INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Women s and Misses Dresses I MARCH 1966 Bulletin No 1538 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W Willard Wirtz Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M Ross Commissioner INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Women s and Misses Dresses M ARCH 1966 Bulletin No 1538 December 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W Willard Wirtz Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M Ross Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U S Government Printing Office W ashington D C Price 30 cents Preface This b u lletin su m m a rize s the re su lts o f a B ureau o f L a b or S ta tistics su rv ey o f w ages and supplem en tary p r a c tic e s in the w o m e n s and m i s s e s d re s s m anufacturing industry in 11 a rea s in M a rch 1966 Separate r e le a s e s for each area usually issu ed w ithin a few m onths after the p a y ro ll p e rio d studied m ay be obtained fro m the B ureau o f L a bor S ta tistics W ashington D C or fro m any o f its re g io n a l o f fic e s The study was conducted in the B u rea u s D iv isio n o f O ccu pation al P ay T oiv o P Kanninen C h ief under the gen eral d ir e ctio n o f L R L in se n m a y e r A ssista n t C o m m is s io n e r fo r W ages and In du strial R e la tion s The a naly sis w as p rep a red by F r e d e r ic k L B au er under the im m ediate su p e rv is io n o f L E a rl L e w is F ie ld w o rk fo r the su rvey w as d ir e cte d by the A ssista n t R egion a l D ir e c to r s fo r W ages and In du strial R ela tion s Other re p o rts available fro m the B u rea u s p r o gram o f industry w age stu d ies as w e ll as the a d d re s s e s o f the B u rea u s six re g io n a l o f f i c e s are liste d at the end o f this bulletin m Contents P age S u m m a r y In d u stry c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s E m p lo y m e n t S ize o f s h o p T y p e o f s h o p M e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t U n io n iz a t io n A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s O c c u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s E s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s and s u p p le m e n ta r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s S ch e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s P a id h o lid a y s H ea lth w e l f a r e and v a c a tio n b e n e f i t s S u p p le m e n ta r y u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e f it s T e m p o r a r y d is a b ilit y b e n e f it s R e t ir e m e n t p la n s T a b le s E a r n in g s d is tr ib u t io n 1 A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s W o m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s M e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 4 S e le c te d o c c u p a t i o n s O c c u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s 5 B o s t o n C h i c a g o D a l l a s F a ll R iv e r and N ew B e d f o r d L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A n a G a rd e n G r o v e N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity New Y o r k C ity a ll s h o p s New Y o r k C ity r e g u la r s h o p s New Y o r k C ity c o n t r a c t s h o p s P a t e r s o n lifto n P a s s a i c C 15 P h ila d e lp h ia St L o u i s W i l k e s B a r r e H a z le t o n E s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s and s u p p le m e n ta r y w a g e p r o v is io n s 18 M eth od o f w a g e p a y m e n t S c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s P a id h o lid a y s H ea lth w e l f a r e and v a c a tio n b e n e f i t s R e t ir e m e n t p la n s A p p e n d ix e s A S co p e and m e th o d o f s u r v e y B O c c u p a tio n a l d e s c r i p t i o n s iv Industry W age Survey W om en s and Misses Dresses March 1966 S u m m a ry A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n ts m a n u fa c tu r in g w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s e s ra n g e d f r o m in New Y o r k C ity to in D a lla s a m o n g the 11 a r e a s s u r v e y e d b y the B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s in M a r c h 1966 1 S in ce a s im i la r s u r v e y c o n d u cte d in M a r c h A p r il 1963 a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s had i n c r e a s e d b y a p p r o x im a t e ly 5 p e r c e n t in C h ic a g o and P a t e r s o n lifto n P a s s a i c b e tw e e n 7 and 10 p e r c e n t in s ix a r e a s C and b e tw e e n 10 and 15 p e r c e n t in F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d N e w a rk and J e r s e y C ity and P h i la d e l p h i a 2 In d iv id u a l e a rn in g s in e a c h a r e a w e r e w id e ly d is p e r s e d r e f l e c t i n g s u ch in d u s try c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as the e x te n s iv e u s e o f in c e n tiv e w a g e s y s t e m s and d if f e r e n c e s in ty p e s o f w o r k S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s a c c o u n te d f o r s lig h tly m o r e than h a lf o f the p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in the 11 a r e a s c o m b in e d S in g le h a n d s y s t e m o p e r a t o r s t y p ic a lly had h ig h e r a v e r a g e e a rn in g s than s e c t i o n s y s t e m o p e r a t o r s C u tte rs and m a r k e r s and p r e s s e r s w e r e u s u a lly a m o n g the h ig h e s t p aid o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s stu d ie d th re a d t r im m e r s w e r e u s u a lly the lo w e s t p a id A p p r o x im a t e ly n in e te n th s o f the w o r k e r s in the 11 a r e a s c o m b in e d w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ic h had a g r e e m e n ts w ith the In te r n a tio n a l L a d ie s G a r m e n t W o r k e r s U n ion T h e s e a g r e e m e n ts in c lu d e d p r o v is io n s f o r p aid h o lid a y s p aid v a c a t io n s v a r io u s ty p e s o f h ea lth and w e lfa r e b e n e f it s and r e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n s In d u stry C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s E m p lo y m e n t T h e 11 a r e a s e m p lo y e d an e s tim a te d p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s w ith in s c o p e o f the s u r v e y A p p r o x im a te ly t h r e e f if t h s o f th e s e w e r e in New Y o r k C ity W i l k e s B a r r e a z le to n the s e c o n d l a r g e s t a r e a in t e r m s o f H e m p lo y m e n t a c c o u n te d f o r a b ou t o n e t e n t h o f the w o r k e r s F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d and L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A na a rd e n G r o v e w e r e G the o n ly o th e r a r e a s h a v in g as m u c h as 5 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k f o r c e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s n u m e r ic a lly the m o s t im p o r ta n t o f the s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s a c c o u n te d f o r m o r e than o n e h a lf o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in the 11 a r e a s c o m b in e d a bou t 64 p e r c e n t in P a te r s o n C lifto n P a s s a ic and b e tw e e n 50 and 60 p e r c e n t in a ll o t h e r s e x c e p t B o s t o n and New Y o r k C ity w h e r e See appendix A for scope and method o f survey and for definition of production workers as used in this study For definition o f areas used in this study see footnote 1 tables 5 through 17 See Industry Wage Survey Women s and Misses1 Dresses March April 1963 BLS Bulletin 2 the p r o p o r t io n s w e r e 43 and 47 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y N e a r ly t h r e e f if t h s o f the s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in the 11 a r e a s w e r e e m p lo y e d u n d e r the sin g le h a n d s y s te m o f s e w in g in w h ich an o p e r a t o r p e r f o r m s a ll o r m o s t o f the s e w in g o p e r a tio n s r e q u ir e d to c o m p le t e the g a rm e n t The r e m a in d e r o f th e s e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d u n d e r the s e c t io n s y s te m in w h ic h an o p e r a t o r s s e w in g is lim it e d to a s p e c i f i c p a r t o r p a r ts o f the g a rm e n t A m o n g the a r e a s the p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d u n d er the tw o s e w in g s y s t e m s v a r ie d s u b s ta n tia lly For e x a m p le v ir t u a lly a ll o f the o p e r a t o r s in F a ll R iv e r and N ew B e d fo r d and W i l k e s B a r r e H a z le to n w e r e e m p lo y e d u n d e r the s e c t io n s y s t e m c o m p a r e d w ith a bou t a s ix th in New Y o r k C ity a fo u r th in L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A na a rd e n G r o v e and a th ird in B o s t o n G In P a te r son lifto n C P a s s a i c the p r o p o r t io n s o f s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s e m p lo y e d u n d e r e a c h s y s te m w e r e n e a r ly e q u a l L e s s than a tenth 7 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d as hand p r e s s e r s and a s im ila r p r o p o r t io n as hand s e w e r s C u tte r and m a r k e r w a s the o n ly o th e r jo b a cc o u n tin g f o r as m u ch as 5 p e r c e n t o f the w ork fo rc e M o r e than n in e te n th s o f the s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in e a c h a r e a w e r e w om en W o m e n w e r e a ls o p r e d o m in a n t in a ll o f the o th e r o c c u p a tio n s e x c e p t c u t t e r s and m a r k e r s in e a c h a r e a and p r e s s e r s in a few a r e a s A lth o u g h w o m e n d o m in a te d the w o r k f o r c e in e a c h a r e a the r a tio o f w o m e n to m e n v a r ie d s u b s ta n tia lly a m o n g the a r e a s F o r e x a m p le w o m e n o u tn u m b e r e d m e n b y at le a s t 10 to 1 in F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d N e w a rk and J e r s e y C ity and St L o u is w h e r e a s the r a tio in New Y o r k C ity w a s le s s than 3 to 1 and in B o s t o n abou t 5 to 1 S ize o f S h op E s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith fe w e r than 50 w o r k e r s a c c o u n te d f o r a lm o s t h a lf o f the e m p lo y m e n t in the 11 a r e a s c o m b in e d s lig h tly m o r e than h a lf o f the w o r k e r s in L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A na G a rd e n G r o v e and N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity a bou t t h r e e f if t h s in New Y o r k C ity and s e v e n t e n t h s o f th o s e in P a t e r s o n C lifto n P a s s a ic w e r e in th is e s t a b li s h m e n t s i z e g ro u p O n e fift h o f the w o r k e r s w e r e in sh o p s e m p lo y in g 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e s u ch sh o p s a c c o u n te d f o r a m a jo r i t y o f the w o r k e r s in D a lla s F a ll R iv e r and New B e d f o r d and St L o u is T y p e o f S h op T h e e s tim a te d sh o p s w ith in s c o p e o f the stu dy w e r e o f th r e e d iffe r e n t ty p e s R e g u la r o r i n s i d e sh o p s w h ic h ow n the m a t e r ia ls and p e r f o r m a ll o r m o s t o f the m a n u fa c tu r in g o p e r a t io n s c o n t r a c t s h o p s w h ic h p r o c e s s m a t e r ia ls ow n ed and fr e q u e n tly cut b y o t h e r s and jo b b in g s h o p s w h ic h c o n t r a c t ou t m o s t o f the m a n u fa c tu r in g o p e r a t io n s but m a y p e r f o r m s u ch fu n c tio n s as cu ttin g fin is h in g p a c k in g and s h ip p in g F o r p u r p o s e s o f th is s u r v e y jo b b in g s h o p s and r e g u la r sh o p s w e r e c o m b in e d and to g e t h e r a c c o u n te d f o r s lig h tly m o r e than a th ird o f the