R.11 – PPEA\nfol. 47r (cont.)I\nPassus xusx[j]usdecimus[un]decimus de visione vt supra — — — R.11.0: Above the passus heading, a later reader has inscribed david. Below the passus heading, the same reader has inscribed p(re)sens david.R.11.0: In the extreme right margin, on the same line as the passus heading, there are traces of the rubricator's guide, but nothing is discernible except an x.\nÞanneR.11.1: It appears that the blue initial <Þ> originally had a drawing within it (as with the Passus 10 initial), but it was partially erased long ago. scripture scorned me  and a skile tolde .\nAnd lakked me a latynR.11.2: Beta agrees with the P family of C manuscripts in reading this phrase as in latyne; Russell-Kane opt for that reading as representing Cx as well, but the X family of C manuscripts clearly agrees with R, and probably alpha (F reads this line eccentrically), in rendering it a latyn. There is, of course, no semantic difference between these two phrases.  & liȝt by me heR.11.2:He, "she." sette . In the right margin, in black ink, there is an early ownership stamp for the Bodleian Library.\nAnd seyde multi multa sciunt  & se ipsos nesciunt .\n¶ Þo wepte I for sorweR.11.4: Cf. alpha's sorwe to beta's properly alliterating wo. Cx agrees here with beta.  and wrath of hire speche .\nyour for me elin\nAnd in a wynkynge wrathR.11.5: This word amounts to an inappropriate and virtually meaningless repetition of the same term from the previous line, but it is witnessed by the beta manuscripts as well as R (F offers six inauthentic lines); indeed the entire line appears to have been corrupt in Bx. Kane and Donaldson conjecture a sort of metathesis distorting original worþ; Schmidt concurs.  til I wasR.11.5: R's til I was is unique. Beta reads wex I. a-slepe \nA merueylous metles  me tydde to dreme .R.11.6: The b-verse is from alpha and is clearly inferior, in its redundancy, to beta's mette me þanne.\nForR.11.7: Beta reads Þat, but Cx clearly agrees with alpha's For. I was rauesched riȝt þere  forR.11.7: Both beta and F read and where R has for. The reading of Cx is uncertain: the P family omits all conjunctions, while the X family agrees with R. fortune me fette .\nAnd in-to þe lond of longynge  & loueR.11.8: Both beta and F read allone in place of R's & loue. It appears that a majority of the X family of the C version supports this F/beta variant, but the P family and two X-family copies (YcUc) agree with R's harder reading. sche me brouȝte .\nAnd in a meroure þat hiȝt myddelerd  sche made me to beholde .\nSitthen sche seide to me  here miȝtow se wondres .R.11.10: Extending from R10.510 to this line in the right margin is an erased note, horizontally written, approximately seven lines long.\nAnd knowe þat þow coueytest  & come þer-to par-aunter .\n¶ Þanne hadde fortune folwynge hire  to faire damoysoyles .\nConcupiscencia carnis  men called þe elder mayde .\nAnd coueytise of eyȝes  Icalled was þat other .\nPruyde of parfit lyuynge  pursued hem bothe .\nAnd bad me for my contenance  acounte clergie liȝte .\n¶ Concupiscencia carnis  colled me a-boute þe nekke .\nAnd seyde þow art ȝonge and ȝeepe  & hast ȝeres I-nowe .\nFor to lyue longe  and ladyes to louie .\nAnd þisAnd [in] þis myrour þow miȝt se  murthes ful many .\nÞat leden þe wel to likynge  alle þi Iif-tyme .\nÞe secounde seyde þe same  I schal sewe þi wille .\nTil þow be a lorde and haue londe  lete þe I nelle .\nÞat I ne schal folewe þi felaschipe  if fortune it like .\nHe schal fynde me his frende  quod fortune þere-after .\nÞe freke þat folweth my wille  failed neuere blisse .\n¶ Þanne was þere on þat hiȝt elde  þat heuy was of chere .\nMan quod he if I mete with þe  by marie of heuene .\nÞow schalt fynde fortune  þe faile at þi moste nede .\nAnd concupiscencia carnis  clene þe forsake .\nBitterlich schaltow banne þanne  both dayes and niȝtes .\nCoueitise of eye  þat euere þow hire knewe .\nAnd pruyde of þiR.11.33: R's þi is a unique addition to the text of Bx. This addition is also unwitnessed in any C copy. parfit lyuynge  to muche peril þe brynge .\n¶ Ȝee recche þe neuere quod recchelesnesse  stod forth in ragged cloþes .\nFolewe forth þat fortune wole  þow hast wel fer to elde .\nA man may stoupe tymes I-now  whan he schal tyne þe croune .\n¶ Homo proponit quod a poete þoR.11.37: Alpha's þo is omitted by beta but supported by Cx.  and plato he hiȝte .\nAnd deus disponit quod he  lat god do his wille .\nIf treuth wil witnesse it be wel do  fortune to folwe .\nConcupiscencia carnis  ne coueytise of eyes .\nNe schal nouȝte greue þe graythlyR.11.41: Beta reads gretly, a more obvious reading, but one which is also the reading of Cx.  ne begile þe but þow wolt .\n¶ Ȝee farewel fipp quod fauntelte  and forth gan me drawe .\nTil concupiscencia carnis  acorded tilR.11.43: R's second til is a unique addition to the text witnessed by F and beta. However, Cx agrees with R on this variant's presence. alle my werkes .\n¶ Allas eyȝe quod elde  and holynesse bothe .\nÞat wit schal turne to wrecchednesse  for wille to haue his likynge .R.11.45: The <y> of likynge appears to have been subpuncted by two red dots but no correction has been made. In reality, the "subpuncting" is probably accidental offset from the red boxing on the facing page at 11.80.R.11.45: Hereafter alpha omits four lines present in the beta manuscripts (KD11.46-49):\nCoueityse of eyghes conforted me anon after\nAnd folwed me fourty wynter and a fyfte more\nÞat of dowel ne dobet no deyntee me ne þouȝte\nI had no lykynge leue me if þe leste of hem auȝte to knowe.\nF then omits the next two lines of Bx as well. The obvious cause of alpha's four-line omission was eyeskip, since KD11.46 begins with the same phrase as KD11.50: Coueytyse of eyes.\n¶ Coueytise of eyȝes  cam ofter in my mende .\nÞanne dowel or do-bet  amonges my dedes alle .\nCoueytise of eyȝes  conforted me ofte .\nAnd seyde haue no consience  how þow come to goed .\nGo confesse þe to sum frere  and schewe hym þi synnes .\nFor whiles fortune is þi frende  sum frereR.11.51: R's sum frere is unique; Bx reads Freres, as does Cx. These lines present a very good illustration of a difficulty sometimes encountered in R: it is nearly impossible here and in some other instances to distinguish later readers' underlinings from the residue of the original ruling for text. wil þe louie .\nAnd fetteR.11.52: Cf. F's sette and beta's fecche. R's verb is almost certainly that of alpha (a closely related synonym of beta's variant), a form misread by F on account of <f> being mistaken for tall <s>. þe to here fraternite  and for þe by-seche .\nTo here prioure prouincial  a pardoun for to haue .\nAnd preyen for þe pol by pol  if þow be pecunious .R.11.54: Though the B group agrees with alpha's pecunious, beta presumably had peccuniosus. Some C manuscripts agree with beta. However, four of the X family copies of the C version (P2KUcDc) agree with the P family in supporting alpha's anglicized form (both OED2 and MED, both s. v. pecunious, agree in citing this line from Langland as the earliest occurrence of pecunious in English.\nPena peculariaR.11.55: R's pecularia is unique error. The other witnesses (both B and C) have pecuniaria. non sufficit  pro spiritualibus delictis.\n¶ By wissynge of þis wenche I dedeR.11.56: R's dede is unique among the B manuscripts; most of the others read some form of wrouȝte, while F, which rewrites the a-verse, attests wrowhte. However, Cx agrees with R's reading.  hire wordes were so swete .\nTil I forȝat ȝouthe  and ranR.11.57: Beta shows ȝarn, while F has ȝeede. Only Hm agrees with R's reading. Among the C witnesses, there are various lections attested here, including a mixed group of six that agrees with R; however, it seems clear that Cx probably read yorn. into elde .\nAnd þan was fortune my foo  for alle hire faire beheste .\nAnd pouerte pursued me  and putte me lowe .\nAnd þo fonde I þe frere aferde  and flitynge bothe .\nAȝeynes oure furste forwarde  for I seide I nolde .\nBe buried at here hous  but at my parisch cherche .\nFor I herd ones  how conscience it tolde .\nÞat þere a man were cristened  be kende he schulde be buried .\nOr where he were a parischene  riȝt þere he schulde be grauen .\nAnd for I seyde þus to freres  a foel þei me helden .\nAnd loued me þe lasse  for my lele speche .\nAc ȝeet I cried on my confessour  þat held hym-self so kunngeynge .\nBe my feyth frere quod I  ȝe faren like þis woweres .\nÞat wedden non wydewes  but for to welde here goed .R.11.70: R's singular form is unique; Bx reads godis, as does Cx.\nRiȝt so bi þe rode  rouȝte ȝe neuere .\nWhere my body were buried  by so ȝe hadde my siluer\nIch haue muche merueyle of ȝow  and so hath many other .\nWhi ȝoure couent coueyteth  to confesse and to burie .\nRather þan to baptize barnes  þat ben catekumelynges .\nBaptizinge and buriynge  bothe beth ful nedful .\nAc muche more meritorie  me þinketh it is to baptize .\nFor a baptized man  may as meystres telleth .\nÞoruȝ contricioun come  tilR.11.79: Beta has to while F reads into. þe heȝe heuene .\nNisi quis renatus fuerit loke ȝe lettred men whetur I lye or do nouȝt\nAnd lewete þoR.11.83: Beta omits alpha's þo. loked on me  and I loured after .R.11.83: After this line, the scribe fails to insert a blank line to separate his verse strophes. Presumably, he omits the blank because the next line is the last one ruled for this side.\n¶ Wherefore lourestow quod lewte  and loked on me harde.\n¶ Ȝif I durst quod I amonges men  þis meteles auowe .\n¶ Ȝe be peter and be poule quod he and takeR.11.86: Though most beta manuscripts read took here, R's take is supported by LMG. hem bothe to witnesse .\nNon oderis fratres secrete in corde tuo  sed publice argue illos.\n¶ Þei wol aleggen al-so quod I  and by þe gospel preuen .\nNolite iudicare quemquam  &cetera .\n¶ And where-of serueth lawe quod leute þanneR.11.90: R's þanne is a unique addition to the text of Bx. In an almost identical line, no C witness includes R's addition.  