Author anyAbaya, Ruth Abdel-Rahman, Dina Abdul-Kabir, Saburah Abella, Benjamin SAdams, Nancy KassamAhmedani, Brian K.Airey, Megan Aitken, Leanne MAlbert, Dustin Albert, Dustin Albrecht, Terrance Alderfer, Melissa AAlexander, KA Alisic, Eva Allison, Mari AAllison, Paul DAlonso-Tapia, Jesús Alpern, E RAlpern, EAnderko, R LAnderson, Karen MAndersson, Marianne Angelucci, Jennifer Aplenc, Richard Applegate, S MArbogast, Kristy BArbogast, Kristy BArbogast, Kristy AArena, K Arendt, Florian Armstrong, Daniel FAronson, Paul LAtabaki, Shireen Ato, Tadayuki Atte, Tita Babl, Franz EBach, LBadawy, Mohamed Bae, Hanah Bagden, Loretta Baiocchi, Michael Bair-Merritt, Megan HBaker, Douglas MBaker, Julia MBaker, S PBaker, Courtney NBakes, Katherine MBakker, Anne Balasubramanian, Sriram Banwell, Brenda LBarakat, Lamia Barakat, Lamia PBarber, Beth ABaren, Jill MBarg, Frances KBarg, F KBarnes, Richard Baskett, Jerilyn Bass, S.B. Bass, Sarah Basta, Luke Baxt, Chiara Beacham, BBeard, Jessica HBeauchamp, Miriam HelenBecic, Ensar Beck, Robert Becker, Julie Becker, Marla Beckman, Kara JBednarz, Haley MBeer, Darcy Beidas, Rinad S.Belcher, Harolyn Bell, JM Bell, Jeneita MBell, Michael JBelwadi, Aditya Benson, Al BBerg, Robert Berg, Robert ABerg, H-YBerger, Ian Bergstein, JBerkowitz, Steven JBerman, Jeffrey Bernhardt, Jay MBerrigan, Lindsay Betancourt, Laura MBethel, Tracy Bevans, Katherine BBhatia, EBieber, Eric JBilaniuk, Larissa TBin, Steven Bin Zahid, Abdullah Bishnoi, Ram Bishop, Haley JBlackstone, Mercedes MBlanchard, Deena Blaskey, Lisa Bloom, Sandra L.Bloy, Luke Blum, Nathan JBlume, Heidi KBluthenthal, Ricky Blutinger, Erik JBoe, Logan Bohinski, JBohman, Katarina Boivin, J FBolte, John HBonfiglio, Dana Bonfiglio, Dana Bonifacio, Erin Bonny, Andrea EBonsu, JM Bosquet Enlow, Michelle Bostrom, Ola Boulet, John Bradshaw, Ayana SBradshaw, Catherine P.Branas, Charles CBrawner, BM Brawner, Bridgette MBreiding, Matthew JBreiding, MJ Briggs, Ernestine CBright, Mary AnneBrilliant, Anna NBrown, Gregory K.Brown, Daniel PBrowne, Kevin DBruce, Marta MBryant-Stephens, TBui, Eric Bull, Marilyn JBull, M JBurns, Michele MBurstein, Brett Burton, Leslie ABurton, LButler, Lucas Buttenheim, Alison MBuzaglo, Joanne Cahill, AM Calello, Diane PCalhoun, Deane Calkins, Monica ECallahan, James MCalne, D BCampbell, Marie Carey, Meghan ECarr, Brendan GCaruso, Carolyn Castner, Thomas Catallozzi, Marina Cegala, Donald JChaivous, J Chamberlain, Samuel Charap, Ellen SpeckerCharlton, Judith Charlton, Judith LChelvakumar, Gayathri Chen, I GChen, Irene GChen, Irene Cheney, Rose ACheng, Tina LChester, Mikhail VChristian, Cindy WChute, Douglas Ciesla, Jeffrey Ciesla, Jeffrey ACirilli, Carla Clawson, Kathleen Clements, CCnaan, Avital Cnaan, ACofer, JCohen, Akiva SCohen, JCohn, Jennifer MCollins, Ronan Collins, Michael ACollins, Michael Commins, Seán Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison PreventionCommittee on Pediatric Emergency MedicineConour, Cecily Constans, Eric Conway, Alexandra TCooper, John Corbin, Theodore JCornejo, Rebecca ACoronado, Victor GCorregano, Lauren MCorregano, LM Corwin, Daniel Corwin, Daniel JCostigan, T.E. Coughlin, Katherine Coupet, Edouard Cowell, JM Cox, T ACraig, Matthew Craig, William Crandall, J RCrandall, Jeff RCreed, Torrey Crick, Nicki RCronholm, Peter FCrookes, D Cross, Suzanne LCross, Suzanne Cuadra, Anai Culhane, Dennis PCulhane, Dennis Cullen, Kacy Culyba, Alison Culyba, Alison JCunningham, Rebecca Curry, Allison ECurry, A ECurry, Allison ECurtis, Sarah Cutuli, J JD'Alonzo, Bernadette ADahle, Eric Dahle, Eric Dalgleish, Tim Daly, Brian PDaly, Lauren Dammavalam, Vikalpa MDamon, Andrew Darlow, Susan Datner, E MDatner, Elizabeth MDavis, Daniela HDavis, S Davis, Stacy NDavis, Martha BDavis, Martha Deatrick, Janet ADelahanty, Douglas LDelgado, Kit MDenardo, Matthew BDennis, Durbin RDennis, Nate JDenysenko, Lex DePadilla, Lara Desai, Natasha Deshpande, Sameer KDevarajan, Karthik Diamond, Guy Diamond, Guy SDicker, Rochelle Diefenbach, Michael Diefenbach, Michael ADiMaggio, Charles JDipiero, Marissa DiPietro, Anna Dixon, Clare Doan, Quynh Dodd, Andrew BDolan, Margaret ADonlon, K ADonlon, Katharine ADonoghue, Aaron Donoghue, Aaron JDonoghue, A JDorsch, Andrea Doty, Jennifer LDouglas, Ethan CDoupnik, Stephanie KDrago, D ADraus, John MDress, Erich MDrews-Botsch, Carolyn DS, Caplow-Munro Dubrow, Robert Durbin, Dennis RDurbin, Dennis Duvoisin, R CDuyck Woolf, KDV, McGehee Eagan-Brown, Brenda LEagle, Audrey Eagle, Audrey Edgar, Christopher Edwards, Marcy AEgleston, Brian LEhlers, Anke Eilevstjønn, Joar Elliot, Michael RElliott, M RElliott, Michael RElliott, MElliott, Michael RElliott, Michael Ellis, Michael Elzarka, Ayya Engel-Rebitzer, Eden Eppich, Walter JErkoboni, Danielle Esposito, Jeremy Evans, Susan LEverett, JFargo, Jamison DFargo, Jamison DFargo, Jamison Fein, Joel AFein, Joel Fein, Joel AFein, Seth Feinberg, Betsy EFerguson, Rennie WFernandez, M Feudtner, Chris Fiks, Alexander GFischer, Kyle RFishe, JN Fisher, DL Fisher, D LFisher, Donald LFisher-Thiel, MFitzGerald, Patrick Flamma, J CFlannagan, Carol AFleisher, Linda Fleisher, Courtney Landau Fleming, Michael FFlibotte, John Flynn, Kalen Folweiler, Kaitlin AFord, Nancy Ford, Carol AForke, Christine MForman, Jason Fortes, Jose AFoss, Robert DFraser, Andrew MFrasso, Rosemary Freedman, Melanie AFreedman, Stephen Friedrich, Elizabeth Frisch, Keri Funk, Jeanne BGaetz, William Gagnon, Isabelle Gallagher, P RGallaway, Michael García-España, Felipe Garcia-España, Felipe Garcia-España, Felipe JGarcía-Espaňa, Felipe JGarcia-España, J FGarcía-España, Felipe JGarcia-Espana, Felipe Garrido-Hernansaiz, Helena Gavin, Maureen Gaw, Christopher EGehring, Wendy Ghati, Yoganand Gibbon, M.C. Gibbons, Chris Gillan, J SGillich, Patrick JGinsburg, Kenneth RGinsburg, K RGinsburg, Kenneth Ginsburgh, Kenneth Giri, Veda NGittelman, Michael AGiummarra, Melita JGiummarra, Melita JGold, Jeffrey IGoldstein, Jesse AGoldzweig, IGolinelli, Daniela Gomes, MGonzales, Avelino J.González, Evelyn Gonzalez, Avelino Gonzalez, E Good, Grace Goodman, Arlene Goodman, Emma SGoodman, Arlene MGoodwin, Arthur HGordon, Thomas FGouweloos, Juul Gouweloos, Juul Gouweloos-Trines, Juul Gower, Amy LGraci, Valentina Grady, Matthew FGrady, MF Grady, Sean Grande, David Grather, Donna Gravel, Jocelyn Green, Heather LGreen, Bernard LeeGreene, Michael BGreenspan, Arlene IGreenspan, Arlene Gregor, Courtney A.Grisso, Jeane AnnGroeger, J AGross, Laura Grossman, Michael Gruschow, Siobhan Gruver, Rachel Guerra, Terry Gullan, Rebecca LakinGuller, Leila Guo, Wensheng Gurubhagavatula, Indira Guzzo, Thomas Haarbauer-Krupa, Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa, J Haber, Leora Hafetz, Jessica Halkyard, Katherine Hallman, Jason Halpern, Scott DHalpern-Felsher, Bonnie LHamann, Cara JHammond, Rachel Hanlon, Alexandra LHanlon, Faith MHanna, Richard Hanna, Richard Hannan, Chloe Hanson, Carol AHargarten, Stephen WHarkins-Schwarz, Mary Harner, HHarris, Erica JHarrison, Stephanie Hasegawa, Raiden BHaughey, Lexie JHauschild, Hans WHausman, Alice JHawkins, Linda AHayden, Tara UHaye, Kisha Hayes, Katie Hayes, Katie LHe, Jibo Heckman, Carolyn Hedrick, Holly Heindel, Gregory AHelfaer, Mark AHemmons, Jessica Henary, B Henninger, Debra Henninger, DHenretig, Fred MHerres, Joanna Herringshaw, Abbey JHiguchi, Kazuo Higuchi, KHildenbrand, Aimee Hildenbrand, Aimee KHill, SHill, Douglas Hoffman, Benjamin DHohl, Bernadette Holena, Daniel NHollander, Judd EHolmes, John HHolmes, J HHopely, Terrence Hornik, Robert Horowitz, LHouse, Ellen MHouseknecht, Eileen Howell, David RHoysted, Claire Huang, Rex Huang, Patty Huang, Yanlan Huang, Elaine Hubbard, Molly EHuber, Colin MHumm, John RHunt, Elizabeth AHutchens, Lauren Huynh, Mary Hwang, Vivian Ittenbach, Richard Jackson, Tara DJackson, Leela Jacobsohn, Lela Jacobsohn, Lela SJacoby, Sara FJaffe, Kenneth MJager-Hyman, Shari Jain, PJames, Thea LJamieson, Patrick EJawad, Abbas FJean-Gilles, Guyrandy Jermakian, Jessica SJermakian, Jessica Steps Jermakian, J SJermakian, Jessica SJew, Olivia SJiang, Ling Jiang, Tammy Jibaja-Weiss, M Jobson, Laura Johnson, Victoria EJohnson, Brian NJohnson, SL Jones, Dakota LJones, Alyssa CJones, V Jordan, AJorge, Alexandra Juarez, PKadlowec, Jennifer Kalicka, Ewa AKallan, Michael Kallan, Michael JKallan, M JKalra, Avash Kalton, Graham Kameyoshi, Hikaru Kana, Rajesh KKandadai, Venk Kandadai, Venk Kang, Yun SeokKao, Trudy Kapa, Hillary MKarlawish, Jason HKashem, Abyaad Kassam-Adams, Rahim Kassam-Adams, Rahim Kassam-Adams, Nancy Kassam-Adams, Nancy Katz, Michael Kaufman, Elinore Kaufman, Bruce Kaushal, Mayank Kay, Joseph Kazak, Anne Kazak, Anne EKeddem, SKeenan, Eileen Kelz, Rachel Kenardy, Justin Kenardy, Justin AKendi, Sadiqa Kennedy, Erin Kennedy, Erin Kent, R WKent, Richard Kent, Richard WKerrigan, Jason Kessler, RS Kessler, Ronni Kharbanda, Anupam BKhera, Gagan SKhurana, A Kilaru, Austin Kim, Mina Kim, Jinyong Kim, Konny HKim, Konny HKindig, Matthew King, Albert IKinsman, Sara Kinzy, Tyler GKirley, Bevan BKleber, Rolf JKleinert, Julie Kleppel, Judy BKleppel, JKlienert, Julie Knox, Lynda Koepsell, Thomas DKoepsell, Thomas Kohl, Krista LKohler, Christian GKohser, Kristen LKohser, Kristen Koplin Winston, FKoppel, Sjaan Koppers, Simon Kost, Suzanne IKreshak, A AKu, Matthew Kumar, Mahendra Kuo, Jonny Kuschner, Emily Kyle, Susan BLamp, John Landolt, Markus ALandolt, Markus ALange, Hannah L HLanghan, Melissa LLau, Anthony Lavelle, Jane Lavine, L LaVoie, Noelle LaVoie, Noelle Lawrence, Bruce ALe Brocque, Robyne Leddy, John JLee, Yi-Ching Lee, Robert Lee, Yi-Ching Lee, L ALeff, Stephen SLeffelman, Jessica Lefler, Elizabeth KLeonard, Henrietta LLepore, F ELessley, David Lessley, David JLevy, Suzanne Liao, ELieberman, Leslie Lieberman, Adina Lin, Richard JLincoln, Andrew ELipkind, Heather SLiu, Song Liu, Tasnuva Localio, Russell Localio, A RLocalio, Russell ALocey, Caitlin MLockyer, Julia Loeb, Helen Loeb, Helen Long, Leann Long, Leann Longhitano, Douglas Lopez-Valdes, Francisco JLovsund, Per Lowenstein, Margaret Luberti, AA Lumba-Brown, Angela Lund, Adrian KLutz, Nicolas Lyons, Michael SLyttle, Mark DMacDonald, John MacDonald, John MMacEvoy, Julie Paquette Mackay, Murray MacKenzie, E JMacKinney, Taryn Magruder, Kathryn MMaltese, Matthew RMaltese, Matthew RManne, Sharon Manning, Cheri Mannix, Rebekah Mansfield, Julie March, Sonja Marcus, Al Marcus, Alfred CMargulies, Susan SMari-Gowda, Shresta Marigowda, SMarsac, Meghan LMarsac, Meghan LMartinez, Daniel Martinez, Daniel Master, CL Master, Stephen RMaster, Christina LMaster, Christina LMathews, Emily AMatte, Thomas Mattice, JMayer, Andrew Mayer, Andrew RMayhew, Daniel RMayhew, DR Mayne, Stephanie LMcBride, Emma McCarley, Jason SMcCartt, Anne TMcCartt, A McDarby, J VMcDonald, Catherine CMcDonald, Catherine CMcGar, A McGehee, Daniel VMcGinley, Alexander DMcGrath, Caitlin McGrath, M EMcKenna, Christine McKeown-Conn, Nancy McKinnon, Anna McLaughlin, Jeffery McMahon, Patrick McMorris, Barbara JMcMurry, Timothy LMcRee, Annie-Laurie McVeigh, Katharine HMeckler, Garth DMeehan, William PMegariotis, James Mehari, Krista R.Meier, Timothy BMeisel, Zachary FMeisel, Zachary Meiser-Stedman, Richard Meissner, Uwe Mello, Michael JMelzer-Lange, Marlene DMenon, Rajiv Menon, Rajiv AMenon, R AMenon, RMeropol, Neal JMetheny, Hannah Metheny, Hannah EMetzger, K BMetzger, Kristina BMetzger, Kristi Mietus, Constance JMilam, Adam J.Millard, Jennifer Miller, Gwenyth JMiller, S Miller, Suzanne MMiller, Jordan EMiller, Dawn MMiller, V AMiller, Elizabeth Miller, Ted RMiller, Victoria AMiloradovich, J Mirman, Daniel Mirman, Jessica HMirman, Jessica HMirman, JH Mittal, Manoj KMohammed, Fairuz NMoll, Elisa KMoll, E KMollen, C JMollen, Cynthia JMollen, Cynthia JMong, D AMonopoli, John Montaño, Zorash Moore, Dirk Morgan, Richard MMorra, Marion EMorra, Marion Morris, Shannon DMorris, S DMorrison, Christopher NMorrison, Melissa Moufarrej, Sacha Muñoz, Cynthia Munro, Melissa AMunshi, Teja Murad, Mohannad Murray, Carol Myers, Rachel KNadel, Frances MNadkarni, Vinay MNadkarni, Lauren Nadkarni, Vinay Nagele, Drew ANahlik, Matthew JNance, Michael LNance, Michael Necowitz-Hoffman, Beth Nelson, Deborah B.Nelson, Kyle ANelson, Kristen LNguyen, E Nicholls, Elizabeth Niles, Dana Niles, Dana ENishisaki, Akira Nixon, Reginald D VNorris, Marisol SNorris, CNysaether, Jon Nysæther, Jon O'Donnell, Katherine AO'Neil, Joseph O'Neill, Desmond Obeid, Elias Olff, Miranda Ontanon, Santiago Orwin, Robert Osterhoudt, Kevin COstrowski-Delahanty, Sarah Ostrowski-Delahanty, S Otoya, LOtto, Nicole Ouimet, M COzanne-Smith, Joan Pachter, Lee MPailler, Megan EPalakshappa, Deepak Palermo, Tonya MPalmieri, Patrick APalmisciano, Lynne MPalumbo, Aimee JParent, Daniel PPark, Yong Park, Grace Park, Myung SParker, James Parker, James Parri, Niccolò Pas, Elise T.Pasek, Josh Paskewich, Brooke Paterno, Rosalia Patterson, Matt Patton, Declan APedder, Jocelyn Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network PECARNPediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics (PEMCRC)Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics PEMCRCPediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC)Pediatric Emergency Research Canada PERCPediatric Emergency Research in the United Kingdom and Ireland (PERUKI)Pediatric Emergency Research in the United Kingdom and Ireland PERUKIPediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN)Pediatric Emergency Research Networks PERNPediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative PREDICTPeek-Asa, Corinne Penn, Joseph VPenque, Michelle Perrone, Jeanmarie Pfeiffer, Melissa RPfeiffer, Melissa RPiesse, Andrea Pintar, Frank APipkorn, Bengt Plowman, Shari LPodolak, Olivia Pollatsek, A PPoole, David Posner, J CPosner, Jill CPosner, JPower, Thomas JPower, Thomas JPower, Thomas Power, T.J. Prabahar, Abhiti Pradhan, Anuj KPradhan, APrice, Janet PPropert, Kathleen JPutt, Mary EPuzino, Kristina Qiu, Maylene KefengQuinlan, Kyran PQuistberg, Alex DRabinowitz, Amanda RRagsdale, Lindsay BRaich, Peter CRains, Mark Raivitch, S Raivitch, Stephanie Ramsdell, Katharine DonlonRamsdell, KD Ratcliffe, Sarah JReed, Matthew PReed, RResearch in European Pediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)Research in European Pediatric Emergency Medicine REPEMResnick, Michael DRhine, Tara Rich, John ARichmond, Therese SRichmond, Therese SRichmond, T RRidella, Stephen ARiley, Patrick Rineer, CRitterband, Lee Rivara, Frederick PRivers, Brian MRoach, Nancy Roan, Carol LRoberts, Kathryn ERoberts, Timothy P LRoberts, DRobinson, Andrew Robinson, Roni LRoche, Richard A PRodoletz, Michele Rodríguez-Rey, Rocío Roehler, Douglas RRogers, Rachel Rogers, Mary Romer, Dan Romer, Daniel Romer, Dan Romoser, Matthew R ERomoser, ME Ropka, Mary Ropka, Mary ERork, Kristine Ross, James GRoss, Judith LRoss, Eric ARouhana, S WRourke, Mary Rouxiang, Cao Roy, Amy DRubin, David MRuggieri, Dominique GRunge, Jeffrey Russell, Kelly Rusten, Cheryl Rustveld, L.O. Ruth, Karen JRutherford, George WRuzek, Sheryl BurtRyan, LM Ryerson, Megan SRzucidlo, Susan S, Chamberlain Saffioti, Jami Samadani, Uzma Samuel, Sandy Samuels, Marina Samuels, Marina ASandsmark, Danielle KSauber-Schatz, Erin KSaulsgiver, Kathryn ASaxe, Glenn Scarfone, Steven RScheiman, Mitchell Scherr, Sebastian Schlundt, D GSchmidt, Lyndsay RSchneider, Stephanie Schneider, Kathryn Schulman, Kevin ASchultheis, Maria Schultheis, Maria TSchultz, Robert TSchwab, William CSchwartz, Sanford JSchwarz, Donald FSchwarz, D FSeacrist, Thomas Seacrist, Thomas Seacrist, Thomas SSeacrist, Thomas SSeamon, Mark Seegan, P Seegan, Paige Seiden, Jeffrey ASeifert, Sara JSeifert, Sara Senserrick, Teresa MSenserrick, T MSetubal, Claudia Shaff, Nicholas AShaik, Aleesha Shaikh, M Shapiro, Edward SShapiro, Eugene DShaw, K NShen, M Sherman-Slate, ESherony, Rini Sherwood, Christopher PSherwood, C PShlafer, Rebecca JShofer, Frances SShofer, F SShope, J TShope, Jean TSiegel, John HSieving, Renee ESimons-Morton, BSimons-Morton, Bruce GSimpson, Edith MSims, Carrie Singh, Aadarsh Sisti, Dominic ASlamon, Rachel ESlamon, R Slopen, Meredith ESlouf, Kimberly Sluys, Kerstin PrignitzSmall, Dylan SSmith, W ASmith, AJ Smith, Douglas HSmith, Rebecca Smith, Patrick Smith, Joyce ASmith, Robert JSmith, RSnodgrass, Sam Solarino, Nicholas Sommers, Marilyn SSommers, Benjamin DSommers, Marilyn SSorenson, WSpicer, Rebecca SSpiro, David MSprang, Ginny St Lawrence, Schuyler Stacey, SStacey, Stephen Stafford, Perry WStanley, Rachel Stanton, Annette LStavrinos, Despina Stawicki, Peter SSteele, J CStephenson, David Sterner, Robert Stineman, Margaret GStineman, Margaret GStinson, NStitzel, Joel DStokes, Robert JStorey, Eileen PStraus, Jacob AStrother, Marshall Strotmeyer, Stephen Stryjewski, Glenn RSuelzer, Elizabeth MSullivan, Cris MSulmasy, Daniel Sultana, Nahida Sutton, Robert MSutton, Robert Swope, Jennifer Sykes, Emily T, Dovydaitis Tabatabaei, Andrew Talwar, Ruchika Tam, Vicky Tam, Vicky WTamborra, Nicholas Tanenbaum, Jason BTanenbaum, Jason Tanenbaum, Jason BTanji, Hiro Tanji, Hiromasa Tanji, HTaylor, Daniel RTefft, Brian CTeitelman, Anne Temkin, Nancy RTemkin, Nancy Ten Have, Thomas RTeoh, Eric RThiel, Megan FisherThomas, Nicole Thomas, Nicole AThomas, NThomas, Duane EThomsen, Chris Thoresen, Siri Thorpe, Lorna EThye, Melissa DThye, Melissa Tien, Allen YTien, Allen Tillson, G Topjian, Alexis Trella, Jeanette DTremoulet, Patrice DTrinastic, Jonathan Trunzo, Carrie PurbeckTushak, Sophia Tyler, Mark PTyler, Mark PTylko, Suzanne Vaca, F EVaca, Federico Vaccaro, Monica JVan Allen, Jason Van Allen, J Van Der Westhuizen, Claire Van Pelt, Amelia E.Vaughn, Nicole AVavilala, Monica SVega, Laura Vernau, Brian TVinsel, Anne Vivarelli, C MVivarelli-O'Neill, Cara Vrecenak, Jesse Vries, A PVu, TWaanders, C Waasdorp, Tracy EvianWacholder, SWade, Roy Walker, Lorrie Walsh, Susan AWalshe, Elizabeth AWalton, Maureen Wang, Jin Wang, Wenli Wanner, Katherine JWard, Christina Ward, Chelsea Ward, Kristen Watson, Peter Weaver, Ashley AWebster, Jessica LWeinberg, David SWeinfurt, Kevin PWeiss, Danielle Weiss, Danielle Weiss, Harold BWeiss, Eve Weiss, D Wen, KY Wen, Kuang-Yi Wen, Kuang YiWerner, J VWertz, Christopher JWheeler-Martin, Katherine CWhyte, John Widaman, Keith FWidaman, Keith FWidaman, Keith Wiebe, Douglas JWiebe, Douglas JWilcox, Holly CWilliams, Thalia Williams, Allan FWilliams, A FWilson, Kim Winston, Flaura KWinston, Andrew Winston, Zachary Winston, Zachary Winston, Flaura Winston, Flaura Koplin Winston, Flaura KWintersteen, Matthew BWirtalla, Christopher Wisniewski, Steven RWissow, Lawrence Wodzin, Elaine Wofford, Kathryn LWolf, John AWolk, Courtney BenjaminWoodburn, Elizabeth MWoodlock, Joseph Woods, William Worsley, Diana Wozniak, Samantha Xavier, Angela MXia, Leilei Xie, Dawei Xiong, Guoxiang Yan, Albert CYang, King HYang, Haodong Yang, Wei PYang, Christopher CYeates, KO Yerys, Benjamin EYerys, B Yerys, Benjamin EYoganandan, NYoganandan, Narayan Yule, William Zablotsky, Benjamin Zakrzewski, Debra Zazyczny, Kelly Ann Zeber, John E.Zelikovsky, Nataliya Zemek, Roger Zhang, Xuemei Zhang, Xuemei Zhao, Songzhu Zhao, Huaqing Zhu, Motao Ziemba, Justin Zonfrillo, MR Zonfrillo, Mark RZonfrillo, Mark RZorc, Joseph J