w o r k f o r c e A m o n g the in d iv id u a l a r e a s the p r o p o r t io n s in r e g u la r sh o p s v a r ie d a m ou n tin g to le s s than a tenth in N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity P a te r son lift o n P a s s a ic and W i l k e s B a r r e a z le to n a bou t an C H eigh th in F a ll R iv e r and New B e d f o r d b e tw e e n a th ird and o n e h a lf in B o s t o n L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa Ana a rd e n G r o v e and New Y o r k G C ity and t h r e e f if t h s o r m o r e in the r e m a in in g a r e a s M eth od o f W age P a y m e n t In ce n tiv e m e th o d s o f w a g e p a y m e n t u s u a lly in d iv id u a l p ie c e w o r k a p p lie d to t h r e e f if t h s o f the p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in the 11 a r e a s c o m b in e d A m o n g the a r e a s the p r o p o r t io n s p aid o n th is b a s is r a n g e d f r o m o n e h a lf in B o s t o n and D a lla s to s e v e n t e n t h s in L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h L and A n a h e im Santa Ana a rd e n G r o v e P a te r son lifto n P a s s a ic and W ilk e s G C B a r r e a z le to n ta b le 18 H In c e n tiv e m e th o d s o f w a g e p a y m e n t w e r e p r e d o m in a n t 3 f o r b oth ty p e s o f s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t D a lla s w h e r e t im e r a t e d s in g le hand o p e r a t o r s o u tn u m b e r e d th o s e p aid in c e n tiv e r a t e s Hand s e w e r s and hand p r e s s e r s a ls o w e r e p aid p re d o m in a n tly o n an in c e n tiv e b a s is in m o s t o f the a r e a s U n io n iz a tio n E s t a b lis h m e n ts h a v in g u n ion c o n t r a c t s c o v e r i n g a m a jo r i t y o f th e ir p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s a c c o u n te d f o r abou t s e v e n e ig h t h s o f the w o r k f o r c e o r m o r e in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t D a lla s and L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa Ana a rd e n G r o v e w h e r e the p r o p o r t io n s w e r e l e s s than a ten th G V ir t u a lly a ll o f the u n ion e s ta b lis h m e n ts had c o n t r a c t s w ith the In te r n a tio n a l L a d i e s G a rm e n t W o r k e r s U nion A v e r a g e H o u r ly E a r n in g s S tr a ig h t tim e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f p r o d u c t io n and r e la t e d w o r k e r s ra n g e d f r o m in N ew Y o r k C ity to in D a lla s ta b le 1 I d e n tic a l a v e r a g e s w e r e r e c o r d e d f o r L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A na a rd e n G r o v e and P h ila d e lp h ia G E a r n in g s in W i l k e s B a r r e a z le to n the H s e c o n d l a r g e s t a r e a a v e r a g e d an h o u r F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d w a s the o n ly o th e r a r e a in a d d itio n to th o s e m e n tio n e d p r e v io u s ly f o r w h ic h ah a v e r a g e o f l e s s than 2 w a s r e c o r d e d A v e r a g e s in the r e m a in in g a r e a s ra n g e d f r o m 2 50 in P a te r son li ft o n P a s s a ic to 2 05 in C h ic a g o C V a r ia t io n s in a r e a w a g e le v e ls w e r e due p a r t ly to d if f e r e n c e s in m a n u fa c tu r in g m e th o d s and p r o c e s s e s F o r e x a m p le in 3 o f the 4 a r e a s w h e r e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s w e r e o v e r 2 25 a m a jo r i t y o f the w o r k e r s w e r e in sh o p s u s in g the s in g le h a n d s y s t e m o f se w in g in e a c h o f the fiv e lo w e s t p a y in g a r e a s the s e c t io n s y s t e m o f s e w in g w a s p r e d o m in a n t T h e r e w a s no c o n s is t e n t r e la t io n s h ip b e tw e e n the l e v e l o f e a rn in g s and the typ e o f sh op that d o m in a te d the in d iv id u a l a r e a s F o r e x a m p le in F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d and in W i l k e s B a r r e H a z le to n 2 o f the 3 a r e a s f o r w h ic h lo w e s t a v e r a g e s w e r e r e c o r d e d s e v e n e ig h t h s o f the w o r k e r s o r m o r e w e r e in c o n t r a c t shops In D a lla s h o w e v e r th is r e la t io n s h ip w a s r e v e r s e d o n ly a tenth o f the w o r k e r s w e r e in c o n t r a c t s h o p s In the th re e a r e a s f o r w h ic h h ig h e s t a v e r a g e s w e re r e c o r d e d N ew ark and J e r s e y C ity New Y o r k C ity and P a te r s o n C lifto n P a s s a i c tw o t h ir d s o f the w o r k e r s o r m o r e w e r e in c o n t r a c t s h o p s In New Y o r k C ity the o n ly a r e a f o r w h ich d ata w e r e ta b u la ted s e p a r a t e ly b y typ e o f s h o p w o r k e r s in r e g u la r s h o p s e a r n e d 12 c e n ts an h ou r m o r e o n the a v e r a g e than th o s e in c o n t r a c t s h op s c o m p a r e d w ith an h o u r In e a c h a r e a m e n as a g r o u p a v e r a g e d m o r e than w o m e n b y a m ou n ts ra n g in g f r o m 1 89 an h ou r in P a te r son lifto n P a s s a ic to 13 c e n ts in W ilk e s C B a r r e a z le to n H D iff e r e n c e s in a v e r a g e p a y l e v e ls f o r m e n and w o m e n m a y b e the r e s u lt o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s in c lu d in g v a r ia t io n s in the d is t r ib u t io n o f m e n and w o m e n a m o n g e s ta b lis h m e n ts and a m o n g jo b s w ith d is p a r a te p a y l e v e ls M en w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d m o r e h e a v ily in jo b s r e q u ir in g the g r e a t e s t e x p e r ie n c e and s k i l l s u ch as cu ttin g and m a r k in g the h ig h e s t p aid jo b in s e v e n a r e a s Th e p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s at d iffe r e n t e a rn in g s le v e ls v a r ie d s u b s ta n tia lly a m on g the a r e a s ta b le 1 F o r e x a m p le 36 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in D a lla s e a r n e d b e tw e e n and an h o u r in the r e m a in in g a r e a s the p r o p o r t io n s in th is e a rn in g s c l a s s in t e r v a l ra n g e d f r o m abou t 3 p e r c e n t in New Y o r k C ity P a te r s o n l i f t o n P a s s a i c and St L o u is to a bou t 11 p e r c e n t C in L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A na a r d e n G r o v e A p p r o x im a t e ly G o n e f ift h o f the w o r k e r s in N ew Y o r k C ity e a r n e d 3 50 o r m o r e in e a c h o f the o th e r a r e a s the p r o p o r t io n w a s o n e e ig h t h o r l e s s New Y o r k C ity w a s the o n ly a r e a f o r w h ic h w a g e data w e r e ta b u la te d a c c o r d in g to the p r e d o m in a n t w h o le s a le p r i c e o f the g a rm e n ts m a n u fa c tu r e d 3 A s illu s t r a t e d in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n sin g le h a n d s y s t e m s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in s h o p s m a k in g d r e s s e s to s e l l p r e d o m in a n tly f o r 22 50 o r m o r e a v e r a g e d 79 c e n ts an h ou r m o r e than th e ir c o u n te r p a r t s in s h o p s w ith w h o le s a le p r i c e lin e s u n d er Predominant wholesale price of dress Under and under and under and over Number of workers Average hourly earnings O c c u p a tio n a l E a r n in g s T h e o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s s tu d ie d s e p a r a t e ly a c c o u n te d f o r t h r e e f o u r t h s o f the w o r k e r s o r m o r e in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t B o s t o n w h e r e the p r o p o r t io n w a s s lig h tly s m a l le r ta b le 4 C u tte rs and m a r k e r s p r e d o m in a n tly m e n p aid o n a t i m e r a t e b a s i s had the h ig h e s t a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s in s e v e n a r e a s w ith a v e r a g e s ra n g in g f r o m 3 55 an h ou r in New Y o r k C ity to 2 18 in D a lla s T h r e a d t r i m m e r s v ir t u a lly a ll o f w h o m w e r e w o m e n and p aid tim e r a t e s w e r e the lo w e s t p aid in e ig h t a r e a s w ith a v e r a g e s ra n g in g f r o m 1 65 an h ou r in New Y o r k C ity to in L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A na a rd e n G r o v e G S in g leh a n d t a ilo r s y s te m s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s a v e r a g e d a p p r o x i m a t e ly 40 c e n ts an h ou r m o r e than s e c t i o n s y s t e m o p e r a t o r s in C h ic a g o D a lla s N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity and New Y o r k C ity In a ll but o n e o f the r e m a in in g a r e a s f o r w h ic h d ata c o u ld be sh ow n f o r b o th ty p e s o f o p e r a t o r s a v e r a g e e a r n in g s o f s in g le h a n d o p e r a t o r s w e r e 19 to 34 c e n ts an h o u r h ig h e r than th o s e o f s e c t i o n s y s t e m o p e r a t o r s n e a r ly id e n tic a l a v e r a g e s w e r e r e c o r d e d f o r the tw o jo b s in P a t e r s o n lift o n r P a s s a ic C A r e a a v e r a g e s f o r sin g le h a n d o p e r a t o r s ra n g e d f r o m 2 81 an h ou r in New Y o r k C ity to in D a lla s th o s e o f s e c t io n s y s t e m o p e r a t o r s ra n g e d f r o m 2 50 an h ou r in P a te r so n lifto n P a s s a ic to 1 58 in D a lla s C In N ew Y o r k C ity the o n ly a r e a f o r w h ich d ata w e r e ta b u la te d b y typ e o f s h o p s in g le h a n d s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in r e g u la r sh o p s a v e r a g e d 3 23 an h ou r c o m p a r e d w ith 2 7 3 f o r th o s e in c o n t r a c t s h o p s T h is w a g e r e la t io n s h ip w a s r e v e r s e d h o w e v e r f o r s e c t io n s y s te m o p e r a t o r s th ey a v e r a g e d 16 ce n ts an h o u r m o r e in c o n t r a c t sh o p s than in r e g u la r sh o p s c o m p a r e d w ith A majority of the workers in Chicago Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove New York City and St Louis were in establishments primarily producing dresses to sell wholesale at 12 75 or more the proportions ranged from slightly more than half in St Louis to nearly three fourths in Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove Shops primarily manufacturing dresses to sell wholesale at 22 50 or more accounted for slightly more than two fifths of the workers in New York City about three tenths in Boston and Chicago about one fourth in Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden Grove a fifth in Dallas Philadelphia and St Louis and smaller proportions in a few other areas 5 O c c u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s le v e ls d if fe r e d a m o n g the e s ta b lis h m e n ts s tu d ie d F o r e x a m p le s o m e e s ta b lis h m e n t a v e r a g e s f o r w o m e n s in g le h a n d s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s in New Y o r k C ity w e r e b e tw e e n 1 50 and 2 an h o u r w h e r e a s o t h e r s w e r e o v e r 4 S lig h tly m o r e than t w o t h ir d s o f the e s ta b lis h m e n t a v e r a g e s f o r th is o c c u p a t io n in New Y o r k C ity w e r e 2 50 an h o u r o r m o r e as illu s t r a t e d in the fo llo w in g ta b u la tion Number o f establishments employing women sewing machine operators singlehand system in New York City March 1966 Establishment average hourly earnings Regular shops Contract shops under 2 00 under 2 50 under 3 00 under 3 50 under 4 00 over T ota l and and and and and and E a r n in g s o f in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s v a r ie d s u b s ta n tia lly w ith in the s a m e jo b and a r e a e s p e c i a l l y f o r in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s s e e ta b le s T h u s h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f the h ig h e s