Q=1	C=0	SS=0	LS=1	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=3	G0=210	G1=175	G2=92	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=(imalas n 17 Mayyu gher 23 Mayyu 2009)\nAfra d awal amaziγ ay sseqdacen deg tcelḥit, anamek-nnes ”talwit, lehna”, yerna yes-s ay nefren ad d-nebdu awal-nneγ deg wuṭṭun-a amaynut n Tebṛat n Yimedyazen, akk-n a d-nebdu tagjedit-nneγ, imi ay nessaram ad yili wefra, ad tili lehna deg tudert-nneγ, i wakk-n ad nezmer ad nkemmel ay-n ay d-nebda, ncalleh.\nAṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay iγab weγmis-nneγ, Tabṛat n Yimedyazen, ay yellan, naqal, itteffeγ-d yal dduṛt ed yessawal-d, s umata, γef yilsawen n tdersiyin (minorités) n umaḍal ed ttejṛibat ay n yiγerfan-nsen (ccuεub) akk-n ad ten-snernin. Deg tazwara, nella nessaram ad t-nebdu aγmis-a i wakk-n ur iḥebbes, maca tignatin ay γef yezmer ad d-yekk wemdan neγ tarbaεt n yemdanen ay iqeddcen ttemgerradent mliḥ seg tallit γer tayeḍ, yerna d ay-a ay aγ-yejjan ad neḥbes aγmis-nneγ.\nIswan n weγmis-nneγ mazal-iten d wid-nni n zik, yerna nezmer ad ten-id-njemmel, s umata am wakk-a: nebγa ad nesnerni iles amaziγ, ama s yisalan (lexbarat) ay d-nettawey deg weγmis-nneγ (imi ay-n ay inefεen iγerfan niḍen deg wesnerni n yilsawen-nsen yezmer ad aγ-yenfeε ula d nekni), am wakk-n ay nebγa ad nerr iles amaziγ d win ay yes nezmer ad nessiweḍ tamussni akk-n ay tt-nessawaḍ s yilsawen imuddiren niḍen. Nnig way-a, nebγa daγen ad naru s yiwen n yiles ay yes ara neεreḍ ad ssemqarab, akk-n nezmer, tintalyin (dialectes) timaziγin yemgerraden, i wakk-n ad yifsus ugar wemsefham gar Yimaziγen s yiles-nsen.\nAmezruy n yiles akurdi\nImassanen isdawanen (universitaires) ay yeγran γef umezruy n Yikudriyen, msefhamen akk γef tmuγli ay d-yeqqaren Ikurdiyen d aγref (cceεb) aqbur. D luluf n yiseggasen ay-a seg wasmi ay ddren Yikurdiyen deg tmurt-nni umi qqaren « dduḥ n tγerma (civilisatiion) n yemdanen », yerna llan zedγen tamurt-a qbel ad bdun yemdanen ttarun amezruy. Mi ara nγer amezruy, ad nẓer aṭas n tγermiwin ifazen ay d-yettusbedden deg tmurt n Yikurdiyen ed tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as, am tin n Tgersaft (Mésopotamie), taγerma n Yihittiyen, tin n Yiḥuriyen, taγerma n Yikarduciyen, tin n Yimittaniyen, tin n Yiṛartiyen ed tin n Yisasaniyen. Nnig way-a, aṭas seg ddyanat timeqranin ay yeddren deg tmurt n Yikurdiyen, am tmitrayit (ddyana n weεbad n tafukt), tamazdayit (tazaratuctit), ddyanat n yedrugen (mystères), ddyana tudayt, tamasiḥit, tamanikiyit ed Lislam. Ar ass-a, deg Kurdistan, nezmer ad naf aṭas n trebbaε ay yettḍafaren ddyanat ay deg xelḍen aṭas n ledyan seg wid-nni ay d-nebder sufella-a, am Yiyazdiyen, Ikakayiyen (wid umi γγaren Yarsan neγ Ali-Haqq, « Ayt Tidet »), Aleviyen, Icabaken, Isarayiyen, Ibajwanen, Ihaqqaten, atg. yerna tirebbaε-a akk sskanent-d timmeṛkantit n yedles ay d-weṛten Yikurdiyen.\nIkurdiyen uraren dduṛ d ameqran deg umezruy n Wegmuḍ (Ccerq), ama qbel neγ sdeffir n unnerni n Lislam, deg lqern wis sebεa. Sdeffir ma yekcem weḥric seg Yikurdiyen γer Lislam, Ikurdiyen inselmen εawnen tiwaculin n lḥekkam taεṛabin, tifarsiyin ed treṛkiyin akk-n ad d-sbeddent iwunak-nsent) (ddulat) yerna qlilit yiγerfan inselmen ay igan ay-a war ma nudan ula d nitni γef nnfeε-nsent. I wakk-n ad d-nekf kra n yimedyaten (lemtul), assebded n Uwanak Aεebbasi yella-d s uεiwen n Ukurdi Abu Muslim Xurasani deg useggas n 750, ma d Ṣlaḥeddin (1137 – 1193), yessaweḍ ad yessuffeγ Inmudag (Croisés) seg Falesṭin deg lqern wis tnac ; Awanak Aṣ̣afawi (1501/2 – 1736) deg tezwara n lqern wis 16 d Ismaεil Cah Ṣafi ay t-id-yesbedden, yerna aneggaru-a yella d memmi-s n Ccix Ṣafi, ccix n yiwet n ṭṭariqa n Yiderwicen, am wakk-n assebded n Umenkud (Empire) Aεetmani yella-d s uεiwen n tegludniwin timzirag (principautés indépendantes) n Yikudriyen. Yuγ lḥal, tigludniwin-nni ddukklent ed Twacult Taεetmanit deg 1515, sdeffir n yimenγi-nni mechuṛen n Caldiran, ay deg Iεetmaniyen, s uεiwen n Yikurdiyen, rnan Ifarsiyen, yerna akk-n ay d-yettussebded Umenkud Aεetmani.\nAy-n ay ssawḍen Yikurdiyen ad t-gen deg yinurar n tsertit (politique) ed yimenγi i lmend n ljiran-nsen d aḥric kan seg way-n ay yes d-ttekkan deg umezruy ; wanag imassanen Ikurdiyen ttekkan-d daγen mliḥ deg wesnerni n yedles aεṛab, idles afarsi ed yedles ateṛki, yerna attekki-nsen deg wesnerni n Lislam seg wakk-n meγγer, armi ula d amassan-nni mechuṛen n Lislam, Al-Γazali, asmi ay d-isemma ṛebεa seg yemdanen ay yettwali d « tigejda n yedles ineslem », tlata deg-sen d Ikurdiyen. Maca seg zik ay gren yibeṛṛaniyen tamawt i Yikurdiyen ur qdicen akk-n ad snernin iles ed yedles-nsen. Camsaddin Sami, ay yellan d amaru n tekṛuniyin (chroniqueur) aεetmani, yura-d deg lqern iεeddan deg ”Qamus al-Aalam” (Amawal n Yismawen) :\n« Akk Ikurdiyen yeγran lhan-d ed yiles aεṛab neγ afarsi, ma d iles-nsen qqnen allen-nsen fell-as”.\nΓef umedya (lemtel), amassan akurdi ineslem Ccix Marifi Node (yi) Barzinji (1733 – 1838) yura-d ugar n 46 n yedlisen imeqranen s taεṛabt ed tfarsit. Idlisen-a yura-ten-id γef lfiqh, imenzayen (principes) ed ladeb n tmussni, tamussni n ddin, tasnallunt (astronomie), tafilulujit ed tsekla. Node (yi) Barzinji yedder armi 85 n yiseggasen yerna yura-d yiwen kan n wedlis s tkurdit: d tamawalt tamecṭuḥt s taεṛabt ed tkurdit deg-s kra n tmeyyatin n wawalen. Deg tezzwert n wedlis-nnes, Barzinji yura-d s tfarsit ssebba ay γef t-id-yura : ”I wakk-n memmi, Aḥmad, ad yelmed tamawalt (lexique) n taεṛabt s tefses. Yerna γef way-a ay as-ssemmaγ i wedlis-a Aḥmadiyya”.\nD ay-n yessewhamen mi ara nẓer deg tegludniwin-nni (principautés) tikurdiyin timzirag (indépendantes) am tin n Yihasnaγiyen (ay d-sbedden deg 959), Idostakiyen (990-1096), atg. iles unṣ̣ib (officiel) ur yelli d takurdit. D acu kan, takurdit teqqim d nettat ay d iles n weγref (cceεb) yerna d netta ay d ttawil n wemsefham gar wegdud ed yemḍebbren-nnes. Tijjin ay jjan Yikurdiyen iles-nsen ed lqella n wazal ay as-kfan d ay-n ay d-yejjan lateṛ n diri deg Yikurdiyen, yerna ay-a nezmer ad as-nḥulfu ar ass-a. Ar ass-a werεad nefhim ayγer Ikurdiyen ay yeγran sqedcen tamussni-nsen akk-n ad nefεen d iles ed yedles n wiyaḍ, neγ, akk-n d-ttinin, “aγenja-nsen γer beṛṛa ay yettseqqi”. Da, s tewzel kan ara d-nessiwel γef way-a, imi ta d tamsalt niḍen, yerna d tin ay yeqqnen ay deg nettnadi daγen ad nefhem d acu ay d ssebba ay yejjan Ikurdiyen yeγran ur zemmren (neγ ur beγγun) ad d-awyen tamussni n yiγerfan niḍen γer Kurdistan i wakk-n ad rren aγref-nsen d ”Aεṛab” neγ d ”Afarsi” ugar. Akk-n yebγu yili, lemmer yiwen ur d-yessawal γef yiman-nnes, yerna ur yettnadi γef nnfeε-nnes, d wiyaḍ ara igen ay-a deg wemkan-nnes, yerna ad t-gen akk-n yeεwej. Dγa d ay-a ay yejjan iγerfan niḍen ad d-snulfun, seg zik n zik, timucuha ur nelli akk-n ad d-sfehmen laṣ̣el n Yikurdiyen, neγ akk-n ad sseγlin s wazal n yiles akurdi. Maca d d-nessiwel kan s tewzel γef temsalt-a: azal n walef n yiseggasen ay qqimen yenmezruyen (historiens) aεṛaben am Al-Masεudi (ay yemmuten deg 956/7), Ibn Hawqal (ay yemmuten deg tizi n 977), atg. qqaren-d lejdud n Yikurdiyen d leṛwaḥ. Amedyaz Al-Firdusi ay yellan yettaru isefra imeqranen (932? – 1020), yella yettwali Ikurdiyen deg usefru-nnes “Cahname” (Adlis n Ugellid) d arraw n yelmeẓyen-nni ay iselken seg ugellid amesbaṭli Zohak (Ajdahak) ay yellan itteddu ad asen-yebbi iγfawen-nsen, yerna ssawḍen ad rewlen γer yidurar. Xuja Sadaddin (1537-1599), amefti ateṛki n Umenkud Aεetmani (Empire Ottoman) yura-d deg wedlis-nnes “Taj ul-Tawarix” (Aqacuc n Yimezruyen):\n“D Ṛebbi ay yebγan akk-n Ikurdiyen ur zemmren ad d-sbedden awanak (ddula) imi, yiwet n tikkelt, yusa-d yiwen n wergaz d ucmit aṭas yerna yessexlaε, yerza-d γef nnbi Muḥemmed. Nnbi yexleε yerna yesseqsa argaz-nni seg wansi ay d-yusa. Inebgi-nni yenna-as, s leεqel ed s leḥdaqa, “nekk d Akurdi”. Dγa yerfed nnbi iγef-nnes s igenni, yenna-d ”Ad yeg Ṛebbi ur ttdukkulen Yikurdiyen; imi tadukli-nsen tezmer ad tili d ssebba I nnger ddunit”.\n[Yuγ lḥal, aṭas n wid ay d-yettinin awalen werjin yenna-ten-id Nnbi Muḥemmed, taẓallit ed sslam n Ṛebbi fell-as, yerna ay-a d leḥṛam ameqran deg ddin n Lislam]\nKra ṛuḥen mebεid deg tḥeqranit n tnettit (identité) ed yiles akurdi, am wakk-n ay nezmer ad t-nẓer deg usefru-a aγerfan (populaire) ay d-yettussuqqlen seg tfarsit:\nTaεṛabt d “llif” ed “lba”\nTafarsit (ẓidet) am sskeṛ\nTateṛkit d ccγel n lfenn\nTakurdit d turriḍt n weγyul\nD ay-n ibanen aggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen ḥeqren ed rran deg rrif iles akurdi, yerna γef way-a ay ggtent tmucuha ed tkerkas (lekdubat) γef Yikurdiyen. Ad d-nernu kan yiwen n umedya (lemtel) i wakk-n ad d-nessiweḍ takti. Win ay d-yesbedden ddyana tabahayt, Bahaullah (1817-1892), yedder sin n yiseggasen deg Kurdistan (1854-1856). Deg tallit-nni, Bahauddin yerra iman-nnes d aderwic (derγiche), isemma i yiman-nnes “Muḥemmed”, yerna yella yeγγar-as i yiles akurdi ”iles n Adem”. Yenna-d Adem yella yessawal s tkurdit imi, γef leḥsab-nnes, takurdit “ur telli γer-s tjeṛṛumt”. Bahaullah ur aγ-d-yenni d acu n yiles ay yessawel Adem ed tmeṭṭut-nnes Ḥewwa. Yerna nebγa lemmer ay aγ-d-yenni d acu-t yiles ay tella tessawal Ḥewwa ; imi nnbi Bahaullah ur aγ-d-ixebber γef way-a. D acu kan, iles d ay-n ay d-itteg leεqel n wemdan. Yal iles deg umaḍal (menγir tesperantot) yebda-d s wawal, ed yettusseqdec d ttawil i ttjaṛa ed teγwalt (communication). Sakk-in γef leḥsab n tegnatin n umezruy, iles-nni yellan deg wawal kan yezmer ad yeqqel d iles yettwarun. Tikkal, tignatin-a n wesnerni n yiles seεεunt tilisa deg tmetti (société). Maca tikkal, ddin yezmer ad yurar dduṛ, am wakk-n tasertit, tadamsa (économie) neγ ula d tasnafsit (psychologie) neγ mi ara ddukklent akk ti, zemrent ad εawnent iles akk-n ad yennerni ed yeqqel d iles yettwarun. D acu kan, nettwali ssebba tameqrant ay yejjan kra n yilsawen n tallit taqburt ad nnernin netta d ddin, imi d netta ay yejjan ilsawen-nni ay yellan naqal d itlayen (oraux) ad qqlen ttwarun, sakk-in, asmi ay bdan ttarun-ten, ssizγen-ten (standardiser). Ikurdiyen yessekf kan ad mmuqqlen γer ljiran-nsen akk-n ad ẓren ay-a. Ameγdaḍ (missionnaire) amasiḥi Mesrop Mashthotz d netta ay d-yesnulfan tirawt taṛminit deg useggas n 406 i wakk-n ad yaru iḍrisen (textes) n ddin amasiḥi s taṛminit. Deg ddyana tineslemt, Leqran, ay d-yettunezzlen s tentala (dialecte) n Yiqurayciyen, yerra tantala-a d nettat ay d iles n wakk Aεṛaben.\nAkk-n ay d-nenna sufella-a, Kurdistan, seg zik n zik, tella-d d tamurt n ddyanat yemgerraden. Anadi deg ddyanat-nni tikurdiyen ay deg xelḍen waṭas n ledyan yemgerraden yesskan-aγ-d d ddyana tamazdayit (tazaratuctit) ay yellan d ddin icaεen aṭas γer Yikurdiyen n tallit taqburt. Wid ay yessnen ddin-a ẓran iḍrisen (textes) imqeddsen n tmazdiyit ttwarun s taγestit [d iles aqbur n Iṛan]. Γef leḥsab-inu, taγestit d iles ay seg ay d-yekka yiles akurdi. Ẓriγ llan wid ur iyi-nettwafaq deg wanect-a, maca ttwaliγ wi d imdanen ur neγri takurdit s telqey yerna ur ṭṭifen talemmast deg tmuγliwin-nsen. Wanag lemmer ssalqyen tamussni-nsen deg tkurdit ed ad ḍefren abrid n tussna, ad ttuqennεen, am nekk, s tmuγli ay d-yeqqaren iles aγesti llan ssawalen-t deg Kurdistan, ma ulac yessekf ad d-sfehmen akk-n niḍen laṣ̣el n yiles akurdi, yerna ur zmiren ad as-d-afen laṣ̣el niḍen ma maci d iles aγesti. Ihi, lemmer ad nemsefham Ikurdiyen ur llin d arraw n leṛwaḥ yerna ur d-γlin seg yigenni am lmalaykat, akk-n d-qqaren « yimassanen » aεṛaben ed yifarsiyen ay « inudan », yessekf ad nesteεṛef Ikurdiyen d imdanen ay yeddren seg zik n zik deg tmurt taqburt n Yimidiyen, yerna seg tallit taqburt ay ḍefren ddyana tamazdiyit ed llan ssawalen iles aγesti. D ay-n yessefṛaḥen imi taggara-a, inadiyen ttuwehhan γer webrid-a ay yettakfen lḥeqq i tmuγli-nneγ ay γef neqqim acḥal nessawal, ladγa inadiyen n Kirmashan, d amassan ay d-ilulen deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Kurdistan, ed Imadaddin Dolatshahi ay yeγran γef yismawen n yidurar ur εqilen anda ay d-zgan, d ismawen ay d-yekkan seg yiles aγesti. Aneggaru-a yessken-d, s webrid n tfilulujit (philologie), idurar-a d wid ay d-yezgan deg Kurdistan n wass-a, yerna neṣ̣ṣ̣ḥeγ-ken mliḥ ad teγrem adlis-nnes ay yura s yiles afarsi.\nAla aḥric amecṭuḥ seg yiles akurdi ay yettwazerwen (étudié). I wakk-n ad neg inadiyen deg yiles akurdi, yessekf ad d-nessebded Asudu n Tezrawin (Instituts d’études) Tikurdiyin, maca ass-a, ur yelli wemkan deg umaḍal anda ay yella Usudu seg ṣ̣ṣ̣enf-a. Ula d tlata-nni n tesdawiyin n Kurdistan n wenẓul (sud) (Dihok, Hawler ed Sulaymaniyya), ay d-yessebded unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akurdi yerna d netta ay tent-yesseddayen deg way-n akk-n umi γγaren ”Tama Takurdit” [deg Σiraq], ur yelli deg-sent usudu neγ agezdu (département) i tussna n yiles akurdi. Deg tesdawiyin-a, am deg waṭas n tesdawiyin Tuṛufiyin (am tin n Paris, gar tiyaḍ), sselmaden iles, tasekla ed tikkal, amezruy n Yikurdiyen. Maca ay-a ur yeεdil ed mi ara slemden « tussna n tkurdit » (kurdologie). Neqsed-d s « tussna »-a azraw (étude) n yiles akurdi seg yidis n umezruy yerna s webrid n tussna. Lemmer ur nettqaran s telqey yerna s webrid iṣ̣eggmen takurdit ed tiṛanit taqburt, tiṛanit talemmast ed tiṛanit tatrart, ur nezmir ad d-nini tella « tussna n yiles akurdi » n tidet.