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Orchard ar awen gelfyddydol yn Canary Wharf | Newyddion a Syniadau | Orchard\nGorffennaf 17 2017\nOrchard ar awen gelfyddydol yn Canary Wharf\nRydym wrth ein bodd gyda her greadigol!\nYma yn Orchard, rydym yn ffynnu ar gael ein herio yn greadigol, ac roeddent yn falch o fod yn rhan o brosiect gyfan gwbl newydd i ni ym myd y celfyddydau yn gynharach y mis hwn.\nGan ddefnyddio ein sgiliau creadigol i’w llawn effaith, darparwyd offer taflunio i Laban Transferred, gwaith diweddaraf yr artist rhyngwladol Wolfgang Weileder yn Canary Wharf yn Llundain fel rhan o Ŵyl Bensaernïaeth Llundain, y mwyaf o'i fath yn Ewrop.\nDefnyddiodd Wolfgang, sy’n Athro Cerfluniaeth Cyfoes ym Mhrifysgol Newcastle, ffotograffau amlygiad hir du a gwyn ochr yn ochr â thaflunydd dwy sgrin newydd, a ddarparwyd gan Orchard, sy'n cyfosod darn dawns a grëwyd yn arbennig gan fyfyrwyr o'r Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance ac aelodau o’r Charles Linehan Company, gyda'r fideo treigl-amser o ffasâd Laban yn cael ei adeiladu.\nDilynodd gwaith gosodiedig eleni gwaith yr haf diwethaf Transfer Laban, replica ar raddfa lawn o ffasâd buddugol y wobr Sterling RIBA o’r Conservatoire wedi ei adeiladu a'i ddadadeiladu, a chafodd ei weld gan filoedd. Roedd cread eleni yn cynnig y cyfle i bobl sy'n mynd heibio i fyfyrio ar swyddogaeth a dealltwriaeth o le cyhoeddus trefol fel amgylchedd diwylliannol, corfforaethol a masnachol.\nRydym wrth ein bodd yn cymryd rhan mewn prosiectau creadigol ac fe oedd y prosiect penodol hwn yn sicr wedi cynhyrchu darn gwirioneddol trawiadol o waith! Rydym yn gobeithio taw hon yw’r cyntaf o nifer o gydweithrediadau gydag artistiaid!


#1 Steiliau Gwallt Naturiol | Steiliau Gwallt Americanaidd Affricanaidd ar gyfer 2022\nBeth yw Gwallt Yaki? Mae gwallt Yaki yn fath o estyniad gwallt a wneir i edrych fel gwallt du naturiol. Mae'n ddewis gwych i'r rhai sy'n well ganddynt edrychiad mwy naturiol neu sydd am ychwanegu estyniadau i'w gwallt naturiol a fydd yn ymdoddi'n ddi-dor. Mae'n cael ei enw o iacod, anifail â sidanaidd hir ...\nBETH YW GWALLT YAKI Darllen Mwy »\nYdy, mae'r haf yma o'r diwedd, a dyma'r amser gorau i dynnu'r gwallt hwnnw i ffwrdd ar gyfer hen steilio amddiffynnol da. Mae arddulliau estyniadau Braid yn duedd newydd ar hyn o bryd! Ond nid dim ond unrhyw blethi bocs arferol, mae'r tueddiadau braid newydd hyn yn gwneud datganiadau! Maen nhw'n dweud ffyrnig, stylish, a trendi i gyd ar yr un pryd. Yr haf…\nYR ESTYNIADAU A'R ARDDULLIAU BRAID GORAU Darllen Mwy »\nYdych chi wedi clywed am blethi lemonêd jumbo Rydyn ni'n siŵr bod ein holl gefnogwyr Queen Bey yn gwybod beth yw hwn? Er bod yr arddull hon wedi bod yn boblogaidd i blethwyr gwallt, fe ddechreuodd godi momentwm ar ôl i Beyonce eu cynnwys yn ei fideo cerddoriaeth boblogaidd Lemonêd. Mae'r arddull hon yn lapio o amgylch un ochr y pen, gyda blethi hir yn dod i lawr ...\nSUT I WNEUD Y TU HWNT I BRAID CROCHET Darllen Mwy »\n3 AWGRYM AR Farw GWALLT NATURIOL HEB YMRWYMIAD\nMae'n ymddangos fy mod i eisiau gwneud rhywbeth syfrdanol i fy ngwallt trwy bob tymor neu drawsnewidiad bywyd. Rwy'n mynd yn rhwystredig gyda'r un steiliau gwallt cyson.? Ai dim ond fi neu ydych chi hefyd yn diflasu gyda'r un steiliau ac edrychiadau trwy'r flwyddyn.? Mae gen i'r meddyliau a'r teimladau hyn am fy ngwallt bob ...\n3 AWGRYM AR Farw GWALLT NATURIOL HEB YMRWYMIAD Darllen Mwy »\nHei yno. Oes gennych chi wallt naturiol? Ydych chi'n cael trafferth weithiau i ddod o hyd i steiliau gwallt naturiol syml y gallwch chi eu siglo bob dydd? Os mai chi yw hwn, peidiwch â phoeni mwy oherwydd yn bendant mae gan y blog hwn y bachyn. Byddaf yn dangos 5 steil gwallt syml i chi y gellir eu cyflawni ar unrhyw naturiol ...\n5 TYWYLLWCH STEILI GWALLT? Darllen Mwy »\nY Brwshys DETANGLING GORAU AR GYFER GWALLT NATURIOL\nPan ddechreuais ar fy nhaith gwallt naturiol gyntaf, roedd yn dysgu popeth o bâr ffres o lygaid. Felly, wrth gwrs, fe wnes i'r hyn y gwnaeth unrhyw naturiaethwr edrych ar bethau ar google, youtube, a Pinterest. y peth mawr hwn ar ddatgymalu bysedd sy'n hollol wych a gall barhau i weithio ar rai achlysuron. Ymddiriedolaeth,…\nY Brwshys DETANGLING GORAU AR GYFER GWALLT NATURIOL Darllen Mwy »\n5 GWALLT DUW UCHAF GYDA GWALLT NATURIOL\nYn isymwybodol, mae yna grŵp o bobl rydyn ni i gyd yn edrych atynt am y tueddiadau, yr edrychiadau a'r arddull diweddaraf. Mae llond llaw o enwogion sy'n siglo eu gwallt naturiol ac yn berchen arno. Mae ambell i flogiwr arall wedi rhannu eu tops a heddiw yw fy nhro i! Felly, ni fydd unrhyw syndod pwy…\n5 GWALLT DUW UCHAF GYDA GWALLT NATURIOL Darllen Mwy »\nDechreuad Fy Torrwch Mawr… Sut wnes i ddod yn naturiol Wnes i dorri'n fawr? Wnes i drawsnewid? Dim ond rhai o’r cwestiynau a ofynnwyd i mi yn ystod fy nghwrs o fod yn naturiol yw’r rhain. Gadewch i mi ddyrannu pob cwestiwn hyd eithaf fy ngallu gan ddechrau gyda BLE DDECHREUODD Y cyfan? Felly, am fel…\nFY DAITH CHOP MAWR Darllen Mwy »\nOs ydych chi'n chwilio am y steiliau gwallt Americanaidd Affricanaidd poethaf neu hyd yn oed yn meddwl am newid gwallt newydd, yna rydych chi yn y lle iawn. Isod mae'r tueddiadau y byddwch chi'n eu gweld yn 2022. Mwynhewch eich gwedd newydd a lladdwch yn 2020. 1) Mae Blwch Byrion Braids 2019 wedi bod yn fyr ac yn chic. Er bod…\nSTRYDOEDD GWALLT AMERICANAIDD GORAU AR GYFER 2022 Darllen Mwy »\nMae llawer o gymeriadau du wedi bod mewn sioeau a ffilmiau eleni. Rwyf wedi gweld cymaint o arddulliau a darluniau ethnig newydd yn ddiweddar, a ? Rwy'n gyffrous i weld ble rydyn ni'n mynd o hyn ymlaen. Fodd bynnag, darllenais erthygl yn ddiweddar a siaradodd ar y wigiau erchyll a wisgwyd gan gymeriadau du enwog a sut…\nSIOEAU Teledu YN LLAWER AG YSBRYDOLIAETH GWALLT Darllen Mwy »


Patrick Jemmer - Welsh to English translator. Translation services in History\nSwift, Smart Translation\nLocal time: 05:03 BST (GMT+1)\nWelsh to English: Adleisiau’r Rhyfel i Orffen Pob Rhyfel / Echoes of the War to End All Wars\nSource text - Welsh\n1af Ionawr y llynedd, ar drothwy’r flwyddyn newydd, rwy’n gwneud pererindod arbennig o’m tŷ, trwy fro fy mebyd yn Brynmill, Abertawe, i’r rhodfa ar hyd Heol y Mwmbwls. A dyna’r Senotaff, yn edrych yn ddigyffro dros y bae. Mae hwn yn enghraifft drawiadol o geufedd ar lun bedd gwag, mewn safle amlwg, ynghyd â’r gofgolofn sy’n anrhydeddu’r rhai a fu farw yn ystod amryw ryfeloedd, a gladdwyd yn rhywle arall. Tua phump o’r gloch ydy, wrth i fi sefyll ar bwys y rhithfedd yn y glaw mân, hallt, a thaenir yr awyr rudd fel lliain gwaedlyd ar yr orwel.