t p a id w o r k e r fr e q u e n tly e x c e e d e d th o s e o f the lo w e s t p aid w o r k e r in the s a m e jo b and a r e a b y m o r e than 2 an h o u r In New Y o r k C ity f o r e x a m p le fu lly an eig h th o f the sin g le h a n d s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s e a r n e d b e tw e e n and 2 an h o u r w h ile n e a r ly a tenth e a r n e d 4 o r m o r e W h e re c o m p a r is o n s w e r e p o s s i b l e b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f w o r k e r s in the s a m e jo b and a r e a and p a id on an in c e n tiv e b a s is w e r e n e a r ly a lw a y s h ig h e r than th o s e p a id tim e r a t e s F or e x a m p le in the s e v e n a r e a s f o r w h ic h c o m p a r is o n s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t c o u ld b e m a d e f o r s e c t io n s y s t e m s e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s the d if f e r e n c e s in a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s r a n g e d f r o m 1 1 to 9 8 c e n t s E s t a b lis h m e n t P r a c t i c e s and S u p p le m e n ta r y W age P r o v i s i o n s S c h e d u le d W e e k ly H o u r s W o r k s c h e d u le s o f 35 h o u r s 5 d a y s a w e e k w e r e in e f f e c t in M a r c h 1966 in sh o p s e m p lo y in g m o r e than n in e te n th s o f the p r o d u c tio n and r e la t e d w o r k e r s in s ix a r e a s and a bou t s e v e n e ig h t h s in a ll o t h e r s e x c e p t D a lla s and L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A na a rd e n G r o v e G ta b le 19 M o r e than n in e te n th s o f the w o r k e r s in the la tte r tw o a r e a s w e r e s c h e d u le d to w o r k 40 h o u r s a w e e k at the tim e o f the stu d y P a id H o lid a y s P a id h o lid a y s w e r e p r o v id e d b y v ir t u a lly a ll s h o p s v is it e d in the 11 a r e a s e x c e p t L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A na a rd e n G G r o v e w h e r e a bou t h a lf o f the s h o p s r e p o r t e d s u ch p r o v i s io n s ta b le 2 0 P ro v is io n s v a r ie d a m o n g the a r e a s a m o n g e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith in s o m e a r e a s and f o r tim e and in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s in at le a s t on e a r e a h o w e v e r the m o s t c o m m o n p r o v i s io n w a s 6 72 d a y s a n n u a lly 6 H ea lth W e lf a r e and V a c a tio n B e n e fit s H ealth and w e lfa r e b e n e fits in a ll a r e a s and v a c a tio n p a y m en ts in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t C h ic a g o D a lla s and St L o u i s 4 w e r e p r o v id e d f r o m h e a lth and w e lfa r e funds to w h ic h e m p lo y e r s c o n tr ib u te d a s tip u la te d p e r c e n t a g e o f th e ir p a y r o lls f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the u n ion a g r e e m e n t s T h e a m ou n ts o f the e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n s and the b e n e fit s a v a ila b le to w o r k e r s v a r ie d a m o n g the a r e a s s e e ta b le 2 1 F o r e x a m p le v a c a tio n b e n e fits in N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity and P a te r son lifto n C P a s s a ic c o n s is t e d o f tw o annual p a y m e n ts on e e q u a l to 2 p e r c e n t o f annual e a rn in g s and the o th e r ra n g in g f r o m 60 to 78 a c c o r d in g to c r a f t In C h ic a g o D a lla s and St L o u i s w o r k e r s t y p ic a lly r e c e i v e d 1 w e e k s p ay a fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e and lo n g e r v a c a tio n s a fte r g r e a te r len g th s o f s e r v i c e The m o s t co m m o n p r o v is io n s in the o th e r a r e a s c o n s is t e d o f v a c a tio n p a y m e n ts w h ic h w e r e b a s e d on the w o r k e r s e a r n in g s in the p r e v io u s c a le n d a r y e a r o r p a r t o f a y e a r H ealth and w e l f a r e b e n e fits u s u a lly p r o v id e d b y the fund in c lu d e d h o s p it a liz a t io n s u r g e r y s e r v i c e s at the u n io n h ea lth c e n t e r m a te r n ity b e n e f i t s e y e g l a s s e s and d is a b ilit y and d eath b e n e fit s O f the n on u n ion sh o p s s tu d ie d a m a jo r i t y in a few a r e a s p r o v id e d p a id v a c a t io n s and h o s p it a liz a t io n and s u r g i c a l in s u r a n c e b e n e fit s S u p p le m e n ta r y U n e m p lo y m e n t B e n e f i t s S u p p le m e n ta ry u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e fits in s h o p s h a v in g c o n t r a c t s w ith the ILG W U a r e p r o v id e d to q u a lifie d w o r k e r s w h o s e e m p lo y e r g o e s ou t o f b u s in e s s P a y m e n ts a r e m a d e to q u a lifie d w o r k e r s f r o m an u n e m p lo y m e n t fund to w h ich the e m p lo y e r s c o n tr ib u te 0 5 p e r c e n t o f th e ir c o v e r e d p a y r o ll s T h is fu n d w h ich is a d m in is t e r e d jo in t ly b y the u n ion and e m p lo y e r s p r o v id e s b oth a lu m p s u m s e v e r a n c e b e n e fit up to 400 and s u p p le m e n ta r y u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e b e n e fits up to 48 w e e k s T h e m a x im u m b e n e fit is 25 f o r the f i r s t 26 w e e k s and 37 50 f o r the 27th th ro u g h 48th w e e k s If u n e m p lo y e d c o n tin u o u s ly f o r 52 w e e k s the w o r k e r r e c e i v e s a s e c o n d lu m p s u m s e v e r a n c e b e n e fit o f up to 400 T e m p o r a r y D is a b ilit y B e n e fit s In N e w a rk and J e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity and P a te r son C lifto n P a s s a i c the u n io n a g r e e m e n ts a ls o s p e c if ie d that the e m p lo y e r s w o u ld p ay the fu ll c o s t in c lu d in g the w o r k e r s c o n t r ib u t io n s o f t e m p o r a r y d is a b ilit y b e n e fits s tip u la te d u n d e r th e ir r e s p e c t i v e State d is a b ilit y b e n e fits la w s R e t ir e m e n t P la n s In e s ta b lis h m e n ts h a v in g u n ion a g r e e m e n t s r e t i r e m e n t p e n s io n b e n e f it s o th e r than s o c i a l s e c u r i t y w e r e p r o v id e d th ro u g h e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n s to a r e t ir e m e n t fund ta b le 2 2 T h e a m ou n t o f the e m p l o y e r s c o n tr ib u tio n to the fund w a s m o s t c o m m o n ly 4 l z p e r c e n t o f the p a y r o lls f o r q u a lifie d w o r k e r s In n e a r ly a ll a r e a s q u a lifie d w o r k e r s w e r e e lig ib le at age 6 5 to r e c e i v e p a y m e n ts o f 60 a m o n th f r o m the fund In n e a r ly a ll a r e a s c o n t r a c t s c o n ta in e d o p tio n a l p r o v is io n s f o r e a r ly r e t ir e m e n t f o r w o m e n b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r tio n a te b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to age 65 In m o s t a r e a s the c o n t r a c t s a ls o had p r o v is io n s f o r a 500 lu m p s u m d e a th b e n e fit p a y a b le to the w o r k e r s b e n e f i c i a r i e s F o r m a l p r o v i s io n s fo r r e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n s in n on u n ion e s ta b lis h m e n ts w e r e n ot c o m m o n 4 In these areas workers received vacation benefits directly from their employer table 21 Table 1 Earnings Distribution All Production W orkers P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s 2 M a r c h 1966 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 B o s to n C h ica g o D a lla s and N ew B e d fo r d L os A n g e le s L on g B e a ch and A n a h e im Santa A n a G ard en G r o v e N ew a rk and J ersey C ity N ew Y o r k C ity A ll sh o p s R e g u la r sh o p s and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under U n d er P h ila d e lp h ia St L o u is W ilk e s B a rre H a zleton and o v e r T o t a l N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s P a terson C l if t o n P a s s a ic C on tra ct sh op s E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w eek en d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s 2 F o r d e f in it io n o f a r e a s s e e fo o t n o t e 1 t a b le s 5 th rou g h 17 3 In c lu d e s jo b b in g s h o p s p e r f o r m i n g s o m e m a n u fa ctu rin g o p e r a t io n s s u c h a s cu ttin g and p a ck in g and sh ip p in g 4 L e s s than 0 05 p e r c e n t NOTE B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n ot eq u a l 100 p e r c e n t in a d d itio n to r e g u la r in s id e s h o p s Table 2 Earnings Distribution W om en Production Workers 00 P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f w o m e n p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s by a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s M a r c h 1966 B o s to n A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 C h ica g o D a lla s and New B e d fo r d L os A n g e le s N ew a rk L o n g B e a ch and and A n a h eim J ersey Santa A n a C ity G arden G rov e N ew Y o r k C ity A ll sh o p s R e g u la r shops 2 C on tra ct sh op s P aterson C lifto n P a s s a ic P h il a d e lp h ia St L o u is W i lk e s B a rre H a z le to n and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and under under under under under U n d er and o v e r T o t a l N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s 2 S ee fo o t n o t e 3 t a b le 1 3 L e s s than 0 0 5 p e r c e n t NOTE B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u a l 100 p e r c e n t Table 3 Earnings Distribution Men Production W orkers P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f m en p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s M a r c h 1966 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 B o s to n C h ica g o D a lla s and and and and and u n d er under under under under T and and and and and under under u n d er u n d er under and and and and and under under u n d er u n d er under and and and and and u n d er u n d er u n d er under under and and and and and u n d er u n d er u n d er under under and and and and and under under u n d er u n d er under and and and and and under u n d er u n d er under u n d er F a l l R iv e r and New B e d fo r d L os A n g e le s L ong B ea ch and A n a h e im Santa A n a G arden G rove N ew a rk and Jersey C ity A ll sh op s R e g u la r shops 2 C on tra ct sh op s P a terson C lifto n P a s s a ic T o t a l E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s 2 S ee fo o t n o t e 3 ta b le 1 3 L e s s than 0 05 p e r c e n t 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as fo llo w s 7 9 p e r c e n t at to p e r c e n t at to p e r c e n t at 6 to to p e r c e n t at 7 20 to p e r c e n t at 7 60 to 8 and 1 3 p e r c e n t at 8 and o v e r NOTE B ecause o f ro u n d in g su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n ot e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t St L o u is and u n d er and u n d e r and o v e r N u m b er o f w o r k e r s A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 P h ila d e lp h ia New Y o r k C ity W ilke s Bar r e H a zleton p e r c e n t at to p e r c e n t at Table 4 Average Hourly Earnings Selected Occupations N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s 2 in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s M a r c h 1966 C h ica g o B o s to n O c c u p a t io n and s e x N u m b er of w ork ers C u tte r s and m a r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m i n e r s P r e s s e r s hand W o m e n M e n P r e s s e r s m a c h in e S e w e r s hand S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m W o m e n M e n T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c l e a n e r s W o r k d i s t r ib u t o r s A vera