\nYessekf ad nẓer “tussna n tkurdit” deg Σiraq, ladγa deg tallit n leḥkem n ukabar n Baεt, tella tettwagdel (tettwamneε). Yella ttesriḥ i welmad n yiles akurdi deg Tesdawit n Beγdad ed Sulaymaniyya (umi semman ass-a Hawler), maca yella yettwagdel γef yiwen ad d-yini takurdit seg twacult n yilsawen iṛaniyen neγ ad iqaren s webrid n tfilulujit gar tkurtdit ed yilsawen iṛaniyen, yerna ay-a mazal-it ar ass-a. Win ara igen ay-a llan ḥessben-t neγ ula ass-a ad t-ḥesben d win “ay yebγan ad yebḍu tamurt” neγ d win yeddan ed tekta n « ccuεubiyya » [win yekfan azal ala i weγref-nnes/cceεb]. Maca ass-a, llant tlata n tesdawiyin seddaw n leḥkem n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akurdi (deg Tama Takurdit), yerna yettwaḍmen, meqqar deg yiwet seg-sent, Tasdawit n Ṣlaḥeddin, ad ldin deg-s agezdu (département) n tussna n tkurdit. Yuγ lḥal, yessekf ad nessutter seg weγlif (ministère) n tteṛbiyya n Kurdistan ad yeg akk ay-n yezmer i wakk-n ad yebḍu Agezdu n Tezrawin Tikurdiyin seg Tesdawit n Tasekla, ed ad d-yessebded Tasdawit n Tussna n Tkurdit i yiman-nnes. Amgerrad gar « Tezrawin Tikurdiyin » ed « Tussna n Tkurdit » yessekf ad iban i yal yiwen.\nMaca imir-a, ad d-neqqel γer temsalt-nneγ, tin n umezruy n yiles akurdi ed wamek ay iεedda seg tegnit n yiles atlay (oral) γer tin n yiles yettwarun. Cwiṭ kan sdeffir tmattant n Nnbi Muḥemmed, imgarayen aεṛaben, s tekbabt (taεellamt) n Lislam, bdan ttnaγen ed Yisasaniyen akked Yibizenṭiyen akk-n ad ten-sseγlin, yerna Ikurdiyen ay yellan ddren deg tmiwa-nni, ufan-d iman-nsen deg tlemmast n wenrar n yimenγi. Ikurdiyen qqimen d leqrun ttnaγen mgal Lislam, maca cwiṭ, cwiṭ, yeqqel umur amqran deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen. Akk-n ay d-nenna yagi, deg tallit-nni, iles ed yedles akurdi rran-ten waggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen deg yidis, yerna d ay-a yessaweḍen amedyaz ed ufelsuf akurdi Ahmadi Khanie (1650 /51 – 1706/7), win umi γγaren ”Shakespeare n Yikurdiyen”, ad d-yaru ungal-nnes « Mam ed Zin ». Deg wungal-nni iwet-d deg waggagen ikurdiyen yerna yenna-d, s lqerḥ, Ikurdiyen qqlen d « igujilen », ma d iles-nsen ay rran deg yidis ḥesben-d d « adaruγ » (nnḥas) (deg lweqt ay deg iles n leḥkem ḥesben-t d « ureγ ».\nD acu kan, Ikurdiyen-nni ur neqbil Lislam llan ttwalin iles ed yedles ikurdiyen akk-n niḍen. Deg tazwara, imḍebbren Aεṛaben ay iḥekmen Kurdistan steεṛfen s ddyana tazaratuctit ed ḥesben-tt d « Ddyana n Wedlis », d acu kan, sakk-in, zgan-d mgal (contre) ddyana tazaratuctit. Ikurdiyen-nni ay ikemmlen ttḍafaren ddyana tazaratuctit terra-ten tmara ad ffren ddyana-nsen, dγa d ay-nni ay yejjan ad d-nnulfunt, deg Kurdistan, ddyanat-nni ay deg xelḍen ledyan yemgerraden, akk-n ay d-nebder sufella-a (am Tyazdit, Tayarsant, atg.).\nIkurdiyen inselmen rran taεṛabt d iles-nsen n ddin, maca kemmlen sseqdacen takurdit deg tudert-nsen n yal ass. Seg tama niḍen, Ikurdiyen ur neqqil d Inselmen kemmlen ṭṭfen deg yiles-nsen akurdi i lmend n ddyanat-nsen ed leεwayed ay yeqqnen γer-sent. Ma deg way-n yerzan tira, Iyazdiyen snulfan-d tira-nsen tuffirin ay yes uran idlisen-nsen imqeddsen, wid umi γγaren « Jalwa » (Lewḥi) ed « Mahaf Rash » (Adlis Aberkan).\nMa d tirebbaε tidyaniyin niḍen am tin n Yiyarsanen, γef umedya (lemtel), sqedcen tira n taεṛabt s talγa-nnes tafarsit akk-n ad arun ddker-nsen n ddin s yiles akurdi.\nIkurdiyen ur nekcim γer Lislam ufan-d amek ara d-sbedden adasil (dogme) ara yeqqnen gar laṣ̣el-nsen, iles-nsen ed tmurt-nsen. Wa d yiwen n umedya (lemtel) :\nΓef leḥsab n Yizadiyen, nitni s timmad-nsen ttwaxelqen-d seg zzerriεa n Adem, imi Adem s timmad-nnes yella d argaz yerna d tameṭṭut γef teswiεt, deg lweqt ay deg akk iγerfan niḍen lulen-d seg jjwaj ay d-yellan gar Adem ed Ḥewwa. Taddart n « Lalish » ay d-yezgan γef tqacuct n wedrar ay yesεan isem-a (deg tama n Shekhan, deg tlemmast n Kurdistan) d amkan imqeddes γer Yiyazdiyen imi adrar-nni ttwalin-t d tanezduγt tamezwarut n Ṛebbi, sakk-in Ṛebbi yeqqim tlatalaf n yiseggasen deg yiwen n uγerrabu, deg yilel (lebḥep). Γef leḥsab n Yiyazdiyen, Ṛebbi irezzu-d γef wid ay iḍefren ddin-nsen tikkelt i useggas, deg tefsut, deg tmeγra n Yiγef n Useggas-nsen, tin umi γγaren « Sarsal », ed tin ay sfugulen (célébrer) deg wass n Laṛebεa tamezwarut n Yebrir. Irezzu-d fell-asen akk-n ad yessiwel yid-sen γef lmektub n useggas ara d-itteddun, meḥsub ad asen-d-yekf isalan n Useggas Amaynut γef tegnit (lqaεa) ed wakk ay-n ay izedγen sufella-s, am wakk-n ay itteg yid-sen leεqed n « Leεwayed » ed « Uxelleṣ̣ n Tiwsi » (impôt). Ṛebbi yessawal yid-sen s tkurdit. Ula d wid ay yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant ttamnen s wanect-a. Yerna ttamnen wid ay yettḍafaren ddin-nsen d nitni ay d iwḥiden ay yessnen “sser n Ṛebbi ur d-nettusawal”, yerna γef leḥsab-nsen, Nnbi n Lislam, Muḥemmed, ad yili yelmed-d “sser”-nni sγur-sen, maca aneglus (lmelk) Pir Binyamen, iγef n “Sebεa n Yineglusen” n Yarsan, ay yesεan n dduṛ n “alter ego” n Ṛebbi, d Ṛebbi s timmad-nnes ay as-yekfan “sser”-nni yerna Netta yekfa-t s yiles akurdi I wid ay yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant, dγa s way-a ay teqqel tkurdit d iles imqeddes. Menγir ay-a, llant aṭas n tugniwin tiwamyiyin (personnages mythiques) deg ddyana tayarsant am Baba-Nawus, Sultan Sahak (d ṣ̣ṣ̣ifat n Ṛebbi), neγ Dayirak, yemma-s n Ṛebbi ay d-ilulen deg Kurdistan. D yemma-s n Ṛebbi ay d-yurwen Sultan Sahak war “ma yennul-itt yiwen”, yerna Ikurdiyen qqaren-d tella s tidet, d yiwet n tlemẓit seg lεeṛc n Jaf.\nHennelore Kṭchler, ay yeγran s webrid ussnan (scientifique) γef wamek ay ttwalin Yikurdiyen iman-nsen, tessken-d deg yiwet n tesleḍt (analyse) ifazen n uduktuṛa-nnes deg Tesdawit Tilellit n Berlin, amek Iyazdiyen, Iyarsanen ed trebbaε tidyaniyin niḍen n Kurdistan “d tirebbaε ay yettakfen aṭas n wazal i yiman-nsent”. Γef leḥsab-nnes nettat, timuγliwin-nni ay yes qqnen Yikurdiyen iman-nsen γer ddyanat-nsen d tid ay d-yekkan seg “tmuγli-nni n tḥeqranit ay sεan Waεṛaben γef laṣ̣el n Yikurdiyen”.\nTalalit n Lislam ed unnerni-nnes deg Kurdistan deg lqern wis sebεa n Sidna Εisa d ay-n ay yuraren dduṛ ameqran deg umezruy n Yikurdiyen. Deg tallit-nni, Ikurdiyen ay iḍefren ddyanat ay deg xelḍen ledyan yemgerraden roan-d asalu, ed zwaren arraw n tmurt-nsen ay yeqqlen d inselmen, deg wesnulfu n tira i yiles-nsen. D acu kan, imi llant aṭas n trebbaε tidyaniyin tikurdiyin yemgerraden yerna ur yelli tsudut (institution) ara yesdukklen tirawt takurdit, yal tarbaεt tadyanit tura ddyana-nnes s tentala-nnes (dialecte) yerna s tirawt-nnes. Γef way-a, aṭas n leṣ̣naf n tira ay d-yennulfan. Tantala taguṛanit turar dduṛ s wazal-nnes deg way-a, imi iḍrisen (texts) iqburen akk s yiles akurdi deg tallit n Lislam ttwarun s tentala-a, yerna llan d iḍrisen n ddin. Wi d isefra n ddker imqeddsen n Yiyarsanen am “Dawra-I Bahlul (Tallit n Bahlul), d win ay d-yettwarun deg tizi n useggas 800. Tirawt n yeḍrisen n ddin n Yiyarsanen tebda-d deg tallit-nni, yerna tkemmel armi d lqern wis seṭṭac. Iḍrisen-nni llan d idlisen yemgerraden, yal yiwen i yiman-nnes, yerna yiwen seg wid yesεan azal meγγren akk d “Daftar-i Pirdiγari” (Aḍris n Pirdiγari), imi ay d-qqaren d Sultan Sohak ay t-yuran. Amur ameqran seg yeḍrisen-a ttwarun s tesrit mm tmeγrut (prose avec rime), yerna ttwajemεen-d akk deg yiwen n wedlis isem-nnes “Saranjam”. Deg wedlis n “Saranjam” llan daγen yeḍrisen n tesrit ay d-iḥekkun γef Wexlaq ed weεbad deg ddyana tayarsant. Aḥric-nni ay yettwarun s tesrit mm tmeγrut isem-nnes “Klam”. Ifyar-nni (γers) n tesrit mm teγrut qqaren-ten-id s ccna. Kra seg yeḥricen n “Saranjam” yessuffeγ-iten-id umassan akurdi Sadiq Safi-Zadeh Borakayi ay iqeddcen deg Ṭehran, ay ten-yeγran yerna yessuqqel-d kra seg-sen γer tfarsit.\nDdyana tayarsant tεedda-d γef yiwet n tallit n ujjujjeg ay yeṭṭfen acḥal n leqrun deg Kurdistan, ladγa deg tegludna (principauté) n Ardalan. Tagludna-a d Bawa Ardalan ay tt-id-yesbedden deg lqern wis ṛbeεṭac. Timiwa n Zardiawa (Karadagh), Khanaqin, Kirkuk led Kifrin ay yellan deg tallit-nni yagi d timura n Yikurdiyen Iguṛanen, llant akk d aḥric seg tegludna-a. Tamaneγt n tegludna n Ardalan d tamdint n Sharazur, d tamdint ay deg ass-a, madden ssawalen Takurdit takurmanit talemmast (d tin umi qqaren “tasuṛanit”). Imi ddyana tunṣ̣ibt (officielle) n tegludna-nni d tayarsant yerna imi ddyana-a tella teqqen γer tentala (dialecte) taguṛanit, teqqel tguṛanit d iles unṣ̣ib n Yikurdiyen deg tama ay nezmer ad d-nini meγγret deg Kurdistan. Daγen, tayarsant tella d ddyana n tmetti (société) yerna ay-a yurar dduṛ, imi wid ay yellan ttεafaren-tt llan seg Yikurdiyen igellilen akk yerna d ay-a ay yejjan kra seg Yikurdiyen ay yessawalen takurmanjit talemmast ad sseqdacen, ula d nitni, taguṛanit. Sultan Sahak, Ṛebbi n ddyana tayarsant, qqaren-d yettzulu (saluer) seg temdint n Barzinja medden ay yellan yessawalen, yerna mazal ssawalen ar ass-a takurmanjit talemmast (tasuṛanit). Γas ma yella imezdaγen n Barzinja ṭṭfen deg tentala-a, maca ttγimin-d d tasurif (exception). Asselmed n ddyana tayarsant yejja taguṛanit ad tezreε mliḥ, ladγa gar yigellilen. Nnig way-a, aṭas seg Yikurdiyen yeγran yellan ddren beṛṛa i tmiwa anda ay ssawalen taguṛanit, d taneggarut-a ay yeqqlen d iles-nsen n tira. Lemmer ad nekkes amedyaz-nni aṣ̣ufi ameqran, Baba Tahiri Hamadani (935-1010) ay yuran isefra-nnes ay mechuṛen (Pubaiyat) yiwen n yiles ay deg texleḍ tlakit, talurit ed tguṛanit, ad nwali imedyazen mechuṛen akk n ddyana tayarsant llan ttarun kan s tentala taguṛanit. Gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Bawa Yadigar (ilul-d deg Sharazur deg lqern wis tmanya), Yal-Bagi Jaff (1493-1554) ed Khan Almas Khani Luristani (1662-1728). Sin-a ineggura ay d-nebder mechuṛit s yisefra-nsen ay yes caren γef yimal (futur) n Iṛan, Agmuḍ (Ccerq) ed umaḍal. Aṭas n yimedyazen Ikurdiyen inselmen niḍen, seg leqrun iqburen, uran s tguṛanit, am Mala Pareshani Kurd (yella mazal yedder deg 1398/99). Wa yella d Ineslem aciεi ay d-yezgan mgal (contre) n ddyana tayarsant ed Yiderwicen. Imedyazen niḍen am Saidi Hawrami (1784-1842) ed Mala Abdul-Rahimi Mawlawi Taγgozi (1806-1882) uklalen daγen ad ten-id-nebder. Sin-a ineggura llan d imedyazen ikurdiyen mechuṛen yerna d Inselmen isunniyen, yerna yessekf ad d-nger tamawt Inselmen isunniyen ed Yiderwicen llan mseεdawen mliḥ ed wid yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant. D acu kan, γas llan aṭas n Yikurdiyen isunniyen ed waṭas n ṭṭayfat n Yiderwicen ikurdiyen, ay-a ur yeḥbis tantala taguṛanit seg unnerni. Deg tegludna (principauté) n Ardalan, tejjujjeg tsekla (littérature) yerna yejjujjeg yid-s daγen uẓawan (lmuziga). Aẓawan d aḥric s wazal-nnes deg leεwayed n ddyana tayarsant, yerna yessekf ad d-nger tamawt Ikurdiyen n Wegmuḍ ed wid n Wenẓul (sud) n Kurdistan, anda ay yezreε yedles n tkurdit taguṛanit, ula d awal “tizlit” qqar-as “gorani” s yiles-nsen. Yuγ lḥal, tudert ay d-terra tguṛanit deg yedles akurdi d ay-n ay yejjan ula d Ikurdiyen yeγran ad feṛḥen s laṣ̣el-nsen. Γef way-a, amedyaz akurdi ameqran, Khanai Qubadi (1700-1759), ay yellan daγen yeẓwer deg yiles ed tsekla tifarsiyin, yenna-d deg yiwen n usefru ay yura γef yiles akurdi:\n”Γas nnan-d tafarsit ẓidet am sskeṛ\nΓer-i takurdit ẓidet kteṛ\nDdunit-a tban d mm leγrur\nYal yiwen s yiles-nnes kan ara yefṛeḥ”\nS ljehd n tegludna (principauté) takurdit n Ardalan, ddyana tayarsant ed yiles akurdi aguṛani “imqeddes” ufan iman-nsen yerna zerεen deg wakk timiwa n Kurdistan. Γas ma yella llant tegludniwin tikurdiyin niḍen ay iḍefren Lislam asunni yerna zgant-d mgal (contre) n tyarsant, aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay iḍefren ddyana tayarsant.\nDeg lqern wis seṭṭac, ḍrant-d tedyanin timeqranin deg ddin ed tsertit (politique) deg Kurdistan, yerna seg yimir-nni, aṭas n tγawsiwin ay ibeddlen γef ddyana tayarsant, iles akurdi ed weγref akurdi. Neẓra Iεetmaniyen sbedden-d Awanal-nsen (ddula) deg tgara n lqern wis tnac yerna llan ttḍafaren Lislam asunni, yerna nnuγen mgal (contre) akk ddyanat niḍen, ula ed Yimasiḥiyen akked Yiciεiyen. Seg tama niḍen, deg tezwara n lqern wis seṭṭac, Ismaεil Safaγi ay d-nebder yagi, yessebded-d Awanak aciεi deg Iṛran yerna yerra iman-nnes d imḍebber n wid yettḥaṛaben i lmend n Lislam acoεi. Iwunak-a deg sin yid-sen εuqben ixṣ̣imen-nsen s teqseḥ. Imi amur ameqran deg tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin llant ttḍafarent Lislam asunni, yerna Iṣ̣afawiyen iciεiyen llan d iεdawen-nsen, Iεetmaniyen rebḥen-d Ikurdiyen γer yidis-nsen war uguren. Dγa, s lemεawna ay ten-εawnen Yikurdiyen deg yimenγi, ssawḍen Yiεetmaniyen ad mmγen (ad hejmen) γef Uwanak aṣ̣afawi, yerna ṭṭfen ed rẓan tamaneγt-nnes (capitale), Tabriz, deg Iṛan. ”Tagmat-nni n yimenγi” ay yellan gar Yikurdiyen ed Yiεetmaniyen tejja-ten ad d-sbedden tamsisa tasertit (alliance politique).