Indian Railways .Wikipedia Details |authorSTREAM\nTitle: Indian Railways .Wikipedia Details\nIn di an Ra i l w a y s Thi s arti c l e i s a bo ut th e o r g ani sa ti o n. F o r g e n e ra l i nf o rm a ti o n o n ra i l w a y s i n In di a see Ra i l tran s po rt i n In di a . W arni ng: P a g e us i ng Template:Infobox c o mpan y wi th unkn o wn param e te r “El ec tri ﬁ ed” thi s m e ssa g e i s s h o wn o nl y i n p r e vi e w. W arni ng: P a g e us i ng Template:Infobox c o mpan y wi th unkn o wn param e te r “T ra c k Le ngth” thi s m e ssa g e i s s h o wn o nl y i n p r e vi e w. W arni ng: P a g e us i ng Template:Infobox c o mpan y wi th unkn o wn param e te r “Ro ute Le ngth” thi s m e ssa g e i s s h o wn o nl y i n p r e vi e w. W arni ng: P a g e us i ng Template:Infobox c o mpan y wi th unkn o wn param e te r “g a u g e” thi s m e ssa g e i s s h o wn o nl y i n p r e v i e w. In di an Ra i l w a y s r e po rti ng m ar k IR i s an In di an s ta te-o wn ed e n te rp ri se o wn ed an d o pe ra ted b y th e Go v e rnm e n t o f In di a thr o u g h th e Mi ni s try o f Ra i l w a y s . It i s o n e o f th e w o r l d’s lar g e s t ra i l w a y n e tw o r k s c o mp ri s- i ng 115000 km 71000 mi o f tra c k o v e r a r o ute o f 67312 km 41826 mi an d 7112 s ta ti o n s. 3 In 2014- 15 IR c arri ed 8.397 b i lli o n passe ng e rs ann ua ll y o r m o r e th an 23 mi lli o n passe ng e rs a da y r o u g hl y h a lf o f w h o m w e r e s u b ur ban passe ng e rs an d 1058.81 mi lli o n to n s o f f r e i g h t i n th e y e ar. 3 In 2014–2015 In di an Ra i l w a y s h a d r e v e n ue s o f ₹1634.50 b i lli o n U S24 b i lli o n w hi c h c o n- s i s ts o f ₹1069.27 b i lli o n U S16 b i lli o n f r o m f r e i g h t an d ₹402.80 b i lli o n U S6.0 b i lli o n f r o m passe ng e rs ti c k e ts. 2 Ra i l w a y s w e r e ﬁ rs t i n tr od uc ed to In di a i n th e y e ar 1853 f r o m Mum ba i to Th an e . In 1951 th e s y s te m s w e r e n a- ti o n a li sed as o n e uni t th e In di an Ra i l w a y s bec o mi ng o n e o f th e lar g e s t n e tw o r k s i n th e w o r l d. IR o pe ra te s both l o ng di s tan c e an d s u b ur ban ra i l s y s te m s o n a m u l ti- g a u g e n e tw o r k o f b r oa d m e tr e an d n arr o w g a u g e s . It a l so o wn s l oc o m oti v e an d c oa c h p r od uc ti o n f a c i li ti e s a t se v- e ra l p la c e s i n In di a wi th ass i gn ed c od e s i d e n ti f yi ng th e i r g a u g e ki n d o f po w e r an d type o f o pe ra ti o n. Its o pe ra- ti o n s c o v e r tw e n ty ni n e s ta te s an d se v e n uni o n te rri to ri e s an d a l so p r o vi d e li mi ted i n te rn a ti o n a l se rvi c e s to Ne pa l Bang la d e s h an d P a ki s tan . In di an Ra i l w a y s i s th e w o r l d’s se v e n th lar g e s t c o mm e r- c i a l o r uti li ty e mp l o y e r b y n um be r o f e mp l o y ee s wi th o v e r 1.376 mi lli o n e mp l o y ee s as o f las t p u b li s h ed ﬁ g- ur e s i n 2013. IR’s r o lli ng s toc k c o mp ri se s o v e r 245267 Fr e i g h t W a g o n s 66392 P asse ng e r Coa c h e s an d 10499 Loc o m oti v e s 43 s te am 5633 di e se l an d 4823 e l ec tri c l oc o m oti v e s . 