g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m ber of w ork ers A v era ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers New Y o r k C ity R e g u la r sh op s 1 3 2 A ll sh op s N u m b er of w ork ers C u tte r s and m a r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m i n e r s P r e s s e r s h and W o m e n M e n P r e s s e r s m a c h in e S e w e r s ha n d S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a ilo r s y s t e m W o m e n M e n T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s W o r k d i s t r ib u t o r s A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m ber of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s P a terson C lifto n P a s s a ic C o n t r a c t sh op s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a r n in g s L o s A n g e le s o n g L B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa Ana a r d e n G G rove F a ll R iv e r and New B e d fo r d D a lla s A v era ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s P h ila d e lp h ia N u m b er of w ork ers St L o u is A v era g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity W ilk e s B a r r e H a zle to n N u m b er of w ork ers A v era g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y f o r o v e r t i m e and fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s 2 C u tte r s and m a r k e r s in a ll a r e a s f o r w h ic h da ta a re sh ow n and p r e s s e r s in a few a r e a s w e r e p r e d o m in a n tly m e n w o m e n w e r e p r e d o m in a n t in a ll o f the r e m a in in g o c c u p a t io n s th is ta b le T he n u m b e r s o f m e n and w o m e n in the s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h da ta a r e sh ow n in the r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s a r e in d ic a te d in t a b le s See fo o t n o t e 3 ta b le 1 NOTE D a s h e s in d ic a t e no d a ta r e p o r t e d o r data that do n ot m e e t p u b lic a t io n c r i t e r i a in Table 5 Occupational Earnings B oston1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 O c c u p a t io n and s e x C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s a ll m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T im e P r e s s e r s h a n d W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s m a c h in e 1 9 m e n and 2 w o m e n P r e s s e r s hand and m a c h in e 1 7 m e n and 3 w o m e n a ll t im e w o r k e r s S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n T h r e a d t r i m m e r s a ll w o m e n T im e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 1 2 w o m e n and 5 m e n a ll t im e w o r k e r s Num A v e rber a ge of h o u r ly and w ork ea rn u n d er ers in gs N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f o v e r and K L The B o s t o n S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f S u ffolk C ounty and 74 c i t ie s and tow n s in E s s e x M id d le s e x N o r fo lk and P ly m o u th C o u n tie s E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 51 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e p a id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as fo l lo w s 5 at to and 4 at to I n s u ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m e th o d o f w ag e p a y m e n t p r e d o m in a n t ly in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s 5 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s fo l lo w s 10 at 5 2 0 to at to and 3 at to W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s 2 at 6 6 0 to at 6 8 0 to 7 and 2 at to Table 6 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s NumO c c u p a t io n and s e x h o u r ly in g s 2 C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s 1 0 8 m e n and 1 w om a n a ll t im e w o r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s hand W o m e n I n c e n t iv e M en a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s in g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m a ll w o m e n I n c e n t iv e T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s Tnr anfprn W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 3 4 w o m e n and 2 m e n T im e Chicago o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f A ver of w ork Occupational Earnings and u n d er o v e r q l T h e C h ic a g o a r e a c o n s is t s o f C o o k C ou n ty E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 67 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stud y w e r e paid on an in c e n t iv e b a s is 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s fo l lo w s 3 at 4 20 to at 4 40 to at 4 60 to at 4 80 to 5 3 at 5 20 to at 5 40 to at 5 60 to and 2 at to 6 Table 7 Occupational Earnings Dallas1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f O c c u p a t io n and s e x C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s M e n W o m e n I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s hand a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s m a c h in e 1 9 w o m e n and 5 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s hand and m a c h in e 33 w o m e n and 4 m e n S e w e r s hand 1 3 3 w o m e n and 7 m e n T im e I n c e n t i v e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 6 6 w o m e n and 1 m a n T im e of w ork ers h o u r ly and e a rn in g s 2 1 und er over and T he D a lla s S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f C o llin D a lla s D en ton and E llis C o u n tie s 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 51 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e pa id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 I n s u ffic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t p r e d o m in a n tly t im e w o r k e r s Table 8 Occupational Earnings Fall River and New Bedford 1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n 1s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a rc h 1966 NumO c c u p a t io n and s e x A v er of h o u r ly and under o v e r ei a C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s 88 m e n arid 2 w o m e n T im e I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a l l w om en a ll t i m e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s hand W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M en T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s m a c h in e 3 9 m e n and 26 w o m e n T i m e I n c e n t iv e S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n T i m e I n c e n t i v e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a l l w o m e n I n c e n t iv e T h rea d tr im m e r s c l e a n e r s w o m e n and 3 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 1 3 0 w o m e n and 8 m e n cUi w in 6 W o rK 6 r s j T h e S all and W e s t p o r t in i E x c lu d e s in c e n t iv e b a i l s 3 W ork ers N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of R iv e r and N ew B e d fo r d S ta n d a rd M e tr o p o lita n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a s c o n s is t o f A c u s h n e t D a rtm ou th F a irh a v e n F a ll R iv e r M a rio n M a tta p o is e tt N ew B e d fo r d S o m e r s e t Sw an sea M a s s a c h u s e t t s and T iv e r t o n in R hod e Islan d prem iU rh p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 64 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stu d y w e r e pa id on an were at to Table 9 Occupational Earnings Los Angeles Long Beach and Anaheim Santa Ana Garden G rov e1 N u m b e r ttnd a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 O c c u p a t io n and s e x C u tte r s and m a r k e r s W o m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s M en T im e I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T im e P r e s s e r s h a n d W om en T i m e I n c e n t iv e M e n I n c e n t i v e P r e s s e r s hand and m a c h in e W o m e n a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s I n c e n t iv e S e w e r s hand 387 w o m e n and 14 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d b a ilo r s y s t e m W om en T im e Incentive M e n T im e I n c e n t iv e T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s a ll w o m e n a ll pu nrlrp s Num ber of w ork ers A ver N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e siving s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f age h o u r ly and ea rn and u n d er in gs H i l g o v e r T he L o s A n g e le s L o n g B e a c h and A n a h eim Santa Ana a r d e n G ro v e S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a s c o n s is t o f L o s A n g e le s and O ra n g e C o u n tie s G 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 69 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e pa id an in c e n t iv e b a s is Table 10 Occupational Earnings 0 Newark and Jersey City1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 O c c u p a t io n and s e x oer of w ork ers P r e s s e r s hand W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n I n c e n t iv e S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n sy stem a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m a ll w o m e n a ll 873 in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s T h rea d t rim m e rs c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of a ge h o u r ly and ea rn and u n d er in g s o v e r T he N e w a rk and J e r s e y C ity S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis t ic a l A r e a s c o n s is t o f E s s e x H ud son M o r r i s and U n ion C o u n tie s 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 62 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e p a id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s 2 at 4 6 0 to at 4 80 to 5 4 at 5 to at to at to at 5 8 0 to 6 and 23 at 6 and o v e r Table 11 Occupational Earnings New Y ork C ity1 All Shops N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s o f Num O c c u p a t io n and s e x A ver of w orke is h o u r ly ea rn and under in gs o v e r C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s m e n and 8 w o m e n a ll t im e w o r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s hand W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s m a c h in e a ll m e n a ll 80 in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s hand and m a c h in e 5 2 m e n and 4 w o m e n a ll in c e n t iv e wn t kp t g S e w e r s hand w o m e n and 32 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m w o m e n and 66 m e n T I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s sin g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n T im e I n c e n t iv e T h re a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s w o m e n and 9 m e n Ti m I n c e n t iv e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 22 w o m e n and 8 m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s lk 1D g g q N ew Y o r k C ity th e 5 b o r o u g h s 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 60 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e pa id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s 245 at 5 6 0 to at 6 to at to at to at to at to 8 and 108 at 8 and o v e r 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as f o l l o w s 3 at 5 6 0 to at to 7 4 at 7 to at to 8 and 8 at 8 and o v e r 5 W o r k e r s w e r e at to 8 Table 12 Occupational Earnings 00 New York City1 Regular Shops N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 NumO c c u p a tio n and s e x of w ork ei s N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ofA v erage f s T o o h o u r ly and ea rn u n d er m g s o v e r C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s m e n and 8 w o m e n a ll 3 194 S e w e r s hand w o m e n and 16 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w om en