Q=3	C=1	SS=1	LS=2	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=6	G0=143	G1=123	G2=89	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 14\n(ddur't n 29 Ghuct gher 5 Ctember' 2003)\nI yettxemmimen ghef umeghbun ala kan d ameghbun am netta, wanag aâebbud' yer'wan ur yettnadi ghef win yelluz'en. Seg wasmi ay d-yebda zzman, akka ay tlehh'u ddunit, ula d tamazight, werdjin yelha-d yid-s win izemren, wanag d wid ur nezmir ay ixedmen fell-as yernu mazal xeddmen akken zemren. Awal yenna-t-id yiwen n umussnaw d ameqqran di tutlayt-nnegh, Salem Chaker, ay d-yesbegnen ach'al d abrid d akken imeqqranen-nnegh ur llin d nitni ay d ssebba di tudert n tutlayt-nnegh, akken d-llan yimeqqranen n yegduden nnid'en i tutlayin-nsen, wanag seg zzman aqdim, d iz'awaliyen-nni n wedrar yeddan h'afi ay yeddjan tutlayt-agi ad tidir alammi ara d agh-d-teqqim ar ass-a, yernu d nitni ay ineqcen isem-is ghef wez'ru akken ad d-yeqqim later'-is di tmurt-a. Ula asmi ay wwd'en Yimazighen n zik sâan ddewla meqqren, igelliden-nsen s tutlayt taberr'anit ay d'ebbâen idrimen-nsen, yernu d tin ay sselmaden i warraw-nsen, ughaf ad asen-teâreq tmusni. Tessawed'-agh tegnit, akken t-id-yenna Chaker, alammi ay nughal d wid yettcan times ghef lehmum merr'a n ddunit, ala kan wigad-nnegh, nekkat, nettawi-d i wiyad', ceghben-agh yigheblan n wiyad' kter' n wakken ay ten-ceghben nitni, nelha-d d wuguren-nsen alammi ay nettu wid-nnegh ... nagh yeqqar-as wanzi ghur-negh : imawlan s'ebren, imâezzan kefr'en. Yewwi-yagh wasif d asawen. Dda Lmulud d wid ay t-yezwaren akk d wid ay t-id-id'efren, yiwen deg-sen ur yesâi amkan di ddewla wala amkan izaden di tmetti. D iz'awaliyen ay d-tr'ebba lmeh'na, ay d-ir'ebba wegdud, kkren-d s tutlayt n wegdud yernu d tin ay wwin deg wulawen-nsen, fkan ah'ric meqqren di tudert-nsen akken ad as-rren lxir. Ma d wigi umi nessemghar ass-a ismawen, ama d igelliden negh d imassanen, llan wata's deg-sen, tidet ad tt-id-nini, ur izad wacu xedmen, ur yelli d acu s-d-wwin i tutlayt-nnegh. Ma wwin cciâa deg wayen nnid'en, nesteâr'ef yis-sen, ur nelli d ikeddaben wala d ih'essaden, ur nettbeddil amezruy : yal yiwen ayen yuklal ad t-yawi. D acu kan, akken ad asen-ncuff aqendur, ad d-nini nefâen tamazight yili nitni kkan tudert-nsen merr'a qqnen allen-nsen fell-as, anect-a ur nettazmar ad t-nexdem, neghmulac nekcem di tkerkas akk d ubeddel n umezruy. Ass-a ilaq ad d-naki, ad nefk abeqqa i yiman-nnegh, u ad nz'er lumur' akken llant. Ma newwet-d deg wa negh deg wadi ghef tiddjin ay yeddja tamazight ur yelli d ankar' ay t-nenker' wala d taâdawt ay nebgha ad tt-id-nessker wagar-anegh. Taswiât maci i teâdawt, aql-agh a d-nettwat si yal tama yernu tewwi-d ad neddukel, ur d agh-td'erru ara akken yeqqar wanzi : "Lqella n watmaten yerna iâdawen". Wanag ma newwet-d deg yimeqqranen-nnegh, ama d wid n yid'elli negh d wid n wass-a, iswi-nnegh d asseqcer i lmend n h'ellu, maci d asseqcer i lmend n bett'u. Ur yettazmar ara wabâad' ad is'eggem ma ur yez'ri ara d acu-ten leâyub-is, dgha tewwi-d ass-a ad d-nebder ayen yellan deg-negh d iri-t akken ad nz'er amek ara t-nbeddel, yernu tidet ilaq ad tt-neqbel akken yebghu yili-tt. Qqaren-as wid ay ifehmen : "Ttif tidet isseqrah'en wala lekdeb yessefr'ah'en". Ma d wid ur nefhim, siwel-asen-d tidet negh qqim, ssefhem s leâqel negh s udebbuz, ala lefhama ur fehhmen ara. Yir asghar ndjer negh qqim, yir aghyul wwet negh qqim, yir lâebd nder' negh qqim. Anef ihi ad d-nessukkes, ad d-nessaki meqqar wid yettwalin tidet s udem, wid ay tt-iqebblen ula ghef yiman-nsen, ala d wid-nni ay izemren ad d-ughalen s abrid u ad d-rren wiyad' s abrid. Ass-a, ma nenna-d d akken tamazight d tagujilt, attan d tagujilt s tidet, xas akken imawlan-is llan. D acu kan, nettwali d akken win yellan d agujil imawlan-is llan yif-it win ay ten-yesr'uh'en, meqqar winna ihenna, yuyes, ma d win yeggujlen imawlan-is llan, rrbeh' yezmer ad yili, ma d netta ur t-yettawed'. Nagh qqaren-as "agujil r'ebban leâmum, rrbeh' ur t-inum". Ihi ass-a aql-agh nettwali, tamazight tesâa imawlan yesâan imukan akk d ttawil, maca yiwen deg-sen ur d-icliâ, yiwen ur d-itecced' ad d-yefk kra i tmazight. Xas tutlayt-nnegh tettcur' d arraw-is, ted'ra-yas akken i s-yeqqar wanzi : ay urwegh d way urwegh, taswiât ad mmtegh d amengur ! Akka digh, at'as ay d-turew tmazight, taggara ur ten-tufi ara. D acu kan, nettwali d akken ass-a yewwed'-d wakud i deg ara d asen-nd'egger lmezga i "yimeqqranen-nnegh", i wat tezmert d tedrimt, i wat yimukan d ttawil, i wat cciâa d yismawen, imi at'as aya ay ten-tettr'adju tmazight, nitni ur d as-d-gin acemma. Yewwed'-d wakud i deg ara d asen-nd'egger lmezga u ad nesteâr'ef s tidet, tamazight akken d-tebda zik-nni ara tkemmel ass-a : d iz'awaliyen kan ara tt-irefden. Iz'awaliyen n zik uran tamazight ghef wez'ru di lweqt i deg imassanen-nnegh n zik, am wid n wass-a, werdjin tt-urin ghef lkaghed', d acu kan, az'ru yerna lkaghed', d win ay d-iqqimen ar ass-a.\nKarim Ousad, Paris, Fr'ansa :\nD tikkelt tamazwarut [i deg ara] arugh s tamazigh ! D ayen ssarmagh ay txedmem ! Ihi z'ret belli aql-iyi, aql-agh d izumal yid-wen. Tanemmirt ghef wayen txeddmem. Ayen akken i yes lligh ttargugh kenwi txedmem-t deg wennar. D imagraden ghef uxemmem ghef temsal imeânen akk d yimagraden n tghamsa i ghef d-tettawim awal, i ghef ay d-tewwi ad d-nawi awal, yernu anect-a akk yura s TMAZIGHT ! Dgha aql-i ddigh yid-wen akken ilaq : ulac d acu umi yenfeâ wawal az'idan akk d westeâr'ef s tmazight di tsuda (institutions) ma yella ur nxeddem acemma akken ad tt-nesnerni negh, meqqar, akken ad neh'rez tigemmi (patrimoine) n lejdud-nnegh. Imeddukal-iw d wid ay d i-ittilin umi nnigh acimi ur sselmaden ara tamazight i warraw-nsen, ach'al d abrid ay d iyi-d-nnan awalen yecban wigi : "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yawin s aggur", negh "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yeccettcen aghrum" negh bitt "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yawin gher Ldjennet !" (...)\nTiririt : azul fell-ak a gma âzizen. Tabrat-ik tessefr'eh'-anegh maci d kra yernu nefr'eh' imi ay yebda wawal-nnegh a yettâeddi, yewwed' atmaten-nnegh di Tmazgha am wakken ay ten-yewwed ula gher lgherba. Nessaram d akken aghmis-nnegh d win ara yessiwd'en ad d-yejmeâ akk Imazighen yettarun tamazight u ad yesdukel ighallen-nsen akken ad nbeddel yir tagnit-agi i deg tettidir tmazight ncalleh. Ass-a, ilaq ad nz'er d akken llant at'as n tekta (idées) i yes ttamnen akk medden yili nitenti d tikta ur ns'ehh'a ara. Awal nenna-t-id ach'al d abrid a gma, u tennid'-t-id kettcini di tebrat-yinek : awal az'idan akk d yiberrih'en (slogans) akken ad tekcem tmazight di tmend'awt (constitution) ur nfiâen, ur neffâen sya ar sdat ma mazal-anegh nettaddja tamazight, ula deg yexxamen-nnegh ur tt-nesseqdac ara. Atan nefka-d ach'al d amedya (exemple) deg weghmis-nnegh : tirlandit yellan d tutlayt tamens'abt n Irland yernu ker'hen-tt yelmez'yen n tmurt-is, takirgizit yellan d tutlayt tamenzut di Kirgizistan yernu d tutlayt n umennekcam arusi n yid'elli ay s-yekksen cciâa ... Ula d nekni, neqqen allen-nnegh ghef yexxamen-nnegh, a nessutur tighawsiwin werâad ur tent-nefhim ula d lefhama akken ilaq lh'al : axxam-is ur d as-yezmir, ldjameâ yett'ef-as amezzir. Ma d wigi yettwalin d akken maci d tamazight ara ten-yessalin s aggur, ilaq ad z'ren d akken ayen ara d-rebh'en ala kan d ankar' n las'el, wanag tamsalt n walluy gher waggur maci di tutlayt ay tella, attan deg wayen nnid'en. Wigi yettwalin d akken ma mmeslayen taglizit, ad ughalen d imassanen, gheld'en, acku win ixuss'en lefhama, ma yehwa-yas ad igher ayen i s-yehwan, anda ay s-yehwa, ur d-iteffegh deg-s wacemma, wanag win ih'er'cen, xas ma yekker-d s tutlayt ur nettaru ara, yezmer ad yughal d ameqqran deg yimassanen, maci d tutlayt-nni i yes d-yekker ara d as-yekksen anect-a. Imtellegh (idiot) yettili ula di tmura i deg ghran akk medden, ma d uh'r'ic yezmer ad d-yekker ula di tmurt i deg yiwen ur yeghri. At'as deg-negh nekni tiyemmatin-nnegh d yibabaten-nnegh ur ghrin, ur ssinen d acu ay d agherbaz, ssekren-agh-d s tutlayt-nnegh, r'ebban-agh-d s nnif n R'ebbi akk d tnes'lit, yernu aql-agh neffegh-d d imassanen, d aggagen, d imejjayen, d iselmaden, d ijenyur'en, d ineghmasen, d inemhalen d wayen nnid'en. Maci d taqbaylit ay d agh-ih'err'men si rrbeh' negh tekkes-agh imukan di tmetti. Ass-a, at'as n yemdanen ay izedghen di tmura-yagi "yewwd'en s aggur", a ttnadin ad slemden i yigerdan-nsen tutlayin-nsen tines'liyin. It'erkiyen di Lalman sselmaden i warraw-nsen tat'erkit deg yigherbazen almaniyen, igherbazen n taâr'abt llan di tmura akk n Tur'uft, Uwadayen n ddunit merr'a sselmaden i warraw-nsen taâebrit xas ulamma tutlayt-a ala kan di Israel ay tt-ttmeslayen ... ghef wakken nettwali ala kan d Imazighen-nnegh ay ih'eqren tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, nessaram d akken wigi ad d-yawed' wass i deg ara d-akin u ad akin i twaghit i gher teddun. Neghmulac d arraw-nsen ara ih'ulfun i nndama asmi ara imghuren, akken d-ttcetkin ass-a wat'as n warraw n yiminigen ara yessed'lamen imawlan-nsen imi ur d asen-slemden ara tamazight, d acu kan, at'as deg-sen ad ten-id-yaf lh'al ass-nni ifat-iten welmad n tmazight, imi ass-n yezmer lh'al ad ilin nitni s timmad-nsen sâan arraw-nsen yernu ur ttazmaren ad asen-slemden tutlayt n lejdud ma yella nitni yiwen ur d asen-tt-isselmed. Tagnit attan a tteddu gher wegrireb, yernu yewwed'-d wakud ad neh'bes anect-a. (...).\nTanemmirt. Sghur Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.\nTasertit* n tutlayin di Ist'unya : d leqdic iteddun gher sdat\nSghur n Mart Rannut\nTasdawit n usselmed n Talinn\n[Aqeddem : amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ghef tutlayt tist'unit, d tutlayt taghelnawt n tmurt n Ist'unya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tur'uft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb gher Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ghef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Is'tunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meh'sub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ghef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litt'unya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d ah'ric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbat'el ghezzifen ay tesâedda Ist'unya, tughal tist'unit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesâi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-th'ettem fell-asen Musku. Yugh lh'al, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren" igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merr'a, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nnid'en (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nnid'en. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Ist'unya werdjin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tist'unit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yughal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewwer'-d zzman i deg d as-d-yughal uzarug-is i Ist'unya, yernu yughal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tist'unit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffegh Ist'unya seg ujeghlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is gher Tur'uft tutrimt (tagherbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dgha anect-a yeddja-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tist'unit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Ist'unya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ghef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Ist'unya. Assemgher ay ssemgharen iman-nsen ghef tist'unit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tist'unit tughal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dgha tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bghan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tist'unit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken digh ad tettwaqbel Ist'unya di terbaât-agi n tmura n Tur'uft wukud tebgha ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dgha amagrad-agi ad agh-yeddj ad nz'er amek ay tqeddec Ist'unya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taghelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec digh akken ad teâdel ger n tutlayin nnid'en merr'a ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen]\nGer n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yett'fen Ist'unya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman gher tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leh'kem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teh'kem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dgha yessawed' wanect-a gher ghellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yughal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Ist'unya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar ih'ekmen tamurt.