Zwei mittelenglische bearbeitungen der sage von St. Patrik's purgatorium / [ed. E. Kölbing].\nZwei mittelenglische bearbeitungen der sage von St. Patrik's purgatorium\nZWEI MITTELENGLISCHE BEARBEITUNGEN DER SAGE VON ST. PATRIK'S PURGATORIUM.\n[PURGATORIUM SANCTI PATRICII.]\n1). [Der anfang fehlt und damit die überschrift.] . . . . . . . . . .\nand liued in dedeli sinne. [ 25a.]\nSeyn Patrike hadde rewþe\nof hir misbileue and untrewe,\nþat þai weren inne.\nOft he proued sarmoun to make▪\nþat þai schuld to god take\nþai were ful fild of felonie,\nþai no held it bot ribaudie\nof no þing þat he sede.\nAnd al þai seyd commounliche,\nþat non of hem wold sikerliche\nbot ȝif he dede þat roman,\ninto helle went þan,\nof þe pain and of þe wo,\nþe soulen suffri euer mo,\nþai þat ben þer inne;\nand elles þai 1). [þai klein über dem texte nachgetr.] sey[d] 2). [d von seyd verloschen.], þat nolden hye\nof her misdede nouȝt repenti,\nWhen sein Patrike herd þis,\nmichel he card for soþe, ywis,\nOft he was in afliccoun,\nþat he him schuld grace sende,\nhou he miȝt raþest wende\nout of þe fendes bond,\nand leue on god omnipotent,\nþe folk of Yrlond 3). [Ms. yrluod.].\nand bad for þat ich þing,\nIn his chapel he slepe wel swete,\nof fele þinges him gan mete:\nþat was in heuen-blis;\nas he slepe, for soþe him þouȝt,\nþat Jhesu, þat ous dere bouȝt, [ 25b.]\nto him com ywis,\nand ȝaf him a bok, þas nas nouȝt lite:\nþer nis no clerk, þat swiche can write,\nno neuer no schal be;\nit spekeþ of al maner godspelle,\nof heuen and erþe and of helle,\nof godes priuete.\nMore him þouȝt, þat god him ȝaf\nin slepe þer he lay;\nmen clepeþ þat staf in Yrlond\nȝete to þis ich day.\nWhen god him þis ȝif hadde,\nhim þouȝt, þat he him ladde\nþennes þe way ful riȝt\nþer was an hole michel apert,\nþat griseliche was of siȝt.\nin alle þe warld no was his mack,\nWhen þat Patrike yseye þat siȝt,\nswiþe sore he was afliȝt\nÞo god almiȝten him schewed and seyd,\nwho þat hadde don sinful dede\noȝaines godes lawe,\nand wald him þer of repenti,\nand his foliis wiþdrawe,\nso schuld in þis ich hole\na parti of penaunce þole\na niȝt and a day be her inne,\nand al him schuld forȝiue his sinne,\nand þe better spede.\nAnd ȝif he ben of gode creaunce,\ngode and poure wiþouten dotaunce\nand stedfast bileue,\nhe no schuld nouȝt be þer in ful long,\nþat he ne schal se þe paines strong,\nac non no schal him greue,\nin wiche þe soules ben ydo, [ 25c.]\nþat haue deserued to com þer to\nin þis world ywis;\nand also þan sen he may\nþat ich ioie, þat lasteþ ay,\nþat is in paradis.\nWhen Jhesu had yseyd alout,\nwiþ wel milde chere:\ngod, þat bouȝt ous dere in heuen,\nfram him he went wiþ milde steuen,\nand Patrike bileft þere.\nof his sweuening,\nbok and staf þer he fond,\nand tok hem up in his hond\nand þonked heuenking.\nHe kneld and held up his hond\nand þonked Jhesu Cristes sond,\nþat he him hadde ysent,\nwhar þurch he miȝt understond,\nto turn þat folk of Yrlond,\nIn þat stede wiþouten lett\nA fair abbay he lete sett,\nwiþouten ani dueling,\nin þe name of godes glorie,\nseyn Patrike, and our leuedy,\nSeyn Patrike maked þe abbay:\nþat wite wele men of þe cuntray,\nþat non is þat yliche:\nregles in þat abbay name;\nþer is solas, gle and game,\nwiþ pouer and eke wiþ riche.\nWhite chanounes he sett þer ate,\nto serue god arliche and late\nþat ich boke and þat staf,\nþat god seyn Patrike ȝaf,\nȝete þer man may se.\nIn þe estende of þe abbay,\nþer is þat hole, for soþe to say,\nþat griseliche is of siȝt; [ 25d.]\nwiþ gode stonwal al abouten,\nwiþ locke and keye, þe gate to louken,\nPatrike lete it diȝte.\nÞat ich stede, siker ȝe be,\nis ycleped 1). [Nach yc ist ein buchst. ausradirt.] þe riȝt entre\nfor in þat time, þat þis bifelle,\nmani a man went in to helle,\nas it seyt in þe storie,\nand com oȝain þurch godes gras\nþat þai hadde sen sikerliche,\nþe paines of helle apertliche,\nwhen þai were out ycome.\nAnd al so þai seyd wiþ heye\napertliche þe ioies, þai seiȝe,\nto god almiȝti and to his:\nþat is þe ioie of paradys;\nJhesu, ous þider bring!\nWhen alle þe folk of Yrlond\nþe ioies gan understond,\nþat seyn Patrike hem sede:\nto him þai com euerichon,\nAnd þus þai bicom lasse and more\ncristen men þurch godes lore,\nþurch Patrikes preier.\nI chil ȝou tel of oþer þing,\nȝif ȝe it wil yhere.\nBi Steuenes day, þe king ful riȝt,\nþat Inglond stabled and diȝt,\nin Norþhumberland was a kniȝt,\na douhti man and swiþe wiȝt,\nas 2). [Ms.: at.] it seyt in þis rime.\nOweyn he hiȝt, wiþouten les,\nin cuntre þer he born wes,\nas ȝe may yhere;\nwel michel he couþe of batayle,\nand swiþe sinful he was saunfayle [ 26a.]\noȝain his creatour.\nOn a day he him biþouȝt\nof þe sinne, he hadde ywrouȝt,\nand þouȝt, he wold þurch godes grace\nben yschriue of his trispas,\nAnd when he hadde þus gode creaunce,\nto þe bischop of Yrlond;\nþer he lay in þat abbay,\nþer was þat hole, for soþe to say,\nTo þe bischop he biknewe sis sinne\nand prayd him for godes winne,\nþat he him schuld schriue,\nand legge on him þenaunce sore:\nneuer eft in his liue.\nÞe bischop þer of was ful bliþe,\nand for his sinne blamed him swiþe,\nþat he him hadde ytold,\nand seyd, he most penaunce take,\nȝif he wald his sinne forsake\nÞan answerd þe kniȝt Owayn:\n"Don Ichil", he seyd, "ful feyn,\nwhat god me wil sende;\nþei þou me wost comandy,\nþider Ichil wende."\nÞe bischop seyd: "Nay, Owain frende!\nþat ich way schaltow nouȝt wende,"\nand told him of þe pine,\nand bede him lete be þat mischaunce,\n"and take", he seyd, "sum oþer penaunce,\nto amende þe of sinnes þine."\nFor nouȝt þe bischop couþe say,\nþe kniȝt nold nouȝt leten his way,\nÞan ladde he him into holy chirche,\nand þe riȝt lawe him kende.\nFiften days in affliccoun, [ 26b.]\nhe was wiþouten lesing;\nþan þe priour wiþ processioun,\nwiþ croice and wiþ gonfanoun\nto þe hole he gan him bring.\nÞe priour seyd: "Kniȝt Oweyn,\nher is þi gate to go ful gain,\nwende riȝt euen forþ;\nand when þou a while ygon hast,\nliȝt of day þou al forlast,\nac hold þe euen norþ.\n"Þus þou schalt under erþe gon;\nþan þou schalt finde sone anon\na wel gret feld, apliȝt,\nand þer in an halle af ston:\nswiche in world no wot Y non,\nsum dele þer is of liȝt.\nNamore liȝtnesse nis þer yfounde,\nþan þe sonne goþ to grounde\nIn to þe halle þou schalt go,\nand duelle þer tille þer com mo,\nþat schul þe solaci.\nÞritten men þer schul come,\nas it seyt in þe stori;\nand hye þe schul conseily,\nhou þou schalt þe conteyni\nþe way þurch purgatori.\nÞan þe priour and his couent\nbitauȝt him god and forþ hy went,\nþe gate þai schet anon.\nÞe kniȝt his way haþ sone ynome,\nþat into þe feld was ycome,\nþer was þe halle of ston.\nÞe halle was ful selly diȝt:\nswiche can make no erþeliche wiȝt,\nþe pilers stode wide.\nÞe kniȝt wonderd, þat he fond\nswiche an halle in þat lond\nAnd when he hadde long stond þer out,\nand deuised al about,\nin he went þare. [ 26c.]\nÞritten men þer come,\nwise men þai war of dome,\nand white abite þai bere;\nher most maister ȝede biforn\nand salud þe kniȝt;\nadoun he sat, so seyt þe boke,\nand kniȝt Owain to him he toke,\nand told him resoun riȝt.\n"Ichil þe conseyl, leue broþer,\nas ichaue don mani anoþer,\nþat han ywent þis way:\nþat þou ben of gode creaunce,\ncerteyn and poure wiþouten dotaunce,\nto god þi trewe fay;\nfor þou schalt se, when we ben ago,\na þousend fendes and wele mo,\nto bring þe into pine:\nPage 102 ac loke wele, bise þe so:\nand þou ani þing bi hem do,\nþi soule þou schalt tine!\nHaue god in þine hert\nand þenk opon his woundes smert,\nþat he suffred þe fore:\nand bot þou do as 1). [as fehlt im ms.] y þe telle,\nbodi and soule þou 2). [þ scheint aus einem anderen buchst. corrigirt zu sein.] gos to helle,\nand euer more forlore.\nNempne godes heiȝe name,\nand þai may do þe 3). [do þe steht im ms. zweimal, das zweite mal ausgestr.] no schame,\nfor nouȝt þat may bifalle."\nAnd when þai hadde conseyld þe kniȝt,\nno lenge bileue he no miȝt,\nbot went out of þe halle.\nHe and alle his fellewe red\nbitauȝt him god and forþ þai ȝede\nwiþ ful mild chere.\nOwein bileft þer in drede;\nAnd sone þer after sikerly,\nhe gan to here a reweful cri,\nÞei alle þe warld falle schold\nfram þe firmament to þe mold, [ 26d.]\nno miȝt haue ben no more.\nAnd when of þe cri was passed þe drede,\nþer com in a grete ferrede,\nof fendes fifti score,\nabout þe kniȝt in to þe halle;\nloþly þinges þai weren alle,\nbihinde and eke bifore.\nAnd þe kniȝt þai ȝeden abouten,\nand drof him to heþeing,\nand seyd, he was comen wiþ flesche and fel,\nto fechen him þe ioie of helle\nwiþouten ani ending.\nÞe most maisterfende of alle,\nadoun on knes he gan to falle\nand seyd: "Welcome, Owein!\nÞou art ycomen to suffri pine,\nfor þou schalt haue pine anouȝ,\nhard, strong and ful touȝ\nfor þi dedli sinne:\nno haddestow neuer more meschaunce,\n"Ac no for þan", þe fendes sede,\n"ȝif þou wilt do bi our rede,\n—for þou art ous leue and dere—\nwe schul þe bring wiþ fiue amour,\nþer þou com in fram þe priour\nwiþ our felawes yfere.\nAnd elles we schul þe teche here,\nþat þou has serued ous mani ȝer\nin pride and lecherie,\nfor we þe haue so long yknawe,\nto þe we schul our hokes þrawe,\nalle our compeynie!"\nHe seyd, he nold wiþ outen feyle:\n"Ac y forsake ȝour conseyle,\nmi penaunce Ichil take!"\nAnd when þe fendes yherd þis,\namidward þe halle ywis\na grete fer þai gun make.\nFet and hond þai bounde him hard, [ 27a.]\nHe cleped to our driȝt.\nAnon þe fer oway was weued,\ncole no spark þer nas bileued\nþurch grace of god almiȝt.\nAnd when þe kniȝt yseiȝe þis.\nmichel þe balder he was ywis\nand þouȝt wele in his memorie,\nit was þe fendes trecherie,\nhis hert for to fond.\nÞe fendes went out of þe halle,\nþe kniȝt þai ladde wiþ hem alle\nintil an uncouþe lond;\nþer no was no maner wele,\nbot hunger, þrust and chele,\nno tre no seiȝe he stond.\nBot a cold winde þat blewe þere,\nþat unneþe oni man miȝt yhere,\nand perced þurch his side.\nÞe fendes han þe kniȝt ynome,\nso long þat þai ben ycome\nin to a valay wide.\nÞo wende þe kniȝt, he hadde yfounde\nþe deppest pit in helle grounde;\nwhen he com neiȝe þe stede,\nhe loked up sone anon:\nstrong it was forþer to gon,\nHe seiȝe þer ligge ful a feld\nof men and wimen þat were aqueld\nnaked wiþ mani a wounde.\nToward þe erþe þai lay deueling:\n"Allas, allas!" was her brocking,\nwiþ iren bendes ybounde;\nand crid: "Allas! merci! merci!\nmerci, god almiȝt!"\nMerci nas þer non, for soþe,\nbot sorwe of hert and grinding of toþe:\nþat was a griseli siȝt!\nÞat ich sorwe and þat reuþe\nis for þe foule sinne of slewþe,\nas it seyt in þe stori: [ 27b.]\nwho þat is slowe in godes seruise,\nof þat pain hem may agrise,\nÞis was þe first pain, apliȝt!\nAlle þat pain he haþ ouerschaken;\nuntil anoþer þai han him taken,\nþer he seiȝe sorwe more\nof men and wimen þat þer lay,\nþad crid: "Allas!" and: "Waileway!"\nfor her wicked lore;\nþilche soules lay upward,\nas þe oþer hadde ly donward,\nþat y told of bifore,\nand were þurch fet and hond and heued\nwiþ iren nailes gloweand 1). [gl aus gr corrigirt.] red\nto þe erþe ynayled þat tide.\nOwain seiȝe sitt on hem þere\nloþli dragouns 2). [dragrouns ms.] alle o fer,\nin herd in nouȝt to hide.\nOn sum sede todes blake,\neuetes, neddren and þe snake,\nþat frete hem bac and side.\nÞis is þe pain of glotoni:\nfor godes loue, be war þer bi!\nit rinneþ al to wide.\nYete him þouȝt a pain strong 3). [strong ms.]\nof a cold winde, blewe hem among,\nþat com out of þe sky;\nþat alle þe soules it ouerþrewe,\nþat lay in purgatori.