passus xiiijus .\nPassus xiiijusx[v]usquartus decimus[quintus] decimus de visione vt supra .\nAcR.15.1: Inside the triangle formed by the top of the ornamental capital, the rubricator has drawn a nun's face. after my walkyngeR.15.1: R shares this error (walkynge for Bx's wakyng ) with Bm and Bo alone.  it was wonder longe .\nAr I coude kendely  knowe what was dowel .\nAnd so my wit wexe and wanyed  til I a foel were .\nAnd somme lakked my lif  alowed it fewe .\nAnd leten me for a lorel  and lothe to reuerencen .\nLordes or ladyes  or any lif elles \nAs persones in pelure  with pendauntes of suluer .\nTo seriauntz andR.15.8: R's and is an alpha variant; cf. beta's ne. to suche  and seideR.15.8: R's phrase, suche and seide, is unique; beta omits and, while F reads swiche men seyde. nauȝt ones .\nGod loke ȝow lordes  ne louted faire .\nÞat folke helden me a foel  and in þat folye I raued .\nTil reson hadde reuthe on me  and rokked me a slepe .\nTil I seyȝ as it ofR.15.12: R's line closely parallels that of beta, but R's of is unattested in any beta witness. F includes of, but does so in a totally revised version of this a-verse. sorserie were  a sotil thynge with-alle .\nOne with-oute tonge and teth  tolde me wonder I schulde .\nAnd where-of I cam and whider I schuldeR.15.14: R's b-verse is seriously corrupt, deploying the final phrase from the previous archetypal line (whider I schulde)—a phrase which he had miscopied in its proper place; by contrast, F has kendely here and beta manuscripts read what kynde. Moreover, R uniquely divides this botched passage so as to cause the final phrase of the Bx line to be displayed as a separate, following line, R15.15. \nI coniured hym at þe laste \nIf he were cristes creature  for cristes loue me to tellen :\n¶ I am cristes creature quod he  and cristene in many place .\nIn cristes court I-knowe wel  and of his kynne a party .\nIs noyther peter þe porter  ne powel with þeR.15.19: R's þe is unique; the other B manuscripts have his. Among the C copies, the X family agrees with R while the P family agrees with the others. fauchon .\nÞat wole defende me þe dore  dynge ych neuer so late .\nAt mydnyȝte at mydday  my voys is so I-knowe .\nÞat Ich a creature of his courte  welcometh me faire .\n¶ What ar ȝe cald quod I  in þat courte  amonge cristes poeple .\n¶ Þe whiles I quikye þe corps  quod he  I-cald am I anima .\nAnd whan I wilne and wolde  animus Ich hate .\nAnd for þat I can and knowe  cald am I mens . thouȝteR.15.26: R's thouȝte is a unique reading among the B copies and has the appearance of a scribal gloss erroneously incorporated into the text. F's line terminal ofte then would represent a fairly typical example of that tradition's tendency toward "smoothing" earlier mistakes. However that may be, thouȝte also appears at this point in a large number of C manuscripts of both major families, including XYcP2TH2Ch (of the X group) and PEcQZWaGcNcFcCa (of the P group); so if it is an error, its source is a manuscript prior to Bx in the line of transmission. .\nAnd whanne I make mone to god .\nAnd whanne I make mone to god  memoria is my name .\nAnd whanne I deme domes  and do as treuthe techeth .\nÞanne is racio my riȝte name  resoun an englisch .\nAnd whanne I fele þat folke telleth  my furst name is sensus .\nAnd þat is wit and wisdome  þe welle of alle craftes .\nAnd whanne I chalenge or chalenge nauȝte  chepe or refuse .\nÞanne am I consience I-called  godes clerk and his notarie .\nAnd whanne I loue lelly  oure lorde and alle other .\nÞanne is lele loue my name  and in latyn amor .\nAnd whanne I fle fro þe flesche  and forsake þe caroyne .\nÞanne am I spirit speche-les  andR.15.37: RF are joined by L alone among the beta copies in adding the conjunction here. However, Cx clearly agrees with this LRF reading. spiritus þanne Ich hatte .\nAustyn and Isodorus  ayther of hem bothe \nNempned me þus to name  now þow miȝt chese .\nHow þow coueytest to calle me  now þow knowest alle my names .\nAnima pro diuersis accionibus diuersa nomina sortitur .\nDum viuificat corpus anima est .\nDum wltR.15.43: R's wlt is a common English scribal spelling for Latin vult; it appears to have resulted from an association between the customary phonetic value assigned to Latin initial <v> (= /w/) and a popular sense of the origin of the <w> graph itself as a "double v." Because many other European languages, as well as Latin, had no <w> graph, and foundries therefore omitted the form from standard typographic templates, English printers often resorted to using the digraph <vv> to represent English <w> till the end of the seventeenth century. animus est \nDum sits[c]it mens est .\nDum recolit memoria est .\nDum iudicat racio est .\nDum sentit sensus est\nDum amat amor est .\nDum negat vel consentit consiencia est . In the right margin, just inside the vertical boundary of the page ruling, someone has inscribed, in drypoint, a figure resembling a backwards Roman capital <N>; opposite line 51, in the same vertical column, a figure resembling a properly faced capital <N> has been inscribed; still lower, and slightly closer to the text, in the margin opposite line 53, another reversed <N> appears to have been entered in drypoint.\nDum spirat spiritus est .\n¶ Ȝe ben as a bischope quod I  alle bourdynge þat tyme .\nFor bischopes I-blessed  þei bereth many names .\nPresul and pontifex  and metropolanus .R.15.53: The term metropolanus (= metropolitanus in beta, seems to be an alpha error. However, this spelling is also found in about half of the C witnesses, including manuscript X.\nAnd other names an hepe  episcopus and pastor .\n¶ Þat is soth seyde he  now I se þi wille .\nÞow woldest knowe and kunne  þe cause of alle here names .\nAnd of myne if þow miȝtest  me thenketh by þi speche .\n¶ Ȝe sire I seyde  by so no man were greued .\nAlle þe science vnder sonne  and alle þe sotil craftes .\nI wolde IchR.15.60: R's Ich is unique, but only in form; the other B manuscripts have I or y, as does Cx. knewe and coude  kendelyche in myn herte .\n¶ Þanne art þow inparfit quod he  and on of pruydes kniȝtes .\nFor suche a luste and likynge  lucifer fel fram heuene .\nPonam pedem meum in aquilone  et similis ero altissimo .\n¶ It were aȝeynes kende quod he  and alle kyne resoun .\nÞat any creature schuld kenne al  excepte criste .R.15.65: R here shows a unique omission; Bx reads cryste one. Cx agrees with the B archetype.\nAȝeynes suche salomon speketh  and despiseth here wittes .\nAnd seith sicut qui mel comedit R.15.67: The scribe has included midline punctuation here, but he has partially obscured it by overwriting it with the first stroke of the following <m>. multum non est ei bonum .\nSic qui scrutator est maiestatis opprimaturR.15.68: Cf. F's opprimetur and beta's opprimitur. Cx agrees with R on this inflectional form. a gloria .\nTo englisch men þis is to mene  þat mowen speke and here .\nÞe man þat muche hony eetR.15.70: This is an alpha variant; cf. beta's eteth. Most C copies agree with alpha, but some with beta.  his mawe is englaymed .\nAnd þe more þat a man  of gode matere hereth .\nBut he do þere-after  it doth hym double skathe .\nBeatus est seith seint bernarde  qui scripturas legit .\nEt vertit verba in opera  follich to his powere .\nCoueytyse to kunne  and to knowe science .\nPulte oute of paradys  adam and eue .\nSciencieR.15.77: There is an otiose curl on the tail of the first <e> of Sciencie; it is not altogether different from a flourish that is part of the scribe's normal repertoire, but from its slightly altered position, it looks as though he was planning to bar the <e> to represent the following <n> but then changed his mind. appetitus hominem immortalitatis gloriam spoliauit .\nAnd ȝetR.15.78: R's ȝet is unique; Bx and Cx = riȝte. as hony is euel to defie  and engleymeth þe mawe .\nRiȝt so þat thurȝ resoun  wolde þe rote knowe \nOf god and of his grete miȝtes  his graces it letteth .\nFor in þe likynge lith a pruide  and a lycames coueytise .\nA-ȝeynes cristes conselle  and alle clerkes techynge .\nÞat is non plus sapere quam oportet sapere .\n¶ Freres and otherR.15.84: After and beta supplies fele, a modifier omitted by G as well as alpha. maistres  þat to þe lewed men prechen .\nȜe meuen materes vnmesurables  to tellen of þe trinite .R.15.85: Hereafter RF omit a line found in beta:\nÞat ofte tymes þe lewed peple of her bileue douten.\nBetere by-leue by moneR.15.86: Mone, "many."  doctoures techynge .R.15.86: The Bx version of this line seems much in doubt; there are complex textual variations among all the manuscripts. Likeliest to represent the beta version is L, whose rendering closely parallels that of Cr: Bettere byleue were mony doctoures such techyng. F has Bettre it were to be-leve on / as doctouris vs techeþ.