s S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a to r s s in g le hand t a il o r s y s t e m W o m e n T i m e I n c e n t iv e M e n xuc e n tiv T h read trim m e rs c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e g N ew Y o r k C ity th e 5 b o r o u g h s 2 E x c lu d e s prem iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and a t im e b a s is W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d s f o l l o w s 36 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s 12 5 I n s u ffic ie n t da ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s ha n d W o m e n T im e M en T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e s s e r s m a c h in e a ll m e n a ll f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 76 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stu d y w e r e p a id at 5 6 0 to at 6 40 to at to at to and 40 at 8 and o v e r at 6 40 to at to at to 8 and 8 at 8 and o v e r o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s by m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t p r e d o m in a n t ly in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s on Tabic 13 Occupational Earnings New York City1 Contract Shops N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 O c c u p a t io n and s e x Num ber of w ork ers A v erNunn b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ofage J t t o h o u r ly and earn und er in g s and over C u tte r and m a r k e r s a ll m e n a ll I n s p e c t o r fin a l e x a m in e r a l l w o m e n P r e i s e r h a n d T im e I n c e n t i v e M en T im e I n c e n t iv e P r e i s e r m a c h in e a ll m e n a ll tkinvlfPT Rj 51 S e w e r hand w o m e n and 16 m en Tim 351 I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n sy ste m w om en and 66 nrw n 2 977 Tiftifi 411 I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s in g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M e n I n c e n t iv e T hread t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s w o m e n and 9 m e n T im p 1 254 W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 1 4 w o m e n and 8 m en a ll t im e w o r k e r s g a N ew Y o r k C ity th e 5 b o r o u g h s 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w eek en d s h o lid a y s an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as f o l lo w s 213 at 5 6 0 to at 6 to 6 4 0 and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 80 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e re p a id on 132 at to at to at to at to 8 and 64 at 8 and o v e r Table 14 Occupational Earnings Paterson Clifton Passaic1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 Num T im e Q S e w e r s hand a ll w om en T n r e n tiv e I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n a ll t im e w o r k e r a P r e s s e r s hand 1 3 6 m e n and O c c u p a t io n and s e x h o u r ly ea rn S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m 541 w o m e n a n d 4 m e n T n r e n tiv e N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f A ver of w ork and und er o v e r g g S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s in g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m a ll w o m e n a ll in r e n tiv e w o r k e r s 3 T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n a ll tim e w o rk e r a T he P a te r s o n C l i f t o n P a s s a ic S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f B e r g e n and P a s s a ic C o u n tie s 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 72 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e pa id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s 20 at 3 7 0 to at 3 90 to at to at to at 4 7 0 to at to at 5 5 0 to at to at to and 15 at 6 1 0 and o v e r Table 15 Occupational Earnings Philadelphia1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 O c c u p a t io n and s e x Num ber of ers C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s a ll m e n a ll tim e w o r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T im e P r e s s e r s ha n d W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M en a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s m a c h in e 5 m e n and 2 w o m e n a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s S e w e r s hand 1 4 9 w o m e n and 3 m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s in g le h a n d t a il o r s y s t e m 4 9 8 w o m e n and 13 m e n I n c e n t iv e T h rea d t r im m e r s c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e W ork d i s t r ib u t o r s 4 0 w o m e n and 2 m e n a ll t i m e w o r k e r s Nurn b e r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of A ver h o u r ly and and in gs 23 und er o v e r T h e P h ila d e lp h ia a r e a c o n s is t s o f P h ila d e lp h ia and D e la w a r e C o u n tie s P a and C a m d e n C ounty N J 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 68 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e pa id an in c e n t iv e b a s i s 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s f o l lo w s 3 at to at 4 6 0 to at to 5 and 2 at to on Table 16 Occupational Earnings St Louis1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 A v erN u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ofa ge h o u r ly of U nder w o rk ea rn u n d er in gs Num O c c u p a t io n and s e x C u t t e r s and m a r k e r s 91 m e n and 1 w o m a n a l l t i m e w o r k e r s I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w o m e n T i m e P r e s s e r s ha n d W o m e n I n c e n t iv e M en a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s P r e s s e r s m a c h in e 1 8 w o m e n and 1 m a n I n c e n t iv e S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n T i m e I n c e n t iv e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m a ll w o m e n T i m e I n c e n t i v e S e w in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s i n g l e h and t a il o r s y s t e m a ll w o m e n a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s T h r e a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s a l l w o m e n T i m e I n c e n t iv e W o r k d i s t r ib u t o r s a ll w o m e n a l l t i m e w o r k e r s and over T h e St L o u is S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f the c it y o f St L o u is the co u n tie s o f F r a n k lin J e f f e r s o n St C h a r le s and St L o u is M o and the c o u n tie s o f M a d is o n and St C l a i r E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 66 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stu d y w e r e p a id on an in c e n t iv e b a s is Table 17 Occupational Earnings Wilkes Barre Hazleton1 N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s M a r c h 1966 NumO c c u p a t io n and s e x h o u r ly ea rn N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of A ver of w ork ei s C u tte r s and m a r k e r s a ll m e n T im e I n s p e c t o r s fin a l e x a m in e r s a ll w om en T im e P r e s s e r s h and W o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e M en a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s S e w e r s hand a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e S ew in g m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s s e c t io n s y s t e m W o m e n I n c e n t iv e M en a l l in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s T h re a d t r i m m e r s c le a n e r s a ll w o m e n T im e I n c e n t iv e W o rk d i s t r ib u t o r s 1 4 2 w o m e n and 46 m en a ll t i m e w o r k e r s and u n d er o v e r T h e W i lk e s B a r r e H a z le to n Standard M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis tica l A r e a c o n s is t s o f L u z e r n e C ou n ty 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s h o lid a y s and la te s h ift s A p p r o x im a t e ly 1 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study an in c e n t iv e b a s is w e r e p a id on 10 G Table 18 Method o f W age Payment P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t 1 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s M a r c h 1966 B o s to n M eth od o f w a g e p a y m en t C h ica g o D a lla s A l l w o r k e r s In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s I n d iv id u a l p i e c e w o r k G r o u p p i e c e w o r k In d iv id u a l b o n u s G r o u p b o n u s T im e r a t e d w o r k e r s F o r m a l p la n s S in g le ra te R a n g e o f r a t e s In d iv id u a l r a t e s F a ll R iv e r and N ew B e d fo r d B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g R e g u la r sh o p s 2 C on tra ct sh o p s P a terson C lifto n P a s s a ic P h il a d elp h ia St L o u is W ilk e s B arre H a zleton N ew Y o r k C it y A ll sh op s N ew a rk and Jersey C ity F o r d e fin it io n o f m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t s e e a p p en d ix A In clu d e s jo b b in g s h o p s p e r fo r m i n g s o m e m a n u fa ctu rin g o p e r a t io n s L e s s than 0 5 p e r c e n t NOTE 100 Los A n g e le s L on g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A n a G a rd en G r o v e s u c h a s cu ttin g and p a ck in g and sh ipp in g in a d d itio n to r e g u la r in s id e s h o p s s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not equal t o t a ls Table 19 Scheduled Weekly Hours P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y s c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s 1 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s M a r c h 1966 W e e k ly h o u r s B o s to n C h ica g o D a lla s F a ll R iv e r and N ew B e d fo r d L os A n g e le s L on g B e a c h and A n a h e im Santa A n a G arden G ro v e N ew a rk and J ersey C ity N ew Y o r k C it y A ll sh o p s R e g u la r sh o p s 2 C on tra ct sh o p s P a terson C lifto n P a s s a ic P h il a d e lp h ia St L o u is W ilk e s B a rre H a zle to n 100 T o t a l U n d er 35 h o u r s h o u r s O v e r 35 and u n d er 3 7 V2 h o u r s V2 h o u r s O v e r 37Vz and u n d er 40 h o u r s h o u r s O v e r 4 0 h o u r s D ata r e la t e to the p r e d o m in a n t w o r k s c h e d u le o f fu l l t im e d a y s h ift w o r k e r s in e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t In clu d e s jo b b in g s h o p s p e r fo r m i n g s o m e m a n u fa ctu rin g o p e r a t io n s su ch a s cu ttin g and p a ck in g and sh ip p in g in a d d itio n to r e g u la r in s id e s h o p s L e s s than 0 5 p e r c e n t NOTE B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u al 100 p e r c e n t Table 20 Paid Holidays P a id h o lid a y p r o v is io n s f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In te rn a tio n a l L a d ie s G a r m e n t W o r k e r s U n ion a g r e e m e n t s 1 in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s 2 M a r c h 1966 N u m b er o f h o lid a y s an n u ally A ea M eth od o f co m p u tin g p a y f o r p i e c e w o r k e r s da ys D a lla s F a l l R i v e r and N ew B e d f o r d P a y m e n ts w e r e b a s e d on c r a f t m in im u m w a g e s 6 d a y s in c o tto n d r e s s s h o p s 4 d a y s in s ilk d r e s s sh o p s B o s to n P a y m e n ts in c o tto n d r e s s sh o p s w e r e b a s e d on e a r n in g s in the p r e v io u s ca le n d a r q u a rter In s ilk d r e s s sh o p s p a y m e n ts w e r e p r o r a t e d a c c o r d i n g to the n u m b er o f d a y s w o r k e d in the h o lid a y w e e k e x c e p t that e a c h w o r k e r r e c e iv e d V2 d a y s pa y w h e th e r o r not he w o r k e d in the h o lid a y w e e k P a y m e n ts f o r p i e c e w o r k e r s in th ese sh op s w e r e b a s e d on e a r n in g s in the p r e v io u s ca le n d a r y e a r 5 d a y s L o