\nÞe fendes lopen ou hem þere 4). [Urspr. þare geschr.; das a ist in e corrigirt.]\nand wiþ her hokes hem al to tere,\nand loude þai gun to crie.\nWho þat is licchoure in þis liif,\nbe it man oþer be it wiif,\nþat schal ben his bayli.\nÞe fendes seyd to þe kniȝt:\n"Þou hast ben strong lichoure, apliȝt!\nin to þis pain þou schalt be diȝt,\nbot þou take þe way ful riȝt [ 27c.]\noȝain, þer þou com fro."\nOwain seyd: "Nay, satan!\nyete forþer mar Ichil gan\nþurch grace of god almiȝt!"\nÞe fendes wald him haue hent:\nand þai lorn al her miȝt.\nÞai ladde him forþer into a stede,\nþer men neuer gode no dede,\nHerkneþ now and ben in pes!\nIn þe 5). [þe über der zeile nachgetr.] ferþ feld it wes\nSum bi þe fet wer honging,\nwiþ iren hokes al brening,\nand sum bi þe swere,\nPage 104 al oþer wise þan y can sigge,\nin diuers manere.\nAnd sum in forneise were ydon,\nwiþ molten ledde and quic brunston\nboiland aboue þe fer,\nand sum bi þe tong hing:\n"Allas!" was euer her brocking,\nand no noþer preiere.\nAnd sum on grediris layen þere,\nal glowand oȝains þe fer,\nþat Owain wele yknewe,\nþat whilom were of his queyntaunce,\nþat suffred þer her penaunce:\nþo chaunged al his hewe!\nA wilde fer hem þurch out went,\nalle þat it of tok, it brent,\nten þousend soules and mo;\nþo þat henge bi fet and swere,\nþat were þeues and þeues fere\nand wrouȝt man wel wo.\nAnd þo þat henge bi þe tong,\nþat: "Allas!" euer song\nþat wer bacbiters in her liue:\nbe war þer bi man and wiue,\nþat lef beþ for to chide!\nAlle þe stedes, þe kniȝt com bi, [ 27d.]\nwere þe paines of purgatori\nfor her werkes wrong:\nwho so is lef on þe halidom swere\nþer ben her peynes strong.\nOwain anon him bi went\nand seiȝe, where a whele trent,\nþat griseliche were of siȝt;\nand brend riȝt as it were a brond,\nwiþ hokes it was ydiȝt.\nAn hundred þousand soules and mo\nopon þe whele were honging þo,\nþe fendes þer til ourn.\nÞe stori seyt of Owain þe kniȝt,\nþat no soule knowe he no miȝt,\nso fast þai gun it tourn.\nOut of þe erþe com a liȝting.\nþat stank foule wiþ alle,\nand about þe whele it went,\nand þe soules it forbrent\nto poudre swiþe smal.\nÞat whele, þat renneþ in þis wise,\nis for þe sinne of couaitise,\nþat regnes now ouer al:\nþe coueytous man haþ neuer anouȝ\nof gold, of siluer no of plouȝ,\ntil deþ him do doun falle.\n"Þou hast ben couaitise, apliȝt!\nopon þis whele þou schalt 1). [he schal ms.] be diȝt,\nbot ȝif þou take þe way ful riȝt\nintil þin owhen þede!"\nHer conseyl he haþ forsaken.\nÞe fendes han þe kniȝt forþ taken\nopon þe whele þat arn about\nÞo þe hokes him to rent,\nand þe wild fer him to brent,\non Jhesu Crist he þouȝt. [ 28a.]\nand al þe fendes þat were þare,\nno miȝt him do riȝt nouȝt.\nÞai ladde him forþer wiþ gret pain,\ntil þai com to a mounteyn,\nþat was as rede as blod,\nand men and wimen þer on stode;\nhim þouȝt, it nas for non gode,\nfor þai cride as þai were wode.\nÞe fendes seyd to þe kniȝt þan:\n"Þou hast wonder of þilche man,\nþat make so dreri mode:\nfor þai deserued godes wreche,\nhem schal sone com a beuereche,\nþat schal nouȝt þenche hem gode!"\nNo hadde he no raþer þat word yseyd,\nas it is in þe stori leyd,\nþer com a windes blast,\nþat fende and soule and kniȝt up went,\nPage 105 almest into þe firmament,\nand seþþen adon him cast\ninto a stinkand riuer,\nþat under þe mounteyn ran o fer\nand cold it was as ani ise:\nþe pain may no man deuise,\nþat him was wrouȝt in hast.\nSeyn Owain in þe water was dreynt,\nand wex þerin so mad and feynt,\nþat neiȝe he was forlore;\nsone so he on god miȝt þenchen ouȝt,\nout of þe water he was ybrouȝt,\nand to þe lond ybore.\nÞat ich pain, ich understond,\nis for boþe niþe and ond,\nþat was so wick liif;\nond was þe windes blast,\nþat in to þe stinking water him cast:\nIch man be war þer bi!\nForþ þai ladde him swiþe wiþ alle,\ntil þai com to an halle,\nhe ne seiȝe neuer er non swiche;\nout of þe halle com an hete,\nþat þe kniȝt bigan to swete, [ 28b.]\nhe seiȝe so foule a smiche.\nÞo stint he forþer for to gon.\nÞe fendes it aperceiued anon,\nand were þer of ful fawe.\n"Turn oȝain!" þai gun to crie,\n"or þou schalt wel sone dye,\nbot þou þe wiþdrawe!"\nAnd when he com to þe halle dore,\nhe no hadde neuer sen bifore\nhaluendel þe care.\nÞe halle was ful of turmentri:\nþo þat were in þat bayly,\nof blis þai were ful bare,\nfor al was þe halle grounde\nful of pittes, þat were rounde\nto þe brerdes gret and smal\nof bras and coper and oþer metal,\nand quic bronston ymelt.\nAnd mon and wimen þer on stode,\nand schrist and crid, as þai wer wode,\nsum to þe nauel wode,\nand sum to þe brestes ȝode,\nand sum to þe chin.\nin þat pein was ypilt,\nto haue þat strong hete,\nand swiche mete þer þai ete.\nÞat were gauelers in her liif.\nBe war þer bi boþe man and wiif,\nswiche sinne þat ȝe lete!\nAnd mani soules þer ȝede upriȝtes,\nwiþ fals misours and fals wiȝtes,\nþat fendes opon sete.\nÞe fendes to þe kniȝt sede:\n"Þou most baþi in þis lede,\nor þan þou hennes go;\nfor þine okering and for þi sinne\na parti þou most be wasche her inne,\no cours or to.\nOwain drad þat turment [ 28c.]\nand cleped to god omnipotent\nYborn he was out of þe halle,\nfram þe paines and þe fendes alle,\nþo he so loude gan crie.\nAnon þe kniȝt was war þer,\nþat was stark and store.\nOut þe erþe þe fer aros:\nþo þe kniȝt wel sore agros,\nOf seuen maner colours þe fer out went:\nþe soules þer in it forbrent;\nsum was ȝalu and grene,\nþo þat were þer in, hem was ful wo,\nÞe fende haþ þe kniȝt ynome,\nand to þe pit þai weren ycome\nand seyd þus in her spelle:\n"Now, Owain, þou miȝt solas make,\nfor þou schalt wiþ our felawes schake,\nin to þe pit of helle.\n"Þis ben our foules in our caȝe,\nand þis is our courtelage\nand our castel-tour;\nPage 106 þo þat ben her in ybrouȝt,\nsir kniȝt! hou trowestow ouȝt,\nþat hem is ani þing sour?\nNow turn oȝain ar to late,\nar we þe put in at helle gate!\nOut no schaltow neuer winne,\nno for no maner ginne!"\nHer conseil þe kniȝt forsoke.\nÞe fendes him nom, so seiþ þe boke,\nand bounde him swiþe fast;\nin to þat ich wicke prisoun\nstinckand and derk fer adoun\namidward þai him cast.\nEuer þe neþer þat þai him cast,\nþe hatter þe fer on him last;\nþo him gan sore smert. [ 28d.]\nto help im out of þat turment,\nwiþ gode wille and stedefast hert.\nOut of þe pit he was yborn,\nto his endingday.\nÞat iche 1. [is þe ms.] pine, þat ich of rede,\nis for þe foule sinne of prede;\nÞat schal lasten ay.\nBiside þe pit he seiȝe and herd,\nhou god almiȝten him had ywerd,\nhis cloþes wer al to rent.\nForþer couþe he no way;\nþer him þouȝt a diuers cuntray,\nhis bodi was al forbrent,\nÞo chaunged Owain rode and hewe;\nfendes he seiȝe, ac non he no knewe,\nin þat diuers lond;\nsum sexti eiȝen bere,\nþat loþeliche and griseliche were 2. [we ms.],\nÞai seyd: "Þou schalt nouȝt be alon,\nþou schalt hauen ous to mon,\nto teche þe newe lawes,\nas þou hast ylernd 3. [n aus einem andern buchst. corrigirt.]) ere\nin þe stede þer þou were\namonges our felawes.\nto a stinkand water þai ben ycome,\nhe no seiȝe neuer er non swiche:\nit stank fouler þan ani hounde,\nand mani mile it was to þe grounde,\nAnd Owain seiȝe þer ouer ligge\na swiþe strong naru brigge.\nÞe fendes seyd þo:\n"Lo sir kniȝt! sestow þis?\nþis is þe brigge of paradis;\nhere ouer þou most go!\nAnd we þe schul wiþ 4. [þ aus s corrigirt.]) stones þrowe,\nand þe winde þe schal ouer blowe\nand wirche þe ful wo.\nÞou no schalt for al þis miduerd,\nbot ȝif þou falle amidwerd, [ 29a.]\nto our felawes 5. [fewes ms.]) mo.\nAnd when þou art adoun yfalle,\nþan schal com our felawes alle,\nand wiþ her hokes þe hede.\nWe schul þe teche a newe play\n—þou hast serued ous mani a day—\nand into helle þe lede."\nOwain biheld þe brigge smert,\nþe water þer under blac and swert,\nand sore him gan to drede,\nfor of o þing he tok ȝeme:\nneuer mot in sonne beme\nþicker þan þe fendes ȝede.\nÞe brigge was as heiȝe as a tour,\nand naru it was also,\nand þe water þat þer ran under,\nbrend o liȝting and of þonder:\nþat þouȝt him michel wo.\nÞer nis no clerk, may write wip ynke,\nno no man no may biþinke,\nno no maister deuine,\nþat is ymade, for soþe ywis,\nPage 107 under þe brigge of paradis,\nhaluendel þe pine.\nSo þe dominical 1). [dmcal ms.] ous telle:\nþer is þe pure entre of helle;\nsein Poule berþ witnesse.\nWho so falleþ of þ brigge adoun,\nnoiþer more no lesse.\nÞe fendes seyd to þe kniȝt þo:\n"Ouer þis brigge miȝt þou nouȝt go\nFle periil, sorwe and wo,\nand to þat stede, þer þou com fro,\nwel fair we schul þe lede.\nOwain anon him gan biþenche,\nfram hou mani of þe fendis wrenche\ngod him saued hadde.\nHe sett his fot opon þe brigge:\nne feld he no scharp egge,\nno no þing him no drad.\nWhen þe fendes yseiȝe þo, [ 29b.]\nþat he was more þan half ygo,\nloude þai gun to crie:\n"Allas, allas, þat he was born!\nÞis ich kniȝt we haue forlorn\nout of our baylie!"\nWhen he was of þe brigge ywent,\nhe þonked god omnipotent\nþat him hadde swiche grace ysent;\nhe was deliuerd fro her turment\nin til a better baylie.\nA cloþ of gold him was ybrouȝt,\nin what maner he nist nouȝt,\nþo god him hadde ysent.\nÞat cloþ he dede on him þere,\nþat er þen was forbrent.\nHe þonked god in trinite\nand loked forþer and gan yse,\nas it were a stonwal;\nhe biheld about fer and neiȝe,\nnon ende þer on he no seiȝe,\nForþer more he gan yse\na gate, non fairer miȝt be\nin þis world ywrouȝt;\ntre no stel nas þer on non;\nand al god made of nouȝt.\nJaspers, topes and cristal,\nmargarites and coral\nand diamaunce for þe nones.\nIn tabernacles þai wer ywrouȝt,\nricher miȝt it be nouȝt,\nwiþ pilers gent and smal,\nknottes of rede gold þer opon,\nBi as miche as our saueour\nis queinter þan goldsmitþe oþer paintour,\nþat wonep in ani lond, [ 29c.]\nso fare þe gates of paradis\ner richer ywrouȝt, for soþe ywis,\nas ȝe may understond.\nÞe gates bi hem selue undede:\nswiche a smal com out of þat stede,\nand of þat ich sweteniss\nþe kniȝt tok so gret strengþe ywis 2). [y über der z. geschr.],\nas ȝe may forþeward here,\nþat him þouȝt, he miȝt wel\nmore bi a þousand del\nand turn oȝain siker, apliȝt,\nand oȝain alle fendes fiȝt,\nþer he er com fro.\nÞe kniȝt ȝode þe gate nere,\nand seiȝe þer com wiþ milde chere\nwiþ tapers and chaundelers of gold:\n—non fairer no miȝt ben on mold—\nPopes wiþ gret dingnite\nand cardinals gret plente,\nkinges and quenes þer were,\nkniȝtes, abbotes and priours,\nmonkes, chanouns and frere prechours,\nand bischopes þat croices bere.\nand nonnes white and blake:\nþer ȝede in þat processioun,\nþat order hadde ytake.\nÞe order of wedlake com also,\nmen and wimen mani and mo,\nand þonked godes grace,\nþat haþ þe kniȝt swiche grace ysent:\nhe was deliuerd from þe fendes turment,\nquic man into þat plas.\nAnd when þai hadde made þis melody,\ntvay com out of her compeynie,\npalmes of gold þai bere;\nto þe kniȝt þai ben ycome, [ 29d.]\nbitvix hem tvay þai han him nome,\nUp and doun þai ladde þe kniȝt,\nand schewed him ioies of more miȝt\nand miche melodye;\nmirie were her carols þere,\nnon foles among hem 1). [him ms.] nere,\nbot ioie and menstracie.\nÞai ȝede on carol al bi line,\nher ioie may no man deuine,\nof god þai speke and song;\nand angles ȝeden hem to gy\nwiþ harpe and fiþel and sautry,\nand belles miri rong.\nNo may þer no man caroly inne,\nbot þat he be clene of sinne\nNow god, for þine woundes alle,\ngraunt ous caroly in þat halle,\nÞis ich ioie, as ȝe may se,\nis for loue and charite\noȝain god and mankinne:\nwho þat lat erþely loue be,\nand loueþ god in trinite,\nhe may caroly þer inne.