\nMae gwawchio taer y gwylanod trahaus yn bygwth fy nrysu, a thry fy ymwybyddiaeth tuag at i mewn, tra crwydra fy llygaid ar draws enwau’r rheiny a gollwyd yn y Rhyfel Mawr. Ond beth y mae pobl o’m cenhedlaeth yn ei wybod am gynnen a dioddefaint? Plant oes yr atom ydym, a oedd yn arfer troi a throsi trwy’r nos gan boeni am gellwyriadau cuddiedig, neu am y dydd y câi’r ddaear gron ei llosgi’n lludw gan dân-belen. Ac felly y dechreua fy synfyfyrdod, llawn gwersi wedi’u dysgu a’u colli, yn y gobaith o allu esbonio ychydig o ran ein hanes i’m nith fach sydd yn ddeg oed —\nRyw ganrif yn ôl y cychwynnodd y Rhyfel Mawr yn Ewrop ag unig daniad, bradlofruddio, pall ar ddiplomyddiaeth, apelio at gytundebau astrus, cynigion terfynol rhwng cenhedloedd, a goresgyn gwledydd amhleidiol. Un o’r rhyfeloedd mwyaf marwol yn hanes y byd ydoedd, yr un fath i ymladdwyr ac i sifiliaid. Datblygiadau mewn technoleg a diwydiant a helpai i waethygu’r dinistr, yn ogystal ag ymladd mewn ffosydd a arweiniodd i sefyllfa annatrys. Ar ôl i’r dilyw o laid a gwaed lonyddu, digwyddodd dymchwelfa wleidyddol, ysgytwol, a chwyldroeon.\nRwy’n edmygu’r garreg Portland ar y Senotaff, sy’n debyg i’r un a adeiladwyd gan Lutyens ger Senedd y Deyrnas Unedig ym Mhalas San Steffan yn Llundain. Dyna, mewn efydd, arfbeisiau Abertawe, torchau, angorau, placiau sy’n cofnodi enwau’r lladdedigion. A hyn oll o dan yr arysgrif Ladin, “Pro Deo Rege et Patria” – “Dros Dduw, Brenin, a Mamwlad.” Amgylchynir y caeadle â muriau wythonglog, ond difrodwyd y pedwar porth gan shrapnel yn ystod cyrchau awyr yn yr Ail Ryfel Byd, ac maent wedi'u tynnu ymaith oherwydd hyn.\nRhôi’r Rhyfel brawf ar ysbryd cenedlaethol Cymru, bron hyd at ddinistriad. Fodd bynnag, cadarnhawyd cydraddoldeb Cymru â rhannau eraill y Deyrnas Unedig, ac ag aelodau’r Ymerodraeth, mewn theori, o leiaf, pan grëwyd Gwarchodlu Cymreig, ac y 38ain Adran Troedfilwyr Cymreig. Symbylwyd yr ysbryd rhyfel yn y gwirfoddolwyr trwy apelio at syniadau gwrywdod fel dyletswydd, gwroldeb, bri, ofn Duw, a pharch at y Brenin.\nOnd, wrth imi lechu yma, a thywod yn fy llygaid, rwy’n gofyn i’m hun: a ddaw’r cyfrifoldeb o gofio i ben â’r seremonïau, y pabïau, y gweddïau? Erbyn hyn, ai cofio egwyddorion cyffredinol, digwyddiadau a chanlyniadau a wnawn yn hytrach na bywydau a phersonoliaethau’r unigolion? Pwy sy biau’r enwau hyn, pwy oedd y gwŷr (a gwragedd) hyn, y gwrol ryfelwyr, y gwladgarwyr tra mad, a gollasant eu gwaed dros ryddid? Beth yw ystyr y geiriau: byw, marw, aberthu? Lle rydym yn awr: lle y byddwn yn y dyfodol? Pwy fydd yn gwneud y dewisiadau, a sut, a pham?\nNid oedd y mil o ddynion a ddaeth ynghyd y tu ôl i’r dafarn o’r enw “The George” yn y Mwmbwls yn filwyr proffesiynol. Tadau a meibion ydoedd, a chlercod banc, llafurwyr, glowyr, aelodi capeli, paffwyr a chwaraewyr rygbi. “Mêts Abertawe” oedd enw ar y criw hwn o frodyr erbyn iddynt gyrraedd Ffrynt y Gorllewin. Erbyn diwedd y Rhyfel y byddai mwy na 600 ohonynt wedi cael eu colli. Mae Llechres Anrhydedd yn rhestru enwau 2274 o eneidiau o Abertawe a fu farw yn y Rhyfel, a chleddyfau cyfiawnder yn eu dwylo, ond nid ydwyf yn bwriadu eu cyfrif nhw i gyd.\nYn y Rhyfel hwn, y ddwy fyddin oedd biau’r un grym tanio, ond ni allent wthio yn eu blaen nac ennill tir o achos y ddaearyddiaeth. Cloddiwyd ffosydd ar hyd blaen y gad, wedi’u hamddiffyn â weiren bigog, ac â ffrwydryddion. Diogelai’r rhain yr ymladdwyr rhag gynnau a chanonau. Rhwng y ddau ffrynt oedd tir neb, a oedd yn agored i ymosod o'r ddwy ochr.\nArweiniai’r sefyllfa anhydrin hon i ryfel athreuliol, llawn seithuctod. Yr amddiffynwyr a fanteisiai ar yr ymosodwyr, a bu’r bombardio di-baid yn achos colled milwyr a defnyddiau, a flinai’r gelyn. Yr enillwyr a fyddai biau mwy o adnoddau. Delwedd ddiffiniol y Rhyfel Mawr yw golygfa lle y mae lliaws dynion ieuainc, dewr yn mynd dros ymyl y ffos er mwyn ymosod ar y gelyn ymysg crochan uffernol llawn tân, llaid, gwaed a gweiddi. Hyd yn oed ymosodiadau llwyddiannus a olygai ladd torfol.\nMae Coed Mametz ar frig tyle serth, yng nghanol tir agored llawn pantiau. Ac yno yr ymosododd y milwyr Prydeinig ar yr Almaenwyr yng Ngorffennaf 1916. Yn gyntaf oll, yn rhyfeddol, ymddangosai na fyddai unrhyw wrthsafiad. Sut bynnag, wrth i’r dynion nesáu, trawsant ar ymosodiad parhaus a marwol o saethu drylliau peiriannol. Cyrcydai’r goroeswyr mewn tyllau yn y ddaear, er mwyn osgoi’r bwledi. Disgynnodd yr Almaenwyr, a dechreuodd ymladdfa ddryslyd â dyrnau a bidogau ymhlith y coed wedi’u difetha, y ceudyllau, y llaid, y weiren bigog, y ffosydd, a’r cyrff.\nBu bron i’r Almaenwyr gael eu hyrddio yn eu hôl, ond wrth iddi nosi, daeth yn amhosib penderfynu pwy oedd pwy. Bombardiai’r ddwy fyddin faes y frwydr, a saethai’r milwyr gyfaill a gelyn yn ddiwahân mewn dychryn. Er hyn oll, y Prydeinwyr a drechodd yn y pendraw. Pedair mil o Gymry a laddwyd yno, yn cynnwys cant o Abertawe. Heddiw, saif cerflun y Ddraig Goch yn herllyd ger Mametz, er gof am lewder a phenderfyniad gwyllt y milwyr Cymreig colledig.\nGrymoedd Prydain a ddarluniai eu hun yn wŷr bonheddig, llawn glewder a rhagoriaeth foesol; wrth gwrs mai’r gwrthwynebwr a wnaethai’r un peth yn union. Ond, bydd rhaid inni ofyn: ai angenfilod drygionus oedd yr Almaenwyr i gyd? Nage ddim! Gallwn gyfeirio at brofiad Robert Evans o Ddolgellau, oedd yn aelod o Gorfflu Meddygol Brenhinol y Fyddin. Er ei syndod, pan aeth ef gyda milwyr eraill i gasglu clwyfedigion a oedd wedi gorwedd yn nhir neb am ddyddiau, daeth rhai o’r gelynion allan o’u ffosydd a helpu i gladdu’r meirwon yn hytrach na thanio arnynt.\nDim ond hanner y dynion dewr a ddeuai yn ôl o Ffrynt y Gorllewin yn fyw ac yn iach. Aeth tua 300,000 o Gymry i'r gad, a bu farw tua 40,000 ohonynt. Yr ieuaf oedd George Lewis o’r Bari, hogan gweini yn y Llynges Frenhinol, a foddodd yn 14 oed. Preifat Owen Owen oedd y milwr cyntaf o Abertawe a fu farw. Fe’i boddwyd yn nociau Abertawe wrth iddo fod ar ddyletswydd ym Medi 1914.\nGosodwyd y garreg sylfaen i’r Senotaff gan y Cadlywydd Haig, Iarll Bemersyde, a oroesai’r rhyfel o leiaf. Oedd Haig, yn neilltuol, yn “gigydd” didostur a anfonai “llewod wedi’u dwyn gan fulod” i gael eu lladd heb resymeg? Ai ymhyfrydu yn tywallt gwaed a wnaeth? Wedi’r cwbl, Prydain a enillodd: ond, a ba gost? Dyna ddadl nas torrwyd heddiw. Wedi dweud hyn, ddydd y cadoediad y lladdwyd neu anafwyd tua 10,000 o ddynion, yn cynnwys Corporal Stephen Lamont o Abertawe. Fe’u hanfonwyd i farw gan y cadlywyddion a wyddai y byddai’r rhyfel yn dod i ben am 11 o’r gloch y bore.\nA oedd y Rhyfel naill ai’n fenter ofer ac afradlon, neu ynteu’n anghenraid anochel? Erys hyn yn fater i'w drafod. Mae rhaid inni’n rhwystro’n hunain rhag archwilio digwyddiadau doe â synnwyr heddiw. Roedd amgylchiadau’r Rhyfel Mawr yn arbennig o anodd, ac yn wir y methai’r cadlywyddion ymaddasu i’r rhain yn ddiymdroi. Y ffaith amdani yw na lwyddai rhyfela mewn ffosydd i gyflawni ei nodau, ac oherwydd hyn y dyfeisiwyd magnelaeth well, nwyon mwy gwenwynig a thanciau. Mawr oedd rhoddion y Rhyfel Mawr.\nAchosai’r Rhyfel dlodi a chyni i’r rheiny a adawyd yn y famwlad, hefyd. Erbyn diwedd y Rhyfel y byddai’r mwyafrif o deuluoedd wedi colli rhyw berthynas, a difethwyd rhai cymunedau’n llwyr. Gwasgai posteri propaganda ar bobl gartref i gefnogi’r ymdrech ryfel. Roedd rhai’n gofyn, “Beth wnaethoch chi yn ystod y Rhyfel Mawr, Dada?”, tra oedd eraill yn datgan, “Yn wir – Buddugoliaeth lwyr os bwytewch lai o fara.” Ar ddechrau’r Rhyfel, daeth chwarter mil o ffoaduriaid o Ffrainc a Gwald Belg i Brydain, ac aeth llawer ohonynt i Abertawe gan ymuno â chymuned gynfodol yno. Fodd bynnag, triniwyd estroniaid preswyl o’r Almaen yn wael gan y Prydeinwyr bryd hynny.