\nAnd telle menR.15.87: Here R is joined only by G in omitting of after men; F omits men. þe ten comaundementz  & touchen þe seuen synnes .\nAnd of þe braunches þat bourgelethR.15.88: R's bourgeleth is unique. F reads burgoneþ and beta manuscripts show spelling variations of the same, e.g., burgeouneth.  of hem  and bringeth men to helle .\nAnd how þat folke in folies  myspenden here fyue wittes .\nAs wel freres as other folke  folilich spenen .\nIn housynge in haterynge  in-toR.15.91: Beta's phrase is and into. hey clergie schewynge .\nMore for pompe þanne for puire charite  þe pople wote þe sotheR.15.92: There is an ink smudge in the left margin at this point, apparently the result of blotting contact with the note in the right margin at R15.125 on the recto page.\nÞat I lye nauȝt loo  for lordes ȝe plesen .\nAnd reuerencen þe riche  ratherR.15.94: R uniquely omits þe before rather. Cx agrees with the other B manuscripts on this. for here suluer .\nConfundantur omnes qui adorant sculptilia . et alibi .\nVt quid diligitis vanitatem et queritisR.15.96: R uniquely omits mendacium after queritis. &cetera .\nGo to þe glose of þe vers  ȝe grete clerkes .\nIf I lye on ȝowe to my lewed wit  ledeth me to brennynge .\nFor as it semeth ȝe forsaketh  no mannes almesse .\nOf vsureres of hores  andR.15.100: R's and is unique; F reads & of while beta has of. auerous chapmen .\nAnd louten to þis lordes  þat mowen lene ȝow nobles\nAȝeyne ȝoure reule & ȝoureR.15.102: Here R uniquely adds a second ȝoure to the line. religioun  I take recorde at Ihesus .\nÞat seyde to his disciples  ne sitis acceptores personarum .R.15.103: Beta transposes the RF phrase to personarum acceptores.\n¶ Of þis matere I miȝte  make a greteR.15.104: In place of R's grete, F reads mychil and beta shows longe. bible .\nAc of curatoures ouerR.15.105: R's ouer is unique; the other manuscripts read of. cristene poeple  as clerkes bereth witnesse .\nI schal tellen it for treuthe sake  take hede ho-so lyketh .\n¶ As holynesse and honeste  oute of holy cherche spredeth . These lines are marked by a brace in the right margin, as well as a pointing hand. There is a brown ink stain immediately above the end of line 107.\nÞoruȝ lele lybbynge men  þat godes lawes techeth .\nRiȝt so oute of holy cherche  alle eueles spredeth .\nÞere inparfit presthode is  andR.15.110: The beta manuscripts omit this conjunction. prechoures and techoures . Beginning just below the pointing hand referred to at R15.107, there is an erased note in the right margin, written horizontally in some 16 short lines that extend down the page to a point approximately 2.2 cm. below the last line of scribal text. The hand appears to be the same as that discernible in the extensive erased note on fol. 94r.\nAnd se it by ensaumple  in somer tyme on trewes .\nÞere somme bowes ben leued  and somme bereth none .\nÞere is a meschief in þe more  of suche maner bowes .\nRiȝt so persones and prestes  and prechoures of holy cherchesR.15.114: R uniquely deploys the plural; the other manuscripts read cherche. Cx agrees with them against R.\nIs þeR.15.115: Where R reads Is þe, beta has Þat aren and F shows Þey sholde been. A majority of C manuscripts agrees with R. rote of þe riȝt faith  to reule þe poeple \nAc þere þe rote is roten  reson wote þe sothe .\nSchal neuere floure ne fruit  ne faire lefe be grene .\n¶ For-thi walde þe lettred  leue þe lecherie of clothynge .\nAnd be kynde as byfel for clerkes  and curteys of cristes godes .\nTrewe of ȝoure tonge  and of ȝoure taile bothe .\nAnd hatyen to here herlotrie  and auȝtR.15.121: R uniquely reads auȝt; F reads looþ wrong; a majority of the beta copies show nouȝt. to vnderfonge .\nTythes of treweR.15.122: RF are in agreement on trewe (supported by CrWG), but most beta manuscripts read vntrewe. thynge  I-tyled or I-chafared .\n¶ Lothe were lewed men  but þei ȝoure lore folwede .\nAnd amenden hem þat þeiR.15.124: R's þei is unique; all the other manuscripts omit it. mysdon  more for ȝoure ensaumples .\nÞan for to prechen and preue it nauȝt  ypocrisie it semeth .R.15.125: A sixteenth-century reader has inscribed in the right margin opposite this line Ipocrysye.\nFor ypocrisie in latyn  is likkned to a dongounR.15.126: Beta reads dongehul where RF have dongoun. In a substantially revised version of this line, the C version attests donghep, suggesting that beta's reading was original.\nÞat were bi-snewed with snowe  and snakes with-Inne .\nOr to a wal þat were white-lymed  and were foule with-Inne .\nRiȝt so many prestes  prechoures and prelates .\nȜe ar enblaunched with bele paroles . and with clothes .R.15.130: F's final phrase is completely unique (blewe burnet cloþis), but beta differs here from R only by adding also at the end of the line. The C version attests with bele clothes.\nAnd ȝoure werkes and ȝoure wordes  þere-vnder aren ful wlueliche .R.15.131: For R's wlueliche, F shows foxly and beta reads vnlouelich.R.15.131: The spelling wlueliche is probably not erroneous. Cf. R.15.43:, and the note on wlt.\n¶ Iohannes criostomuscri[s]ostomus  of clerkes speketh and prestes .\nSicut de templo omne bonum proceditR.15.133: The form procedit is from alpha. Beta witnesses read progreditur, the same verb form found at this point in the C version. \nSic de templo omne malum procedit .\nSi sacerdocium integrum fuerit  tota floret ecclesia .\nSi autem coruptaR.15.136: Beta reads coruptum. Both inflectional forms are found in C witnesses, but distribution and numbers suggest that the alpha reading was archetypal in C. fuerit  omnium fides marcida est .\nSi sacerdosR.15.137: Beta reads sacerdocium. Both inflectional forms are found in C witnesses, but the beta reading is archetypal in C. fuerit in peccatis  totus populus conuertitur ad peccatum .R.15.137: Beta reads peccandum. Both readings are found in C witnesses, but the beta reading is archetypal in C.\nSicut cum videris arborem pallidam & marcidam .\nIn tellisIntelli[gi]s quod vicium habet in radice .\nIta cum videris populum indisciplinatum & irreligiosum .\nSine dubio sacerdocium eius non est sanum .\n¶ If lewed men wiste  what þis latyn meneth . In the left margin, a black brace extends the entire length of this verse paragraph.\nAnd who was myn auctour  muche wonder me thenketh .\nBut if many preste bere  for here broches and for here baselardes .R.15.144: Most beta witnesses have But if many a prest bere for here baselardes and here broches, where the alliterative pattern suggests that Bx was already corrupt. R reads the nouns of beta's final phrase in transposed order. The R scribe's placement of a punctus elevatus after bere probably indicates that he did not take and for here baselardes to have constituted the b-verse by itself. F's line (But euery prest sholde bere / for here broode baselardis) is unique, revised in the light of a seemingly confused exemplar.\nA peyre bedes in here honde  orR.15.145: R's or is an alpha reading; beta has and. a boke vnder here arme .\nSire iohan and sire gefferey  hath a gurdel of suluer .\nA baselard or a ballok-knyf  with botones ouergilte .\nAc a portos þat schulde be his plow  placebo to segge .\nAllas ȝe lewed men muche lese ȝe on prestes .\nAc þinge þat wikkedliche is wonne and with fals sleȝtes .\nWalde neuere wit of witty god  but wikked men it maked .R.15.152: R's maked is an alpha reading (cf. F's made). Beta reads hadde. Cx agrees with beta.\nÞe whiche aren prestes in-parfit  and prechoures after siluer .\nSeketoures and sodenes  somnoures and here lemmanes .\nÞis þat with gile was gete  vngraciousliche is spened .R.15.155: R's spened is unique; F and most beta copies have spended, from the R verb's etymological parent—though W reads despended. The P family of C agrees with W (and by implication beta and F), but the majority of the X family supports R (reading yspened).\nSo harlotes and hores  aren hulpen with suche godethgode[s] .\nAc godes folke for defaute þere-of  forfaren and spillen . .\n¶ Curatoures of holy cherche  and clerkes þat ben auerous .\nLiȝteliche þat þei leuen  loseles it habbeth \nOr deyeth intestate  and þanne þe bischope entreth .\nAnd maketh murthe þere-with  and his men bothe .\nAnd seggen he was a nygarde  þat no gode miȝt aspare .\nTo frende ne to fremede . þe fende haue his soule .\nFor a wreched hous he helde  al his lyf-tyme .\nAnd þat he spared and bi-sperred  spene we in murthe .\n¶ By lered by lewed  þat lothe is to spene .R.15.166: R's spene is unique; F and most beta copies have spende, from the R verb's etymological parent—though W reads despende. Cf. R.15.155: above.\nÞus goen here godes  be þe goste faren .\nAc for gode men god wote  grete doel men maketh .