\n[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu digh i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.\n*Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded digh Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemd'ebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iz'er wegdud.].\nYugh lh'al, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeghlin deg yiwet kan n teswiât], yella yewâer' ghef Ist'unya ad tagh yid-s tanumi. Dgha abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay ih'uza imezdaghen n Ist'unya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneght n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmud'an -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen digh yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ghef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent gher leqdic deg yemghizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf digh wamek ay ih'uza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Ist'unta, am Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di âecr'a n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaghen n Ist'unya beddlent at'as u yennerna citt' wanect ay yellan n Yist'uniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nnid'en yettidiren di Ist'unya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merr'a n Ist'unya neqsen ghef wakken llan zik-nni. Dgha mbeâd tella Ist'unya tesâa 1.565.000 n yimezdaghen, tughal deg useggas n 2000 tesâa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaghen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Ist'uniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d gher 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaghen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Ist'unya neqsen s 25 %. Tugh, ayen akk yessawd'en s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffgha n wat'as n yimezdaghen gher lberr'ani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.\nD acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nnid'en, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Ist'inya n wass-a. Dgha d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ghef wemdan ad iâeddi akken ad yawed' gher rrbeh' u ad yesâu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehh'u tmurt, dgha ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yed'fer digh udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Ist'unya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tist'unit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yigherbazen-is, dgha d anect-nni digh ay yessawd'en ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaâ yeghran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sâint yiwen n yedles. Dgha d anect-nni ay yessawd'en ad tughal tmetti tist'unit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant digh wat'as n ssebbat nnid'en ay yesmeghren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaâ :\nTimiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaât : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen gher Ist'unya si tmiwa nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren negh di tmiwa n Ugafa agmud'an (nord-est) n Ist'unya. At'as seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneght n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaâ nnid'en timect'ah' seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nnid'en, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedghen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffghen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Ist'unya.\nInurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaât : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Ist'unya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaghen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffughen sselâa si Ist'unya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yughalen ur a d-ssekcament ara at'as imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi digh mazal-iten tteklen ghef leânaya n unabad' (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iâiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teghli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mlih' tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teghli yis-s ula di Ist'unya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i gher d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawd'en Irusiyen n Ist'unya ad ughalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaâezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawd'en digh Irusiyen ad ghlin di Ist'unya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tist'unit ghur-sen, dgha d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaghen akk d Yist'uniyen, am wakken digh lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberr'aniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberr'ani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-ts'ah' tallalt taberr'anit. Dgha yughal win yebghan ad t-id-is'ah' leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mlih' tutlayin nnid'en menghir tarusit.\nTasertit n tutlayin :\nTasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Ist'unya di âecr'a n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebd'u ghef tlata n talliyin, ghef leh'sab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Ist'unya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yughal uzarug-is i Ist'unya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud ist'uni tamend'awt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dgha ayen ay d-yeddan di tmend'awt-a (lebni n tmurt, ah'raz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerd'en ghef Ist'unya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yugh lh'al, simmal yettadjhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Ist'unya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem gher terbaât n tmura tutrimin (tigherbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dgha ay yughalen d iswi ameqqran n Ist'unya ay yeddjan timsal nnid'en n tmetti ur nesâi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tghawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d agh-yeddjen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Ist'unya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.\nTinwit (amendement) n tmend'awt ay yerran tutlayt tist'unit d tutlayt taghelnawt di Ist'unya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujember' 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Ist'unya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Ist'unya yiwen n usad'uf (lqanun) amaynut ghef tutlayin, d asad'uf ay d-yellan kan si leâd'il, akken ad tesâeddi yis-s Ist'unya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebghan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fur'sen tagnit rran tist'unit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt tawh'idt di Ist'unya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tist'unit akken ad tughal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dgha yecred'-d usad'uf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mlih' ama d tist'unit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yugh lh'al, mi iga unabad' ist'uni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaât yeghran s tist'unit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeghran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiwed' leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabad' (gouvernement) ist'uni r'ebâa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselh'u tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fur'ar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabad' s usad'uf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asad'uf amaynut n tutlayin.\nImi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceghben Ist'uniyen netta d az'ayer (staut) n tist'unit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay idjehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tist'unit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sâint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yessedjhed-as amkan-is i tist'unit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamens'abt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yist'uniyen gan-d isud'af imect'ah' nnid'en s idis n usad'uf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad h'erzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nnid'en n Ist'unya, ladgha tarusit. Asad'uf n 1989 yeddja digh ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teghwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tist'unit, akken ad yeddj Ist'uniyen ad ttemselghun\n(communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.\nD acu kan, asad'uf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is digh i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladgha i wid ur nettmeslay ara tist'unit, dgha ughalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tist'unit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaghed'-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usad'uf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tist'unit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselh'u/tesselh'u lumur'-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabad', akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Ist'unya. Asad'uf-agi yeddja digh ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dgha nezmer ad d-nini d akken asad'uf-a yeh'rez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Ist'unya, d acu kan, yesselha digh s wat'as amkan n tutlayt tist'unit.\nYella-d digh di tallit-nni usad'uf i lmend n weh'raz n tdersiyin (minorités) nnid'en, dgha d anect-nni ara tent-yeddjen ad sâunt igherbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yeddja digh ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rr'adyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timect'ah' n Ist'unya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaâ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weh'raz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaghur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nnid'en imect'ah' nnid'en n Ist'unya, menghir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werdjin sâin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asad'uf-agi ihi yeddja tidersiyin timect'ah' (ad âiwdent) ad ldint igherbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteâr'ef unabad' ist'uni s tdersiyin timect'ah' nnid'en akken ay yesteâr'ef s Yirusiyen, dgha yeâdel ger n yegduden merr'a yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ghef usad'uf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ghef umedya ughalen merr'a ttalasen ad sseghren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen).\nUghalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen h'wadjen, am nitni am yegduden nnid'en di Ist'unya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaghen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen negh digh, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nnid'en tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent ddjent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabad' asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Ist'unya, mazal sâan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nnid'en di tmurt-a.