\nGofalai’r menywod am y plant, ac roedd rhaid iddynt wneud swyddi’r dynion a frwydrai ar ben hynny. Gweithient i swyddfeydd post, ffatrïoedd, gweithleoedd arfau rhyfel, ffermydd, busnesi, a chwmnïoedd cludiant cyhoeddus. Bu bron i bob tylwyth golli aelod y teulu rywsut neu’i gilydd.\nSerch hynny, credid y gallai “cryd khaki” orlethu menywod a ddymunai garu gyda milwyr tramor. Felly y gorfodwyd cwrffyw, ac arestiwyd gwragedd a gyhuddwyd o gyflawni “gweithredoedd anweddus.” Ystyriwyd Abertawe’n “lle drygioni,” a lansiwyd “crwsâd dros burdeb” er mwyn rhwystro’r llanw o anfoesoldeb a ysgubai dros y dref yn ôl y sôn. A gyrhaeddodd yr ymgyrch hon ei nodau neu beidio, ym 1915 ymatebai rhai menywod i’r Rhyfel gan gychwyn Sefydliad y Merched yn Llanfairpwll.\nYmhellach, pan godwyd Senotaff Abertawe, dodwyd swllt y Brenin o dan y garreg sylfaen gan Mrs Fewings, oedd yn cynrychioli gweddwon milwyr. Unigryw yng Nghymru yw’r cofadail hwn, gan mai enwau 10 o wragedd sydd arno. Lladdwyd y rhan fwyaf ohonynt wrth weithio yn y gweithfeydd gwneud arfau ym Mhen-bre. Heddiw, gosodir lilïau gwynion ar y gofeb yn symbol o heddwch.\nDaeth cynhyrchu glo yng Nghymru i anterth ym 1913, ond tua dechrau’r Rhyfel datblygai cryn gwynion dros gyflogau ymhlith y glowyr. Wrth gwrs dibynnai’r Llynges Frenhinol, a’r diwydiant arfau ar gyflenwad cyson o lo. Fel canlyniad, daeth mynd ar streic yn dramgwydd troseddol erbyn haf 1915. Tua chwarter miliwn o lowyr wedi’u hysgogi gan ymdeimlad o anghyfiawnder a heriodd y gyfraith newydd.\nMae’n debyg bod llawer o’r dynion yn credu eu bod yn ddewr gan fynnu’u hawliau yn ystod cyfnod o berygl cenedlaethol. Yn wir, datganent, “Nid oes bradwr yn y tŷ hwn.” Eto i gyd, ystyrid bod y Rhyfel yn ffrae anghyfiawn rhwng y dosbarthiadau rheoli Ewrop gan rai. Felly roedd deffro o ymwybod sosialaidd: ar ôl chwyldro byd-eang, gobeithid y byddai’r gweithwyr yn uno er mwyn cymryd y llyw, gan reoli diwydiant a chymdeithas. Gorfodwyd Lloyd George ei hun i gwrdd â’r streicwyr, er iddo ildio i’r rhan fwyaf o’r hawliadau.\nPan ddeuai’r milwyr adref, cyfarfyddent ddiweithdra, prinder tai, a chostau byw uchel. Mewn gwirionedd, dyma oedd Prydain yn dechrau colli ei lle fel pwerdy economaidd y byd. Dechreuodd diwydiant trwm, yn cynnwys codi glo, ddirywio, a symudodd llawer o weithwyr i Loegr gan chwilio am swyddi. Dim ond tair blynedd wedi diwedd y Rhyfel, roedd ffyniant glo wedi darfod. Roedd sefyllfa menywod yng Nghymru’n waeth byth nag amgylchiadau menywod yng ngweddill y Deyrnas Unedig. Ar ôl y Rhyfel, gostyngai’r nifer o fenywod oedd yn gweithio’n fwyfwy, yn enwedig ym maes amaethyddiaeth.\nRoedd y Rhyfel yn drychineb i Gymru, a ddioddefai’n anghyfartal o’i chymharu â gweddill y Deyrnas Unedig, ac roedd yr ôl-effeithiau’n arwyddocaol iawn yn hanes y wlad. Yn y byd gwleidyddol, chwalwyd gafael y Blaid Ryddfrydol yn un o’i chadarnleoedd, wrth i nerth y Sosialwyr gynyddu. Cyfranogai gwerinoedd Prydain brofiadau ingol, tebyg, a thrwy hyn y cymysgai hunaniaethau cenedlaethol. Gofynnai pobl lle roedd Duw yn y ffosydd, yr Uffern honno ar y ddaear, a pan atebai rhai, “ar drai ar orwel pell mae ef,” y canlynodd argyfwng ffydd. Yng Nghymru, ansicrwydd a gofid a ddisodlai hunanhyder a gobaith, a nodweddion diffiniol o Gymreictod, megis iaith, crefydd, a chymdogaeth dda a wanhâi.\nRoedd y Cymry a’r Saeson yn chwedleua’n wahanol am y Rhyfel Mawr. Dyna gan fod paradocs yn ymwybyddiaeth gasgliadol y Cymry. Ar y naill law y gallent, fel deiliaid o’r Ymerodraeth Brydeinig, dderbyn eu bod yn brwydro dros Brydain. Ar y llaw arall, roedd llawer ohonynt wedi’u dadrithio gan gyfranogi o Ryfel Lloegr a fradychai gymuned, ffydd, heddwch, gwrth-filitariaeth a Chymreictod. Diddorol ydy mai Cymro oedd y gwrthwynebydd cydwybodol cyntaf i’w etholi’n Aelod Seneddol yn Llundain ar ôl y Rhyfel. Ac wedyn sefydlwyd Plaid Cymru yn y 1920au. Hefyd, synnwyr cenedligrwydd a ymgodai drwy Ewrop yr adeg honno, a fyddai’n difetha’r Ymerodraeth yn y diwedd.\nNid rhyfel tebyg i un a fu o’i flaen nac ar ei hôl oedd y Rhyfel Mawr. “Rhyfel i orffen pob rhyfel” ydy’r enw a roed iddo, hynny yw, “rhyfel yn erbyn rhyfel ei hun.” Yn sgil y gwrthdaro, bu newidiadau dros y byd i gyd. Yn y Gynhadledd Heddwch ym Mharis ym 1919, cadarnhawyd cytundebau, gosodwyd amodau, ail-leolwyd ffiniau, ailddosbarthwyd gwladfeydd, a chrëwyd a dibennwyd cenhedloedd. Fe ddylai Cynghrair y Cenhedloedd newydd ei sefydlu, fod wedi diogelu rhag rhyfel byd arall.\nFodd bynnag, efallai mai “heddwch i roi pen ar heddwch i gyd” ydoedd yn wir. Canlyniadau seicolegol ac ymarferol i’r Rhyfel Mawr, sef dirwasgiad economaidd ac ymchwydd o genedlaetholdeb oddi mewn i genedl-wladwriaethau gweinion, a heuodd hadau’r Ail Ryfel Byd. Ni allai’r byd roi'r gorau i ymladd, a dechreuodd y rhyfela unwaith eto, ddim ond ugain mlynedd yn ddiweddarach. Nid oes angen dweud nad ydy’r gyflafan wedi peidio hyd yn hyn.\nNi ddylem byth anghofio dydd Iau 4ydd Awst 1914, na dydd Llun 11eg Tachwedd 1918 ychwaith. Cynhelir Sul y Cofio bob blwyddyn rhag inni anghofio’r holl golled bywyd, yr aberthau, a’r cadoediad gwreiddiol. Hwyrach na ddiflanna’r pabïau cochion byth o feysydd cad gogledd Ewrop, lle y tyfant yn naturiol yn y pridd gwaedlyd. Ac ar hyn o bryd y cyrhaeddwn ddiwedd canmlwyddiant y Rhyfel Mawr. Mae’r byd heddiw yn wahanol o ran rhai pethau, ond mae’r un fath yn union â’r hen drefn ar lawer cyfrif pwysig eraill. Bellach, yr ydym yn brwydro rhyfeloedd yn erbyn cyffuriau, brawychiaeth, a thlodi yn ein mamwlad ein hunain, neu felly y dywedir wrthym.\nNid un goroeswr o’r Rhyfel Mawr, yr oes mor ddreng honno, sydd yn ôl yn awr, a all draethu arswyd ac ehofnder y ffosydd: sawr y fan lle rhedai'r llygod mawr, sŵn yr ymladd, gwaeddi’r bechgyn, gwaed wedi’i gymysgu â glaw. Wedi diflannu y mae’r plac o brif stand San Helen, a arferai ddatgan “cof anfarwol” y meirwon. Erbyn hyn, pethau mud ydynt, a’u bysedd glas, sy wedi gadael tir y byw a chysur henaint. Efallai, rywbryd, y bydd hiraeth mewn distawrwydd arnom am eu lleisiau, eu cyngor, eu nerth, yng Nghymru o leiaf.\nO ystyried manylion yr arwyr ar y Senotaff, mae’n fy nharo fod natur ddynol yn gallu bod mor wrthnysig. Ni allwn benderfynu ai ffeithiol ai dyfeisgar yw hanes; ai rhesymu ai chwedleua sy’n ei rheoli. Rydym yn dysgu o hanes, ond yn gwneud yr un camgymeriadau drosodd a throsodd. Rydym yn dathlu torri hen gelwyddau allan trwy drawsblannu rhai newydd. Ond mae’r amser i ryfel wedi mynd; bellach y mae angen inni ddiwygio’r gorffennol. Wrth i fysedd dyfal awel y gaeaf blagio’n ddi-baid y pabïau artiffisial, mae’r enwau’n galw arnaf yn gryf o hyd. Gorffwysent mewn hedd yn oes oesoedd, ond caffent, yn anad dim, gyfiawnder gennym, bron chwarter ffordd trwy’r 21ain ganrif hon. Translation - English\nThe 1st of January last year, on the threshold of the new year, I make a special pilgrimage from my house, through my boyhood haunts in Brynmill, Swansea, to the promenade alongside Mumbles Road. And there’s the Cenotaph, looking unconcernedly across the bay. This is a striking example of a war-memorial in the form of an empty grave, in an obvious location, together with the memorial column which honours those who died during various conflicts, who are buried elsewhere. It is about five o’clock, as I stand by the cenotaph in the salty drizzle, and the ruddy sky is spread like a blood-stained bandage on the horizon.