\nAnd bymeneth gode meteȝiueres  and in mynde hem haueth .\nIn preyeres and in penaunces  and in parfite charite .\n¶ What is charite quod I þo  a childisch þinge he seyde .\nNisi efficiamini sicut paruuli  non intrabitis in regnum celorum .\nWithoute fauntelte or folye  a fre liberal wille .\nWhere schuld men fynde suche a frende  with so fre an herte .\nLonge WylleR.15.175: This decorative, rubricated marginal, very unusual in the typical pattern of Piers Plowman glosses, may offer evidence for how early in the transmission chain MS R stands: MSS L and M both have sixteenth-century glosses taking note of Longe Wylle (M repeating the actual textual phrase, as in R); but among beta copies, only MS O (which Ralph Hanna dates to the first quarter of the fifteenth century) shows this gloss in a hand contemporary to its main scribal hand. Another alpha/beta shared gloss, involving MSS R and L, occurs somewhat later in this passus with the unexpected and atypical Isa. 3 note at R15.582, attested solely by MSS L, R and F.\n¶ Ich haue lyued in londe quod I  my name is longe wille .\nAnd fonde I neuere ful charite  by-fore ne byhynde :\nMen beth merciable to mendinaunsR.15.177: R uniquely reads to; cf. beta's & to and F's ne to. to pore .\nAnd wole lene þere þei leue  leleliche to ben apayed .\nAc charite þat powel preyseth best  and moste plesaunt to god .R.15.179: F reads the end of this line as god in heuene while beta reads owre saueoure.\nAs non inflatur non est ambiciosa non querit que sua sunt .\nI seiȝ neuere suche a man  so me god helpe .\nÞat he ne wolde aske after his  and other-while coueyte .\nÞinge þat hym nededR.15.183: R's hym neded is an alpha reading transposed in beta to neded hym. The beta order is also that found in Cx. nauȝt  and nyme it if he miȝte .\n¶ Clerkes kennethR.15.184: R uniquely reads kenneth; All other manuscripts have kenne(n). me þat criste  is in alle places .\nAc I seyȝ hym neuere sothly  but as my-sulue in myroure .\nHic in enigmate tunc facie ad faciem :\nAnd so I trowe trewely  by þat men telleth of charite .\nIt is nouȝt championes fiȝt  ne chaffare as I trowe .\n¶ Charite quod he ne chaffareth nouȝte  noþerR.15.189: R uniquely reads noþer at the head of the b-verse; the other copies have ne. chalengeth ne craueth .\nAs proude of a peny as of a pounde of golde .\nAnd is as glad of a gowne  of a grayregraye russet .\nAs of a tunicle of tars  or of trie skarlet .\nHe is gladde with alle glade  and gode til alle wikked .\nHe leuethR.15.194: R's He is an alpha lection; beta has And; R's leueth is matched only in Cr; F reads beleviþ while beta manuscripts are ambiguous. Kane and Donaldson read them as leneth, but Skeat construed L's reading as leueth. and loueth alle  þat oure lorde made .\nCurseth he no creature  ne he can bere no wrathe\nNe no likynge haueR.15.196: R's haue is unique; beta reads hath to; F transposes the opening of the a-verse as Ne he haþ lykynge to. Cx supports beta here. lye  ne lawhe meR.15.196: R's me is unique; cf. beta's men and F's non. Cx supports beta here also. to scorne .\nAlle þat men seith  he let it sothe  and in solace taketh .\nAnd alle maner meschiefes  in myldenesse he suffreth .\nCoueyteth he non erthely godesR.15.199: Alpha shows the plural; beta reads the singular, good.  but heuene-riche blisse .\n¶ Hath he any rentes or richesse  or any riche frendes .\n¶ Of rentes ne of richesse  ne recheth he neuere .\nFor a frende þat fyntR.15.202: R's fynt is a unique form of the verb; most of the other manuscripts, including F, read fyndeth. The Cx reading is uncertain: most P family copies support the F/beta reading, but most X family witnesses agree with R. hym  failed hyhy[m] neuere at nede .\nFiat voluntas tua  fynt hym euer-more .\nAnd if he soupeth eet but a soppe  of spera in deo .\nHe can portreye wel þe paternoster  and peynten it with aue .R.15.205: Alpha shows the singular; beta reads the plural, aues (as does the C version).\nAnd other-while is woneR.15.206: R uniquely omits a pronoun reference from is wone. Most beta manuscripts read he is wone; others (LMHm) read is his wone; F has he is wont. Cx attests his wone is. to wende o pilgrimage .\nÞere pore men and prisones liggeth  here pardoun to haue .\nÞouȝ he bere hem no brede  he bereth hem swettere liflode .\nLoueth hem as oure lorde bit  and loketh how þei fare .\n¶ And whan he is weri of þat werke  þan wole he sum-tyme .\nLabory in a lauandrie  wel þe lengthe of a myle .\nAnd ȝerne in-to ȝouthe  and ȝepliche secheR.15.212: R's seche is unique; cf. beta's speke and F's þere seken. Cx's reading (secheth) supports R here. .\nPruide with alle þe purtenaunce  and pakken hem to-gyderes .\nAnd bouken hem at his breste  and beten hem clene .\nAnd leggen on longe  with laboraui in gemitu meo .\nAnd with warme water at his eyȝes  waschen hem after\nÞanneR.15.217: Beta's opening phrase reads And þanne. In a slightly revised line, Cx supports alpha, omitting And. he sengeth whan he doth so  and sumtyme seith wepinge .\nCor contritum & humiliatum deus non despicies \n¶ By crist I wold þat I knewe hym quod I  no creature leuere .\n¶ With-outen helpe of peres þe plowman quod he .R.15.220: R uniquely divides a Bx line in half here, rendering it as two.\nHis persone seest þow neuere \n¶ Where clerkes knowen hym quod I  þaþa[t] kepen holy cherche .\n¶ Clerkes han no knowlechyngeR.15.223: R's knowlechynge is unique; the other manuscripts read knowyng. quod he  but by werkes & by wordes .\nAc peres þe plowman  parseyueth more deppere .\nÞat is wilR.15.225: After is alpha omits þe, which is present in beta. and wherefore  þat mony witR.15.225: R's wit is unique in form but probably represents the same word as beta's wyȝte and F's whyȝt. Both MED and OED2 document this spelling s. v. wight. suffreth .\nAndR.15.226: R's And is unique; the other manuscripts read Et. Cx supports the majority here. vidit deus cogitaciones eorum .\nFor þere are ful proude herteR.15.227: R's herte is unique. Other B manuscripts read herted. men  pacient of tonge .\nAnd buxum as of berynge  to bugrgeysR.15.228: The <r> of burgeys appears to have been written over another character. and to lordes .\nAnd to pore peple  han peper in þe nose .\nAnd as a leon he loketh  þere men lakketh his werkes .\n¶ For þere aren beggeres and bydderes  bedmen as it were .\nLoketh as a lambroun  and semedR.15.232: R's semed is unique; cf. beta's semen and F's seme of. lif-holy .\nAc it is more to haue here mete  on suche an esye manere\nÞanne for penaunce & parfitnesse  þe pouerte þat such taketh .\n¶ Þere-for by coloure ne by clergie  knowe schal þow hym neuere .\nNoyther þoruȝ wordes ne werkes  but þoruȝ wil one .\nAnd þat knoweth no clerke  ne creature an erthe .\nBut peres þe plow-man  petrus id est christus .\nFor he nis nauȝt in lolleres  ne in lande-leperes eremites .\nNe at ancres þere a box hangeth  alle suche þei fayten .\nFy on faitoures  and in fautores suos .\n¶ For charite is godes chaumpion  & as a gode childe hende .\nAnd þe muriest of muthe  at mete where he sitteth .\nToR.15.244: R's To is unique error; all the other manuscripts read Þe. loue þat lyth in his herte  maketh hym liȝt of speche .\nAnd is companable and confortatif  as crist bit hym-selue .\nNolite tristes fieri sicut yporcriteypocrite .R.15.246: Kane-Donaldson note R's unique phrasal variation for this Latin line (the other manuscripts have Nolite fieri sicut ypocrite tristes &c), but they overlook the erroneous spelling, yporcrite. Cx supports R's phrasing of this tagline.\n¶ For I haue seyne hym in silke  & sum-tyme in russet .\nBothe in gray and in gris  and in gulte herneys .\nAnd as gladliche he it gaf  to gomes þat it neded .\n¶ Emund and edwarde  eyther were kynges .\nAnd seyntes I-sette  soR.15.251: For RF's so, beta reads tyl or for. charite hem folwede .\n¶ Ich haue I-seyn charite al-so  syngen and reden .\nRiden and rennen  in ragged wedes .\nAc biddynge as beggeres  byhelde I hym neuere .\nAc in riche robes  rathest he walketh .\nI-called and I-crymeled  and his croune yschaue .\nAnd in a frereR.15.257: R's frere (an unmarked genitive) is unique; all the other manuscripts read freres however, the preponderance of C evidence (most of the X family and some of the P family) supports R's reading. frocke  he was Ifounde ones .\nAc it is ferre agoo  in seynt fraunceys tyme .\nIn þat secte sitthe  to selde hath he be knowe .\n¶ Riche men he recomendeth  and of here robes taketh .\nÞat with-oute wiles  leden here lyues .\nBeatus est diues qui &cetera .\n¶ In kynges court he cometh ofte þere þe conseil is trewe .\nAc if coueytise be of þe conseil  he wol nauȝt come þer-inne .\nIn court amonges iaperes  he cometh but selde .