\nDeg wass n 9 Γuct 1515, stenyan yigeldunen (princes) iεetmaniyen ed wid n Yikurdiyen leεqed ay deg ay msefhamen ad sdukklen timiwa-nsen ay deg ḥekmen, dγa syenna ay d-yettussebded Umenkud (Empire) Aεetmani. Deg leεqed-nni yella yiwen n weḥric ay d-nnan azarug (indépendance) n tmiwa tikurdiyin d ay-n ay yettwaḍemnen, d acu kan, iselṭanen iεetmaniyen ur qbilen aḥric-nni. Yerna γas ma yella Iεetmaniyen ed Yiṣ̣afawiyen llan mseεdawen, maca sakk-in, mεawanen akk-n ad rẓen azarug n tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin, sakk-in, asmi ay tent-sseγlin, d igensasen-nsen (représentants) ay d-ssersen akk-n ad ḥekmen timiwa-a. Deg 1639, ddukklen Yiεetmaniyen ed Yiṣ̣afawiyen ed gan Leεqed n Zahaw (Zuhab) ay deg ay bḍan Kurdistan gar-asen. Nnig way-a, Iwunak-a (ddulat) deg sin yid-sen qedcen akk-n ad d-gen taεdawt gar tegludniwin tikurdiyin.\nTagludna (principauté) n Ardalan, ur nelli d tasunnit wala d taciεit, tufa-d iman-nnes deg yiwet n tegnit iweεṛen. I wakk-n ad tḥudd iman-nnes, yella yessekf fell-as ad temsefham ed ugellid n Iṛan, am wakk-n ara temsefham ed uselṭan aεetmani, yerna deg tegnit am tin, ur d-yeqqim ḍḍmeε i wakk-n ad tkemmel tentala (dialecte) taguṛanit azraε-nnes deg Kurdistan.\nYessefk ad d-nini lḥeṛs ay d-ḥettmen Yiεetmaniyen ed Yiṛaniyen γef Yikurdiyen d ay-n ay d-yeglan s way-n niḍen. Ikurdiyen yeγran yellan ddren deg tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin ay yeqqlen seddaw n wecḍaḍ n uselṭan aεetmani yewwi-ten nnif γef tmurt-nsen, d ay-n ay d-yeslalen taγelnaẓri (nationalisme) ijehden deg wulawen-nsen, yerna ay-a yettekka deg wesnerni n yiles ed yedles (culture) ikurdiyen, imi deg lqern wis seṭṭac, takurmanjit n Ugafa (nord) teqqel d iles yettwarun. Iles-a bdan ttarun-t, naqal, deg tegludna n Botan ay d-yezgan deg ugafa n Kurdistan, sakk-in, yebda izerreε cwiṭ, cwiṭ, deg wakk timiwa n Kurdistan n ugafa. Ikurdiyen yeγran n tama-nni bdan lehhun-d ed yiles ed yedles ikurdiyen, ed llan bγan ad ten-snernin, am wakk-n llan bγan ad zerεen leεwayed n weγref-nsen (cceεb). Ay-a yettban-d mliḥ deg wedlis n ”Sharafname” (1596/97), ay yura ugeldun (prince) ed umassan akurdi Sharafaddin Bitlisi (1543-1603). Γas ma yella yura adlis-nnes s tfarsit, ay-n ay γef d-yura yesεa azal yerna d amaynut. Bitlisi yeḥka-d amezruy n tegludniwin tikurdiyin am wakk-n ay d-yewṣ̣ef leεwayed tikurdiyin. Seg tama niḍen, yekfa-d sslalat n waṭas n twaculin tikurdiyin, al wakk-n ad d-yebder daγen asaḍen (héros) n tmucuha ed yemyiten (mythes) n Yikurdiyen am Rostam ed Gorgin. Nezmer daγen ad d-nger tamawt adlis n ”Sharafname” yebder-d tilisa n Kurdistan amzun d tamurt ay yeddukklen. Daγen, mi d-yewṣ̣ef wedlis n ”Sharafname” iles, tasekla ed tgemmi (patrimoine) n Yikurdiyen, yebder-d amek ay ttemgerraden (ttemxallafen) seg tama γer tayeḍ.\nImi ay yura Bitlisi adlis-nnes s tfarsit, ay-a yesskan-d imir-nni, γer Yikurdiyen inselmen, ur telli lεadda irekden n tira n yiles akurdi. Γas akk-n, llan kra n Yikurdiyen ay gan ussisen (lmejhud) akk-n ad arun s tkurdit:\nAli Taramakhi yura-d adlis-nnes amezwaru n tjeṛṛumt n taεṛabt s tkurdit deg useggas n 1591/92 (1000 n lhijṛa), yerna iga ay-a i wakk-n ad zemren yinelmaden ikurdiyen ad lemden taεṛabt imi ar imir-nni, werjin yelli wedlis i usselmed n taεrabt i yigerdan ikurdiyen s yiles-nsen. Adlis n Taramakhi yesnerna-t, sakk-in, Male Younis Halkataini (ay yemmuten deg 1785). Halkataini yura-d tlata n tarramin (essais) s tkurdit γef tseddast (syntaxe) n taεṛabt. Ma d Amassan n ddin akurdi ineslem Mele Jaziri (1570-1640) d netta ay irefden asafu n ujjujjeg-a n yiles ed yedles ikurdiyen. Jaziri yella yettwali isefra-nnes s yiles akurdi sεan azal am wid n umedyaz afarsi Hafizi Shirazi, ed yenna-d deg yiwen deg-sen:\n“Ma yella tḥemmleḍ\nTaεeqqact-nni yeldin n tesrit mm tmeγrut (prose à rime)\nMmuqqel γer yisefra n Male,\nSakk-in d acu ara tgeḍ s Shirazi?”\nMale Jaziri yella yuki s tnettit-nnes (identité) takudit yerna yefṛeḥ s tmurt-nnes, Kurdistan, ed d ay-a ay d-yettbanen deg yefyar-a (γers):\n”Kkreγ-d deg ljennet n Botan,\nCbiγ tafat n tcemmaεt deg waḍan n Kurdistan”\nImedyazen Faqe Tayran (1590-1660), Make Ahmade Batayi (1414-1495) ed Ali Hariri (1425-1541 ?) snernan mliḥ iles akurdi s tẓuri-nsen (lfenn). Ajjujjeg-a n yiles akurdi yewweḍ γer tqacuct-nnes asmi amedyaz, ademmay (penseur) ed uṣ̣ufi akurdi Ahmadi Khani (1650/51-1707) yura-d asefru-nnes aγezfan ”Mam ed Zin” (ay nezmer ad t-ncabi γer ”Romeo ed Juliet”) deg 1694/95. Sdeffir ma yemmut Khani, amassan n ddin Mele Mahmoude Bayazidi (ay d-ilulen deg 1791) ikemmel imenγi adelsan (culturel) deg Kurdistan deg Ugafa (nord). Bayazidi yettwassen ladγa s wedlis-nnes ”Leεwayed n Leεṛac Ikurdiyen ed Yilugan (règles) n Tmetti Takurdit”. S way-a, teqqel Kurdistan tesεa sin n yilsawen yettwarun: taguṛanit deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) ed wenẓul (sud), ed tkurmanjit deg ugafa.\nMi ara nwali γer tγawsiwin-a akk s umata, ad nger tamawt imezdaγen n Kurdistan ur ddukklen. Tamurt-nsen tebḍa γef waṭas n tegludniwin (principautés) yerna ur sεin yiwen n Uwanak (ddula) alemmas ara ten-yesdukklen. Nnig way-a, Ikurdiyen ur sεin yiwen kan n ddin ara ten-yesdukklen, am wakk-n tisertiyin (politiques) n lḥekkam Iεetmaniyen ed Yiṛaniyen zerεent taεdawt gar yigeldunen (princes) Ikurdiyen. Ay-a akk ur d-igi tagnit i Yikurdiyen akk-n ad d-meslen yiwen n yiles yettwarun seg yiwet seg snat-nni n tentalyin (dialectes) timeqranin ay ssawalen. Menγir ay-a, tennulfa-d yiwet n tezmert (puissance) deg lqern wis tseεṭac deg Kurdistan, d tin ay yesneqsen seg ljehd n tguṛanit armi ay tt-terra, tikkelt niḍen, d iles n wawal kan, ur d iles yettwarun. Yuγ lḥal, deg tizi n tgara n lqern wis tmenṭac, teddukkel tegludna n Ardalan ed yigelliden n Yikajaṛen akk-n ad d-tfukk iman-nnes seg Yiεetmaniyen. Imir-nni, Iεetmaniyen γran-as i wemsisa-nsen (allié), Ageldun n Baban, akk-n ad ten-iεawen ad sseγlin igeldunen n Ardalan. Ibabaniyen ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen s tefses akal n Ardalan ed ad smeγren tagludna-nsen. Imi Yibananiyen ssawalen takurmanjit talemmast (tasuṛanit), tantala-a tṣ̣aḥ-itt-id tegnit akk-n ad tezreε mliḥ deg Kurdistan, ladγa asmi ay yebna ugeldun ababani Ibrahim Pasha tamdint n Sulaymaniyya deg 1784 yerna d tin ay yerra d tamaneγt-nnes (capitale). Deg lqern wis tmenṭac, tennerna tentala takurmanjit n Sulaymaniyya. Gar yimedyazen imeqranen ay yuran s tkurdit-a ay yeqqlen tettwaru yerna tesεa azal, nezmer ad d-nebder Mahwee (1830-1904), Kurdi (1812-1851), Salim (1800-1869), Nali (1800-1857/58), Ccix Reza Talabani (1837-1909), Wafayi (1844-1914), Koyi (1817-1896) ed Salmi Sina (1845-1909).\nΓas ma yella takurmanjit talemmast n Sulaymaniyya teqqel d iles yettwarun deg waṭas n tmiwa n Kurdistan, maca amur ameqran deg yimedyazen imeqranen ikurdiyen ay yuran yes-s ”iles-nsen ayemmat” d taguṛanit. Yuγ lḥal, aṭas n tmiwa ay deg llan sseqdacen taguṛanit, am Kirkuk, Kifri, tama n wasif n Sirγan, Khanakin, Zardiawa (Karadagh) ed waṭas n tewsatin (leεṛac) ikurdiyen am Yijabaṛiyen, Iṭalabaniyen ed Yizanganiyen jjan taguṛanit ed qqlen sseqdacen takurmanjit. Ala cwiṭ kan n yimedyazen ay d-yeqqimen ssefruyen s tguṛanit. Gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Mawlawi Tawgozi (1806-1882) ay d-yellan d yiwen seg yimedyazen imeqranen ay d-yeggran s tentala-a (dialecte). Asmi ay yewwi Uwanak (ddula) akajaṛi akal n tegludna n Ardalan, deg 1867, taguṛanit ur as-d-yeggri wazal ameqran ed s way-a ay tesṛuḥ tentala-a tameṛkantit amkan-nnes deg tsekla deg tmiwa n Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) ed Tlemmast n Kurdistan, yerna teqqel ”d iles n temγarin deg tḥencatin ed tzenqatin n Sanandaj”, akk-n ay d-yenna wemnadi asdawan (uniγersitaire) Said Khani Kurdistani.\nTantala-nni (dialecte) tamaynut n Sulaymaniyya tennulfa-d s wexlaḍ n tentala n Sharazur, ay yellan d tanlata n Yikurdiyen n Ardalan, ed tentala n Kalatshwalan. Kalatshwalan tella d tamaneγt (capitale) tamezwarut n yigeldunen (princes) n Baban. Seg yimir-nni, tkemmel tkurdit n Sulaymaniyya tzerreε. Ass-a, imura ed yimedyazen ifazen akk n tama n Goran ttarun s tentala n Sulaymaniyya, gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder amassan n ddin Mala Abdulkarim Mudarris ed warraw-nnes deg sin, Mohammed ed Fatih. Yesekf daγen ad d-nger tamawt, ameqran akk seg wid ay d-yesnernan tamedyazt (poésie) takurdit deg tgara-a, d Abdullah Goran (1904/05 – 18 Nwembeṛ 1962), yerna ula d netta s tentala n Sulaymaniyya ay yura.\nAsmi ay ssawḍen Yiεetmaniyen, deg tlemmast n lqern wis tseεṭac ad rnun akk tinekriwin (réγoltes) tikurdiyin yerna sseγlin akk tigludniwin (principautés) n Yikurdiyen, am tegludna ijehden n Botan, takurmanjit n Ugafa (nord) tesṛuḥ azal-nnes deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) ed wenẓul n Kurdistan. Dγa d takurmanjit talemmast n Sulaymaniyya ay yeqqlen daγen d iles n tira n Yikurdiyen ay yessawalen takurmanjit n ugafa, yerna Ikurdiyen yeγran, yerna deg tgara n lqern wis tseεṭac, tisuda tidelsanin (institutions culturelles) timezwura n yiles akurdi, d Ikurdiyen yessawalen takurtmanjit n ugafa ay tent-id-yesbedden, maca d takurmanjit n Sulaymaniyya ay yes llan ttarun yerna s tentala-a daγen ay yella itteffeγ-d weγmis amezwaru n yiles akurdi, ”Kurdistan”, ay d-yeffγen i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1898.\nAsmi ay tettwabḍa Kurdistan s yiγil, sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (ṭṭrad n ddunit) amezwaru, takurdit tewḥel-d deg tegnit n tsehrest (listiεmaṛ) ay yellan d tamaynut fell-as. Imsisan (Alliés) (Briṭanya Tameqrant, Fṛansa ed Ṭṭalyan) ur jjin Ikurdiyen ad d-sbedden Awanak-nsen (ddula), dγa tettwabḍa Kurdistan gar xemsa n Yiwunak ihersdanen (coloniaux), d iwunak ay d-snulfant tzemmar timeqranin n umaḍal, neγ d win umi ttusemmḥen yimuren seg Kurdistan: Tteṛk, Iṛan, Σiraq, Surya ed Tdukli Tasuγyatit/Azerbijan.\nIwunak-a (ddulat) imaynuten iγelnawen (nationaux) ay ṭṭfen Yiteṛkiyen, Aεṛaben ed Yifarsiyen, d iwunak n tkellax, sbedden-ten-id s lemεawna n ”wid ay irebḥen deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad)”, Uṛufiyen, yerna iwunak-a εerḍen ad ssefsin idles n Yikurdiyen deg yidelsan-nsen, asmi ur ssawḍen ad ten-rẓen s yiγil. Imi iles d yiwen seg tgeja timeqranin akk n tnettit taγelnawt (identité nationale), akk iwunak-a ay yellan sεan yerna mazal sεan iduba ay ḥekmen yiserdasen yerna ur telli deg-sen tugdut (démocratie), gelden (menεen) akk asseqdec n yiles akurdi, ama s wawal, ama s tira, neγ, γas ma jjan medden ad t-sseqdacen, ay-a yella-d seddaw n tεessast tameqrant. Tteṛk, seg tazwara, tebda tqeddec γef tsertit (politique) ay deg tessefray ad terr kullec d ”ateṛki”, dγa tegdel iles akurdi yerna tεuqeb s teqseḥ wid ay t-yesseqdacen. Maca sebεin-nni n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs yezgan ur sfeclen Ikurdiyen deg tmurt-a, wanag ssawḍen ad sjehden tafrit-nsen taγelnawt (conscience nationale), yerna ay-a iban-d deg leqduc-nsen deg wesnerni n yiles akurdi. Tantala (dialecte) n tkurdit n ugafa (nord) (tantala n Jazira), γas ma yella tedder deg tegnit iweεṛen, teqqim-d d iles n tira γer Yikurdiyen n ugafa, yerna mazal-itt tettmagar-d uguren alsiyen (linguistiques).\nDeg Surya, aggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen, ladγa arraw n twacult n Bedirkjani, fuṛsen asmi ay ḥekmen Yefṛensisen Surya ed Lubnan, i wakk-n ad qedcen i lmend n yiles akurdi. Deg tallit-nni, ssawḍen ad d-ssuffγen kra n tesγunin s tkurdit, am tin n ”Hawar”, ”Stér”, ”Roja Nu” ed ”Ronahi”. Ma d Jeladet Bedir Khan (1897-1951) yesnulfa-d agemmay (alphabet) alatini i tira n tkurdit (takurmanjit n ugafa [nord]), d win ay mazal sseqdacen-t ar ass-a Ikurdiyen yessawalen s tkurmanjit n ugafa. Agemmay-a llan deg-s aṭas n leεyub, ladγa deg way-n yerzan tira n yimesliyen (leṣ̣wat) n tentalyin (dialectes) tikurdiyin niḍen, dγa nezmer ad d-nini agemmay-a n Bedir Khan yeṣ̣leḥ kan i tira n tentala takurmanjit n ugafa. Γef umedya (lemtel), deg tkurdit yella wemgerrad deg wenṭaq n ”Ker”, imi awal-a yezmer ad yesεu anamek (lmeεna) n ”aγyul” neγ, ma nenṭeq-it-id akk-n niḍen, yezmer ad d-yeqsed”aεeẓẓug”, γef leḥsab n tmiwa yemgerraden n Kurdistan. Dγa yessekf ad yili wemgerrad deg tira n ”r” ed ”e”, akk-n ay yemgerrad wenṭaq-nsen seg tama γer tayeḍ, akk-n ur d-yettili weεraq deg unamek n wawalen-a. Amedya niḍen netta d awal ”Gel” (medden) ed ”Gel” (lbeεd yellan gar yiḍarren), maca s ugemmay n Bedir Khan ur nezmir ad neg amgerrad gar-asen. Akk-n yebγu yili, akk ay-n ay d-itteffγen s tkurdit ed leqdicat i lmend n wesnerni-nnes ttwagedlen (ttwamenεen) asmi ay ffγen Yefṛensisen seg tama-nni. Ifṛensisen jjan anẓul-utrim (sud-ouest) n Kurdistan war ma jjan-asen-d kra ara ten-iḥudden seg uwunak (ddula) aεṛab aγelnaw (national) n Surya.