone Quat me is beste of þis case.\nTo agree or consent (to do sth.).\nc1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1089 : Ʒe han demed to do þe dede þat I bidde, Wyl ʒe halde þis hes?\nc1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)367 : Als þay demden too doo, thay deden full euen.\nOf God or destiny: (a) to ordain; ordain (sth.); ordain (sth. for sb.); (b) to destine (sb.).\nc1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)83a : Ʒe forbuhe monne dom þet ich demde mon to, þet wes to libben i swinc & i sar on eorðe.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.20 : Dronkeschipe..can make of a wisman nyce..that him schal seme That he can al the lawe deme, And yiven every juggement Which longeth to the firmament.\nc1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)432 : Herk, renk, is þis ryʒt, so ronkly to wrath For any dede þat I [God] haf don oþer demed þe ʒet?\nc1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1564 : Desteny and doughtynes of dedys of armes, Alle es demyd and delte at Dryghtynez will!\nc1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)78 : Syn þou so knowist þat þe is demed þe deþ to dure nouht longe.\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1260 : To do as driʒten wald deme.\nc1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)85 : Þorou þe grace of God I gete þat I have; Þei han demed me..Of erþe to be emperour.\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)313 : He..þat demyd is or destaned, þis dede for to worche.\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)836 : Cleopatras a knafe child consayue sall & bere, þat demed [Dub: destinate] is eftir þi deth duly to regne.\n(a) To prescribe or impose (a penalty); (b) to allot or assign (sth.); also, make an award (to sb.); (c) to prescribe (a treatment).\nc1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Dom.Quadr.(Bod 343)42/3 : Æfter þare ʒemete þare dedæ he sceal þa reowsunge deman.\nc1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)46/19 : Me is nu deað idemet her, & wið þe lif ilenet.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18300 : To ded you deme he did..Nu sal þat ded [i.e. death] be dempt on him.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)29379 : Þe man þat has þam [monks] for to yeme mai soill þam and þair mendes deme.\n(1419) Let.Bk.in Bk.Lond.E.(Gldh LetBk I & K)100/51 : Euery man..þat can aspye or enfourme þe Chamberleyn of þis Citee of eny persone þat..sellith..wynes or hem medlith..shal have þe thrid parte of þe forfaiture þerof demyd for his labour.\na1425 Nicod.(1) (Add 32578)783 : Deth þai demyd Ioseph apon ffor þe warke þat he hade wrought.\n(1464) Paston4.115 : The Kyng grauntith..a pardon of all..offenses..and of fynes therefore dempt or to be dempt.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.537 : The world..Was evere untrewe, and as the blynde Improprelich he demeth fame.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)8733 : 'Lauerdinges,' he [Solomon] said..'Til queþer o þir tua sal i [Trin-C: shal I hit] deme?'\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21445 : Þe quen has biden us to deme To þe al þat to right es queme.\n?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)148a/b : Þis vomite demed [*Ch.(2): decreede] Ipocras onez in a moneþ.\n(a) To form a judgment or opinion, exercise one's judgment, judge; ~ wel, judge properly; ~ the best; ~ kueadliche, to seem bad (to sb.); ~ of, make an inference from (sth.); (b) to judge (sth.), estimate; infer (sth.); also, criticize, censure.\n(1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)27/11 : Þe herte of þe enuious ys..suo miswent, þet he ne may oþre manne guod yzy þet hit him ne..demþ kueadliche.\n(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.263 : Aʒenst resoun no sober man demeþ; no Cristen man demeþ [L sentit] aʒenst holy writte.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2220 : He that soone demeth, soone shal repente.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2315 : He that is irous and wroth, he ne may nat wel deme.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1216 : He therinne sitte scholde..To..deme of the planetes sevene, As he which cowthe mochel what.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.202 : Dyuerse folk dyuersely han demed: As many heuedes as many wittes ther been.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1498 : Herkneth the tale, er ye vp on hire crie..whan that ye han herd the tale, demeth.\na1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)818 : I can not seyn..Demeth ʒour-silf, that prudent ben and wise.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.243 : So as every jugement is the dede..of hym that demeth, it byhoveth that every wyght performe the werk..of his propre power.\n?