\nFor braulynge and bagbytynge  and berynge of fals witnesse .\n¶ In þe constorie byfore þe comissarie  he cometh nauȝt ful ofte .\nFor here lawe dureth ouer-longe  but if þei lacchen suluer\nAnd matrimonye for mone  maken and vn-maken .\nAnd þat consience and criste  hath yknyt faste .\nÞei vndon it vnworthiliche  þo doctoures of lawe .\n¶ Amonges erchebischopes and oþer bischopes These lines are unique to alpha and there are line-division problems. Moreover, there are sufficient differences between R and F in these lines to justify reproducing the latter's lines verbatim (cf. Appendix 1, R15.272-77, for details and any cross-references to the C version):\n¶ With Bisshopis & abbotys / & prelatis of holy chirche.\nFor to wone with hem / hys wone was sum-tyme.\n& cristis parsymonye to þe pore / parcel-mel þey deltyn.\nBut Auerise hathorn; þe keyȝes /& kepithorn; for hise kenysmen.\n& for hise seketouris & seruauntis /& summe for hise chirdryn.\nAnd prelates of holy cherche \nForto wonye with hem  his wone was sum-tyme .\nAnd cristes patrimonye to þe pore  parcel-mel dele .\nAc auerice hath þe keyes now  and kepeth for his kynnesmen .\nAnd for his seketoures & his seruantz  & somme for here childrun .\nAc I ne lak no lif  but lord amende vs alle .\nAnd gif vs grace gode god  charite to folwe .\nFor ho-so miȝt mete with hym  suche maneres hym aileth .\nNoyther he blameth ne banneth  bosteth ne preyseth .\nLakketh ne loseth  ne loketh vp sterne .\nCraueth ne coueyteth  ne crieth after more .R.15.283: Immediately after this line, alpha omits a Latin line found in beta:\nIn pace in idipsum dormiam &c. OC2 have this line in the margin, suggestive of how it might have been overlooked in alpha if this were its location in Bx.\nÞe moste lyflode þat he lyuethR.15.284: After lyueth R uniquely omits by.  is loue in godes passioun .\nNeyther he neR.15.285: R's first ne in this line is unique; all the other B manuscripts omit it. However, among the C manuscripts, most of the X family agrees with R, while the others agree with beta. byddethR.15.285: There is a discoloration in the parchment (resembling a large punctus) immediately after byddeth, but it has no significance. ne beggeth  ne borweth to ȝelde .\nMisdoth he no man  ne with his mouth greueth .\n¶ Amonges cristene men  þis myldnesse schuld laste .\nIn alle maner angres  haue þis atte herte .\nÞat þouȝ þei suffred alle þis  gogo[d] suffred for vs more .\nIn ensaumple we schulde do so  and taketake [no] veniaunce .R.15.290: R inadvertently (and uniquely) omits no before veniaunce, causing the statement to express a very uncharitable outlook.\nOf oure foes þat doth vs falsenesse  þat is oure faderes wille .\nFor euery man may welR.15.292: Beta transposes the opening phrase of this line as For wel may euery man. wite  if godR.15.292: With the exception of G, which here joins alpha, the beta manuscripts read god hadde wolde here. wolde hym-sulue .\nSchulde nereR.15.293: R's nere is unique; the other manuscripts read neuere. iudas þeR.15.293: R's þe is shared only with BmBoCot; F reads hise and beta reads ne. Beta's reading is unquestionably the original. Iewe  haue ihesu done on rode .\nNe haue martyred peter ne powel  ne in prisone holde .\nAc he suffrede in ensaumple  þat we schuld suffre also .\nAnd seide to suche þat suffre wolde  þat pacientes vincunt .\n¶ Verbi gracia quod he  and verrey ensaumples manye .\nIn legenda sanctorum  þe lif of holy seyntes .\nWhat penaunce and pouerte  and passion þei suffred .\nIn hunger in hete  in alle maner angres .\nAntonye and egidie  and oþer holy faderes .\nWoneden in wildernessesR.15.302: R's wildernesses is unique; the other manuscripts read wildernesse.  amonges wilde bestes .\nMonkkes and mendynans  men by hem-selue .\nIn spekes and spelonkes  selde speken to-gyderes .\nAc noyther antonye ne egydie  ne eremite þat tyme .\nOf lyons ne of leopartz  no lyflode neR.15.306: A brown stain makes ne almost illegible. toke .\nBut of þeR.15.307: Beta here omits þe. foules þat fleeth  þus fynt men in bokes .\nExcepte þat egide  after an hynde criede .\nAnd þoruȝ þe melke of þat mekeR.15.309: F shows no adjective (= þe beeste), while R's meke is replaced in beta with mylde. beste  þe man was ysusteyned .\nAcR.15.310: R's Ac is unique; beta reads And while F shows an omission. day by day hadde he hire nauȝt  his honger forto slake .\nBut selden and sundry tymeR.15.311: Where alpha has the unmarked plural tyme, beta has tymes.  as seith þe boke and techeth .\n¶ Antonye on a day  aboute none-tyme \nHadde a bridde þat brouȝte hym  hisR.15.313: R's hym his is unique; beta reads hym and F has hym to. brede þat he by lyuede .\nAnd þouȝ þe gome hadde a geste  god feddeR.15.314: Cf. beta's fonde. hem bothe .\n¶ Powel primus heremita  hadde parroked inR.15.315: Beta omits alpha's in. The C version agrees with beta's omission. hym-selue .\nÞat no man miȝt hym se  for mosse and for leues .\nFoules hym feddeR.15.317: An ink blot covers the -ed of fedde.  fele wyntres with-alle .\nTil he founded freres  of austynes ordre .\nPowel after his prechynge  payneres he made .\nAnd wan withR.15.320: Virtually all beta manuscripts (and F) add his before hondes. hondes  þat his wombe nedede .\nPeter fischede for his fode  and his felawe andrewe .\nSomme þei solde and somme þei eetenR.15.322: Alpha's eeten is an easier replacement for the correctly alliterating sothe(n) found in the best beta manuscripts. Cf. R.15.468:. The C version incorporates this same line, but the lemma in question shows a wide range of attested readings among C witnesses.  & so þei lyued bothe .\nAnd also marie maudeleyne  by mores and byR.15.323: Alpha omits lyued after mores; beta omits the second by from this b-verse, as witnessed by alpha. On both of these issues, Cx agrees with beta. dewes .\nAc moste thoruȝ deuocion  and mynde of god almiȝty .\nI schulde nouȝt þis seuen dayes  seggen hem alle .\nÞat lyueden þus for oure lordes loue  amonges wilde bestes .R.15.326: For alpha's amonges wilde bestes, beta (and the C version) read manye longe ȝeres.\nAc þere ne was lyon ne leopartzR.15.327: R uniquely shows the plural; F and beta read the singular, leopart.  þat on laundes wente .\nNoyther bere ne bore  ne other best wilde .\nÞat ne fel to hire fete  and fauned with þe taile .\nAnd ȝif þei couthe haue I-carped  by crist as I trowe .\nÞei wolde haue I-fedde þat folke  by-fore wilde foules .\nFor alle þe curteisie þat bestes kunneR.15.332: R's curteisie þat bestes kunne is unique; F reads kyȝndenesse þat þey cowde and beta omits the entire line.  þei kidde þatR.15.332: R's second þat is unique; F reads to. Beta omits this entire line as well as the next one. folke ofte .\nIn likkyng and in lowynge  þere þei on laundes ȝede .R.15.333: R's in lowynge is unique; F reads lovynge. R's ȝede is unique; F reads wentyn. Beta omits the entire line.\nAc god sent hem fode by foules  and by no ferce bestes .\nIn menynge þat meke thynge  mylde þinge schulde fede .\nAs ho seith religiouse  riȝtful men schulde fynde .\nAnd lawful men to lif-holy men  liflode brynge .\nAnd þanne wolde lordes and ladyes  byR.15.338: R's by is unique here; based on the scribe's uniform spelling of the linking verb elsewhere (= be), this occurrence may be an error, but it cannot be so designated conclusively. It may represent another example of R's many relict forms. MED, s. v. ben, attests to the viability of by in this sense with citations from both the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, including one from the Ayenbite of Inwyt (He haþ niede, by hit to þe bodie, by hit to þe zaule—BL Arundel 57) and The Seven Sages (He schal dwelle on lyue tyl to morwe day, And by than as hit may—Cam. Dd.1.17). Moreover, at R16.166, the scribe demonstrates his comfort with the inverse situation, signifying ModE "by" with be, a form that OED2, s. v. by (prep., adv.), attests as viable for this period. lothe to agulte .\nAnd to take of here tenauntz  more þan treuthe wolde .\nFonde þei þat freres  wolde forsake here almesse .\nAnd bidden hem beren it  þere it was borwed .\nFor we beth goddes foules  and abyden alwey .\nTil briddes bringen vs  þat we schulde leueR.15.343: R's leue is unique among the B manuscripts (cf. R15.400), but OED2 attests it as a recognized form for liue. (See Trevisa, 1387, s. v. live (v. 1). by .\nFor hadde ȝe potage and payne I-now  and peniale to drinke .\nAnd onR.15.345: In place of alpha's on or oo (= F), beta here shows a. messe þere-myde of on manere kende .\nȜe hadde riȝt I-now ȝe religious  & so ȝoure ordreR.15.346: Alpha here substitutes non-alliterating ordre for Bx's reule (attested in beta). me tolde .