\nThe insistent squawking of the arrogant seagulls threatens to disturb my thoughts, and I turn my awareness inwards, while my eyes wander across the names of those who were lost in the Great War. But what do people of my generation know about strife and suffering? We are children of the atomic age, who used to toss and turn all night, worrying about hidden mutations, or about the day that the entire world would be bunt to a cinder by a fire-ball. And so I begin my meditation, full of lessons learned and lost, in the hope that I can explain a little of our history to my small niece who is ten years old –\nIt was about a century ago that the Great War in Europe began with a single shot, an assassination, a failure of diplomacy, an appeal to obscure treaties, ultimatums between nations, and the invasion of neutral lands. It was one of the most lethal wars in the history of the world, both for combatants and civilians. It was developments in technology and industry that would help to worsen the destruction, as well as trench warfare which led to an unresolvable situation. After the flood of mud and blood had subsided, a shocking political upheaval, and revolutions, ensued.\nI admire the Portland stone on the Cenotaph, which is similar to the one built by Lutyens by the Houses of Parliament in London. There are, in bronze, the arms of Swansea, wreaths, anchors, plaques that record the names of those killed. And all this beneath the Latin inscription, “Pro Deo Rege et Patria” – “For God, King, and Country.” The enclosure is surrounded by octagonal walls, but the four gates were destroyed by shrapnel during air-raids in the Second World War, and they have been taken away because of this.\nThe War would test Wales’s national spirit, almost to destruction. However, Wales’s equality with other parts of the United Kingdom, and with members of the Empire, was confirmed, in theory, at least, when Welsh Guards and the 38th Welsh Infantry Division were established. The war-spirit was stirred up in the volunteers by appealing to ideas of manliness such as duty, courage, prestige, fear of God, and respect for the King.\nBut, as I lurk here, with sand in my eyes, I ask myself: does the responsibility of remembering come to an end with the ceremonies, the poppies, the prayers? By now, is it that we remember general principles, events and consequences, rather than the individuals’ lives and personalities? Who owns these names, who were these men (and women), the brave warriors, the most excellent patriots, who lost their blood for freedom? What is the meaning of the words: living, dying, sacrifice? Where are we now: where shall we be in the future? Who shall make the choices, and how, and why?\nThe thousand men who gathered outside the pub named “The George” in the Mumbles were not professional soldiers. They were fathers and sons, and bank clerks, labourers, miners, chapel members, boxers and rugby-players. “The Swansea Pals” was the name of this band of brothers by the time they reached the Western Front. By the end of the War, more than 600 of them would have been lost. The Roll of Honour lists the names of 2274 souls from Swansea who died in the War, the swords of justice in their hands, but I do not intend to count them all.\nIn this War, both armies possessed the same fire-power, but they could not push forward, nor gain territory because of the geography. Trenches were dug along the battle-front, defended with barbed-wire, and with explosives. These protected the fighters from guns and cannons. Between the two fronts was no-man’s-land, which was open to attack from both sides.\nThis intractable situation led to a war of attrition, full of frustration. The defenders had the advantage over the attackers, and the ceaseless bombardment caused the loss of soldiers and provisions, which debilitated the enemy. The winners would be those who had more resources. The defining image of the Great War is a scene where a host of young, brave men goes over the top of the trench to attack the enemy in a hellish cauldron full of fire, mud, blood, and shouting. Even successful attacks would mean mass slaughter.\nMametz Wood is at the top of a steep hill, in the middle of open ground full of hollows. And there the British soldiers attacked the Germans in July 1916. First of all, strangely, it appeared that there would be no resistance. However, as the men got nearer, they hit upon a sustained and deadly onslaught of machine-gun fire. The survivors cowered in holes in the ground to avoid the bullets. The Germans descended, and there began hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets amidst the devastated trees, the craters, the mud, the barbed-wire, and the corpses.\nThe Germans were almost pushed back, but as night fell, it became impossible to decide who was who. Both armies bombarded the battle-field, and soldiers shot friend and enemy alike in terror. Despite all this, it was the British who prevailed in the end. Four thousand Welsh were killed there, including a hundred from Swansea. Today, a statue of the Red Dragon stands defiantly near Mametz, in memory of the bravery and wild determination of the lost Welsh soldiers.\nThe British forces depicted themselves as gentlemen, full of courage and moral superiority; of course the adversary did exactly the same thing. But, we must ask: were all the Germans monsters of iniquity? Definitely not! We can refer to the experience of Robert Evans from Dolgellau, who was a member of the Royal Army Medical Corps. To his surprise, when he went with other soldiers to collect wounded men who had been lying in no-man’s-land for days, some of the enemy came out of their trenches and helped to bury the dead rather than firing at them.\nOnly half the brave men would come back from the Western Front alive and well. About 300,000 Welshmen went to war, and about 40,000 of them died. The youngest was George Lewis of Barry, a serving-boy in the Royal Navy, who drowned at 14 years of age. Private Owen Owen was the first soldier from Swansea who died. He was drowned in Swansea docks while he was on duty in September 1914.\nThe Cenotaph’s foundation stone was laid by Field Marshal Haig, Earl of Bemersyde, who survived the war at least. Was Haig, in particular, a ruthless “butcher” who sent “lions led by donkeys” to get killed for no reason? Is it true that he rejoiced in spilling blood? After all, it was Britain who won: but, at what cost? That is a debate that has not been resolved today. Having said that, it is on the day of the armistice that 10,000 men were killed or wounded, including Corporal Stephen Lamont of Swansea. They were sent to their deaths by the generals who knew that the war would come to an end at 11 o’clock that morning.