if no lif vndertoke it .\nFalsnesse ne faytrie  for sum-what þe apostle seide .\nNon oderis fratrem . and in þe sauter al-so  seyth dauid þe prophete .\nExistimasti inique quod ero tui similis . et c.\nIt is licitum for lewedmenlewed men  to segge þe sothe .\nIf hem liketh and lest  vch a lawe it graunteth .\nExcept persones and prestes  and prelates of holy cherches .R.11.96: R's plural is unique; Bx reads cherche.\nIt falleth nauȝt for þat folke  noneR.11.97: Beta reads no. tales to telle .\nÞouȝ þe tale were trewe  and it touched synne .\n¶ AcR.11.99: Beta omits the conjunction, while F reads A instead. þinge þat alle þe worlde wote  wherefore schuldestow spare .\nAnd reeden it in rethorike  to a-raten dedly synne .\nAc be neuer-more þe furste  þe defaute to blame .\nÞouȝ þow se euel sey it nauȝt furste  be sori it nere amendit .\nNo þinge þat is priue  publiche þow it neuere .\nNeither for loue lakkeR.11.104: R's first use of lakke in this line is unique; the majority of the beta manuscripts read laude and F, typically, rewrites the a-verse. The C line is virtually unchanged, but the verb phrase in question appears as labbe it out. it nouȝt  ne lakke it for enuye .\nParum lauda vitupera parcius.\n¶ He seith þeR.11.106: R's þe is a unique addition to the text here witnessed by both Bx and Cx. sothe quod scripture þo  and skypte an heyȝ and preched .\nAc þe matere þat sche meued  lewed men it knoweR.11.107: The omission of if at the head of the b-verse completely alters the meaning of this line, but it must have occurred in alpha since F also bears witness to its absence. Likewise, alpha's aberrant knowe is attested in F's distorted b-verse (lewede men not knowe yt). The authorial status of the line as it appears in beta is warranted by its agreement with Cx: Ac þe matere þat she meuede if lewede men hit knewe. .\nÞe lasse as I leue  loueyen it þey wolde .\nÞe bileue þat[of] þat lord  þat lettred men techeth .R.11.109: This line is absent from beta, and F's version is sufficiently different from R's that the reconstruction of alpha must remain conjectural. F reads the line: But þei be-leven on þe lord / þat lettrid men hem techeþ. It seems likely, however, that R's version of this line is more faithful to alpha than is F and that the omission of the preposition of from the a-verse occurred in R or its immediate ancestor.\n¶ Þis was hire teme  and hire tixte  I toke ful gode hede .\nMulti to a mangerie  and to þe mete were sompned .\nAnd whanne þe poeple was plener come  þe porter vnpynned þe ȝate .\nAnd plukked in pauci priueliche  & lete þe remenant go rome .R.11.113: Here the scribe omits his usual blank line separating strophes, presumably because the next line is the last one ruled for this side.\n¶ Al for tene of hire tixst  tremeled myn herte.\nAnd In a were gan I wex .\nAnd in a were gan I wex  and with my-selue to despute .\nWhether I were chose or nouȝt chose  on holy cherche I þouȝte .\nÞat vnderfonge me at þe fonte  for oen of godes chosene .\n¶ For crist cleped vs alle  come if we wolde .R.11.118: In the right margin, a black brace extends from this line down to 11.122.\nSarasines and sismatices  and so he dede þe Iewes .\nO vos omnes scicientesR.11.120: R's scicientes is variant spelling of the Vulgate form sicientes. It is found in many B manuscripts (including L, M, and F) and is not rare in late medieval Latin generally. venite &cetera .\nAnd bad hem souke for synne  saueR.11.121: RF here read saue against beta's saufly. At first glance, the occurrence of saue appears to be an alpha error, either for safly, or for Kane-Donaldson's conjectured saufte. However, saue is also found at this point in the X family of C manuscripts (the P family = sauete). As evidenced by MED, save can have nominal, adjectival, or adverbial senses. See s. v. saue, (n. 1) and sauf (adj. and adv.). Moreover, Russell and Kane seem to have recanted their emendation, since their edition now offers saue as the original C reading. In light of the shared witness of the X family of C, and the ample evidence that SWMidlands phonology treated /v/ and /f/ as allophonic, R's reading probably is equivalent to "safe" and directly mirrors Bx while beta represents an attempt at glossing the harder reading. at his breste .\nAnd drinke bote for bale  brouke it ho-so miȝte .\n¶ Þanne may alle cristene come quod I  and clayme þere entre .\nBe þe blodR.11.124: Beta adds þat before he. The C version of the line appears to support beta (though some X family copies omit þat). he bouȝte vsvs [wiþ]R.11.124: The omission of with at the end of the a-verse is unique to R and alters the meaning and grammatical status of the clause. Cx confirms that R is in error.  and þoruȝ baptesme after .R.11.124: In the right margin, a hand points to this line.\nQui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit &cetera .\nFor þouȝ a cristen man coueyted  his cristendom to receyue .R.11.126: Alpha generated this error (receyue for reneye); it makes nonsense of the statement as a whole (which runs into the next line), though it makes limited sense within its own line. Cx shows the same verb as beta.\nRiȝtfulliche to reneye  no reson it wolde .\n¶ For may no cherle chartre make  ne his catel selle .\nWith-outen leue of his lorde  neR.11.129: R's ne is unique; both Bx and Cx read no. lawe wile it graunte .\nAc he may rennen in a-rerage  and renneR.11.130: Beta has rowme so; F reads rayke. Cx agrees with beta on the verb in question but agrees with alpha on the omission of so. fro home .\nAnd as he renneth caytif  rechelesliche aboute . R's reading of the a-verse of this line is unique. Beta reads And as a reneyed caityf. The problem seems to have begun at line 130, where R's b-verse involves an awkward redundancy (cf. beta's rowme). However, this redundancy probably mirrors alpha, while F seeks to repair the mistake by varying the verb to rayke. At line 131, R's continued confusion then would be merely reproducing serious corruption in alpha that began in the previous line. F, typically, attempts to repair the lapse in sense with & þey he renne recchesly / or romeþ a-bowte (F8.128), but Bx presumably read something like beta's And as a reneyed caityf recchelesly gon aboute.\nAc reson schal rekne with hym  and rebuken hym at þe laste . Beta omits KD11.131b-32a, presumably as a result of eyeskip involving with hym, which occurs midline in both lines. Cx agrees completely with alpha here.\nAnd consience a-counte with hyma-counte  & casten hym in a-rerage .\nAnd putten hym after in prisone  in purgatorie to brenne .R.11.134: The word purgatorie has been cancelled by a later reader with a horizontal black line.\nAndR.11.135: Beta omits And from the opening of this line. The cognate C line is slightly revised from B, but its opening phrase is the same (as is the previous line). Most of the P family copies support the beta omission while most of the X family support alpha's reading for his a-rerages rewarden hym þere  riȝteR.11.135: Beta completely omits this alliterative stave-word; F rewrites the b-verse completely and is irrelevant. The a-verse of Cx is slightly revised from B, but its b-verse is identical to R's and affirms the authority of riȝte. to þe day of dome .\nBut if contricion wel comeR.11.136: The spelling of the modal in this phrase is relatively unusual, but OED2, s. v. will, recognizes wel as an acceptable Anglian form for will in the fourteenth century.  and crie be hys leueR.11.136: R's leue is unique; the other copies have lyue; the reading of C for this final stave (in a slightly revised line) agrees with that of F and beta. .\nMercy for his misdedes  with mouth or with herte .\n¶ Þat is soth seyde scripture  may no synne lette\nMercy may alR.11.139: Alpha's may al is rendered by beta as alle to; C revises the a-verse slightly but clearly attests the presence of alpha's may al. amende  þat mekenesse he folweth .R.11.139: By uniquely substituting þat for if, and he for hym (= F) or hir (= beta), R appears here to lose the drift of Langland's thought, which is the conditional operation of Mercy. Beta's version of this line reads Mercy alle to amende and mekenesse hir folwe. Cx seems to agree with beta.\nFor þei beth as oure bokeR.11.140: R's singular is unique; Bx has bokes. Cx confirms the majority B reading. telleth  aboue godes werkes .\nMisericordia eius super omnia opera eius.\n¶ Ye baw for bokes quod on  was broken oute of helle .\nHiȝte troianus had ben a trewe kniȝt  toke witnesse at a pope .R.11.143: The word pope is cancelled by a later reader using a horizontal line. It is the same ink as was used to cancel purgatorie at 11.134 above; also the same as used to draw the pointing hand at 11.124.\nHow he was dede and dampned  to dwelle in pyne .\nFor an vncristene creature  clerkes witen þe sothe .\nÞat alle þe clergie vnder criste  R.11.146: Most B manuscripts agree with R here in the loss of the negative required for appropriate sense: ne miȝte me cracche. The CrWHm group may have restored the negative through scribal conjecture. miȝte me cracche fro helle .\nBut oneliche loue and myR.11.147: R's my is a unique addition to the text of Bx. leute  ofR.11.147: Beta reads and for alpha's of. my lauful domes .\n¶ Gregori wist þis wel  and wilned to my soule .\nSauacion for þeR.11.149: R's for þe is an alpha reading. Beta omits þe, but Cx confirms alpha's reading on this point. sothenesse  þat he seithR.11.149: R's seith is unique in tense; the other B and C copies have a preterite form. ofR.11.149: Beta reads in; Cx confirms beta's reading. my werkes .\nAnd after þat he wepte  and wilned me were graunted .\nGrace with-outen eny bede biddynge  his bone was vnderfonge .\nAnd I saued as ȝe nowR.11.152: The adverb now is unique to R. Bx and Cx have may. R's error presumably resulted from a misreading of an alpha form such as mow(e). se  with-outen syngynge of masses .