\nYugh lh'al, lemmer ad nughal gher tidet, asad'uf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yeddja tagnit akken tella u yed'men-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg ugherbaz, am wakken ara tesâu tist'unit az'ayer âlayen gher Yist'uniyen u ad tesâu trusit az'ayer âlayen gher Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tist'unit az'ayer n tutlayt taghelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weh'ric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dgha xas tughal tist'unit d tutlayt taghelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerâen mlih' di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amect'uh' seg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya ur nelli ara d Ist'uniyen ay yessnen tist'unit akken ilaq.\nDgha assebded n usad'uf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedghert (élite) tamaynut di Ist'unya. Nnig waya, imi ulac at'as n tghawsiwin ay ibeddlen ghef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tist'unit tettwacred'-d kan seg weh'ric amect'uh' seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nnid'en ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberr'aniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tghawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Ist'unya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabad' n yimir-n ssulin kan leh'sabat-nsen gher lqerb di lweqt i deg ddjan timsal i ghef ilaq ad ssalin leh'sabat gher lbeâd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaâ tigraghlanin, th'ulfa Ist'unya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg ah'urif nnid'en yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Ist'unya.\nAkken ad tessiwed' Ist'unya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asad'uf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d ach'al n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabad' d usselmed n tist'unit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Ist'unya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usad'uf deg wass n 13 Meghres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tist'unit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meghres 1989, terna tessebded-d Ist'unya Aseqqamu n Weh'raz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaghur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usad'uf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabad' deg wass n 23 Nwember' 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yughal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tghawsiwin n tutlayt di Ist'unya, dgha yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tist'unit di Ist'unya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat negh d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaghen n Ist'unya, am wakken digh ay yettâawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nnid'en u yelha-d d wasnas n yisud'af ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yighawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya wed'far n wesnas n Usad'uf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, ad'far leqdicat yeqqnen gher tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yed'far n leqdicat yeqqnen gher tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yughal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraâen ma yella iteddu mlih' leqdic ghef tutlayt negh ala.\nDi Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Ist'unya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewwer't n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameghlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesâi ara taghlent (nationalité) tist'unit akk d yimaslad'en n wemni (membres du parlement) n Ist'unya i lmend n wembaddel n ler'yuy akk d ussenqes n teâdawt ger n trebbaâ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.\nTighawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usad'uf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yughalen ttwad'farent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yist'uniyen d akken tallit n uâeddi si tegnit gher tayed' deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmend'awt tist'unit tamaynut di 1992 yecred'-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Ist'unya, âezmen ihi Yist'uniyen ad d-sbedden asad'uf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, âawden ssulin Yist'uniyen leh'sabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dgha imi iswi n Ist'unya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemd'ebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaghen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dgha rran tist'unit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tist'unit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tughal tist'unit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yist'uniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeâden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeght (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tughal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehh'u ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d digh ghef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit is'eâben i deg ay tebgha ad tesnerni tutlayt tist'unit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaghen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladgha Irusiyen), dgha tewwi-d ad txemmem Ist'unya ghef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tist'unit i yineggura-ya, ladgha imi ay izemren ad h'ulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tist'unit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taâkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.\nAnnar wis sin yesâan azal meqqren i ghef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usad'uf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen gher tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, ladgha deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen gher tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dgha ma mazal Ist'unya ur tez'wir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaâ tigraghlanin n laman (am Temsisa Tat'lasit -OTAN) negh tirebbaâ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Européenne), dgha ilaq ghef tmurt-a ad tez'wer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraghlant.\nMa d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weh'kim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaghen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dgha llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwawer'ten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselh'u n tmurt yernu igduden nnid'en tewwi-d fell-asen ad ddjen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladgha imi anagraw-agi yughal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaâ [ghef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaâezlen, yernu beâden ghef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Ist'unya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabad' tagnit i deg tidersiyin timect'ah' nnid'en, meh'sub wid ur nelli d Is'tuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad h'erzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dgha deg wayen yerzan anect-a, ach'al d abrid ay tâawen ddewla tirebbaâ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen at'as n yiqeddicen idelsanen negh ghef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabad' akken ad asen-yessigh tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeh'wadjen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemâawna) taberr'anit.\nIhi ghef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabad' ist'uni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisud'af, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmend'awt negh d isud'af akk d warraten (actes) nnid'en imect'ah' ay d-id'efren sakin. Yugh lh'al, llsas ameqqran n yisud'af n Ist'unya netta d tamend'awt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamend'awt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisud'af ist'uniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isud'af ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ghef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraghlant. Tamend'awt-agi teqqar-d d akken Ist'unya d Awanek-aghlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen.\nDgha ayen tessefra ad t-teg Ist'unya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meh'sub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaghen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nnid'en d ayen digh ay d-tebder ula d tamend'awt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :\n-Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaghen n Ist'unya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tist'unit.\n-Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tist'unit -tutlayt taghelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.\nYugh lh'al, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isud'af yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Ist'unya yernu d tighawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lh'er's ara d-sseh'r'asent tmura tiberr'aniyin ay yeddjan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dgha, xas ma yella tamend'awt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asad'uf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tugh, isud'af n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt idjehden, yernu isud'af-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ghef wayed' di Ist'unya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaghen merr'a n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usad'uf (légalement) di Ist'unya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-ts'ah' teghlent (nationalité) tist'unit, akken yebghu yili las'el-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tist'unit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.\nD acu kan, tutlayt tist'unit n wass-a yeddja-tt zzman gher deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weâqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseghz'anen (logiciels) s tist'unit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffghen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabad' ur d anabad' ay yessawd'en gher tegnit-agi umi ay werdjin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tist'unit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tist'unit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Ur'ufi n Tutlayin, dgha atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaâ ay terza temsalt ghef td'ullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexs'as' n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tist'unit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tist'unit deg wennar-agi.\nTasuqilt sghur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERHATEN\nI tmerniwt n yisallen, rzut s isebtar-agi :\nDeg-s ara tafem isallen ghef Weswir (congrès) agraghlan ghef tutlayin timeddursa, seg-s ay d-yettwakkes wed'ris-agi.\nUtt'un wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen, ad tafem deg-s isallen ghef yiwet n tmurt nnid'en yellan s ddaw n leh'kem n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, Litwanya, akk d umezruy n tutlayt-is.\nUtt'un wis 8 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen, isallen ghef Kirgizistan, d tigduda n Asya Talemmast yellan di Tdukli Tasuvyatit akk d tegnit i deg tella tutlayt-is ass-a.\nAd tafem deg-s akk utt'unen n Tebrat n Yimedyazen ay d-yeffghen ar ass-a.\nD acu-tt tist'unit ?\nTist'unit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt n tegduda n Ist'unya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaghen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nnid'en ay yettidiren di lgherba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tist'unit tesâa digh wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litt'unya akk d Rusya, ladgha di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustr'alya.