s A n g e l e s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A na a r d e n G r o v e G D ata not a v a ila b le 6 V2 d a y s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m 10 to 14 a c c o r d i n g to c r a ft 6 d a y s to t im e w o r k e r s 5 d a y s to p i e c e w o r k e r s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m to V2 d a y s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m 12 to V2 d a y s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m 14 to 18 a c c o r d i n g to c r a ft P a t e r so n C lifto n a s s a i c P 6 V2 d a y s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m 12 to 17 a c c o r d i n g to c r a ft N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity N ew Y o r k C ity V2 d a y s if the sh op w o r k s in the h o lid a y w e e k b e fo r e o r a fte r the h o lid a y w e e k o r the a c c o r d i n g to c r a ft a c c o r d i n g to c r a ft P a y m e n t s b a s e d on e a r n in g s in p r e v io u s c a le n d a r q u a r t e r St L o u is d a y s P a y m e n t s b a s e d on e a r n in g s in the p r e v io u s y e a r W i l k e s B a r r e a z l e t o n H 6 V2 d a y s P a y m e n ts r a n g e d f r o m to 14 a c c o r d i n g to c r a f t 1 T h e s e a g r e e m e n t s w e r e in e f f e c t in sh op s e m p lo y in g n in e te n th s o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s o r m o r e in B o s to n F a ll R iv e r and N ew B e d fo r d P a t e r s o n C lifto n P a s s a i c P h ila d e lp h ia St L o u is and W i l k e s B a r r e H a z le to n a p p r o x im a te ly s e v e n e ig h t h s in C h ic a g o and N ew a rk and J e r s e y C ity and l e s s than o n e t e n t h in D a lla s and L o s A n g e le s on g B e a ch and A n a h eim L Santa A na a r d e n G r o v e G 2 F o r d e f in it io n o f a r e a s s e e fo o tn o te 1 t a b le s 5 through 17 3 6 d a y s a n n u a lly in 1 s h o p 4 22 o f the 23 e s t a b lis h m e n t s v is it e d in th is a r e a w e r e n onunion 15 o f the n on u n ion e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d 5 p a id h o lid a y s 4 p r o v id e d 4 d a y s and 1 p r o v id e d 3 d a y s 5 52 o f the 56 e s t a b lis h m e n t s v is it e d in this a r e a w e r e nonunion 25 o f the n onunion e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d p a id h o lid a y s 6 d a y s an n u ally to a ll w o r k e r s in 14 sh o p s 6 d a y s to t im e w o r k e r s o n ly in 8 s h o p s and 7 d a y s to t im e w o r k e r s on ly in 1 sh op 2 sh op s p r o v id e d 2 d a y s to a ll w o r k e r s Table 21 Health Welfare and Vacation Benefits H e a lth w e lf a r e and v a c a t io n b e n e fit s p r o v is io n s f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In te rn a tio n a l L a d ie s G a rm en t W o r k e r s U n ion a g r e e m e n t s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s 2 M a r c h 1966 A rea E m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t io n 3 8 p e r c e n t 6 V2 p e r c e n t in and 7 V2 in 2 s h o p s in w o m e n s and m i s s e s O th e r b e n e fit s V a c a t io n b e n e fits 1 sh op 4 p e r c e n t o f a w o r k e r s e a rn in g s in the p r e v io u s c a le n d a r y e a r S ic k h o s p it a liz a tio n s u r g i c a l m a te r n it y and e y e g l a s s e s b e n e f i t s s e r v i c e s at the un ion h ea lth c e n t e r and dea th b e n e fit s 1 p e r c e n t to a h e a lth c e n t e r fund in c o t t o n d r e s s s h o p s 1 p e r c e n t f o r h e a lth in s u r a n c e in s i lk d r e s s s h o p s 1 p e r c e n t to a h e a lth fund 1 w e e k s p a y a ft e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e and 2 w e e k s p a y a ft e r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e in c o t t o n d r e s s s h o p s 1 w e e k s p a y a ft e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e in s i l k d r e s s sh o p s w ith p a y m e n ts p r o r a t e d a ft e r 6 m onths o f s e r v i c e v a c a t io n b e n e fit s w e r e p a id f o r d i r e c t ly b y the e m p lo y e r in b oth co t t o n and s ilk d r e s s s h o p s D ia g n o s t ic and m e d i c a l s e r v i c e s at the u n ion h ea lth c e n t e r in c o t t o n d r e s s sh o p s in s u r a n c e c o v e r e d h o s p it a liz a tio n s u r g i c a l and s i c k b e n e fit s In s i l k d r e s s s h o p s h ea lth fund p r o v id e d h o s p it a liz a tio n s u r g i c a l e y e g l a s s e s and s i c k b e n e fits O ne e s t a b lis h m e n t p a id the fu ll c o s t o f a s ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m 3 p erce n t 1 w e e k s p a y a fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e and 2 w e e k s a ft e r 3 y e a r s p a id fo r d ir e c t ly b y the e m p lo y e r L ife h o s p it a liz a tio n cid e n t in s u r a n c e 9 p e r c e n t in 14 s h o p s l l z p e r c e n t in 9 s h o p s 5 p e r c e n t in 7 s h o p s 2 annual w e lfa r e b e n e fit s o f 2 V2 p e r c e n t and 2 p e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a rn in g s in p r e v io u s y e a r in 23 s h o p s 1 annual w e l fa r e v a c a t io n b e n e fit o f 2 V2 p e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s e a rn in g s f r o m the u n ion fund and 1 b e n e fit o f 2 p e r c e n t p a id d i r e c t ly b y the e m p lo y e r in the re m a in in g s h o p s D is a b ilit y h o s p it a liz a tio n s u r g i c a l e y e g l a s s e s t u b e r c u l o s i s b lo o d t r a n s f u s io n s and a n e s t h e s ia and a u x ilia r y b e n e fit s s e r v ic e s at the un ion h ea lth c e n t e r and dea th b e n e fit s L os A n g e le s ong B ea ch L and A n a h e im Santa A n a G a r d e n G r o v e p erce n t 4 p a y m en ts o f w e lf a r e b e n e fit s t o w a r d v a c a t io n s a y e a r e a ch eq u a l to 4 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s e a rn in g s in the p r e v io u s c a le n d a r q u a r te r H o s p ita liz a t io n s u r g i c a l m a te r n it y and e y e g l a s s e s b e n e fit s s e r v i c e s at th e u n ion h ea lth c e n t e r and d ea th b e n e fit s N e w a rk and J e r s e y C it y p ercen t 2 annual w e lfa r e b e n e fit s t o w a r d v a c a t io n s 1 e q u a l to 2 p e r ce n t o f annual e a r n in g s the o th e r ra n g in g fr o m 6 0 to 7 8 a c c o r d in g to c r a ft H o s p ita liz a t io n d o c t o r s c a r e s u r g i c a l m a te r n it y e y e g l a s s e s a n e s t h e s ia s e r v i c e s at the u n ion h ea lth c e n t e r and dea th b e n e fi t s E m p lo y e r s p a y fu ll c o s t in clu d in g w o r k e r s c o n t r ib u t io n s to p r o v id e d i s a b i li t y b e n e fit s u n d er N ew J e r s e y D is a b ilit y B e n e fit s L aw 2 annual w e lfa r e b e n e fit s t o w a r d v a c a t io n s 1 eq u a l to 2 p e r ce n t o f annual e a r n in g s the o th e r ra n g in g fr o m 6 0 to 7 8 a c c o r d in g to c r a ft H o s p ita liz a t io n d o c t o r s c a r e s u r g i c a l m a te r n it y d ia g n o s t ic la b o r a t o r y s p e c i a l i s t s s e r v i c e s X r a y s a n e s t h e s ia e y e g l a s s e s and d ea th b e n e fit s E m p lo y e r s p a y fu ll c o s t in clu d in g w ork ers co n t r ib u t io n s to p r o v id e d is a b ilit y b e n e fit s u n d er the N ew Y o r k State D is a b ilit y B e n e fit s L aw Tlallas s u r g i c a l m e d i c a l and s ic k n e s s and a c F a l l R i v e r an d N ew N ew Y o r k C i t y V2 p e r c e n t P a te r s on lift o n C P a s s a i c V2 p e r c e n t 2 annual w e lfa r e b e n e fit s to w a r d v a c a t io n s 1 eq u a l to 2 p e r ce n t o f annual e a r n in g s the o th e r ra n g in g fr o m 6 0 to 7 8 a c c o r d in g to c r a ft H o s p ita liz a t io n d o c t o r s c a r e s u r g i c a l m a te r n it y e y e g l a s s e s a n e s t h e s ia and d ea th b e n e fit s E m p lo y e r s p a y fu ll c o s t in clu d in g w o r k e r s c o n t r ib u t io n s to p r o v id e d is a b ilit y b e n e fit s u n d er the N ew J e r s e y D is a b ilit y B e n e fit s L aw P h ila d e lp h ia 7 V2 p e r c e n t 3 a nnual w e lfa r e b e n e fit s t o w a r d v a c a t io n s b a s e d on a w o r k e r s e a rn in g s in the p r e v io u s c a le n d a r y e a r D is a b ilit y h o s p it a liz a tio n s u r g i c a l and m a te r n it y b e n e fit s s e r v i c e s and l o w p r i c e d d r u g s at the u n ion h ea lth c e n t e r and death b e n e fit s 3 p ercen t 1 w e e k s p a y a ft e r 1 y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t p r o r a t e d a ft e r 6 m o n th s 8 m onths in 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s but le s s than 1 y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t and 2 w e e k s a ft e r 3 y e a r s o f e m p lo y m e n t pa id fo r d i r e c t ly by the e m p l o y e r D is a b ilit y h o s p it a liz a t io n s u r g i c a l t u b e r c u l o s i s and m e n ta l il ln e s s b e n e fit s s e r v i c e s at the u n ion h ea lth c e n t e r w o r k e r s in 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e r e f e r r e d to l o c a l d o c t o r s f o r m e d i c a l t r e a tm e n t in s te a d o f h ea lth c e n t e r s e r v i c e s and d ea th b e n e fit s T w o f i r m s p a id p a r t o f the c o s t o f li fe in s u r a n c e and a c c id e n t a l d ea th and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e S t T Oivis S ee fo o t n o t e s at en d o f t a b le Table 21 H e a lth w e lf a r e A rea W ilk e s B a r r e H a z l e t o n Health W elfare and Vacation Benefits Continued and v a c a t io n b e n e fit s p r o v is io n s f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In te rn a tio n a l L a d ie s G a r m e n t W o r k e r s U n ion a g r e e m e n t s d r e s s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s 2 M a r c h 1966 E m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t io n 3 7 V2 p e r c e n t and m i s s e s V a c a t io n b e n e fit s O th e r b e n e fit s 2 an n u al w e lf a r e b e n e fit s t o w a r d v a c a t io n s e q u a l to 2 V2 p e r c e n t and 2 p e r c e n t o f a w o r k e r s e a rn in g s in p r e v io u s y e a r D is a b ilit y h o s p it a liz a t io n s u r g i c a l e y e g l a s s e s and t u b e r c u l o s i s b e n e fit s b lo o d t r a n s f u s io n s a n e s t h e s ia s e r v i c e s at the u n ion h e a lth c e n te r and dea th b e n e fit s S ee fo o t n o t e 1 ta b le 20 F o r d e fin it io n o f a r e a s s e e fo o tn o te 1 t a b le s 5 throu gh 17 E m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t io n s to the fund fr o m w h ic h b e n e fits w e r e p r o v id e d w e r e b a s e d on p a y r o l ls f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y u n ion a g r e e m e n t s B e n e fit s f o r w o r k e r s in 2 o f the u n ion e s ta b lis h m e n ts v a r ie d s o m e w h a t f r o m t h o s e in d ic a te d 22 o f th e 23 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in D a lla s w e r e nonunion 20 o f t h e s e p r o v id e d 1 w e e k s v a c a t io n a ft e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e and 1 p r o v id e d 2 w e e k s a ft e r 1 y e a r 2 w e e k s pa id v a c a tio n w ere p r o v id e d a ft e r 3 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e in 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e in 7 e s t a b lis h m e n t s and 6 y e a r s in 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s 1 g a v e 3 w e e k s o f v a c a t io n a ft e r 15 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e 13 o f th e n o n u n ion e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d a d d itio n a l b e n e fit s u s u a lly fin a n c e d jo in t l y b y the e