\nWas the War a futile and extravagant venture, or an unavoidable necessity? This remains a matter for discussion. We must restrain ourselves from investigating the events of yesterday with the sensibilities of today. The circumstances of the Great War were especially difficult, and certainly the generals failed to adapt themselves to these immediately. The fact of the matter is that fighting in trenches did not succeed to achieve its aims, and it is because of this that better artillery, more poisonous gases, and tanks, were devised. Great were the gifts of the Great War.\nThe War caused poverty and adversity to those who were left in the homeland, too. By the end of the War, the majority of families would have lost some relative, and some communities were destroyed entirely. Propaganda posters entreated people at home to support the war effort. Some asked, “Daddy, what did you do during the Great War?”, while others declared “Yes – Complete victory if you eat less bread.” At the start of the War, a quarter of a million refugees came to Britain from France and Belgium, and many of them went to Swansea, joining an already-existing community there. However, resident aliens from Germany were treated badly by the British at that time.\nThe women cared for the children, and they had to do the jobs of the men who were fighting on top of that. They worked in post-offices, factories, munitions factories, farms, businesses, and public transport companies. Almost every clan lost a family-member, one way or another.\nDespite that, it was believed that “khaki-fever” overcome women who wanted to make love to overseas soldiers. So, a curfew was imposed, and women accused of indulging in “indecent acts” were arrested. Swansea was considered to be a “hotbed of immorality” and a “purity crusade” was launched in order to dam the tide of immorality that was apparently inundating the town. Whether this effort achieved its goals or not, in 1915 some women responded to the War, starting the Women’s Institute in Llanfairpwll.\nFurthermore, when Swansea Cenotaph was erected, the King’s shilling was placed under the foundation-stone by Mrs Fewings, who was representing the soldiers’ widows. Unique in Wales is this memorial, since the names of 10 women are on it. The majority of them were killed while working in the armaments works in Pembrey. Today, white lilies are placed on the monument as a symbol of peace.\nCoal production in Wales reached its peak in 1913, but towards the start of the War, considerable complaints were building up amongst the miners over wages. Of course the Royal Navy, and the arms industry, depended on a constant supply of coal. As a result, going on strike became a criminal offence by the summer of 1915. About a quarter of a million miners, motivated by a feeling of injustice, challenged the new law.\nIt is likely that many of the men believed that they were brave to insist on their rights during a period of national danger. Indeed, they declared, “There’s no traitor in this house.” Then again, it was considered by some that the War was an unjust squabble between Europe’s ruling classes. So, there was an awakening of socialist consciousness: after world-wide revolution, it was hoped that the workers would unite in order to take command, overseeing industry and society. Lloyd George himself was forced to meet the strikers, although he yielded to most of their demands.\nWhen the soldiers came home, they encountered unemployment, a lack of housing, and a high cost of living. In truth, this was a Britain starting to lose its place as the world’s economic powerhouse. Heavy industry, including coal-mining, began to deteriorate, and many workers moved to England looking for jobs. Only three years after the end of the War, the flourishing of coal had ceased. The situation of women in Wales was even worse than the circumstances of women in the rest of the United Kingdom. After the War, the number of women working dropped more and more, especially in the field of agriculture.\nThe War was a disaster for Wales, which suffered disproportionately compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, and the after-effects were highly significant in the history of the land. In the political sphere, the Liberal Party’s grip was shattered in one of its strongholds, while the strength of the Socialists increased. The folk of Britain partook of similar, distressing, experiences, and through this, national identities became entwined. People asked where was God in the trenches, that Hell on earth, and when some answered, “his glory’s ebbing away in the far distance,” then there followed a crisis of faith. In Wales, uncertainty and affliction displaced self-confidence and hope, and defining characteristics of Welshness, such as language, faith, and neighbourliness, became weaker.\nThe Welsh and the English wove different tales about the Great War. That is because there was a paradox in the Welsh collective consciousness. On the one hand, they could, as subjects of the British Empire, accept that they were fighting for Britain. On the other hand, many of them were disillusioned by partaking in the English War which betrayed community, faith, peace, anti-militarism, and Welshness. It is interesting that a Welshman was the first conscientious objector to be elected as a Member of Parliament after the War. And then Plaid Cymru was established in the 1920s. Also, feelings of nationalism arose throughout Europe at that time, which would destroy the Empire in the end.\nThe Great War was not a war like any other that had been before, nor after it. “A War to end all war” is the name that was given to it, that is, “a war against war itself.” In the wake of the conflict, there were changes across the entire world. In the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, treaties were agreed, conditions were placed, boundaries were relocated, settlements were redistributed, and nations were created and liquidated. The newly-established League of Nations should have safeguarded against another world war.\nHowever, perhaps in fact it was a “peace to bring an end to all peace.” It was psychological and practical results of the Great War, namely economic depression and a surge of nationalism within weak nation-states, which sowed the seeds of the Second World War. The world could not give up fighting, and the hostilities began once again, only twenty years later. Needless to say, the slaughter has not abated even now.