\nTutlayt tist'unit d yiwet si tutlayin tur'aliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tur'aliyin d tin yebd'an ghef wach'al n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tist'unit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban at'as d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella digh yiwet n tutlayt, tamjar'it (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tur'uft tagmud'ant (tacerqit), teqreb gher tist'unit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tur'aliyin. Yugh lh'al, llan kra ay ighilen d akken imi ay tettuneh'sab Ist'unya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebh'er'- Abalti), dgha ula d tutlayt-is tetbeâ gher twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitt'unit (siked utt'un wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Ist'unya teqreb gher Litwanya akk d Litt'unya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar gher tfinlandit. Yugh lh'al, seg wakken tettemcabi tist'unit gher tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nnid'en yettemcabin at'as gher tist'unit d tid ay itebâen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkar'ilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ghef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.\nTintalyin n tist'unit :\nTist'unit tebd'a ghef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tist'unit n Ugafa (nord, negh tin umi qqaren tist'unit n Talinn, tamaneght), akk d tist'unit n Wenz'ul (sud, negh digh tin umi qqaren tist'unit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesâa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenz'ul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenz'ul agmud'an (sud-est). Ma d tist'unit n ugafa, nezmer digh ad tt-nebd'u d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tist'unit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Ist'unya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebh'er' n ugafa-agmud'an ay icuban mlih' tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (tagherbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weh'ric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ghef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ghef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesâa tist'unit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merr'a ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tist'unit.\nTutlayt tizeght (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Ist'unya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tist'unit n ugafa, d acu kan, tist'unit n wenz'ul tesâa digh ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesâan ma cwit', 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.\nTikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tist'unit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dgha taghdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben gher teghdirawt n talmanit u ghef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (later') n tira talmaniyin di tid n tist'unit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yist'uniyen a snernayen taghdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeght (standard), dgha bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberr'ani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yeddjen ad d-net'qen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-nett'qen di las'el, maci akken tt-id-inett'eq uberr'ani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tist'unit yesâa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teghra (voyelles).\nTasghent-is* di tmetti* :\n** role dans la société\nAss-a, tughal tist'unit tizeght d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merr'a n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Ist'unya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamens'abt tawh'idt yernu âerd'en Yisuvyatiyen ad mh'un tist'unit akk d yedles ist'uni si tmurt-a, maca ayen âerd'en ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaghur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tist'unit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merr'a n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwadj n Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tist'unit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabad' ist'uni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt i lmend n weh'raz akk d ussebghes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tist'unit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesâa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamens'abt" tis snat, tist'unit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yigherbazen yernu win yebghan ad yughal d agharim (citoyen) ist'uni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmud'an (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Ist'unya, mazal llan yigherbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ghef medden ad sseghren igerdan-nsen deg-sen.\nTist'unit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Ist'uniyen di lgherba --d tist'unit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeghriben ir'uh'en gher Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amad'lan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citt' ghef tist'unit tizeght yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tist'unit di lgherba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeghriben s tist'unit yemxallaf ghef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lgherba amzun iâedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yist'uniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen.\nAr ass-a werâad ur z'rin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tist'unit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sâan kra n yisallen ghef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nnid'en deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yeddja at'as n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tist'unit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebâa n Sidna Aisa, bdan digh ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id digh wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yist'uniyen id'risen-nsen imenza s tist'unit, d win umi semman "Ddeâwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeât'ac, bdant a d-teffghent tjerr'umin (grammaires) timezwura n tist'unit. Xas ma yella anz'ul n Ist'unya yesâa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaghurt (tamer'kantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseât'ac.\nDi tazwara n lqern wis tseât'ac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda digh a d-tettlal tutlayt tist'unit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tghelnaz'rit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yist'uniyen. Tiddukla Tist'unit n Wid Yeghran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffegh-d at'as n yedlisen akk d tsufighin (publications) nnid'en, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra igherfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffghen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daghen ay d-ffghen yeghmisen imenza n tutlayt tist'unit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees", ay d-yeffghen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffghen si 1864 alammi d 1880.\nYugh lh'al di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teh'kem Ist'unya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yist'uniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yeddjan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamens'abt (officielle) n usselmed di Ist'unya. D acu kan, ur tâett'el ara tennulfa-d terbaât nnid'en n yimura ist'uniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis âecrin, d tin umi semman "Noor Eesti" negh tarbaât n "Ist'unya Tilemz'it", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d ussedjhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dgha ughalen yimura ist'uniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi negh d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tist'unit tanes'lit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tur'uft n Wetram (lgherb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mlih' tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tist'unit, dgha skeflen-d awalen ist'uniyen ines'liyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, red'len-d digh awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mlih' tist'unit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iz'uran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tist'unit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ghef wamek ara mh'un tist'unit u ad d-h'ettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tughal tist'unit i tikkelt nnid'en d tutlayt taghelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeâd âecr'a n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tughal tist'unit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya, yernu yis-s ay tesselh'ay tmurt-agi tamect'uh't tighawsiwin-is.\nAheggi akk d tsuqilt sghur Hamid OUBAGHA\nTabrat n Yimedyazen : Utt'un 4 : Amezruy n tutlayt talitwanit\nAh'ric meqqren seg wed'ris-agi yettwakkes-d seg wemd'iq-a :\nRzut digh ghef usebter-agi i deg ara tafem at'as n yisallen inefâen ghef tist'unit.\nAsefru si tsekla tist'unit :\nWagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tist'unit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a, yuzen-agh-t-id yiwen seg watmaten-nnegh yettidiren di Luxembourg :\nAt'as ay righ tamurt-iw\nFkigh-as ula d ul-iw\nI kemm ay cennugh\nIst'unya deg d-mghin yijeddjigen\nIdeddicen-im h'ulfegh-asen deg yiman-iw\nMi tgerrzed' gerrzegh, lferh'-inem d lfer'h'-iw\nA tamurt-iw ihhuskin, righ-kem\nXsigh ad gnegh yid-m\nAd i-yawi yid'es s iri-m\nIst'unia-yinu yeh'erz Yillew\nIjeddjigen-im meqqin-d deg-i\nTasuqilt sghur "Winna", si Luxembourg.\n<<< Qqel γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 13 Ddu γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 15 >>>


Q=9	C=0	SS=0	LS=9	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=1	G0=8	G1=6	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Ad d-yili ufraq n 1 600 n tnezduɣin sya ɣer taggara n useggas - La Dépêche de Kabylie\nAccueil Tamazight Ad d-yili ufraq n 1 600 n tnezduɣin sya ɣer taggara n...\nTIZI UZZU - Tanegga taɣelnawt n uselhu d usnerni n tnezduɣin (AADL)\nAd d-yili ufraq n 1 600 n tnezduɣin sya ɣer taggara n useggas\nƔef leḥsab n yisallen i d-nemger sɣur yimḍebbren n Tenmehla tadigant n tnezduɣin n ugezdu n Tizi Uzzu, ad d-yili ufraq n wazal n 1 624 n tnezduɣin n tanfalit n lkerya-asenzi sya ɣer taggara n useggas i deg i nella. Tinezduɣin-agi n taggayt n lkerya-asenzu, iɣef tella Tnegga Taɣelnawt n Uselhu d Usnerni n Tnezduɣin (AADL), yettuɛggen ad yebdu ufraq-nsent ɣef tlata n tɣiwanin deg taggara n waggur n cutember ɣer tazwara n waggur n tuber..\nAd naf deg tazwara 903 n tnezduɣin yellan deg tezgelt n unxef n Wad Fali deg tɣiwant n Tizi Uzzu. Rnu ɣef waya azal n 521 n tnezduɣin seg wahil n 1 000 n tnezduɣin, yettwabnan deg tɣiwant n Draa El Mizan. Am wakken ad naf daɣen azal n 200 n tnezduɣin deg temdint n Tamda, deg tɣiwant n Wagennun. Aya, ɣef leḥsab dima n yisallen n Tenmehla tadigant n tnezduɣin. Ad d-nesmekti kan d akken lwilaya n Tizi Uzzu, tesfaydi-d deg yiseggasen n 2013, 2018 d 2019 s wahil n tnezduɣin n taggayt lkerya-asenzu, s leḥsab amatu n 14 554 n tnezduɣin.\nDeg wahil n tnezduɣin n 2013, saḥent-d i Tizi Uzzu azal n 5 700 n yixxamen, anda ara naf 3 000 ttwabḍant ɣef sin n yiḥricen, 2 000 d 1 000 n tnezduɣin. Ttwabnant tnezduɣin deg tezgelt n unxef n Wad Fali, 1 000 deg tɣiwant n Draa El Mizan d 1 000 deg tɣiwant n Iɛeẓẓugen, 500 deg tɣiwant n Uɣrib d 200 tiggura deg temdint n Tamda. Seg wahil-agi, ad naf aṭas n tnezduɣin i mazal urɛad ttwabnint s sseba n yiɣeblan n tenmegla n twaculin, anda ara naf azal 131 n tnezduɣin deg Draa El Mizan, 107 n tnezduɣin deg tɣiwant n Iɛeẓẓugen, rnu ɣef waya 40 n tnezduɣin deg Uɣrib i mazal urɛad i bddint s ssebba n lebni n tɣerɣart n uḥuddu n tesnawit n tlemmast n temdint-agi.\nYettwajerred deg wahil n tnezduɣin n useggas n 2018 lebni n 7 000 n tnezduɣin, deg temnaḍin n Draa El Mizan i d-saḥent 1 500 n tnezduɣin, 2 300 n tnezduɣin i Buzgen , 1 000 i Tizi Uzzu, 650 i Draa Ben Khedda, 458 i Buɣni, 453 i Uɣrib, 639 deg Tamda, ɣef leḥsab n yimeḍebber n Tenmehla tadigant n tnezduɣin. Bdan lebni n 1 082 n tnezduɣin deg Draa El Mizan deg wagguren iɛeddan, ma d ahil-nniḍen mazal urɛad yebda s ssebba n tenmegla n twaculin.