m p lo y e r and e m p l o y e e s in clu d in g life in s u r a n c e in 8 p la n ts h o s p it a liz a tio n and s u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e in 11 p la n ts m e d i c a l in s u r a n c e in 3 p la n ts and ca t a s t r o p h e in s u r a n c e in 1 p la n t 6 52 o f th e 56 e s t a b lis h m e n t s v is it e d in the L o s A n g e le s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A n a a r d e n G r o v e a r e a w e r e n on u n ion 23 o f t h e s e had p r o v is i o n s f o r p a id v a c a t io n s 1 w eek G a ft e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e f o r a ll w o r k e r s in 19 e s ta b lis h m e n ts and f o r t im e w o r k e r s o n ly in 3 e s t a b lis h m e n t s 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t had f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s f o r 3 d a y s a ft e r 1 y e a r and 1 w eek a fte r 2 y e a r s 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d 2 w e e k s o f pa id v a c a t io n a fte r 2 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e f o r t im e w o r k e r s o n ly in 1 o f t h e s e e s t a b lis h m e n t s 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d 2 w e e k s a fte r 5 y e a r s and 1 p r o v id e d 2 w e e k s a ft e r 10 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e 23 e s ta b lis h m e n ts p a id at le a s t p a rt o f the c o s t f o r v a r io u s h ea lth and in s u r a n c e b e n e fit s h o s p it a liz a t io n s u r g i c a l and m e d ic a l in s u ra n ce in 23 p la n t s m a jo r m e d i c a l in 13 life in s u ra n ce in 5 and a c c id e n t a l dea th and d is m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e in 10 N j Tabic 22 Retirement Plans R e t ir e m e n t p r o v is i o n s fo r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y In tern a tion a l L a d ie s G a r m e n t W o r k e r s U n ion a g r e e m e n t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b l is h m e n t s 11 s e l e c t e d a r e a s 2 M a r c h 1966 B e n e fit s to q u a lifie d w o r k e r s E m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n A rea in w o m e n s and m i s s e s d r e s s B o s to n 3 p e r c e n t 2 p e r c e n t in 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t and 4 V2 p e r c e n t in 2 e s t a b lis h m e n t s a m on th at a g e 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m death b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a ge 65 C h ic a g o 2 V2 p e r c e n t in c o t t o n d r e s s s h o p s 4 p e r c e n t d r e s s sh op s 55 a m on th at d r e s s sh op s D a l l a s 4 2 p ercen t D ata not a v a ila b le F a l l R i v e r an d N ew B e d fo r d 2 p e r c e n t 4 V2 p e r c e n t in 9 e s t a b lis h m e n t s a m on th at a ge 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m d ea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 L o s A n g e l e s o n g B e a c h and A n a h e im L Santa A n a a r d e n G r o v e G 2 p ercen t 60 a m on th at a g e 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m d ea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 N e w a r k and J e r s e y C it y V2 p e r c e n t a m on th at a ge 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m d ea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit re d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 4 V2 p e r c e n t a m on th at a ge 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m d ea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 P a t e r s o n lif t o n a s s a i c C P 4 V2 p e r c e n t a m on th at a g e 65 and a 5 0 0 lu m p s u m dea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r t o a g e 65 P h il a d e lp h ia V2 p e r c e n t 60 a m on th at a g e 65 and a 5 0 0 lu m p s u m dea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 St L o u i s p e r c e n t 2 p e r c e n t in 3 e s t a b lis h m e n t s a m on th at a g e 65 and a 5 0 0 lu m p s u m death b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e 65 W ilk e s B a r r e a z le to n H 4V 2 p e r c e n t 60 a m on th at a g e 65 and a 500 lu m p s u m d ea th b e n e fit W o m e n m a y r e t i r e b e tw e e n a g e s 62 and 65 w ith a p r o p o r t io n a t e b e n e fit r e d u c t io n f o r e a c h y e a r p r i o r to a g e S ee fo o t n o t e 1 ta b le 2 0 F o r d e fin it io n o f a r e a s s e e fo o t n o t e 1 t a b le s 5 th rou g h 17 S ee fo o t n o t e 3 t a b le 2 1 2 o f the 22 n on u n ion e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d p e n s io n b e n e fit s N on e o f the 52 n on u n ion e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id e d p e n s io n b e n e fit s age 65 in cotton d r e s s sh op s 60 a m on th at a g e 65 in s i lk Appendix A Scope and Method of Survey Scope of Survey The survey included establishments engaged primarily in manufacturing women s m is s e s and junior s d resses other than housedresses part of industry 2335 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and 1963 Supplement prepared by the U S Bureau of the Budget In addition to regular inside and contract shops jobbing shops which performed some manufacturing operations such as cutting finishing packing and shipping were also included The establishments studied were selected from those employing eight workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists The number of establishments and workers actually studied by the Bureau as well as the number estimated to be in the industry during the payroll period studied are shown in the following table Estim ated N um ber o f Establishm ents and W orkers W ith in S co p e o f the W o m e n s and Misses Dress M anufacturing Industry Survey and N um ber Studied 11 S e le c t e d A reas M arch 1966 N um ber o f establishm ents 2 A re a W ithin s co p e o f study B o s t o n C h ic a g o D a l l a s F all R iv er and N ew B ed ford Los A n g e le s Long B each and A n a h e im S a n ta A n a G a r d e n G r o v e N ewark and Jersey C ity N ew Y ork C i t y R egu la r shops C on tract shops Paterson C lifto n a ss a ic P P h ila d e lp h ia St L o u is W ilk e s B a rr e H a z le to n T o t a l W orkers in establishm ents W ith in scop e o f study Studied T o ta l3 Produ ction workers Studied T o ta l For d efin ition o f areas see fo o tn o te 1 in tables Includes o n ly establishm ents w ith 8 workers o r m ore at the tim e o f re fe re n ce o f the universe data 3 Inclu des e x e c u tiv e p rofession al o f f i c e and other workers e x c lu d e d fro m the produ ction workers cate g o ry shown 4 Includes jobbers perform in g som e m anufacturin g operations in add ition to regular in sid e shops Method of Study Data were obtained by personal visits of Bureau field economists under the direction of the Bureau s Assistant Regional Directors for Wages and Industrial Relations The survey was conducted on a sample basis To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied In combining the data however all establishments were given their appropriate weight All estimates are presented there fore as relating to all establishments in the industry in the areas excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data Establishment Definition An establishment for purposes of this study is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company which may consist of one establishment or more The terms establish ment and sh op have been used interchangeably in this bulletin Employment The estimates of the number of workers as a general guide to the size and composition The advance planning necessary to make a wage lishments assembled considerably in advance of within the scope of the study are intended of the labor force included in the survey survey requires the use of lists of estab the payroll period studied Production Workers The term production w o r k e r s as used in this bulletin includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions Administrative executive professional and force account construction employees who were utilized as a separate work force on the fir m s own properties were excluded Occupations Selected for Study The occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of inter establishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job See appendix B for these job descriptions The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance their usefulness in collective bargaining or their representa tiveness of the entire job scale in the industry Working supervisors apprentices learners beginners trainees handicapped part tim e temporary and probationary workers were not reported in the selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers Wage Data The wage information relates to average straight time hourly earnings excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends holidays and late shifts Incentive payments such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and costof living bonuses were included as part of the workers regular pay but nonproduction bonus payments such as Christmas or yearend bonuses were excluded Average mean hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers such as men women or production workers were obtained by weighting each rate or hourly earnings by the number of workers receiving the rate totaling and dividing by the number of individuals The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight time salary by normal rather than actual hours Method of Wage Payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage system s Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories In the absence of a formal rate structure pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications of the individual worker A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification Learners apprentices or pro bationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate 31 and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time Individual experienced workers occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons but such payments are regarded as exceptions Range of rate plans are those in which the minimum and or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by m erit length of service or a combination of various concepts of merit and length of service Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output Production bonuses are based on production in excess of a quota or for completion of a job in less than standard time Scheduled Weekly Hours Data refer to the predominant work schedule employed on the day shift for full time production workers Supplementary Benefits Supplementary benefits are presented in terms of the provisions of collective bargaining agreements with the International Ladies Garment W orkers Union which were in effect in establishments employing about nine tenths of the workers in the 11 areas Data for nonunion establishments are also summarized briefly Appendix B Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area This permits the grouping of oc cupational wage rates representing comparable job content Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and inter area comparability of occupational content the Bureau s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes In applying these job descriptions the Bureau s field economists are instructed to exclude working super visors apprentices learners beginners trainees handi capped part tim e temporary and probationary workers CUTTER AND MARKER Marks the outlines of various garment parts on a ply of fabrics and cuts out parts with shears hand knife or powered cutting machine May spread or lay up cloth on cutting table Workers who specialize in cutting or in marking and workers engaged