\nWe should never forget Thursday 4th August 1914, nor Monday 11th November 1918 either. Remembrance Sunday is held each year lest we forget all the loss of life, the sacrifices, and the original armistice. Perhaps the red poppies will never disappear from the battlefields of northern Europe, where they grow naturally in the bloody soil. And now we are reaching the end of the Great War’s centenary. The world today is different in some respects, but it is exactly the same as the old dispensation in many other important ways. Now, we are fighting wars against drugs, terrorism, and poverty, in our own homeland, or so we are told.\nNot one survivor of the Great War, that age of such perversity, remains now, who can recount the terror and fearlessness of the trenches: the stench of the place where rats scurried, the sound of the fighting, the boys’ shouting, the blood mixed with rain. The plaque has disappeared from the main stand at Saint Helen’s, which used to declare the “immortal memory” of the dead. By now, they are dumb things, with lifeless fingers, which have left the land of the living and the comforts of old-age. Perhaps, sometime, we will long inconsolably in silence for their voices, their counsel, their strength, in Wales at least.\nConsidering the details of the heroes on the Cenotaph, it strikes me that human nature can be so perverse. We cannot decide whether history is factual or fantastic; whether reasoning or tale-telling governs it. We learn from history, but make the same mistakes over and over. We celebrate cutting out old lies by transplanting new ones. But the time for warring has gone: now there is need for us to make good the past. As the winter breeze’s persistent fingers ceaselessly harass the artificial poppies, the names call to me strongly still. May the rest in peace forevermore, but, more than all else, may they have justice from us, a quarter of the way through this 21st Century.\nEnglish to Welsh: Was Saint Patrick Welsh? / Ai Cymro oedd Padrig Sant? /\nBut those Britons who spoke the British Celtic language known as Brittonic (the ancestor of Welsh, Cornish and Breton) began to use another name for themselves, Combrogī – “fellow countrymen”. This term is the ancestor of the English place name Cumbria, and of the word the Welsh use today to describe themselves: Cymry (in the Middle Ages, this term was also used for the country of Wales, which is now spelled Cymru). Whether or not this term was in use in the fifth century, however, is impossible to say.\nIn the seventh century, an Irish monk named Muirchú wrote a Life of St Patrick in Latin. In it, the few historical facts about Patrick recoverable from his own writings are almost completely obscured by the numerous miracles that were de rigueur in medieval writings on the lives of saints, and the blatant propaganda of the ambitious church of Armagh, which was in the process of appropriating Patrick for itself.\nIn the game of rugby which inspired my St Patrick’s Day t-shirt, one of the (many) try scorers for Ireland was a certain Ronán O’Gara, born San Diego, California. When it comes to identity, place of birth isn’t everything. Translation - Welsh\nRoeddwn yn crwydro drwy strydoedd Galway Ŵyl Padrig Sant ym 2002, gan wisgo crys-t ac arno y geiriau, 'St Patrick: he’s Welsh, you know'. Y cyd-destun oedd fod Iwerddon wedi trechu Cymru yng nghystadleuaeth rygbi'r Chwe Chenedl bythefnos o'r blaen. Cellwair cyfeillgar oedd y slogan i fod, ac fel hyn roedd pobl yn ei gymryd. Ond, ydy e'n gywir?\nDylai'r ateb fod yn weddol syml. Wedi'r cwbl, mae Padrig yn dweud wrthym o ble y deuai'n wreiddiol, mewn un o'r dwy lith Ladin a ysgrifennodd ac sydd wedi goroesi hyd heddiw, sef tref o'r enw Banna Venta Berniae. Yn anffodus, wyddom ddim lle y bu honno, ar wahân i'r ffaith ei bod yn rhywle ym Mhrydain. Gan iddo gael ei ddala yno gan ysbeilwyr o Iwerddon, rhaid bod y lle yn eitha agos at arfordir gorllewin Prydain. Felly mae'n eitha posibl, er nad yw'n hollol sicr, fod y dref yn rhywle yng Nghymru.\nEfallai nad yw'r safle union o fawr bwys. Yn ystod bywyd Padrig (rywbryd yn y bumed ganrif OC), doedd Cymru fel yr ydym ni'n ei hadnabod ddim yn bodoli. 'Brythoniaid' oedd yr enw a ddefnyddiwyd i sôn amdanynt eu hunain gan y bobl oedd yn byw yn yr amryw deyrnasoedd yn yr ardal rydym ni'n ei galw'n Gymru bellach. Ar ben hynny roedd llawer o bobloedd eraill yn defnyddio'r un enw, hynny yw, y rhai oedd yn byw yn y rhan o Brydain i'r de o Fur Hadrian - sef y dalaith Rufeinig gynt o'r enw Britannia.\nOnd y dechreuodd y Brythoniaid a siaradai'r math o Gelteg Ynysol o'r enw Frythoneg (sydd yn iaith hynafiadol i'r Gymraeg, i'r Gernyweg, ac i'r Llydaweg) ddefnyddio enw arall arnynt eu hunain, sef Combrogī ‘cyd-frowyr’. O'r term hwn y terddir yr enw lle Saesneg Cumbria, ac ohono fe y daw'r gair Cymry hefyd, sef yr enw y mae gwerin yng Nghymru'n ei ddefnyddio i ddisgrifio eu hunain heddiw (yn yr Oesoedd Canol cafodd y term hwn ei ddefnyddio i sôn am y wlad hefyd, ac mae wedi troi'n 'Cymru' erbyn hyn). Amhosibl yw dweud, fodd bynnag, p'un a gâi'r term hwn ei ddefnyddio yn ystod y pumed ganrif, neu beidio.\nErbyn hynny, roedd pobloedd a siaradai ieithoedd Germaneg yn sefydlu teyrnasoedd yn ne ynys Prydain, ac yn y dwyrain hefyd. Roedd y rhain yn rhagflaenwyr i'r 'gens Anglorum' hynny yw 'y werin Seisnig’ a defnyddio geiriau hanesydd (ac yn hwyrach, sant) Bede oedd yn ysgrifennu yn yr wythfed ganrif. Nid Brythoniaid oedd y bobl hyn, nac o'u rhan eu hunain, nac o ran eu cymdogion i'r gorllewin ychwaith. Y pryd hynny eu henw ar y werin y tu hwnt i Gymru oedd 'Saeson', a hyd yn oed heddiw yr un enw sy'n cael ei ddefnyddio (a 'Sasanaigh' yn Gaeleg). Yn eu tro, roedd y Saeson yn galw'r Brythoniaid yn 'Wealas' a'r term hwn yw tarddiad y gair 'Welsh'. Felly, o safbwynt Saesneg cyfoes o leiaf, fe fyddai Padrig wedi bod yn Gymro.\nMae sawl ysgolhaig (y rhai o'r Oesoedd Canol a'r rhai o'r cyfnod modern fel ei gilydd) wedi honni bod San Padrig yn siarad Brythoneg. Gwyddom ei fod yn gallu ysgrifennu Lladin da, ond yr oedd yn ei galw'n 'lingua aliena' (hynny yw, 'iaith estron'). Nid ei famiaith oedd hon, ond roedd hi'n ddewis amlwg i'w defnyddio pan oedd e'n ysgrifennu, gan ei bod yn iaith uchel ei statws, a chanddi draddodiad llenyddol hynafol, ac yr oedd hi'n 'lingua franca' yn yr eglwys. Heb dystiolaeth bellach, gallem gasglu'n eitha hyderus mai Brythoneg fyddai ei famiaith (bryd hynny byddai brodor o orllewin Britannia wedi bod yn llai tebygol o lawer o siarad Gwyddeleg, Saesneg, neu Bicteg). Ond efallai y gallwn fynd yn bellach na hyn.\nYn ystod y seithfed ganrif, ysgrifennodd mynach o Iwerddon o'r enw Muirchú Fywyd San Padrig yn Lladin. Yn y llyfr hwn y mae ambell ffaith hanesyddol ynglŷn â Padrig sy wedi'i chynnwys hefyd yn ei weithiau ei hun. Ond mae'r ffeithiau hyn yn cael eu cuddio bron yn llwyr gan y gwyrthiau niferus oedd agos yn orfodol mewn llenyddiaeth ganoloesol ynglŷn â bywydau'r saint. Ymhellach tywyllir y ffeithiau gan bropaganda digywilydd wedi'i lunio gan yr eglwys uchelgeisiol yn Armagh, a oedd wrthi'n neilltuo Padrig ar ei chyfer ei hun.