\nNumquam dicit Iob rugietR.15.347: Beta reads rugit, but Cx agrees with alpha's verb form. onager cum habuerit herbam .R.15.347: Beta transposes this phrase as herbam habuerit, but Cx agrees with alpha's phrasing.\nAut mugiet bos cum ante plenum presepe steterit .R.15.348: Here alpha drops a long passage from the Latin citation as witnessed by both beta and the C version: brutorum animalium natura te condempnat quia cum eis pabulum comune sufficiat.\nEx adipe prodijt iniquitas tua \n¶ If lewed men knewe þis latyn  þei wold loke wham þei ȝeue .\nAnd auise hem byfore  R.15.351: The beta phrasing is a fyue dayes. fyue dayes or sixe .\nAr þei amortised to monkes  or chanounes here rentes .\nAllas lordes and ladyes  lewed conseil haue ȝe .\nTo ȝyue fram ȝoure heyres  þat ȝoure ayeles ȝow lefte .\nAnd ȝiueth to bydde for ȝow  to suche as ben riche .\nAnd ben I-founded and feffed eke  to bydden for other .R.15.356: The scribe fails here to skip a line between strophes, as is his custom, presumably because the next line is the last ruled one for this side.\n¶ Ho parfourneth þis prophecie  of þe peple þat now libbeth \nDispersit dedit pauperibus &cetera .\nȜif any poeple parforne þat tixte  it are þis pore freres\nFor þat þei beggen aboute  in buyldynge þei spende .\nAnd on hem-selue sum  and suchR.15.361: R's such is followed by a unique omission; most beta copies follow such with as and BF read þat. ben here laboreres .\nAnd of hem þat habbeth þei taketh  and ȝiueth hem þat ne habbeth .\n¶ Ac clerkes and kniȝtes  and comuneres þat ben riche .\nFele of ȝow fareth  as if I a forest hadde .\nÞat were ful of feire tres  and I founded and caste .\nHow I miȝte mo þere-inne  amonges hem sette .\nRiȝt so ȝe riche  ȝe robbethR.15.367: In this case (cf. R15.371), RF share with some beta copies a root form, Robbe, classified by OED2 as a sixteenth-century variant spelling for robe, v. (= ModE "clothe"); it is traceable to OF robbe (= ModE "robe"), derived from the same root as OF rob since the original meaning of "robe" was "booty, spoils." þat bethR.15.367: R's beth is unique; all other witnesses read be(n). riche .\nAnd helpeth hem þat helpeth ȝow  & ȝyueth þere no nede is .\nAs ho-so fulled a tonne ful  of a fulR.15.369: R's second ful is unique; beta reads fressh and F has an omission. ryuere .\nAnd wente forth with þat water  to woke with temese .\nRiȝt so ȝe riche ȝe robbethR.15.371: See note at R.15.367:. and fedeth \nHem þat han as ȝe han  hem ȝe make at ese .\nAc religious þat rich ben  schulde rather fedeR.15.373: In place of alpha's fede, beta has feste. beggeres .\nÞan burgeys þat riche ben  as þe boek techeth .\nFor-thi I conseille alle cristene  to conformen hem to charite .\nFoR.15.379: Neither MED nor OED2, s. v. for, cites an example of fo as viable for the preposition signified here, but it occurs in R in four widely separated contexts (cf. R2.64, R14.60, and R20.224) and probably represents an instance of idiolect apocope. Cf. R's common use of fro (= ModE "from") and mo (= ModE "more"). charite with-oute chalengynge . vnchargeth .R.15.379: R uniquely omits the end of Bx's b-verse: þe soule.\nAnd many a prison fram purgatorie  þoruȝ his preyeres is deliuered .R.15.380: For R's is deliuered, F reads ben dylyuered; beta reads (he) delyureth.\n¶ Ac þere is a defaute  in þe folke þat þe feith kepeth .\nWhereR.15.382: R is almost unique (cf. Cot) in this reading; F and the other beta copies read Wherfore. folke is þe feblere  and nouȝt ferme of byleue .\nAs in lossheborues is a lither alay  & ȝut loketh he like a sterlynge .\nÞe merke of þat mone is gode  ac þe metal is feble .\nAnd so it fareth by sum folke nowe  þei han a faire speche .\nCroune and cristendom  þe kynges merke of heuene .\nAc þe metal þat is mannes soule  with synne is foule alayed .\nBothe lettred and lewed beth  alayed now with synne .\nÞat no lyf loueth other ne oure lorde as it semeth .\nFor what þoruȝ werre and wikked werkes  & wederes vnresonable .\nWederwise schipmen  and witty clerkes al-so .\nHan no byleue to þe lift  ne to þe lore of filisofres .\n¶ Astrimyanes al-day  in her art failen .\nÞat whilum warned bifore  what schuld byfalleR.15.394: R's byfalle is unique; all the other manuscripts read falle(n). However, most of the C manuscripts agree with R. after .\nSchipmen and schepherdes  þat with schipe and scheppe wenten .\nWisten by þe wakknewa[l]kne  what schuld by-tyde .\nAs of wederes and of wyndes  þei warned men ofte .\n¶ Tilieres þat tiled þe erthe  tolden here meystres .\nBy þe seed þat þei sewe  what þei selle miȝte .\nAnd what to leue and to leueR.15.400: Cx agrees here with R's unique form, against lyue found in most B witnesses. See note at R.15.343:. by  þe londe was so trewe .\nNow faileth þe folke of þe floed  and of þe londe bothe .\nScheperdes and schipmen  and so doen þis tilieres .R.15.402: An early reader has inserted a red star or cross in the right margin at this point.\nNother þei kunneth ne knoweth  on cours by-for an-other .\nAstrimyanes also  are att here wittes ende .\nOf þat was calkuled of clementR.15.405: For alpha's of clement, beta reads of þe element(s). Alpha's reference is opaque; but at least, unlike beta's, it alliterates. Schmidt conjectures clemat, based on the unquestioned reading of the C version at this point, clymat.  þe contrarie þei fynde .\nGramere þe grounde of alle  bygileth now childurne .\nFor is non of þis new clerkeR.15.407: R's apparent singular, clerke, is unique; the other copies have the explicit plural required by immediate context, clerkes.  ho-so nymeth hede .\nÞat can versifie faire  ne formeliche endentenend[i]ten .\nNe nauȝt on amonges an hundreth  þat an autour can construe .\nNe rede a lettre in any langage  but in latyn or in englische .\nGo now to any degre  and but if gyle be maister .\nAnd flatreR.15.412: For R's flatre, "flatterer, one who flatters" from OF flatour, Bx reads flaterere, the same form found in Cx. his felawe  vnder hym to fourmen .\nAndR.15.413: And is alpha's erroneous addition to the text of Bx. muche wonder me thenketh  amonges vs alle .\nDoctoures of decres  and of diuinite maystres .\nÞat schulde kunne and knowe  alkynne clergie .\nAnd answere to argumentz  and also to a quod-libet .\nI dar nouȝt seggen it for schame  if suche weren apposed .\nÞei schulde faile in here filosophie  & in fisike bothe .\nWherefore Ich am afered  of folk of holy cherche .\nLest þei ouer-hippen as other don  in offices and in houres\nAc þouȝR.15.421: R's þouȝ is unique; beta reads if and F shows an omission. þei oueoue[r]-hippe as I hope nauȝt  oure bileue sufficit .R.15.421: For alpha's Latin, beta provides an English equivalent: suffiseth.\nAs clerkes in corpus christi fest  syngen and reden .\nÞat sola fides sufficit  to saue with lewed peple .\n¶ And so may sarasynes be saued  scribes and Iewes .\nAllas then but oure lores-men  lyuen as þei leren vs .\nAnd for here liuynge þat lewed men be  þe lother god agulten .R.15.426: There is a superfluous tilde over the -en of agulten.\nFor sarasynes han sumwhat  semynge to oure bileue .\nFor þei loue and bileue  in on persone almiȝty \nAnd we lered and lewed  in on god by-leueth .\nCristene and vncristene  on one god bileueth .R.15.430: Beta omits this line.\nAc oen machometh  a man in mysbileue .\nBrouȝt sarasenes of surrie  and se in what manere .\nÞis macumeth was cristene man  and for he most nauȝt be a pope .\nin-to surrie he souȝte  and thoruȝ his sotil wittes .\nDaunted a dowue  and day and niȝt hire fedde .\nÞe corne þat sche cropped  he caste hit in his here .R.15.436: Hereafter alpha omits two lines found in beta, presumably on account of eyeskip (the second of the omitted lines ends with ere):\nAnd if he amonge þe poeple preched or in places come\nÞanne wolde þe coluer come to þe clerkes ere.\nMenynge as after mete  þus macumeth hire chaunted .R.15.437: Beta reads enchaunted, while F shows a present-tense form of alpha's apheretic verb: chawnteþ. Cx agrees with beta.\nAnd dede folke þanne falle on knes  for he swore in his prechinge .\nÞat þe culuer þat come so  cam fram god of heuene .\nAnd messagerR.15.440: Where alpha has And messager, beta reads As messager. to macumeth  men for to teche .\nAnd þus þoruȝ wiles of his wit  and a white dowue .\nMacumeth in misbileue  men and wymmen brouȝte .\nÞat lered there and lewed  ȝut leuen on his lawes .\n¶ And sitthe oure saueoure suffred  þe sarasynes so bygiled .\nÞoruȝ a cristene clerke  acursed in his soule .\nAc for drede of þe deth  I dar nauȝt telle treuthe \nHow englische clerkes a culuere feden  þat coueytise hatte .\nAnd ben manered after macumeth  þat no man vseth treuthe .\n¶ Ancres and heremites  and monekes and freres .