updated: Nov 17th 2020, 5:22 am see all updates\nBarbosa, FMA; Cuambe, CC; Bandeira, SO (2001) Status and distribution of mangroves in Mozambique. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY. 67, 3, 393. -398. (see details)


Author Topic: "Tangerine Dream" / Glemseck - KZ750 (Read 136559 times)\nkz steering damper.jpg (627.08 kB, 1416x1148 - viewed 86 times.)\nIMG_1970.JPG (38.9 kB, 480x640 - viewed 538 times.)\nIMG_1973.JPG (33.18 kB, 480x640 - viewed 588 times.)\nkz strip mock up 007.jpg (564.03 kB, 1360x1020 - viewed 82 times.)\nimg470.jpg (846.65 kB, 1115x942 - viewed 84 times.)


Aggravating error message on startup\nI get a message after startup "There was a problem starting C:\_Users\_Patrick\_AppData\_Local\_Temp\_hgGaxYpM.dll\nThis disappears when I close i. and does not appear to interfere with PC function; but it is an annoyance.\nAny suggestions to get rid of this message.\nFriday, November 27, 2009 2:48 PM\nI don't know the specifics, but a DLL with a nonsense name installed in a temp folder trying to start at login sounds suspiciously like a virus or malware to me.\nThere is a great program called "Autoruns" that can show you everything that's set to run on your system:\nYou may well be able to use it to find and disable this particular program, though I would recommend you get a good antivirus program and scan your system. Also check your system with Windows Defender.\nSaturday, November 28, 2009 4:21 AM