\nR.11.153: R's line is marred by an omitted preposition at its head (beta = By), but the error appears to stem from alpha; F seems to have attempted to correct the deficit by adding Þoru but failed to notice the resulting faulty parallelism created later in the line. Loue and bi lernynge  of my lyuynge in treuthe .\nBrouȝt me fro bitter peyne  þere no byddynge miȝte .\n¶ Lo ȝe lordes what leuteleute [dide]R.11.155: Omission of the verb at the end of the a-verse (F = doþ and beta = did) is a unique error in R.  by an emperoure of rome .\nÞat was an vncristene creature  as clerkes fyndeth in bokes .\nNouȝt þoruȝ preyere of a popeR.11.157: The word pope is again cancelled (cf. 11.143 above) by a later reader using a horizontal line. It is the same ink as was used to cancel purgatorie at 11.134 above; also the same as used to draw the pointing hand at 11.124.  but for his pure treuthe\nin Episcopum Romanum\nWas þat sarasyn saued  as seynt gregori bereth witnesse .\nWel auȝt þe lordes þat lawes kepe  þis lessoun to haue in mynde .\nAnd on troianus treuth to thenke  and do treuthe to þe poeple .\n¶ Þis matir is merke for mani of ȝow  ac men of holy chercheR.11.161: Kane and Donaldson, lines 11.160-70 (= R 11.161-71) were omitted by the beta manuscripts and are preserved solely in R and F. F's rendering of these lines is sufficiently different from R's that F's lines should be cited in their entirety (cf. Appendix 1, R11.161-71, for details and any cross-references to the C version):\nÞis matere is merk for manye / save men of holy chirche.\nÞe legende sanctorum / lerneþ ȝow ; more largere þan y ȝou telle.\n/ Þere no Clergie ne cowhde / ne conynge of lawis.\nÞan is love & lewte / ryght a leel science.\nÞe legende sanctorum ȝow lereth  more larger þan I ȝow telle .\nAc þus lele loue  and lyuynge in treuthe .\nPulte oute of pyne  a paynym of rome .\nI-blessed be treuthe  þat so brak helle ȝates .\nAnd saued þe sarasyn  fram sathanas and his power\nÞere no clergie ne couthe  ne kunnynge of lawes .\nLoue and leute is a lele science \nFor þat is þe boke blessede  of blisse and of ioyeR.11.169: The line appears uniquely in R. .\nGod wrouȝt it and wrot hit  with his on fynger .\nAnd toke it moyses vpon þe mount  alle men to lere\n¶ Lawe with-oute loue quod troianus  leye þere a bene .\nI lefte hereR.11.173: A sixteenth-century reader has inscribed for himself a personal bookmark. The note is in the same hand as the marginal note at 43v.\nOr any science vnder sonne  þe seuen artz and alle .\nBut þei ben lerned for oure lordes loue  Ilost is alle þe tyme .\nFor no cause to cacche seluer þer-by  ne to be cald a mayster .\nBut alle for loue of oure lorde  & þe bet to loue þe poeple\nFor seynt Iohan seyde it  and soth aren his wordes .\nQui non diligit manet in morte  —\nho-so loueth nauȝte leue me  he lyueth in deth-deyinge .\nAnd þat alle maner men  enemys and frendes .\nLouen her eyther other  and lene hem as here-selue .\nForR.11.182: Beta omits For. ho-so leuethR.11.182: Kane-Donaldson transcribe R here as agreeing with beta in reading leneth. Contextually, leneth must be what Bx read, but there is no reason in this instance to construe R's <u> as <n> (even though the character forms sometimes overlap in R), especially since the testimony of F (be-leveþ) indicates that the error derived from alpha. nauȝt he loueth nauȝte  oure lordeR.11.182: Both beta and F read non-alliterating god in place of R's oure lorde. wote þe sothe .\nAnd comaundedR.11.183: Although O agrees with alpha in reading a preterite verb form here, beta clearly had the present form comaundeth. vch creature  to conforme hym to louye .\nAnd souereyneliche pore poeple  and here enemys after .\nAnd pore poeple to plese  here preyeres may vs helpe .\nFor oure ioye and oure euelR.11.187: R's euel makes no sense and fails to alliterate properly; beta's hele and F's helthe are contextually appropriate but also fail the alliteration test. Kane-Donaldson conjecture alpha and Bx, on the basis of R, as Iuel.  is ihesuR.11.187: Beta omits is. crist of heuene .\nIn a pore mannes apparaile  pursueth vs euere .\nAnd loketh on vs in here likenesse  and þat with louely chere\nTo knowen vs be oure kende herte  and castynge of oure eyes .\nWheWhe[ther] we loue þe lordes here  by-for oure lorde of blisse .\n¶ And exiteth vs by þe euauangelie  þat whan we maken festes .\nWe schulde nouȝte clepe oure kyn þerto  ne none kyne riche .\nAc calleth þe careful þere-to  þe croked and þe pore .\nFor ȝoure frendes wolen fede ȝow  and fonden ȝow to quite .\nȜoure festynge and ȝoure fayre ȝiftes  vch frende quitR.11.197: Beta reads quyteth; F has ȝeldeth. so other .\n¶ Ac for þe pore I schal paie  and puire wel quiten here trauail .R.11.198: A pattern of tiny pinholes (in the shape of saw teeth, with three crests and two troughs facing the page gutter) runs down the left margin, from this point to R11.201.\nÞat ȝiueth hem mete or mone  and loueth hem for my sake .\n¶ Almiȝty god hath made riche  men if he wolde .R.11.200: This line is omitted by beta and apparently garbled in alpha; Kane-Donaldson conjecture from R's shape and F's content (God myghte ryche a maad al) that Bx read as follows: Alle myȝte god haue maad riche men if he wolde.\nAcR.11.201: R's Ac for is unique; F has But for and beta simply reads For. for þe beste ben somme riche  and somme beggeres . & pore .\nFor alle ar we cristes creatures  and of his coferes riche .\nAsR.11.203: R's As is unique; F and beta read And. Cx agrees with the B majority. bretheren as of o blode  as wel beggeres as erles .\nFor atR.11.204: Beta has For on, but Cx attests At. caluarie of cristes blode  cristendom gan springe .\nAnd blody brethern we by-come  þere of one body ywonne .\nAs quasi modo geniti  and gentil men vchone .\nNo beggere ne boy amonges vs  but if it synne made .\nQui facit peccatum seruus est peccati .\n¶ In þe olde lawe  as þeR.11.209: Beta reads holy in place of alpha's þe. The C copies are divided: the P family omits any modifier before lettre while the X family agrees with alpha's þe. lettre telleth .\nMennes sones menR.11.210: The word men is bracketed by two slanting lines, apparently drawn by an early reader, perhaps to call attention to what might have been sensed, at first glance, as a case of scribal redundancy eligible for "correction."  called vs echone .\nOf adames issue and eue  ay til god man deyede .\nAnd after his resurrexioun  redemptor was his name .\nAnd we his brethern þoruȝ hym Ibouȝte  bothe riche and pore\n¶ For-þi loue we as leue childernR.11.214: Beta has bretheren, but Cx agrees with alpha's childern. schal  & vch man lauȝh vp oþer .\nAnd of þat vche man may forbere  amende þere it nedeth .\nAnd eueri man helpe oþer hereR.11.216: Beta omits here, and Cx agrees with beta.  for hennes schulle we alle .\nAnd be we nauȝt vnkende of oure catel  ne of oure kunnygekunny[n]ge noþer .\nFor noet no man how neyȝ it is  to be Inome fro bothe .\nFor-þi lakke no lif oþer  þouȝ he more latyn knowe .\nNe vndernyme nauȝt foule  for is noen with-oute defaute .\nFor what-euer clerkes carpe  of cristendom or elles .\nCriste to a comune woman seyde  in comune at a feste .\nÞat fides sua schulde sauen hire  and saluen hire of alle synnes .\n¶ Þanne is bileue a lele helpe  abueab[o]ue logike or lawe .\nOf logike ne of lawe  in legenda sanctorum .\nIs litel alowed þei bothR.11.227: For RF's alowed, beta has allowaunce. The phrase þei both is unique to R (F omits the words) but probably mirrors alpha. Beta's entire a-verse reads: Is litel allowaunce made.  but by-leue hem helpe .\nFor it is ouer-longe ar logike  ani lesson assoyle .\nAnd lawe is lothe to louie  but if he lacche seluer\nBothe logyke and lawe  þat loueth nauȝt for toR.11.230: R's for is a unique addition to the archetypal text. lye .\n¶ I conseile alle cristene  cleue nauȝt þere-on to sore\nFor somme wordes I fynde write  were of feithes techynge .\nÞat saued synful men  as seynt Iohan bereth witnesse .\nEadem mensura qua mensi fueritis  remecstietur vobis .\nFor-þi lerne we þe lawe of loue  as oure lorde tauȝte .\nAnd as seynt gregorie seyde  for mannes soule helth .\nMelius est scrutari scelera nostra quam naturas rerum.\n¶ Why I meue þis matire  is moste for þe pore .\nFor in here liknesse oure lorde  ofof[t] hath be I-knowe .\nWitnesse in þe pasqe woke  whan he ȝede to emaus .\nCleophas ne knewe hym nauȝte  þat he criste were .\nFor his pore paraile  and pilgrimes wedes . —\nTil he blissed and brak  þe brede þat þei eten .\nSo be his werkes þei wisten  þat he was ihesus .\nAc be clothynge þei knewe hym nouȝte  ne be carpynge of tonge .\nAnd alle was ensaumple for-sotheR.11.246: R's for-sothe is unique; it is omitted by both beta and F. Nevertheless, it may well be original: Cx here reads sothly.  to vs synful here .\nÞat we schulde be lowe  and loueliche of speche .\nin vestitum miletentio\nAnd apparailen vs nauȝt ouer proudly  for pilgrimes are we alle .\nAnd in þe paraileR.11.249: In place of R's paraile, beta has apparaille. F omits the entire line. Some C manuscripts of both major families support R's form and some support beta's. of a pore man  and pilgrimes liknesse .\nMany tyme god hath ben ymette  amonges nedy poeple .\nto punysh m\n\_ þe Between these two lines, Hand2 has tried to indicate an insertion point for þe in the previous line where the scribe had already written þe. Also Hand2 has drawn a tail on the original character's descender to make its identity more explicit. Apparently, he understood the scribe's form in line 251 as ye and was attempting to fix it.\nÞere neuere segge hym seyȝ  in secte of þe riche .\n¶ Seint Iohan and other seyntes  weren seyn in pore cloþinge.\nAnd as pore pilgrimes  preyude menR.11.253: Beta reads mennes. goedes .\n¶ Ihesu crist on a Iewes douȝter a-liȝte  gentel woman þouȝ aR.11.254: R's a (= "she") is unique; other manuscripts have she. were .