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)25/13 : Þat tour..was of xxv myle in cyrcuyt..as men may demen by estimacioun after þat men tellen.\nc1440(?c1350) Mirror St.Edm.(4) (Thrn)22/7 : Some He hase gyffen..to fele and with resone to deme, als to mane and to angells.\na1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)60/125 : Noye you noght in no degre So for to deme here of oure dede.\na1500 Whos conscians (Cmb Ii.3.26)p.205 : Deme the best of every doute, Tyl the truthe be tryed out.\nc1225 Wor.Bod.Gloss.(Hat 113)21 : Talað: demeð.\nc1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)79b : Dem þrefter hire pris & beo on hire þe deorre.\na1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1074 : Þe douʒti duk..brent fele tounes..so þat duel was to deme þe duresse þat he wrouʒt.\n(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)59b/a : Vreyne is I-iuged & I-demed..by substaunce & colour.\n(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)109a/a : Astronomeris..takeþ hede of houses ascendentis..þat þey mowe deme & gesse what schal bifalle.\nc1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)10.319 : Al þis makeþ me on meteles to studie..And demede þat dowel Indulgences passede.\nc1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1322 : Suche a sowme he þer slowe..Of dos & of oþer dere, to deme were wonder.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.2.13 : Every thing that may naturely usen resoun, it hath doom by which it discernith and demeth every thing.\n?c1430 Wycl.PSacr.(Corp-C 296)223 : He etiþ and drynkiþ his owen dampnacion, not demynge wisly þe body of oure Lord.\na1500 Whos conscians (Cmb Ii.3.26)p.205 : A harde thynge hit is, y-wys, To deme a thynge that unknowen is.\n(a) To hold an opinion, assume, think; (b) to suppose or assume (sth.); presume, suspect, expect; think, believe, deem; (c) to expect or wish (sth.).\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)23059 : Ælles ne cunne we demen [Otho: telle] of Arðures deðen.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.44 : As he was wont fro yeer to yeer, I deme, He leet the feste of his natiuitee Doon crien [etc.].\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)3.187 : For kulled I neuere no kynge..Ne dede, as þow demest, I do on þe kynge!\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.10.34 : Nyl ʒee deme [L arbitrari] that I cam to sende pees in to erthe.\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.20.10 : The firste cummynge demeden that thei weren to take more.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1071 : He demeth that he hath synned so greetly..that he shal nat be saued.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1486 : Make no contenance of heuynesse, That folk of yow may demen harm or gesse.\na1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4099 : Grekys..Dempte..this cas was falle by som enchauntement.\na1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.799 : What may she demen oother of thy deeth..But that for feere is yolden up thy breth?\na1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.462 : What men wolde of hit deme I kan nat seye.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.4.161 : O Maystresse, what demestow of this?..I putte it to gessen..to the jugement..of wyse folk.\n?c1430(c1400) Wycl.FCLife (Corp-C 296)193 : Ʒif prestis seyn here matynes..þei..demen it is ynowʒ.\n(a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)83/17 : Þe pepil was..astoyned, demyng sche had ben vexyd wyth sum euyl spiryt.\n(a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)180/4 : Many euyl folke..demtyn & seydyn þat þei went raþar to woodys..to vsyn þe lust of her bodijs.\n(?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.1163 : Nembroth..Dempte proudli..He transcendid all othre in noblesse.\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)528 : Deme no dishonesty in your derfe hert!\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)10239 : He said þat his suranse sothely was..done for dissait, demit he non other.\nc1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)30 : Þe puple dempt, be here straunge aray, þat þei knewe summe straunge þingis.\nc1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)3991 : He demed..That Beryn was I-com of som nobill kynde.\n(a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)616/16 : As kynge Marke red this lettyrs, he demede treson by sir Trystram.\nc1475(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)51 : Symon Magus..was reprouid of Petre, for he demid to possede þe ʒeft of God bi money.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2378 : He demeth to haue victorie ouer thy persone by swich feyned contenance.\na1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5472 : His suns..laid him þar his heldres bi, Þar he demed him self to lij Bi ysaac and be abraham.