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"tl Ntq;flk; njd;Fkup Mapilj; jkpo; $Wk; ey; cyfj;J" (njhy; rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;) md;iwa jkpofj;jpy; "nre;jkpo; NrHe;j gd;dpU epyj;Jk; jk;Fwpg;gpdNt jpirr; nrhw; fpstp" vd njhy;gfhg;gpa R+j;jpuk; Fwpf;Fk;. nre;jkpo; vd;gJ vy;NyhuhYk; gytif khWjy;fNshL ,ilNa Ehypio Nghy; Ngrg;gLk; nghJnkhopahFk; (Standard Spoken Tamil). gd;dpU epyk; vd;gJ nghq;fHehL> xspehL> njd;ghz;behL> Fl;lehL> FlehL> mUthehL> mUth tljiyehL vd;gitahk;. NkYk; "itifahw;wpd; tlf;Fk; kUijahw;wpd; njw;Fk; fUT+upd; fpof;Fk;> kUT+upd; Nkw;Fk;" cs;s epyg;gug;G nre;jkpo; epyk; vd 13 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupaH er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH nrhy;thH. nghJthf rq;fk; tsHj;j ghz;behl;bd; jiyefuhd kJiu khefupd; nkhoptof;if nre;jkpo; vd;W mioj;jhHfs;. ,jw;F khwhf njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpf;Fk; gd;dpuz;L jpirnkhop toq;Fk; epyg;gug;G nfhLe;jkpo; (Sub-standard Spoken Tamil) vdg; ngaHngw;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L jhia Mr;rp vd;wy;> je;ijia mg;G vd;wy; Nghd;wit. tlf;Nf Ntq;flk; (,d;iwa jpUg;gjp)> njw;Nf Fkup MW (,d;W ,y;iy)> Nkw;Fk; fpof;Fk; fly; Mjyhy; ghlypy; me;j vy;iyfs; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j ehd;FNk md;iwa jkpofj;jpd; vy;iyfshFk;. NkYk; - "tlh mJ gdpgL neLtiu tlf;Fk; njdh mJ cUnfO Fkupapd; njw;Fk; Fzh mJ fiunghU njhLflw; Fzf;Fk; Flh mJ njhd;WKjpH gt;tj;jpd; Flf;Fk;" (GwehDhW - 6)\n,e;jg; ghliyg; ghba GytH ngaH fhupf;fz;zdhH. ghlg;gl;ltd; ghz;bad; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp. ,tHfs; fhyj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;J vy;iyfs; tlf;Nf,kakiytiu ePbj;J tpl;lNjh vd;W epidf;fj; Njhd;Wk;. ,kak; njhl;L Fkup MWtiu cs;s KO epyj;ijANk %Nte;jHfSf;F cupaJ vd;W $WtJ md;iwa GytH tof;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Nj ngUtOjpia GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; 9y; nel;bikahnud;Dk; GytH gpd;tUkhW tho;j;JfpwhH. "nre;ePHg; gRk;nghd; tapupaHf;F <e;j Ke;ePH tpoypd; nebNahd; ed;dPHg; g/Wsp kzypYk; gyNj."\n"rpte;j ePHikiaAila Nghf;fw;w gRk;nghd;id $j;jHf;F toq;fpa> Ke;ePHf; flw; nja;tj;Jf;F vLj;j tpohtpidAila nebNahdhy; (ghz;bad;) csjhf;fg;gl;l ey;y ePiuAila g/Wsp Mw;wpd; kzypDk; gyfhyk; tho;thahf." ,e;jg; ghlypd; %yk; ,tHfs; fhyj;jpy; njw;Nf gpd;dH fly;Nfhs; nfhz;l g/Wsp MW ,Ue;jJ njspayhk;. ,e;jg; g/Wsp Mw;iwf; fly;Nfhs; nfhz;lij ,sq;Nfh mbfs;- "g/Wsp Mw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf; Fkupf;NfhLk; nfhLq;fly; nfhs;s> tljpirf; fq;ifAk; ,kaKk; nfhz;L njd;jpir Mz;l njd;dtd; thop !" (rpyk;G- 11)\nfhye;NjhWk; jkpo; (2)\njkpOf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;j rkzk; g/Wsp Mw;iwAk; mjid xl;bapUe;j gykiyfisAila FkupkiyiaAk; fly; tpOq;fpagpd; mjw;F <lhf ghz;bad; tljpir nrd;W fq;ifahw;iwAk;> ,ka kiyiaAk; ntw;wpnfhz;L njd;jpirahfpa ghz;ba ehl;il Mz;l ghz;bad; tho;f! vd khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; tha;nkhopahf ,sq;Nfh mbfs; Fwpf;fpwhH. ,e;j Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; tho;e;J kiwe;j kfhftp ghujpahH (1882-1921) nre;jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyiaf; $Wk;NghJ - "ePyj; jpiuf;fl Nyhuj;jpNy - epd;W epj;jk; jtk; nra;Ak; Fkup vy;iy-tl\nkhytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpilNa- Gfo; kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL"\nvd;W Gfo;e;J jkpo;ehl;bd; tlvy;iy jpUNtq;flk; (jpUg;gjp) vd;Wk; njd; vy;iy FkupKid vd;Wk; tiuaiw nra;jhH. jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp (NruehL) Vw;fdNt kiyahs nkhopNgRk; epykhf khwptpl;ljhy; Nkw;nfy;iyiag; ghujpahH nrhy;yhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhH. ,t;thW rq;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyfs; RUq;fpf; nfhz;Nl te;jJ. jkpo;nkhopAk; mupaizj; jFjpia ,oe;jJ. Ntw;W ,dj;jtHfs; Nru> Nrho> ghz;baHfisj; Njhw;fbj;J jkpo;ehl;il Mz;lhHfs;. ,jdhy; jkpoupd; jd;duRf; fhyk; KbTw;wJ. %d;whk; -ehyhk; Ehw;whz;Ltiu jkpofj;ij fsg;gpuH vd;w Ntw;W ,dj;jtH gpbj;J Mz;lhHfs;. ,tHfsJ MSifgw;wpa rupahd juTfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fsg;gpuH Ml;rpf; fhyj;ij 'jkpofj;jpd; ,Uz;l gFjp' vd tuyhw;W MrpupaHfs; tHzpg;gJz;L. fsg;gpuH Ntw;W ,dj;jtH my;y. mtHfs; jkpoHfs; vd;W nrhy;gtHfSk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspy; xUtuhd $w;Wt ehadhH fsg;gpu FWepykd;dH Fyj;ijr; NrHe;jtH vd;W Nrf;fpohH jdJ ngupaGuhzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpNyNa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; vl;Lj; njhif Ehy;fSk; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. rq;fk; kUtpa ,yf;fpaq;fshd gjpndz; fPo;f; fzf;F Ehy;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ,e;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa vOe;jd. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; vOjg;gl;l fhyKk; fsg;gpuH Ml;rpf; fhyNk. jpU%yuJ jpUke;jpuKk; (gj;jhk; jpUKiw) ,tHfs; fhyj;jpNyNa vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vJ vg;gbapUg;gpDk; fsg;gpuH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rkz kjKk;> ngsj;j kjKk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tsHr;rp mile;jd. itjPf kjk; topghl;bYk;> rka ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; ngUk;ghYk; tlnkhopf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jNghJ> rkzKk; ngsj;jKk; jkpo; nkhopf;F Vw;wk; nfhLj;jd. ,jdhy; ehybahH> gonkhop> rpWgQ;r%yk;> Vyhjp> jpupfLfk;> ,dpait ehw;gJ> ,d;dh ehw;gJ> ehd;kzpf;fbif Mfpa mw,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzg; gilg;gpy; rkzH Kjd;ikngw;W tpsq;fpaij jkpoH rka tuyhW vd;w Ehy; MrpupaH M. NtYg;gps;is gpd;tUkhW (gf;fk; 38) Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. "rkRfpUj nkhopNa Njtghi\_ vdg; gpuhkzH $wpaij epuhfupj;J kf;fs; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,Ue;j gpuhf;fpUjk;> ghyp Kjyha nkhopfisNa KiwNa kfhtPuUk;> Gj;jUk; gad;gLj;jpdH. gpuhkzHfspd; itjpf rkak; nghJkf;fis xJf;fp itf;f> ,r;rka newpfs; nghJ kf;fsplk; mtHfs; NgRk; nkhop %yk; nrd;W ca;Ak; newpiaf; fhl;bajhy; ntF rPf;fpuj;jpy; ehl;by; nry;thf;Fg; ngwyhapd. rkzH vd;WNk kf;fs; toq;Fk; nkhopiag; Nghw;Wtjpy; Kd;dpd;wikAk;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpypUe;J mtH jkpo; tsHfr; nra;j Kaw;rpfisAk;> ,d;ndhU jpuhtpl nkhopahd fd;dl nkhopapd; tsHr;rpapy; rkzH tfpf;Fk; ,lj;ijAk; ghHf;Fk;NghJ> jkpo; nkhop nrOikahd ,yf;fpaf; fUtpahff; rq;f fhyj;jpy; Mfpajw;Fr; rkzUk; XusT fhuzkha; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W fUJtjw;F ,lk; ,Uf;fpwJ." ,t;thW xU Gwk; jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpak; tsHr;rp mile;jhYk; kWGwk; jkpopy; Vuhskhd ghyp> gpuhfpUjr; nrhw;fs; tof;Ff;F te;jd. ,jdhy; jkpopd; Jha;ik nflj; njhlq;fpaJ. jkpopy; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dNu fyf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;lJ. Md fhuzj;jhNyNa tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis vg;gbj; jkpo;kag; gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F njhy;fhg;gpaH ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shH. ",aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;W midj;Nj nra;As; <l;lr; nrhy;Ny" ( nrhy; 880) nra;As; Mf;Ftjw;Fupa nrhw;fs; ehd;F tif. mit ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;gdthFk;. ,aw;nrhy; nre;jkpo; epyj;J toq;fpg; nghUspy; tOthJ ,Ug;gjhFk;. vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt vd;w ,yf;fzj;Jf;F mika ,it vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. xUnghUs; Fwpj;j NtW nrhy;Yk;> NtWnghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;Yk; jpupnrhy; vdg;gLk;. nrhw;fspy; Njhd;Wk; nghUs; khw;wj;ijAk; ,jw;Fs; mlf;fyhk;. nre;jkpo; rhHe;j gd;dpU epyj;jpYk; toq;FtJ jpirr;nrhy;. "tlnrhw; fpstp tlntOj; njhuP, vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy;yh Fk;Nk." ( nrhy; 884) tlnkhop xypfis ePf;fp jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNshL mike;j nrhw;fs; tlnrhw;fshFk;. Gl;gk;> el;lk;> mup> mud;> gq;fak; Nghd;wit. NkYk; "rpije;jd tupDk; ,iae;jd tiuahH" (nrhy; 885) vd;w R+j;jpuj;jhy; tlntOj;Jr; rpije;J tUk; tlnrhw;fSk; md;iwa jkpopy; toq;fpd. vLj;Jf;fhl;L- gpuahzk; - gazk;> up\_p - ,Ub Nghd;wit rpije;J te;Js;sd. ,it Nghd;wtw;iw ePf;fhH. fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy; rkzHfs; gpuhfpUjj;ijg; Ngr;R nkhopahff; nfhz;ljhYk;> ngsj;jHfs; ghypnkhopapy; rkag; gug;Giu nra;jjhYk; tlnrhw;fs; gpuhfpUj tbtpNyNa jkpopy; Vwpd. vLj;Jf;fhl;L g;ujpkh - gbik> ]kuzh - rkzH> e;Uj;jk; - el;lk;> M[;ehNtjp- Mf;Qh> tp[;Qhgdk; - tpz;zg;gk;. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fspy; jpupfLfk;> Mrhuf;Nfhit vd;w Ehw;wiyg;Gf;fspNyNa tlnrhy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd kzpNkfiy rkaf;fzf;fH je;jpuk; Nfl;l fhijapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tlnrhw;fs;. midj;Jr; nrhw;fSk; my;y. Jf;fk;> Rfk;> ehkk;> fpupia> Ijpfk;> mghtk;> mDkhdk;> mDNkak;> rhjddk;> rhj;jpak;> me;Etak;> epr;rak;> Nghfk;> Gtdk;> mUj;jhgj;jp> gpukhzhthrq;fs;> Nyhfhjak;> gpuj;jpak;> rhj;jk;> epUj;jk;> rj;jk;> rpf;if> rPtd;> Nrhjplk;> epj;jpak;> fuzk;> jUkhj;jpfhak;> mjUkhj;jpafhak;> rhkhdp> tpguPjk;> tpahak;> tpNrlk;> khHf;fk;> thA> tpfhuk;> gpusak;. rkzk;> ngsj;jk;> irtk;> ,Ryhk;> fpwpj;jtk; gutpajhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy cUthfpdhYk; mtw;wpdhy; jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik Fd;wpaJ. Jha;ik nfl;lJ. fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; (3)\njkpofj;jpy; fsg;gpuH Ml;rp fsg;gpu kd;dHfis Nts;tpf;Fbg; gl;lak; (ghz;baHfshy; 9k; Ehw;whz;by; toq;fg;gl;lJ) fLikahff; fz;bf;fpwJ. mg;gl;lak;; mtHfis fypaurH vd ,opthf miof;fpwJ. "fsg;gpuH jq;fs; ths; typikahy; gy khkd;dHfisg; Gwq;fz;lhHfs; vd;Wk; NjtHfSf;Fk; gpuhkzHfSf;Fk; jhdk; nra;ag;gl;l Njtjhdq;fisAk;> gpukNjaq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wp r%f xOq;iff; nfLj;jhHfs;" vd;W giwaiwfpwJ. "The Velvikudi grant of the Pandyas (ninth century) denounces them as evil kings, kali-arasar, whose invincible arms uprooted many adhirajas and upset the social order confiscating all charitable devadanas and brahmadeyas – gifts to gods and Brahmins." ( Political History of Tamilnadu by K.A. Neelakanda Sastri – South Indian Studies – page 136). fsg;gpuHgw;wpa ,j;jifa fUj;J tOthdJ vd;W ,d;dhs; kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhH gy;fiyf; fof KidtH f.g. mwthzd; jdJ jkpoH rKjha tuyhW vd;w Ehypy; kWj;J vOjpapUf;fpwhH. mtH vOjpapUg;gjhtJ- "fsg;gpuH tUifahy; jkpoHjk; gz;ghL mopf;fg;gl;ljhf tuyhw;wpy; vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngUk; tOthFk;. fsg;gpuH fhyj;jpy;jhd; Gyhy; Ntz;lh vd;w Nghjdh ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaJ. kJ Ntz;lh vDk; fUj;J cuj;Jg; ghlg; ngw;wJ. guj;jik Ntz;lh vd;w mwpTiu gug;gg;gl;lJ. nfhy;yhik Ntz;lh vDk; newp vLj;Jiuf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,itnay;yhk; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;il nfLj;j epfo;r;rpfsh? jkpoHfSf;F Ntz;lhj mwpTiuah? my;y vd;gJ ntspg;gil. ,tHfs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; tsHr;rp Fd;wpaJ vdf; $wg;ngWfpwJ. ,JTk; tONt." KidtH mwthzdpd; fUj;Jg;gb rkzKk; ngsj;jKk; tlehl;by; gpuhkz Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHj;j rj;jpupaHfsJ vOr;rpahf tpsq;fpaJ vd;why; jkpofj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu (fsg;gpuH Ml;rp) gpuhkziu vjpHj;Jg; gpuhkzH my;yhjhH vOr;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. fsg;gpuiu mLj;J kPz;Lk; jkpouy;yhj gy;ytH Ml;rp (fp.gp. 5-9k; Ehw;whz;L) jkpofj;jpy; epiynfhz;lJ. mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspy; xUtuhd fsw;rpq;f ehadhH gy;ytH Fyj;ijr; NrHe;jtH vdg; ngupaGuhzk; Fwpf;fpwJ.\ngy;ytH fhQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdH. ghz;baH kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jdH. ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa Xahj NghH epfo;e;jd. gy;ytH ghz;baiu kl;Lk; my;y tlf;Nf rhSf;fpaHfisAk; ( 550 - 750)> mjd;gpd; ,uh\_;buFl;liuAk; vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gy;ytHfspd; gifaurHfs; ghz;baupd; ez;gHfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; Nrhod; fupfhy;ngUtsj;jhd; guk;giuNah ,Ue;j ,lk; njupahky; kiwe;J Nghapw;W. rpk;ktp\_;ZNt gy;ytg; Nguuirj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; Mthd;. ,td; tlf;Nf fpU\_;zh ejpf;Fk; njw;Nf fhNtupf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epyj;ij Mz;lhd;. ,jdhy; ,td; 'mtdprpk;kd;' vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ,tdJ kfNd Gfo;ngw;w gy;yt kd;dHfspy; xUtdhd KjyhtJ kNfe;jputHkd; (580-630) Mthd;. rfy fiyfspYk; ty;ytdhd ,td; xU ftpQDkhthd;. kj;jtpyhrgpufrdk; vd;w ehlfEhiy vOjpatd; ,tNd. ,J tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ gy;ytH tlnkhopf;Ff; nfhLj;j mupaizepiyf;F rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.\nkNfe;jputHkdpd; rkfhyj;jtH jpUehTf;fuR ehadhH. rkzkjj;ij NrHe;j kNfe;jputHkid irtrkaj;jpw;F khw;wpatH jpUehTf;furH MthH. kUs;ePf;fpahH vd;w ,aw;ngaH nfhz;l jpUehTf;furNu jUkNrdH vd rkzkjj;jpw;F khwpg; gpd;dH mtuJ jkf;ifahH jpyftjpahuhy; kPz;Lk; irtrkaj;Jf;F jpUk;gpatH. jpUehTf;furiu Rz;zhk;Gf; fhsthapy; js;Sk;gbAk;> gpd;dH eQ;R fye;j ghy;Nrhw;iw cz;zf; nfhLj;Jk;> kjk;gpbj;j ahidia nfhy;YkhWk;> fy;Jhizg;G+l;b eLf;flypy; js;SkhWk; Mizapl;ltd; ,e;j kNfe;jputHkNd.