\n¶ Martha on marie maudeleyne  and huge pleynt sche made .\nAnd to oure saueoure selue  seyde þis wordes .\nDomine non est tibi cure &cetera .R.11.258: Here R uniquely omits the end of the citation, which in F and beta reads: quod soror mea reliquit me sola(m) ministrare &c. Among the C manuscripts, the P family agrees with Bx while the X family offers various truncations of the citation.\nAnd hasteliche god answered  and eitheres wille folwede .\nBothe Marthes and maries  as matheu bereth witnesse .\nAc pouerte god putte by-fore  and preysed it þe bettere .\nMaria optimam partem elegit  — R.11.262: Here R uniquely omits the end of the citation, which in most B copies reads: que non auferetur ab ea. In LMCrW, however, the citation is truncated after non. In the C tradition, the P manuscripts mostly treat the citation fully, as in the majority of beta copies; however, the X family offers a variety of truncated versions.\nAnd alle þe wyse þat euere were  by auȝt I can aspie .\nPreisen pouerte for best lyf  if pacience it wolde .R.11.264: R's fourth stave, wolde, is a unique reading; cf. beta's folwe and F's welde. Cx agrees with beta.\nAnd bothe bettere and blisseder  by many folde þan richesse .\nAlle-þouȝ it be soure to suffre  þere cometh swete after .\nAs on a walnote with-oute  is a bitter barke .\nAnd after þat bitter barke  be þe schelle aweye \nIs a kernel of conforte  kende to restore .\nSo is after pouerte or penaunce  pacientliche ytake .\nMakethR.11.271: Beta begins this line with the phrase For it maketh; R's opening, Maketh, is supported by F and by Cx. a man to haue mynde in god  and a grete wille .\nTo wepe and to wel bidde  where-of wexeth mercy .\nOf which crist is a kernel  to conforte þe soule .\nAnd wel sikerer he slepeth  þe seggeR.11.274: Beta reads non-alliterating man. Cx agrees with alpha. þat is pore .\nAnd lasse he dredeth deth  and in derke to be robbed .\nÞan he þat is riȝt riche  reson bereth witnesse \nAlle-þouȝ salomon seyde  as menR.11.278: Beta reads folke. seth in þe bible .\nDiuicias nec paupertates &cetera .\nWiser þanne salomon was  bereth witnesse and tauȝte .\nÞat parfit pouert was  no possession to haue .\nAnd lif most likynge to god  as luk bereth witnesse .\nSi vis pefectuspe[r]fectus esse vade et vende  &cetera .\nAnd is to mene to men  þat onR.11.284: R uniquely omits the determiner in the b-verse phrase, on þis molde. molde lyuen \nho-so wil be puir parfit  mote possession forsake .\nOr selle it as seith þe boke  and þe seluer dele .\nTo beggeres þat gon and begge  & bidden goed for goddes loue .\n¶ For fayled neuer man mete  þat miȝtful god serueth .\nTo serue god godeliche  ne greueth hem no penaunce .\nNichil difficileR.11.292: Beta reads inpossibile. volenti &cetera .\nNe lakketh noytherR.11.293: Beta has neuere; F omits the line. lyuelode  lynnen ne wolenne .\nInquirentes autem dominum non munuenturm[i]nuentur omni bono.\nIf prestes weren wiseR.11.295: For R's wise, F has all wise men; beta reads parfyt.  þei wolde no seluer take .\nin clericos —\nFor masses ne for matynes  nouȝt here mete of vsureres .\nNe noyther kertel ne cote  þeiȝ þei for colde schuld deye\nAnd þei here deuerR.11.298: Here R and F are defective in sense; F rewrites the a-verse entirely while R omits the required verb, dede.  as dauid seideR.11.298: R's seide is unique. All the other B manuscripts read a present-tense form, as with W's seiþ. See the Introduction III.2.2.10 on R's seemingly anomalous tense marking. in þe sauter .\nIudica me deus et discerne causam meam .\nSpera in deo speketh of prestes  þat han no spendynge siluer\nÞat if þei trauaile treweliche  and tristen in god almiȝti\nHem schulde lak no lyuelode  neyther wolen ne lynnen .\nAnd þe title þat ȝeR.11.303: R's ȝe seems to be the reading of alpha (F is substantially different but agrees on the second person); although W agrees with R on this reading, presumably by enlightened correction (in the b-verse, nearly all the B copies agree with R on the second-person pronoun reference ), the mass of evidence indicates that beta had a third-person plural in the a-verse (L = þei). Cx is partially revised in this line but preserves the alpha second-person pronouns. take ordres by  telleth ȝe ben auaunsed .\nÞan nedeth ȝow nouȝt to take seluer  for masses þat ȝe syngeth .\nFor he þat toke ȝoure title  schulde take ȝow ȝoure wages .\nOr þe bishope þat blesseth  ȝow  if þat ȝe ben worthi .\n¶ For made neuer kinge no kniȝt  but he hadde catel to spende .\nAs byfel for a kniȝt  or fonde hym for his strengthe .\nIt is a kareful kniȝt  and of a caytif kynges makynge .\nÞat hath noþerR.11.310: Beta reads no; the P family of C agrees with this beta lection, but the X family reading matches alpha's noþer. lond ne lynage R.11.310: R's lynage shows an alpha error of omission (F = lyflode); cf. beta's lynage riche, which is also the reading of Cx.  ne gode los of his hondes .\nÞe same I segge for-sothe  bi alle swiche prestes .\nÞat han noither cunnynge ne kyn  but a crowne one .\nAnd a title a tale of nouȝt  to his liflode at mischef\nHe hath more bileue as I leue  to lacchen þoruȝ his crowne .\nCure þan for kunnynge  or knowen for clene of beringe .\nNota in Episcopos\nI haue wonder and whi  and wherefor þe bischope . A brace in both margins joins this line to the next. In addition, in the right margin a reader has added a gloss next to the brace.\nMaketh suche prestes  þat lewed men bytraien . Between these two lines there are traces of red offset from boxing on the facing page.\n¶ A chartre is chalengeable  by-fore a chief iustice .\nIf fals latin be in þat lettre  þe lawe it impugneth .\nOr peinted par-entrelinarie  parcelles ouerskypped .\nÞe gome þat gloseth so chartres  for a goky is holden .\n¶ So is it a goky bi god  þat in his gospel faileth \nOr in masse or in matynes  maketh any defaute .\nQui offendit in vno in omnibus &cetera .R.11.324: R uniquely omits the end of this citation: est reus.\nAnd al-so in þe sauter  seith dauid to ouerskipperes .\nPsallite deo nostro psallite  quoniam rex terre deus israel psallite sapienter .\nÞe bisshope schal be blamed  be-fore god as I leue .\nÞat crowneth suche goddes kniȝtes  þat kunneth nauȝt sapienter .\nSynge ne psalmes rede  ne segge a masse of þe daye .R.11.329: After this line, the scribe omits his usual blank line to separate verse strophes, but no motive other than inattention is apparent.\n¶ Ac neuerneytherneuer neyther is blameles  þe bisshoppe andR.11.330: R's and is unique; Bx and Cx both have ne. þe chapeleyne .\nFor her eyther is endited  and þat of ignorancia .R.11.331: In the right margin, a pointing hand, in smeared brown ink, directs attention to this line.\nNon excusat episcopos  nec ydiotes prestes .\n¶ Þis lokynge on lewde prestes  hath do me luppeR.11.333: Although there is no semantic difference from the majority here, R's luppe is a unique form, minimally attested by OED2, s. v. leap, and MED, s. v. lepen; F has lope while most of the beta copies read lepe. fram pouerte .\nÞe wiche I preyse þere pacience is  more parfit þanne ricchesse .R.11.334: The last word of this line is smudged or partially erased.\n¶ Ac muche more in metynge þus  with me gan on dispute .\nAnd slepinge I seye al þis  and sithen cam kende .\nAnd nempned me be my name  and bad me nymen hede .\nAnd þoruȝ þe wordesR.11.338: BmBoCot share this error with R (wordes for wondres), but R is likely mirroring alpha here, and F's rather lame worchynge sounds like attempted repair of this error. of þeR.11.338: R's þe is unique; Bx has þis. werlde  wit for to take .\nAnd on a mounteyn þat mydelerde hiȝt  as me þo þouȝte .\nI was fette forth  by ensaumples to knowe .\nÞoruȝ ech a creature and kende  my creatour to louye .\nI seiȝ þe sonne and þe see  and þe sond after\nAnd where þat briddes and bestes  by here make þei ȝeden .\nWilde wormes andR.11.344: R's and is unique; Bx and Cx both read in. wodes  and wonderful foules .\nWith flekked federes  and of fele coloures \nMan and his make  I miȝte se botheR.11.346: R's I miȝte se bothe is unique (cf. F's ful manye seyȝ y þere. Beta reads I myȝte bothe byholde; Cx has the same reading as that found in R. .\nPouerte and plente  bothe pees and werre.\nBlisse and bale bothe I seiȝ at ones.\nAnd how men token mede  and mercy refused.\n¶ Reson I seiȝ sothely  schewenR.11.350: It appears that schewen is an alpha error for beta's suen (with which the reading of Cx agrees); F rewrites the line. alle bestes .\nIn etynge in drinkynge  & in engendringe of kende .\nAnd after cours of concepcioun  non toke kepe tilR.11.352: R's til is unique; Bx and Cx read of. other .\nAs whan þei hadde ride in rotey time  anon riȝt þere-after .\nMales drowen hem to males  a-morewenynges by hem-selue .\nAnd in eueninges also  ȝedeR.11.355: Most beta copies have a simple þe for R's ȝede, but L's reading, ȝe, suggests itself as a likely channel of error from the authorial reading to beta and that R's reading may be original (both for lexical specificity and alliteration); F omits the line. males from females .\nÞeÞe[r] ne was kow ne kou-kende  þat conceyued hadde .\nÞat wolde belwen after boles  ne bore after sowe .\nBothe hors and houndes  and alle other bestes .\nMedled nauȝt with here makes  þat with fole were .\n¶ Briddes I behelde  þat in busches made nestes .\nHadde nere weyeR.11.361: Weye, "person, being, man." wit  to worche þe leste .\nI hadde wonder at wham  and where þe pie lerned .\nTo lege stikkesR.11.363: R omits beta's þe after lege, a feature also characteristic of Cx. F revises the entire phrase.  in which aR.11.363: He, "she." lenth and bredethR.11.363: Beta (and presumably Bx) read the b-verse as in whiche she leythe and bredeth. Although F attempts to rationalize the error preserved in R by improvising in lengþe & in breede, R's general conformity to beta here indicates that the error began as a small one in alpha: lenth for original leythe. The alpha form of "she" was probably a, though it is not clear what the R scribe took it to mean.