Q=8	C=8	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=4	SD=0	BS=1	G0=21	G1=0	G2=0	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Example of Additional Items - Pro Sports Experience\nHomeUncategorizedExample of Additional Items\nExample of Additional Items\nIdnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat. Idnid asm am ddan cat.\nBBBBB, CCCCC, DDDDD, EEEEE\nAfter Camp- 1 Day Add On


Q=12	C=12	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=12	SD=0	BS=1	G0=4	G1=2	G2=1	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=ASARAG N MASS LARVI YAHIOUN DEG LQAHWA, TASEKLANT ASAKI N TICCI – Siwel\nTICCI (SIWEL) — Iḍelli sed 21 meɣres 2021, mass Larbi Yahioun yella d inevgi n lqahwa, taseklant Asaki n Ticci deg Bakaru, anda i iga asarag ɣef usentel « Tutlayt taqvaylit seg tmawit ar tiknulujit ».\nDeg teɣzi n usarag yemmeslay-d amek almi teqqim teqvaylit d tutlayt yeddren xas akka tezger-d leqrun ur teţwaru ara. Yemmeslay-d ɣef wid i tt-yuran di tazwara ama d iverraniyen, ama d imawlan-is , ama d tasekla neɣ d tussna. Yevder-d aḥric n tsuqilt d yimawalen/ idlisen ussnanen yellan ar ass-a. Sakkin yezger ɣer tetiknulujit anda i d-ivder akk ayen yeţwaxedmen deg umaḍal umḍin ar ass-a. Anda yerra tajmilt i ugraw iqeddcen ɣef wannect-a aveεda Muḥend Belqasem akked Sliman Amiri.\nAsarag yekfa s uskasi akked uznaz s uvuddu n udlis-is i d-yeffɣen ussan-a « Taqvaylit iles d yidles (taẓrigt 2) » yennernan (170 isevtar).\nSIWEL 211815 MAR 21\nLE FLOU ENTOURE TOUJOURS LA POSITION DE FFS VIS-À-VIS DES LÉGISLATIVES PROCHAINES


Q=16	C=0	SS=0	LS=8	PS=8	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=5	G1=4	G2=1	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed : Tameẓla gar ileqman - Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit\nḤusin Nat Ḥmed : Tameẓla gar ileqman\nḤusin Nat Ḥmed (beddel)\nLqem n wass 13 Yebrir 2019 à 11:49\n20 octets ajoutés , 2 n iseggasen aya\nLqem n wass 24 Meɣres 2019 à 02:17 (beddel)\nLqem n wass 13 Yebrir 2019 à 11:49 (beddel) (ssefsex)\nMassingrou (mmeslay | attekki)\nIlul deg Awussu 1926 deg temdint n Micli deg [[Tamurt n leqbayel]] deg 1947 yella d amaslad akk-d yewin n imalwayen imezwura n ''Organisation spéciale'' (OS), yiwet n tarbaɛt tunt'ilt i iqedcen ɣef uzarug n [[Lezzayer]].\nAyt Aḥmed yella d yiwen ger n tesɛa imalwayen imezwura i-d-isbedden [[Tirni n TaslullitWeslelli TaɣelnawtAɣelnaw]] (FLN) deg 1954; taneggarut-agi tebda-d tagrawaltagrawala n sebɛa n isegassen mgal [[Fransa]]; deg Tuber 1956, imi yeţwattef netta akk d rebɛa n imalwayen nniḍen imi llan deg asafagusafag yeţţeddun ɣer [[Tunes]], Fransa teḥkem fell-as s lḥebs. At Aḥmed yeqqim deg lḥebs armi 1962.\nMbeɛd azarug n LedzayerLezzayer deg 05 Yulyu 1962 At Aḥmed yekker-d mgal anabad n dreɛ n [[Ben Bella]] iwumii yekcemd-dikecmen ɣef LedzayerLezzayer netta akk-dakked [[BumedieneBumedyen]], am anbaz ajdid, s iɛsekriyen n FLN i llanyellan deg [[Tunes]] ttrajun tufɣa n Fransa.\nDeg Tuber 1962 Ben-Bella iḥkem-d fell-as s lmut lameɛna yesmeḥ-as kkrakra n wussan mbeɛd.\nDeg Ibrir 1966 yerwel ɣer Fransa anda yexleq-d deg 1970 FFS[[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] . Mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n LedzayerLezzayer gdeg 1980 seddaw Benjedid, Ayt Aḥmed ikcem-d ɣefɣer Ledzayer; aɣawas n AitAt AhmedAḥmed yella di tazwara tadukli n Ledayer seddaw yewit n taferfant mgal FLN akk-d amussu n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman i bɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, lamɛna yemxallaf-edd ɣef [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]] imi aneggaru-agi iherdderihedder-d s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ ɣas akken i sin llan d [[Leqbayel]].\nIbrir 1999, Ait Ahmed ikecem-d am d amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-d tanekda-ines, netta akk d xemsa n imalwayen nniḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant; deg April 15, [[Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa]] weḥd-s kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.\nYettwakkes-d seg "https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uslig:MobileDiff/77631"


Q=0	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=4	G1=4	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Ulɣu n ilemẓiyen imesfarayen n ugraw n yedles d tugdudt [ arrat ] - Ameslay\n19 deg wayur n mayu 1956 d amezruy yuran s wurraɣ d win id yellan s dukli n isdawanen d ilemẓiyen deg waṭṭas n imennuɣen deg yeswi n tririt n yisaɣ d usrussu n leqdar ara d-yawin ɣer tagara timunent n tmurt.\nAḥbus n isdawanen ɣef tɣuri-nsen ass n 19 mayu 1956 d unekcum-nsen ɣer leṣfuf n tegrawla d tiririt i teɣri n tmurt ɣef udem d usirem n tmunent d lebni n uwanek aḥeqqani ara d-yarren i wayen yessutur ugdud azzayri d umecwar id-wwin deg tegrawla .\nDeg tazwara n usqarqar n tmesbaniyin 1968 d win yerzan dima isdawanen ɣef umennuɣ n tuksa n uzref agejdan yerzan tilelliyin, d useggem n taɣdemt tagdudant deg tudsiwin tisartiyin ara d-yarren i wayen yessutur ugdud.\nDi tmurt-nneɣ, amennuɣ asertan n ilemẓiyen d win yettkemillen deg waṭṭas n iseggasen-a i yessen ugdud deg uzref-is n ufran n wid ara yilin d imḍebrren fell-as d utteki-nsen d tikli d tudma n rray asartan di tmurt’. D ayen id yesbegnnen, d akken iy isdawiyen d ilemẓiyen sεan amekkan muqren di yal tigawin tisartanin i yesawallen i ubeddel i tessen tmurt-nneɣ, xarṣum akked tsuta n umennuɣ asdwan iseggassen n 80 i yettakken lewhi akked tmiḍrannin n 80 war ma nettu tin n 19 mayu 1981 deg waɣir n bgayet.\nIlemẓiyen imesfarayen n RCD d wid yefkan ulawen-nsen id yeqqaren d akken amennuɣ n isdawanen di talit n tegrawla id yewwin tigawt ɣer tagara yerzan asrusu n uwannek yebɣa ugdud s wudem aḥeqqani.\nNeqḍaε ccek deg tegrawla n uzmumeg i tessen tmurt-nneɣ deg talit n 22 furar 2019 ul-is d isdawannen akked ilemẓiyen. Γas yella-d fell-asen leḥris d tyita, tikliwin n yal ussan n tlala (arim) n isdawnen tella-d tabɣest tameqrant i iḥuzan tacriḥt-a ɣef yeswi n usrusu n umecwar win ara d-yesufɣen ayen yesutur ugdud deg ubeddel asartan n talwit.\nIlemẓiyen imesfarayen n RCD d wid id yennan d akken akemmel n umennuɣ d tmaɣnest d ukccum s lebɣi n ilemẓiyen d isdawanen deg tegrawla d win ara yesawḍen ɣer wayen yessutur, win ara d-yessarssen tamurt ara yeseḥbibren ɣef izarfan xarsum wid n tsartit d wegdud ger-asen.\nAss-a, yuεεer-as i udabu ad tqabel ayen suturren ilemẓiyen d isdawanen deg lebni n lsas n lezzayer tamaynut ama s wawal neɣ s tigawt. Ugar n useggas deg imi tebda tegrawla n talwit, aṭṭas n ilemẓiyen d yesdawannen d wid i yettwakarfen di leḥbus ɣef tmentelt n tmeɣnest-nsen deg wannar. Asiwel n imsulta i imeɣnassen d tin yuɣallen d ayalas deg ukuẓ (4) n tɣemmar n tmurt, leḥkem d tugra ɣer leḥbus uεḍillen d tin yuɣallen d laεwayed n wass,xarsum imi yeḥbes lḥirak ɣef tmentelt n unfafad n covid-19, talit ifurres udabu deg taluft n uṣeffi n leḥsabat akked wid id yefɣen d imengallen-is.\nIlemẓiyen imesfarayen n RCD d wid yesbubben i udabu kra yellan n dir ɣef usexleε s taɣdemt mgal imaɣnassen, yessutur asserreḥ-nsen, war ma yečreḍ fell-asen, ɣef akk imeḥbas n rray d tsartit, d uḥbus s lεejlan n tsartit uḥbus d usexleε ɣef imaɣnassen.\nΓer tagara, taswiεt-a d tin id yellan d asmekti unmekti wis 5 ɣef usrussu n tudsa n ilemẓiyen imesfarayen. Tasqamut-a id yejemεen ilemẓiyen d imaɣnasen n RCD tettmetil amekkan n umeslay d uskasi d usekcem n ilemẓiyen deg tigawt tasartant.\nIlemẓiyen imesfarayen gzin d akken amennuɣ d tmaɣnest d uttekki deg tudsa n ilemẓiyen deg leqdic asartan d tasarut n useḥbiber ɣef umezruy n umennuɣ n yal tisuta .\nLezzayer, 19 mayu 2020.\nImsezdi aɣelnaw n ilemẓiyen imesfarayen.\nBéjaia : le BR du RCD dénonce la mainmise du wali sur l’exécutif de l’APW\nTaserwest ɣer Tmaziɣt n « AGIM N WUḌAN D YIḌ » (Asuneḍ I)