\nDeg Σiraq, Ikurdiyen llan qedcen ugar n waytmaten-nsen n tmura niḍen i wesnerni n yiles-nsen, imi ay ten-id-tṣ̣aḥ tegnit yifen tin n waytmaten-nsen yerna ṣ̣aḥen-ten-id yimukan akk-n ad qedcen γef tkurdit. Sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (ṭṭrad n ddunit) Amezwaru, Ikurdiyen n Wenẓul (sud) n Kurdistan ssawḍen ad d-sbedden tagelda seddaw n leḥkem n Ccix Mahmud Barzinji (1882-9 Tubeṛ 1956). Deg tazwara, Ibriṭaniyen n Beγdad, ay yeṭṭfen Σiraq, steεṛfen s Ccix Mahmud d anebbaḍ (gouγerneur) n Kurdistan n Wenẓul, maca asmi ay fernen Yikurdiyen Ccix Mahmud d agellid n Kurdistan, yebda-d yimenγi gar yiγallen Ibriṭaniyen ed wid n Yikudriyen, dγa tettwaqqen tama n Kurdistan n Wenẓul γer uwanak-nni (ddula) aεṛab aγelnaw (national) ay d-yennulfan imir-nni, Σiraq. Awanak akurdi n Ccix Mahmud yedder xemsa n yiseggasen, yerna deg tallit-nni, Ikurdiyen yeγran fuṛsen, qedcen i lmend n yiles akurdi. ”Anabaḍ (gouγernement) akurdi” n tallit-nni yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeγ kra n yeγmisen s tkurdit, yerna yeldey kra n yiγerbazen i yeqcicen ed teqcicin ay deg asselmed yella s yiles akurdi. Maca ula d iγallen ibriṭaniyen ay yeṭṭfen tamurt ssuffγen-d iγmisen-nsen s yiles akurdi : ”Tegeyishtini Rasti” (Afham n Tidet) ed ”Peshkawtin” (Afara [progrès]). Sin n wangliziyen, amajuṛ Soane ed umajuṛ Noel, ay yellan seg yiγallen n tuṭṭfa ibriṭaniyen, ttekkan deg wesnerni n yiles akurdi. Amajuṛ Soane yura-d yiwen n wedlis n tjeṛṛumt n tkurdit ed yiwen n wedlis n yeḍrisen (textes) n tkurdit. Yella yettakf ula d ”arrazen n yedrimen” i yal Akurdi ara yessiwḍen ad yaru amagrad (article) deg weγmis n ”Peshkawtin” yerna ad zemren ad fehmen akk Ikurdiyen n tmiwa yemgerraden, yerna s usseqdec n awalen ikurdiyen. Yuγ lḥal, deg Σiraq, iles akurdi unṣ̣ib (officiel) yella d takurdit n Sulaymaniyya.\nSdeffir ma tettussebded-d « Tgelda (royaume) n Σiraq », « Lqanun n Yilsawen Idiganen (locaux) n 1931 » yejja imezdayen n Kurdistan n Wenẓul (sud) ad sεun kra n yizerfan, maca, deg tidet, ur jjin Ikurdiyen ad stenfεen seg-s akk-n yessekf. Γas akk-n, εerḍen waggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen ad kemmlen asnerni n yiles akurdi. Asurif amezwaru ay gan netta d abeddel n ugemmay aεṛab-afarsi i wakk-n ad t-rren d agemmay atrar (moderne) i lmend n tira n tkurtdit, d win ay yes ara zemren ad arun akk imesliyen (leṣ̣wat) n yiles-a. I wakk-n ad ssiwḍen s ay-a, rnan kra n yeγdebba (accents) ed yizumal (symboles) i yisekkilen (lḥuṛuf) n taεṛabt akk-n ad arun imesliyen ikurdiyen ur nelli deg taεṛabt. Win ay yessawḍen ad yeg ay-a d afiluluji (philologue) akurdi, Tofiq Wahby (1891-1984), ay yellan daγen d aknaner (colonel) deg yigen (armée) aΣiraqi. Leqdic-nnes ussnan (scientifique) yerna ifazen d win ay ugin yemεebbren aεṛaben n Weγlif (minuistère) n Yedles, ay yellan malen γer tγelnaẓri (nationalisme) taεṛabt. Ineggura-a ufan-d ssebba ur yessekf ad yekcem ”weγdebbu abeṛṛani” neγ ”tacacit” takurdit deg ”yisekkilen imqeddsen n taεṛabt”, isekkilen ay yes yettwaru Leqran. Dγa da, yessekf ad d-nger tamawt isekkilen aεṛaben, deg laṣ̣el-nsen, ur llin d aεṛaben, ur llin d inselmen, wanag llan sseqdacen-ten yagi deg tallit n qbel n Lislam, yerna seg tirawt taṛamit taqburt ay ten-id-snulfan, meḥsub seg yiles aqbur ay llan sseqdacen-t Wudayen. Armi d iseggasen n 1950 ay jjan Ikurdiyen ad sqedcen isekkilen-a akk-n ad arun takurdit deg yeγmisen ed yedlisen n uγerbaz, maca γas akk-n, seg wasmi ay d-nnulfan, llan ssnen-ten Yikurdiyen yerna llan sseqdacen-ten.\nTaγawsa niḍen ay iga Wahby nettat d asnulfu n yiwen n ugemmay alatini, deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1920, i tira n tkurtdit, d acu kan, yesseqdec isekkilen n ugemmay alatini akk-n ay ttusseqdacen i tira n tanglizit. Ula d agemmay-a ur yessaweḍ ad t-yesseddu, imi anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Σiraq, ay d-yufan ssebba s ddin n Lislam, yegdel (yemneε) azraε n tirawt ”Tuṛufit-Tamasiḥit” deg Σiraq tineslemt. Γas akk-n, Wagby yeqdec d aneγlaf (lewzir) tmanya n tikkal deg unabaḍ aΣiraqi.\nYessekf ad d-nger tamawt agemmay alatini n Wahby, am win n Bedir Khan, yella yesεa aṭas n leεyub i tira n tkurdit. Deg lweqt ay deg agemmay n Wahby, akk-n d-nenna, yesseqdec isekkilen ilatiniyen akk-n ttusseqdacen deg tanglizit, win n Bedir Khan yesseqdec-iten akk-n ttusseqdacen deg tefṛensist ed tteṛkit. Maca lemmer mεawanen sin-a n yimassanen deg leqdic-nsen i lmend n tira n tkurdit, tili, war ccek, ad ssiḍen ad d-gen agemmay alatini igerrazn ugar, d win ay yes ara zemren Yikurdiyen, γas yemgerrad wawal-nsen, ad arun iles-nsen akk-n iwata.\nDeg Σiraq, akk iγmisen, tisgilin n ṛṛadyu ed yedlisen ed tesγunin tikurdiyin llan ttwagayen-d s tkurdit n Sulaumaniyya, yerna ay-a ikemmel akk-n armi d asmi ay teγli tgelda (royaume) deg 14 Yulyu 1958, yerna llan γγaren-as i tkurdit-a ”tasuṛanit”, γas ma yella ay-a d tuccḍa. Wid ay yellan qeddcen ed ttarun s ”tkurdit tasuṛanit” ur as-kfin azal i tkurdit takurmanjit n ugafa (nord), dγa Ikurdiyen n tama-nni ur lmiden ad arun takurdit, am wakk-n ay llan ur fehhmen, ur qqaren ay-n ay d-yettwarun s ”tsuṛanit”, ed d ay-a ay ten-yejjan ad ttwaεezlen seg wenrar n wesnerni n tkurdit. Anabaḍ (lḥukulma) aΣiraqi, ay yegren tamawt i way-a, yekfa afus deg tegnit-a i lmend n beḍḍu n Yikurdiyen, akk-n ad yessiweḍ ad yessejhed leḥkem-nnes fell-asen.\nYessekf ad d-nger tamawt Ikurdiyen n Iṛan iḥuza-ten unnerni n yiles akurdi deg Σiraq, yerna sseba n way-a nettat, seg zik, Ikurdiyen n Iṛan llan sεan assaγen isertiyen (relations politiques) ijehden ed waytmaten-nsen Ikurdiyen n Σiraq. Tin yernan γer-s, tintalyin (dialectes) tikurdiyin ay ssawalen deg Iṛan (tamukrit, tardalanit, talakit ed tkirmashanit) qernent γer “tentala tasuṛanit” n Σiraq. Nnig way-a, d agemmay-nni ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen n Σiraq i tira n tkurdit ay sseqdacen daγen Yikurdiyen n Iṛan. D acu kan, armi n 1966/67 (1345 n lhijṛa) ay bdan teffγen-d yedlisen s ugemmay-nni aεṛab yettwabeddlen, asmi ay d-teffeγ yiwet n tenṭulujit (anthologie) n yisefra ikurdiyen. Ikurdiyen ur ssawḍen ad sqedcen agemmay-a uqbel, acku yella-d lḥeṛs aserti (politique) n wid ur ten-nejji ad t-sqedcen, yerna asseqdec-nnes i ussiffeγ n yedlisen d ay-n ay yellan yezmer ad d-yesqam aṭas.\nIkurdkiyen n Σiraq ay yettarun s tkurdit ”tasuṛanit” sseqdacen aṭas awalen, tinfalyin (expressions) ed yirmawen (termes) n Yikurdiyen n Iṛan, yerna ttawin-d awalen ladγa seg tentala (dialecte) tamukrit), dγa d ay-a ay ten-yessawḍen ad d-sbedden yiwen n yiles d izeγ (standard) deg tira, d win ay icerken Iṛan ed Σiraq, d win umi nezmer ad nsemmi ”takurmanjit talemmast”.\nMa d tagnit ay deg tella tkurdit deg Tdukli Tasuγyatit, d tin daγen ay yuklalen ad d-nessiwel fell-as. Deg tallit n Lenin, yerna armi d tagara n yiseggasen n 1920, tama tasuγyatit anda ay ddren Yikurdiyen tella tesεa tafulmant (autonomie), yerna llan γγaren-as ”Kurdistan Tazewwaγt”. Ikurdiyen, deg tama-nni, llan sseqdace, naqal, agemmay aṛmini, sakk-in qqlen sseqdacen agemmay alatini. Sakk-in, asmi ay as-tettwakkes tfulmant i ”Kurdistan Tazewwaγt”, tettwaqqen tama-a γer Azerbijan, yerna imḍebbren isuγyatiyen n tallit n Stalin deg Azerbijan ssukken lbaṭel γef Yikurdiyen. Yuγ lḥal, deg Azerbijan, yettwagdel (yettwamneε) ula d assiwel n tkurdit, yerna ula d awal n ”Akurdi” yella ur yessekf ad d-yettwabder. Ikurdiyen, deg Tdukli Tasuγyatit, llan ddren deg tmanya tegdudyin (républiques) tisuγyatiyin, yerna ala deg Rusya ed Aṛminya ay yettunekf ttesriḥ i Yikurdiyen ad qedcen i lmend n yiles-nsen. Ikurdiyen yeγran deg snat-a n tegdudyin εerḍen ad snernin takurdit, γas akk-n ḥettmen fell-asen, deg snat-a n tegdudyin, ad sqedcen agemmay asirili (cyrillique) i tira n tkurdit. D acu kan, γas akk-n, Ikurdiyen isuγyatiyen llan zemren ad γren takurdit yettwarun s tlatinit neγ s taεṛabt. ”Ikurdiyen Izewwaγen” llan sεan anermis (contact) ed Yikurdiyen n Iṛan, Σiraq, Surya, ed wid n Tteṛk, yerna ay-a yekka-ten ad d-meslen iles yettwarun icebḥen, llsas-nnes d tantala (dialecte) takurmanjit n ugafa (nord), maca texleḍ daγen deg-s tkurmanjit talemmast.\n<<< Qqel γer Uṭṭun 16 Ddu γer Uṭṭun 18 >>>


Q=11	C=0	SS=0	LS=11	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=0	G1=0	G2=0	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Aselway n Tegduda Abdelmadjid Tebboune - Results from #70\nAselway n tegduda yezmel tanaḍt taselwayant uɛeffu ɣef 1076 n yimeḥbas\nAsamas, 03 Yebrir 2022 19:09\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT- yezmel uselway n tegduda, mass Abekmajid Tebboune, ass-a asamas (lḥedd), tanaḍt taselwayant uɛeffu ɣef 1076 n yimeḥbas yetwaṭfen s wezraf anagar, way s lmunasbet n wewwaḍ d tlalit n wayur n remḍan amebarek, ɣef leḥsab n matta i d-yussin deg yiwen n ulɣu n tselwit n tegduda.\nAselway Tebboune yermes tasawla s ɣur wemtil-is Atunsi ihenna-t s tlalit n wayur n Remḍan\nAkwas, 31 Meɣres 2022 18:50\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT- yermes uselway n tegduda, mass Abelmjid Tebboune, ass-a akwas (lexmis), tasawla s ɣur wemtil-is atunsi, Kias Saied, ihenna-t s lmunasbet n tlalit n wayur n Remḍan akrim, yessaram-as i netta d weɣref azzayri lehna d rrbeḥ, ɣef leḥsab n matta i d-yussin deg yisen n ulɣu n tselwit n tegduda.\nAselway Tebboune yermes amaru amtu n uwanak amarikani\nAkras, 30 Meɣres 2022 19:04\nZZAYER TMANEƔT – yermes uselway n tegduda, mass Abelmajid Tebboune, ass-a akras (larebɛa), deg Zzayer tamaneɣt, amaru amatu n yiweẓla n wezɣar n yiwanaken yeddukklen n temrikt, mass Antony Blinken, yella, irufqi-t tamagla taxatart ɣef leḥsab n matta i d-yussin deg yiwen n ulɣu n tselwit n tegduda.\nYemmut d ameɣras umenzaḍ Ben Mebkhout Tahar : Aɛezzi n Uselway Tebboune\nAsinas, 29 Meɣres 2022 11:11\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Aselway n Tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune yuzen yiwen n yizen n uɛezzi i twacult n umenzaḍ Ben Mebkhout Tahar , yemmut d ameɣras deg uɣelluy n usafag-is aredsan seg yufeg seg unafag n uzadur n Busfer, yeqqnen ɣer Temnaḍt taredsant tisnat.\nUlɣu n temlilit n useqqamu n yineɣlafen\nAsamas, 27 Meɣres 2022 20:02\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT- yeslwi ass-a asimwas (lḥedd) timlilit n useqqamu n yineɣlafen s tselwit n mass Abelmajid Tebboune, aselway n tegduda, aɣella unnig n tudsiwin tumrigin, aneɣkaf n temḥaddit taɣelnawt. D wa d tukkist seg weḍris-is :\nYermes Uselway Tebboune aneɣlaf aburundi n Yiweẓla n uzɣar\nAsimwas, 18 Meɣres 2022 12:13\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Aselway n Tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune, yermes, ass n ukwas (lexmis) deg Zzayer tamaneɣt, aneɣlaf aburundi n Yiweẓla n uzɣan akked Unmireg ɣef usnefli, Mass Albert Shingiro.\nTabṛat n uselway n Tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune almend n usfugel s umulli n tmeɣṛa n trennawt\nAsimwas, 18 Meɣres 2022 11:04\nLezzayer Tamanaɣt: Yuzen uselway n Tegduda, Mas Abdelmadjid Tebboune, ass n ljemɛa, tabṛatt almend n wesfugel s umulli wis 60 n tmaɣṛa n trennawt (19 maɣṛes 1962), hata wayen d-yeddan deg-s:\nAselway Tebboune yermes aneɣlaf n yiwezla iwerdaniyen\nAkras, 16 Meɣres 2022 20:04\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT- yermes uselway n tegduda, mass Abelmajid Tebboune, ass-a akras (larebɛa), deg tenezduɣt n tselwit n tegduda, aneɣlaf n yiwezala iwerdaniyen asluvini, mass Anzi Lougar.\nYesseḥbibir uselway Tebboune ɣef usewjed yelhan i tqacuct taɛṛabt deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt\nAkwas, 10 Meɣres 2022 14:54\nLQAHIRA – Yenna-d uneɣlaf n yiweẓla iwerdaniyen d umɣiwan aɣelnaw deg uzɣar, Ramtane Lamamra, ass n ukras deg Lqahira, dakken aselway n tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune, « yesseḥbibir akken ad yeḍmen asmuteg yelhan » n Tqacuct Taɛṛabt ara d-yilin deg Zzayer Tamaneɣt ussan n 1 d 2 Wamber ay d-itteddun.\nYerra uselway Tebboune tajmilt i tedɣert n tsednan tizzayriyin\nAkras, 09 Meɣres 2022 13:18\nZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yerra tajmilt uselway n tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune, ass n usinas deg tesɣimt n tselwit, i tedɣert n tsednan tizzayriyin ay d-yeflalin, yal yiwet, deg tɣult-nnes, yernu yella-d waya i lmend n Wass Agraɣlan n Tmeṭṭut.