\nÞere is noR.11.364: For alpha's is no (which is shared with Cx), beta has nys, a reading also reflected in a few C witnesses. witw[r]i[ȝ]t as I wene  schulde werche hire neste to paye .\nIf any masoun made a molde þere-to  muche wonder it were .\n¶ And ȝet me merueyled more  many otherR.11.366: For R's many other, beta reads how many other while F has of manye oþire. Cx agrees with R. briddes .\nHudden and heleden  here egges ful derne \nIn mareys and mores  for men schulde hem nouȝt fynde .\nAnd hudden here egges  whan þei þere-fro wenten .\nFor fere of other foules  and for wilde bestes .\n¶ And somme tredenR.11.371: For alpha's treden, beta reads a preterite, troden (although Cr2-3 agree with alpha). Cx agrees with alpha. here makes  and on tres bredde .\nAnd breddeR.11.372: This unique error is introduced as an echo from the previous line; from the evidence of F, it appears that alpha showed a present tense form here, where beta read brouȝten. Cx agrees with beta. forth here briddes so  al a-boue þe grounde .\nAnd somme briddes at þe bille  þoruȝ brethynge conseyued .\nAnd somme cauked I toke hedeR.11.374: R's hede is a unique error; Bx attests the correctly alliterating kepe. In a revised line, Cx's verb agrees with that of the B majority.  how pekokes breden .\nMuche merueyled me  what mayster þei hadde .\nAnd who tauȝt hem on trees  to tymbre so hye .\nÞere noþer buirn ne best  ne mayR.11.377: R's ne is a unique addition to the text of Bx. here briddes rechen .\n¶ And sitthen I loked vp-on þe se  and so forth vpon þe sterres .\nMany selcouthes I seye  beth nauȝt to segge nouthe .\n¶ I seiȝ floures ofR.11.380: R's of is unique; Bx reads in. þe frith  and here faire coloures .\nAnd how amonge þe grene gras  greuȝ so many hewes .\nAnd somme soure and some swete  selcouth me þouȝte .\nOf her kende and ofR.11.383: Though R's of is also attested by Cr and Cot, it is clear that beta omitted the repeated preposition. F rephrases the verse. here coloure  to carpe it were to longe .\n¶ Ac þat moste meued me  and my moed chaunged .\nÞat reson rewarded  and rewled alle bestes .\nSaue man and his make  many tymesR.11.386: For alpha's tymes, beta has tyme and Cx completely revises this line but agrees with alpha in attesting a plural, tymes. and ofte .\nNo reson hem folwed  and þanne y rebuked .\nReson . and riȝt til hym  seluen I seyde .\nI haue wonder of þe quod I  þat witty art holde .\nWhi þow ne schewestR.11.390: Apparently, alpha failed to understand the meaning of suwest (cf. R11.350), and R reproduces his schewest; F once again improvises with makst. man and his make  þat no misfeithR.11.390: Bo and Cot appear to share R's reading here (their spelling is mysfaith); cf. F's myschef and beta's mysfait. R's form is probably intended to represent the same word as beta's (= ModEng misdeed); cf. the Introduction III.2.2.10 on evidence for R's occasional use of final <th> as a phonological and morphological equivalent to final <t>. hem folwe .\n¶ And reson arated me  and seyde recche þe nevere .\nWhi I suffre or nauȝt suffre  þi-self hast nauȝt to done .\nAmende þow it if þow miȝt  for my tyme is to abide .\nSuffrance is a souereyne vertue  and a swift veniance\nHo suffreth more þan god quod he  no gome as I leue .\nHe miȝt amende in a minut while  alle þat mis-stondeth .\nAc he suffreth for somme mannes goed  and so is oure bettere .\n¶ Holy writt quod þat weyeR.11.398: Weye, "person, being, man."  wisseth men to suffre . These lines do not appear in the beta manuscripts. They display a large array of differences in F, which is therefore reproduced here in full for comparison (cf. Appendix 1, R11.398-409, for details and any cross-references to the C version):\nHoly writ quod þat weyȝ / wyssheþ men to suffre.\nNow wille ȝe leere a tale / was told me in towne.\nFor-þy  y rede þe Resoun / þou rewle better þy tunge.\nPropter deum subiecti estote omni creature\nFrenche men and fre men  affeyteth þus her childerne .\nVele[B]ele vertue est soffrance  mal dire est pety veniance\nBien dire et bien soffrer  fait lui soffrant a bien venir\nFor-þi I rede quod reson  rewle þi tonge bettere .\nAnd ar þow lakke my lyf  loke if þow be to preyse .\nFor is no creature vnder criste  can formen hym-seluen .\nAnd if a man miȝte make  hym-self goed to þe poeple .\nVch a lif wold be lakles  leue þow non other .\nNe þow schalt fynde but fewe  fayne for to here .\nOf here defautes foule  by-for hem rehersed .\n¶ Þe wise and þe witty  wrot þus in þe bible .\nDe re quieteque te non molestat noliteR.11.411: Beta reads noly while F has non. In a completely revised verse passage homologous with this one, the C version cites this same Latin tag. In that set of witnesses, the predominant reading (attested by copies from both major families, including manuscripts X and P) is beta's, noly. However, a sizeable minority agrees with the form cited by R. certare .\nFor be a man faire or foule  it falleth nauȝt for to lakke .\nÞe schappe ne þe schafte  þat god schope hym-selue .\nFor alle þat he wrouȝtR.11.414: Beta reads did. was wel ydo  as holy writ witnesseth .\nEt vidit deus cuncta que fecerat et erant valde bona .\nAnd bad to vch aR.11.416: Beta's opening phrase for this line is And badde euery; F's phrase is God bad ech. creature  in his kende encresce .\nAlle to murth with man  þat most wo tholieth .\nIn fondynge of þe flesche  and of þe fende bothe .\nFor man was made of swich a matere  he may nouȝt wel astert .\nÞat sum-tymesR.11.420: Though L also attests a plural, F and all other beta copies read sometyme. Among the C witnesses, the X family agrees with F and the beta majority, but a majority of the P family agrees with LR. hym bytit  to folwen his kende .\nCatoun acordeth with-alR.11.421: For R's with-al, beta has þerewith, while F reads þerto. Cx agrees with beta.  nemo sine crimine viuit .\n¶ Þo cauȝt I colour anon  and comsed to ben a-schamed .\nAnd awaked þere-with  wo was me þanne .\nÞat I in meteles ne miȝte  more hauen I-knowe .\nAnd þanne seyde I to my-selue  & chidde þat tyme .\nNow I wot what dowel is quod I  by dere god as me þenketh .\n¶ And as I cast vp my eyes  on loked on me and asked .\nOf me what thynge it were  I-wis sire I seide .R.11.428: The red mark between this line and the next is offset from the rubric on fol. 54r.\nTo se muche and suffre more  certes quod I is dowel .\n¶ Haddest þow suffred he seyde  slepynge þo þow were .\nÞow schuldest haue knowe þat clergie can  & conseyued more þoruȝR.11.431: An offset stain from the blue initial of Passus 12 on the facing page has partially obscured the <þo> of þoruȝ. resoun .\nFor resoun walde haue rehersed þe  riȝt as clergie seyde .\nAc for þin entremetynge  here art þow for-sake .\nAdam þe whiles R.11.435: R's þe whiles is a unique reading among the B copies (the rest of which omit þe ). R's phrase may, however, be the original reading since it has the support of the X family of C manuscripts (while the P family agrees with the B majority in omitting þe ). he spake nauȝte  hadde paradis at wille .\nAc whan he mameled aboute mete  & entremeted to knowe .\nÞe wisdom and þe wit of god  he was put fram þe blisse R.11.437: R's þe is a unique addition to the text here witnessed by Bx. Cx, though slightly revised, agrees with Bx in omitting the determiner. .\nAnd riȝt so ferde reson be þe  þow with rude speche .\nLakkedest and losedest þinge  þat longed nauȝt þeR.11.439: Beta omits þe. to done .R.11.439: Between this line and 11.443, at the right margin, a cartoon of a face appears to have been lightly traced and then erased.\nÞo had he no likynge  for to lere þe more . Between these lines, there is a tear in the parchment.\n¶ Pruide now and presumpcion  per-auenture wol þe apele .\nÞat clergie inR.11.442: Beta omits alpha's in. þi companie  ne kepeth nauȝt efte to sitteR.11.442: Beta omits alpha's efte. Alpha's sitte suggests again that he did not understand the meaning of Bx's sue. Cf. R.11.350: and .\nForR.11.443: Beta omits For. However, Cx attests its presence. schal neuer chalenginge ne chidynge  chaste a man so sone .\nHeR.11.444: Once again, R's apparently unique error (He for original As) probably mirrors the same mistake in alpha, with F attempting a correction (Þan). schal schame and schenden hym  and schapen hym to amende .\nFor lat a dronken daffe  in a dike falle \nLat hym ligge loke nauȝt on hym  til hym list to rise .\nFor þouȝ resoun rebuked hym þanne  reccheth hym neuere . Beta omits this passage through eyeskip caused by the recurring midline phrase hym þanne.\nOf clergie ne of his conseil  he counteth nouȝt a rusche .\nOrR.11.449: R's Or is unique; F omits it, while beta omits the entire phrase that begins this a-verse. However, Cx concurs with R on the presence of this conjunction. for to bete hym þanne  it were but pure synne .\nAc whan nede nymeth hym vp  for doute lest he sterue .\nAnd schame schrapeth his clothes  and his schynes wascheth .\nÞanne wote þe dronken daffe  where-fore he is to blame .\n¶ Ȝe seggen soth by my souleR.11.453: Beta omits alpha's by my soule. Cx, however, includes the phrase. quod I  ich haue Iseyen it ofte .\nÞere smit nonR.11.454: F reads no man; beta has no þinge. Cx agrees with beta. so smerte  ne smuillethR.11.454: The <s> was inserted later in a darker ink and a contemporary hand, probably that of the scribe. so fouleR.11.454: F and some beta copies read sore here; most beta copies have soure. Cx, however, agrees with R's foule. .\nAs schame þere he scheweth hym  no man loueth his felachippe .R.11.455: Beta reads the b-verse as for euery man hym shonyeth.\nWhi ȝe wisse me þus quod I  was for I rebuked resoun .\n¶ Certes quod I þat is soth  and schope hym for to wakenwa[l]ken .\nAnd I aros vp riȝt with þat  and folewed hym after .\nAnd preied hym of his curteysie  to telle me his name .