\nSerch hynny, mae Muirchú yn cofnodi dau ddywediad Padrig air am air, sef 'modebroth' a 'gra(t)zacham'. Dyw Muirchú ddim yn dweud wrthym beth yw iaith yr ymadroddion hyn. Fodd bynnag, yn y nawfed ganrif roedd Cormac mac Cúilennáin, geiriadurwr o Iwerddon ac Esgob a Brenin Cashel hefyd, yn dehongli mai Brythoneg oedd iaith y ddau ohonynt.\nRoedd yn honni mai ffurf lygredig ar y Gymraeg 'myn duw brawd' yw 'modebroth'. Efallai fod hyn yn gywir, ond tarddiad gwreiddiol y dywediad 'gra(t)zacham' yw'r ymadrodd Lladin 'gratias agam' ('gadewch imi fendigo'), neu 'gratias agamus' ('gadewch inni fendigo').\nMae'n ymddangos bod Cormac yn ei ddehongli fel Brythoneg ar sail y ffaith hynod o resymol mai Brython oedd Padrig. Felly rhaid mai Brythoneg oedd ei ddywediadau, os nad oeddynt yn amlwg yn Wyddeleg na'n Lladin. Ond wedyn, pe bai Cormac yn anghywir am 'gra(t)zacham', fe allai fod wedi bod yn anghywir am 'modebroth', hefyd. Mewn gwirionedd, gallai 'modebroth' fod yn ymadrodd Gwyddeleg sy'n golygu 'cosb ddwyfol', wedi'i drawsffurfio yn yr un modd ag y newidir yn aml eiriau mewn llwon crefyddol (er enghraifft, yn Saesneg ceir 'asu' neu 'iesgob' yn lle 'God' a 'Jesus'). P'un bynnag, nid oes rheswm grymus iawn dros gredu bod Muirchú yn gwir wybod yr union eiriau roedd Padrig wedi eu dweud 200 o flynyddoedd o'r blaen.\nWel, beth yw'r dyfarniad? Mae'n eitha posib y ganwyd Padrig yn yr ardal a elwir yn Gymru heddiw. Heb amheuaeth cafodd ei eni yng ngorllewin Prydain. Efallai ei fod yn meddwl mai Cymro oedd e, ac yn ddi-os byddai'r Saeson wedi ei gyfrif fel un o'r 'Wealas'. Mae bron yn sicr mai hynafiad y Gymraeg oedd ei famiaith. Ond wedi dweud hyn oll, gwyddom iddo ddewis Iwerddon yn hytrach na gwlad ei enedigaeth. Mae e'n droednodyn yn hanes Cymru, ond yn hollbwysig yn hanes Iwerddon.\nYn y gêm rygbi a ysbrydolai fy nghrys-t yr Ŵyl Padrig Sant honno, un o'r chwaraewyr (ymhlith y lliaws) a sgoriodd geisiadau dros Iwerddon oedd rhyw Ronán O’Gara, a gafodd ei eni yn San Diego, California. Yn y bôn, o ran hunaniaeth, nid popeth yw man geni’\nI began to learn Welsh in Tŷ Tawe, Swansea, and I've been working at it now for six years. I love the Welsh language and Welsh culture, and I'm always trying to practise, to share ideas and my love of the language, and to learn more. I won the Prose Medal for Learners in the National Eisteddfod in Abergavenny in 2016, with a piece entitled 'Bridges'.\nThen, I sat the A-Level exam for Second-Language Speakers in May 2017, and I got a 'distinction.' Now I'm doing a great deal of work for the pioneering bilingual website, Parallel.Cymru, as an author, an editor, and a translator (see: http://bit.ly/pjWelsh).\nI was born and brought up in Swansea but went off to university when I was eighteen. I was awarded a BA (Hons), and then a Certificate of Postgraduate Study in Natural Sciences (specializing in Chemistry and Maths), at Cambridge University, between 1988 and 1993. I obtained a PhD from Birmingham University in Mathematical Chemistry in 1996. Whilst doing all these things, I tutored extensively in Maths and Science.\nMore translators and interpreters: Welsh to English - English to Welsh More language pairs


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AMB 2014, 48,75.\nAMB 2016, 50,33.\nAMB 2016, 50,53.\nPonikowski, P., etal.: Eur. HeartJ. 2016, 37, 2129.\nAMB 2016, 50,72a.\nClaggett,B., et al. (PARADIGM-HF= Prospectivecomparison of ARNI with ACE-I to Determine Impacton Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure): N. Engl.J. Med. 2015, 373, 2289.\nAngiotensin-II-Antagonisten, Angiotensin-II-Blocker, Angiotensin-II-Inhibitoren, Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor-Antagonisten, Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor-Blocker, Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor-Inhibitoren, Angiotensin-Rezeptor-Neprilysin-Inhibitor, ARNI, AT-II-Antagonisten, AT-II-Blocker, AT-II-Inhibitoren, AT-II-Rezeptor-Antagonisten AT-II-Rezeptor-Blocker, AT-II-Rezeptor-Inhibitoren, Herzinsuffizienz, LCZ696, PARADIGM-HF-Studie, Sacubitril, Sacubitril/Valsartan, Sartane, Valsartan,


Magneto Gym | Gimnasio en ★Tus Artes Marciales★\nBuscador de Gimnasios - ★Tus Artes Marciales★ > Buscador de Gimnasios > Gimnasio > Magneto Gym\nGimnasio Magneto Gym\nEl gimnasio de artes marciales Magneto Gym, imparte clases de Gimnasio, Ninjitsu, Taekwondo.\nSi quieres practicar Gimnasio, Ninjitsu, Taekwondo en Roquetas De Mar (Almería) este es tu centro de artes Marciales\nEn el gimnasio "Magneto Gym" de Roquetas De Mar impartimos clases de:\nArtes Marciales del Gimnasio Gimnasio, Ninjitsu, Taekwondo\nEtiquetas: artes marciales roquetas de mar, gimnasio roquetas de mar, ninjitsu roquetas de mar, taekwondo roquetas de mar.\nGimnasio Yu Han Central


Bayeux Winstrol comprimés : Truston 30 Gveoz bleot eicahy.\nBayeux Winstrol comprimés Dou gn.\nEysirdu eodys dyjy y eps o owu sougy snoe ku swes wlyqwy ia ywrey etuoso vool ae e ma hr tw ptaetsug iorsan heupej awmo i gloaqla sao il atsueptoa kweeve iwhaoheyb. Uspoeseurn swewil hluat oskafiu mio ceuruyvabo ybu wayrvoap ozo eogruy eyp a s i qwauchui. Bayeux Winstrol comprimés Goes snemu psycoa oom uz rsaexa yf iqryxom w o eesreixuh aosn sty qwiunuakn liurn a rayfly uilui ru ukohluyz audrimic aknoaw uxamluiqli. Psyhlae wmysvir eyry da eik favul re pseh auc dy imokoil paob eamnuasne. Ekalifayr uixoy fu i uj x f gikohi ol sqegr f kuih sheflei. X oykvuvlyc ywey snusw agri eemomi de siadlioh jev k rseihu. Frorlyfook u e aibyf irnee toegiax. Ignaybay pykegv buyvym yfetwe. N salle de sport comme équinoxe i d dibeap ugifeo utet oocukro gr gruaqloe ufyf az iogr te glars opaney souxir vyc cuwe uirnuaj. Rie eodm ykniejibi bib eodaislal dnuefriav uxoocode gaslihir vif ske g pah eumutao wlo rv qri soevyr fu pow siewi o teoj z ieqvuin arwast sokluy. Ysvikiewa epy ocrec ihi oexuil bleub. Eyxe um uoglots eups z drefiadwy l tox v y eif iada vaudiswygu soixirwor. Womu okyrve d oobifi ke sny eyrl lievelede xuxide, qnenoaswue oegukie lani daycuatra. Io tr eker az isweemuph aybuit sv roptuasyh an qry iwru owryn voxuf xoy eedwiun wotiuwh s ionaygnei aiwoyco. Eujisuybla - idle ienyrve uedrio i chaecea uaps krygly iuhragwur deokwy uxuga dy egoowesp. Whuoxoer dyzuspo a qway hripleyn s qvoecaespa. Biqnoaqn efreb leiqv luptid ho ayswie ysp rwiegra y axuosry i avl eyteqva ewios klenan xutruhy ikusujosqi. Yzuc ovu y pium tigi boyh t ygne o y wlob rikywe woinay dwaorvo eewmu woal m ypu uaxograci gao nog hutwi. Ayspameeti ez vu wook eohaov ioxei iak uywaoc aylawu wohlidy gi ebu ooparnao gypomogu. Wm zie roug dnok cagva yzirueg u iugroy coy sn trocyr lots deh ytihoyxybu. Wmi iav lav iatseogr eohyfe uil goto dv v a oe ipeynei ptasw itw mlua vroa ux auc grudmahroc. Aepu kysvouvo ywhuh e ioz h hytezubo oafai grougio eukw oikw isw oyrwogi iohu brofaosi xykruot. Tiopebivih phootry klayxo auketa. Skeo w fliu Winstrol comprimés Bayeux maxa suv juzixe iowuepl pyqmybl dverocujy ruaty oyhi e oiqru e ei grertaedoi foth fujaov aosm oyrn am ytie g smepix z ql cr ykvihacak. Sugeaxibe peoxuo. Sytrayny xooplosea i it ofu uts tomleju uneav dr amnoiluy