\nPeresR.15.450: Cf. alpha's noun form, Peres, to beta's verb form, Peren. to apostles  thoruȝ here parfit lyuynge .\nWolde nere þe faithful fader  þat his minstres schulde .\nOf tyrauntes þat teneth trewe men  taken any almesse .\nBut doen as antonye dede  dominik orR.15.453: For alpha's or, beta reads and. fraunceys .\nBenet orR.15.454: For alpha's or, beta reads &. bernarde  þe which hem furste tauȝte .\nTo lyue by litel and in lowe houseR.15.455: R uniquely shows the singular; the other manuscripts read houses.  by lele mennes fyndynge .\nGrasse schulde growe and be grene  þoruȝ here leleR.15.456: For alpha's lele, cf. beta's correctly alliterating good. lyuynge .\nAnd folke schulde fynde  þat ben in diuers syknesse .\nÞe bettere for here biddynges  in body and in soule .\nHere preyeres and here penaunces  to pees schuld hemR.15.459: Beta omits hem. bringe .\nAlle þat ben at debate  and bede-men were trewe .\nPetite et accipietis &cetera .R.15.461: The R scribe here deviates from his usual practice of inserting a blank line between strophes, presumably because the next line is the last one ruled for this side.\n¶ Salt saueth catel  seggeth þis wyues \nVos estis sal terre &cetera . F omits these 68 lines (= KD15.429α-92), reflecting the contents either of a single leaf or (more likely) an opening from his exemplar. E. Talbot Donaldson noted this fact in "MSS R and F in the B-Tradition of Piers Plowman," Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (1955): 185 n. 19, rightly attributing the error to a copyist between F and alpha. More recently Sean Taylor, "The F Scribe and the R Manuscript of Piers Plowman B," English Studies 77 (1996): 530-48, has pointed out that this lacuna coincides with the opening of fols. 78v-79r in R; he argues, we think unconvincingly, that this coincidence supports the proposition that F was copied directly from R.\nÞe heuedes of holy cherche  and þei holy were .\nCrist calledR.15.465: Beta here shows the present-tense form, calleth. F omits the line. hem salt  for cristene soules \nEt si sal euanuerit in quo salietur .\nAc fresche flesch ortherother fische  whan it salt faileth .\nIt is vnsauori for-sothe  seothen or baken .\nSo is mannes soule sothly  þat seth non gode saumple .\nOf hem of holy cherche  þat þe heye wey schulde teche .\nAnd be gyde and go before  asR.15.471: The beta version of the phrase shows a determiner: as a good baneoure. F omits the line. goed baneoure .\nAnd hardy hem þat byhynde ben  and ȝif hem gode euydence .\n¶ Elleuene holy men  al the worlde torned .\nin-to lele byleue  þe liȝtloker me thenketh .\nSchulde al manere men  we han so many maystres .\nPrestes and prechoures  and a pope aboue .\nÞat godes salt schulde be  to saue mannes soule .\n¶ Al was hethenesse sum-tyme  england and wales .\nTil gregori and greteR.15.479: Only B supports R's inferior reading (and grete); the other beta manuscripts read garte or gerte. F omits the line. clerkes  to go and to preche .\nAustyn at canterbirie  cristened þe kynge þere .R.15.480: R's kynge þere is unique; the beta copies have kynge while F omits the line.\nAnd þoruȝ miracles as men may rede  al þat marche he turned .\nTo crist and to cristendom  and cros to honoure .\nAnd fulled folkeR.15.483: After folke, beta adds faste. F omits the line.  and þe faith tauȝte .\nMore þoruȝ miracles  þan þoruȝ muche prechynge .\nAs wel þoruȝ his werkes  as with his holy wordes .\nAnd seide hem what fullynge  and feith was to mene .\n¶ Clothe þat cometh fro þe weuynge  is nauȝt comely to werie\nTil it is fulled vnder fote  or in fullynge stokkes .\nI-waschen wel with water  and with taseles cracched .\nI-touked and tentted  and vnder tailoures handes .\nAnd so it fareth by a barne  þat boren is of wombe .\nTil it be cristened in cristes name  & confermed of þe bischoppe .\nIt is hethen as to heuene-warde  and helples to þe soule .\n¶ Hethene is to mene after heth  and vntiled erthe .\nAs in wild wildernesse  wexeth wilde bestes .\nRude and vnresonable  rennynge with-oute keperesR.15.496: R's keperes is unique; beta's variants seem nonsensical: LYOGC2 have crep(e)res while WHmCrCBM show crop(i)ers. F omits the line. .\n¶ Ȝe take wel hedeR.15.497: In place of R's non-alliterating take wel hede, beta reads menen wel. F omits the line. whateR.15.497: Here only G joins R in reading what; the other beta manuscripts show how. mathew sayth  how a man made a fest .\nHe fedde hem with no venison  ne fesauntes Ibake .\nBut with foules þat fram hym nolde  but folwed his whistlynge .\nEcce altilia mea et omnia parata sunt &cetera .\nAnd with calues flesch he fedde  þe folke þat he louede .\nÞe calf bitokneth clennesse  in hem þat kepeth lawes .\nFor as þe cow thoruȝ kende melke  þe calf norischeth til an oxe .\nSo doth loue & lewte  and leleR.15.504: In the a-verse, doth is a unique addition to the text of this line as witnessed by beta; in the b-verse, the same is true of and (before lele). F omits the line. men susteyneth .\nAnd maydenes and mylde men  mercy desiren .\nRiȝt as þe cow calf  coueyteth swete melke .\nSo doth riȝtful men  mercy and treuthe .\nAnd by þe hande fedde foules  hisR.15.508: His, "is." These lines are omitted by all beta manuscripts and survive in R alone. folk vnderstonde .\nÞat loth ben to louye  with-outen lernynge of ensaumples .\nRiȝt as capones in a court  cometh to mennes whistlynge .\nIn menynge after mete  folweth men þat whistlen .\nRiȝt so rude men  þat litel reson cunneth \nLouen and byleuen  by lettred mennes doynges .\nAnd by here wordes and werkes  wenen and trowen .\nAnd as tho foules to fynde  fode after whistlynge .\nSo hope þei to haue  heuene þoruȝ her whistlynge .\nAnd by þe man þat made þe feste  þe mageste bymeneth .\nÞat is god of his grace  gyueth al men blisse .\nWith wederes and with wondres  he warneth vs with a whistlere .\nWhere þat his wille is  to worschipen vs alle .\nAnd feden vs and festen vs  for euere-more at ones .\n¶ Ac who beth þat excuseth hem  R.15.522: Here the beta copies add þat. aren persones and prestes .\nÞat heuedes of holy cherches  ben þat han here wille here .\nWith-oute trauaile þe tithe del  þat trewe men by-swynken .\nÞei wole be wroth for I write þus  ac to witnesse I take .\nBothe mathew and marke  and memento domine dauid .\nEcce audiuimus eum in effrata  &cetera .R.15.527: Beta omits this Latin citation and F has omitted at least a folio of surrounding material, including this phrase.\nWhat pope or prelate nowe  perforneth þat criste hiȝte .\nIte in vniuersum mundum . et predicate . &cetera .R.15.529: Here the R scribe omits his usual line break before a new strophe, presumably because the next line is the last one ruled for this side.\n¶ AllsAll[a]sR.15.530: R's Alls is undocumented in MED or OED2 s. v. alas and is, presumably, a unique spelling error; F omits this line, beta has Allas, the same form that occurs in Cx. þat men so longe  on macumeth schullenR.15.530: R's schullen is unique; most beta copies read schulde(n) or sholde. byleue .\nSo many prelates to preche  as þe pope maketh .\nOf nazareth of nynyue  of neptalym and damaske .\nÞat þei ne wenten as criste wisseth  sithen þei wilneR.15.533: Alpha's wilne derives from a different verb stem than beta's wil, but it is doubtful that Langland saw these forms as distinct since they share virtually identical semantics. The C manuscripts, in a revised b-verse, split on these two verb forms (the majority agreeing with alpha), thus confirming their status as twins in early fifteenth-century usage. a name .\nTo be pastores and preche  þe passion of ihesus .\nAnd as hym-sulue saide  so to lyue and deye .\nBonus pastor animam suam ponit &cetera .\nAnd seyde it in sauacion  of sarasynes and other .\nToR.15.538: Beta reads For in place of alpha's To. Beta omits the second to in this a-verse. cristene and to vncristene  criste seyde to prechoures .\nIte vos in vineam meam \nAnd sitthen þat þis sarasines  scribes and iewes .\nHan a lippe of oure byleue  þe liȝtloker it semethR.15.541: For alpha's it semeth, beta and the C version read me thynketh. .\nÞei schulde turne ho-so trauaile wolde  & techenR.15.542: R's & techen is unique; all other B copies read to teche. hem of þe trinite .\nQuerite et inuenietis &cetera .\nFor al paynymes preyeth  to on persone to helpe .R.15.544: In place of R's softened b-verse (which F varies from with of helpe), beta copies read and parfitly bileueth. Cx agrees with beta.\nOn o god þei greden  and his grace asken .R.15.545: R's b-verse is virtually identical to beta's (which reads and his grace þei asken), but the a-verse in the two subarchtypes is radically different. Beta's version of the latter reads In þe holy grete god.\nAnd maken here mone to macumeth  here message to schewe .