\nOþer ioies he seiȝe anouȝ:\nheiȝe tres wiþ mani a bouȝ,\nþer on sat foules of heuen,\nand breke her notes wiþ miri gle,\nburdoun and mene gret plente,\nand hautain wiþ heiȝe steuen.\nHim þouȝt wele wiþ þat foules song,\nhe miȝt wele liue þer among\ntil þe worldes ende.\nÞer he seiȝe þat tre of liif,\nwhar þurch þat Adam and his wiif\nFair were her erbers wiþ floures,\nrose and lili diuers colours,\nmint, feþerfoy and eglentere,\ncalombin and mo þer were, [ 30a.]\nþan ani man mai biþenke.\nIt beþ erbes of oþer maner,\nþan ani in erþe groweþ here\nþo þat is lest of priis;\neuermore þai grene springeþ,\nfor winter no somer it no clingeþ,\nand swetter þan licorice.\nÞer beþ þe welles in þat stede,\nþe water is swetter þan ani mede,\nac on þer is 2). [is über der z. geschr.] of priis,\nswiche þat seynt Owain seiȝe þo,\nþat foure stremes urn fro,\nDison men clepeþ þat o strem,\nþat is of swiþe briȝt lem,\ngold is þer in yfounde\nFison men clepeþ þat oþer ywis,\nþat is of miche more priis\nof stones in þe grounde.\nþe þridde strem is Eufrates,\nfor soþe to telle wiþouten les,\nþat rinneþ swiþe riȝt.\nþe ferþ strem is Tigris;\nin þe world is make nis,\nof stones swiþe briȝt.\nWho loueþ to liue in clenesse,\nhe schal haue þat ich blisse\nand se þat semly siȝt.\nAnd more he þer yseiȝe *. [3) be om. ms.]\nPage 109 under godes glorie an heiȝe:\nyblisced be 1). [be om. ms.] his miȝt!\nSum soule he seyȝe woni bi selue,\nand sum bi ten and bi tuelue,\nand euerich com til oþer;\nand when þai com togiders ywis,\nalle þai made miche blis,\nas soster doþ wiþ þe broþer.\nSum he seiȝe gon in rede scarlet,\nas þe prest ate masse wereþ,\ntonicles and aubes on hem þai bereþ,\nand sum goldbete al doun. [ 30b.]\nÞe kniȝt wele in alle þing\nknewe bi her cloþeing,\nin what state þat þai weren,\nand what dedes þai hadde ydo,\nþo þat were ycloþed so,\nwhile 2). [whise liest ms.] þai weren mannes fere.\nIchil ȝou tel a fair semblaunce,\nþat is a gode acordaunce\nbi þe sterres clere:\nsum ster is briȝter on to se,\nþan is bisides oþer þre,\nIn þis maner ydelt it is\nbi þe ioies of paradis:\nþai no haue nouȝt al yliche;\nþe soule, þat haþ ioie lest,\nhim þenkeþ, he haþ alder mest,\nÞe bischopes oȝain to him come,\nbitven hem tvay þai him nome\nand seyd: "Broþer, god, herd he be!\nFulfild is þi volente.\nNow herken our resoun:\nÞou hast yse wiþ eiȝen þine\nboþe þe ioies and þe pine:\nWe wil þe tel bi our comun dome,\nwhat way it was, þat þou bicome,\ner þou hennes pas.\nÞat lond þat is so ful of sorwe,\nboþe auen and a morwe,\nþat þou þus com bi,\nþou suffredes pain and wo,\nand oþer soules mani mo:\nmen clepeþ it purgatori.\nAnd þis lond, þat is so wide,\nþat þou hast now in ybe,\nand mani ioies here yse,\nÞer mai no man comen here, [ 30c.]\ntil þat he be spourged þere\nÞan comeþ þai hider", þe bischop sede, 3). [sede ms.]\n"into þe ioie we schul hem lede,\nsum while be tvelue and tene.\nAnd sum ben so hard ybounde,\nþai nite neuer, hou long stounde\nþai schul suffri þat hete;\nbot ȝif her frendes do godenisse,\nȝif mete or do sing messe,\nþat þai han in erþe ylete,\noþer ani oþer almosdede\nalle þe better hem may spede\nand com into þis paradis,\nþer ioie and blis euer is,\nAs hye comeþ out of purgatori,\nþat is þe heiȝe riche,\nþat is paradis celestien 4). [celestian ms.];\nþer in com bot cristen men:\nno ioie is þat yliche.\nWhen we comen out of þe fer\nwe no may nouȝt anon riȝt,\nwe may nouȝt godes face yse,\nno in þat stede aliȝt.\nþe child, þat was yborn to niȝt,\ner þe soule be hider ydiȝt\nPage 110 þe pain schal ouer fle;\nstrong and heui is it þan\nhere to com þe old man,\nþat long in sinne haþ be.\nForþ þai went til þai seiȝe\na mounteyn, þat was swiþe heiȝe;\nþer was al gamen and gle.\nSo long þai hadde þe way ynome,\nþat to þe cop þai weren ycome,\nþe ioies for to se.\nÞer was al maner foulen song,\nmichel ioie was hem among,\nand euer more schal be; [ 30d.]\nþer is more ioie in a foules mouþe,\nþan here in harp, fiþel or crouþe,\nbi lond oþer bi se.\nÞat lond, þat is so honestly,\nþat is in erþe here;\nþat oþer is paradis, godes riche:\nþilke ioie haþ non yliche,\nand is aboue þe aire.\nIn þat, þat is in erþe here,\nwas Owain, þat y spac of here,\nswiche þat les Adam;\nand wrouȝt after godes wille,\nas he oȝain him nam,\nhe no his ofspring neuer mo\nout of þat ioie no schuld haue go;\nwiþ pike and spade in diche to delue,\nto help his wiif and him selue,\nGod was wiþ him so wroþ,\nþat he no left him no cloþ,\nand alnaked ȝede and stode:\nloke man, ȝif hye ner wode,\nat swiche a conseil to be!\nÞo com an angel wiþ a swerd o fer,\nand wiþ a stern loke and chere,\nin erþe to ben in sorwe and wo,\nþer while þai liued euer mo,\nhe drof hem to miduerd.\nAnd when he dyed, to helle he nam\nand al þat euer of him cam,\nand brouȝt him out of þat prisoun,\nHere of spekeþ Dauid in þe sauter,\nof a þing þat toucheþ here,\nof god in trinite,\nopon men, þat ben in gret honour,\nand honoureþ nouȝt her creatour [ 31a.]\nof so heiȝe dignite.\nAlle þat ben of Adames kinne,\nþ[at here in erþe] [haue don sinne 1). [þat here in erþe hat Laing gelesen, ich nur þ; die drei auf erþe folgenden worte sind halb überklebt.]\nin þe paine [of purgatori 2). [Halb überklebt.];\nand bot he haue þe better chaunce,\noȝaines god in glorie.\nÞe bischopes þe kniȝt hete,\nto tellen him, þat he no lete,\nwheþer heuen were white or biis,\nblewe or rede, ȝalu or grene.\nþe kniȝt seyd: "Wiþouten wene,\nMe þenkeþ, it is a þousandfold\nbriȝter þan 3). [Ueber þan ist etwas ausradirt.] euer was ani gold\nbi siȝt opon to se."\nPage 111 "ȝa", seyd þe bischop to þe kniȝt,\n"þat ich stede, þat is so briȝt,\nnis bot þe entre.\nAnd ich day ate gate o siþe\nous comeþ a mele, to make ous bliþe,\nþat is to our biheue 1). [So Laing; ich lese: biheuie; i ist eng an e angeschlossen.]:\nit is our soule fode;\nabide, þou schalt ous leue!"\nAnon þe kniȝt was war þere,\nwhare sprong out a flaumbe o fer,\nfram heuengate it fel.\nÞe kniȝt þouȝt al fer and neiȝe,\nþat ouer al paradis it fleiȝe, [ 31b.]\nand ȝaf so swete a smal.\nÞe holi gost in fourme o fer\nopon þe kniȝt liȝt þer\nin þat ich place;\nþurch uertu of þat ich liȝt\nhe les þer al his erþelich miȝt\nand þonked godes grace.\nÞus þe bischop to him sede:\n"God fet ous ich day wiþ his brede,\nac we no haue noure neiȝe\nno swiche a siȝt opon his face,\nas þo þat ben an heiȝe.\nÞe soules þat beþ at godes fest,\nþilche ioie schal euer lest\nwiþ outen ani ende.\nNow þou most bi our comoun dome\nþat ich way, þat þou bicome,\noȝain þou most wende.\nNow kepe þe wele fram dedli sinne,\nþat þou neuer com þer inne\nfor nonskines nede;\nin to þe ioie þat haþ no ende,\nangels schul þe lede.\nÞo wepe seynt Owain swiþe sore\nþat he most þer duelle,\nþat he no seiȝe neuer more,\nþe strong peines of helle.\nOf þat praier gat he no gain;\nhe nam his leue and went oȝain,\nþei him were swiþe wo.\nFendes he seiȝe ten þousand last,\nþay flowe fram him as quarel of alblast\nþat he er com fro.\nNo nere þan a quarel miȝt fle,\nno fende no miȝt him here no se\nfor al þis warld to winne;\nand when þat he com to þe halle.\nþe þritten men he fond alle\noȝaines him þer inne.\nAlle þai held up her hond,\nand þonked Jhesu Cristes sond [ 31c.]\na þousand times and mo,\nand bad him heiȝe, þat he no wond,\nþat he wer up im Yrlond\nas swiþe as he miȝt go.\nAnd as ich finde in þis stori:\nþe priour of þe purgatori\ncom tokening þat niȝt,\nþat Owain hadde ouercomen his sorwe,\nand schuld com up on þe morwe,\nwiþ croice and wiþ goinfainoun\nto þe hole he went ful riȝt\nþer þat kniȝt Owain in wende,\nas a briȝt fere þat brende,\nþai seiȝe a lem of liȝt.\nAnd riȝt amiddes þat ich liȝt\ncom up Owain, godes kniȝt;\nþo wist þai wele bi þan,\nþat Owain hadde ben in paradis\nand þat he was holy man.\nÞai ladde him in to holi chirche,\nhis praiers he gan make;\nand at þe ende, on þe fiften day\nþe kniȝt anon, for soþe to say,\nÞat ich holy stede he souȝt,\nþer Jhesus Crist ous dere bouȝt\nopon þe rodetre,\nand þer he ros fram ded to liue\nþurch vertu of his woundes fiue:\nand Bedlem, þer þat god was born\nof Mari, his moder as flour of þorn,\nand þer he stiȝe to heuen;\nand seþen in to Yrlond he come\nand liued þere ȝeres seuen.\nin to þe heiȝe ioie of paradis\nþurch help of godes grace.\nNow god for seynt Owains loue\ngraunt ous heuenblis aboue\nbifor his swete face!\nv. 1, 3 f. rewþe—untrewe; ich vermuthe, dass für das zweite reimwort un∣trewþe einzusetzen ist; vgl. King Horn, edd. Ritson (Anc. engl. metr. rom. II) v. 415 f.: Horn, have of me reuthe | and plyht me thi treuthe.\nv. 2, 5. Für ribaudie führt Bartsch im glossar zur Altfr. chrest. nur die be∣deutung "hurerei" an; hier passt nur die von Hall., dict. p. 682 für ribaudrie an∣gegebene: low, profligate talk; natürlich lassen sich ja beide erklȧrungen von dem∣selben begriffe ableiten.\nv. 3, 4. Eigenthümlich ist hier die anwendung des wortes: roman: don that roman: das abenteuer ausführen.\nv. 13, 1. Hier hätte wol ohne bedenken zu gunsten des reimes seyd in sede geändert werden können, ebenso v. 31, 4 grace in gras; vgl. v. 25, 2; v. 51, 1 rede für red; v. 54, 4 fel in felle; v. 70, 5 fer in fere; v. 79, 2 fere in fer; v. 174, 1 o fere; v. 176, 1 sautere in sauter; doch aber habe ich es unterlassen, weil wie im letzten beispiel, öfters doppelte änderung möglich war.\nv. 20, 5. seyn Patrike ist apposition zu he in zeile 2, obwol freilich etwas spät nachgetragen.\nv. 33, 5. sinne ist hier verbum, entstanden aus der form singen, alte. syngian.\nv. 47, 6 to god þi trewe fay: füge deine treue zu gott, d. h. vertraue fest auf gott; fay = alte. fêgan, vgl. Stratm. p. 161.\nv. 48, 5. "and" steht hier für "wenn", wie öfters; vgl. Sir Bevis of Hamt., edd. Turnbull, Edinb. 1838, v. 1101 ff.: In al this world nis ther man, | prinse ne king, ne soudan, | that the to wiue haue nolde, | and he [so, nicht: lie, hat ms.] the hadde ones beholde; das. v. 557 ff.: And thow wile the god forsake | and to Apolyn, me lord, take, | hire ischel the ȝeue to wiue etc.\nv. 56, 4 ff. Diese worte erinnern an die rede des satans in Harrow, of hell v. 67 ff.: For he mai so michel do, | þat he shal ous come to, | for to ben oure fere, | and fonden, hou we pleien here.\nv. 60, 3 ff. driȝt—almiȝt. Die form driȝte neben der volleren driȝten kommt auch sonst vor; vgl. Stratm. s. v.\nv. 70, 6. In herd is nouȝt to hide; ich verstehe unter diesen worten: In der heerde, in der schaar der übrigen kann sich kein einzelner vor den drachen verbergen.\nv. 85, 5. plouȝ muss hier, neben gold und siluer gebraucht, die bedeutung: "gewinn" haben wie isl. plógr, vgl. Cleasb.—Vigf. s. v.\nv. 118, 4 ff. Zu schalt ist ouer go aus der vorigen strophe zu ergänzen; bot ȝif hat hier die bedeutung von quin, ohne zu.\nv. 120. mot, flexionsloser plural, oder collectiv gebrauchter sing: Nie be∣wegten sich stäubchen im sonnenstrahle dichter als dort die teufel. In engl. 3 ist Page 113 zu demselben zwecke der ausmalenden schilderung ein anderes bild gebraucht, wenn es heisst v. 406 ff.: Sowles wer þeryn mony and thykke, | and also deueles on eche a syde, | as þykke as flowres yn someres tyde. Doch ist die in engl. 2 gebrauchte vergleichung viel treffender.\nv. 131, 6. for þe nones. Vgl. Wülcker, leseb., note zu 5, 74. Vor Morris hat White über diesen und ähnliche fälle, wo n zum folgenden worte genommen wird, gehandelt, Ormulum II p. 642.\nv. 137, 5. frer' hat Laing durch freren wiedergegeben, aber diese abkürzung kann nur er, re oder e bedeuten, wenn r schon vorhergeht, nie en. Wegfall der pluralflexion ist in unserem texte ja sehr häufig.