\nTo regard (sth. as good, as a sin, etc.); deem (sb. lost, etc.); -- (a) with adj. complement or for phr.; (b) with noun compl. or with as, for phr.; (c) with compl. inf.\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)22140 : Þat he weore lauerdswike..þene þe king demde for-lore.\nc1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)22/208 : Þe rihtwise godd wule þet we demen us seolf eðeliche & lahe.\nc1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)94a : He [priest] schal þe sunne demen mare oðer leasse.\na1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)26/16 : Veynes..ben deemed cold & drie.\na1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)69/12 : Þanne I demede nessessarie to drawe out al þe veyne.\na1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)138/10 : I foond him..no þing meuynge, & I deemede him for deed.\nc1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1118 : Perle praysed is prys þer perre is schewed, Þaʒ hym [?read: hyt] not derrest be demed to dele for penies.\nc1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1529 : Elles ʒe demen me to dille, your dalyaunce to herken.\na1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4006 : He dempt hym-silf so prudent and so wys.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.2.182 : Ryght so mostow nedes demen hym for ryght myghty, that..atteyneth to the ende of alle thinges that ben to desire.\n(1425) Paston2.20 : The chaunceler and the chef Justyse..demptyne hym clere as ther inne.\n(a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)180/8 : How prone þe pepil was to demyn euyl of hem.\nc1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)219 : He was demyde þe doughtyeste þat duellyde in erthe.\n?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)61/2 : Þan þei dempte hym able to be slayne for sacrifice.\nc1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7868 : Hit is demyt for dulle, & done out of heryng.\nc1500(a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(Cld A.8)157 : The kynges counseil shuld deme hem worthy to be rewarded.\n?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)153/72 : My dedys be ful dowty demyd.\nc1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)22/199 : Ha ne trust nawt on hire ahne wepnen ah deð o godes grace, & þet ich demi riht & wisdom to donne.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.371 : Synnes whiche that many a man..ne demeth hem nat synnes.\nc1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)240 : For fantoum & fayryʒe þe folk þere hit demed.\n?c1430(c1400) Wycl.FCLife (Corp-C 296)193 : Þei demen it dedly synne.\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1849 : I deme it as det & to a day borowid.\n(c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3226 : He was old, And demed hymself been lyk a cokewold.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.4.117 : How manye men, trowestow, wolde demen hemself to ben almost in hevene?\nc1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)12/34 : Þat þing whiche resoun knowith and demeþ to be good.\n(a) To express an opinion about something, argue; say, tell, relate, or describe (sth.); ~ with, argue with (sb.); to ~ the soth, to tell the truth; (b) to give a name to (sth.).\nc1225 Body & S.(2) (Wor F.174)9/18 : Heo [i.e. your tongue] demde feole domes þe drihten [weren] loþe.\nc1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)10425 : Of Sæueres dæðe Bruttus þer demden, sæiden..'Seuarus wes god cniht [etc.].'\nc1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)20/3 : Lef me þet ich mote legge mine ehnen o þe luðe[re] unwhit..& lef me deme wið him, drihtin of dome. He heaneð me & heateð [etc.].\na1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)1961 : Þanne is hare iangle..to deme som sely wenche..þis bosteres..Bringeþ wymmen in sclaunder.\na1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)583 : Þat was a digne damisele, to deme al þe soþe, & komen of hire oune kin.\na1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1161 : Þe duk hade þe douʒtiere men, to deme þe soþe, & mani mo þan þemperour.\nc1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)1.84 : Whon alle tresour is I-triʒed, Treuþe is þe Beste; I do hit on Deus Caritas, to deeme þe þe soþe.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.221 : Of sondry doutes thus they iangle and trete, As lewed peple demeth comunly Of thynges..They demen gladly to the badder ende.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.261 : Thus ianglen they, and demen and deuyse.\n?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Petyt 511)154 : Alle he telles..In his buke has Dares demed Both of Troie & of Grece.\nc1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)13.306 : A bostour..in tauernes tales to telle..Of dedes, that he neuere dyd, demen and bosten.