\nKjyhtJ kNfe;jputHkid mLj;J mtdJ kfd; KjyhtJ eurpk;ktHkd; (630-638) gl;lj;Jf;F tUfpwhd;. ,tdJ Ml;rpapNyNa guQ;NrhjpahH jiyikapy; rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;w gy;ytHgil rhSf;fpa kd;ddhd KjyhtJ GypNfrpia thjhgpapy; Njhw;fbj;jJ. thjhgpia ntd;wjhy; kNfe;jputHkd; "thjhgp nfhz;lhd;" vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;. Kjd;Kiwahf jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fw;Nfhtpy;fis vOg;gpatd; KjyhtJ kNfe;jputHkNd. KjyhtJ eurpk;ktHkNd khky;yGuj;Jf; fw;ghiwfis fhyj;jhy; mopahj Gfo;ngw;w fiyf; Nfhtpy;fshf nrJf;fptpj;jtd;. (fy;fp vOjpa "rptfhkpapd; rgjk;" Gidfij eurpk;ktHkd; fhyj;J tuyhw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ). gy;ytH Ml;rpapy; Kw;whf tlnkhopNa mupaiz nkhopahff; NfhNyhr;rpaJ. fy;ntl;LfspYk;> nrg;NgLfspYk; tlnkhopNa ngUf;nfLj;NjhbaJ. jkpo; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;L tlnkhopf; fy;tpf;Nf Kjyplk; jug;gl;lJ. fhQ;rp> fbfhryk;> fpUj;jhHr;RdPak;> gh$H gok;gjp Nghd;w CHfspy; ,Ue;j fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; tlnkhop Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s gh$upy; 14 fiyfSk;> 18 tpj;ijfSk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. Ntjg;gpuhkzHfSf;F mf;fpufhuq;fSk;> gpukNjaq;fSk; ,iwapyp epyq;fshf tplg;gl;ld. gy;ytH fhyj;jpNyNa Nyhftpghfk;> fpUjhHr;RdPak;> mte;jpRe;jupf; fij> kj;jtpyhrgpufrdk; Nghd;w Ehy;fs; tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;ld. gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; jkpo; mupaiz nkhopahf ,y;yhjpUe;Jk; mJ tsHr;rp mile;jnjd;why; me;jr; rhjid gf;jp ,af;fj;jpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> irt> itzt ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;l MSilg;gps;isahH> mg;gH> Re;juH Nghd;w rka FutHfisAk;> ngha;ifaho;thH> G+jj;jho;thH> Ngaho;tH Nghd;w Mo;thHfisANk rhUk;. "jkpNohL ,irghly; kwe;jwpahj" rkaf; FutHfsJ Njthuj; jpUKiwfSk;> "nra;ajkpo; khiyfs; ehk; njspa xjpj; njspahj kiwepyq;fs; njspfpd;w"Mo;thHfs; nre;jkpohy; mUs; nra;j ehyhapujpt;tpag;gpug; ge;jKk; jkpOk;> jkpopirAk; ehSk; jisj;Njhq;fp vz;jpirAk; Gfo;; kzf;f toprikj;jd. Mz;lhspd; 'jpUg;ghit'> khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUntk;ghit rq;ffhy jiytd;-jiytp mfTwitg; gpd;gw;wp ehafd;-ehafp ghtidapy; ghlg;gl;ljhFk;. Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH> jpUkq;ifaho;thH MfpNahH njhlHghy; ,uhrrpk;k gy;ytd; fhyj;jpypUe;J gy;ytH jkpopy; <LghL nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpdH. ghujntz;gh vd;w Ehy; %d;whk; ee;jptHkdhy; (796 - 846)Mjupf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njtdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ. ,jpy; xU ntz;ghtpw;Fk; kw;nwhU ntz;ghtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; ciueil kzpg;gpuths eilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ",t;tif vOe;jUspf; fhLk; kiyAk; fle;J ,uz;L jptrk; ( ehs;) topapy; jq;fp %d;whk; jptrk; m];jpdGuk; GFe;jhd; =thRNjtd; vd;wthW."\nfhye;NjhWk; jkpo; (4)\n,ilf; fhyj;jy; jkpo; gy;ytHfSf;Fk; - ghz;baUf;Fk; ,ilapy; jpUg;Gwk;gpaj;jpy; ele;j NghH gy;ytH tuyhW mopaTk; Nrhog; NguuR nropj;Njhq;fTk; toptFj;jJ. ghz;baUf;F vjpuhd ,e;jg; Nghiu NrhoHfs; jq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp gy;ytDf;F cjt Kd;te;jdH. ,e;jg; Nghupy; epUgJq;fdpd; je;ij gpupjptpgjp ,we;JgLfpwhd;. ,e;jg; Nghupy; ngaustpy; gy;ytH ntw;wp ngw;whYk; Mjpj;jpa Nrhod; NrhoehL KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL epUgrpq;fdpd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; njhz;il ehl;ilAk; ifg;gw;wpr; Nrhog; NguuRf;F fhy;Nfhs; ehl;bdhd;. mtidj; njhlHe;J gl;lj;Jf;F te;j Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhod; (907-990) jdJ %d;whz;L Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ghz;ba ehl;ilj; jhf;fp 'kJiu nfhz;l' vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whd;. 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Re;jughz;bad; jpy;yp nrd;W myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. fp.gp. 1311y; myhTjPd; `ha;rhy ehl;bd; kPJ xU gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j khypf;fhG+iu kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;WkhW cj;jutpl;lhd;. khypf;fG+H tPughz;baidj; Njhw;fbj;J Re;jughz;baid mupaizapy; mkHj;jpdhd;. mj;NjhL jkpo;ehl;Lf; Nfhtpy;fspy; cs;s jpuz;l nry;tq;fis vy;yhk; nfhs;is mbj;Jr; nrd;whd;. Mdhy; tPughz;bad; - Re;jughz;bad; ,ilapyhd mupaizg; Nghl;b ePbj;jJ. Re;jughz;baidj; njhlHe;J guhf;fpukghz;bad; gl;lj;Jf;F te;jhd;. mtd; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp.1323) fpahRjPd; Jf;sf;fpd; kfdhd cYf;fhd; gil vLj;J te;J kJiuiaf; ifg;gw;wp Mz;lhd;. ,jdhy; jkpo;ehL nly;yp Ry;jhd; KfkJ-gpd;-Jf;sf; Ml;rpapy; GFe;jJ. mj;NjhL gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH Ml;rp kJiuapy; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ. gy;ytHf;Fk;> ghz;baUf;Fk;> NrhoHfSf;Fk; gpd;dH RkhH 7 Ehw;whz;Lfhykhf Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rp> tp[aefu (njYq;F) kd;dH Ml;rp> ehaf;fH Ml;rp> kuhj;jpaH Ml;rp> NghHj;Jf;NfaH Ml;rp> gpnud;Rf;fhuupd; Ml;rp> Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rp ,d;dnty;yhk; njhlHr;rpahfj; jkpo; ehl;by; Nt&d;wp jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ikia NkYk; epiyFiyar; nra;jd. kJiu ehl;by; 1323y; ,Ue;J 1378tiu Vwf;Fiwa 55 Mz;Lfs; K];ypk; Ml;rp ePbj;jJ. cUJ nkhhop NgRk; tlehl;L K];ypk;fs; jkpofj;jpy; FbNawpdhHfs;. ,jdhy; cUJr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; GFe;jd. mLj;J te;j tp[aefu kd;dHfs; Ml;rpapd;NghJ njYq;F> fd;dlk; NgRk; gpuhkzHfshd gsp[h];> fk;khdh];> nul;b Nghd;NwhH ngUkstpy; jkpofj;jpy; FbNaw;wg; gl;lhHfs;. ,tHfNshL njYq;F> fd;dlr; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; tof;Nfwpd. tp[aefug; Nguuir `up`uH Njhw;Wtpj;J Ml;rp nra;J te;jhH. mtUf;Fg; gpd; mtuJ cld;gpwg;gpd; kfd; Gf;fH mupaiz VwpdhH. Gf;fH jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Ry;jhdpaupd; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpf;f vz;zp mtuJ kfd; ,uz;lhk; Fkhufk;gzuJ jiyikapy; ngupa gilnahd;iw mDg;gp itj;jhH. mjd;gb Fkhufk;gzH 1363y; gilnaLj;J te;J tl MHf;fhl;by; rpw;wurHfshf ,Ue;j rk;GtuhaHfis mlf;fpj; njhz;lkz;lyj;ij ,izj;jNjhL kJiuia Mz;Lnfhz;bUe;j Ry;jhd; Kghuf;\_hitj; Njhw;fbj;J ghz;b kz;lyj;ijAk; tp[aefug; NguuRld; ,izj;jhH.\nfp.gp. 1336y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l tp[aefu muR 1565 tiu njd;ehl;by; kpf ty;yikgilj;j Nguurhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ( RkhH 230 Mz;Lfs;) tp[aefug; NguuR typikNahL tpsq;fpaNghJ jkpofk; tp[aefu Ml;rpf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Msg;gl;lJ. 1565f;Fg; gpd;dH tp[aefug; Nguurpd; murg; gpujpepjpfshf ehaf;f kd;dHfs; jkpo; ehl;il Mz;lhHfs;. jQ;ir> kJiu> nrQ;rp Mfpa gFjpfs; mtHfsJ Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. jQ;irapy; fp.gp. 1676 ,y; ehaf;fH Ml;rp KbTf;F te;J kuhj;jpa Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ. kuhj;jpa Ml;rp jQ;irapy; 1855 tiu njhlHe;jJ. njd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; tp[aefu kd;dHfNs filrp ,e;J murHfshtH. tp[aefu kd;dHfs;> ehaf;f kd;dHfs; ,UtuJk; Ml;rp jkpo;ehL KOJk; 366 Mz;Lfs; ePbj;jJ. ,f; fhyj;jpy; njYq;fHfSk;> fd;dlh;fSk; jkpo;ehl;by; FbNawp epyf;fpohHfshfTk; gilj; jiytHfshfTk; ,Ue;jhHfs;. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; mj;jifa gilj; jiytHspy; xUtuhthd;. tp[aefu kd;dHfsJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa rpjk;gu Guhzk;> nrhf;fehjH cyh> mupr;re;jpu Guhzk;> jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; Nghd;w Guhzq;fs; vOe;jd. rptQhd Nghjj;ij nka;fz;l NjtH vOjpdhH. mbahHf;F ey;yhH rpyg;gjpfhuj;Jf;F ciu vOjpdhH.\nNrdhtiuaH> NguhrpupaH> er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH Nghd;NwhH njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F ciu vOjpdhHfs;. kw;Wk; ed;Dhiy gtze;jp KdptUk;> R+lhkzp epfz;il kz;ly GU\_Uk; ,aw;wpdhHfs;. fypj;njhif> gj;Jg; ghl;L> rpe;jhkzp Mfpatw;wpw;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH ciu vOjpdhH. rptQhd Nghjj;ij nka;fz;l NjtH vOjpdhH. mUzfpupehjupd; jpUg;GfOk; ,f;fhyj;jNj. tp[aefu ehaf;fH Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy; epytpaNghJ jkpo;nkhopiaf; fhf;fj; jkpo;g; GutyHfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. rka klq;fspy; jkpo; jQ;rk; GFe;jJ. klq;fspNyNa jyGuhzq;fSk;z> jj;Jt Ehy;fSk;> rka ,yf;fpaKk; Njhd;wpd. $lNt tlnkhopapd; Mjpf;fKk; tsHe;jJ. jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik nfl;ljw;F ,e;j me;epaHfsJ njhlHr;rpahd Ml;rpNa fhuzkhFk;. ,jdhy; tpy;ypGj;JhuH> mUzfpupehjH> jhAkhdtH Nghd;wtHfs; msTf;F kpQ;rp jkpopy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisg; GFj;jp vOjNtz;ba fl;lhak; ,Ue;jJ. gq;frhj gupksq;nfhs; ghDuhr R+DNt - tpy;ypGj;JhuH ehj tpe;Jf yhjPe Nkhek Ntj ke;jpunrh &gh eNkh ek Qhd gz;bj rhkPe Nkhjk ntFNfhb ehk rk;GF khuhe Nkhek Nghf me;jup ghyhe Nkhek\nehf ge;jk G+uh eNkh ek guR+uH\nNrj jz;ltp Nehjhe Nkhek fPj fpq;fpzp ghjhe Nkhek mUzfpupehjH fHt gupG+uz mfz;ljj; Jtkhd rr;rpjhde;j rptNk jhAkhdtH ,e;jg; ghly;fspy; ,uz;nlhU jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ePq;fyhf vQ;rpait ahTk; tlnkhopapy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; (6)\nkiwkiy jkpokiy gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; jkpofk; Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf;F Kw;whf cl;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; fpwpj;jt rka ,yf;fpa Ehy;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; rkag; gzpahw;w te;J FbNawpa Nkw;F ehl;L rkathjpfshy; vOjg;gl;ld. ,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; NrHe;j nwhNgHl; bnehgpyp vd;gtH QhNdhgNjr fhz;lk;> jj;Jtf; fz;zhb> Qhd jPgpif> ke;jpu khiy> VRehjH rupj;jpuk; Nghd;w Ehy;fis ,aw;wpdhH. ,d;ndhUtH tPukhKdptH vd;W Gfog;gl;l Nfhd;];nld;iud; NahNrg; ng];fp. ,tH jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;j nkhopawpQuhthH. ,tH jpUf;fhtYhH fyk;gfk;> milf;fy khiy> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fypntz;gh> fpj;Njupak;khd; mk;khid vd;w ghly; Ehy;fisAk;> njhd;Dhy; tpsf;fk; vd;w ,yf;fz EhiyAk; ,aw;wpdhH. [p.A+. Nghg; vd;w Nghg; IaH ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtH. Kjd Kjyhf jpUf;Fwis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngaHj;j ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;. ehybahH> GwehDhW> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy kw;Wk; jpUthrfk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J gy ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngaHj;jtH. fhy;Lnty; IaH maHyhe;J ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtH. ,tNu jkpo;nkhop caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;gij "jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;" vd;w Ehy; %yk; epiy ehl;batH. kw;Wk; ew;fUiz> jpahdkhiy> jpUney;Ntyp rupj;jpuk; Mfpa Ehy;fis ,aw;wpatUk; ,tNu. gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;Lf; ftpQHfs; tupirapy; jhAkhdtH> kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is> ,uhkypq;f mbfshH Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfshtH. "neQ;rNk Nfhtpy;> epidNt Rfe;jk; md;Ng kQ;rd ePH - G+ir nra;a thuha; guhguNk"\nvd;w jhAkhdhupd; ghly; tupfs; mtH midj;J ,lq;fspYk; ,iwtidf; fz;L neQ;rj;ijf; Nfhtpyhf;fp> epidit kzk; Mf;fp> md;ig kQ;rd ePuhf;fp G+ir nra;J topgl;lijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 'mUl;ngUk; Nrhjp jdpg;ngUk; fUiz' vd;w caupa Rj;j rd;khHf;f jj;Jtj;ij cyFf;F mspj;jtH. cUt tzf;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; xspiaAk;> NfhtpYf;Fg; gjpy; QhdrigiaAk; topghl;by; GFj;jpatH. ,tH ghba ghly;fs; midj;Jk; MW jpUKiwfshf tFj;J mtw;iwj; jpUtUl;gh vd;W toq;FtH. ,tuJ ghly;fs; ry ry vd jhsj;NjhL XLk; njs;spa ePNuhil Nghd;w nrOe;jkpopy; cs;sj;ij cUf itg;git. "thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjyhk; csk; thbNdd;"" vd;w thHj;ijfs; ahH neQ;irAk; nefpoitg;gd. ,e;j Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;j ,d;ndhU jkpowpQH Ntjehafk;gps;is. ,tH vOjpa gpujhgKjypahH rupj;jpuNk jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ehtyhFk;. 'trdeil ifte;j ehtyH' vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;l aho;g;ghz MWKf ehtyH Gjpa ciueil ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ltH. Ie;jhk; FutH vd kjpf;fg;gl;ltH. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Gj;JapH Cl;batH. ehtyNu jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;F ciu vOjp Kjypy; ( 1853) gjpg;gpj;jtH. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> ed;Dhw; fhz;baTiu> irtrka newp> Nfhapw; Guhzk;> kUJhH akfte;jhjp> R+lhkzp epfz;L> jpUf;NfhitahUiu Mfpatw;wpw;F ciu vOjpAk;> tpsf;fpAk;> jpUj;jpAk;> GJg;gpj;Jk; gjpg;gpj;jtH. nfhd;iwNte;jd;> thf;Fz;lhk; (%Jiu)> ey;top> ed;ndwp vdg;gLk; ePjp Ehy;fSf;F ciu vOjpatUk; ehtyNu. mtuJ jkpo; ciu eilf;F 1856k; Mz;L ehtyH Nahd; thy;ud; ghjpupahUf;F vOjpa kly; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. "ehd; Qhd];jhdk; ngw;wpUg;gpd; vd;Dila Nritfspd; khjhe;jg; ngWkhdk; gj;Jg; gTz;. mJ ngwhhjjhy; vdf;F khjk; Kg;gJ &gh kl;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;Fk; khjhe;jk; VO gTz; jpahfQ; nra;ag;gl;lij ePH fhzyhk;"\n. me;jf; fhyj;J ciueilf;F xg;g tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; gytw;iw ehtyH gad;gLj;jp ,Ug;gij ehk; ftdpf;fyhk;. jpU. rp.it. jhNkhjuk;;gps;is ehtyuJ rkfhyj;jtH. lhf;lH c.Nt. rhkpehijaH Nghd;W gioa rq;f ,yf;fpa Vl;Lr; Rtbfis Njbf; fz;L gpbj;Jg; gjpg;gpj;jtH. njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUs; mjpfhuj;ij gjpg;gpj;J ntspapl;l ngUik ,tUf;Fz;L. gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; jkpOf;Fj; msg;gupa gzpahw;wpatHfspy; kiwkiy mbfs; kiynad caHe;J epw;fpwhH. mbfs;; tlnkhop njd;nkhop Mq;fpyk; vd Kk;nkhopg; Gyik iftug; ngw;wtH. ,tNu jdpj; jkpo; ,af;fj;jpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH MtH. Mrpupaj; njhopiy cjwpj; js;sptpl;L KONeu jkpo; Muha;r;rpapy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ltH. gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp> Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> rhFe;jy ehlf Muha;r;rp> khzpf;fthrfH fhyKk; tuyhWk;> jpUthrf tpupTiu ,tH vOjpa Ehy;fspy; rpythFk;. Kw;whfj; jdpj; jkpopy; vOj Kd;dUk;> vOjj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dUk; mtH ifahz;l ciueil gpd;tUkhW. "jkpioj; Jh\_pg;gNj tlnkhopg; gz;bjHfSf;F Ntiyahfp tpl;lJ. tlnkhop Xir eaj;ij ehNd urpg;gtd;jhd;. MapDk; jkpio ,fo;tJ jhia ,fo;tJ Nghy. jdpj; jkpo; vd;W Koq;FtJ jkpo; nkhopapd; ,dpik> Jha;ik> ,wthik fUjpNa! ehDk; Mq;fpyk;> tlnkhop Nghd;w gy nkhopfisf; fw;wtd; jhd;. gpwnkhopfisf; fw;gJ mwpT tsu! jkpiof; Fiw nrhy;;y my;y! muprpapy; fy; fyg;gJ Nghy; jkpopy; gpwnrhw;fisf; fyf;fhjPHfs;! jkpio vjpHj;Jg; gopg;gtHfSf;F vjpHj; jhf;Fjyhfj; jhd; mg;gb vOjpNdd;.! tlnkhopiaj; jho;j;jp> jkpio caHj;jp xg;G Nehf;fp vOjpdhy; jhd; jkpopd; kjpg;Gk;> mUikAk; njupfpd;wJ." "gFj;jwpitf; nfhQ;rkhtJ gad;gLj;jp NahrpAq;fs;. mk;gythzd; gpr;ir vLg;ghuh? jhUfhtdj;J up\_p gj;jpdpfsplk; jdpNa nrd;W NgRtjhtJ? vy;yhk; GSF %l;ilfs;. mk;gythzH vq;Fk; epiwe;jtH. kz;zhfp> xspahfp> clk;gha;> capuha; ek;ik ,af;FgtH. goj;Jf;fhf tpehafUk;> KUfDk; rz;il Nghl;ljhf xU fw;fid! vd;d Ntjid? ngw;NwhH nrhy;iyf; Nfshky; godp tiu Xbdhuhk;! gpd;dhNyNa Juj;jp te;jduhk;! mg;NghJ XupUtH fz;fspy; gl;bUf;f khl;lhHfsh? xU Fwg; ngz;iz kzf;f KUfd; gl;l ghl;ilr; nrhy;tij vg;gbg; Guhzk; vd;W Vw;gJ? rpytw;wpd; eaq;fisAk;> Kbr;Rf;fisAk; urpf;fyhk;. ek;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy! jrhtjhuf; fijfSk; Ntjid juj; jf;fitNa! jpUkhy; ,ug;gjhtJ? Nriy jpULtjhtJ? vy;yhk; fl;Lf; fij."