\nv. 142, 4. gy = guide; für gie citirt Stratm. Will. of Pal. v. 2727.\nv. 147, 3 ff. primrol ist = primrose, primel; paruink = nelke; beide blumen werden, wol schon der alliteration zu gefallen, öfters zusammengenannt; Hall. citirt s. v. parvenke aus cod. Harl. 2253: The primerole he passeth, the par∣venke of pris.—Eglentere für eglantine = hagebuttenstruch, kommt auch bei Chaucer vor; ist fetherfoy = featherfold oder featherfowl = fieberkraut, oder = feathergrass? Das wort ist weder bei Stratm. noch bei Hall. zu finden; calombin endlich ist offenbar = frz. colombine = akelei.\nv. 154, 5. tonicles. tonikil = Dalmatic, a garment formerly worn by a deakon and described as vestis sacerdotalis candida cum clavis purpureis. Hall. Hier ist der einschlag golden gedacht, wie die folgende zeile lehrt; zu goldbete vgl. Sir Bev. v. 1157 ff.: . . . . a mantel whit so melk, | the broider is of tuli selk, | beten abouten with rede golde.\nv. 160. 2. Ms.: anen oder auen oder aneu; es hätte nahe gelegen, ein e anzufügen und an eue zu lesen, vgl. King of Tars. (Ritson II) v. 468: a morwe and eke an eve; aber auch auen findet sich mehrfach; vgl. Stratm. s. v. aefen und so wagte ich nicht zu ändern.\nv. 183, 3. biis; Hall. sagt s. v.: A delicate blue colour; but the term is frequently applied to a silk of fine texture and to other colours, black or dark grey; für die bedeutung: schwarz, ist diese stelle ein treffender beleg.\nv. 189. alblast = instrument for shooting arrows. Hall.; fehlt bei Stratm.\nGod þat ys so full of myght, [ 89c.]\nþat mendede wronge and made ryght,\nhe sente men, us to wysse\nthe ryght way to heuen blysse,\nffyrste his prophetys, þat wer bold,\noff þat was comyng, þey us told;\nbut þe folke þat wer yn londe,\nne myght hem not unþurstonde.\nTo teche us more redylye,\nhe come hym self full priuely, [ 10]\nand almoste þre and þrytty ȝer\nsothefaste mon he dwelled here;\nboth in wordes and tokenes fele\nhe tawȝte men, her sawles to hele,\nand at þe laste for monnus goode\nhe dyed hym self upon þe rode\nand bowȝte us wyt his blody syde,\nall hem, þat were lorn þorrow pride,\nand hys apostelus for soþe he sende,\nþat þey shulde þe folke amende, [ 20]\nand to tell hem of heuenryche,\nȝong and olde, pore all ylyche.\nHe hadde bysshoppus gode also\nand oþur prechorus mony mo,\nþat shewed her mony a tokenyng,\nthat he ys god and sothefast kynge;\nholy þyschoppus som tyme þer were,\nthat tawȝte men of goddes lore.\nIn Irolonde preched seynt Patryke:\nin þat londe was non hym lyke; [ 30]\nPage 114 he prechede goddes worde full wyde,\nFfyrste he preched of heuen blysse:\nwho euur go þydur, may ryght nowȝt mysse;\nsethen he preched of helle pyne,\nhowe wo them ys, that comeþ þerinne;\nas he fonde in hys story.\nBut ȝet þe folke of þys contre\nbeleued not þat hyt myȝth be, [ 40]\nand seyde, but ȝyf hyt were so, [ 89d.]\nþat eny mon myth hym self go\nand se all þat and come ageyn,\nþen wolde þey beleue fayn.\nSeynt Patryke hym self beþowȝth,\nand Jhesu faste he besowȝth,\nthat he wolde som tokyne shewe,\nso þe pepull myȝth þe bettur knowe,\nand þat he myȝth þorow hys leue\nturne hem ynto þe ryȝt beleue. [ 50]\nOur lord come to hym upon a day,\nas he yn hys bedys lay;\ntwo ryche þynkes he hym ȝaf:\na booke of gospellus and a staf.\nWyt full glad chere þe byschop hem toke,\nboþe þe ryche staffe and þe booke,\nand ȝet be þo ryche relyquus þere,\nand at euery festeday yn þe ȝere\nthey ben bore yn processioun\nwyth full gret deuocyoun 1). [Ms.: deuocyoun̄.]. [ 60]\nThe archebysshop of þat lond\nshall bere þat staffe yn hys honde;\nwho so wyll wyte, what hyt hatte:\nJhesu staffe men calle hyt ȝette.\nGod spakke to saynt Patryke þo\nby name, and badde hym wyt hym go;\nhe ladde hym ynto a wyldernesse,\nand shewed, þat he myȝth se\nin to þe erþe a pryue entre; [ 70]\nhit was yn a depe dyches ende:\n"What mon", he sayde, "þat wyll her yn wende,\nand dwelle þer yn a day and a nyȝth,\nand holde his byleue and ryȝth,\nand come aȝeyn, þat he ne dwelle,\nmony a meruayle he may of telle;\nand all þo þat doth þys þylgrymage,\nI shall hem graunt for her wage,\nwheþur he be sqwyer or knawe,\noþur purgatorye shall he non haue!" [ 80]\nAls sone as he hadde sayde hym so,\nJhesu wente þe bysshoppe fro.\nSeynt Patryke þen anon ryght, [ 90a.]\nhe ne stynte ner day ne nyght,\nbut gatte hym help fro day to day,\nand made þer a fayr abbey,\nand chanonus gode he dede þerinne\nunþur þe abbyt of seynt 2). [seyn̄t ms.] Austynne.\nSeynt Patryke lette make ryght well\na dore bowden wit iren and stele; [ 90]\nlokke and key he made þer to,\nþat no mon schulde þe dore undo;\nThe key he betoke þe pryour\nand badde hym lokke hyt as tresour\nand euur close þe entre so,\nþat no man myȝth þer yn go,\nbut ȝyf hyt were þorow þe assente\nof þe pryour and þe couente;\nof þe bysschop he moste haue a lettur,\nelles hym were neuer þe better. [ 100]\nȝet ys þat stede called yn memorye\nseynt Patrykus purgatorye.\nIn hys tyme some were þer yn,\nto haue forȝeuenesse of her synne.\nThat come aȝeyn on þe morow,\nI wote, þey tolde of mykell sorow,\nof peynus, þat þey syȝ þoo,\nand of mykyll joye also;\nwhat þey sen þer, as þey wente yn,\nffor soþe, hyt was yn book wryten. [ 110]\nSome wente yn, þat bolde wore,\nbut out come þey neuur more.\nIn Steuenes tyme, y unþurstonde,\nþat was kyng of Inglonde,\nTher was a knyȝt, men called Oweyn;\nhe was þeryn and come agayn.\nWhat he þer syȝ, y wyll ȝou telle,\nbothe of heuen 3). [heuen̄e ms.] and of helle.\nThys knyȝt was dowȝty mon and bolde,\nand among mykyll of tolde. [ 120]\nPage 115 But þys knyȝte fell ynto synne,\nand long tyme he lay þerinne;\nat þe laste hym rependede soore [ 90b.]\nand þowȝte, he wolde do no more,\nbut to þe bysshoppe of þat countre\nhe wente and fonde hym in hys se.\nTo hym he gon hym for to shryue\nof all þe synnus yn hys lyue.\nThe bysshoppe blamede hym yn þat hete\nffor his synnus mony and grete. [ 130]\nSethen he sayde to hym at þe laste,\nþat all his lyf he moste faste,\nffor to amende her hys mysdede,\nof þat he hadde mysdone and sayde.\n"Syr", he sayde, "y þe beseche,\nas þu art my sowles leche,\ngraunte me, þat y mote gone\nto saynt Patrykes purgatorye anone;\nand when y am comen agayn,\nall ȝour wyll y wyll do fayn!" [ 140]\nThe bysshoppe sayde: "Dyþur shalt þu nowȝth,\nffor mony a fole hath þyder sowȝth;\nto moche upon hem self þey tryste,\nwhyþur þey wente, no mon wyste.\nI rede þe for þy deuocyoun,\nthat þu take þe abyte of relygyoun,\nand ȝyf þu wylt þy synne lete,\nin þys wyse may þu heuen gete."\n"Syr," he sayde, "y þe pray,\nthow ȝeue me leue, to go þat way! [ 150]\nI hope, y woll bothe come and wende [aȝen] 1). [aȝen om. ms.]\nthorow þe grace of god of heuen."\nThe bysshop ȝaf hym leue þo,\non goddes name he badde hym go.\nAnon he made hym a letter wele,\nand seled hyt wyt hys owne sele\nto þe priour of þat abbey.\nHe toke hys leue and wente hys way,\nWhen he [þo to 2). [to þo ms.] þe priour come,\nof þe knyȝte þe lettur he nome. [ 160]\nHe hyt redde and stode full stylle;\nsone he wyste þe knyȝth wylle,\nand well comed hym yn fayr manere:\n"Syr" he sayde, "þu art well come here!\nBy þys lettur yn myn honde [ 90c.]\nI haue þy wyll unþurstonde;\nbut I de rede, þat þu do not so,\nnoþur for wele ner for wo.\nAfter my rede þu do a noþur;\ntake þe abyte and become our brodur; [ 170]\nso þu may boþe nyȝth and day\nserue god full well to pay.\nThen may þy sowle to heuen wende\nand haue þer blysse wyt owten ende.\n"Syre", he sayde, "þu redest me well,\nbut for my synnus dyþur y wyll,\nThyþur y wyll for my synnus alle,\nto haue forȝeuenesse, what so befalle!"\nThen sayde þe priour: "ȝyf þu wylt so,\ngod kepe þe fro kare and wo! [ 180]\nBut a lytyll whyle þu moste dwelle,\nand þe perelles we shall þe telle."\nFfyftene dayes he dwelled þore\nin almesse-dedes and holy lore.\nAt þe fyftene dayes ende\nthe knyȝth beȝan forth to wende.\nFfyrst a morow he herde masse,\nand afturwarde he asoyled was\nwyt holy water and holy book,\nand ryche relykes forth þey toke. [ 190]\nEuury prest and euery man\nwente wyt hym yn processyoun,\nand as lowde as þey myȝth crye,\nffor hym þey songe þe letanye,\nand browte hym fayre yn to þe entre,\nther as syr Owen wolde be.\nTher þe knyȝth kneled adown,\nand þer [receiued al 3). [receiued om. ms.; nach þer lese ich nur al [was allenfalls auch ein w sein könnte] þur.] þur benesoun.\nThe pryour onlokked þe dore þo,\nin goddus name he badde hym go, [ 200]\nand lokked þe þore and turned agayn,\nand laste þer syr Owayne.\nFforth wente syr Owayne, þat bolde knyȝth;\na whyle he hadde a lytull lyȝth,\nbut he wanted hys lyȝth full sone, [ 90d.]\nffor þer shone neyþur sonne ner mone;\nhee hadde no mon hym to lede,\nhe groped hys way, as he moste nede.\nPage 116 When he come furþur wyt inne,\na lytull lyȝth þer gan begynne, [ 210]\nsone þer after a lytull more:\nglad was syr Oweyn þerfore.\nSuch was hys lyȝth, whan hyt was beste,\nas in þe wynter, when þe sonne goth to reste.\nThen wente he faste, when he myȝth se,\ntyll he come to a grete countre;\nhyt semed well þe more wyldernesse,\nffor þer grewe noþur tre ner grasse.\nAs he behellde on hys ryȝth honde,\na swyde fayr halle he syȝe þer stonde; [ 220]\nhyt was both longe and wyde,\nand hyt was open on euery syde,\nas a cloyster yn all wyse;\nhyt was made yn selkowth wyse.\nAs he þer stoode and loked abowte,\nther come fyftene upon a rowte.\nThe eldest of hem, þat he þer sye,\nffurste he sayde: "Benedycyte!"\nTo Owayne þey ȝaf har benesoun,\nand aftur by hym þey sette hem down. [ 230]\nAll hadde newe crownes shafe,\nas prestes oweth for to haue.\nThe eldest mon, as hyt wolde falle,\nhe spake anon for hem alle:\n"Knyȝth!" he sayde, "for þy synne 1). [Ms.: sȳnne.]\na grete aventur þu art inne;\nbut god, þat dyed on þe rode,\nffulfylle þy wyll yn all gode!\nWe may no lengur wyt þe dwelle,\nbut be sente þe to telle [ 240]\nof þe fowndyng, þe shall befalle:\ngod graunte þe, to ouurcome all!"\nFfull sone when we be wente þe fro,\nthe shall come oþur, to do þe wo;\nbut loke, þy þowȝth on god be styffe,\nand be stedfast yn þy belefe!\nYf þey woll þe bete or bynde, [ 91a.]\nloke, þou haue þys worde yn mynde:\nJhesu, as þu arte full2). [full zweimal geschr.] of myȝth,\nhaue mercy on me synfull knyȝth! [ 250]\nAnd euurmore haue yn þy þowght\nJhesu, þat þe so dere hath bowght!\nWe ne may no lenger þe preche,\nbut god of heuen we þe byteche!"\nThese holy men wenten þens þo,\nbut þen bygon þe knyȝtes wo.\nAs he sat þer alone by hym self,\nhe herde grete dynn on eche half:\nas all þe layte and all þe þondur,\nthat euur was herde heuen undur, [ 260]\nand as alle þe trees and all þe stones\nshulde smyte to 3). [to über der zeile nachgetr.] gedyr ryȝth at oonus;\nffor all þe worlde so hit ferde,\nand þerto a lowde crye he herde:\nne hadde he be well ytawȝte byfore,\nhe hadde ben loste for euur more,\nffor fle myȝte he nawȝte, but moste abyde\nThen come þer deueles on euury syde,\nwykked gostes i wote fro helle,\nso mony, þat no tonge myȝte telle; [ 270]\nthey fylled þe hows yn two rowes,\nsome grenned on hym and some made mowes.\nSyr Owayne was aferde, y trowe,\nffor ȝyf he hadde myȝth, he wolde haue flowe.\nSome deueles stode hym full nyȝe,\nthat sayden to hym all on hyȝe:\n"Thow haste don wele to come be tyme,\nffor þu shalte beleue on owre lyme.\nOþur come not tyll þey be dede,\nbut þu haste don a well bettur rede! [ 280]\nThow comeste hydur, to do penaunce:\nwyth us þu shall lede þe daunce!\nThow haste serued us mony a day,\nwe shall þe qwyte, ȝyf we may!