3 Th e tra i n s h a v e a 5 di gi t n um be ri ng s y s- te m an d run s 12617 passe ng e r tra i n s an d 7421 f r e i g h t tra i n s da i l y. 4 As o f 31 Mar c h 2016 27999 km 17398 mi 41.59 o f th e tota l 67312 km 41826 mi r o ute l e ngth w as e l ec tri ﬁ ed. 5 Si n c e 1960 a lm os t a ll e l ec tri- ﬁ ed sec ti o n s o n IR use 25000 V o l t AC tra c ti o n thr o u g h o v e r h e a d c a te n ary o f d e li v e ry. 1 Hi s to ry Ma i n arti c l e: Hi s to ry o f ra i l tran s po rt i n In di a Th e hi s to ry o f ra i l tran s po rt i n In di a be g an i n th e mi d- India’s ﬁr st tr ain r an between Bomba y and Thane ni n e tee n th c e n tury. Th e c o r e o f th e p r e ss ur e f o r b u i l d- i ng Ra i l w a y s In In di a c am e f r o m Lo n d o n. In 1848 th e r e w as n ot a s i ng l e ki l o m e te r o f ra i l w a y li n e i n In di a. Th e c o un try’s ﬁ rs t ra i l w a y b u i l t b y th e Gr e a t In di an P e ni n- s u la Ra i l w a y GIPR o pe n ed i n 1853 be tw ee n Bo m- ba y an d Th an e. 6 Th e Eas t In di an Ra i l w a y Co mpan y w as e s ta b li s h ed 1 Jun e 1845 i n Lo n d o n b y a d eed o f se t- tl e m e n t wi th a c a p i ta l o f £4000000 lar g e l y ra i sed i n Lo n d o n. 7 Th e Gr e a t So uth e rn In di a Ra i l w a y Co. w as f o un d ed i n Bri ta i n i n 1853 an d r e gi s te r ed i n 1859. Co n- s truc ti o n o f tra c k i n Ma dras P r e s i d e n c y be g an i n 1859 an d th e 80-mi l e li nk f r o m T ri c hi n o po l y to Ne g a pa tam w as o pe n ed i n 1861. Th e Carn a ti c Ra i l w a y f o un d ed i n 1864 o pe n ed a Ma dras - Ara kk o n am - Kan c h ee p uram li n e i n 1865. Th e Gr e a t So uth e rn In di a Ra i l w a y Co m- pan y w as s u bseq ue n tl y m e r g ed wi th th e Carn a ti c Ra i l- w a y Co mpan y i n 1874 to f o rm th e So uth In di an Ra i l w a y Co mpan y . 8 9 A Bri ti s h e ngi n ee r Ro be rt Ma i tlan d Br e r e to n w as r e- s po n s i b l e f o r th e e x pan s i o n o f th e ra i l w a y s f r o m 1857 o n- w ar d s. Th e Alla h a ba d-Ja ba l p ur b ran c h li n e o f th e Eas t In di an Ra i l w a y h a d bee n o pe n ed i n Jun e 1867. Br e r e- to n w as r e s po n s i b l e f o r li nki ng thi s wi th th e GIPR r e- 1\n2 1 H I S T O R Y R obert M aitland B r er eton The B.B. C.I. R ail wa y H ead O ﬃces 1905 s u l ti ng i n a c o m b i n ed n e tw o r k o f 6400 km 4000 mi. He n c e i t bec am e poss i b l e to tra v e l di r ec tl y f r o m Bo m ba y to Ca l c ut ta . Thi s r o ute w as o ﬃ c i a ll y o pe n ed o n 7 Mar c h 1870 an d i t w as part o f th e i n s p i ra ti o n f o r Fr e n c h wri te r Ju l e s V e rn e s boo k Ar o un d th e W o r l d i n Ei g h ty Da y s . A t th e o pe ni ng c e r e m o n y th e Vi c e r o y Lo r d Ma y o c o n c l ud ed th a t “it was thought desir able that i f possible at the ear li- est possible moment the whole country should be co ver ed with a networ k o f lines in a uni f orm s ystem”. 