\nkiwkiy mbfs; flTs; kWg;ghsH my;y. Mdhy; flTs; gw;wpa fl;Lf; fijfis ntWj;jtH. mtH xU irt rpj;jhe;jp. irt rkapfs; rptd; xUtidNa tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gtH. Mya topghl;;by; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if cilatH. njd;ehl;by; mtH Nghfhj NfhtpNy fpilahJ vd;W $WthHfs;.\n,dp mtuJ jdpj; jkpo; eiliag; ghHg;Nghk;. "ngw;w jha; jid kfd; kwe;jhYk;........" vd;W jkJ fk;gPukhd ,dpa Fuypy; ghLfpwhH Rthkp Ntjhryk;. ghl;L Kbe;J neL NeukhfpAk; mq;Nf nksdk; epyTfpwJ. gpwF "ePyh> ,e;jg; ghlypy; "cw;w Njfj;ij capH kwe;jhYk;" vd;W tUfpwNj! Njfj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; 'ahf;if' vd;gNj ey;y jkpo;> ,y;iyah?" vd;W mbfs; Nfl;lhH. fhye;NjhWk; jkpo; (7)\njdpj; jkpo; ,af;fk; "Mkhk; mg;gh" vd;whs; kfs;. "jkpopy; ,g;gbj;jhd; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fye;J tpLfpd;wd. muprpapy; fyf;Fk; fy;iyg; Nghy! ,J Mgj;jhdJ." "Vdg;gh jdpj; jkpopy; NgrTk;> vOjTk; ehNk topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jhy; vd;d?" "nka;jhd; ngz;Nz! ,dp vd; ngaH Rthkp Ntjhryk; my;y> kiwkiy mbfs;. (Ntjk; -kiw> mryk; - kiy> Rthkp - mbfs;) ,dp ,g;gbNa ifnahg;gk; ,LNtd;. ehk; elhj;Jk; "rkur rd;khHf;f epiyak;" "nghJ epiyf; fofk;" vd ,dp miof;fg;gLk;. ekJ "Qhd rhfuk;" gj;jpupif "mwpTf; fly;" vd;W ngaH khw;wg;gLk;!" jdpj;jkpo; tsHr;rpf;F kiwkiy mbfshH (fp.gp. 1876-1950) Mw;wpa njhz;L msg;gupaJ. mtH kl;Lk; gpwe;jpuNuy; ,d;Wk; jkpo; ciueilapy; rupghjp tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngw;W jkpopd; ,dpik> ePHik> Jha;ik ,tw;iwf; nfLj;jpUf;Fk;. kiwkiy mbfshH mtHfsJ jdpj; jkpo;j; njhz;ilg; ghuhl;b nkhopQhapW NjtNeag; ghthzH- "%thapuk; Mz;L NkhJk; tlnkhopahw; rhthe; jirepd;w jz;lkpio- Nkthf; Fkupj; jdpepiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;j mg;gH mkuH kiwkiy ahH" vdg; ghuhl;bg; Nghw;wpdhH. Mdhy; ,d;iwa ciueilapYk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; Mq;fhq;F ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rpyH njupe;Jk;> gyH njupahkYk; mjhtJ tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; vit? njd;nkhopr; nrhw;fs; vit? vd;w Ntw;Wik njupahky; mg;gb vOJfpwhHfs;. "jdpj;jkpo; xypgug;G" vd;W Koq;fpf; nfhz;L gpui[ (Fbkfd;)> re;Njh\_k; (kfpo;r;rp)> tp[ak; (tUif)> Ngl;b (nrt;tp)> tpyhrk; (Kftup) Nghd;w tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. irtk; vd;wTld; mz;ikapy; ehd; gbj;j xU Nfhtpy; FlKOf;F mwptpj;jy; epidtpw;F tUfpwJ. Nfhtpypd; ngaH " turpj;jp tpehafH Njt];jhdk;." ,e;jg; ngaupy; kUe;Jf;Fk; jkpo; ,y;iy. mLj;J tUtJ "k`h Fk;ghgpN\_fg; ngUtpoh tpQ;Qhgdk;." ,jpy; ngUtpoh vd;w nrhy;iyj; jtpu Vidait tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;. FlKOf;F vd;w Jha jkpo;r; nrhy; ,Uf;f Fk;ghtpN\_fk; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sJ. mJ Nghyj;jhd; tpQ;Qhgdk; vd;w nrhy;Yk;. ,tw;iwapl;L "nghJ Nkilapy;" ,jw;F Kd;dUk; gyKiw vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltHfs; "eP vOJfpwij vOJ! ehq;fs; ,g;gbj;jhd; vOjp vq;fs; tlnkhopg; gw;iwAk;> jkpo;nkhopg; gw;wpd;ikiaAk; giwaiwNthk;" vd;W mlk; gpbf;fpwhHfs;! ,jpy; tpag;gpy;iy. Vnddpy; "irtKk; jkpOk; xd;W" vd;W nrhy;fpwtHfs; ntWkNd "$l;lj;jpy; $bepd;W $tpg; gpjw;wypd;wp\nehl;lj;jpy; nfhs;shub! - fpspNa! ehspy; kwg;ghub!" vd;w ghujpahupd; ghly; tupfSf;F ,yf;fpakhf tpsq;FfpwhHfs;! ,e;J rkaj;jpYk;> mjd; cl;gpupthd irtrkaj;jpYk; jpuhtplf; $Wfs; FiwthfTk;> Mupaf; $Wfs; ngUksthfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngWtJ jtpHf;f KbahjJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Ntjk; rhHe;j rkaf; $Wfs; MupaHfSf;Fk;> Ntjk; rhuhjJ rkaf; $Wfs; jpuhtplHfSf;Fk; cupaJ. ehy;Ntjj;ij tpl;LtpLNthk;> irtrpe;jhj;jpy; ifahsg;gLfpw mRj;j khia> ml;l%Hj;jk;> mj;Jthf;fs;> mj;Jtpjk;> mtj;ij> Md;kh> fd;kk;> Nftyk;> jrfhupak;> Jupak;> gj;jp> rupif> fpupif> Nahfk;> Qhdk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fNs. jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthd;Wk; je;jpuk; vd;W vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mitnay;yhk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fNs. 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"nra;a jkpo; khiyfs; ehk; njspa Xjpj; njspahj kiw epyq;fs; njspjy; Ntz;Lk;"" vd;W Mo;thHfs; ghbf; fspj;jhHfs;." vd;W gpwe;jtNsh ve;jkpo;j;jha;" vd;Wk;> "thdk; mwpe;j midj;Jk; mwpe;jpLk; tz;nkhop thopaNt!" vd;Wk; Nghw;wpatH kfhftp ghujpahH. mg;gUk;> Re;juUk;> MSilg;gps;isahUk; ghba Njthuj; jkpo; nkhopia ,iwtd; Vw;wUspdhd;> mg;gbg;gl;l ,iwtd; jd;nkhopiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;thuh vd;W Vq;FfpwhH jhAkhd mbfs;. "Njtnuy;yhk; njhoj; rpte;j nre;jhs; Kf;fl; nrq;fUk;Ng nkhopf;F nkhop jpj;jpg;ghf %tH nrhYk; jkpo;Nfl;Fk; jpUr; nrtpf;Nf %lNdd; Gyk;gpa nrhy; Kw;W khjhd;" ,iwtd; jdJ jpUl;nrtpahy; Nfl;L kfpo;e;j jkpioj;jhd; fhQ;rp fhkNfhbgPl rq;fuhr;rhupahH "ePrghi\_" vdf; nfhr;irg;gLj;JfpwhH. mJ Mz;ltd; jpUr;nrtpf;F MfhJ vd;fpwhH. %tuJk;> mUz;nkhopthrfiuAk; NrHj;J ehy;tuJk;> jhAkhdhuJk; jkpo; Nfl;Fk; ,iwtd; jpUl;nrtpf;F rk];fpUje;jhd; gpbf;Fk;> jkpo; gpbf;fhJ vd;W n[ff;FU rq;fuhr;rhupahH Mztj;NjhL nrhy;fpwhH. Ml;rpnkhopf; fhtyH fp. ,uhkypq;fdhH - fhQ;rp khefupy; mur Ntiy njhlHghf NgRtjw;F fhQ;rp rq;fuklk; nrd;W fhQ;rpg; ngupatUld; ciuahbdhH. mtH (fhQ;rpg; ngupatH) jd;Dld; jdf;F tpsq;fhj rk];fpUj nkhopapNy Ngrpaijf; Nfl;L ,uhkypq;fdhH jpifj;Jg; NghdhH. mUfpy; ,Ue;jtiug; ghHj;J "Rthkpfs; Vd; jkpopy; ciualhky; rk];fpUjj;jpy; NgRfpwhH" vd;W Nfl;lhH. mjw;F mtH "kjpak; gd;dpuz;nliu kzpf;F re;jpu kTyP];tuH G+ir elf;fpwJ. mJtiu Rthkpfs; ePr ghi\_apy; Ngrkhl;lhHfs;" vd;whH. ,Jjhd; jkpo; nkhopgw;wp jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghHg;gdHfsJ nghJthd kNdhepiy. jkpio "ePr ghi\_" vd;W jkpo;ehl;L cg;igj; jpd;Wnfhz;L> jkpo;ehl;by; XLk; fhNtup> itif Mw;Wj; jz;zPiuf; Fbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gtHfs;> ,tHfs; rhkhdpaH my;y flTs; mtjhuk; vdf; nfhz;lhlg; gLgtHfs;. ,t;tstpw;Fk; "Njtghi\_" vd;W rq;fuhr;rhupahH Nghw;Wk; tlnkhop nrj;jnkhop. ,d;W New;wy;y ,w;iwf;F 2>500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu rk];fpUjk; ,we;J tpl;lJ. ,g;NghJ EhW Nfhb kf;fs; nfhz;l ,e;jpahtpy; rk];fpUjk; NgRNthH 500f;Fk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwhHfs;. "Njtghi\_" vd;why; mJ Vd; rhfNtz;Lk; vd;W ahUk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHg;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy. fhQ;rp rq;fuhr;rhupahH rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHg;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy. R+L> nrhuiz nfhQ;rKk; ,y;yhj jkpoHfs; nrj;jnkhopahd rk];fpUj ke;jpuq;fisr; nrtpkLj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. jkpio ePr ghi\_ vd;gtHfs;> mtHfs; klhjpgjpfshf ,Ue;jhYk; rup> me;j kNfrdpd; 'gpujpepjpfshf" ,Ue;jhYk; rup mtHfSf;F jkpo; ehl;by; vd;d Ntiy vd;W Nfl;f kWf;fpwhHfs;. fhQ;rp fhkNfhbgPl rq;fuhr;rhupahH kl;Lk; my;y. ,g;NghJs;s rq;fuhr;rhupahH ngupaths; ru];tjp n[Nae;jpuH vd;d nrhy;fpwhH?" "jkpo; mUr;rid nkhopahf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; jFjpaw;wJ. jkpo;nkhop kd cUf;fj;jpw;fhd xU nkhop. Mdhy; Md;k Rj;jpf;F mJ Vw;wjy;y. mjw;Fr; rk];fpUjNk Vw;wJ. Nfhapy; G+ir> tPl;Lg; G+ir> tPl;by; elf;Fk; rlq;Ffs;> Nfhapypy; elf;Fk; tpNrlq;fs; Mfpa kd cUf;fj;jpw;fhf Vw;gl;ljy;y. Md;khtpd; Rj;jpf;fhf Vw;gl;lJ. Mjyhy; mtutH nra;a Ntz;ba rlq;Ffs; vy;yhk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy;> G+rpf;fj; jFe;j nkhopapy; fhupaq;fs;> rlq;Ffs; eil ngWfpd;wd. eilngw Ntz;Lk;"" vd;fpwhH. md;W rPHfhop jpUf;Fsf; fiuapy; cikak;ik ey;fpa rptQhd mKjj;ij cz;l Qhdrk;ge;jupd; tha;kyupy; gpwe;jJ nja;tj; jPQ;Ritj; jkpo;g; ghlyh? my;yJ ru];tjp n[Nae;jpuH Nghw;Wk; rk];fpUjkh? rptQhdkhd ,d;dKjj;ij cz;ljhy; Qhdk; iftug;ngw;w MSilg;gps;isahH> rptk; kzf;Fk; nre;jkpo;g; gjpfq;fisg; ghb ,iwtdpd; rpwg;ig ghnuy;yhk; gug;gpdhH. gf;jp newpf;F fhw;Nfhs; ehl;bdhH. ,jid jz;lghzp Rthkpfs; -\n"rPfhop CHj;jlk; ngha;iff; fiuapy; rpwpJ mOj thfhUk; Nra;f;F cikey;fpa ghypd; kJuk; - md;gH Nrhfhe;juk; nflj; jkpoha;te;J Jyq;fpw;wd;Nw" "jkpoha; te;J Jyq;fpw;wd;Nw" vd;fpwhH. G+irf;F Vw;w nkhop rPH,sikj; jpwk;gilj;j jkpoy;y> nrj;jnkhop rk];fpUj;jj;jpw;Nf cz;L vd;W nrhy;Yk; ru];tjp n[Nae;jpu rq;fuhr;rhupahH NkYk; nrhy;fpwhH. "G+irfs; vy;NyhUk; nra;a KbahJ. mjw;fhd jFjpAk; jpwikAk; cilatHfNs G+irfs; nra;a KbAk;." "G+irfs; nra;tjw;F jFjpAk; jpwikAk; cilatHfNs G+irfs; nra;a KbAk;" vd;gJ rupjhd;. 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Fl%f;F Fk;gNfhzk; Mf khwpaJ. rpw;wk;gyk; rpjk;guk; Mapw;W. kapyhLJiw khA+uk; Mapw;W. jkpoPoj;jpy; cs;s fPupkiy eFNy];tuk; Mapw;W. flTs;fspd; ngaHfs; khw;wg;gl;ld. ngUTilahH gpujP];tuH MdhH. gokiy ehjH tpUj;j fpuP];tuH MdhH. mz;zhkiyahH m&zhrNy];tuH MdhH. mwk;tsHj;j ehafp jHktHj;jdp MdhH. jdpj;jkpopy; ,Ue;j rq;f fhy kd;dHfs; ngaH tlnkhop kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,sQ;Nruy;> nrq;Fl;Ltd;> neLQ;nropad;> eyq;fps;sp> neLq;fps;sp> fupfhyd; Nghd;w ngaHfs; kiwe;J uh[uh[d;> uhN[e;jpud;> uh[Nfrup> guNfrup> khwtHkd;> rilatHkd;> nrfuh[Nrfud;> guuh[Nrfud; Nghd;w ngaHfs; tof;Ff;F te;jd. kf;fs; ngaHfs; khw;wk; mile;jd. jdpj; jkpo;g; ngaHfs; kiwe;jd. ts;StH> guzH> fgpyH> ef;fPud;> khq;Fb kUjdhH> G+q;Fd;wd;> G+je;NjtdhH> xsitahH> fhkf;fz;zpahH> fz;zk;kh> G+q;Nfhij> kyHtpop> my;yp kiwe;J \_z;Kfk;> Rg;gpukzpak;> uh[R+upaH> uh[tNuhjaH> =];fe;juh[h> guNk];tud;> uhkrhkp> y\_;kp> ru];tjp> =Njtp> rNuh[pdp> rptuhN;tup> rptNahNf];tup vdg; ngaHfs; Njhd;wpd. ,ijtplf; nfhLik ,g;NghJ ngw;NwhHfs; ve;j nkhopnad;W mWjpapl;Lr; nrhy;y Kbahj nkhopfspy; jq;fs; gps;isfSf;F fd;dh gpd;dh vdg; ngaH itf;fpwhHfs;. ,y;iy itj;Jj; njhiyf;fpwhHfs;. 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(ghHf;f lhf;lH kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH vOjpa jkpo;nkhop - ,yf;fpa tuyhW). jkpo;g; gz;ghl;ilg; nghWj;jstpy; jkpo; nkhopapd; Kg;ghy; kuG> ehw;ghy; kughf khw;wk; mile;jJ. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;vd;w %d;W nghUNs njhy;fhg;gpak; rup> jpUf;Fws; rup jkpo; ,yf;fz - ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ngrg;gl;ld. tlnkhop tuthy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd ehw;ghy; kuG Njhd;wpaJ. kz;zpy; cs;s ,d;gq;fis tpl;L jkpod; tpz;zpYs;s ,d;gq;fis Njlj; jiyg;gl;lhd;. ,jdhy; "tho;thtJ khak;> kz;zhtJ jpz;zk;"> "fhaNk ,J ngha;alh fhw;wile;j igalh" vd;W jpz;iz Ntjhe;jk; Ngrj; jkpod; Kw;gl;lhd;. mjhtJ tPL kl;LNk ,d;wpaikahjJ> kw;w %d;Wk; ,d;wpaikahjd my;y vd;w fUj;J tYg; ngw;wJ. ,e;j tPLgw;wpa Ntjhe;j tprhuiz jkpo; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy;> rpe;jidapy; ngupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kg;ghy; tho;tpd; mbj;jsk; rKjha tho;T my;yJ cyf tho;T. ehw;ghy; kugpd; mbj;jsk; rka tho;T my;yJ NkYyf tho;T. ,jdhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;Nf jlk; Guz;lJ. jdpg;ghly; jpul;by; fhzg;gLk; xsitahH (,tH gpw;fhy xsitahH rq;ffhy xsitahH my;y)ghly; xd;W ,e;jg; Nghf;fpw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.\n"<jy; mwk;> jPtpidtpl;L <l;ly; nghUs; vQ;Qhd;Wk; fhjypUtH fUj;njhUkpj;J - MjuT gl;lNj ,d;gk;> guid epidj;J ,k; %d;Wk; tpl;lNj Ngupd;g tPL" "fhjypUtH fUj;njhUkpj;J MjuT gl;lNj ,d;gk; guid epidj;J ,k; %d;Wk; tpl;lNj tPL" vd;w ehw;ghy; nfhs;if cyf ntWg;Gf; nfhs;ifahf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. cyf ,d;gk; rpw;wpd;gk; vdg; GuhzpfHfs; mjidr; rpWikg; gLj;jpdhHfs;. guid epidj;J ,k; %d;Wk; tpl;lNj Ngupd;gk; vd;W rkathjpfs; tPl;ilg; ngUikg; gLj;jpdhHfs;. ,e;jf; nfhs;if> Nfhl;ghL> rpe;jid cyf ntWg;Gf; nfhs;ifahf cUntLj;jJ. jkpo; rkar; Nrw;wpy; tpOe;jJ. jkpo; kjj;jpy; fye;jJ. ,tw;why; jkpo; Kd;Ndw Kbahky; NghdJ. jkpod; Kd;Ndw Kbahky; Nghdhd;. rkathjpfs; jkpo;kiwahd jpUf;Fws; vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; Kg;ghypy; ehw;ghy; mlq;fpf; fplg;gjhf jj;Jtk; NgrpdhHfs;. ,e;j tho;T mepj;jpak; vd;gij epiyehl;l jkpopy; Vuhskhd Guhzf; Fg;igfs; kiof;Fg; nga;Ak; fhshd;fs; Nghy; Kioj;jd. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf;F Kuzhd MupaUila ehw;ghy; kuGf; nfhs;iffis Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; jkpo;g; gz;ghL nfl;lJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nghw;wg;glhjjhy; Mapuf; fzf;fhd Ehy;fs; tof;fpoe;jd. rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;why; gb vd;d tpiy vd;W Nfl;Fk; fhyk; gpwe;jJ. jkpo; fhupif fw;W ftpghLk; GytHfsplKk; gz;bjHfsplKk; MjPdq;fsplKk; Klq;fpf; fple;jJ. mg;gb Klq;fpf; fple;j jkpOf;F> Fwpg;ghf jkpo;f; ftpijf;F ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; Gjpa RitAk;> jkpo;kf;fSf;F Gjpa czHTk;> Gjpa capUe; je;jtH kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahH MthH. jkpo;g; gz;bjHfsplKk;> jkpo; tpj;Jthd;fsplKk;> jkpo;g; GuhzpfsplKk; Klq;fpf; fple;j jkpio mtHfsplk; ,Ue;J rpiw kPl;L ghkukf;fsplk; nfhz;Lte;J jkpOf;Fg; GJnkUF Cl;ba ngUik ghujpahiuNa rhUk;. ,sq;Nfhtpw;Fg; gpwF jkpopd; ,dpikia cyfwpar; nra;jtH ghujpahH. jkpo;j; jha;f;F Kjd;Kiwahfj; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp ghbatDk; ghujpjhd;. %d;WFyj; jkpo; kd;dH - vd;id %z;ley; yd;nghL epj;jk; tsHj;jhH Md;w nkhopfsp Ds;Ns - caH Mupaj;jpw;F epfnud tho;e;Njd;. fs;isAk; jPiaAk; NrHj;J - ey;y fhw;iwAk; thdntspiaAk; NrHj;Jj; njs;S jkpo;g;Gy NthHfs; - gy jPQ;Ritf; fhtpak; nra;J nfhLj;jhH.\nvdj; jkpoj; jhiag; Ngr itj;jtH ghujpahH xUtNu. je;ij mUs; typahYk; - ,d;W rhHe;j GytH jt typahYk;> ,e;jg; ngUk;gop jPUk; - Gfo; Vwpg; Gtpkpir vd;Wk; ,Ug;Ngd;.\nghujpahupd; ,e;jf; fdTfs; ,d;Dk; KOikahfg; gypf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. jkpod; fl;ba jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; tlnkhop fUtiwapy; NfhNyhr;rTk; jkpo;nkhop ntsptPjpapy; NfhYhd;wp epw;fTk; tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. "jkpo; mUr;rid nkhopahf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; jFjpaw;wJ. jkpo;nkhop kd cUf;fj;jpw;fhd xU nkhop. Mdhy; Md;k Rj;jpf;F mJ Vw;wjy;y. mjw;Fr; rk];fpUjNk Vw;wJ. Nfhapy; G+ir> tPl;Lg; G+ir> tPl;by; elf;Fk; rlq;Ffs;> Nfhapypy; elf;Fk; tpNrlq;fs; Mfpa kd cUf;fj;jpw;fhf Vw;gl;ljy;y. Md;khtpd; Rj;jpf;fhf Vw;gl;lJ. Mjyhy; mtutH nra;a Ntz;ba rlq;Ffs; vy;yhk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy;> G+rpf;fj; jFe;j nkhopapy; fhupaq;fs;> rlq;Ffs; eil ngWfpd;wd. eilngw Ntz;Lk;" vd;fpd;w jkpo; nkhopg; giftHfSk; jkpopdg; giftHfSk; ,d;dKk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. (ek;ehL)