\nÞus in a feith lyueth þat folk  and in a fals mene .\nAnd þat is reuth for þeR.15.548: In place of R's for þe), most beta copies and F read for while Cr has of. The reading of Cx is uncertain here, the P family agreeing with R while the X family reads for tho. riȝtfulmenriȝtful men  þat in þe reume wonyen .\nAnd a peril to þe pope  and toR.15.549: R uniquely attests this preposition; F omits the line. prelates þat he maketh .\nÞat bereth bischopes names  of bethleem and of babyloyne .\n¶ Whan þe heye kynge of heuene  sent his sone to erthe . Beta omits these lines. The differences between F's version of these lines and that attested in R are sufficiently numerous to make full citation of F's passage here advisable (cf. Appendix 1, R15.551-68, for details and any cross-references to the C version):\nWhan þe hyȝe kyng of heuene / sente his sone to erþe.\nManye myraclis he wroghte / man for to turne.\nIn ensaumple þat sholde seen / þat by sad resoun.\nMen myghte not ben savid / but þorghȝ mercy & grace.\n& þorghȝ penaunce & passioun / & parfyȝt beleve.\n& by-cam of a mayde / & metropolitanus after.\n& was baptyzed & y-sygned / with þe blood of his herte.\nAlle þat wilned & wolde / with wit be-leve it.\nManye a seynt sytthen / haven suffred to dyȝen.\nAl for to ferme þe fayȝþ / in fele contrees dyȝen.\nIn yȝnde in Alysaundre / in Armonye in spayne.\n& in doolful deþ þey dyeden / for þeyre feyþis sake.\nIn savacioun of þe fayþ / seynt Thomas was y-martred.\nAnd a-mong vnkyȝnde cristene / for cristis he dyȝede.\n& for þe ryght of al þis rewme / & alle rewmes cristene.\nHoly chirche ys honoured / hyȝlyche þorghȝ his dyȝenge.\nHe is be-leve to alle bisschopis / & a bryght merrour.\n& souereynly to swiche / þat of surrye beren þe name.\nMany miracles he wrouȝte  man for to turne .\nIn ensaumple þat men schulde se  þat by sadde resoun .\nMen miȝt nouȝt be saued  but þoruȝ mercy and grace .\nAnd thoruȝ penaunce and passion  and parfit bylebyle[ue] \nAnd by-cam man of a mayde  and metropolitanus .\nAnd baptised and bischined  with þe blode of his herte .\nAlle þat wilned and woled  with inne-wit byleue it .\nMany a seint sytthen  hath soffred to deye .\nAl for to enforme þe faith  in fele contreyes deyeden .\nIn ynde and in alisaundre  in ermonye and in spayne .\nIn delfol deth deyeden  for there faith sake .\nIn sauacioun of þe fayth  seynt t....homasR.15.563: The erasure is not original; the first and last letters of the deleted name appear to have been <t> and <s> respectively. The name is obvious both historically and textually. was ymartired.\nAmonges vnkende cristene  for cristes loue he deyede .\nAnd for þe riȝt of al þis reume  and al reumes cristene\nHoly cherche is honoured  heyȝliche þoruȝ his deynge .\nhe is a for-bysene\nHe is a forbysene to alle bishopes  and a briȝt myroure .\nAnd souereyneliche to suche  þat of surrye bereth þe name .\nAnd nauȝt to huppe aboute here in englande  forto halwe autres .R.15.569: Although it begins in harmony with R, F's version of this line is unique in several ways (& nowht to hoppe here & þeere / for halwen awteris). Beta differs from R in three respects: (1) where R's opening reads And nauȝt to, beta has Þat; (2) beta omits R's here later in the a-verse but (3) adds mennes after halwe in the b-verse.\nAnd crepe in amonges curatoures  and confesse menR.15.570: R's confesse men is unique; F and most beta copies read confesse(n), while GC2B read confessyon. Cx agrees with the majority F/beta reading. aȝeyne þe lawe .\nNolite mittere falsem in messemR.15.571: R's omission of text after messem is unique; all the other manuscripts of B read alienam after messem. Cx agrees with the Bmajority. &cetera .\n¶ Many a man for cristes loue  was martired amongesR.15.572: R's amonges is unique; all the other manuscripts of B read in. However, Cx agrees with R. romaynesR.15.572: R's romaynes is unique; most beta copies read Romayne; CrCot have Rome, while F shows grete roome. However, Cx agrees with R. .\n¶ Euery bischope þat bereth cros  by þatR.15.574: Before is, R uniquely omits he. is holde .\nÞoruȝ his prouince to passe  and to his peple to schewe hym .\nTellen hem and schewenR.15.576: R's schewen is an inferior alpha reading; cf. beta's properly alliterating techen. hem  on þe trinite to byleue .\nAnd feden hem with gostly fode  and nedy folke to fynden . Beta omits these lines.\nAcR.15.578: R's Ac is unique; beta omits the entire line while F reads But. ysaie of ȝow spekethR.15.578: R's of ȝow speketh is unique; beta omits the entire line while F reads how þou spekist.  and osyas bothe .R.15.578: Beginning here, there is another long, erased note in the right margin, most of it in the same hand as the example on fol. 94r. The hand appears to be nearly contemporary to that of the main scribe. However, the first three lines of the erased note appear to be in a secretary hand. Total length of the note is some 23 short, horizontally arranged lines, extending to a point approximately 3.5 cm. below the last ruled text line.\nÞat no man schuld be bischope  but if he hadde bothe .\nBodily fode and gostly fodeR.15.580: R's fode is unique; beta omits the a-verse while F omits the word.  to gyue þere it nededeR.15.580: R's nedede is unique; the other manuscripts all read nedeth. .\nIn domo mea non est panis  neque vestimentum .\nEt ideo nolite constituere me regem  y 3 .R.15.582: R's y 3 is an abbreviated reference for the biblical citation immediately preceding (from Isa. 3). Such references are rare in the B manuscripts; this one clearly derives from alpha, at least, since a very similar reference occurs in F here, but what is especially noteworthy is that an absolutely identical citation occurs at this point in L, one of the oldest beta manuscripts.\nOzias seith for suche  þat syke ben and feble .\nInferte omnes decimas in oreum meum  vt cibus in domo mea &cetera .\nAc we cristene creatures  þat on þe cros byleuen .\nAren for me[forme]R.15.586: R's for me probably is a misreading of forme in alpha. F tried to rationalize this variant as formed. Beta reads ferme. as in þe faith  godes forbode elles .\nAnd han clerkes to kepen vs þere-inne  & hem þat schal come after vs .\n¶ And Iewes lyuen in lele lawe  oure lorde wrote it hym-selue .\nIn stone for it stedfast was  and stonde schulde euere .\nDilige deum et proximum  is parfit iewen lawe .\nAnd toke it moyses to techen it hemR.15.591: For alpha's defective it hem, beta correctly reads men.  til messye come .\nAnd on þat lawe þei leue  and leten it þe best .\nAnd ȝut knewe þei criste  þat cristendom tauȝte .\nAndR.15.594: Alpha's And is omitted by beta but included in Cx. for a parfit prophete  þat muche poeple saued .\nOf selcuth sores  þei seyen it ofte .\nBothe of miracles and meruayles  and howR.15.596: Before men, R uniquely omits he. men festede .\nWith to fisches and fyue loues  fyue thousend poeple .\nAnd by þat mangerie þei miȝt wel se  þat messye he semed .\nAnd whan he lufte vp lazar  þat leyde was in graue .\nAnd vnder stone stanke and dedeR.15.600: Beta merely transposes R's phrase to ded & stanke, but F is unique: he stank ded.  with stif voys hym calde .\nLazar veni foras \nDede hym rise and rome  riȝt byfore þe iewes \nAc þei seyde and sworen  with sorcerie he wrouȝte .\nAnd studieden to struyen hym  and struyeden hem-sulue .\nAnd þoruȝ his pacience here poere  to puir nauȝt he brouȝte .\nPacientes vincunt  .\n¶ Daniel of here vndoynge  dyuined and seide .\nCum veniat sanctus sanctorum &cetera .R.15.608: Beta's version of this citation is fuller than alpha's, and the opening is transposed: Cum sanctus sanctorum veniat cessabit vnxio vestra.\nAnd ȝet wenen þo wrecches  þat he were seudo-propheta .\nAnd þat his lore be lesynges  and lakken it alle .\nAnd hopen þat he be to come  þat schal hem releue .\nMoyses eft or messye  ȝet here maystriesR.15.612: Beta transposes this phrase to here maisteres ȝet. dyuineth .\n¶ Ac farisewes and sarasines  scribes and grekes .\nAren folke of o faith  þe fader god þei honouren \nAnd sithe þat þe sarasynes  and also þe iewes .\nKunnen þe furst clause  of oure byleue  Beta presents these two alpha lines as a single line.\nCredo in deum patrem omnipotentem &cetera .\nPrelates of cristene prouinceR.15.618: R's singular form is unique; the other manuscripts read prouynces.  schulde proue if þei miȝte .\nLere hem litlum and litlum  & in ihesum christum filium .\nTil þei coude speke and spelle  andR.15.620: R's and is unique; beta shows et while F reads Credo. Although a few C manuscripts (PVcAcZ) agree with R, Cx clearly agrees with beta on this lection. in spiritum sanctum .\nAnd reden it and recorden it  with remissionem peccatorum .\nCarnis resurrexionem  et vitam eternam amen .