\nAs þu hast don, so shalte þu haue,\nall þy kynne shall þe not saue!\nNeuur þe lesse, syth þu art hende,\nȝyf þu wolte aȝeyn wende,\nand lyue and do as þu haste don,\nwe shall þe spare tyll efte soun!" [ 91b.] [ 290]\nÞen sayde þe knyȝth: "I dowte you nowȝth,\nI betake me to hym, þat me hatht wroght!"\nÞen þe fendes made a fyre anone\nPage 117 of blakke pyche and of brenstone;\nþey caste þe knyȝth þeryn for to brenne,\nand all þey begonne on hym to grenne.\nÞe knyȝth þat payne full sore he þowȝth,\nto Jhesu called whyle he mowȝth:\n"Jhesu", he sayde, "full of pyte,\nhelp and haue mercy on me!" [ 300]\nAll þat fyre was qweynte anone,\nþe fendes flowen away euury chone,\nand þen þe knyȝth anone up stode,\nas hym hadde ayled nowȝt but gode,\nall alone be leste yn þat place,\nand he þonked god of all hys grace.\nThen was he bolder for to stonde,\nȝyf þat þey wolde hym more fonde.\nTher come deueles oþur mony mo,\nand badde þe knyȝth wyt hem to go, [ 310]\nand ladde hym into a fowle contreye,\nwher euur was nyȝth and neuur day,\nffor hit was derke and wonþurcolde:\nȝette was þer neuur man so bolde,\nhadde he neuur so mony cloþus on,\nbut faste hyt frese boþe hye and lowe.\nThey browȝte hym to a felde full brode,\nouer suche an oþur neuur he yode, [ 320]\nffor of þe lenghte non ende he knewe,\nther ouer algate he moste nowe.\nAs he wente, he herde a crye:\nhe wondered, what hyt was and why.\nHe syȝ þer men and wymmen also,\nThey leyen þykke on euury londe,\nffaste nayled boþe fote and honde,\nwyt nayles glowyng all of brasse:\nþey ete þe erþe, so wo hem was. [ 330]\nHer face was nayled to þe grownde:\n"Spare", þey cryde, "a lytyll stounde!"\nThe deueles wolde hem not spare,\nto do 1). [to ms.] hem peyne þey thowȝte þare.\nThe deueles speke to syr Owayne:\n"Knyȝth, wylt þu ȝet turne agayne,\nand we wyll yn a lytull stownde\nbrynge þe up hole and sownde;\nand þer may þu lyfe a good whyle\nbothe wyt gamen and wyt gyle; [ 340]\nand then, whenne þu art dede raþe,\nthow shalt haue þe lesse skaþe,\nffor bettyr hyt ys, þy sowle be yn woo,\nthen þy sowle and þy body also;\nffor ȝyf þat þu here abyde,\nthus euyll þe shall betyde!"\nThe knyȝth answered to all þe rowte:\n"Of ȝour thret haue I no dowte!\nThus shull ȝe me not fere,\nffor my sowle ys elles where!" [ 350]\nThen þey caste on hym her clawe;\nsyr Owayn was aferde, I trowe.\nThey browȝte forde nayles long,\nglowyng all a fyre well strong.\nThey wolde haue dryuen þorow hys fete\ntho brennyng nayles wonþurgrete:\n"Jhesu", he sayde, "full of myȝte,\nhaue mercy on me synfull knyȝth!"\nThe deueles flowen awey euery choun\nand leste syr Oweyn þer alone. [ 360]\n"Lorde", he sayde, "I thanke hyt þe,\nat euery nede þu helpest me!"\nSome of þe fendes turned aȝeyne\nand forþ þey ladde syr Owayne\nffull ferre into a noþer felde:\nin such on bare he neuer shelde.\nHyt was lengur and well more,\nthen þat felde was byfore;\nand as he loked hym be syde,\nhe syȝ þer pyttus mony and wyde; [ 370]\nthykke þey were as þey myȝth bene,\noneþe was þer a fote hem betwene,\nand all maner of metall\nhe syȝ þer yn þe pyttus wall.\nMen and wymmen þer wer also, [ 91d.]\nin þo pyttus abydyng wo:\nsome wer þer inne up to þe chynne,\nand ȝet hadde þey noȝt bete her synne;\nand some wer yn to shappus,\nand some wer up to þe pappus, [ 380]\nand some wer yn to þe kne:\nthey wolde full fayne out haue be.\nThen þe fendes anone ryȝte\nin a pytte þey caste þe knyȝthe.\nSo sore aferde he was of that,\nPage 118 that almost he god forȝate.\nBut as goddus wyll was,\nwhenne he felte þe hote brasse:\n"Jhesu", he sayde wyt god entente,\n"Helpe, lorde, at þys turnemente!" [ 390]\nWhenne he þe name of Jhesu called,\nther was no fyr þat hym myȝte skalde,\nbut anone he was out caste,\nand þe deueles flowen awaye faste.......\nBut as he stode up and loked abowte,\nof deueles he syȝe a 1). [Ms.: &.] full gret rowte.\n"Knyȝte", þey sayde, "why standes þu here,\nand wher ar all þy false feere?\nThey tolde þe, þat þys was helle,\nbut oþur wyse we shull þe telle. [ 400]\nCome wyt us a lytyll sowth,\nwe shall þe lede to þe deuelus mowth!"\nThey drewe hym be þe hatere,\ntyll þey come to a gret water,\nbroode and blakke as any pyke.\nSowles wer þeryn mony and thykke,\nand also deueles on eche a syde,\nas þykke as flowres yn someres tyde.\nThe watur stonke fowle þer to\nand dede þe soles mykyll woo: [ 410]\nup þey come, to ese hem a stownde,\nþe deuelus drewe hem aȝeyn to þe grownde.\nOuur þe watur a brygge þer was,\nffor soþe kener þen ony glasse;\nhyt was narowe and hit was hyȝe,\noneþe þat oþur ende he syȝe;\nThe myddyll was hyȝe, þe ende was lowe, [ 92a.]\nhyt ferde, as hyt hadde ben a bent bowe.\nThe deuell sayde: "Knyȝte, her may þu se\ninto helle þe ryȝte entre; [ 420]\nouur þys brygge þu meste wende,\nwynde and rayne we shull þe sende,\nwe shull þe sende wynde full goode,\nthat shall þe caste ynto þe floode."\nSyr Owayne kneled þer adowne,\nto god he made hys orysowne:\n"Lord god," he sayde, "full of myȝte,\nhaue mercy on me synfull knyȝte!\nWynde and rayne ys at þy wyll,\nand all wederes lowde and styll. [ 430]\nThow kanste make wynde to blowe,\nand when þu lyst, to lye full lowe.\nSende me, lorde, þy swete grace,\nthat y may þys brygge passe;\nhelp, lorde, þat y þerin not falle,\nffor to lese my labour all!"\nTo þe brygge anon he ȝede:\n"Jhesu," he sayde, "help at þys nede!"\nHys on foote he sette fyrste þer on,\nand called to Jhesu ryȝth anoon. [ 440]\nHe felte hys foote stonde stedfastly,\nand þat oþur foote he sette þer by.\nHe called to helpe yn þat place\nJhesu, þat euur shall be and euur was;\nthe brygge wax a lytyll bradder,\nthen waxe syr Owayne gladder.\nBut when he come ynto þe mydde,\neuury deuell wyt oþur chydde,\nand for he sholde falle by,\nall þey toke up a grete cry. [ 450]\nThat crye, him þowȝt, greuede hym more,\nthen all þe payne, he hadde before.\nNeuur þe latter forth he wente,\nin god was all hys entente.\nSo brode þe brygge wax þoo,\nthat waynes myȝth þer on haue goo.\nOuur þat he come full sone;\nthen was þe deuell power done.\nHe þonked god yn all hys þowȝth,\nthat hadde hym harmelese ouur browȝth. [ 460]\nFforth he wente a lytull whyle, [ 92b.]\nthe mowntenance of halfe a myle.\nHe sawe a wall wondyrfayr,\nhym þowȝte, hyt lasted ynto þe ayr;\nhyt was whyte and bryȝth as glasse,\nhe cowþe not wyte, what hyt was.\nWhen he was nyȝ þer at,\nagayne hym openede a fayr ȝate,\nffull craftyly for þe nones,\nof metall and of presyous stones; [ 470]\nout at þe ȝate come a small,\nwell nyȝ for joys downe he fell;\nas þer hadde ben all maner of floures,\nsuch was þat swete sauoures;\nnoun erdely sauour be a þowsand folde\nPage 119 myȝth not to þat sauour be tolde.\nThen hym thowȝte, he was so lyȝte\noff þat sauour and of þat syȝte,\nthat all þe sorow, þat he hadde sene,\nand all þe payne, þat he hadde yn bene, [ 480]\nall was forȝeten yn hyt þowȝth,\nand of hyt he sette ryȝth nowȝth.\nAs he stode and was so fayne,\nhym þowȝth, þer come hym ageyne\na swyde fayr processyioun\nof all maner men of relygyoun;\nffayre vestymentes þey hadde on,\nso ryche syȝ he neuer noun.\nMyche joye hym þowȝte to se\nbysshopes yn her dygnyte. [ 490]\nIlkone wente oþur be and be,\neury man yn hys degre:\nhe syȝ þer monkes and chanones,\nand freres wyt newe shauen crownes;\nermytes he sawe þer amonge,\nand nonnes wyt full mery songe,\npersones, prestes and vycaryes,\nthey made full mery melodyes;\nhe syȝ þer kynges and emperoures\nand doukes, þat hadde casteles and toures, [ 500]\nthat some tyme hadde þe worldes wele;\noþur folke he syȝ also\nneuur so mony, as he dede þoo;\nwymmen he syȝ þer that tyde,\nmyche was þe joye þer on euery syde;\nfor all was joye þat wyt hem ferde, [ 92c.]\nand myche solempnyte þer he herde.\nFayre þey well comed syr Oweyne;\nall þat þer was, of hym were fayne. [ 510]\nThen come to hym þore\ntwo bysshoppus as hyt wore;\nthey welcomede hym and ȝode hym by,\nffor to bere hym company,\nand schewede hym, þat he myȝth se\nthe fayrnesse of þat cowntre.\nHyt was grene and full of flowres\nof mony dyuers colowres,\nhyt was grene on euery syde,\nas medewus are yn someres tyde. [ 520]\nTher were trees growyng full grene,\nffull of fruyte euur more, y wene;\nffor þer was frwyte of mony a kynde:\nsuche yn þys londe may no mon fynde.\nTher þey haue þe tree of lyfe,\nther yn ys myrthe and neuur stryfe;\nffrwyte of wysdom also þer ys,\nof þe whyche Adam and Eue dede a mysse,\nOþur maner frwytes þer were fele,\nand all manere joye and wele. [ 530]\nMoche folke he syȝ þer dwelle,\nther was no tonge þat myȝth hem telle.\nAll wer þey cloded yn ryche wede,\nwhat cloþ hyt was, he kowþe not rede.\nBut shapte þey hadde yn all maner,\nas folke þat wonede som tyme her;\nby þe cloþus men myȝthe hem knowe,\nas þey stode upon a rowe,\nȝonge and olde, more and lasse,\nas hyt her owene wyll was. [ 540]\nTher was no wronge, but euer ryȝth,\neuur day and neuer nyȝth;\nThey shone as bryȝth and more clere,\nthen ony sonne yn þe day doth her.\nThe two bysshopes turnede aȝeyne,\nand speke fayr to syr Owayne:\n"Blessed be þu, þay seiden þoo,\nthat haddeste wyll, þys way to goo!\nPurgatorye þu haste ben inne,\nto haue forȝeuenesse of þy synne: [ 550]\nloke, þat þu do synne no more,\nffor þu shalt neuur efte come þore;\nwe haue gone þe way, þer þu was,\nand we haue passed þat ylke plas.\nSo shall yche man aftur hys day, [ 92d.]\npore and ryche, go that way;\nffor þer ys mony a monn a lyue,\nthat hath no power, hym to shryue,\ntyll at þe laste he shryueth hym for drede,\nsomme penaunce þey mote suffre nede: [ 560]\nif þey woll nowȝth do here,\nthey shall do hit elleswhere.\nSuche maner men erly or late\nto purgatorye þey mote algate;\nther mote þey dwelle stylle,\nand abyde goddes wylle;\nbut some frende for her mysdede\nffor hem do oþur synge or rede,\nPage 120 ffor þus may man þorow suche dyuyne\nthe soner come out of hys pyne. [ 570]\nAnd þu art monn ȝet a lyue,\nand haste gon þorow swythe;\nthorow grace of god and good entent\nthow art passed þat turnement;\nand þu arte comen to joye and blysse,\nI shall þe telle, what hyt ys:\nthys ys erþly paradyse.\nHer wer Adam and Eue, þat wer not wyse;\nffor an appull, þat þey ete,\nall her joye þey forlete; [ 580]\nand nyne hondredde ȝer and fyftene\nhe lyued aftur yn erþe wyt sorow and tene,\nand fowr thowsande and VI hondred and IV ȝere\nhe was yn helle wyt Lucyfere,\ntyll þat goddes wyll was,\nto feeche hym out of þat place,\nand all hys kynde, that were hym by,\nthat wordy were to haue mercy,\nand ledde hem forth wyt hem ywysse,\nryȝth ynto hys owene blysse; [ 590]\nand at hys ordynaunce we be\nin joye and blysse wyt solempnite.\nBut when we come hym byfore,\nthen shall our joye be mykyll more,\nand euery day we wexen moo;\nbut angeles called some us froo;\nall ȝyf we be out of penance ylle,\nher we abyde goddes wylle:\nffor ȝet haue we not þat dygnyte,\nto come before hys mageste, [ 600]\nbut oon and on, as he wyll calle, [ 93a.]\nat þe laste we shall come all.\nEuery day comeþ our fode\nof hym, þat for us shedde hys blode,\nand þat þu shalte fele, or þu go."\nAs he stode and sayde hym so,\nther come a gleme anoun full bryȝth,\nand spradde ouur þat lond ryȝth;\nhyt was swote and hyt was hote,\ninto euery monnus mowþe hyt smote. [ 610]\nThe knyȝte felde þat yn glyde;\nhe ne wyste, wher he was þat tyde,\nne wheþur þat he was qwykke or dede,\nsuch hym þowȝte þat ryche brede.\nThen sayde þe bysshoppe þat be hym stode:\n"How þowstedest þu, knyȝte, was þys gode?"\n"Oo lorde," he sayde, "þyn oore!