\nc1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)361 : Thenne demed I to þat damyselle: 'Ne worþe no wrathþe [etc.].'\nc1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)119 : Dyngne Dauid..þat demed þis speche In a psalme..'O Folez in folk [etc.].'\nc1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2122 : 'Mekill dere,' quod ane Doctoneus, 'of ʒow I deme sall;' And he of þe takyng of Troi tald all his lyue.\nc1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)248 : For to deme his governaunce, it semed þat his mynde Was much in his lady þat he lovid best.\na1500 Wars Alex.(Dub 213)3069 : Mony deyd þis day, as demys me writtes [Ashm: as þe buke tellis].\nc1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1020 : Forþy þe derk Dede See hit is demed evermore.\nc1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1611 : Þy bolde fader Baltazar bede by his name, þat now is demed Danyel of derne coninges.\n(a) To perceive (sth.); (b) to discern, conceive, or know (sth.); discriminate or distinguish (between things); resolve (a doubt); (c) to interpret (sth.); determine (meaning); conclude (sth.); (d) to think about (sth.), imagine.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2489 : The blinde man no colour demeth, But al is on riht as him semeth.\n?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)134b/a : Þan he seeþ subtile þingz of ferre & discerneþ & demeþ hem.\nc1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)32b : Hwil þe lust is hat..ne maht tu nawt te hwiles deme wel hwet hit is, ne hwet ter wule cumen of.\n(1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)76/13 : Me conne riʒt wel knawe and deme huet is kuead and huet is guod.\n(1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)82/6 : Þet hi ne conne..deme betuene grat and smal, betuene precious an vil.\nc1390 Mannyng HS, Mir.CC (Vrn)322 : Moni wondres weore on hem seene, Mo þen he couþe þenne deme.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1441 : The science of Astronomie, Which principal is of clergie To dieme betwen wo and wel In thinges that be naturel.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1491 : Ther ben a thousend sterres..so bryhte, That men mai dieme what thei be, The nature and the proprete.\n(c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.563 : I so loued hym..for the trouthe I demed in his herte That [etc.].\n(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)20b/a : Resoun..demeþ betwene gode & euel.\n?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.212 : Lat us graunten..that som man may wel demen or knowen the goode folk and the badde.\nc1450(c1405) Mum & S.(2) (Add 41666)320 : That I shulde cunne of clergie to know þe sothe, Forto deme þe doute þat me so dul made.\nc1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)10/3 : He iugith and deemeþ bitwix þo þinges, whiche þingis noon oon outward witt may knowe.\n(c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.16.4 : Ʒe han knowe to deme wisely [L dijudicare] the face of heuen, but ʒe mowen not wite [L scire] the tokenys of tymes.\n(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2311 : If thou wolt take into thi mod Reson, thou myht be reson deeme That so thi prince forto queeme Is noght to reson acordant.\nc1400(a1376) *PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)8.138 : Dauid demide [Vrn: deuynede] þe drem of a king.\n(?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)7.1593 : What it mente, no man koude deeme.\nc1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)337 : 'Whan I am partlez of perle myne Bot durande doel what may men deme?' -- 'Thow demez noʒt bot doel-dystresse..Why dotz þou so?'\n(a1402) Trev.Dial.MC (Hrl 1900)10/16 : Demeþ how hit wolde myslike ʒow, & he dide so to ʒow.\nPpl. Indicative, symptomatic.\n?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)70b/a : Aking & oþer demyng [*Ch.(2): schewynge] disposicions.\na1400 Hit resteþ (Hrl 7322)2 : Hit [poverty] resteþ and hit quemeþ, hit richeþ and hit demeþ.\nNote: New sense: to test a person's virtue or fortitude, strengthen a person by trial.--per KC\n?c1400(1379) *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.31ra (2.3) : Þe pouce is more certeyn to deme of in þe lefte wirste þan in þe riʒt wirste.\nNote: ?New sense. Editor's gloss: ~ of 'to make a judgment about, to interpret'.\nNote: Correction: In sense 3.(b) in the phrase ~ to dethe, the entry form is deth (without final -e). The Cursor quot. has ded. If we maintain ded as a separate entry from deth, shouldn't the phrase ~ to ded be added?--per MJW\nNote: Correction: in sense 11.(c), the gloss does not reflect the syntax. In both quots., the direct object of demen is an infinitive or an infinitive phrase: "demen to have victorie" and "demen himself to lij Bi ysaac," not a noun or pronoun, as (sth.) implies.--per MJW