BBC - Canolbarth - Trenau\nDyma wybodaeth am y trenau sy'n gwasanaethu canolbarth Cymru a thu hwnt. Ceir cysylltiadau i amserlenni, prisiau tocynnau a mwy.\nMae'r wefan yn cynnig gwybodaeth am yr holl gwmnïau trenau ac yn galluogi defnyddwyr i archebu tocynnau a chynllunio teithiau.\nFfoniwch: 08457 484950\nMae'r cwmni yn rhedeg gwasanaeth ar draws Gogledd Cymru a'r Gogledd Orllewin.\nFfoniwch: 029 2043 0090\nAmserlenni, mapiau rhyngweithiol a gwybodaeth am atyniadau ar hyd y llinell 'Heart of Wales' sy'n rhedeg o'r Amwythig, i lawr trwy ganol canolbarth Cymru i Abertawe.\nYn cynnig gwasanaeth o'r Amwythig a Henffordd i orsafoedd trenau sydd ymhellach i ffwrdd.\nOs ydych am wybodaeth am siwrnai fyddwch chi ddim fel arfer yn ei theithio, yna mae cynlluniwr taith Travel Line yn ddefnyddiol iawn. Mae'n cynnig cyfuniad o wybodaeth am drenau a bysiau.\nFfoniwch: 0870 6082608\nCymdeithas Teithwyr Trenau Amwythig i Aberystwyth\nMae'r gymdeithas hon yn ymgyrchu am well gwasanaeth trenau ac adnoddau, yn hyrwyddo'r defnydd o'r linell ac yn gweithredu fel gwarchotgi i ddiogelu ei dyfodol. Mae'r wefan yn cynnig hanes y llinell reilffordd sy'n rhedeg o'r Amwythig i Aberystwyth. Gwefan: www.shrewsbury-to-aberystwyth.org.uk\nMae Pwyllgor Ymgynghorol Defnyddwyr Rheilffyrdd Cymru yn gorff defnyddwyr annibynnol a sefydlwyd er mwyn diogelu buddiannau holl ddefnyddwyr y trenau. Mae'n monitro perfformiad gweithredwyr trenau a gorsafoedd, yn canlyn cwynion, ac yn asesu'r gwasanaethau a gynigir.\nCyfeiriad: St. David's House, Wood Street,\nCaerdydd, CF10 1ES.\nFfoniwch: 029 2022 7247\n'Rwy'n hoffi mynd ar y tren! Hefyd yn y canolbarth. Mae ardal yn brydferth iawn, iawn.Mae problem trenau & beiciau yn aml. Dim digon o le (o Fachynlleth i Aberystwyth) i'r beic! Mae trenau yn hwyr yn aml o Aberystwyth. Mae trenau yn araf.'Rwy'n hoffi y gorsaf ym Machynlleth beth bynnag - dim y lle aros yn arbennig (mae'n hen ffasiwn)ond yr adeilad ei hun - a lle sy'n gwerthu coffi.'Rwy'n hoffi gwasanaeth coffi a phethau ar y trenau hefyd.\nSun Feb 8 21:25:29 2009\nOes gennych chi unrhyw sylwadau am drafnidiaeth yn y Canolbarth? Cysylltwch â ni!\nY trên stêm o Aber i Bontarfynach