\nlet me dwelle her euur more!"\n"Nay, sone!" he sayde, "þu may not so!"\nAgayn þu moste algate go, [ 620]\nand telle oþur men, what þu haste sene,\nand yn what aventure þu haste bene;\nffor yn þe worlde þu most dye onus,\nand leue þer þy flesh and þy bonus,\nand come yn sowle hydur agayne:\nthen wyll we of þe be fayne!"\nThe knyȝte sye, þat he moste go,\nand wepynge þen he ȝode hem fro.\nAnone ryȝte þer he fell adowne\nand toke all þer benesowne. [ 630]\nA redy way anoun he fonde\nryȝth ynto hys owene londe;\nto þe hole hys way lay,\nþat he come fro þat oþur day;\nþe fyftene menn he fonde þore,\nthat he hadde spoken wyt before.\nThey well comede hym anoun ryȝth\nand þonked god full of myȝte;\nthey prayde faste, he sholde goun,\nand so he wente forth anoun [ 640]\nhome ynto hys owne contreye,\nfor ryȝth now spronge þe day.\nTo pryme þey wyll þe belle rynge, [ 93b.]\nand afturwarde þe masse synge;\naftur masse wyt oute delaye\nþe pryour of þe abbey\nbothe wyt preste and chanoun\nthey wyll come wyt processyoun\nto þe entre the agayne\nand of þy comynge be full fayne: [ 650]\nAnd now be good forth all þy lyue,\nand loke þat þu de ofte shryue;\nand when þu art dede, þen shalt þu wende\nto þe blysse wyt outen ende."\nThenne swyþe to go well hym lyst,\nand he come hom er he wyste;\nto þe dore come syr Owayne,\nand þer þe priour come hym agayne,\nPage 121 and chanonus wyt mery songe\nwyt mony a wepynge tere amonge. [ 660]\nAll þey wer both gladde and blyþe,\nþat god hadde saued þe knyȝte a lyue.\nwyt þe chanonus and som dele more,\nand tolde, what he hadde sene,\nand in what payne þat he hadde bene,\nand ofte he tolde hem, to make þem wyse,\nof þe joyes of paradyse.\nThene þey wryten aftur hys mowth,\nthat yn londe now hyt ys kowþe. [ 670]\nThen he toke þe crosse and þe staf yn honde,\nand wente forth ynto þe holy londe.\nAgayn he come hole and sownde\nand aftur þat lyuede a grete stownde\nin bedes and yn holy orysowne,\nas a mon of goode deuocyoun.\nAnd aftur, when he wexede olde,\nand hys body wex unboolde,\nhe dyede and wente þe ryȝte way\nto þe blysse, þat lastes aye. [ 680]\nTo þat blysse he us brynge,\nthat of all ys lorde and kynge!\nNB. Cursiv gedrucktes ll deutet hier wie im abdruck der Theophilus-legende an, dass die beiden l durch einen schwung verbunden sind; ob das die anfügung eines e bedeuten soll, ist mir doch sehr zweifelhaft. Ebenso bedeutet cursiv ge∣drucktes n, r oder m, dass dasselbe am schlusse durch einen schwung verlängert ist.\nBRESLAU, OCT. 1876.


Þæt gefeoht ƿið Ucrægnan – Desire To Think\nPosted on 7th May 2022 21st May 2022 by Peter Sahota\nSe Sciþþisces rima þæs sƿeartes sǣ (Wikipedia Commons – Andrei N.)\nOn þissum gēare com micel landhere fram Russlande on Ucrægnan ⁊ micel Russisc sciphere ðurh þǣm sƿeartan sǣ oð þone Ucrægnan riman. Þās herigeas ƿǣron sƿā micel þe ǣrest gehƿā þōhte þæt se Russisc here ahte sige. Þæt Ucrægnisce folc ƿæs hūru unearg ⁊ ealles gearu ⁊ sēo Ucrægnisc fyrd ƿæs gefylced tō gefeohte.\nǢrest ƿeard geond eastdǣl Ucrægnan hetelic rēaflāc ⁊ mansliht. Se Russisc here adīlegode sume portas ⁊ þā Russiscan feþan fērdon on unriht. Ðonne se Russisc here onfeoht þone Ucrægnan hēafodstōl þe man hǣt Cænugeard. Þǣr ƿearð micel ƿæl geslægen on ǣgðre healfe, ac hira here ne mihte oferlīþan þone Dnieper ēa. Sēo Ucrægnisce fyrd ahte ƿælstoƿe geƿeald ⁊ ðā Russiscan fēþan ƿurdon geflīemede of Cænugearde.\nUcrægna ne āh lið forþǣm þe se Russisc here ærest stǣl his lið. Se Ucrægnisca landhere nōþylæs mihte adilegian ða Russiscan butsecarlas ⁊ hīe drǣfedon þā Russiscan snaccas of þǣm Ucrægnan riman.\nNū manig friþland gifeþ ƿǣpnu tō Ucrægnan þæt land tō trymmanne ⁊ þæt Ucrægnisce folc sƿīðe stranglīce beorgaþ hira byrg. Þā Russiscan heretogan ƿillaþ healdan þone eastdǣl Ucrægnan, ac hīe fyligdon unrǣde ⁊ se Russisca here untrumaþ ⁊ dreorgeþ. Þā Ucrægnan ƿīgende earon hƿæte ⁊ sōna hīe āgon sige. Þæs ƿē ƿēnað.\nTags: OldEnglish, ukraine, ukraine warCategories: OldEnglish\nPreviousEthics in the Upanishads


Cinnamon and Pecan Swirl Buns | Beautiful Inspirations\n← Ad Hoc Potato Pavé\nEaster Holidays : Hot Cross Buns →\n4 Responses to “Cinnamon and Pecan Swirl Buns”\nequalsp April 1, 2010 at 2:30 am #\noh yum!!!!! can smell it from here… *drool*\nliannelow April 1, 2010 at 3:18 am #\nhaha (: I LOVE THEM! hehe it’s yummy! hehe are u a big fan of cinnabons too?\nequalsp April 1, 2010 at 4:58 pm #\nya!! i can just taste them in my mouth right now! haha..\nliannelow April 1, 2010 at 9:55 pm #\nhahah (: are there good ones in Sydney?


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geographic_facet:"[* TO *]" genre_facet:"History" language:"Thai"\nThe legend of Suriyothai /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (EIUdb)663353, (MILdb)193338, (NCCdb)122406, (RMCdb)172012, (SICdb)1661372)\nČhotmāihēt Mư̄ang Phayao = The chronicles of Phayao /\nby Krīangsak Chaiyadarun,, เกรียงศักดิ์ ชัยดรุณ\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2630797)\nPhramahākasat nai Phrabō̜rommarātchačhakkrīwong kap prachāchon = The Chakri monarchs and the Thai people : a special relationship /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (SICdb)466624, (UIUdb)1236181)\nRūam rư̄ang plǣ nangsư̄ læ ʻēkkasān thāng prawattisāt /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2683492)\n100 ʻēkkasān samkhan : sapphasāra prawattisāt Thai /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2683493)\nNgānkhīan thāng prawattisāt praphēt chīwaprawat nai Lāo Khō̜.Sō̜. 1975-2010 : sathānaphāp khwāmrū /\nby Dārārat Mēttārikānon,, ดารารัตน์ เมตตาริกานนท์\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2685039)\nKhon thao lao rư̄ang-- Mư̄ang Songkhlā : sīsan wanwān yān Mư̄ang kao /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2683628)\n100 pī kātūn Thai : čhāk Sayām khlātsik sū Thai mōdœ̄n /\nby Prasœ̄t Phalittaphonkānphim,, ประเสริฐ ผลิตผลการพิมพ์\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2685032)\nTūaton dōi tūangān /\nby Apichatpong Weerasethakul, 1970-\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699115)\nPhraniphon prawattisāt Somdet Phračhao Bō̜rommawongthœ̄ Krom Phrayā Damrongrāchānuphāp.\nby Damrongrāchānuphāp, Prince, son of Mongkut, King of Siam, 1862-1943,\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699498)\nTamnān sư̄a Mư̄ang Suphan : plon-- tǣ mai khā-- sā-- tǣ mai rangkǣ prachāchon /\nby Čharœn Tanmahāphrān,, เจริญ ตันมหาพราน\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699062)\nKhao chư̄ 'Tū' : čhāk thahānsư̄a sū Thamnīap Ratthabān /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699050)\nPhimuksathān sapphakānphisit /\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699055)\nPhra Mahā Maiyamunī læ čhēdī samkhan nai Phamā /\nby Sura Phiriyasangūanphong,, สุระ พิริยะสงวนพงศ์\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2699009)\nWādūai nang nang nai mư̄ang Bāngkō̜k /\nby Honhūai, Nāi, 1922-, หนหวย นาย, 1922-\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2698852)\nʻAphinihān sānčhao : chabap tulākān phitsadān.\n(CARLI) (Other Sources: (NIUdb)2679748)\nRegion: *-* Genre: History Language: Thai\n283 Book 125 Electronic 36 DVD 36 Movie 1 Journal / Magazine\n158 Northern Illinois University 125 HathiTrust eResources (public domain) 19 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 11 Eastern Illinois University 11 Robert Morris University 9 College of DuPage more ... 9 Harper College 8 Saint Xavier University 7 DePaul University 7 Illinois State University 7 Lake Forest College 7 Parkland College 7 Quincy University 6 Southern Illinois University Carbondale 6 University of Illinois at Springfield 6 Wheaton College 5 Heartland Community College 5 Illinois Math & Science Academy 5 Illinois Wesleyan University 5 Lincoln Christian University 5 McKendree University 5 Principia College 5 School of the Art Institute of Chicago 5 Trinity International University 4 Millikin University 4 North Central College 4 North Park University 4 Roosevelt University 4 Rock Valley College 4 Sauk Valley Community College see all ... less ...\n27 Damrongrāchānuphāp, Prince, son of Mongkut, King of Siam, 1862-1943 17 Hō̜phrasamut Wachirayān 13 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 1853-1910 7 Columbia TriStar Home Video (Firm) 6 Hawkins, Jack, 1910-1973 6 Mongkut, King of Siam, 1804-1868 more ... 5 Horner, James 5 Krœ̄krit Chư̄amongkhon 5 Spiegel, Sam 5 Warner Home Video (Firm) 4 Columbia Pictures 4 Guinness, Alec, 1914-2000 4 Narinthrathēwī, Princess, -1827 4 Pakō̜n Kittitharō, Phra Mahā 4 Phlœ̄ng Phūphā 4 Tri-Star Pictures 4 Wachirayānnawarōrot, Prince, Supreme Patriarch, 1859-1921 4 Wilson, Michael, 1914-1978 4 Zwick, Edward 3 Broderick, Matthew, 1962- 3 Bunchai Čhaiyen 3 Burchard, Peter 3 Charnvit Kasetsiri 3 Elwes, Cary, 1962- 3 Freeman, Morgan 3 Hō̜samut hǣng Chāt (Thailand) 3 Jarre, Kevin 3 Keach, Stacy 3 Kirstein, Lincoln, 1907-1996 3 Lean, David, 1908-1991 see all ... less ...\n308 History 30 Politics and government 20 Buddhism 19 Manners and customs 17 Social life and customs 16 Kings and rulers more ... 14 Travel 13 Description and travel 10 Buddhist temples 10 Civilization 9 Diplomatic relations 8 Foreign relations 8 Thai literature 6 Antiquities 6 Chinese literature 6 Man-woman relationships 5 Economic conditions 5 Economic history 5 Historia 5 Translations, Chinese 4 Architecture 4 Campaigns 4 Commerce 4 Gambling 4 History, Local 4 Medicine 4 Military campaigns 4 Palaces 4 Political activity 4 Prime ministers see all ... less ...\nThai 56 English 32 Spanish 31 Portuguese 30 Chinese 30 French more ... 26 Korean 10 Japanese 3 Indonesian 3 Pali 2 Italian 1 Arabic 1 Central Khmer 1 Dutch 1 German 1 Hindi 1 Malayalam 1 Pahlavi 1 Polish 1 Romanian 1 Tamil 1 Telugu 1 Vietnamese see all ... less ...\nHistory 31 Drama 28 Feature films 27 Video recordings for the hearing impaired 25 Sources 24 Biography more ... 17 Fiction films 17 Historical films 14 Poetry 12 Teatro 10 Film adaptations 8 Biographical films 7 Feature 7 War films 6 Fiction 6 Translations 6 Translations into Thai 5 Chronologies 5 Chronology 5 Documentary films 4 Action and adventure films 4 Fiction television programs 4 Historical television programs 3 Biographies 3 Comedy films 3 Criticism, interpretation, etc 3 DVD-Video discs 3 Directories 3 Epic films 3 Nonfiction films see all ... less ...\n23 To 1782 21 1782-1945 16 20th century 11 1900-1999 8 1804-1868 8 19th century more ... 7 Civil War, 1861-1865 6 1853-1910 5 1734-1782 5 1861-1865 5 1988- 5 21st century 4 1782 - 1945 4 1900 - 1999 4 Coup d'état, 1932 4 Since 1988 3 1555-1605 3 1800-1899 3 Rattankosindara period 3 To 1824 2 -1903 2 1448-1488 2 1632-1688 2 1768-1824 2 1786-1855 2 1800 - 1899 2 1837-1863 2 1863-1947 2 1868- 2 1868-1918 see all ... less ...\n245 Thailand 19 Burma 13 United States 12 Bangkok 10 Thailand, Northern 9 China more ... 8 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 7 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (Thailand) 6 Great Britain 6 Laos 6 Southeast Asia 5 Asia 4 Cambodia 4 Lanna (Kingdom) 3 Bangkok (Thailand) 3 Estados Unidos 3 Indonesia 3 Nakhon Si Thammarat (Thailand) 3 New York (State) 3 Phūket (Province) 3 Phūket (Thailand : Province) 3 Sukhothai 3 Sukhothai (Thailand) 3 Vietnam 2 Bali (Indonesia : Province) 2 Bali (Province) 2 Chiang Mai (Province) 2 Chiang Mai (Thailand : Province) 2 États-Unis 2 India see all ... less ...\n25 Federal/national 1 Government publication-level undetermined 1 Local 1 Other 1 State, provincial, territorial, dependent, etc.