10 By 1875 a bo ut £95 mi lli o n w e r e i n v e s ted b y Bri ti s h c o m- pani e s i n In di a. 11 By 1880 th e n e tw o r k h a d a r o ute mi l e a g e o f a bo ut 14500 km 9000 mi m os tl y ra di a t- i ng i n w ar d f r o m th e thr ee m a j o r po rt c i ti e s o f Bo m ba y Ma dras an d Ca l c ut ta . By 1895 In di a h a d s tarted b u i l d- i ng i ts o wn l oc o m oti v e s an d i n 1896 se n t e ngi n ee rs an d Extent o f the r ail wa y networ k in 1909. Indian R ail wa ys headquarter s Delhi l oc o m oti v e s to h e l p b u i l d th e U g an da Ra i l w a y s . In 1900 th e GIPR bec am e a g o v e rnm e n t o wn ed c o m- pan y. Th e n e tw o r k s p r e a d to th e m od e rn da y s ta te s o f Assam Ra j p uth an a an d Ma dras P r e s i d e n c y an d soo n v ar- i o us a uto n o m o us ki ng d o m s be g an to h a v e th e i r o wn ra i l s y s te m s. In 1905 an e ar l y Ra i l w a y Boar d w as c o n s ti- tuted b ut th e po w e rs w e r e f o rm a ll y v e s ted un d e r Lo r d Curzo n . 12 It se rv ed un d e r th e De partm e n t o f Co mm e r c e an d In d us try an d h a d a g o v e rnm e n t ra i l w a y o ﬃ c i a l se rv- i ng as c h a i rm an an d a ra i l w a y m an a g e r f r o m Eng lan d an d an a g e n t o f o n e o f th e c o mpan y ra i l w a y s as th e oth e r tw o m e m be rs. F o r th e ﬁ rs t ti m e i n i ts hi s to ry th e Ra i l w a y s be g an to m a k e a p r o ﬁ t. In 1907 a lm os t a ll th e ra i l c o mpani e s w e r e ta k e n o v e r b y th e g o v e rnm e n t. Th e f o ll o wi ng y e ar th e ﬁ rs t e l ec tri c l o- c o m oti v e m a d e i ts a p pe aran c e. Wi th th e arri v a l o f W o r l d W ar I th e ra i l w a y s w e r e used to m ee t th e n eed s o f th e Bri ti s h o uts i d e In di a. Wi th th e e n d o f th e w ar th e ra i l- w a y s w e r e i n a s ta te o f di s r e pa i r an d c o lla pse. Lar g e sc a l e c o rru pti o n b y Bri ti s h o ﬃ c i a l s i n v o l v ed i n th e run- ni ng o f th e se ra i l w a y s c o mpani e s w as rampan t. P r o ﬁ ts w e r e n e v e r r e i n v e s ted i n th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f Bri ti s h c o l o- ni a l In di a . 13 In 1920 wi th th e n e tw o r k h a vi ng e x pan d ed to 61220 km 38040 mi 14 a n eed f o r c e n tra l m an a g e m e n t w as\n3 M a p o f the completed and planned r ail wa y lines in India in 1871 thirteen year s a f ter the end o f C ompan y rule. Inter ior o f G atiman Expr ess. m ooted b y Si r Wi lli am A c w o rth. Based o n th e Eas t In di a Ra i l w a y Co mmi t tee c h a i r ed b y A c w o rth th e g o v e rnm e n t too k o v e r th e m an a g e m e n t o f th e Ra i l w a y s an d d e ta c h ed th e ﬁ n an c e s o f th e Ra i l w a y s f r o m oth e r g o v e rnm e n ta l r e v- e n ue s. Th e pe ri od be tw ee n 1920 an d 1929 w as a pe ri od o f ec o- n o mi c boo m th e r e w e r e 41000 mi 66000 km o f ra i l- w a y li n e s se rvi ng th e c o un try th e ra i l w a y s r e p r e se n ted a c a p i ta l v a l ue o f so m e 687 mi lli o n s te r li ng an d th e y c arri ed o v e r 620 mi lli o n passe ng e rs an d a p p r o xi m a te l y 90 mi lli o n to n s o f g ood s e a c h y e ar. 15 F o ll o wi ng th e Gr e a t De p r e ss i o n th e ra i l w a y s s uﬀ e r ed ec