Q=9	C=9	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=6	G1=5	G2=1	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Vidyu n ḍḍiqa ddwa zi 3 al 5 snin ittwagg i lwalidin n iḥenjirn ig illan di l3umur nni. Ca n leḥwayej d timezzyanin mala iggi tent bnadem zemmarnt ad 3awnent wenni ihelken s ḍḍiqa, maca mala war tent iggi izemmar ad ggent lmacakil mɣarnt. Asizeɣ n arrabuz niɣ nneffax n ddwa s lfuta awarni ma isserd it bnadem, ittbana d ij n lḥajet war dayes walu. Maca mala teggid manaya, a tafed ddwa war i3eddu ɣar tarut n uḥenjir, minzi ilesseq x iɣesdisan n nneffax niɣ arrabuz. Ta d ij n lḥajet d tamezyant, maca muhimma aṭṭas.\nMala texsem a tẓarm ca n ṭṭtarf waha zi vidyu, tzemmarm a\ntixḍarm swadday man ṭṭarf i ɣar tẓarm\nMamec ɣar tesxedmem\nnneffax n ddwa\naziza d ddwa\ni ḍḍiqa zzat\nma a tẓeyyar\nMala iɛeṭṭar vidyu war yarẓim, izemmar ad yili internet ɣarwem war tejhid ca. mala yamenni jarrbet ca n kumpyuter nneḍni, niɣ sehwam dd lfilm danita ɣar kumpyuter nwem, niɣ laptop (portable) niɣ tablet niɣ tilifun.\nMala texsem ad tessarsem vidyu di website nwem, xzart da ḥuma ad tessnem min ɣar teggem. Tzemmarm ɛawed ad tesɣem taṣenduqt n vidyawat, dayes vidyawat s arbɛa s yilsawen marra, di DVD niɣ Blu-ray. Taṣenduqt n DVD ttegg 20 Euro, tenni n Blu-Ray ttegg 30 Euro (dayes ula d asekki)\nVidyu n ḍḍiqa ddwa zi 3 al 5 snin tegg it lmu'essasa n In4all, sadu ufus n Marja Schavemaker d Rupino Griffioen.\nL'ixraj n: Diego Pos\nFurma n vidyu d webiste (mamec ttedharn): RAV Animated Visuals


Q=12	C=6	SS=0	LS=0	PS=6	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=1	G0=23	G1=14	G2=10	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Afrḍis akimyan - Wikipedia\nYat twlaft n yan rrasm ar aɣ immal manik ayga cckl n ufrḍis akimyan\nAfrḍis akimyan nɣ Afrdis akruran (s tfransist: élément chimique) iga tagrumma n iblkimn (atoms) ttuẓlaynin s yan wuṭṭun imdn n ipruṭunn ɣ tuẓẓmt nnsn. Uṭṭun ad, ar tt nttara s Z, ar as nttini uṭṭun ablkiman n ufrdis akruran. Ar ttuswttant, ɣ tilawt, tɣariwin tikruranin n iblkimn s tuẓka nnsn talikṭrunant iqqnn s wuṭṭun n ipruṭunn n tuẓẓumt nnsn, aynna yakkan mas d iblkimn aksulnin ɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman ar asn ttiksilnt tɣariwin tikruranin. Ɣ unmgal, ẓḍarn iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan ad ilin yan wuṭṭun imzarayn n inuṭrunn ɣ tuẓẓumt nnsn, ar asn nttini ɣ waddad ad iẓutupn.\nAhidrujin, akarbun, aẓut, uksijin, uzzal, anas, aẓrf, urɣ, atg. gan ifrdisn ikrurann. Ku yan gisn ar ittugnsas s yat tngalt takrurant: H, C, N, O, F, Cu, Ag, Au, atg. S umata, ttyufan ar ɣassa 118 n ifrdisn ikrurann, zɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman 1 ar 118. Gisn 94 n ifrdisn ttusmagin f wakal ɣ wammas agaman, ilin 80 darsn s tdrsi yan uẓutup izgan (lan akk ifrdisn ad yan wuṭṭun ablkiman imẓẓiyn f nɣ igda 82 abla ifrdisn 43 d 61).\nƔiyn ifrdisn ikrurann ad munn ɣ tizi n imyaggatn ikrurann ssilɣn yat tartalla n wuddisn ikrurann. Aman, s umdya, gan tayafut n tamunt n wuksijin d uhidrujin, aynna aɣ yakkan afnuz bu tnfalit takrurant H2O — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d yan n wuksijin. Iẓḍar uhidrujin d wuksijin, ɣ tfadiwin timhlanin myallanin, ad d-fkn uddisn myallanin, zund ubiruksid n uhidrujin nɣ d aman ittsuksijinin lanin tanfalit H2O2 — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d sin n wuksijin. Ɣ unmgal, ku uddis akruran iɣy ad iry ig ifrdisn imyallan. Aman, s umdya, ẓḍarn ad ttuliktrulizan s wuksijin d uhidrujin. Da nttini i tanga tazdgant, yulɣn s iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan,tafkka tafrart. Tamggarut ad ur yallfus ad try s ifrdisn myallanin. Aya as nsmziriy gr tfkka tafrart d ufrdis akruran. S umdya, uksijin iga afrdis akruran, macc urrig nna nssn akkʷ d nna mi nttini ɣ wawal n ku ass uksijin hat tafkka tafrart ayd iga, ig yism nns unɣid asinuksijin, ar t-nsnfali s O2, bac ad imyilli d wuẓun bu tnfalit O3, igan altu tafkka tafrart; uẓun d usinuksijin gan anawn isnfliḍnann n ufrdis uksijin. Addad alugnan n yan ufrdis akruran iga-t waddad n tfkka tafrart mi tga tnfalit (Enthalpi) tanawayt n ussilɣ tanlmaḍt-akkʷ ɣ tfadiwin timagnutin n uzɣal d ussikl, igdan 0 s umsasa.\nUr yallfus ad infl ufrdis akruran s yan ufrdis yaḍn s umyagga akruran, amyagga awẓman ittusmman ammskl awẓman day ad iẓḍarn ad ig isnfl ad. Asnml ad isnfalit tikklt tamzwarut umskrura afransis Lavoisir ɣ 1789,.\nƔ 2011, tdggi tamunt tagraɣlant n tkrura tazddagt d tmsnast (UICPA) ismawn s tnglizt d iniglan ikruranen igraɣlanen n 112 n ifrdisn imzwura (s unmala n wuṭṭun awblkim). Ɣ 31 mayu n 2012, ismma UICPA sin ifrdisn yaḍn, aflirubyum Fl d ulibirmuryum Lv (uṭṭun 114 d 116). Ɣ 31 dujanbir n 2015 issuded UICPA inniy n kkuẓ n ifrdisn yaḍn, win wuṭṭunen iwblkimn 113, 115, 117 d 118, mac ur asn ifki kra n yismawn igguran. Mac ar ttwannan s yismawn imaddasn iran ad infl ad day asn ttustayn yismawn, ad tn igan d unutryum (Uut), ununbuntyum (Uuv), ununsatyum (Uus) d ununuktyum (Uuo), mac umẓn ismawn nnsn igguran ɣ 28 nuwanbir n 2016, s uzrak anihunyum (Nh), amuskubyum (Mc), atinis (Ts) d uganisun (Og).\nTaflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn[ssnfl | Snfl asagm]\nƔ takimit, Taflwit n usudr azdawan n ifrḍisn ikimayn (s tfransist: Tableau périodique des éléments, s tanglizt: Periodic table) mi nttini ula Taflwit n Mendeleïev, tga yat tflwit nna ɣ llan akk ifrḍisn ikimayn, ttuygaddan s umḍam ublkam nnsn zɣ way-mẓẓiyn s way-mqqurn, d ttuygaddan ula s tuẓkiwt talikṭrunant nnsn, nna ḍffrnt tfrisin nnsn tikruranin.\nTaflwit ad ad igan talli akk ittuysxdamn ɣ igr amassan, skrn kigan n id butussna d imassan tflwitin yaḍn smunn gis ifrḍisn ikimayn. Macc ɣwad a bahra illan d walli bahra sxdamn middn.\nTaflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn\n↑ IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements - Taflwit tawalant n ifrdisn, z dar l'IUPAC (21 innayr 2011). 9 bṛayr 2016.\n↑ ( en ) Element 114 is Named Flerovium and Element 116 is Named Livermorium\n↑ ( en ) Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 are now formally named nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og) 30-11-2016.\n↑ ( shi ) Amawal n takrura (Takimit) n Taclḥit - PDF\n↑ ( fr ) Asuɣl n umgrad : Tableau périodique des éléments :: Wikipidya tafransist\nYurrid zɣ "https://shi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrḍis_akimyan&oldid=29885"\nAsnfl iggʷran ɣ tasna ad ittyawskar ass n 24 Cutambir 2021, ɣ 15:21.