Q=10	C=5	SS=0	LS=0	PS=5	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=1	G0=15	G1=5	G2=2	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Yulyu 2019 - Tamurt | Isallen n tmurt\nMonthly Archives: Yulyu, 2019\nAεraven akked wactal\nHand Berkouk - 25 Yulyu 2019 0\nTAMURT - Aεraven reksen* actal-nsen* d ddin dima d yiwen akken ad uɣalen qwan yid-sen u diɣen ad ertin* ar yegduden s lekmal-nsen. S yenna imiren, ad weṛten timura akked wayla i ddmen. Tasudest* agi tesaweḍ-iten ad sefsin iɣerfan yemxalafen yid-sen ar lqaleb n wectal aεrab neɣ acami*.\nHand Berkouk - 20 Yulyu 2019 0\nTAMURT - Izayriyen erǧan azal n wayur akken a ten-sɛalmen imḍebbren-nsen, hataya, mačči kan yuḍen, maca yesred*. I d-nnan ass n 14 nuvamber 1978 mi id-yezzi ar tmurt-is si temdint n Musku. Zaɛmantik hatan yerra-d aḍabu ar ger ifassen-is. Akka i d-yeffeɣ lexbar ar widak it-iqqerben yellan ar yidis-is, yernu lla heddren, rennun i wid ara yeslen. Maca aṭṭan it-yeblan, i yessenqasen deg-s yal ass, d win deg ulac kra n talwit neɣ ccfa.\nHand Berkouk - 14 Yulyu 2019 0\nTAMURT - Lzayer attan deg nuddem* n tsertit. Ur tesɛa ara aselway*, diɣen ula d aneɣlaf* amezwaru. Akabar-ines FLN*, yufa-d iman-is mebla amalway*. Iseḍṛa* n tzemmaltin-is*, qqiment mbla aqerruy. Imi, Hewari Bumedyen isemmed* akk tisɣunin *, d timernit*, tin n uneɣlaf n umasten* aɣelnaw. Dɣa, seg ass n lexmis, ar teqqeruyt n tsumata n umeṭreḥ ɣef “yefser am uceṭṭiḍ” (01), azal n rebɛin n ṭebbat lla bedden ar uqerruy-is, qurɛen-t ma at-id-sufɣen seg nuddem* deg yeɣmeq.\nHand Berkouk - 6 Yulyu 2019 0\nTAMURT - Lmulud yettmuqul taqeddact ar wallen, am akken anda itt-yessen, itt-yemlal yagi. Netta yuɣ lḥal, yettani-tt* kan ar wudem akken ad yessers tamuɣli-s, ad iẓer ma ttagnawit n lmerruk neɣ ttin n lzayer. Maca ima ahat ttamaziɣt maḍi ? Yeqqar-as: mačči imi tettmeslayt tagnawit kan dayen d taɛrabt i tella.


Q=0	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=22	G1=10	G2=2	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Asebsi d Uɛekkaz : ‘Kter-as ayen yectaq neɣ err-it yeḥdeq’ ! - La Dépêche de Kabylie\nAccueil Tamazight Asebsi d Uɛekkaz : ‘Kter-as ayen yectaq neɣ err-it yeḥdeq’ !\nSSINIMA L’opium et le bâton s teqbaylit\nDeg taggara n useggas-a 2020 ara d-yeffeɣ usaru L’opium et le bâton s teqbaylit s uzwel Asebsi d Uɛekkaz. Yerra-t ɣer teqbaylit Samir Ait Belkacem s lmendad n Useqqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa. Limmer mačči d kra n wuguren i d-mmugren deg umahil-a, tili yettuɛeggen ad d-yeffeɣ deg yiseggasen iɛeddan imi iswi n usizleg-is (adaptation) ɣer teqbaylit, d tajmilt n umulli wis 100 i win yuran adlis ‘’L’opium et le bâton’’ i yuɣalen, syin akkin, d asaru i d-yesuffeɣ Ahmed Rachedi. Wagi d amnadi, amussnaw, amaru Mulud Mɛemmeri. ‘’Armi d tura i d-yewweḍ wass-is. Ha-t-an ihi ad d-yeffeɣ usaru-agi Asebsi d Uɛekkaz s wudem unṣib ass n, 18 deg duǧember 2020. Ass n usmekti n tlallit n Mulud Mɛemmeri i ilulen ass n, 18 deg duǧember 1917 deg Wat Yanni, lwilaya n Tizi Uzzu’’.\nI aɣ-d-yenna Samir Ait Belkacem i yettwassnen nezzeh s leqdicat-is deg unnar n ssinima, ladɣa s yisura LI MUČČU, KIKI, IFERFUCEN, PUČČI, ČREK, ƐLI D WAƐLI, d wiyaḍ i d-yerra ɣer teqbaylit. Ayen iwumi yeswakkeṛ tikkelt-a, yemgarad ɣef wayen iɛeddan imi ɣef wakken i t-id-ibeggen, ur ilaq ara ad d-yili ustehzi deg lecɣal yeqqnen ɣer umussnaw yecban Mulud Mɛemmeri. ‘’Armi ttekleɣ ɣef yiman-iw akked uswir-iw deg uḥric n usizleg i kkreɣ ɣer usenfar yecban wagi. Ayen yesɛan azal, ilaq-as wazal’’. I d-yenna ɣef usaru-agi. Akka dɣa, asmi ara walin yimdanen asaru Asebsi d Uɛekkaz s teqbaylit, ad as-inin yakk d tagi i d talɣa-s tamezwarut. Meḥsub, am wakken yettwaxdem s teqbaylit, syin rran-t ɣer taɛrabt.\nRnu ɣef wanect-a, tugniwin i yellan deg-s akka tura, ifent tid-nni n usaru-nni s taɛrabt imi ha-tent-in s HD. Ayen yugaren-aya, imi mačči d tasuqqilt i yexdem Samir Ait Belkacem i usaru-a. Ur d-yerri ara adiwenni-nni n taɛrabt ɣer teqbaylit. Netta yexdem amsasa (adaptation) u yexdem-it-id srid seg teɣbalut, seg udlis yura Mulud Mɛemmeri ‘’L’opium et le bâton’’. ‘’Xas ulamma ɛerḍeɣ akken ur ttebɛadeɣ ara mliḥ ɣef udiwenni-nni n taɛrabt, xersum deg unamek . Acu kan, nniɣ-t-id s unamek n teqbaylit ; s teqbaylit n yal ass n lweqt-nni’’. I aɣ-d-yesefhem bab n usenfar. Ayen yelhan, yelha akken i as-yenna winna. Ula d acennay Ait Menguellet mi i t-iwala deg ustidyu n Samir Ait Belkacem, yenna : ‘’Mačči d awali i walaɣ asaru-agi, meɛna ddreɣ-t’’. Amek ur t-yettidir ara, netta yecnan ‘’Tiɣri nesla mi nteṭṭeḍ, tezwar kul tayeḍ, ɣurwat ad as-tebrum ass-a’’. neɣ mi yenna :\n‘’D leqrun mačči d kra\nI tt-εussen amer ad texsi\nAlarmi i aγ-d-tewweḍ ass-a\nTirgit gar-aneγ i d-teγli\nKul wa d asγer i as-d-yerna\nIεawen-itt yis-s ad d-teflali\nIsγaren-nni, ad d-gen taffa\nAjajiḥ deg yigenni ad yali’’\nD tanagit ɣef umahil zeddigen i yettwaxedmen seg wul akked tmussni lqayen deg uḥric-agi n ssinima s umata, s usizleg s wuzzig.\nArticle précédentD Slilwan i tuzen Lezzayer ɣer din\nArticle suivant‘’Nɛawed-as-d talallit iusaru L’opium et le bâton…’’


Q=0	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=0	G0=24	G1=13	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY= Colossians 2 Kabyle: NT\nBible > Kabyle: NT > Colossians 2\n1Bɣiɣ aț-țeẓrem acḥal meqqeṛ imenɣi i deg lliɣ ɣef ddemma nwen, ɣef watmaten n temdint n Ludikus akk-d wid meṛṛa i geslan yis-i meɛna leɛmeṛ ur ẓrin udem-iw. 2Qebleɣ imenɣi-agi iwakken ad theddnen wulawen-nsen, ad ddukklen s leḥmala, ad ččaṛen d lefhama iwakken ad issinen lbaḍna n Sidi Ṛebbi Ṛebbi yellan di Lmasiḥ ; 3deg-s i ffren igerrujen n lefhama ț-țmusni. 4Nniɣ-d akka iwakken ur kkun ițkellix yiwen s imeslayen yețɣuṛṛun. 5Ɣas akken ur lliɣ ara yid-wen, leɛqel-iw atan ɣuṛ-wen ; feṛḥeɣ aṭas mi ẓriɣ acḥal i teṭṭfem di liman-nwen di Lmasiḥ yerna tsedduyem kullec akken ilaq.\n6Ihi imi tqeblem Ɛisa Lmasiḥ d Ssid-nwen, ddut di lebɣi-ines. 7Sbeddet lsas n tudert-nwen fell-as, sǧehdet liman-nwen akken i kkun nesselmed, țḥemmidet daymen Sidi Ṛebbi.\n8Ḥadret a kkun-kellxen wid ițfelsifen, wid yessexdamen tiḥila ț-țiḥeṛci ; ayagi d lekdubat i gebnan ɣef leɛwayed n yemdanen akk ț-țizemmar n ddunit, mačči ɣef uselmed n Lmasiḥ. 9Axaṭer ayen akk yellan di Sidi Ṛebbi yezdeɣ s lekmal di Lmasiḥ, 10kunwi tesɛam kullec deg-s, nețța yellan sennig lḥekmat ț-țzemmar. 11Sṭhaṛa-nwen tekka-d si tikli nwen akk-d Lmasiḥ, mačči am tin yețwaxedmen s ufus n wemdan, lameɛna s ɣuṛ Lmasiḥ i d-tekka iwakken a kkun-isellek si tezmert n lǧețța tamednubt. 12S weɣḍas-nwen tețwameḍlem akk-d Lmasiḥ, lameɛna teḥyam-d daɣen yid-es si lmut imi tumnem s tezmert n Sidi Ṛebbi i t-id-isseḥyan si ger lmegtin. 13Kunwi ur neḍhiṛ ara, tellam temmutem ɣef ddemma n ddnubat nwen ; tura Sidi Ṛebbi yerra-kkun-id ɣer tudert s Lmasiḥ. Sidi Ṛebbi yeɛfa-yaɣ ddnubat-nneɣ meṛṛa. 14Yemḥa leɛqed-nni i ɣ-isseḍlamen, imi ur nezmir ara a nexdem ayen d-teqqaṛ ccariɛa ; yemḥa-t mi t-isemmeṛ ɣef wumidag. 15Sidi Ṛebbi yekkes tazmert i lḥekmat ț-țzemmar n igenwan, ikcef itent-id zdat txelqit meṛṛa, iɣleb-itent s lmut n Mmi-s ɣef wumidag.\n16Ihi ur țțaǧat ara win ara kkun-iḥasben ɣef wayen ara teččem d wayen ara teswem neɣ imi ur tettabaɛem ara ayen yeɛnan leɛyudat, talalit n waggur d wussan n westeɛfu ; 17ayagi akk yezwar-ed d lemtel kan n wayen i d-iteddun, axaṭer tideț di Lmasiḥ i tella. 18Ɣuṛ-wat a wen-kellxen yemdanen ițțarran iman-nsen d wid yunzen, țɛebbiden lmalayekkat, a kkun-id-awin ɣer webrid-nsen iwakken ur tețțawḍem ara ɣer lmeqṣud-nwen ; imdanen am wigi ttabaɛen kan ixemmimen-nsen yerna xeddmen ccan i yiman-nsen. 19Ur qbilen ara ad ṭṭfen di Lmasiḥ yellan d aqeṛṛuy, i gesdukklen lǧețța s lemfaṣel meṛṛa d iẓuran i d-icudden ɣuṛ-es ; yis i tețnerni lǧețța, i tețțimɣuṛ s wakken yella di lebɣi n Sidi Ṛebbi.\n20Ma yella temmutem akk-d Lmasiḥ, teṭṭaxṛem ɣef wayen akk yeɛnan tudert n ddunit, acimi ihi am akken di ddunit i tellam, tqebblem ad ḥețțmen fell-awen leɛwayed n ddunit m'ara wen-qqaṛen : 21« Ur teddmet ara neɣ ur ɛeṛṛdet ara neɣ ur țnalet ara !» 22Lumuṛat-agi meṛṛa i nxeddem d ayen ara yefnun, d leqwanen d uselmed n yemdanen ; 23ț-țideț, lumuṛat-agi sselmaden leɛbada, annuz akk-d uɛețțeb n lǧețțat nneɣ, țbanen-d amakken d ayen yelhan, lameɛna d ayen ur nezmir ad iɛawen bunadem ad iṭṭef iman-is.


Q=7	C=3	SS=3	LS=0	PS=3	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=3	G0=18	G1=4	G2=2	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Ctember 2016 - Tamurt | Isallen n tmurt\nMonthly Archives: Ctember, 2016\nHammar Bussaed - 20 Ctember 2016 6\n(Tamurt) - Tafrant qrib ad t-aweḍ, agad id ibedden ɣer tefrant tt-heggin-d iman-nsen i wakken d sxedmen lɣaci, yal wa yekkat ad ten-id-yawi ɣer tama-s akken ad buṭin fell-as. Yal yiwen d acu n yinnaw id yewwi ma d ahil ur yelli.\nHammar Bussaed - 12 Ctember 2016 0\n(Tamurt) - 1 - Yiwen : adabu yesɛa azref ad yaker tafrent (lbuṭ) alama yuki-d ugdud. 2 - Sin : Tamaziɣt tezmer ad tuɣal d tullayt taɣelnawt tunṣibt seddaw tecḍaḍt n taɛrabt. 3 - kṛad: tameṭṭut tezmer adtestenyi weḥd-s isemliyen asmi ara terr deg yidis afrayen-is, asmi ara tuɣal d aɣersiw.\nHammar Bussaed - 11 Ctember 2016 0\n(Tamurt) - Izzayriyen ugin ad d-ɣren. Idlisen yullin uɣebbar. Igad yeznuzuyen idlisen, eɛyyan di tɣimit war lfayda. Ttmuqulen deg iɣermanen xeddmen “la chaine” akken ad d-aɣen aɣrum, aksum d wayen nniḍen ma d idlisen, yiwen ur s nyefki azal.\nMack Ait Aoudia - 8 Ctember 2016 0\nLimer ad d-yuγal Abban?\nMack Ait Aoudia - 7 Ctember 2016 6\nMi ara nger tamawt ar umezruy nneγ n tallit n 1900 ar 1965 a naf aṭas n tedyanin iγ issarfawen assa. Acku s tmuγli n wassa itent-nettwali, s uvrid n wassa isent nettag laḥsav. Akka imeγnasen d irgazen nneγ imeqranen gezmen di rray γef kra tlufa iγ ijjan assa nvat ur negzi tigert. Yiwet seg sent d tamsalt n ṭrad n 54-62 mgal Fafa.\nHammar Bussaed - 7 Ctember 2016 0\nMack Ait Aoudia - 6 Ctember 2016 0\nIlindi d willkommenskultur asegass-a d akeddar\nMack Ait Aoudia - 4 Ctember 2016 0\nIlindi, ar wass n 4 di ctemver ad izemmem useggass γef wass i deg tt-tefra, i teγtes Angela Merkel akken ad teldi tiwwura d wurawen n Llalman i imezḥaf d izraraγen n tmurt n Surya. Ugar n umelyun yid-sen i ssexcen ccan s wallen tamurt n Llalman. Aṭas aṭas yid-sen wid isuγen Germany! Germany! di tmura id-izzin i Llalman. Maca tin iγef necfa ak d ansuf aḥmayan is iten quvlen Ilmanen di teγsirin n tmacinin. Di Munix, di teγsert tamuqrant ewwten asen afus i wid id-ittawḍen. Aṭas diγen wid iten iquzmen d wuccci d waman.\nAkli Azwaw - 3 Ctember 2016 0\nAT WIZGAN (Tamurt) - Arezki Hammoum d aselmad di tseddawit„ dda Lmulud Mammeri“ di Tizi Wezzu di tlufa n usizdeg n tmurt. Netta n At Wizgan. Tawuri-ines mačči kan d aselmed di tseddawit. Arezki yezga yettazzal seg taddart ar tayeḍ, yettmeslay ɣef iɣeblan n tmurt-nneɣ yellufḍan!