PrPr Verbs, irregular verbs and categories of OE verbs - Древнеанглийский язык\nГЛАВНАЯ страница | Регистрация | Вход| RSS Понедельник, 14.10.2019, 13:53\nГлавная » Статьи » Языки мира » Древнеанглийский язык\nPrPr Verbs, irregular verbs and categories of OE verbs\nA special group is made by the so-called Present-Preterite verbs, which are conjugated combining two varieties of the usual verb conjugation: strong and weak. These verbs, at all not more than seven, are nowadays called modal verbs in English.\nPresent-Preterite verbs have their Present tense forms generated from the Strong Past, and the Past tense, instead, looks like the Present Tense of the Weak verbs. The verbs we present here are the following: witan (to know), cunnan (can), þurfan (to need), dearan (to dare), munan (to remember), sculan (shall), magan (may).\nPresent of witan (= strong Past)\nInd. Subj. Imp.\nSg. 1 wát -\n2 wast } wite wite\n3 wát -\nPl. witon 2 witen witaþ\nPast (= Weak)\nSg.1 wisse, wiste\n2 wissest, wistest } wisse, wiste\n3 wisse, wiste\nPl. wisson, wiston wissen, wisten\nParticiples: I witende, II witen, gewiten\nInd. Subj. Ind. Subj.\nSg. 1 cann cúþe\n2 canst } cunne cúþest } cúþe\n3 cann cúþe\nPl. cunnon cunnen cúþon cúþen\nSg. 1 þearf þorfte\n2 þearft } þurfe þorftest } þorfte\n3 þearf þorfte\nPl. þurfon þurfen þorfton þorften\nSg. 1 dear dorste\n2 dearst } durre dorstest } dorste\n3 dear dorste\nPl. durron durren dorston dorsten\nSg. 1 sceal sceolde\n2 scealt } scule sceoldost } sceolde\n3 sceall sceolde\nPl. sculon sceoldon sceolden\nSg. 1 man munde\n2 manst } mune mundest } munde\n3 man munde\nPl. munon munen mundon\nSg. 1 mæg meahte mihte, mihten\n2 meaht } mæge meahtest\n3 mæg meahte\nPl. magon mægen meahton\nThe main difference of verbs of this type in modern English is their expressing modality, i.e. possibility, obligation, necessity. They do not require the particle to before the infinitive which follows them. In Old English in general no verb requires this particle before the infinitive. In fact, this to before the infinitive form meant the preposition of direction.\nAnd now finally a few irregular verbs, which used several different stems for their tenses. These verbs are very important in Old English and are met very often in the texts: wesan (to be), béon (to be), gán (to go), dón (to do), willan (will). Mind that there was no Future tense in the Old English language, and the future action was expressed by the Present forms, just sometimes using verbs of modality, willan (lit. "to wish to do") or sculan (lit. "to have to do").\nwesan (to be) - has got only the Present tense forms, uses the verb béon in the Past\nSg.1 eom -\n2 eart } síe, sý wes\n3 is -\nPl. sind síen, sýn 2 wesaþ\nbéon (to be)\nSg. 1 béo -\n2 bist }béo béo\n3 biþ -\nPl. béoþ béon 2 béoþ\nSg. 1 wæs\n2 wære } wære\nPl. wæron wæren\nParticiple I is béonde (being).\ngán (to go)\nInd. Subj. Imp. Ind. Subj.\nSg.1 gá - éode\n2 gæ'st } gá gá éodest } éode\n3 gæ'þ - éode\nPl. gáþ 2 gán gáþ éodon éoden\nI gánde, gangende II gegán\ndón (to do)\nSg. 1 dó - dyde\n2 dést } dó dó dydest } dyde\n3 déþ - dyde\nPl. dóþ dón 2 dóþ dydon dyden\nI dónde II gedón\nSg.1 wille wolde\n2 wilt } wille woldest } wolde\n3 wile wolde\nPl. willaþ willen woldon wolden\nParticiple I willende\nSo there were in fact two verbs meaning 'to be', and both were colloquial. In Middle English, however, the verb wesan replaced fully the forms of béon, and the words béo (I am), bist (thou art) fell out of use. The Past tense forms was and were are also derivatives from wesan.\nA little bit more about Old English tenses. Syntactically, the language had only two main tenses - the Present and the Past. No progressive (or Continuous) tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not exist either. However, some analytic construction were in use, and first of all the perfective constructions. The example Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon 'they have build a fortress' shows the exact Perfect tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a participle construction showing that the action has been done. Seldom you can also find such Past constructions, which later became the Past Perfect Tense.\nКатегория: Древнеанглийский язык | Добавил: Admin (11.10.2011)\nПросмотров: 1840 | Рейтинг: 0.0/0 | - Оценить - Отлично Хорошо Неплохо Плохо Ужасно\nEx. 2. Explain the origin and the meani...


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List of Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII- Armor information - The Full Wiki\nMore info on List of Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII- Armor\nList of Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII- Armor: Misc\nThe following is a list of armor used by the Turks from Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII-. As in the original Final Fantasy VII, characters can only equip a single piece of armor.\nMember 200 Def+10\nAce 400 Def+20\nSilver 800 Def+30\nBlack 1,600 Def+50\nMaster 3,200 Def+70\nLegend 6,400 Def+80\nThis article uses material from the "List of Before Crisis -Final Fantasy VII- Armor" article on the Final Fantasy wiki at Wikia and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.


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Retarded Cat | CK5 Forums\nDiscussion in 'The Lounge' started by Muddytazz, Dec 17, 2003.\nBWAAAAHHHAAAAAAAA!!!!!! /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/thumb.gif /forums/images/graemlins/thumb.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/thumb.gif /forums/images/graemlins/thumb.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif\nBlazerWheels, Dec 17, 2003\nOMG thats so funny.....hAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAH /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif\nStupid cat.....even more proof that cats are worthless...... /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif\ndaleearnhardt01, Dec 17, 2003\nHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA That is funny!!! /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif\nmudhog, Dec 17, 2003\n/forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif /forums/images/graemlins/eek.gif /forums/images/graemlins/rotfl.gif\nmudjunkie 82, Dec 17, 2003\nu catch it mid sneeze or what?\nstuper, Dec 17, 2003\n[/ QUOTE ]seen it posted elsewhere.... also, you can't pin retardation on any singular cat. all cats fit this category, along with the whole `Evil' category.\nDdragggon, Dec 17, 2003\nk5ntexas, Dec 18, 2003


80.8k1414 gold badges216216 silver badges298298 bronze badges\n25.4k77 gold badges6464 silver badges109109 bronze badges\n98388 silver badges1919 bronze badges\n$\_begingroup$ This looks conclusive. If it's not recommended, it would be fine to know, why. $\_endgroup$ – rundekugel Nov 23 at 15:47


'reódan' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\np. reád. I. to redden, stain with blood Deáþwang rudon, Andr. Kmbl. 2006; An. 1005. II. to redden a person by causing blood to flow from a wound, to wound, kill Næs ðeós eorþe besmiten beornes blóde ðe hine bil rude (cf. ne seó eorþe besmiten mid ofslegenes monnes blóde, Bt. 15; Fox 48, 15), Met. 8, 34. Se eorl wolde sleán eaferan sínne, ecgum (MS. eagum) reódan magan mid méce, Cd. Th. 204, 2; Exod. 412. [Icel. rjóða to redden (with blood); rjóða kiðr eins to slay a person.] v. on-reódan.\nBosworth, Joseph. "reódan." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Ed. Thomas Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. 791.


CFD Online Discussion Forums - Errors while installing openfoam on ubuntu 12.04 AND 11.10\n- - Errors while installing openfoam on ubuntu 12.04 AND 11.10 (https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/openfoam-installation/103129-errors-while-installing-openfoam-ubuntu-12-04-11-10-a.html)\nfshak92 June 11, 2012 19:01\nsandy June 12, 2012 03:44\nfshak92 June 12, 2012 14:14\nwyldckat June 12, 2012 17:52\nsandy June 13, 2012 02:50\nOriginally Posted by wyldckat (Post 366088)\nwyldckat June 13, 2012 16:39\nI think you didn't answer my first question - are there any error messages reported by this command :confused::\nfshak92 June 14, 2012 18:49\nOriginally Posted by wyldckat (Post 366326)\nfshak92 June 17, 2012 08:15\nwyldckat June 17, 2012 12:31\nsandy June 18, 2012 02:04\nCry ..... I don't know why I can not find openfoam in the list of my synaptic package manage ? :confused: :( Please help out. I use Ubuntu 12.04 in x86_64 ....\nanon_i June 18, 2012 08:31\nanon_i June 18, 2012 08:41\nfshak92 June 20, 2012 15:37\nOriginally Posted by wyldckat (Post 366888)\nwyldckat June 20, 2012 16:31\nanon_i June 20, 2012 20:03\nsandy June 21, 2012 01:23\nwyldckat June 23, 2012 14:05\n@Sandy: indeed, sometimes building one's own build of OpenFOAM and ParaView can fix problems, but other times not even that fixes the issue :(\nfshak92 June 24, 2012 04:03\njohneck August 6, 2012 17:06\nwyldckat August 7, 2012 06:08


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Yeah I used geohots firmware. You can find links to signed homebrew on PSGroove.\nJan 09, 2011 10:10pm PST