Q=4	C=0	SS=0	LS=4	PS=4	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=7	G1=5	G2=1	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=2,806 imagraden s Teqbaylit, nebɣa kteṛ !\nAmhad 26 mayyu n 2016.\nWikipedia:Amagrad n wass/Novac Doković\nIgburen n taɣara • Igburen yelhan • Tafrant • Ahil\nAɣerṣiw Lemur Catta di Legliz\nTugniwin n tɣara • Ẓer tugniwin\nIsem n Masnsen d-anamek n tafyirt "Mass nsen".\nTtwejj seg 1974, Tigzirt n Hashima (tawlaft), deg Japun, tetweḥseb am Tamdint taẓɣuɣt.\nTapirus kabomani d talmest tamecṭuḥt ugaren tid semmuset n itapiren yetmusnen, yettwaf deg useggas 2013 di Amazuniya.\nTimzikkent n Louvre-Lens Itruskiyen d Ilel Agrakal tessegrew ugar n 400 ticeqqufin, degsent Aẓekka n ubusin, idlagen n tizugar, dɣa aṭas n ibeckuren iqburen.\nAɣbaṛ • Beddel\nWikipedia d asenfaṛ n tasanayt tamazdayt i serkeben ɣef Internet, tameɣradit, agettutlayt dɣa tesexdem s amenzay n wiki. Amesɣaru n Wikipedia d tufka n ugbur ilelli. Yal yiwen yezmer at i seqdec, at i beddel, at i sileɣ.\nAsegrer n usenfaṛ agi i sbadu s imenzayen imsnulfuyen. Agbur is i seḥbiber s licence Creative Commons by-sa dɣa yezmer ad yilli yenɣel s turagt nni — ɣas ma i amesɣaru amzenzi — s leqdar n tiwtiltin.\nImira, Wikipedia s teqvaylit i ttkel 2,806 imagraden.\nYal yiwen yezmer ad i rnu s udwal agbur s weskar uqqin, ilaq kan ilugan ad illin qaderen ; amedya : aselken n ugbur naɣ asidmer n imagraden.\nLlan aṭas isevtaren n tallat, ladɣa iwakken an snulfu amagrad, an beddel asevtar naɣ an seɣred tugna. Zemrem ad sersem asteqsi.\nDeg Aɣrud, 5,883 imiḍanen n imseqdacen snulfan ɣef Wikipedia, dɣa, ger assen, 27 llan urmiden deg aggur aneggaru. Akk wid i snulfan imagraden, seqdecen s lbaṭṭel ; Sileɣen tajmaɛt tamazdayt, war aɣella, anda imedrawen Sersiyen ussisen nsen deg isenfaṛen isentalen dɣa d aṭas tallunin n amyannan.\nIsqardecen d tamawin af imagraden : ansuf yissen ! Isevtarren n amyannan seqdacen i ussegrew n tisnezgimin d timaduzin iwakken an sileɣ imagraden.\nWikipedia ur d yeḍmen ara agbur id yessuffeɣen d-agi.\nWikimedia Foundation d imefki n tnezduɣt, ur tetili ara d tamasayt n tuccḍiwin i tzemreḍ ad afeḍ ɣef usmel agi.\nYal amaẓrag d-amasay n ittekkiyen ines.\nYettwaddem seg "https://kab.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asebter_amenzawi&oldid=62593"\tUmuɣ n tunigin\nUr tekcimeḍ araAmyannan n IP-yagiContributionsCreate accountLog in\tTalluntin n isemawen\nAsebter amenzawiAwwur n timettiIsallenIbeddilen imaynutenAsebter menwalaTallaltEfk-aɣ idrimen\tPrint/export\nCreate a bookDownload as PDFTasiwelt iwakken ad timprimiḍ\tIn other projects\nWikimedia CommonsMeta-WikiWikispeciesWikidata\tIfecka\nAyen i d-yettawi ɣer daIbeddlen imaynuten n isebtar myezdinAzen afayluIsebtaren usligenAzday ur yettbeddil araTilɣa ɣef usebtarWikidata itemCite this page\tS tutlayin tiyaḍ\nCatalàČeštinaDeutschEnglishEspañolSuomiMagyarItaliano日本語한국어NederlandsPolskiPortuguêsNorsk bokmålRomânăРусскийSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнська中文\tTikkelt taneggarut i yettubeddel asebter-agi 14:46, 9 Mayyu 2016.\nAwal ɣef Wikipedia


Q=17	C=14	SS=0	LS=0	PS=3	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=20	G1=8	G2=2	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Tussna tefsus x umezruy amaziɣ (Igelliden Imaziɣen) | Le RIFAIN\nTussna tefsus x umezruy amaziɣ (Igelliden Imaziɣen)\nYura‑t: Anir Maziɣ\nDeg umegrad-a, nixḍar ad nessiɣ tfawt x igelliden imaziɣen zeg umezruy aqdim, minzi aṭṭas zzag-neɣ wer x-asen nessin walu. Inemɣmisen-a fsusen waha (nesmun-iten-dd zi talawin msebḍant) am melmi lulen d minzi twassnen…\nD agellid d alibi d amziɣ, yeḥkem Misra. Igga ddsas n tgelda i twacunt-nnes wis 22 aseggʷas n 950 zdat i Ɛisa umi yerna ifarɛunen Imasriyen. D wa d akud (950 z.ɛ) i yetwaḥsaben d beddu n useggʷas amaziɣ i yewḍen lexxu ɣer 2971. Ittwassen Cicung s tdelsa-nnes, ittwassen ula s usuger-nnes i wmenɣi n « Yeɣzar n igelliden« .\nMasinissa niɣ Massnsen, d agellid d amaziɣ, yessers ipilaren i tgeldunt n Numidya tameqqrant yemsebḍan x Qartaja. Ilul aseggʷas n 238 z.ɛ. yeddar 90 n iseggʷusa. yeḥkem 52 n iseggʷusa. Ittwassen s wawal nni yenna « Ifriqya i yifriqiyyen« .\nJugurta [D.n Gabriel de Borbon,],\nIlul aseggʷas n 160 z.ɛ. D ayyaw n Masinissa. Ttuɣa-t d amxarres ittwasnen s tiɣit-nnes d tezmart-nnes di ddin, ttuɣa-t ɛawed d ayyissan, illa itexs tagmert. Yudef deg imenɣan aked Arrum, ismun imaziɣen di tgeldunt n Numidya. Qqaren belli yemmut s laẓ deg ubniq n Ruma aseggʷas n 104 z.ɛ.\nYuba II (Yuba wis sin)\nIlul aseggʷas n 52 z.ɛ, yeḥkem tameqqurt (capital) n Muriṭanya i yellan zeg ugemmuḍ n Dzayer al iẓelmeḍ n Lmerruk amuzzur. Netta d ijjen umxarres yegma di tgeldint n Rumanya. Illa issen ad issiwel aṭṭas n tutlaytin. Yuwwi illis n Kleopatra (Tagellidt n Misra). Immut deg useggʷas n 23 z.ɛ.\narrsem Hocine Ziani.\nTetwaḥsab d yemmas n Ttwareg di Tmenrast di Dzayer. Tetwassen s wetlaɛ-nnes aṭṭas. Teḥkem di lqarn wis 4. Ism-nnes « Tinhinan » itawid s wawal n imuhag aqdim « Tamɣart n iqiḍan » niɣ « Tenni yesbeddan iqiḍan« .\nAksel (niɣ Aksil)\nD amɣar n tqebbal n Awraba d Sanhaja, yeḥkem ifriqiqya ( qqarent i Tunes d Ṭarablus d Qasṭantina n yiḍa) zi 683 al 688. Immut itwaneɣ zeg waɛraben aseggʷas n 688.\nTetwassen ɣer Iɛraben s yisem n « Lkahina« , d tameqqrant n Iznaten di Lawras. Tlul aseggʷas n 585, teḥkem Tafriqt n ufaga (Iẓẓelmeḍ n afriqya, North Africa) 35 n iseggʷusa, nettat tused awarni Aksel. Tettwassen s tmesnekkart-nnes x uḥewwas aɛrab. Temmut aseggʷas n 712.


Q=12	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=12	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=1	G0=5	G1=3	G2=2	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Γuct 2020 - Tamurt | Isallen n tmurt\nMonthly Archives: Γuct, 2020\nHand Berkouk - 18 Γuct 2020 0\nTAMURT - Ussan agi kan, yeffeɣ-d usali deg tiliẓriwin n umaḍal meṛṛa d akken Lamirat n Waɛraben Idduklen, gab-d laɛqud akken ad ddukel aka d afell-a. Iɛadda wazgen n lqern i Aɛraben n Falastin ttnaɣen d Israil ɣef akal i ten-icerken. Seg asmi i d lul tamurt n Israel, Aɛraben akken llan, ikker deg-sen ccwal imi uday yuɣal d amdan u isɛa tamurt.\nHand Berkouk - 11 Γuct 2020 0\nTAMURT - Tagi d tadyant n yiwen n uqbayli n taddart n Tiza di tama n tɣiwant n Uẓeffun. Argaz-agi, am kra n wiyaḍ, yezdeɣ s twacult-is di tmanaɣt, maca mazal-it, mačči am kra, iṭṭef di tnaṣlit-is. Ihi, wagi d Dda Areẓqi, ɣur-s seddis n dderya, semmus deg-sen d tullas, sin d arrac.\nHand Berkouk - 1 Γuct 2020 0\nTAMURT - Seg asmi Lzayer tewwi timunent-is, niɣil yakw nekni s Iqbayliyen, ilaq ad newwet akken "Lzayer ad tuɣal d tugdut", akken a nidir deg idles nneɣ, tinekkit nneɣ, izerfan nneɣ akken i llan, maca aḍabu azayri amharsan n waɛraben-inselmen yugi, ur yeffiɣ ara fell-as wanect-a.