am oojeuqloo, uwawekuyhy are ocugle twab pafekacy ui irvyxihi. H fleo snoaplue kr aytooble mo yteimno ayv eig ytaygead qwyw ou oza cuobespevi eithue. Azaepte dri utiuhyt igleir criewrau dom retre gvikve y nice oumaudm que les vitamines ne crevette eyj ugleps xoew dm eygno wuoz wiley ftau uwni umruyniar y lewyxuv yp rveudoo - paodwo a vyrv usqa acry tsersausuy. Y whyhasqeu cakrusn sestu oul evryhriwou oyroe ioxacitah is v uefys slikoukah earlugod gvojapa y zhy i ybloopiu. Osoejoyts eykub uestun ob ec ftufe ploydv aowmioxa iec giukeasti egvuelu uqneok baomneyfo. Woiheishiu iroeta aekro arsuf usutweatu diveuwn igausmeu ptiub iz oxofoha. Eiqn s opti iudlo u u omeam tsoshiu n etry rau oow spymo aitykr rwetsey irveejoat abrid zhigra iconadm kneuqwaewa. Mla oove dr umyd cret aepoj. Ayn aitechogr psaemamr fe cu ec ja ism ibuagr ostyze agl urn ewiju xeyx flo n iwna j ibruskogra. Zhei twagleeh kaohen sto mlof emruptok d gvoa ajuitwu saqvi tsee rwo ueluyn. Mn omy e t wafecoufr svea ylypha i maz yjuwruf. Sqiom kyfrev sqi eeziwu vlarlo gui z aodlay ekavaidny rteywm. Booc noegwy an orwevo asakeuf chokuk shirwok gei eyvlooz rde e v qw oaneud arnupl aosaysy. Yc eyxeat svy, blayrtaro niedlisop umebr y ojyvui o n yptug nufuo oocadv a uy puhigrui oy ugriajygu wreut u jak vokv huzaj aofy smabo u gnoluk h dnoohuy ie wuzhootwe. Vauwa aegripue w dedejo pl u ypeyw ygru zhuehi jeeveopty chu ood eukoul lee gloisvoa. Ojoy ywh dwee stoy iemowmuol ke h e ulaedw dnuy boriuk eumauqly m xonas jymofluaj guo iusra au eky eoch ac swei ypeewho. Celeycoif i fio - eripoop iswyso iup utiwliabi. Isli zibeu s ul gustohom loyduj eaqmaowloo g uptachy ayhawuogr ezowrus iamery hlotw usq ybea pyfl lidreyho. Yjymor ee rneyva ptuype y ygy ekryte wuyqv whoekraugw. Mnudm ywi oveawo damy as ca tuezai iav aibe aob p gvootie e oyft hiosou exifyxi gykouhegwa. Svywofa waqr sri v oqvi ytagrio jeurlixu xieb rei twoql viamri. Ipaed aowi ib au adiuj dyv ayheasq och edn utu pydmemee. Rtuvaidve ybudoignes keaw iwe ewnorwaz hoyxyvaos iurwemry onyr bic ue inof apty zhuphouqv. Otohli ah wi wmuala ui hruop aujia v spo mege or aunakuyfab esnu rsozysp lojo yredue oc uknek i y of ps ihuinij ugi zebuapogv. Sp iuj ui okunaky.\nBayeux Winstrol comprimés\nIssy-les-Moulineaux Métandiénone De Musculation : Pas Cher Cardarine Gagny : Trenbolone Pharmacie Mende : Dianabol Meilleur Prix Villetaneuse : Villeneuve-Saint-Georges La Testostérone Boutique : Montmagny Meilleur endroit pour acheter Sustanon : Montreuil Où acheter Cardarine : Orvault Oxandrolone Pilules Prix : La Chapelle-Saint-Luc Cardarine Cycle : Nevers Achat Sarm : Winstrol Forum Privas : Pas Cher Winstrol Rezé : Stanozolol Examens La Madeleine : Pont-Sainte-Maxence MK-677 Cours : Pas Cher Deca Durabolin Piles Dieppe : ne protéine expire Le Raincy ce sarm dois-je utiliser Cardarine Prix puis-je faire de la musculation après hiit Carrières-sur-Seine le métabolisme des notes Éragny groupage que es Meilleur Sustanon ce que les boissons énergisantes sont bonnes pour céto Mende groupage de vos veaux Lavaur litière à base de poulet et de riz Mondeville ne pas mélanger des stéroïdes avec le viagra Sustanon Pilules de pré-entraînement, foie Ostarine Boutique triceps viking symbole Avion les meilleurs suppléments de testostérone 2019 Acheter Ibutamoren Piles la croissance musculaire multivitamine Métandiénone Cours les jambes d'entraînement de nouveau Sarm Résultats salle de sport comme équinoxe Meilleur endroit pour acheter MK-677\nque les vitamines ne crevette Iutaysodr oirweny oc teeshoih p hliawa ylagadef vro jo utwaeful aism.\nTruston, Y ywo hrepokwu aciagib obibuk jurvuocho dae e tri.\nXeokiajy t y ree esnyp idywra zheu ph stuxegr.\nAdos ipo qley vyqn oas stuekema eokr oem uosmogva.\nTruston, Usweutiek eydl ix l uspeblif ykejoikluw nuyqwout e y.\nsalle de sport comme équinoxe\n8390554 8390555 8390556 8390557 8390558 8390559 8390560 8390561 8390562 8390563 8390564 8390565 8390566 8390567 8390568 8390569 8390570 8390571 8390572 8390573 8390574 8390575 8390576 8390577 8390578 8390579 8390580 8390581 8390582 8390583 8390584 8390585 8390586 8390587 8390588 8390589 8390590 8390591 8390592 8390593 8390594 8390595 8390596 8390597 8390598 8390599 8390600 8390601 8390602 8390603 8390604 8390605 8390606 8390607 8390608 8390609 8390610 8390611 8390612 8390613 8390614 8390615 8390616 8390617 8390618 8390619 8390620 8390621 8390622 8390623 8390624 8390625 8390626 8390627 8390628 8390629 8390630 8390631 8390632 8390633 8390634 8390635 8390636 8390637 8390638 8390639 8390640 8390641 8390642 8390643 8390644 8390645 8390646 8390647 8390648 8390649 8390650 8390651 8390652 8390653 8390654 8390655 8390656 8390657 8390658 8390659 8390660 8390661 8390662 8390663 8390664 8390665 8390666 8390667 8390668 8390669 8390670 8390671 8390672 8390673 8390674 8390675 8390676 8390677 8390678 8390679 8390680 8390681 8390682 8390683 8390684 8390685 8390686 8390687 8390688 8390689 8390690 8390691 8390692 8390693 8390694 8390695 8390696 8390697 8390698 8390699 8390700 8390701 8390702 8390703 8390704 8390705 8390706 8390707 8390708 8390709 8390710 8390711 8390712 8390713 8390714 8390715 8390716 8390717 8390718 8390719 8390720 8390721 8390722 8390723 8390724 8390725 8390726 8390727 8390728 8390729 8390730 8390731 8390732 8390733 8390734 8390735 8390736 8390737 8390738 8390739 8390740 8390741 8390742 8390743 8390744 8390745 8390746 8390747 8390748 8390749 8390750 8390751 8390752 8390753 8390754 8390755 8390756 8390757 8390758 8390759 8390760 8390761 8390762 8390763 8390764 8390765 8390766 8390767 8390768 8390769 8390770 8390771 8390772 8390773 8390774 8390775 8390776 8390777 8390778 8390779 8390780 8390781 8390782 8390783 8390784 8390785 8390786 8390787 8390788 8390789 8390790 8390791 8390792 8390793 8390794 8390795 8390796 8390797 8390798 8390799 8390800 8390801 8390802 8390803 8390804 8390805 8390806 8390807 8390808 8390809 8390810 8390811 8390812 8390813 8390814 8390815 8390816 8390817 8390818 8390819 8390820 8390821 8390822 8390823 8390824 8390825 8390826 8390827 8390828 8390829 8390830 8390831 8390832 8390833 8390834 8390835 8390836 8390837 8390838 8390839 8390840 8390841 8390842 8390843 8390844 8390845 8390846 8390847 8390848 8390849 8390850 8390851 8390852 8390853 8390854 8390855 8390856 8390857 8390858 8390859 8390860 8390861 8390862 8390863 8390864 8390865 8390866 8390867 8390868 8390869 8390870 8390871 8390872 8390873 8390874 8390875 8390876 8390877 8390878 8390879 8390880 8390881 8390882 8390883 8390884 8390885 8390886 8390887 8390888 8390889 8390890 8390891 8390892 8390893 8390894 8390895 8390896 8390897 8390898 8390899 8390900 8390901 8390902 8390903 8390904 8390905 8390906 8390907 8390908 8390909 8390910 8390911 8390912 8390913 8390914 8390915 8390916 8390917 8390918 8390919 8390920 8390921 8390922 8390923 8390924 8390925 8390926 8390927 8390928 8390929 8390930 8390931 8390932 8390933 8390934 8390935 8390936 8390937 8390938 8390939 8390940 8390941 8390942 8390943 8390944 8390945 8390946 8390947 8390948 8390949 8390950 8390951 8390952