BeautyBio The Radiance Face Oil 30ml - QVC UK\nClearance Price: £49.60\nThe Radiance Facial Oil from BeautyBio is infused with omega and rosehip seed oil, and works to boost a radiant looking complexion while maintaining hydration. Reveal a natural looking glow and touchably soft skin with the help of this concentrated formula.\n1 x The Radiance Brightening Omega & Rosehip Seed Facial Oil (30ml) - a lightweight, fast absorbing oil enriched with vitamin E and rosemary, sunflower and rice extracts\nTwist cap and push button to release 1 - 2 drops onto fingertips\nMassage morning and evening to cleansed face, focusing on areas of concern\nCan be worn alone, under make-up or mixed with your favourite moisturiser


1. Lane County Clerk's Building (Eugene, Oregon)\n2. Lane County Clerk's Building (Eugene, Oregon)


Thomas, Dylan, 1914-1953. 18\nThomas, Edward, 1878-1917. -- 2 entries 2\nThomas, Elizabeth Marshall. 4\nFind another book like this Thomas, Donald, 1926- at Novelist


Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council Offices - Town Centres and Local Areas\nHigh View SPD\nWelwyn Garden City offers excellent shopping and services and the shopping directory provides a guide to the stores around Welwyn Garden City to help you get the best from your shopping experience in the Garden City.\nThe High View Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) was adopted by the council on 12 April 2011. It sets out the planning framework to guide the sustainable re-development of the neighbourhood centre (also known as the Hill Top shops) in South Hatfield.