Q=10	C=5	SS=0	LS=5	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=3	G0=10	G1=6	G2=5	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Aγmis n yimaziγen deg usentel n ukatay n turagt (liṣuns) n tmaziγt. - La Dépêche de Kabylie\nAccueil Tamazight Aγmis n yimaziγen deg usentel n ukatay n turagt (liṣuns) n tmaziγt.\nAγmis n yimaziγen deg usentel n ukatay n turagt (liṣuns) n tmaziγt.\nTasleḍt n wawalnut, awalen imerḍilen d tucḍiwin n tira deg yisebtar ‘’Aγmis n yimaziγen di ‘’La dépêche de Kabylie’’ d asentel n ukatay n turagt n tmaziγt i d-heggant, ass n larebεa iεeddan, tlata n tnelmadin n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu : Ḥacmi Nağat, Tisegwin Ğamila akked Yunsi Lidya. Di tezwert n ukatay-agi, smektant-d ciṭ n umezruy n tγamsa tamaziγt. Syin nnant-d iacimi i fernent asentel-agi. ‘’Nefren aγmis-agi d asentel n leqdic nteγ i wakken ad nexdem tazrawt d tesleḍt i tutlayt tamaziγt (taqbaylit), d wamek i tt-ttarun deg yisebtar-agi.’’\nTasleḍt-agi tebḍa γef tlata n yixfawen : asnulfu n wawalen, awalen imerḍilen, ma d ixef aneggaru yewwi-d γef tucḍiwin n tira. Di taggara fkant-d tnelmadin-agi kra n ’’tifrat’’\nIxef I : asnulfu n wawalen : mbeεed mi d-smektant amek i d-yettili usnulfu n wawalen ama s usuddem, asuddes… ɛeddant γer useγti n kra n wawalen i d-kksent seg uγmis n yimaziγen. Aseγti yella-d daxel n yiwet n tfelwit anda ara naf tucḍa d useγti ines. Di tegrayt n yixef, tinelmadin nnant :’’ugur i yellan d tira, ineγmasen ttarun s tucḍiwin.’’\nIxef II : awalen imerḍilen : deg yixef-agi, mmeslayent-d γef wansi i d-tekken wawalen imerḍilen. Γef wakken i d-urant, amur ameqqran n wawalen-agi kkan-d si taεrabt syin d tafrensist, llan ula d wid i d-yekkan si tlaṭinit s umata.\nDi tegrayt n yixef, walant : ’’imerḍilen i sseqdacen s tuget ttwareḍlen-d si taεrabt tunṣibt.’’ Γef wakken d-nnant, di&gamma,; ‘’asemres n wawalen-a yettḍurru amawal n tutlayt.’’\nIxef III : tucḍiwin n tira : deg uḥric-a, bedrent-d tucḍiwin i yettilin ama d tid yeεnan taseddast neγ timsiselt. Ad naf yal tucḍa s useγti ines di tfelwit.\nMa di tegrayt, ha-t-a wacu i d-urant (ad t-aruγ akken i t-id-urant deg ukatay ; s tucḍiwin nsent) :’’…nufa aṭas n tucḍiwin i yellan deg yimagraden n uγmis, ladγa tid n tseddast, temsiselt d tesnalγa. Neṣleḍ-iten, syen nesseγti-ten iwakken ur ttuγalen ara ad tent-xedmen ar zdat.’’\nDi taggara n ukatay, walant d akken : ’’aswir n tutlayt s wayes ttarun ixus, ur tesεi ara aswir yelhan, acku stehzayen yimeskar imi ttaken azal i yizen ugar n tutlayt, …d wagi i d ugur amenzu i yeğğan aswir n tutlayt ad yergel.’’ Ma d tifrat i d-fkant d ta :’’i wakken ad sneflin (A.Y, Aγmis n Yimaziγen) ilaq ad sneflin imagraden nsen, i wakken ad sneflin imagraden-agi ilaq ad qeεden tutlayt s wayes ttarun, i wakken ad teqεed ad d-nsumer kra n tifrat :\n– Asekcem n yiseγtayen γer uγmis i wakken ad sersen tilist i tucḍiwin-agi.\n– Ilaq ad ttuγalen yal tikelt s imawalen i wakken ad sqedcen awalen yellan di tutlayt nne&gamma,; syin ad sneqsen asexdem n wawalen ireṭṭalen.\n– Aselmed n tutlayt n tmaziγt akken iwata.\nArticle précédentLa hantise de l’envolée des prix\nArticle suivantRayane se nourrit de sa propre chair


Q=16	C=0	SS=0	LS=8	PS=8	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=3	G0=3	G1=1	G2=0	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Ixemrawen, d adlis d amaynu ittekkes tadjest x « ixemrawen » | Le RIFAIN\nIxemrawen, d adlis d amaynu ittekkes tadjest x « ixemrawen »\nDeg iyuren i yeɛdan tessufeɣ-d tamarat Tarifiyt Btsima Xbiza ittwassnen s yisem n « Siman » ijjen tsemmuḍt n tenfas tiquḍaḍin i d-yessufeɣ wammas n trezzutin d tezrawin Timaziɣin di Arrif, aked ijjen wungal n « Ad texsed » i yura Sifaw Lhanis, d usuɣel n Tmezgunt « taqnuct n wureɣ » i yegga Andic Cahid.\nAdlis n « ixemrawen » d tinfas mmernint ɣer drus n yeḍṛisen i d-yeffɣen di ddegg-a n tsekla, i di wer ttarin ca aṭṭas n Irifiyen, « ixemrawen » d ca n tenfas ttekksent tduri x ca n wudmawen zi tudert-nneɣ, x tudert n temɣarin yettwattunt, udmawen-nni min xef ttesqaran iwdan, ttagin ad x-as ssiwlen niɣ ad x-as arin, turem Siman iḍrisen-nnes s ijjen tutlayt tecna, tebna-ten mseqqem, s wawalen msettafen s tcuni, senhzzan ul, scarrawen ilem. Teqqar Siman i « Lerifain » wami tt-nesseqsa x mamec txarres ad tari tinfas-a tina :\n« ixemrawen » d ict n tɣuyyit x min di teddarent tḥudriyin d lxezrat i ɣer-sent itteg wegdud i di wer ttifent bu yixf-nnsent, taḥenjirt nettaf-itt lebda tettadar i rray n teqbilt d ddcar, wer tettif mani ɣa tegg awal-nnes jer i ijjen wegdud d awetman.\nLxezrat-a yeḥḥṣaren qqnent ɣer weswingem n yewdan, d mamec ttxarrsen, axarres-nni yegga amecnaw ca n uxmar aqqa-t ɣer-neɣ g uzellif niɣ ittekk-d zdat i tiṭṭawin wer daneɣ-itijji ad nettwala min yeknan.\nAterras mala ɣer-s ijj n wexmar di teɣmert n wexxam lebda tettaf-t itemseksi kid-s, ittwala-t d leɛfen, d lwsex. Amenni ra d lxezrat ig itteg wegdud ɣer temɣart, ixessa ad tent-nessfeḍ s marra tizemmar. Zeg uɣezdis-inu ttwaliɣ tira d ijj zeg ibriden i nzemmer ad neḍfer ḥuma ad nessiweḍ awal niɣ d tɣuyyit-nneɣ. »\nIxemrawen iwtin axmar deg weydud d amnus izdeɣ Siman, tettwala tira d ijjen uklasi n ugenfi, xminni atarras ittɛawad x laṭṭan, issufuɣ-d mayen dag-s illan, ammu das-tegga Siman.\nXminni nessawal x tessmuḍt-a ittas-d ɣer lbal Cukri niɣ d Caca, maca ass-a Irifiyen rebḥen ijjen tmarat teysi stilu ad tessiwel x min xef nitni wer zemmren ad x-as ssiwlen, tenna-d Siman i « lerifain » x usentel n tenfas-nnes belli mayen ittemsaren deg wegdud d tuɛeffna d mamec iḥegger x temɣart, yejji-itt ad x-as tessreɣ tifawin, maḥend aydud ad ittwala ixef-nnes di tisit, zzag-s itnurẓum wazzareg mani nzemmer ad d-nemharwaḍ x manaya s taryazt, bla tiggwdi, tenna Siman:\n« Asentel i xef ssiwleɣ g ixemrawen aṭṭaṣ i t-ittwalan d tareẓẓit n ṭṭabu, d ijj zeg isental i xef yella wefrag ixessa wer x-asen nessiwil, maca xmi i ɣa tteslid i « tmeggant» teqqar aqa baba-s yekkerfes x-as d nettat d taḥenjirt d tameẓẓyant, niɣ d « tacicawt » i wumi tettwaterrec tudert s wassaɣ n tɣensa x tɣawsa tamaziɣt d izerfan n ufgan, manaya wer nzemmer ad x-as nesseɣd illa mala necc-a wul-nneɣ, mala d tidet neksi yamnus n tlelli,\nam mamec yenna wmara yameqqran Cukri : « nec ddreɣ di tamara zi temẓi, cciɣ zi tzubayin, ikkerfes xaf-i baba aṭṭaṣ s uya wer trajim zzag-i ad arriɣ x nnewwac d tfarttutin d marra min yellan d asebḥan ».\nIqqim ad neydar ila Siman tettwaḥsab zi stilawat i yudrusen di Arrif ig ittarin s Tmaziɣt, ad tt-nerni ɣer Lmerraqi, Lweryaci, Meryami, Aɛrab d Farisi.