Q=6	C=4	SS=4	LS=0	PS=2	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=57	G1=24	G2=6	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Imedyazen n Arrif : Min ɛnan d mani i yuran ? | Le RIFAIN\nImedyazen n Arrif : Min ɛnan d mani i yuran ?\ntarwa n ccix Muhend Culture 1080\nTtɛawaden inaẓuren di Arrif, belli wami xsen ad ksin giṭara di lwest n ibilajen n Arrif ufin amxumbel d ameqqran. Azgen ameqqran zzag-sen xminni ttɛawaden x mamec udfen igar n tẓuri, qqaren ijjen wawal : « nufa amxumbel aked Lwalidin ».\n« Ma texsed ad ayi-tedwled d amedyaz ? » D wa d aseqsi i yeslin inaẓuren Irifiyen. Irifiyen deg ijjen lweqt tuɣa ɣer-sen ijjen lfubiya zi tummedyezt. Niɣ s ijjen wawal nneɣni, ttuɣa itteɛjib-asen ad slen i Ccixa Mimunt, wer ttexsen tarwa-nnsen ad ɣennjen. Amedyaz di Lmuɣrib merra ɣer-s ijjen uraq yecna deg waydud. D netta i d-ittawiyen lexburat, ittɛawad tiqessisin, zzag-s aberraḥ. Ijjen yenna ijjen wawal yulleɣ : « amedyaz di Lmuɣrib aq-t mliḥ, ad yaweḍ ɣer Arrif ad zzag-s ɣeḍlen ».\nAterras i yetteggen tmuzikt niɣ ittɣennej di Arrif, lebda xezzren-d ɣer-s s ijjen lxezrat d taneqsiyt. « D amedyaz waha », i x-as qqaren. Manis i d-tekka lxezrat-a tanita ? Mayemmi Irifiyen ɣer-sen ijjen lxezrat cwayt waha di min iqqnen ɣer tẓuri ?\nArrif d aydud d afedjaḥ ?\nD amezwaru ixess a nessen belli urid d imedyazen issanafen Irifiyen waha, maca nzemmer ad ɣer-sen nerni ula d imzilen d lefquyat. Luxa a nbeqqec cwayt maḥend a newwec lxezrat-nneɣ di manaya. Arifi yettwaḥsab d mmis n tmurt ass i ɣa yeɛlem tamurt. Di lɛahed n Arrifublik, mani aṭṭas n Irifiyen tuɣa-ten d iḍliben, xmi ttmuttuyen zeg wemkan ɣer wenniḍen, wer ttwiḥsiben d tarwa n tmurt nican ar ɣa dasen ɣa tewwec jjmaɛet tammurt. Ad tt-ikrez, ad zzag-s idder. Ittsemma danita idammen wer ttiraren ca n temlilt qaɛ. Xseɣ ad iniɣ di manaya ; deg waṭṭas n wegduden, tettafed bnadem ixess-as ad yemlec zi jjmaɛet mani ɣer iruḥ maḥend ad idwel zzag-sen. Maca ɣer-neɣ, tmelced niɣ teqqimed wer yelli d amnus, amnus ameqqran ma ɣer-k ca n tmurt ma lla.\nD wa d ijjen lesbab d ameqqran i zi xezzren Irifiyen ɣer imedyazen s lxezrat-a tanita. Minzi nitni d ijjen marka n lwacunat, wer ttbeddin ca x tmurt maḥend ad ddren. Nettaf-iten deg wussan n tmeyra niɣ n weḥray n zzitun, ttunuḍen x ledcur, kessin tasɣart-nnsen zi lɣillet. Zi leɛwayed i ttuɣa tteggen, ccaten taqiḍunt di ca n ddcar, wer tt-ttekksen ar ɣa ksin lḥeqq-nnsen zi lɣillet n tfellaḥt. Rni x manaya, nitni d iberraḥen di leswaq, ḥeṭṭaren di tmeɣriwin…\nLefquyat nitni tteddren s nnubet n jjmaɛet. Imzilen xeddmen di leswaq, tteggen ticeḍyin, imeyran, isuɣar… Ha mamec tteddren ddegg-a n yiwdan. S ijjen wawal nniḍen, Arifi maḥend ad irbeḥ aweqqer n jjmaɛet ixess ad d-yawi mayen ɣa yecc zi tmurt-nnes.\nAmedyaz zi teqbilt ɣer tenniḍen\nLḥal n umedyaz imsebḍa zi teqbilt ɣer tenniḍen. Kul icten d mamek tettmsurruf aked imedyazen-nnes. Azgen ameqqran n imedyazen ittili ɣer-sen ledcur-nnsen mani zeddɣen. Ttilin d lwacunat. Lux, wer qqimen amenni zeg wami ibeddel wegdud n Arrif, dewlen d imenneɛraq la nitni, xeddmen di berra. Wer qqimen tetten aleqquz n weɣrum s ẓẓamar. Manaya ixes ad yini belli ijjen wagla d ameqqran n yizlan tuɣa ttɣennjen iraḥ niɣ ittraḥ.\nDi ca n tqebbal, nettaf neṭṭlen weḥḥd-sen, llant timeḍlin weḥḥd-sen, wer neṭṭlen aked jjmaɛet. Maca manaya d uqlil, di Miḍar, nettaf din ijjen temḍelt, merra ayt Leɛzib dag-s i t-neṭṭel, kkes ɣir « Ibujddaynen » i ttuɣa itteḥsaben x yixef-nnsen d ccurfa, ɣer-sen tamḍelt weḥḥ-dsen, n lwacun-nnes, minzi nitni ccurfa ɣer-sen abrid ɣer jennet dirikt.\nḤaca mayen yeqqnen ɣer lemlac, di tidet, ixess-aneɣ a nini belli Imedyazen ttemsemlacen jar-asen waha. Niɣ zi/ɣer ledcur mani llan.\nAmedyaz : d artista niɣ d azlawi ?\nNettemseqsa jar-aneɣ mayen ttuɣa ittegg umedyaz ? Ma ifettel tiqessisin ? Iceṭṭeḥ waha ? Ittɣennej ? Di tidet, amedyaz ttuɣa ittegg-itent s kulci, zzag-s bu yezlan, zzag-s amecḍuḥ, zzag-s ameɣnuj. Izemmer deg ijjen teqwirt n ccḍiḥ ad iɣennej izlan-nnes. Ha umi qqaren amedyaz ɣer-neɣ. S uya umi i d-ilul umussu n tira di Arrif, tuɣa rezzun ad afen isem i « poète » s Tmaziɣt saren deg wemxmbel-a. Minzi nennum imedyazen i yeqqaren tiqessisin. Niɣ d timɣarin deg wuraren d tmeɣriwin.\nMin iqqimen zeg umedyaz d tummedyezt yiḍ-a ?\nAṭṭas n tmeslayin i ybeddlent deg uɣennej Arifi. Irifiyen wer qqimen ttɣennjen s ẓẓamar, allun d temja waha. Fruryent tnayen n tebridin n uɣennej, arraw n imedyazen d inni ittɣennjen aɣennej n weydud. Ssidfen-d imassen d jjdid, ameknaw lɛud, pyanu, lbanju, gitara… d ijjen marka nniḍen n uɣennej amezdag (aɣennej aseyyasi…) i yksin amnus i tɣawsiwin n wegdud. Dewlen imeḥḍaren, iselmaden ttɣennjen. Wer iqqim ca uɣennej yeḥsar x imedyazen waha, maca deg ijjen uɣezdis nniḍen, imedyazen i ttuɣa ittɣennajen wer qqimen ttɣennajen luxa, udrusen niɣ iggur ad nqaḍan.\nzzamar n Arrif\nAmedyaz n ddcar wer isfurrujen, ixess ad isfurrej lux\nArrif d ijjen wegdud yegga aṭṭas n imenɣan deg umezruy-nnes. Neccin d ijjen wegdud ilesqen ɣer umezruy-nnes. Amezruy ittwasinfen di ssekwilat, wer xsen ad t-sseɣren. Maca qa d amedyaz i daneɣ-issiwlen x Ddhar n ubarran, issiwel-aneɣ x Yiɣzar n Wuccen. D ijjen uterras islemd-aneɣ amezruy-nneɣ x webrid n yizlan. D ijjen iḥeṭṭa tanettit-nneɣ, netta d tisit i di nxezzer ixef-nneɣ s mayen dag-s yecna, niɣ iɛuffen. Maca neccin nettɛeyyeb tisit, nettu ila lɛib dag-neɣ ig illa.\nTuɣa neqqar ila amedyaz n ddcar wer isfurruj. D ijjen marka n useɛqar i nettegg i mayen illan-nneɣ. Maca qa d ta d lweqt mani amedyaz-nneɣ ad as-negg ccenɛet-nnes, a daneɣ-isfurrej.\nɣer ɛawed : Ina d isuraf n usenneɛ n ẓẓamar Arifi\nIzalen deg uɣennij Arifi: « kkarent a tinyiba » n Benneɛman d ameknaw (2/2) | Le RIFAIN 3 septembre 2020 ɣa 17 05 47 09479\n[…] Γer ɛawed: Imedyazen n Arrif : Min ɛnan d mani i yuran ? […]


Q=5	C=5	SS=5	LS=0	PS=3	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=0	G0=63	G1=28	G2=9	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Lisrae d Lmiɛraj: D tidet niɣ d ixarriqen? | Le RIFAIN\nLisrae d Lmiɛraj: D tidet niɣ d ixarriqen?\nZi Lisrae d Lmiɛraj i dd-ffɣent aṭṭas n tmeslayin i tteggen imeslmen yiḍ-a. Γar-s ijjen lhimmet d tameqqrant deg umezruy Ameslem. Maca Lisrae d Lmiɛraj maci d ijjen tmeslayt i yettɛawad Lislam waha, aqqet ura di tdeyyanin nniḍen. D manaya i ɣa nẓer maḥend ad nbedd x wudmawen n ubeṭṭu d umserwas jar Lislam aked mayen illan ɣer tussniwin nneɣni.\nLisrae… Ssanita i dd-bdant tinamitin n Lislam\nTamiṭulujiyt Tameslemt teqqar belli nnabi Muḥemmed yemsar-as Lisrae zi Mekka ar Lqudes. Lisrae ibedda umi i t-tuɣa netta iṭṭes uca usin-dd ɣer-s tlata n lmalakat. Ijjen zzag-sen d Jibril, fetyen idmaren-nnes, sriren-tt zi tukkerhi d tuɛeffna. Ɛemmaren wul-nnes s tmussni d tfawt. Zi senni yeksi-t Jibril ɣer ijjen lmexluq qqaren-as « Lburaq ».\nLmexluq-nni d abejjɣyul, jar weɣyul d ukidar. Xenni igeɛɛed Muḥemmed nnabi aked Jibril ɣer ijenwan, di mkul ajenna ileqqa ijjen nnabi niɣ ijjen zeg iwdan iselḥen. Ar mani ig iwweḍ ɣer ujenna wis sebɛa. Min xef iqqar Lquran ila d « sidrat lmuntaha ». Immelqa Rebbi din, uca igga x-as xemsa n tẓallitin deg wass. Aṭṭas n tmuɣriwin ig ittadfent tteffɣent deg wayawya, zzag-sent tmuɣri n jahennama ig iẓra Muḥemmed mani aytbab-nnes ttweddaben din aked cciṭan. Mamec iẓra jennet d imezdaɣ-nnes itteddren di lehna.\nAmiɛraj Azaradict.. Ijjen umserwas d ameqqran aked Lislam\nAṭṭas n tḥuja n Lmiɛraj di tdeyyanin tiqdimin ula kṭer di tdeyyant Tazardict. Ijjen d udlis d Afarisi d aqdim ittɛawad-aneɣ x tḥajit n « Arda Firaf » ittwafernen ḥuma ad igg ijjen luyurt ɣer ujenna. Minzi netta tuɣa yesleḥ. Ḥuma ad iẓer amaḍal nniḍen ad as-ten-iɛawed i yimumnen. Ẓullen x-as ikehhanen Izaradicten ar mani isax deg yiḍes-nnes, ca n twalatin qqaren belli arruḥ tebḍa x arrimet-nnes kudkud.\nAmiɛraj n Arda Firaf yebda zegga i dd ɣer-s dd-yusa ijjen lmalak qqaren-as « Saruc » aked ijjen nniḍen qqaren-as « Adar ». Ḥuma ad t-ksin ɣer ijenwan. Ikka x imezdaɣ n ijenwan, iẓeri-ten dinni d nitni ttɣebban di lxir. Mamec iẓra Uzaradict-a belli lḥasant n bnadem ttilint deg wudem n ijjen tḥenjirt tecna, tinni tiɛeffanin-nnes ttilint deg wudem n ijjen twessart d taɛeffant.\nArda Firaf ikemmel amiɛraj-nnes deg ujenna ar mani iwweḍ ad immelqa aked Rebbi « ahurmazda ». Wenni ixelqen tammurt d bu tfawt. Issiwel akid-s, itter zzag-s ad yedwel ɣer tmurt axmi netta d areqqas-nnes. Ad ixebbar iwdan s min iẓra, ad ten-idɛu ḥuma ad as-ẓallen.\nTadeyyanit n Tezradict tettɛawad-aneɣ x ijjen tḥajit nneḍni deg udlis n « Zradictinma », tettɛawad mamec Zradict s ixef-nnes iwwec-as Rebbi liden ḥuma ad igeɛɛed ɣer ujenna. Ad isarra di jahennama mani immelqa aked « ahirman » niɣ cciṭan.\nAdlis n Zradictinma\nAmiɛraj Azardicti zi tḥuja timezzwura di dduniyt issawalen x manaya. Tazardict teban-dd nettat jar i 6000 qbel i tlalit n Yeccu d 600 qbel i Yeccu. Deg Iran tekka ca n 1000 issgusa d iwdan ttamnen zzag-s. Maca qa tḥajit n Arda Firaf wadji ɣir d tḥajit weḥḥd-s isrusan iseqsan x tɣuni jar Lislam d Tzaradict. Maca qa min imsarwasen jar tnayen-a n tdeyyanin nzemmar ad naf: Tẓallit xemsa n twalatin kul ass, d ijjen tẓallit teqqen ɣer unhezzi n tfukt: Tẓallit ɣer lefjer, icten ɣer ḍḍhur, tenni awerni i ḏdhur, tenn uɣelluy n tfukt d tẓallit n yiḍ.\nIzaradictiyen tuɣa la nitni tteggen luḍu qbel ma ad ẓallen. Ad wten deg wanina, ɛad i ɣa raḥen ad dag-s ẓallen. Amecnaw mayen ittegg lislam nican. Izaradictyen tuɣa ttẓallan i tmessi minzi tuɣa ttwalan dag-s Rebbi. Ameknaw umi ttẓallan imselmen ɣer Mekka.\nDi Tzaradict ɛawed, iwdan ad beɛten ass n lqiyama. Ad kken x ṣṣiraṭ. Uca imumnen wer weṭṭin di tmessi, ḥaca iɛeffanen ad x-asen tekk tezri d nitni ttekken x ssirat azdad kter zeg wenni n wenẓeḍ ucewwaf. Xenni ad hwan di tmessi ad dag-s qqimen i lebda.\nItana…Ageɛɛed uɣris ɣer Ibabiliyen\nTemsarwas tḥajit n Lmiɛraj aked tḥajit n ujellid Itana Ababili. Tḥajit-nnes teqqar belli wer din bu ttuɣi la d ijjen d ajellid x tmurt. Ar mani tixḍar takcut ijjen zzag-sen. Uca tixḍar Itana, iḥkem agdud-nnes amen tenna. Maca tamɣart-nnes wer das-tewci bu ca n mmis i t ɣa iwerten.\nUca xenni tuɣa wer yufi wi t ɣa iwerten zegga i ɣa immet. Maca Itana tuɣa ixess-as ad yaweḍ ɣer uɣemmuy niɣ tasejjart n tarrawt i dd-iɣemmyen deg ujenna. Uca tuɣa ixess-as d netta i ɣa igeɛɛden maḥend ad tt-idd-yawi, ḥuma ad ɣer-s yili awrit zeg idammen-nnes. Izaweg Itana i Yakuc Camac, yenna-as raḥ ɣer ijjen wedrar mani ittwaḥebbes ijjen umaddiw d ameqqran minzi iffeɣ x wawal.\nMaḥend ad ikkes Itana amutten-nnes ixess amaddiw-nni ad t-iɛawen ɣer min irezzu. Isenjem-it Itana zi teḥfurt-nnes uca amaddiw-nni yewwi-t ɣer ujenna. Wer nessin ca mamec igga Itana iwweḍ ar ajenna, minzi talwiḥt-nni min xef tettwazemmem tḥajit terrez, maca mayen nessen belli Itana iwweḍ ar ajenna iksi-dd akid-s aɣemmuy-nni, uca yuru-dd mmi-s umi qqaren « Baleḥ ».\nIliya amiɛraj Uday di tmessi n Rebbi\nAdlis aqdim n wudayen iɛawed tḥajit n Ilya אֱלִיָּהוּ, nnabi uday iselḥen i tuɣa ittmenɣan aked inni iɛebbden timeslayin nniḍen bla Rebbi. Aṭṭas n ijelliden tuɣa xsen ad t-nɣen maca tuɣa inejjem zzag-sen s twiza n Rebbi. Deg wussan-nnes imeggura Iliya tuɣa-t aked Liceɛ d nitni ṭṭfen abrid ɣer Lurdun, uca lqan-ten-dd waman. Xenni iksi Iliya arruḍ-nnes iwet-iten aked tmurt uca cuqqen deg waman, kkin dag-s. Umi uguren tus-dd ijjen tkarrusat n tmessi aked imnayen. Teysi Iliya ɣer ujenna, qqimen warruḍ-nnes aked Liceɛ.\nGustave Dore, Elijah’s ascent in a chariot of fire\nUdayen ttɛawaden ula x Axnux, ijjen urgaz iselḥen issili-t Rebbi ɣer-s maḥend ad kid-s idder. Yus-dd di ttekwin n wudayen « Axnux yugur aked Rebbi, tuɣa wer din illi minzi Rebbi iwwi-t akid-s« . Deg ijjen tebrat ɣer Iɛibraniyen di lɛahed amaynu yus-dd dag-s : « s weflas (liman) immutti Axnux ḥuma wer ittwili lmewt. tuɣa wer yelli minzi Rebbi isemmutt-it. Qbel ma ad ismutti, icehd x-as Rebbi belli irḍa x-as « .\nZeɛma qqaren belli Rebbi isgeɛɛed akid-s Axnux ɣer ujenna, ḥuma ad d-yehwa ɣer umeggaru n zzman ad iẓer lmasiḥ dejjal. Ad kid-s imneɣ aked Iliya ar ɣa ttwanɣen ad ẓren lmewt.\nƔer ɛawd: Ddin di Arif…\nṬṭhart: Min iqqar ddin d tussna? | Le RIFAIN 21 août 2020 ɣa 23 11 00 08008\n[…] Lisrae d Lmiɛraj: D tidet niɣ d ixarriqen? […]\nTaɛacurt ɣer Imaziɣen: Maci d tasunnit ula d taciɛit. | Le RIFAIN 30 août 2020 ɣa 2 02 30 08308\n[…] Ɣer ɛawed: Lisrae d Lmiɛraj: D tidet niɣ d ixarriqen? […]