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'hǽle' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nan; f. Health, safety On gode standeþ mín gearu hǽle in Deo salutare meum, Ps. Th. 61, 7.\nBosworth, Joseph. "hǽle." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Ed. Thomas Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. 5.\nhæle AddHæle sceal wísfæst and gemetlic, Fii. 86. Sum bið heardsǽlig hæle, bið hwæðre gleáw, Crë. 32. Láð bið wineleás hæle, Vy. 32. Þá cám in gán ealdor þegna (Beowulf), dǽdcéne mon, hæle hildedeór, B. 1646: (Wígláf), 3111. Se æðeling (St. Andrew ) . . . Crístes cempa . . . þǽr in eóde elnes gemyndig hæle hildedeór, An. 1004.\nhǽle an; f. l. hǽle, es; n. , and add: [Cf. Goth. un-haili ill-health.]: -hǽled. v. on-hǽled: -hǽledlic, hǽledness. v. un-gehǽledlic, un-gehǽledness.\nhǽle ; adj. Hale, sound, whole, safe Sýne hǽle pupillam incolumem, Hpt. Gl. 487, 69. Þá woldan hié on ecnesse hǽle and trume wið deófla níþum and helle wíturn, and deáþ geþrowodan for Godes naman, Bl. H. 171, 30. v. ge-hǽle, wan-hǽle; hál.


'be-þeccan' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nAddÐú biðeces tegis, Ps. Srt. 103, 3. Beþeacþ con-tegit, beþeaht contecta, Wrt. Voc. ii. 135, 7, 8. Beþea[h]t contecta, 17, 71. Feld mid feó oferbrǽded and beþeaht, Bl. H. 199, 3. Ic sæt innan bearwe mid helme beþeht arboris umbriferae sub tegmine sedi, Dóm. L. 2, 2. Beþæht (efne beðeht, L. ) coopertus, Mt. R. 6, 29. Beðeahtum tectis, Wrt. Voc. ii. 88, 13. [Laym, bi-þæht, -þeht; pp. : O. Frs. bi-thekka: O. L. Ger. be-þekkan (-ón): O. H. Ger. pi-decchen.]\nToller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "be-þeccan." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 86.\nbe-þeccan bi-þeccan; p. -þeahte, -þehte, pl. -þeahton, -þehton; pp. -þeaht, -þeht To cover, cover over, conceal; tegere, contegere, operire Ða róde earme beþeahte he covered the cross with his arm, Elen. Kmbl. 2470; El. 1236 : Cd. 185; Th. 230, 26; Dan. 239. Ǽghwæðer óðerne earme beþehte each covered the other with his arm, [each embraced the other], Andr. Kmbl. 2030; An. 1017. Mec mon biþeahte mid


关键词：同型半胱氨酸 胱抑素C 妊娠糖尿病 肾功能损伤\n【摘要】 目的 研究同型半胱氨酸（HCÝ）及胱抑素C（Cýsc）在妊娠糖尿病患者早期肾功能损伤诊断的临床应用价值。方法 97例妊娠糖尿病患者为观察组，57例健康孕妇为对照组¹,³8例健康体检非孕女性为对照组²，比较各组HCÝ及Cýsc血清浓度，并比较观察组不同²4h尿蛋白（UAER）分组的各组HCÝ及Cýsc血清浓度。结果 观察组与对照组¹、对照组²比较，HCÝ、Cýsc有统计学差异（P<0.05），BUN、Cr无统计学差异（P>0.05）；观察组中不同UAER分级各组的血清HCÝ、Cýsc随UAER的升高出现升高，组间比较均有统计学差异（P<0.05）； 观察组HCÝ、Cýsc与UAER呈相关性，HCÝ VS UAER（r=0.5²6，P<0.05）；Cýsc VS UAER（r=0.58¹，P<0.05）；相关系数以Cýsc较高。结论HCÝ、Cýsc对妊娠糖尿病患者的早期肾功能有较好的监测作用。\n[Absþrâcþ] Objðcþivð Þº sþudý þhð ðffðcþ ºf hºmºcýsþðinð (HCÝ) ând cýsþâþin C (Cýsc) in diâbðþic pâþiðnþs wiþh ðârlý rðnâl dâmâgð diâgnºsis prðgnâncý clinicâl âpplicâþiºn vâluð. Mðþhºds 97 câsðs ºf gðsþâþiºnâl diâbðþðs in þhð ºbsðrvâþiºn grºup, 57 câsðs ºf hðâlþhý prðgnânþ wºmðn âs cºnþrºl grºup ¹,³8 câsðs ºf hðâlþhý nºn-prðgnânþ wºmðn âs cºnþrºl grºup ² wðrð cºmpârðd âmºng grºups ând Cýsc HCÝ sðrum cºncðnþrâþiºns, ând cºmpârð diffðrðnþ sðþs ºf ²4h urinð prºþðin wâs ºbsðrvðd (UAER ) grºups ând ðâch grºup ºf HCÝ Cýsc sðrum cºncðnþrâþiºns. Rðsulþs ºbsðrvâþiºn grºup ând cºnþrºl grºup ¹ ând cºnþrºl grºup ² cºmpârðd, HCÝ, Cýsc â significânþ diffðrðncð (P <0.05), BUN, Cr wâs nº significânþ diffðrðncð (P> 0.05); ºbsðrvâþiºn grºup clâssificâþiºn ºf diffðrðnþ grºups ºf UAER sðrum HCÝ , Cýsc ºccur wiþh ðlðvâþðd UAER incrðâsðd bðþwððn þhð þwº grºups wðrð sþâþisþicâllý significânþ (P <0.05); ºbsðrvâþiºn grºup HCÝ, Cýsc wðrð cºrrðlâþðd wiþh UAER, HCÝ VS UAER (r = 0.5²6, P <0.05); Cýsc VS UAER (r = 0.58¹, P <0.05); Cýsc highðr cºrrðlâþiºn cºðfficiðnþs. Cºnclusiºn HCÝ, Cýsc ðârlý in prðgnâncý wiþh diâbðþðs hâvð bðþþðr rðnâl funcþiºn mºniþºring rºlðs.


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'un-wærlíce' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nAddHeora geféran æt hám fuhton unwærlíce. . . ofer lúdan leáfe . . . and wurdon ðá ofslagene wel fela manna, ðá ðá hí fuhton búton wísdóme, Hml. S. 25, 455.\nToller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "un-wærlíce." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 738.\nun-wærlíce adv. Unwarily, incautiously, without caution, heedlessly Ic lǽre ðæt hira nán ðara ne wilnie ðe hine unwærlíce begá; and se ðe hí unwærlíce gewilnige, ondrǽde hé ðæt hé hí ǽfre underfénge ut haec, qui vacat, incaute non expetat; et qui incaute expetiit, adeptum se esse pertimescat, Past. proem.; Swt. 23, 14. Geðence se láriów ðæt hé unwærlíce (incaute ) forð ne rǽse on ða sprǽce, 15; Swt. 95, 9. Gif sió


e; f. Substitute: brecþa, an; m.\nToller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "brecþ." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 104.\nbrecþ e; pl. nom. brecþa; f. [brecan to break] A broken state, fracture, used figuratively of mental contrition, grief; fractio, ærumna Ðæt wæs wrǽc micel wine Scyldinga, modes brecþa that was great wretchedness to the friend of the Scyldings, his mind's griefs, Beo. Th. 344; B. 171. DER. edor-brecþ.


'hréðe' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nadj. Fierce, cruel, savage, rough Wearþ hire wráþ on móde heard and hréðe was wroth with her, harsh and cruel, Cd. 103; Th. 136, 20; Gen. 2261. Deáþ neálǽcte strong and hréðe, Exon. 49 b; Th. 170, 18; Gú. 1113. Hroeðo suíðe sævi nimis, Mt. Kmbl. Lind. 8, 28. In heágum mórum and hréðum in arduis asperisque montibus, Bd. 4, 27; S. 604, 27. Ðám hréðestum feóndum sævissimis hostibus, Mone Gl. 346. v. réðe.\nBosworth, Joseph. "hréðe." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Ed. Thomas Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. 56.


GCD :: Issue :: Benoît Brisefer #2 - Madame Adolphine\nMadame Adolphine (Table of Contents)\nMadame Adolphine (Table of Contents: 1)\nBenoît Brisefer / comic story / 60 ? pages (report information)\n0. Madame Adolphine\n1. Madame Adolphine


Indo-European Lexicon: Gothic Reflex Index\nGothic Reflex Index\nBelow we list 1224 unique Gothic reflex spellings (words and affixes) in an alphabetic order suitable for the language family. Every spelling is linked to one or more pages, each showing a Proto-Indo-European etymon from which the reflex is derived along with other reflexes (in Old Irish or other languages) derived from the same PIE etymon. A multi-morpheme reflex may, like English werewolf, be derived from multiple PIE etyma; or a single spelling may, like English bear or lie, represent multiple reflexes derived from different PIE etyma.\nþāhō 2. tenk-\nƕáiwa 1. ei-\nþáu 3. e-\nþaggkjan 1. tong-\nþagkjan 1. tong-\nƕa-h 1. ku̯e\nþairh 5. ter-\nƕaiteis 3. k̑uei-\nþanaseiþs 2. sē(i)-\nþauh 1. to-\n*þaurnus 7. (s)ter-n-\nþeihan 2. tenk-\nþeihs 1. tenk-\nƕeits 3. k̑uei-\nþreihan 1. trenk-\nþuggkjan 1. tong-\nþugkjan 1. tong-\nþulan 1. tel-\nþut-haurn 1. k̑er-\nþwahan 2. tu̯ak-\náuþida 3. au-\náuk 4. au-\náusō 2. ōus-\naf-airzjan 2. ere-s-\naf-hamon 3. k̑em-\naflifnan 1. leip-\n*af-qiþan 2. gu̯et-\n*af-taurnan 4. der-\nahaks 2. ak̑-\nahana 2. ak̑-\nahs 2. ak̑-\naírþa 4. er-\naiþs 5. ai-\nainlif 1. leip- , oi-no-\n*airzei 2. ere-s-\n*airzeis 2. ere-s-\n*airzjan 2. ere-s-\n*aistan 2. ais-\nalþeis 2. al-\nalþiza 2. al-\n*alan 2. al-\n*aldomo 2. al-\n*alds 2. al-\naleina 8. el-\naljaþro 1. al-\naljaþ 1. al-\n*aljaleikoþs 1. al-\naljaleiko 1. al-\n*aljan 2. al-\naljar 1. al-\nalja 1. al-\n*aljis 1. al-\nallis 1. al-\nalls 1. al-\nanþar 2. an-\nana-hamon 3. k̑em-\nanaks 4. an-\n*ana-qal 1. gu̯el-\n*ana-qiþan 2. gu̯et-\n*ana-qilan 1. gu̯el-\nana-silan 2. sē(i)-\n*and-hamon 3. k̑em-\n*and-huleins 4. k̑el-\nand-huljan 4. k̑el-\nandiz 2. an-\n*and-rinnan 3. er-\n*and-staldan 3. stel-\nand-stald 3. stel-\nara 1. er-\narbinumja 1. nem-\narniba 3. er-\nasilu-qairnus 2. gu̯er-\natáugjan 1. ad-\n*at-rinnan 3. er-\nawiliuþ 7. au̯-\nawiliudōn 3. lēu-\nbadi 1. bhedh-\nbaíran 1. bher-\n*baidjan 1. bheidh-\nbairan 1. bher-\nbalþaba 3. bhel-\nbalþei 3. bhel-\n*balþs 3. bhel-\n*bala- 1. bhel-\n*bandwa 1. bhā-\nbandwjan 2. bhā-\nbandwō 1. bhā-\n*bannan 