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Bosworth/Toller, page b0622\nThis is page 622 of An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by Bosworth and Toller (1898)\nLÁR-SMIÞ - LÁÐ\nlár-smiþ, es; m. A wise man, a counsellor :-- Lársmiþas, Elen. Kmbl. 406; El. 203. Lársmeoþas, Andr. Kmbl. 2441; An. 1221.\nlár-spell, es; n. A discourse, sermon, homily, treatise :-- God cwæþ be láreówum on his lárspelle God said of teachers in his sermon, Homl. Th. ii. 320, 25. Se bisceop ðam folce sæ-acute;de lárspell, Homl. Skt. 3, 141. Ic gesett hæbbe wel feówertig lárspella I have composed quite forty homilies, Ælfc. T. Grn. 13, 45. Swá swá wé áwriton æ-acute;ror on óðrum lárspellum, 4, 15. Ða apostoli gesetton eác swilce lárspell [the epistles] tó ðám leódscipum ðe tó geleáfan bugon, 14, 3. [Laym. Orm. lar-spell a sermon.]\nlár-swic, es; m. n.[?] Deception, seduction, delusion, treachery :-- Mycel is nýdþearf manna gehwylcum, ðæt hé wið deúfles lárswice warnige symle, Wulfst. 309, 14.\nlár-wita, an; m. A learned man :-- Lárwitan and lahwitan, L. I. P. 5: Th. ii. 308, 14.\nlaser, es; m. n.[?]. A tare, cockle :-- Laser, zizania, Ælfc. Gl. 101; Som. 77, 29; Wrt. Voc. 55, 34. Lasur lolium, Wrt. Voc. ii. 54, 15. Æ-acute;tan &l-bar; lasor zizania, 72, 61.\nlást, læ-acute;st, leást, es; m. A step, footstep, sole of the foot, track, trace :-- Læ-acute;st solum, Ælfc. Gl. 75; Som. 71, 98; Wrt. Voc. 45, 6. Ðú ðás werþeóde wræccan láste feorran gesóhtest from far with the foot of an exile this people hast thou sought, Cd. 114; Th. 149, 22; Gen. 2478. Sarran brýde láste beddreste gestáh, 129; Th. 164, 15; Gen. 2715. Of láste e vestigio, statim, Wrt. Voc. ii. 144, 33. On láste e vestigio, 107, 41. Him on láste setl wíde stódan behind them heaven stood spacious, Cd. 5; Th. 6, 10; Gen. 86. Malalehel wæs æfter Jarede yrfes hyrde fæder on láste Mahalaleel was after Jared the guardian of the heritage in succession to his father, 52; Th. 65, 18; Gen. 1068. Him on láste fór sweót Ebréa on their track marched the band of Hebrews, Judth. 12; Thw. 25, 38; Jud. 298. Yldran ússe in forléton ðone wlitigan wong on láste our parents left that beauteous plain behind, Exon. 62 a; Th. 228, 18; Ph. 440. Frætwe léton licgan on láste, 104 a; Th. 394, 30; Rä. 14, 11. Ðá wearþ forht ferþ manig folces on láste then was the mind of many a man of that folk left in fear, Andr. Kmbl. 3191; An. 1598. Hié ðæs láðan lást sceáwedon they marked the track of the foe, Beo. Th. 265; B. 132. Lást weardian [cf. lást-weard] to guard the track of one gone before, to remain behind; also to follow in the steps of another. Cyning úre gewát þurh ðæs temples hróf ðæ-acute;r hý tó ségun ða ðe leófes lást weardedun [of the disciples watching the ascension of Christ], Exon. 15 a; Th. 31, 16; Cri. 496. Se ðe his mondryhten lífe bilidene lást weardian wiste who knew his lord, of life bereft, remained behind, 52 a; Th. 182, 19; Gú. 1312. Sceal se líchoma leást weardigan eft on eorþan the body shall again be left in the ground, Bt. Met. Fox 20, 482; Met. 241. Hé his folme forlét lást weardian, Beo. Th. 1947; B. 971. Hýrde ic ðæt ðám frætwum feówer mearas lást weardode I heard that four steeds followed those trappings, 4335; B. 2164. Him arn on lást þýstre genip dark cloud succeeded it, Cd. 8; Th. 9, 8; Gen. 138. Him fleáh on lást earn æ-acute;tes georn, Judth. 11; Thw. 24, 27; Jud. 209. Gescoh nú seolfes swæðe ... Ðá on lást beseah leóflíc cempa 'see now thine own track.' ... Then the good warrior looked behind, Andr. Kmbl. 2880-90; An. 1443-48. On lást faran to return. Beo. Th. 5883; B. 2945. Wesseaxe on lást legdun láþam þeódum the West Saxons hung on the rear of the foe, Chr. 937; Erl. 112, 22; Ædelst. 22. On lást [cf. Icel. á lesti] at last. Ðú sárgige on lásð gemas in novissimis, Past. 36, 2; Swt. 249, 13. Hit on lást of his tungan útábirst tó openum bismere ad extremum usque ad apertas lingua coutumelias erumpat, 38, 7; Swt. 279, 8. Ðæt mód him æ-acute;rest ná ne ondræ-acute;t ða lytlan scylda, ne ðonne on lást ða miclan, 57, 2; Swt. 437, 28: Bt. 7, 20; Fox, 16, 11; Fox 72, 7. Lástas wæ-acute;ron wíde gesýne, gang ofer grundas, Beo. Th. 2809; B. 1402. Ic sume in bryne sende ðæt him lásta wearþ síðast gesýne some have I sent into the fire, so that no trace of them was left, Exon. 72 b; Th. 270, 33; Jul. 474.\nBlódgum lástum, 36 b; Th. 119, 25; Gú. 260. Ðonne is ðæ-acute;r geworht emb ða lástas... ðæt man mæg tó ðæ-acute;m lástum onhnígan and mænige men ða moldan neomaþ on ðæ-acute;m lástum the footsteps are built about, yet so that people can stoop down to the footsteps, and many men take the earth from the footsteps, Blickl. Homl. 127, 5-11, 55, 59. Ðæt næ-acute;nig man ða læ-acute;stas sylfe ufan oferwyrcean ne mihte ne mid golde ne mid seolfre so that no man might overlay the footsteps themselves, neither with gold nor with silver, 125, 35. Sceáwian láðes lástas, Beo. Th. 1686; B. 841. Lástas lecgan [cf. colloquial to make tracks] to journey, travel. Ic lástas sceal wíde lecgan wide must I wander, Cd. 49; Th. 63, 3; Gen. 1026. Gewít ðú féran, lástas lecgan, 137; Th. 172, 26; Gen. 2850: 118; Th. 153, 9; Gen. 2536: l09; Th. 145, 3; Gen. 2400. [Goth. laists a footstep.] DER. æf-, feorh-, fét-, féðe-, fót-, sweart-, úríg-, wíd-, wræclást. v. læ-acute;st.\nlást. v. ge-lást.\nlástian. v. wræc-lástian.\nlást-weard, es; m. One who keeps in the steps of another, a successor, pursuer :-- Ðone lástweard, his swæ-acute;sne sunu [Isaac], Cd. 162; Th. 203, 7; Exod. 400. Wræcmon gebád láðne lástweard the fugitive awaited the foe that followed, 148; Th. 186, 13; Exod. 138. Ús is swíðe uncúþ hwæt úre yrfeweardas and lástweardas getreówlíces dón willon efter úrum lífe it is quite unknown to us how faithfully our heirs and successors will act after our death, Blickl. Homl 51, 36. Ic ne míne lástweardas neither I nor my successors, Chart. Th. 29, 12.\nlást-word, es, n. Report, reputation :-- Eorla gehwam lástworda betst the best reputation for every man, Exon. 82 b; Th. 310, 12; Seef 73.\nlata, an; m. One who is late or slow :-- Ðeáh heó ðæs bearnes lata wæ-acute;re though she were late in bearing the child, Blickl. Hom1.163, 8. [Icel. lati the lazy one.] v. hild-lata.\nlate; adv. Slowly, late, at length, at last :-- Alexander late unweorðlícne sige geræ-acute;hte [anceps] pugna tandem tristem pene victoriam Macedonibus dedit, Ors. 3, 9; Swt. 134, 8. Hú ne cymþ se deáþ ðeáh ðe hé late cume and áðéþ eów of ðisse worulde sera vobis rapiet hoc etiam dies, Bt. 19; Fox, 70, 16. Gif wit ðæt ealle sculon ásmeágan ðonne cume wit late tó ende ðisse béc oððe næ-acute;fre, 42; Fox, 256, 22. Hú late hí on ðysne middangeard ácennede wurdon and hú raþe hí him eft of gewítan sceolan, Blickl. Homl. 59, 23. Late on geáre late in the year, Chr. 867; Erl. 72, 11. Late mylt gæ-acute;ten flæ-acute;sc goat's flesh digests slowly, L. M. 2, 16; Lchdm. ii. 196; 16. Gif heó gæ-acute;þ late .. gif heó hraþe gæ-acute;þ, Lchdm. iii. 144, 7: Exon. 49 b; Th. 172, 2; Gú. 1137. Ic ðæt gecneów tó late too late I perceived it, 72 a; Th. 269, 2; Jul. 444: Elen. Kmbl. 1412; El. 708. Síð and late at last, Judth. 12; Thw. 25, 24; Jud. 275. Æ-acute;r oððe lator prius aut posterius, Athan. 25. Lator tardius, Bd. 4, 9; S. 577, 10. Ðæt ðæt lator biþ, ðæt hæfþ anginn, Homl. Th. i. 284, 7. Onbútan Martines mæssan and gyt lator, Chr. 1089; Erl. 226, 20. Ðæt hit hraþost weaxan mæg, and latost wealowigan, Bt. 34, 10; Fox 148, 22. Sý ágifen be emnihte oððe latest be ealra hálgena mæssan let it be paid by the equinox, or at latest by All-Hallows' Mass, Wulfst. 208, 5.\nláteów. v. lád-teów.