Q=13	C=10	SS=3	LS=0	PS=3	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=2	G0=20	G1=11	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Taqbaylit nneɣ - Tamurt | Isallen n tmurt\nHome Amezruy Taqbaylit nneɣ\n1 Dujember 2019\nMass Bennai Ouali 1917-1957\nTAMURT – Taqbaylit nneɣ cubaɣ-tt ɣer rreẓq ur d-ijmaiɛ ara ufellaḥ di lexla. Am win yeǧǧan rreẓq-is iḍaɛ. D acu ara yeḍrun ma iḍaɛ rreẓq di lexla ? Meḥsub at- ččen iɣersiwen n teẓgi am uccen, awtul, aweṭṭuf neɣ maḍi lmal n udaynin: d taɣaḍt, d azger, d aɣyul, ateg,…\nTella diɣen tayeḍ, d win ara iruḥen ad ijmaɛ ayla n medden, netta ayla-s at-yeǧǧ iḍaɛ. Asmi ara iqelleb fell-as ad yaf ifut-t lḥal, imiren as-yeqqar: aaah, a tin xedmeɣ, a rreẓq-iw iḍaɛen !…. Wwin-t iḥemmalen n waman, iruḥ yemmečč deg iɣezran.\nIhi, tura ad d-uɣaleɣ ɣer rreẓq nneɣ, bɣiɣ ad d-iniɣ d taqbaylit neɣ tamaziɣt tutlayt n tyemmatin nneɣ. Ilaq as-neg leqrar ad tt-id nejmaɛ ɣer ikufan, ad ttneḥrez amma ad terku. Wagi i d taqbaylit, i d tamaziɣt.\nTaqbaylit neɣ tamaziɣt, mazal-itt di lexla, maca ayen yuran am ayen yennejmaɛen ɣer ikufan, melmi ik-yehwa ad t-id-smireḍ ɣer tqedduḥt ayen ara d-zḍeḍ i ymensi.\nNezmer diɣen a nmmettel taqbaylit (tamaziɣt) ar tmazirt, acku tamazirt d lmelk, d iger i d-yusan ɣer ṭṭerf n taddart, anida « qqen tiṭṭ-ik kan tewḍeḍ » (01)\nD amkan i deg akal-is yerwa leɣbar. M-id-iffeɣ bab-is, ɣer berra, m-id-yufa imuzzuren (ḥaca-t-wen) deg ubrid n taddart, a ten-iddem s ufus-is, a ten-yawi, ad ten-iḍegger ɣer wakal n tmazirt.\nD amkan aɛzizen fell-as, kra yellan d lfakya yeẓẓa-tt dinna, am ṛṛemman, llxux, ifires, tajnant yernu as-yernu sin n tlata n lwidan n ṭumaṭic d lwad n ifelfel d tacukett n uẓalim (lebṣel) d wayeḍ n teskert (ticcert) d lbaṭaṭa, atg,…\nIhi, taqbaylit neɣ tamaziɣt, ilaq ad ten-ḥemmel am tmazirt; dinna imiren ad teffuktuy, ad tettnernay, ad teǧǧuǧǧug alamma tif lmelk n widak is-yebɣan lmut, is-yebɣan nneger. Tagara.\n(01) qqen tiṭṭ-ik kan tewḍeḍ. Neqqar diɣen: nnig lkanun.\n(02) « Anida tella tutlayt, tella tagruma » (il y a nation, là où il y a langue).\nDagi d tadyant kan i d-wwiɣ akken iqbayliyen d teqbayliyi d imaziɣen sumata ad akwin si meɣrud i ten-yebla. Ilaq-asen ad d-llin allen-nsen mar ur bɣan ara ad tenger tutlayt-nsen. Ma tenger tutlayt taqbaylit, ad negren iqbayliyen d teqbayliyin. Inna yiwen umusnaw amedya yagi isɛan lmaɛana meqqren, inna : » Anida tella tutlayt, tella tagruma »*. Greɣ tamawt iseggasen agi ineggur, tiwaculin tiqbayliyin yettidiren di tmanaɣt n Lzayer, stehzayen seg uselmed n tutlayt nsen taqbaylit i tarwa-nsen. Di l’Europe, daɣen, akka i sen-teḍra, ur ttakken ara azal i tutlayt n tyemmatin-nsen. Lexsas agi yekkad deg tyemmatin tiqbayliyin tazwara, imi ɣur-sen am akken taqbaylit ur tesɛa yara azal akken ad lemden warraw-nsen. Tagi d tawaɣit tameqrant, acku ma nekwni nestehsa deg tutlayt nneɣ, anwa ara s-igen leqrar ? D nekwni-kan, acku d tutlayt d imawlan-is ara tt-irefden, ara tt-yarun, ara tt-iḥerzen, ara tt-iddifandin mgal icenga insen, yernu icenga n teqbaylit, cuḥa itt-yewten, llan ula deg tarwa-s. Ad d-issaki kra widak mazal tessegniten tasnakta n taɛrabt-tineslemt n usekkak !\nPrevious articleAεraven di lqern VII (III)


Q=18	C=9	SS=4	LS=0	PS=4	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=0	G0=16	G1=4	G2=0	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=🔊 Taslemt i ittetten zi ṭṭerf | Le RIFAIN\nYura-tt: H.TRANCHART. « MÉTHODE DE LECTURE BIEN LIRE ET COMPRENDRE ». P:107\nYesmezɣ-itt : Ɛebdelwaḥed ḤENNU.\nDi min yeεdun, ttuɣa dinni ijjen teslemt tettedder deg wul n yeɣzar. Ttuɣa zi tt-idd ɣa yeffu, nettat tettett, min xef ma tekka iruḥ. Ttuɣa xmi i dd-ɣa yers ca n yizi x wudem n waman, hup! A x-as tbayeε, uca a t-tessergeb.\nTaqareqra tawessart i ttuɣa yessnen mliḥ min ittemsaren di dduneyt, tenna-s: « Sel ɣer-i a taslemt i ittetten zi ṭṭerf, ɣer-m inegmaren! Aqa ttetted min ma tufid bla ma ad txarrsed. Ca n wass ad tennaɣed ».\nDeg yijj n tuffut, teẓra teslemt ijj ukecca d azegza deg waman. Wer txarres qeε, tmarr ɣer-s deɣya, hup! iwa ha lexxu tsur!.\nTettwagg deg yijjen ubuqal di texxamt n Micline.\nMicline, texs-itt mliḥ, tetticc-as ad tecc kul ass. Maca tettɣilem tedwel mliḥ? Ɛemmers. Yeqqim-as-dd yeɣzar-nnes d tlelli-nnes. D wa d lexlaṣ n uεeddis-nnes ameqqran. Amen yenna wi tt-yennan: « Bu uɛeddis ameqqran, ma a tt-yecc qeɛ, ma a tt-yejj qeɛ ».\nƔer ɛawed: Uccen d tlata n ixennusen


Q=3	C=3	SS=0	LS=3	PS=0	DC=0	LC=3	SD=0	BS=2	G0=17	G1=13	G2=10	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Firefox mgal Internet Explorer: Anwa iminig i ifazen ɣer ɣur-k?\nAserwes gar Firefox Browser akked Microsoft Internet Explorer\nTicki Internet Explorer n Microsoft yettas-d yettwasbedd deg tuget n PCs yebnan ɣef Windows, yettban belli Microsoft yesmenyaf aseqdec n yiminig-ines Edge, yettusbadun d amezwer mi ara d-taɣeḍ.\nDdeqs n yiseggasen aya i yeǧǧa Microsoft ticreḍt-ines Internet Explorer, ɣef laǧalt n yiminig-ines Edge i yettwaleqqmen i Windows 10. Ɣas akken, aseqdec ẓẓayen n Edge yesnulfa-d taxxamt i Internet Explore, aṭas aṭas ɣef ssebbat n umṣada n yimahilen.\nDagi, ad nserwes gar yiminig-nneɣ Firefox Browser d Internet Explorer deg wayen yeɛnan taɣellist, tanfa d uɛebbi. Ad ak-nɛiwen ad tegzuḍ amgired yellan gar yiminig atrar am Firefox i yettqadaren ilugan n Web d yiminig-nniḍen i tesseqdaceḍ i yiswan n usedri neɣ si tannumi i tuɣeḍ ur tezmireḍ ara ad teǧǧeḍ d umatu.\nMa yella teǧǧiḍ aseqdec n Internet Explorer, ala imihi n tɣellist i d imigi ara ak-yesqenεen. Imḍebbar n tɣellist Microsoftiεeggen-d ɣef waya d imelyan n yimdanen mazal ttkemmilen deg useqdec n Internet Explorer d iminig n web agejdan, ttarran iman-nsen deg yimihi meqqren.\nMisrosoft ur issefrak ara tinefliyin timaynutin i Internet Explorer, ayen yebɣan ad d-yini uguren n tɣellist zgan llan. Microsoft yesteɛṛef ɛinani lexṣaṣ yella s umata deg yileqman akken ma llan n Internet Explorer.\nD acu-tt tifrat i ilaqen ma yella takebbanit-ik·im tsedday isnasen iqburen i teddun kan ɣef Internet Explorer? Lewṣaya-nneɣ igerrzen, ur sexlaḍ ara gar umahil d zzehwan. Awelleh-nneɣ, d aseqdec n attrsaseɣzaf n tallalt n yiminig aqbur i Windows. Aseɣzaf-a ad teǧǧ iseqdacen ad ldin s wudem awurman tagrumma n URLs yettusbadun deg Internet Explorer syen tuɣalin ɣer Firefox lawan n tunigin ɣer taɣult-nniḍen.\nS usḥissef, 4 ɣer 5% seg akk tukerḍiwin n web ɣef yiselkimen n tnarit kkant-d seg Internet Explorer n melmi kan deg 2019. Ahat annect-a yettban-d ulac deg-s, maca anamek n waya, d imelyan n yimdanen i yesfaydayen seg yir tirmit n internet iwumi ẓẓay usider d uskan, isebter ur d-nettban ara akken iwata — rnu ɣef waya akk, uguren n tɣellist iɣef d-newwi awal yakan.\nTidet kan, ssebbat n useqdec n Internet Explorer sɣur ineflayen d asekyed n yismal-nsen akken ad walin sani ttakken acbi ɣef yiminig aqdim neɣ sɣur tkebbanit i yesɛan kzn isnan uzɣinen i iteddun ala akked yiminig Internet Explorer.\nSeg tama-nniḍen, Firefox d yiwen seg yiminigen i yezgan yettuleqqam, i d-yettawin daɣen aṭas n tmahilin ifazen ara teḥwiǧeḍ, am Pocket i d-isummuren agbur s wazal-is yal mi ara teldiḍ iccer amaynut. Afeggag-nneɣ n unadi yeddukklen d tansa n web neɣ Afeggag Quantum akken i as-neqqar, ad ak-d-yefk kra n yisumar yebnan ɣef ticraḍ n yisebter d tebzimin, azray, accaren yeldin d yinadiyen yettwassnen aṭas. Akked umiḍan Firefox baṭel, tzemreḍ ad tkecmeḍ ɣer yakk iɣewwaren-ik akked href="/kab/firefox/" data-cta-type="link" data-cta-name="our other Firefox products"yifarisen-nneɣ-nniḍen n Firefox ɣef yal ibenk, qqen kan. Rnu lehna n uqerru imi iminig-inek iteddu s wudem amezwaru akken ad yehrez isefka-inek udmawanen.\nImi Microsoft igzem-itt di ṛṛay ad yekkes iminig Internet Explorer, ur isefrek ula d yiwen n lqem n iOS, daɣen urǧin yelli i Android. Akken-nniḍen, ma yella ur tseqdaceḍ ara aselkim n ufus neɣ n uniraw Windows, ur tettizmireḍ ara ad tkecmeḍ ɣer ticraḍ-inek n yisebter, amazray n tunigin, awalen uffiren yettwaskelsen, d telɣut-nniḍen ara semtawayen yiminigen atraren deg yibenka.\nFirefox iteddu deg yal talɣubliḍt, ula deg Windows, macOS, Linux, Android d iOS. Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini, tzemreḍ daɣen ad temtawiḍ akk talɣutin-inek ɣef tilɣabluḍin i meṛṛa. Ihi, ma yella tettinigeḍ deg uselkim n ufus n Windows, tzemreḍ ad d-tkemmleḍ seg wanda akken i tḥebseḍ mi ara tuɣaleḍ ɣer tunigin deg iPhone neɣ deg yibenk n Android. Ayen akka tesriḍ ilaq ad tili d tizeɣt akked yal iminig n Web atrar, nesḥassef imi yesεa lexṣaṣ akked Internet Explorer.\nMačči aṭas aya, Internet Explorer yella d iminig yettwassnen aṭas, i yettwaseqdacen daɣen deg umaḍal. Lewqat beddlen, titiknulujiyin daɣen beddlent, maca nesḥassef, Internet Explorer yeqqim akken yella. Microsoft inehhu iseqdacen ad ḥebsen aseqdec n Internet Explorer, ad ɛeddin ɣer ubdil-ines Edge iminig amaynut yebnan ɣef Chromium.\nAsirem-nneɣ d tidtin kan akked yiminig uslig n teflest s tirmit n tikci n tirmit meqqren ɣef yibenkan akken ma llan. Deg userwes s lmizan mačči d timsizzelt. Firefox d netta i d-yufraren deg meṛṛa taggayin n uktazal. Ma yella yufa-k-id lḥal deg uxxam n Nana isseqdac Internet Explorer, ahat tebɣiḍ ad as-tefkeḍ tallalt sader-as-d Firefox.\nTutlayt Tutlayt عربي Беларуская Maya Kaqchikel Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά English (Canadian) English (British) English Español (de Argentina) Español (de Chile) Español (de España) Español (de México) Français Frysk Galego Avañe'ẽ हिन्दी (भारत) magyar Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ქართული Taqbaylit 한국어 Melayu Norsk bokmål Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português (do Brasil) Português (Europeu) rumantsch Română Русский slovenčina Shqip Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 (简体)


Q=10	C=9	SS=7	LS=0	PS=1	DC=1	LC=0	SD=0	BS=5	G0=31	G1=9	G2=1	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Aɣrum - Wikipedia\nAɣṛum iga yat tirmt tamatayt ittuskarn s uggurn d waman, d ila s umata tisnt. Ɣ umzruy, iga tirmt izwarn akk ɣ bahra n tmizar. Nttat ad igan tirmt akk iqburn ittuskarn s ufus n ufgan, d istuhmma bahra zɣ ussnti n uzmz n tfllaḥt. Iṭṭaf ula tiwuriwin tidlsanin yaḍn (tunnunt, timyurin... ).\nAnawn n uɣṛum\nAɣṛum iẓḍar ad ixmr s imikrubn, niɣ s ikimitn, niɣ s uswḍu nna ittsuffun aɣṛum. Ɣ mnnawt n tmizar, aɣṛum n ugadaz ar gis ittili timrniwin nna as isnfaln aklu, tudrt, asyufu, d tɣawsiwin yaḍnin.\nAr ittwwu uɣṛum ɣ ufrnu aqbur niɣ afrnu igan win aɣṛum, niɣ tiɣarasin yaḍn (s umdya: iẓṛan rɣanin). Askkir n uɣṛum iga tawuri n buɣṛum. D buɣṛum ula nttan ar izznza aɣṛum.\nAbrbr iga taɣarast akk iqburn n uskkir n utci. Buɣṛum iga t amskar n uɣṛum.\n3 Tawuri n uglutin ɣ uskkir n uɣṛum\n4.1 Azmz aqbur\n4.1.1 Ɣ Miṣṛa\n4.1.2 Ɣ Ṛuma\n5 Anawn n uɣṛum\n5.1 Anawn yaḍnin\n7 Isɣann ibṛṛaniyn\nYan wanaw n uɣṛum ɣ Tuns gis tmatart n taẓṛẓit d tmatart n tafust.\nIfrdisn ucciln n uɣṛum:\nD ɣ kraygat wanaw illa mad ittrnun: Tiglay, Akʷfay, Askkaṛ, Tudit, Azatim.\nIṭṭaf uɣṛum isqquln ɣ dar id buɣṛum izzulann: Agḍam n waman ɣ uɣṛum nttan ad asqqul akk istuhmman ɣ uskkir n uɣṛum, acku iṭṭaf laṭṛ f talɣa n uɣṛum. Irdn iqqurn ar issumum 62% n waman, macc irdn isdidn ɣas 56%. Tuggt n id buɣṛum ar ttggan ngr 60% d 75% n waman. 500 gram n uggurn ar yakka snat tkumirin.\nTiklitin n usmuttg n uɣṛum.\nAggurn iga t irdn iẓḍan. Aggurn ar yakka talɣa izwarn n uɣṛum. Ar as yakka ula aprutin lli rad gis yili. Tumayt n uprutin ɣ uggurn nttat ad immaln bahra tayufa n lɛjint n uɣṛum d ula aɣṛum iwwan. Waxxa nẓḍar ad nskr aɣṛum s kraygat wanaw n uɣṛum, yuf ad tili tumayt n uprutin ngr 12% d 14%.\nAggurn ar ittuxlaḍ d tuxmirt d tisnt. Tisnt (akluṛid n uṣudyum) ar ttrnu tamimt n uɣṛum d ar tssidrus tawuri n tuxmirt. Ar tswuri ula f talɣa tamatayt n uɣṛum s ussidus n uglutin. Kra n id buɣṛum ar ffaln tisnt, niɣ ar as ttggan dffir 20 n tusdidt bac ad isunfu, ɣayad ar ittaws i tawṭulizt (autolyse) n lɛjint.\nAɣṛum iswḍan iga t iɣ ixmr s usinuksid n ukaṛbun. Zɣ tuẓẓumt n tasut tiss 19, ittwassn wanaw ad n uɣṛum s tɣarast n uswḍu ɣ Tgldit Imunn. Tamssurt n Uɣṛum Iswḍn (Aerated Bread Company) ad tt yadlli iskarn, tzznz gis bahra. Tbda tmssurt ad ɣ usggʷas n 1862, tbdd ɣ usggʷas n 1955.\nTawuri n uglutin ɣ uskkir n uɣṛumsnfl\nAglutin d ugliyadin gan iprutinn ittyafan ɣ uɣṛum. Aglutin nttan ad iskarn aẓṭṭa n uɣṛum s tɣarast n tilggʷitin usulfid. Aglutin illa bahra ɣ irdn. Ɣayad ad yujjan middn ad bahra ssmrasn irdn f tumẓin.\nAr nttini is ibayn uɣṛum ɣ dar imiṣṛiyn. Nttni ad yufan is iɣ tsmrkst irdn ẓḍanin s wanan n Unil ar ttuff lɛjint. Ɣ usggʷas n 300 dat n lmasiḥ, ibda uskkir n tuxmirt ɣ dar id buɣṛum insbaɣurn n Miṣṛa.\nAɣṛum ɣ Pompay.\nUla ɣ dar iṛumiyn, aɣṛum iga tirmt n kraygat ass, ntta d tgulla. Ɣ uzmz n Ṭrajan, ibda usslmd n uskkir n uɣṛum. Ɣayad yujja id buɣṛum ad igutn ɣ uzmz nns. Ibdr Plin Aqbur, is ɣ uzmz n Ugust, illa uggar n 329 n id buɣṛum ɣ Ruma.\nAɣṛum ittyafan ɣ Pompay ttubḍant s tɣarast n igrikiyn f igzman.\nAnawn n uɣṛumsnfl\nIẓḍaṛ ad inaḥya uɣṛum s wanaw n uggurn lli s ittuskar niɣ adɣar lliɣ iwwa. S umdya:\nAɣṛum n tumẓin ittuskar s tumẓin.\nAɣṛum n ufrnu inwa ɣ ufrnu.\nYan wanaw infln n uɣṛum ism nns abazin\nAbazin: Iga yan wanaw n uɣṛum n ɣ libya. Ar ittuskar s tumẓin d waman d tisnt.\nBrioche: Yan wanaw n uɣṛum afṛanṣiṣ. Ar gis ttggan tiglay d tudit bac ad izggʷaɣ bahra ɣ bṛṛa nns\nlevure : amtun\nblé : irdn\nafrdis : ingrédient\n(s tnglizt) Amzruy igzzuln n uɣṛum, History.com (asɣn)\n↑ Pliny Aqbur (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classics. p. 1.255.\nYurrid zɣ "https://shi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aɣrum&oldid=26814"\nDernière modification le 15 Yulyuz 2021, à 13:45\nAsnfl iggʷran ɣ tasna ad ittyawskar ass n 15 Yulyuz 2021, ɣ 13:45.