By BEN FELLER | September 6, 2012 | 4:44 AM EDT Former President Bill Clinton bows as President Barack Obama walks on stage after Clinton's address to the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., on Wednesday, Sept. 5, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)


Cofebau Rhyfel Caerffili – Archifau Morgannwg\nPosted on Rhagfyr 1, 2014 by glamarchives.\tCafodd y cofnod yma ei bostio yn Uncategorized a'i dagio gyda Caerffili, Cofebau Rhyfel, Llanbradach, Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf, Senghenydd. Cadw nod o'r ddolen barhaol.\n← Consuriwr Gorau Cymru! Mr Charles Oswald\nGwrthwynebwyr Cydwybodol a Dynion Ardystiedig →


Mae Technoclub roboteg yn Ysgol Gyfun Emlyn, Sir Gaerfyrddin wedi cael gwahoddiad i gynrychioli'r DU yn y FIRST® Gŵyl y Byd Roboteg blynyddol yn St Louis UDA ar ddiwedd mis Ebrill.\nPlant Ysgol Gynradd Hendrefoelan yn Dysgu i Godio\nLansio Gêm Codau 2016\nMae Technocamps yn cynnal Her Raglennu Genedlaethol ar gyfer Cymru gyfan. Bydd y gystadleuaeth yn galluogi'r disgyblion hynny sydd â diddordeb i ddatblygu eu sgiliau datrys problemau, cyfathrebu a gwaith tîm.\nAthrawon yn Dathlu Llwyddiant mewn Cymwysterau!\nTri ar ddeg o athrawon o dde Cymru oedd y garfan cyntaf i lwyddo i ennill Tystysgrif lefel 3 Cyfrifiadura ar gyfer Athrawon a dyfarnwyd gan y Fframwaith Cymwysterau a Chredydau, a hynny yn rhan o raglen DPP, blwyddyn o hyd, gan Technoteach.


My world of opera (Video DVD, 2005) [WorldCat.org]\nCredo tu possa essere interessato a questo documento su http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144611133 Titolo: My world of opera Autore: Kiri Te Kanawa; Keith Cheetham; Robin Scott; Thomas Allen; Vladimir Atlantov; Janet Baker; Barbara Bonney; José Carreras; Ileana Cotrubas; Plácido Domingo; Mirella Freni; Robert Lloyd; Neil Shicoff; Kultur International Films Editore: West Long Branch, NJ : Kultur, ©2006. ISBN/ISSN: 0769783988 9780769783987 OCLC:144611133\nKiri Te Kanawa; Keith Cheetham; Robin Scott; Thomas Allen; Vladimir Atlantov; Tutti gli autori\nPiù informazioni su: Kiri Te Kanawa Keith Cheetham Robin Scott Thomas Allen Vladimir Atlantov Janet Baker Barbara Bonney José Carreras Ileana Cotrubas Plácido Domingo Mirella Freni Robert Lloyd Neil Shicoff\nAggiungi etichette: per "My world of opera". Diventa il primo.


Bulgaria - Football Manager 2022\nBulgaria is a nation found in Football Manager 2022. Bulgaria is also known as Lavovete in FM2022. People from Bulgaria are known as "Bulgarian" in FM 2022.\nBulgaria in FM 22\nWONDERKIDS - Best Bulgaria Wonderkids in Football Manager 2022\nAll Bulgarian Competitions in FM2022\nBest Bulgarian Teams in FM2022\nBulgaria National Team Staff in FM2022\nBulgarian Competitions in FM 22\nBulgarian First League 14 £2m 22.45 13.07 12.36 13.07 105 1705 67.01 71.39\nBulgarian Second League 16 £87k 23.4 9.06 8.5 8.69 80 386 59.79 65.06\nBulgarian Third League North-East 12 £0 26.22 4.55 4.7 5.4 37 148 35.73 39.25\nBulgarian Third League South-East 16 £-1k 26.47 6.8 6.33 7 49 169 49.76 53.97\nBulgarian Third League South-West 17 £-438 26.42 6.24 6.18 6.5 46 214 53.86 58.32\nBulgarian Third League North-West 15 £-2k 27.59 5.67 5.13 5.53 44 245 45.44 49.19\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Sofia) North 10 £0 1 1 4 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Sofia) East 10 £0 1.67 1.5 2.33 4 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Silistra) West 9 £0 4 1 2 3 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Sliven) 9 £0 27 3 0.5 0.58\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Sofia) West 9 £0 1 1 2 3 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Sofia) South 9 £0 4.8 5.75 5 4 132 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Yambol) 8 £0 2.5 2 3 3 100 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Stara Zagora) 12 £0 28.55 6.25 5.25 5.5 10 160 4.03 4.32\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Targovishte) 8 £0 2 2 5 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Vratsa) 10 £0 28.75 2.13 1.67 1.75 4 150 1.36 1.51\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Veliko Tarnovo) 8 £0 23.5 3.25 3 2.5 4 200 0.98 1.16\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Vidin) 9 £0 1.75 2 1.75 5 100 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Shumen) South 11 £0 35 3.17 3.2 3 5 131 0.42 0.42\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Silistra) East 9 £0 1 1 3 100 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Razgrad) 12 £0 18 3 3 3 4 100 0.38 0.46\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Shumen) North 10 £0 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Kyustendil) Rila 10 £0 4 3.67 4.33 5 100 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Blagoevgrad) 11 £832 22.75 2 2.75 3.14 4 104 1.64 1.87\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Burgas) 13 £0 22 3.4 1 2 4 50 0.63 0.73\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Dobrich) East 9 £0 3 2 1.5 6 100 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Dobrich) West 8 £0 4 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Gabrovo) 10 £0 29 3 5 2 5 220 1.18 1.32\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Haskovo) 7 £0 33.67 6 7.33 6 8 150 1.79 1.87\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Ruse) West 10 £0 2.43 3.5 1.86 5 175 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Kardzhali-Smolyan) 3 £0 3 2 3 4 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Kyustendil) Osogovo 10 £0 29.6 6 6 8 4 4.45 4.89\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Varna) 11 £0 2.78 2.67 2.75 6 163 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Lovech) 5 £0 3 3 3.5 8 175 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Pernik) East 8 £0 1.5 2.5 1.4 3 25 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Pazardzhik) 14 £0 24.94 2 2.5 2 6 200 1.91 2.1\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Ruse) East 11 £0 18 1.4 1.5 1.33 4 0.38 0.49\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Plovdiv) 12 £0 29.24 3.38 3.29 4.14 9 112 8.03 8.7\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Pleven) 11 £0 4.67 3.33 3.33 4 123 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Pernik) West 9 £0 1 1 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'A' Regional Group (Montana) 12 £0 34.67 1.75 1.5 1.33 4 120 1.6 1.63\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Varna) 1 £0 1 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Tarnovo) South 1 £0 1 1 1 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Plovdiv) West 1 £0 1 1 1 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Plovdiv) South 1 £0 1 1 11 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Yambol) 1 £0 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Reg. Group (Blgv'grad) Mesta-East 3 £0 1 1 3 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Reg. Group (Blgv'grad) Mesta-West 1 £0 1 1 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Blgv'grad) Struma 1 4 £0 19 1 1 1 3 25 1 1.08\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Blgv'grad) Struma 2 2 £0 1 1.5 2 200 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Burgas) Central 1 £0 3 8 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Burgas) East 1 £0 4 2 3 15 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Plovdiv) North 3 £0 2.5 1 2 6 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Montana) 1 £0 1 1 2 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Pleven) East 1 £0 1 1 2 1 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Pazardzhik) South 2 £0 1 1.5 6 0 0\nBulgarian 'B' Regional Group (Pazardzhik) North 2 £0 1 1 7 0 0\nBulgarian U19 Lower Division 1 £0 1 1 1 2 0 0\nBulgarian Lower Division 29 £0 25.87 6.74 6.63 6.96 8 124 1.08 1.18\nBest Bulgarian Teams in FM 22\nLudogorets £17m £2m £187k 21.78 2,400 Excellent Excellent Exceptional 74 77\nCSKA-Sofia £4m £437k £62k 22.33 3,800 Great Great Exceptional 71 74\nCSKA 1948 £589k £44k £25k 21.54 200 Great Good Excellent 68 73\nBotev Plovdiv £622k £0 £31k 20.81 1,500 Excellent Great Excellent 68 71\nLevski £750k £0 £20k 20.81 3,800 Great Great Exceptional 67 74\nLokomotiv Plovdiv £450k £0 £13k 21.91 2,500 Average Average Average 67 70\nSlavia Sofia £432k £0 £13k 22.61 475 Great Great Excellent 67 72\nPirin Blagoevgrad £220k £0 £12k 26.03 989 Good Great Good 67 68\nArda £211k £0 £9k 23.24 2,000 Average Adequate Adequate 66 72\nCherno more £657k £0 £15k 22.51 2,200 Good Great Good 66 71\nBeroe £217k £0 £18k 23.88 2,284 Great Good Good 66 69\nBotev Vratsa £175k £0 £7k 22.28 959 Average Adequate Adequate 64 71\nLokomotiv Sofia £180k £0 £7k 23.04 475 Average Average Average 64 69\nEtar £141k £0 £4k 23.03 900 Average Adequate Adequate 64 68\nTsarsko selo £111k £0 £7k 21.57 285 Average Adequate Adequate 64 69\nHebar £131k £0 £4k 23.36 500 Average Average Adequate 63 68\nSeptemvri Sofia £139k £0 £3k 20.66 200 Good Great Excellent 63 70\nSpartak Varna £120k £0 £4k 22.18 500 Adequate Adequate Average 61 66\nMontana £136k £0 £3k 22.68 475 Average Average Adequate 61 66\nVitosha Bistritsa £0 £0 £0 26.56 100 Average Average Adequate 60 64\nYantra Gabrovo £55k £0 £3k 23.75 325 Adequate Adequate Adequate 60 66\nLitex £60k £0 £2k 22.86 200 Good Good Adequate 60 67\nMaritsa £74k £0 £3k 25.17 300 Adequate Adequate Adequate 60 63\nMinyor Pernik £102k £0 £3k 23.96 600 Adequate Below Average Fairly Basic 60 66\nLevski Krumovgrad £-7k £0 £0 25.62 0 Average Basic Limited 60 65\nSeptemvri Simitli £79k £0 £4k 25.13 325 Adequate Below Average Adequate 60 64\nSportist Svoge £81k £0 £3k 23.87 250 Adequate Adequate Fairly Basic 59 64\nChernomorets Burgas £0 £0 £0 26.63 300 Average Average Average 58 62\nSozopol £75k £0 £3k 25.23 250 Average Adequate Adequate 58 63\nBalkan Botevgrad £0 £0 £0 28.25 200 Below Average Below Average Fairly Basic 58 61\n53 Manager (First Team) 20-01-2023\n48 GK Coach (First Team) 20-01-2023\nBulgaria Lokomotiv Plovdiv\n49 GK Coach (First Team) 20-01-2023\n51 Assistant Manager (First Team) 20-01-2023\n53 Assistant Manager (U21 Team) 20-01-2023\n43 Manager (U19 Team) 20-01-2023\n44 Manager (U21 Team) 20-01-2023\n56 Assistant Manager (U19 Team) 20-01-2023\n39 Head Performance Analyst 20-01-2023


aeses - Takeda: 50. Hämophilie Symposion 2019 - aeses\nClients: Amgen, Astellas, Beiersdorf, Celgene, Danone, Ferring, GHD, Gilead Sciences, Helmholtz, IQVIA, MED-EL, MSD, Sanofi, Santhera, Shire et al.\nTakeda: 50. Hämophilie Symposion 2019\naltern.de, alzheimer-demenz.de, amyloidose.de, bluthochdruck.de, bronchitis.de, der-zeit-voraus.de, gentherapie.de, hypertonie.de, leberzellkrebs.de, morbus-alzheimer.de, pharmamarkt.de, schuppen.de


My Big Fucking Dick 6 Carl Erik: Gay Erotic Video Index\ndistributor Falcon Studios\t released 2011 length vendor id BFD006\n1. Keith Stratton OgrAb, Carl Erik (us) OgrAt, Sean Diamond OgAb\n2. Carl Erik (us), Todd Stevens\n4. Carl Erik (us), Steve Ryder\n5. Cliff Parker, Carl Erik (us), Daryl Brock