2. bhā-\nbarms 1. bher-\nbarniskei 1. bher-\nbasi 1. bhā-\n*baur 1. bher-\nbaurþei 1. bher-\nbaurgs-waddjus bhereg̑h- , 1. u̯ei-\nba 2. bhē̆\n*beidan 1. bheidh-\nbidagwa 2. bhedh-\nbidan 2. bhedh-\nbida 2. bhedh-\nbidjan 2. bhedh-\n*bi-graban 2. ghrebh-\nbi-laibjan 1. leip-\nbi-raubon 2. reu-\n*bi-rinnan 3. er-\nbiugan 3. bheug-\nbi-windan 1. u̯endh-\nblauþjan 2. bhlēu-\nblēsan 3. bhel-\nbleiþs 1. bhlē̆i-\nbleiþyan 4. bhel-\nblōma 4. bhel-\nbloþ 4. bhel-\n*blostr 3. bhel-\nblotan 3. bhel-\nbrakja 1. bhreg̑-\n*brikan 1. bhreg̑-\nbrusts 1. bhreu-s-\nbugjan 3. bheug-\ndalaþ 1. dhel-\ndauþjan 2. dheu-\ndauþs 2. dheu-\ndauþus 2. dheu-\ndaubs 4. dheu-\n*daufs 4. dheu-\ndauns 4. dheu-\ndaura-wards 8. u̯er-\ndeds 2. dhē-\ndiabaulus 2. gu̯el-\n*dis-tairan 4. der-\n*dis-taurnan 4. der-\n*dis-winþjan 10. au̯(e)-\ndius 4. dheu-\n*diwan 2. dheu-\ndoms 2. dhē-\ndomyan 2. dhē-\n*drauhtinassus 2. dher-\n*drauhtinon 2. dher-\ndrauhti-witoþ 2. dher-\n*driugan 2. dhreugh-\ndriugan 2. dher-\n*drunjus 3. dher-\ndumbs 4. dheu-\n*du-rinnan 3. er-\ndwals 4. dheu-\neisarn 1. eis-\nfaginōn 1. pek̑-\nfagrs 1. pek̑-\nfaírra 2a. per-\nfaihs 1. peig-\nfaihu 2. pek̑-\nfairneis 2a. per-\n*fair-rinnan 3. er-\nfalþan 3a. pel-\n-falþs 3a. pel-\nfani 2. pen-\nfaran 2b. per-\nfarjan 2b. per-\nfaúra 2a. per-\nfaúr 2a. per-\n*fauho 1. pū̆k-\nfaurhtei 2. perg-\nfaurhtjan 2. perg-\nfaurhts 2. perg-\n*faur-rinnan 3. er-\nfayan 2. peig̑-\nfenea 1. pen-\nfera 3. sp(h)ē(i)-\n*fidwor-tigjus dek̑m̥ , ku̯etu̯er-\nfiggra-gulþ 1. g̑hel-\nfilhan 3b. pel-\nfill 3b. pel-\nfilu 1. pel-\nfōtus 2. pē̆d-\nfráuja 2a. per-\nfra-bairan 1. bher-\nfraíhnan 4. perk̑-\nfraiw 2d. per-\n*fra-kunþs 2. g̑en-\n*fram-aldrs 2. al-\nframis 2a. per-\n*fra-qiþan 2. gu̯et-\nfrawaúrhts 2. u̯erg̑-\nfrisahts 2a. per-\nfrumabaúr 2a. per-\nfruma 2a. per-\nfrumists 2a. per-\nfrums 2a. per-\nfullafahjan 1. pek̑-\nfulljan 1. pel-\nfullō 1. pel-\nfulls 1. pel-\nfuls 2. pū̆-\ngabaurþs 1. bher-\n*ga-beidan 1. bheidh-\nga-bidjan 2. bhedh-\n*gabrikan 1. bhreg̑-\n*gabruka 1. bhreg̑-\nga-daban 2. dhabh-\nga-dauþnan 2. dheu-\n*ga-deþs 2. dhē-\nga-dōbs 2. dhabh-\nga-drauhts 2. dher-\nga-hamon 3. k̑em-\ngaidw 1. g̑hē-\nga-juk 2. i̯eu-\nga-kunnan 2. g̑en-\nga-kwiþan 2. gu̯et-\nga-leiks 2. lē̆ig-\nGaltis 2. g̑hel-\ngalūkan 1. leug-\nga-mains 2. mei-\ngamōt 1. med-\ngamunds 3. men-\n*ga-qiujan 3. gu̯ei̯-\nga-raþjan 1. ar-\nga-raidjan 1. ar-\n*ga-razna 2. erə-\n*ga-razno 2. erə-\nga-rēdan 1. ar-\ngarēhsns 2. rē̆k-\ngaruns 3. er-\nga-skohi 2. (s)keu-\nga-staldan 3. stel-\nga-suljan 2. sel-\n*ga-tairan 4. der-\n*ga-tarnjan 4. der-\n*ga-taurþs 4. der-\n*ga-taurnan 4. der-\nga-trudan 3. der-\nga-tulgjan 5. del-\ngatwo 1. g̑hē-\ngawaurki 2. u̯erg̑-\nga-widan 5. au̯-\ngilþa 2. g̑hel-\n*giutan 1. g̑heu-\nglaggwus 1. g̑hel-\nglitmunjan 1. g̑hel-\n*graba 2. ghrebh-\ngraban 2. ghrebh-\n*gramjan 2. ghrem-\n*grana 3. gher-\ngranos 3. gher-\ngrēdags 1. g̑her-\ngrētan 1. gher-\ngredags 1. g̑her-\n*gredon 1. g̑her-\n*gredus 1. g̑her-\nGreotingi 2. ghrēu-\n*grōba 2. ghrebh-\n*gulþ 1. g̑hel-\n*gulþeins 1. g̑hel-\n*Gut-þiuda 1. g̑heu-\n-h 1. ku̯e\nhaims 1. k̑ei-\nhairþra 4. (s)ker-\nhalba 1. (s)kel-\n*halbs 1. (s)kel-\nhaldan 5. kel-\nhalts 3. kel-\nhardus 3. kar-\nhauhei 2. keu-\nhauhs 2. keu-\n*haurnja 1. k̑er-\n*haurnjan 1. k̑er-\nhaurn 1. k̑er-\nhausjan 1. keu-\nheitō 3. kā̆i-\nheiwa-frauja 1. k̑ei-\n*hilms 4. k̑el-\n*himina-kunds 3. k̑em-\nhiminakunds 1. g̑en-\nhimins 3. k̑em-\nhiuhma 2. keu-\nhiwi 2. k̑ei-\nhlija 1. k̑el-\nhliuma 1. k̑leu-\n*hoha 2. k̑ā̆k-\nhrains 4. (s)ker-\nhraiwa-dubō 4. dheu-\nhrisian 3. (s)ker-\nhūhjan 2. keu-\nhuhrus 2. kenk-\nhulistr 4. k̑el-\nhuljan 4. k̑el-\nhulundi 4. k̑el-\nhups 2. keu-\nhuzd 2. (s)keu-\nibái 2. bhē̆\nibai 2. bhē̆\niddja 1. ei-\niiz 2. ei-s-\n*in-gramjan 2. ghrem-\ninkilþō 1. gel-\ninmáidjan 2. mei-t(h)-\ninnana 1. en\ninnan 1. en\ninnuma 1. en\ninn 1. en\ninweitan 2. u̯(e)id-\ninwindiþa 1. u̯ei-\njabái 2. bhē̆\njaind 3. e-\njēr 1. ei-\njuþan 3. e-\njuggaláuþs 1. leudh-\njuk 2. i̯eu-\njungs 3. i̯eu-\nju 3. e-\n*kalbo 1. gel-\n*kalds 3. gel(ə)-\nkannjan 2. g̑en-\nkaurjan 2. gu̯er-\nkaurjos 2. gu̯er-\nkaurus 2. gu̯er-\nkindins 1. g̑en-\n*kinnus 2. g̑enu-\n*kniu 1. g̑enu-\n*knoþs 1. g̑en-\nkunþi 2. g̑en-\nkunþjan 2. g̑en-\nkunþs 2. g̑en-\nkuni 1. g̑en-\nkunnan 2. g̑en-\nláusjan 2. leu-\nlaiba 1. leip-\nlaikan 3. leig-\nlamb 1. el-\nlats 3. lē(i)-\nlauna-wargs 3e. u̯er-\nlaus 2. leu-\nlētan 3. lē(i)-\nleik 2. lē̆ig-\nliþus 8. el-\nliban 1. leip-\nliudan 1. leudh-\nliugan 1. leugh-\nmaþa 1. math-\nmaiþm 2. mei-t(h)-\nmail 2. mai-\nmais 4. mē-\nmalan 1. mel-\nmalma 1. mel-\nmalō 1. mel-\nmanag-falþs 3a. pel-\nmanasēþs 2. sē(i)-\nmaúrgins 2. mer-\nmaurþrjan 4. mer-\nmaurþr 4. mer-\nmēljan 6. mel-\nmēl 3. mē-\nmērjan 1. mei-\nmeina 1. me-\nmeins 1. me-\n*miþ-qiþan 2. gu̯et-\nmiþ 2. me-\nmik 1. me-\nmilds 1. mel-\nmilhma 2. melk-\nmissō 2. mei-t(h)-\nmitan 1. med-\nmitōn 1. med-\nmōds 5. mē-\nmulda 1. mel-\nmunþs 2. menth-\nmunan 3. men-\nmuns 3. men-\nnauþs 2. nāu-\nneiþ 2. nei-\nnibái 2. bhē̆\nniba 2. bhē̆\nni-h 1. ku̯e\nniman 1. nem-\nniuklahs 1. g̑en-\nni 1. nĕ\nOnemunds 7. au̯-\nOnila 7. au̯-\nðaþrō 1. to-\nðar 1. to-\nðata 1. to-\nðei 1. to-\nqáinōn 1. gu̯ei-\nqairnus 2. gu̯er-\nqiþan 2. gu̯et-\n*qiþus 3. gu̯ei̯-\nqius 3. gu̯ei̯-\nraþjo 1. ar-\n*rahnjan 2. rē̆k-\nraihts 1. reg̑-\nraip 1. rei-\nrasta 2. erə-\nraus 3. er-\nrazn 2. erə-\nreiki 1. reg̑-\nreiks 1. reg̑-\nrign 2. reg̑-\n*rinnan 3. er-\nrōdjan 1. ar-\nrūna 1. reu-\nruns 3. er-\nsaei 3. e-\nsaíƕan 2. seku̯-\nsaian 2. sē(i)-\nsalithwa 1. sel-\nsaljan 3. sel-\nsalja 3. sel-\nsama 2. sem-\nsarwa 2. ser-\nsauths 4. seu-\n-sēþs 2. sē(i)-\nsēlei 3. sel- , 6. sel-\nsēls 6. sel-\nseithu 2. sē(i)-\n*sin-teins 1. dei-\nsinteins 2. sem-\nskaban 2. (s)kē̆p-\n*skalja 1. (s)kel-\nskanda 3. k̑em-\n*skauns 1. keu-\n*skildus 1. (s)kel-\n*skohs 2. (s)keu-\n*skuggwa 2. (s)keu-\nskulan 2. (s)kel-\nskula 2. (s)kel-\nskulda 2. (s)kel-\nskulum 2. (s)kel-\n*slaihts 3. lei-\nsparwa 2. sper(-g)-\nspilda 1. (s)p(h)el-\nspinnan 1. (s)pen(-d)-\nsprauto 2. (s)p(h)er-\nstabs stā- , steb(h)-\n*stairno 2. stē̆r-\nstairo 6. ster-\n*staks 2. (s)teg-\n*stautan 1. (s)teu-\nstilan 3. ster-\nstraujan 5. ster-\nstriks 4. ster-\nsums 2. sem-\nsunus 2. seu-\nswaran 1. su̯er-\nswers 1. u̯er-\nswi-kunþs 2. g̑en-\nswiltan 2. su̯el-\n*taihswa 1. dek̑-\n*tarmjan 4. der-\ntaujan 2. deu-\ntrudan 3. der-\ntulgiþa 5. del-\ntulgjan 5. del-\ntulgus 5. del-\ntyz 1. dei-\n-u 4. au-\nuf-þanjan 1. ten-\n*ufar-giutan 1. g̑heu-\nufar-hamon 3. k̑em-\n*uf-bauljan 2. b(e)u-\n*uf-blesan 3. bhel-\nufbrikan 1. bhreg̑-\n*uf-graban 2. ghrebh-\nuf-kunnan 2. g̑en-\nuf-rakjan 1. reg̑-\n-uh 1. ku̯e\nun-baurans 1. bher-\nune 3. ne-\nun-kunþs 2. g̑en-\nun-lēds 2. lē(i)-\nunsara 3. ne-\nunsis 3. ne-\nurreisan 3. er-\nurrinnan 3. er-\n*us-alþans 2. al-\n*us-beidan 1. bheidh-\n*us-beisns 1. bheidh-\nus-bida 2. bhedh-\nusbruknan 1. bhreg̑-\nus-filma 1. pel-\nus-filmei 1. pel-\n*us-graban 2. ghrebh-\n*us-gutnan 1. g̑heu-\nus-hlaupan 1. ku̯elp-\nus-qiþan 2. gu̯et-\n*us-skarjan 4. (s)ker-\nus-windan 1. u̯endh-\n*uz-anan 3. an(ə)-\nwaíhsta 4. u̯eik-\nwaírdus 11. u̯er-\nwaírpan 3b. u̯er-\n*waian 10. au̯(e)-\nwai-dēdja 2. dhē-\nwaila-dēds 2. dhē-\nwaila 2. u̯el-\nwairþan 3h. u̯er-\nwairþa 3h. u̯er-\nwairþs 3h. u̯er-\n*wanan 1. eu-\nwandjan 1. u̯endh-\n*wans 1. eu-\nwarei 8. u̯er-\nwarjan 8. u̯er-\nwasjan 5. u̯es-\n*wasti 5. u̯es-\nwast 1. u̯es-\nwas 1. u̯es-\nwato 9. au̯(e)-\nwaúrd 6. u̯er-\nwaúrkjan 2. u̯erg̑-\nwaurms 3a. u̯er-\nwēsuþ 1. u̯es-\nwēsum 1. u̯es-\nwēsun 1. u̯es-\nwēsuts 1. u̯es-\nwēsu 1. u̯es-\nweihan 2. u̯eik-\nweis 2. u̯(e)id-\n*wenjan 1. u̯en-\nwiþra 1. u̯ī̆-\nwikō 4. u̯eik-\nwilþeis 4. u̯el-\nwiljan 2. u̯el-\nwilja 2. u̯el-\nwilwan 8. u̯el-\nwilwa 8. u̯el-\nwinþs 10. au̯(e)-\nwinds 10. au̯(e)-\nwinnan 1. u̯en-\nwintrus 9. au̯(e)-\nwisan 1. u̯es-\nwists 2. u̯es-\n*witan 2. u̯(e)id-\nwitan 2. u̯(e)id-\nwit 1. u̯ē̆-\nwōds 1. u̯āt-\nwolla 4. u̯el-\nwratōn 3c. u̯er-\nwulþus 1. u̯el-\nwulla 4. u̯el-\nyai 3. e-\nya 3. e-\nyuggs 3. i̯eu-