in marking and cutting linings and trimmings are included Specialized markers using perforated patterns and marking by use of talcum are excluded as are all workers who specialize in spreading cloth INSPECTOR FINAL EXAMINER Examines and inspects completed garments prior to pressing or shipping Work involves determining whether the garments conform to shop standards of quality and marking defects such as dropped stitches bad seams etc May make minor repairs In many shops manufacturing inexpensive garments there will be no inspectors falling within this classifi cation in those shops whatever inspection is carried on is usually performed by thread trim m ers who may only casually inspect garments and are therefore excluded PRESSER Performs pressing operations finish or under on garments or garment parts by means of a hand pressing iron and or powered press or mangle For wage study purposes as follows pressers are classified by type of pressing equipment P re sse r hand P re sse r machine P resser hand and machine Workers are classified as p r e s s e r s hand and machine when sizable proportions of their work are performed by each of the two methods Otherwise the predominant type of pressing is the determining factor in classification SEWER HAND FINISHER Bench worker Perform s sewing operations by hand including sewing on buttons making button holes stitching edges and closing openings that have been left by various hand and machine operations Workers who specialize in sewing tickets or labels are excluded SEWING MACHINE OPERATOR SECTION SYSTEM Uses a standard or special purpose sewing machine to perform the sewing operations required in making parts of garments joining parts made by others joining various sections together or in attaching previously completed parts to partially completed garments but does not construct the entire garment In shops that operate entirely on a section or bundle system this classification would include all sewing machine operators except button hole makers and button sewers without any differentiation of operators by type of machine or operation performed In shops that operate partly on a section system this cla ssifi cation would include all operators who do not construct an entire garment SEWING MACHINE OPERATOR SINGLEHAND TAILOR SYSTEM Perform s all the standard sewing machine operations involved in the manufacture of a complete garment Work involves assembling and joining all parts of the garment except those added by finishers Is usually an experienced operator working on bettergrade apparel in which the variety of design is so great and style changes so frequent as to prevent the economical use of a section system Workers employed in singlehand system shops who pair up and work as a team and divide work tickets equally are included This arrangement is formal in contrast to the section system in which rates are established for individual operations THREAD TRIMMER CLEANER Clipper Trim s loose thread ends basting threads and seam edges of garments prior to pressing or packing This classification includes trimm ers using scissors or power equip ment Workers who also carefully examine and inspect garments are classified as inspec tors final WORK DISTRIBUTOR Carries or trucks garments in various stages of completion to the worker who is to perform the next operation on the garment May exercise some discretion in d is tribution of work but has no supervisory responsibilities Industry Wage Studies Th e m o s t r e c e n t r e p o r t s f o r i n d u s t r i e s in c lu d e d in the B u r e a u s p r o g r a m o f in d u s tr y w a g e s u r v e y s s i n c e J a n u a r y 1950 a r e l i s t e d b e l o w T h o se fo r w hich a p r i c e is sh ow n a r e a v a i la b le f r o m the S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s U S G o v e r n m e n t P r in t i n g O f f i c e W a s h in g to n D C o r any o f its r e g i o n a l sales o ffic e s T h o s e f o r w h i c h a p r i c e is not sh ow n m a y b e o b ta in e d f r e e as lo n g as a s u p p ly is a v a i l a b l e f r o m the B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s W a s h in g to n D C o r f r o m any o f the r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s sh ow n on the i n s id e b a c k c o v e r I Occupational Wage Studies M a n u fa c t u r in g B a s i c I r o n and S te e l 1962 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s C andy and O th e r C o n f e c t i o n e r y P r o d u c t s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s C an n ing and F r e e z i n g 1957 B L S R e p o r t 136 C i g a r M a n u fa c t u r in g 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s C ig a r e t t e M a n u f a c t u r in g 1965 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s C o tto n T e x t i l e s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s D i s t i l l e d L i q u o r s 1952 S e r i e s 2 No 88 F a b r i c a t e d S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l 1964 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s F e r t i l i z e r M a n u f a c t u r in g 1962 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s F l o u r and O th e r G r a i n M i l l P r o d u c t s 1961 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s F lu id M i l k I n d u s tr y 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s F o o t w e a r 1965 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s H o s i e r y 1964 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s I n d u s t r ia l C h e m i c a l s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s I r o n and S te e l F o u n d r i e s 1962 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s L e a t h e r T a n n in g and F i n i s h i n g 1963 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s M a c h i n e r y M a n u f a c t u r in g 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s M e a t P r o d u c t s 1963 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s M e n s and B o y s Sh irts E x c e p t W o r k S h irts and N ig h tw e a r 1964 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s M e n s and B o y s Suits and C o a t s 1963 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s M i s c e l l a n e o u s P l a s t i c s P r o d u c t s 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s M i s c e l l a n e o u s T e x t i l e s 1953 B L S R e p o r t 56 M o t o r V e h i c l e s and M o t o r V e h i c l e P a r t s 1963 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s N o n f e r r o u s F o u n d r i e s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s P a in ts and V a r n i s h e s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s P a p e r b o a r d C o n t a i n e r s and B o x e s 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s P e t r o l e u m R e f i n i n g 1965 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s P r e s s e d o r B lo w n G l a s s and G l a s s w a r e 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s P r o c e s s e d W a s t e 1957 B L S R e p o r t 124 P u lp P a p e r and P a p e r b o a r d M i l l s 1962 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s R a d i o T e l e v i s i o n and R e l a t e d P r o d u c t s 1951 S e r i e s 2 No 84 R a i l r o a d C a r s 1952 S e r i e s 2 No 86 R aw S u g a r 1957 B L S R e p o r t 136 S ou th ern S a w m i ll s and P la n in g M i l l s 1965 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s S t r u c t u r a l C la y P r o d u c t s 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s Synthetic F i b e r s 1958 B L S R e p o r t 143 Synthetic T e x t i l e s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s T e x t il e D y e in g and F i n i s h i n g B L S B u lle tin c e n t s Studies of the effects of the 1 minimum wage I Occupational Wage Studies Continued M a n u fa c t u r in g C on tin u ed T o b a c c o S t e m m in g and R e d r y i n g 1957 B L S R e p o r t 136 W e s t C o a s t S a w m i ll in g 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s W o m e n s and M i s s e s C o a ts and Su its 1965 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s W o m e n s and M i s s e s D r e s s e s 1963 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s W o o d H o u s e h o l d F u r n i t u r e E x c e p t U p h o l s t e r e d 1965 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s W o o d e n C o n t a i n e r s 1957 B L S R e p o r t 126 W o o l T e x t i l e s 1962 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s W o r k C lo t h i n g 1964 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g A u to D e a l e r R e p a i r S h o p s 1964 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s B a n k in g 1964 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s B itu m in o u s C o a l M i n in g 1962 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 1964 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s C o n t r a c t C le a n in g S e r v i c e s 1965 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s C r u d e P e t r o l e u m and N a tu r a l Gas P r o d u c t i o n I9 6 0 B L S R e p o r t 181 D e p a r t m e n t and W o m e n s R e a d y t o W e a r S t o r e s 1950 S e r i e s 2 No 78 E a tin g and D r in k in g P l a c e s 1963 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s E l e c t r i c and Gas U t i l i t i e s 1962 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s H o s p i t a l s 1963 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s H o te ls and M o t e l s 1963 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s L a u n d r ie s and C le a n in g S e r v i c e s 1963 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s L i f e I n s u r a n c e 1961 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s N u r s in g H o m e s and R e l a t e d F a c i l i t i e s 1965 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s II Earnings Distributions Studies F a c t o r y W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s D i s t r i b u t i o n b y S t r a i g h t T i m e H o u r ly E a r n i n g s 1958 B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s F a c t o r y W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s S e l e c t e d M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s 1959 B L S B u lle t in c e n t s R etail T rade E m p l o y e e E a r n in g s and H o u r s June 1965 B u ild in g M a t e r i a l s H a r d w a r e and F a r m E q u ip m e n t D e a l e r s B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s G e n e r a l M e r c h a n d i s e S t o r e s B L S B u lle tin c e n t s F o o d S t o r e s B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s A u t o m o t i v e D e a l e r s and G a s o l i n e S e r v i c e Sta tion s B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s A p p a r e l and A c c e s s o r y S t o r e s B L S B u lle tin c e n t s F u r n i t u r e H o m e F u r n i s h i n g s and H o u s e h o l d A p p l ia n c e S t o r e s B L S B u ll e t in c e n t s M i s c e l l a n e o u s S t o r e s B L S B u lle tin c e n t s E m p l o y e e E a r n in g s in N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s o f the South and N o r th C e n t r a l R e g i o n s 1962 B L S B u lle tin c e n t s Studies of the effects of the 1 minimum wage U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE\nUnited States. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\t"Industry Wage Survey: Women's and Misses' Dresses, March 1966 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 1538," Industry Wage Survey: Women's and Misses' Dresses (1967). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4756/item/498288, accessed on November 18, 2019.