\nláð, es; n. What is hateful or harmful, harm, evil, injury, hurt, trouble, grief, pain, annoyance, enmity :-- Ðætte monnum héh is laaþ [adj.?] is mið Gode quod hominibus altum est, abominatio est apud deum, Lk. Skt. Lind. 16, 15. Hit sóna næ-acute;nig láð ne biþ it [the pain] will soon be no annoyance, Herb. 1, 11; Lchdm. i. 74, 10. Hé mé nówiht láðes ætýwde ille mihi nil inimicitiarum intulerit, Bd. 2, 12; S. 513, 25. Ðæt hé ðé nánwiht láðes ne dó ut nec ipse tibi aliquid mali faciat, 514, 3. Ðæt him mon nóht láðes gedón dorste ne qui prædicantibus quicquam molestiæ inferret, 5, 10; S. 624, 6. Ic eom mid ðæs láðes sáre swíðe ofþrycced I am sorely oppressed with the pain of this trouble; insitus animum moeror praegravat, Bt. 8; Fox 24, 14. Ða ungeþyldegan ne mágon áberan nánwuht ðæs láðes ðe him mon on legþ oððe mid wordum oððe mid dæ-acute;dum the impatient cannot bear any annoyance that is put upon them either by word or deed; impatientes ab aliis illata non tolerant, Past. 40, 4; Swt. 293, 16. Ðeáh hié nán mann mid láðe ne gréte hié séceaþ ða ðe hié fleóþ though no man attacks them, they seek those that flee from them; iracundi se declinantes insequuntur, 293, 19. Hié hit tó nánum fácne ne tó nánum láðe næfdon ðætte ða earman wífmen hié swá tintredon nec tamen miseriæ hominum pressura temporum deputata est, Ors. 1, 10; Swt. 48, 13. Wið ðæm ðe hié of ðæm londe mósten búton láðe ut tutum et incolumem exercitum a locorum periculo liberaret, 6, 32; Swt. 286, 28. Mid lufe ge mid láðe with what is pleasant and what is unpleasant, Blickl. Homl. 45, 8. Nis hit gód ðæt hié síen on ðam láðe it is not good that they be in that durance [the fiery furnace], Cd. 193; Th. 243, 2; Dan. 430. Ne dó ic him ná láð I will not harm them, Gen. 18, 30: Nar. 16, 22. Eálá hwæt ðú mé mycel yfel and láð dést mid ðínre ærninge O quam magnum væ facis mihi sic equitando, Bd. 5, 6; S. 619, 14: Cd. 21; Th. 25, 11; Gen. 392. Wið eal ðæt láð ðe intó land fare against all the harm that comes into the land, Lchdm. i. 388, 14. Ðonne hié láð gedóþ hié sculon lufe wyrcean when they do evil, they must act so as to regain love, Cd. 29; Th. 39, 11; Gen. 624. Ðú míne sáwle of deáþes láðum wiðlæ-acute;ddest eripuisti animam meam de morte, Ps. Th. 55, 11. [O. Sax. O. Frs. léð: O. H. Ger. leid dolor, moeror, injuria, malum, execratio: Ger. leid.]\nláð; adj. I. Causing hate, evil, injury, annoyance; hateful, hated, loathed, loth, displeasing, injurious, grievous :-- Láth ingratus, Ep. Gl. 12 b, 16. Laath invisus, 12 f, 5. Ðá wæs ic swíðe onscúniende and mé láð wæs multum detestatus sum, Bd. 5, 12; S. 630, 32. Ðeáh hit láð wæ-acute;re, Chr. 1006; Erl. 141, 7. Him wæs láð tó ámyrrene his ágenne folgaþ, 1048; Erl. 178, 11. Fram allum mannum hé biþ láð he shall be hated of all men, Lchdm. iii. 162, 19. Se wæs láð Gode, on hete heofoncyninges, Cd. 30; Th. 40, 31; Gen. 647. Swá láð wæs Péna folc Scipian so hateful were the Carthaginians to Scipio, Ors. 4, 10; Swt. 198, 15. Mánswara láð leóda gehwam, Exon. 10 b; Th. 12, 31; Cri. 194. Leófest on lífe láð biþ ðænne what is dearest in this life, shall then be hateful, Dóm. L. 16, 243. Láð biþ æ-acute;ghwæ-acute;r wineleás hæle he is everywhere unloved, a friendless man, Exon. 87 b; Th. 329, 9: Vy. 31. Wæs ðæt gewinn tó láð and longsum that strife was too grievous and long, Beo. Th. 268; B. 134. Hé mé álýsde of láðum grine huntum unholdum ipse liberavit me de laqueo venantium, Ps. 90, 3. Læ-acute;dan on láðne síþ to lead to hell, Exon. 118 b; Th. 455, 20; Hy. 4, 52. Ðec gelegdon on láðne bend they put thee into grievous captivity, Cd. 225; Th. 298, 27; Sat. 539. Ða fuglas ús næ-acute;nige láðe ne yfle ne wæron aves non nobis perniciem ferentes, Nar. 16, 18. Ða rihtwísan sint láðe and forþrycte the righteous are hated and oppressed, Bt. 3, 4; Fox 6, 23. Hé hæfde fela æ-acute;hta ðe him wæ-acute;ron láðe tó forlæ-acute;tenne he had many possessions that he was loth to leave, Basil admn. 9; Norm. 56, 7. Gé habbaþ ús gedón láðe Pharaone, Ex. 5, 21. Láð gewidru grievous storms, Beo. Th. 2754; B. 1375. Næs ic him láðra ówihte ðonne his bearna hwylc I was not a whit less dear to him than any of his children, 4856; B. 2432. Ic á ne geseah láðran landscipe never saw I scene more hateful, Cd. 19; Th. 24, 11; Gen. 376. Sege ðínum leódum miccle láðre spell tell to thy people a tale that will please much less, Byrht. Th. 133, 15; By. 50. Gnornsorga mæ-acute;st wyrda láðost greatest of griefs, most grievous of fates, Elen. Kmbl. 1953; El. 978. Ðæ-acute;r ðé láðast biþ, Exon. 41 a; Th. 137, 17; Gú. 560. Áne ða mæ-acute;stan synne and Gode þa láðustan one of the greatest sins and most displeasing to God, Ex. 32, 21. II. bearing hate to another, hostile, malign, inimical :-- Ne leóf ne láð nor friend nor foe, Beo. Th. 1026; B. 511. Láð wið láðum foe with foe, 884; B. 440. Láðe cyrmdon the foes shouted, Cd. 166; Th. 207, 3; Exod. 461. Wið láðra lygesearwum against false wiles of foes, Exon. 19 a; Th. 48, 23; Cri. 776: Judth. 12; Thw. 25, 38; Jud. 304. Ðæt on land Dena láðra næ-acute;nig sceððan meahte, Beo. Th. 490; B. 242. Láðan fingrum with hostile fingers, 3015; B. 1505. Láðum eágan, Cd. 151; Th. 189, 3; Exod. 179. Láðum wordum, Exon. 28 a; Th. 84, 17; Cri. 1376. Álýs mé fram láðum libera me a persequentibus me, Ps. Th. 141, 7. Ðæt hé ðé ne forlæ-acute;te láðum tó handa, Dóm. L. 30, 29. Hé ne læ-acute;teþ míne fét láðe hréran, Ps. Th. 65, 8. [O. Sax. O. Frs. léð: Icel. leiðr: O. H. Ger. leid exosus, odiosus, invisus, tristis, malignus, ingratus: Ger. leid.] v. þurh-láð.


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'Beard-sǽtan' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nBeard-sǽte; pl. The people (or district) of Bardney Æþel*-*réde, se wæs ǽr cyning, wæs ðá Beardsǽtena abbud, Bd. 5, 19; S. 641, 5.\nToller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "Beard-sǽtan." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 65.


'þing' - Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary\nes; n. I. a thing, 1. a single object, material or immaterial Hweðer ðú wéne ðæt ǽnig ðing on ðisse worulde swá gód sié, Bt. 34, 1; Fox 134, 6. Ðonne ða fíf þing ealle gegadorade beóþ, ðonne beóþ hit eall án ðing, and ðæt án þing biþ God, 33, 2; Fox 122, 18. Ðæt ilce ðú miht geþencan be ǽlcum ðinge, ðæt nán þing ne biþ swelce hit wæs, siþþan hit wanian onginþ, 34, 9; Fox 148, 9: Met. 20, 37. Ǽghwilc þing ðe on ðís andweardan lífe lícap, 21, 28. Ǽlc þing ðe líf hæfde, Gen. 7, 22. Ic seah sellíc þing singan, Exon. Th. 413, 10; Rä. 32, 3. Hefon and eorþe and sǽ and ealle ða þing ðe on ðǽm syndon, Blickl. Homl. 91, 21. Ðinga scæpend rerum creator, Rtl. 180, 9. Wé ágyltaþ þurh feówer þing, þurh geþóht and þurh word and þurh weorc and þurh willan, Blickl. Homl. 35, 14. (1 a) of particular classes of objects, α. a thing of value, property, a thing for sale; generally in pl., things, goods Him eallum wæs gemǽne heora ðing, Homl. Th. i. 316, 9. Nán man nán þing ne bycge ofer feówer peninga weorð ne libbende ne licgende, L. C. S. 24; Th. i. 390, 2. Breng ðing offer munus, Mt. Kmbl. Lind. 8, 4. Him eallum wǽron heora ðing gemǽne, Homl Th. ii. 506, 18. 'Búton ðú mé sylle sum ðínra þinga' ... se apostol cwæð: 'Hafa mínne stæf,' 416, 34. Hú Wulfgyð gean hire þinga æfter hire forðsíðe, Chart. Th. 563, 3. Ðingum muneribus, Mt. Kmbl. p. 14, 2: Lk. Skt. Lind. 21, 4. Ða teóþan sceattas ge on lande ge on óþrum þingum ge on óþrum gestreónum, Blickl. Homl. 51, 8. Hié mid miclum þingum hámweard fóran ingentem praedam ad classem devexerunt, Ors. 4, 6; Swt. 176, 27. Ðe ealle his þing bewiste qui praeerat omnibus quae habebat, Gen. 24, 2. Ðinga ł geafa munera, Mt. Kmbl. Lind. 2, 11. Ða felarícan bróhtort micele ðing, Homl. Th. i. 582, 14. Hé hæfde ǽr his ðing þearfum gedǽlede, ii. 500, 24. Hé becwæð his ðincg, Homl. Skt. i. 19, 211: 18, 414: 9, 41. Hé on swilce weorc áspende his ðing, ii. 31, 68. Wilt ðú syllan þinge ðíne? Coll. Monast. Th. 27, 15. β. a thing to eat Eal ða wǽtan þing, and ða smerewigan, and eal swéte þing, Lchdm. ii. 210, 27. Mid wyrmendum þingum swilc swá pipor, 62, 2: 82, 4, 15. 2. a thing that is done, an action, a proceeding, way of conduct Án þping ðé is wana (one thing remains for you to do ); gesyle eall ðæt ðú áge, Mk. Skt. 10, 21. Plyhtlíc þinge hit ys gefón hwæl, Coll. Monast. Th. 24, 21. Hé on axan and on duste licge: gif ic eów óþres ðinges bysene onstelle ðonne ágylte ic, Blickl. Homl. 227, 15. Wes ðú gemyndig Marian þinga be mindful of Mary's conduct, 67, 33. Æfter þissum þingum hyra fæderas dydon ðám wítegum in these ways their fathers treated the prophets, Lk. Skt. 6, 23. Tó morgen déð Drihten ðás þing, Ex. 9, 5: Mk. Skt. 11, 33: 7, 8: Ps. Th. 28, 4. Ealle ða þing ðe wé ofor his bebod gedydon, Blickl. Homl. 91, 16: 131, 33. 3. a thing that happens, an event, what takes place Nǽnges þinges máre þearf nǽre ðonne his unriht yppe wurde nothing better could happen than that his wickedness should become manifest, Blickl. Homl. 175, 9. Þás þing ealle geweorþan sceoldan, 109, 8: Homl. Th. ii. 538, 3. Ðara þinga (ðingana, Lind., Rush.) race ðe on ús gefyllede synt, Lk. Skt. 1, 1. Æfter þeossum þingum, Blickl. Homl. 95, 11. 