Q=0	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=0	G0=15	G1=9	G2=0	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Amek i sseḥbibiren Inagan n Yahwa ɣef Tzeɣwa-nsen n Tgelda?\nAmek i nesseḥbibir ɣef Tzeɣwa-nneɣ n Tgelda?\nIsem iqedsen n Ṛebbi yeţwakteb ɣef Tzeɣwa n Tgelda n Inagan n Yahwa. Ma neǧǧa-tent zeddigit, cebḥent yerna ţ-ţijdidin, d lemzeyya yerna d ayen yesεan azal di leεbada-nneɣ. Yal yiwen yezmer ad iţekki deg wannect-a.\nMa nţekka deg usizdeg n Tzeqqa. Kul m’ara ifakk unejmuε, kra n Inagan ţţenkaren s lfeṛḥ ɣer usizdeg axfifan n Tzeqqa n Tgelda. Yiwet n tikkelt i smana, ssizdigen-ţ mliḥ. Yiwen n ccix neɣ yiwen n uqeddac amεiwen yeţwellih lxedma-yagi; tikwal yeţmuqul ɣer yiwet n twerqeţ ideg i ţwaketben lecɣal i glaqen ad ţwaxedmen. Ţḍummun, ţseyyiqen, ţekksen aɣebbar, ţqeεεiden ikersiyen, ssiriden lkabinat, seffḍen lmeryat, ssufuɣen ibidunen n lewsex yerna ssizdigen amṛaḥ (afrag). Yiwet n tikkelt neɣ kteṛ i useggas, εezzlen-d ass kamel bac ad kkren ɣer usizdeg ameqran. M’ara neṭṭalab i warraw-nneɣ ad ţekkin di ccɣel-agi, nesselmad-asen ad ţqadaren imukan-nneɣ n leεbada.—Amusnaw 5:1.\nMa neţṣeggim ayen yerrẓen neɣ ayen ixesṛen. Mkul aseggas, nessefqad Tizeɣwa-nneɣ ama si zdaxel ama si beṛṛa bac a nẓer d acu i gxesṛen d wacu i gerrẓen akken a t-nṣeggem. Akka, ţɣamant Tzeɣwa-nneɣ ţ-ţijdidin yerna ur d-yeţţili ara umeṣruf baṭel. (2 Amezruy 24:13; 34:10) Tazeqqa n Tgelda zeddigen yerna iwennεen d amkan iwulmen i leεbada n Ṛebbi. Kul m’ara nţekki di lecɣal-agi, neţbeggin-ed acḥal i nḥemmel Yahwa akk-d wemkan-nneɣ n leεbada. (Ahellil 122:1) Ayagi yessasay-ed leḥmadi i Yahwa sɣur lǧiran.—2 Ikurintiyen 6:3.\nAyɣer ur ilaq ara a nestehzay deg wemkan-nneɣ n leεbada?


Q=0	C=0	SS=0	LS=0	PS=0	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=1	G0=4	G1=3	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Yeffeɣ-d ass n : Asinas, 10 Mayu 2022 14:18 Ɣran-t : 0 n tikkal\nMi t-tetter Tnegga n Yisalan n Zzayer ɣef yisurifen ara d-yerren azal i turarin-a, yerra-d uselway-a dakken imir-a, tasudut-nnes tettarem ad d-terr assaɣen-nnes d Tiddukla n Tseqqimin Tulampiyin Tuṛufiyin.\n« S waya, ad nesɛu ismawen d imeqqranen ara aɣ-idehlen. Ur bɣiɣ ara ad d-xebbreɣ ɣef waya uqbel wakud, maca ad ilin yinaddalen ara yettwaznen d inmazalen n turarin-a deg teẓrigt n Wehṛan », ɣef wakken ay d-yewɛed.\nIkemmel-d daɣ dakken « Turarin Tigrakalanin d tid aydeg ara derwent aṭas n tmura tuṛufiyin yernu aya yezmer ad d-yeg amyenkaf deg teswasin. S umahil d tfidiṛaliyin tigraɣlanin, neɣs ad nessali aswir yernu aseggas-a, i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 70 n yiseggasen, kra n tyakiwin n Turarin Tulampiyin ad ḍemnent aɛeddi ɣer Turarin Tulampiyin. Aya d ayen igerrzen. Yessefk ad yili umahil d usɣiwes yernu, i lmend n waya, nettkel ɣef kuẓ n yiseggasen ay d-itteddun aydeg ara d-yili usihaṛ n Tarente n 2026 akken ad awḍen waddalen n uɛeddi ɣer Turarin Tulampiyin n Los Angeles ɣer kuẓ ».\nDeg wayen yerzan taberza n tcirḍart n Turarin Tigrakalanin n 2022, ta d tin yerzan taggayt n ddaw 18 n yiseggasen yernu yenna-d dakken iḥar melmi ara tettwarẓem tyaka-a i yilemẓiyen.\nLast modified on Asiḍyas, 18 Yunyu 2022 13:50\nTurarin tigrakalanin n Wehṛan 2022\nYeffeɣ-d ass n : Asinas, 10 Mayu 2022 14:18 Taggayt : ADDAL Ɣran-t : 0 n tikkal Bḍu


Q=10	C=9	SS=5	LS=0	PS=1	DC=0	LC=0	SD=0	BS=3	G0=50	G1=21	G2=3	DLID=ber_Latn	BODY=Zoo: Awarni zzaj d Griyya, Lmunker di tudert! | Le RIFAIN\nZoo: Awarni zzaj d Griyya, Lmunker di tudert!\nGgin-ten i lefrajet: Zoo (lḥadiqa n lḥayawan) d Parkit n lewḥuc zeg imukan itteɛjiben i yewdan a dag‑sen sseɛdan lweqt ɣer‑sen yexwa. « Maca » Lewḥuc n lexra jer griyya, urid d ijjen ḥajet tecna i nitnin, waxxa yetban‑aneɣ‑dd i neccin aqayn mliḥ. Ccin swin, dduryen.\nDi Artikel‑a ad nekkes taqcurt x ca zi min itɣir i yewdan, i zi dewlen ttwalan Zoo d ijjen ḥajet tecna. Xelli zi min ittwaqqarn di Media. Ar mani tnumen. Ixarriqen‑a yejjin iwdan ɛemmer‑s ad ksen x temriḥt ɣa Zoo, ɛemmer‑s ad kkren ad sɣuyyen x uḥebbes n lmal. Ɛemmers ad fehmen belli « xawla d xawla waha » temɣer niɣ temẓi!\n« Zoo iḥeṭṭa ikluṣa n lewḥuc ḥima wer tneqḍiɛen »\nAzgen ameqran n lewḥuc yellan di Zoo wer llin ca di lxaṭar n uneqḍeɛ. Ca n 20 ar 25 di miyya waha zi lewḥuc yegguren ad nɛedmen, i yellan zzuzzern deg maḍal i lefrajet. Iḥamcaren (Reptiles), nettaf zzag‑sen 3% waha . La d yenni iteggen tizemmer ad zzag-sen rebban zzarriɛet, wer dasen tnejjeḥ, minzi drus n lewḥuc zeg uklaṣi waha i ɣer‑sen. Smanaya tejjan‑dd lebda imudder ferɣen, niɣ dag‑sen ddiffu deg ujinum‑nsen (Genome). Ɛawed ḥeṭṭu n yekluṣa n lmal, ixessa ad yiri ddren deg umkan‑nsen i di twaxelqen. Wer nzemmer ad nessgem Aɣilas, Baɣuṣ, Ayrad, Zzarafa … ad ilin am yenni n lexla, mala nerra xaf‑sen tiwwura. Wer remmden ca mamek ɣa ddren di leɣwabi, Mara dewlen ɣer lɣabet ad mten deɣya.\nBaɣuṣ di Xawla ‑\nAkraf n lewḥuc di Zoo wer ineffeɛ la nitnin, la i wgama (Natur), ineffeɛ i yewdan waha. Teggen zzag‑s tinɛacin.\n« Zoo itejjaneɣ anessen mliḥ min kid‑neɣ yeddren »\ntayrad di Zoo n Berlin ‑\nMin ttwalan imsaryen di Zoo? Lewḥuc wer llin nurmal, wer teggen min teggen di lɣabet. Ijḍaḍ wer zemmren ad ḍwen nican. Aɣilas i tazzlen ar 130km/h, yeqqim waha. Ibaɣuṣen yennumen negzen zi tsejjart ɣa tenniḍen. Teqqnunnuyen akd ijjen tseklut waha. Iniymarn ttafent aksum yewjed yeɛder, la d afran farnent!\nRid d mamek teggen ḥima ad sbanen belli xsen ad mṣarwan, rid d macca tetten‑t am lewḥuc n lexla nican. Min din nremmed x lewḥuc, urid d wenni dag‑sen di tidet, urid d tenni d tudert ddren.\nIjjen trezzut deg 2007 tufa wer din bu uremmud n ca zi Zoo . Ict ɛawed d tamaynut deg 2017 tiweḍ belli inewjiwen n Zoo remden ɣir mamek ttbanen lewḥuc, d mamek dasen qqren. Maca tussna nican, x mamek ddren wer telli \n« Lewḥuc di Zoo qayn mliḥ »\nAmxumbel n merhu, leḥwej d ttasiɛ. Ijjen tɣuri deg 2012 tufa marra Zoo yellan deg umaḍal, wer teggen i lewḥuc ljew‑nni n ugama. Wer dasen teggen mindi ɣa lhan.\nAṭṭas n lewḥuc zzag‑sen, helken di tnefsit‑nsen, teggen timugga urid nsen. Minzi qayen deg ukraf. Ibaɣuăṣebn tbuhluyen s wayar iteggen ɣa tsejjart. Qenḍen ar mani dewlen tetten zzbel‑nsen. \nDdub n wedfel yebbuhli\nLfil la d netta amenni, hellken‑asen iḍarn s ubeddi d ticli deg imukan d imeẓyanen waha . Xelli ɛad ssarwan‑ten ɛemden, minzi iwarruden n lewḥuc jebbden‑dd iwdan. Manaynni maca isseḥṣur‑a amkan x yenniḍen, uca neqqen inni izayden, niɣ znuzan‑ten i yenni ten‑ɣa‑yenɣen ! PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) ttufa ɣir Park n imudder di Berlin jer 2007 d 2009 mmenzen zzag‑s ktar zeg 1000 n imudder. Zeg inni yesɣin, ca zeg amziwen itɛayan deg imuder!\n« Iḥenjiren wer yelli mani ɣa ẓern imudder illa dinni »\nAṭṭas n imukan yellan mani ɣa ẓern iḥenjirn min yeddren qaɛ sennej i tmurt. Ifellaḥen, leɣwabi, llan imukan dag‑sen Park di lexla ttraḥen din s ttumubin tɣellef s griyyaj ḥima ad ẓern tidt n imudder. Rrni xa‑s ifilmen i dd‑immaren tidet n ugama (Nature). Iḥenjiren‑a mli ɣa snen belli lewḥuc‑a qayen di leḥbes, ataf la d nitni wer ttexsen.\n« Maɛlic qa xellqen din »\nAṭṭas n lewḥuc twattfen zi leɣwabi, niɣ zi lebḥer. Ttagen ad arun deg ukraf, minzi wer areyḥen ca di daxel nsen. Melmi tmettan niɣ ttewsaren, tewaṭṭafen‑dd yenniḍen.\nWaxxa deg aṭṭas n imukan, nettaf anegmar ksen xa‑s s jjehd n izerfan n imudder. Maca lebda dinni wi iyemmarn s tnuffra. Manayenni iteg imxumbal la deg imukan manis id ttwakarn. Beṭṭu n yeyduden n imudder di leɣwabi, mamek beṭṭu n waṭṭas n imudder x tyemmatin nsen. Meqqarn bla ma ṭṭḍen di tyemmatin‑nsen. Meqqarn deg imukan urid nsen.\nTala: Wildepark Tambach\nMayemmi qaɛ manaya?\nZoo imezwura deg umaḍal, ttwaggen lqern n 15. deg uruppa. Ttuɣa xsen a zzag‑sen mmren i ymezdaɣ, lewḥuc yewɛan. Xelli la d iwdan zi tmura nniḍen ttwaggen din (am iberkanen). Di lweqt‑a, Zoo dag‑s yetwakkes dag‑s weɛmud, d ɣezzu n taddut (yeqqim wenni n tnefsit). Ad yili minzi yedder. Ɛawed manaya marra ijebbed imsaryen d tturist. yessadaf‑dd tinɛacin i lmexzen.\nMin nzemmer ad negg?\nAd nekkes x Zoo. I lebda.\nAd nessiwel akd yewdan i nessen, x ukerfeṣ i temsern i imudder (lewḥuc) di Zoo d Park.\nAd neswiza akd tmesmunin i ḥeṭṭan x izerfan n imudder manima nella.\nTamurt urid nneɣ waha, tudert urid nneɣ waha, tirell urid i neccin waha.\n« Arrayes n lebḥar » d ajellid n Ibeqquyen.\nFuristi iṭṭef ca n iwejdawiyen yemmaren ajḍiḍ n menqeb-sennan bla lqanun