4. where the word has much the same force as a cognate accusative, or where the meaning of the indefinite þing is determined by a verb Hé hine ǽlces þinges geclǽnsode ðe him mann on sǽde he cleared himself of every charge that was brought against him, Chr. 1022; Erl. 161, 37. Hú manigfeald þing Drihten geþrowode what manifold suffering the Lord endured, Blickl. Homl. 91, 11. Ic sceal þinga gehwylc þolian, Exon. Th. 270, 15; Jul. 465. Hine betellan æt ǽlc ðæra þinga þe him, man on léde, Chr. 1048 ; Erl. 180, 12. Ealle ða þing ðe hálige men writon, Blickl. Homl. 233. 1. 5. a thing, circumstance; in combination with an adjective nearly the same as the neuter of the adjective used as substantive, or as an abstract noun formed from the adjective Is ðæt earmlíc þing, ðæt his gebídan ne magon burgsittende, Met. 27, 16: 28, 53. Þreálíc þing, réðe wíte, Cd. Th. 79, 28; Gen. 1318. Æfter sóðum ðincge according to the truth, Homl. Th. ii. 230, i4. Swá hit ágǽð mid sóðum ðincge as it actually happens, Homl. Skt. i. 17, 109. Wundorlíc ðingc, Lchdm. i. 112, 13. Manegu díglu ðing sindon tó smeágeanne, Past. 21; Swt. 153, 13. On ðǽm sélran þingum and on ðǽm gesundrum in secundis rebus, Nar. 7, 26. Næs nó on gesundum þingum ánum ac eác swylce on wiðearweardum þingum not only in prosperity but also in adversity, Blickl. Homl. 13, 7: 35, 33: Exon. Th. 337, 1; Gn. Ex. 58. Tó écum ðingum to eternity, Homl. Th. i. 16, 18: 616, 21: 568, 25. Tó sóþan þingon truly, Homl. Skt. i. 23, 736. Mid unrihtum þingum per fraudem, L. Ecg. P. ii. c. 13; Th. ii. 180, 23. Be fullum ðingum fully, Wulfst. 51, 11: 57, 8. 6. state, condition Ealles folces þing byþ ðe betere æt ðám þýfðum the condition of the whole people will be the better in the matter of the thefts, L. Ath. v. 8, 9; Th. i. 238, 20. Séna hine gelóme; his þing biþ sóna sélre, Lchdm. ii. 344, 19: Exon. Th. 378, 1; Deór. 9. Tó hwan ðínre sáwle þing (sið, Exon. Th. 368, 11) siððan wurde, Soul Kmbl. 39; Seel. 20. Cýð hwæt ðú ðæs tó þinge þafian wille declare to which (life or death) thou wilt assent as thy condition, Elen. Kmbl. 1212; El. 608. 7. a thing, matter, subject of consideration or enquiry Ánes þinges ic ðé wolde ácsian, Bt. 34, 1; Fox 134, 5: Blickl. Homl. 117, 20. Uton ðás þing geþencean, 97, 1. 8. concern, affair Hé þearfendra þinga teolode he attended to the concerns of the needy, Ps. Th. 108, 30. Sió geornfulnes eorðlícra ðinga terrena studio, Past. 18; Swt. 128, 15. Hé mínre geðylde þingum wealdeþ ab ipso est patientia mea, 61, 5. On menniscum ðingum in human affairs, Blickl. Homl. 213, 6. Hé wolde beón embe his þincg, Homl. Skt. i. 6, 120. 9. a cause, sake, account, reason; in the phrase for ... þingum Þinge causam, Wrt. Voc. ii. 20, 12. For hwylcum þinge ob quam causam, Lk. Skt. 8, 47. For ǽnegum þinge quacumque ex causa, Mt. Kmbl. 19, 3. Árís tó mínam þinge (in causam meam ), Ps. Th. 34, 22. For hira þinge because of them, Deut. 28, 34. For ðan miceles blódes þinge, Lchdm. iii.140, 30. For feós þinge pecuniae causa, L. Ecg. P. addit. 20; Th. ii. 234, 30. Búton forlegennysse þingum excepta fornicationis causa, Mt. Kmbl. 5, 32. For þisum þingum igitur, Bt. 26, 2; Fox 92,19. For ðám þingum for those reasons, Homl. Skt. ii. 23 b, 12. For þrím þingum Hǽlend eode on wésten, Blickl. Homl. 29, 19. For monigra monna ðingum, Past. 5; Swt. 41, 22: Ps. Th. 50, arg, For mínes wífes þingon propter uxorem meam, Gen. 20, 11: 43, 30. For Iósefes þingon, 39, 5: Homl. Skt. i. 23, 304. For his sceatta ðingon for the sake of his money, Basil admn. 9; Norm. 52, 29. For ðæs áðes þingum propter juramentum, L. Ecg. P. ii. 29; Th. ii. 194, 12. For mínon þingon, for eówrum þingon propter me, propter vos, Jn. Skt 12, 30: 11, 15. For mínum ðingum, Bt. 7, 3; Fox 20, 3. For ðínum þingum, 7, 2; Fox 18, 28. Þurh þon þingum ðú eart eádig on écnesse, Nar. 46, 23. Incan vel þing causas, res, Wrt. Voc. ii. 130, 12. (10) an object, a purpose :-- Gode wé cyrican betǽcaþ tó ðám þingum, ðæt cristene men ðǽrtó faran magan and ðǽr heora neóda tó Gode mǽnan and synna forgifenesse biddan, Wulfst. 278, 19. Hé wearð man geboren tó ðám þingum, ðæt hé mid his ágenum feore mancynn álýsde of deófles gewealde and of helle wíte, 16, 11. Þingum purposely, Exon. Th. 472, 10; Rä. 61, 14. (11) a relation, respect :-- Hé ðone welegan wædlum efnmǽrne gedéð ǽlces þinges in every respect, Met. 10, 32, 50. Unmǽle ǽlces þinges, Exon. 21, 12; Cri. 333. Ne wéne hé nánes ðinges hine selfne beteran, Past. 17; Swt. 107, 16. Sóð hí sǽdon sumera ðinga (in some respects ), Homl. Th. i. 190, 16: 236, 11. Ðæt ic ðé geþeó þinga gehwylce, Hy. 4, 12. God hine gebletsode on eallum þingum, Gen. 24, 1. Wæs heó on eallum þingum þe eáþmóddre, Blickl. Homl. 13, 3. On ǽnigum þingum cræftig, 49, 28. On eallum ðingum gehýrsum, Bd. 2, 12; S. 514, 17. (12) a condition :-- Hié bǽdon friðes, ac hit Scipia nolde him áliéfan wið nánum óþrum þinge bútan hié him ealle hiera wǽpeno ágeáfen, Ors. 4, 13; Swt. 210, 20. (13) a way, means, wise; mostly in phrases, every way, by nomeans, in any wise, etc. :-- Ðæt ðæt nǽnig ðing ne gedafenade quia nulla ratione conveniat, Bd. 2, 12; S. 514, 38. Ne mihte hine nán man þurh ǽnig þing (by any means ) áteón, Homl. Skt. i. 4, 194. Gif gé míne lima þurh ǽnig þing gehǽlan magon, 5, 198: Wulfst. 49, 7. Þurh ǽlc þing by all means, L. I. P. 2; Th. ii. 304, 13. Oeghwelce ðinga omni modo, Wrt. Voc. ii. 115, 50. Ðá wolde hé ǽlce þinga ðæt gyld ábrecan, Blickl. Homl. 221, 21. Hwæðer wén wǽre ðæt wé ǽnige ðinga furþon ðæt eálond gesécean mihte si forte insulam aliquo conamine repetere possemus, Bd. 5, 1; S. 613, 29. Ne hí his bénum ǽnige ðinga geþafigean woldan nor would they in any wise assent to his prayers, 2, 1; S. 502, 14. Ne magon gé ǽnige ðinga lífes hláfe onfón nullatenus valetis panem vitae percipere, 2, 5; S. 507, 20: Beo. Th. 4738; B. 2374: Homl. Skt. ii. 23 b, 721. Ðæt hé náne ðinga ðæt ryht tó suíðe ne bodige ut ne recta quidem nimie proferantur, Past. 15; Swt. 95, 17. Hé náne þinga beór ne drince, Lchdm. ii. 88, 11. Nǽnig þinga, L. E. I. 21; Th. ii. 406, 21. Nǽnige ðinga nequaquam, Bd. 2, 5; S. 507, 23: 5, 6; S. 619, 8: nullatenus, 1, 27; S. 495, 20. Hié nǽnige þinga ongeán lócian ne mihton, Blickl. Homl. 203, 10: Homl. Skt. ii. 23 b, 12: Met. 10, 16. Mid nánum ðingum by no means, Past. 21; Swt. 167, 24. Mid ðám þingum by those means, Lchdm. ii. 208, 26. Oðero ðingo alioquin, Lk. Skt. Lind. 14, 32. (14) thing, as in something, anything, etc. :-- Nán þing grénes nihil virens, Ex. 10, 15. Gé ne biddaþ mé nánes þinges me non rogabitis quicquam, Jn. Skt. 16, 23. Mid ǽnige þinge in aliquo, Chart. Th. 422, 28. Ge on mete, ge on hrægle, ge on ǽghwylcum þinge, Blickl. Homl. 219, 30. Nyste ic nán þing þises I knew nothing of this, Gen. 21, 26: Lk. Skt. 9, 36: Mt. Kmbl. 26, 72. Styrigendlíces nán þincg findan, Homl. Skt. ii. 23 b, 735. Sum ðing miccles gebícnodon ða tungelwítegan Homl. Th. i. 118, 20: ii. 24, 19. Hæfð se mann ealra gesceafta sum ðing, i. 302, 19. Canst ðú ǽnig þing scis to aliquid? Coll. Monast. Th. 20, 37. Beó ðæt þinga ðæt hit beó be it what it may, Btwk. 222, 8. Húru þinga praesertim, Ælfc. Gr. 38; Zup. 238, 6. Ǽrost þinga first of all, Wulfst. 32, 9: L. I. P. 10; Th. ii. 316, 11. Raþost þinga at the earliest, L. C. S. 24; Th. i. 390, 14. II. a meeting, court An medle oþþe an þinge, L. H. E. 8; Th. i. 30, 12. Hé Freán gesihð faran tó þinge (the meeting held at the day of judgement ), Exon. Th. 57, 32; Cri. 927. Þing gehégan to hold a meeting, Andr. Kmbl. 314; An. 157: 1859; An. 932. Þing sceal gehégan fród wiþ fródne, biþ hyra ferð gelíc, Exon. Th. 334, 19; Gn. Ex. 18. Ic wið Grendel sceal ána gehegan ðing, Beo. Th. 856; B. 426. [O. Sax. thing res; thing-hús court-house: O. Frs. thing res; meeting, court: O. H. Ger. ding res, substantia, negotium; concio, conventus, concilium: Icel. þing; pl. things, articles; þing an assembly, meeting; Norweg. stor-thing parliament.] v. breóst-, brýd-, cípe-(cýpe-), cyric-, ge-, woruld-þing.\nBosworth, Joseph. "þing." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Ed. Thomas Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898. 106.\nþing I. 1. AddHwæt is ðienga (ðinga, v.l.) ðe bieterre sié ... ðonne se anda?, Past. 165, 1. (1 a α) add :-- Þé biddað manega þeóda þínes þinges tó lǽne and þú ne bitst nánne foenerabis gentibus multis, et ipse a nullo foenus accipiens, Deut. 28, 12. Se crístena man cwæð þæt hé hæfde his ðing (cf. ýddysce, 27.) and hine sylfne betǽht Benedicte (cf. ꝥ héé