o n o mi c a ll y f o r th e n e x t e i g h t y e ars. Th e Sec o n d W o r l d W ar se v e r e l y c ri p p l ed th e ra i l w a y s. S tarti ng i n 1939 a bo ut 40 o f th e r o lli ng s toc k i n c l udi ng l oc o m oti v e s an d c oa c h e s w as ta k e n to th e Mi d dl e Eas t. Th e ra i l w a y s w o r k s h o ps w e r e c o n v e rted to amm uni ti o n s w o r k s h o ps an d m an y ra i l w a y tra c k s w e r e di s m an tl ed to h e l p th e Alli e s i n th e w ar. By 1946 a ll ra i l s y s te m s h a d bee n ta k e n o v e r b y th e g o v e rn- m e n t. 2 Or g ani sa ti o n a l s truc tur e Ma i n arti c l e: In di an Ra i l w a y o r g ani sa ti o n a l s truc tur e 3 Ra i l w a y zo n e s Furth e r i nf o rm a ti o n: Zo n e s an d di vi s i o n s o f In di an Ra i l- w a y s In di an Ra i l w a y s i s di vi d ed i n to 17 zo n e s 16 w hi c h ar e Indian R ail wa y z onal map. f urth e r s u b-di vi d ed i n to di vi s i o n s . Th e n um be r o f zo n e s i n In di an Ra i l w a y s i n c r e ased f r o m s i x to e i g h t i n 1951 ni n e i n 1966 an d s i x tee n i n 2003. 17 18 Ea c h zo n a l ra i l- w a y i s m a d e u p o f a c e rta i n n um be r o f di vi s i o n s e a c h h a vi ng a di vi s i o n a l h e a d q uarte rs. Th e r e ar e a tota l o f s i x ty-e i g h t di vi s i o n s. 19 20 Ea c h zo n e i s h e a d ed b y a g e n e ra l m an a g e r w h o r e po rts di r ec tl y to th e Ra i l w a y Boar d. Th e zo n e s ar e f urth e r di- vi d ed i n to di vi s i o n s un d e r th e c o n tr o l o f di vi s i o n a l ra i l- w a y m an a g e rs DRM. Th e di vi s i o n a l o ﬃ c e rs o f e ngi- n ee ri ng m ec h ani c a l e l ec tri c a l s i gn a l an d te l ec o mm uni- c a ti o n a c c o un ts pe rso nn e l o pe ra ti ng c o mm e r c i a l se- c uri ty an d saf e ty b ran c h e s r e po rt to th e r e s pec ti v e Di vi- s i o n a l Ra i l w a y Man a g e r an d ar e i n c h ar g e o f o pe ra ti o n an d m a i n te n an c e o f asse ts. Furth e r d o wn th e hi e rar c h y tr ee ar e th e s ta ti o n m as te rs w h o c o n tr o l i n di vi d ua l s ta- ti o n s an d tra i n m o v e m e n ts thr o u g h th e tra c k te rri to ry un- d e r th e i r s ta ti o n s’ a dmi ni s tra ti o n.\n4 4 R O LLI N G S T OC K Th e c h art be l o w b ri e ﬂ y d e p i c ted th e In di an Ra i l w a y’s zo n e s Ro ute Km e l ec tri ﬁ ed r o ute n um be r o f s ta ti o n s an d di vi s i o n s. A pantogr aph on an I R tr ain. 3.1 Rec ru i tm e n t an d tra i ni ng Ma i n arti c l e: Ce n tra li sed T ra i ni ng In s ti tute s o f th e In di an Ra i l w a y s S taﬀ ar e c lass i ﬁ ed i n to g aze t ted Gr o u p A an d B an d n o n-g aze t ted Gr o u p C an d D e mp l o y ee s. 23 Th e r e- c ru i tm e n t o f Gr o u p A g aze t ted e mp l o y ee s i s c arri ed o ut b y th e U ni o n Pu b li c Se rvi c e Co mmi ss i o n thr o u g h e x am s c o n d uc ted b y i t. 24 Th e Rec ru i tm e n t o f Gr o u p B f o r th e f o ll o wi ng pos t Sec ti o n Oﬃ c e rsJuni o r Engi n ee rsDe pot Ma te ri a l Su pe ri n te n d e n t pos ts i s c o n d uc ted b y Ra i l w a y Rec ru i tm e n t boar d. 25 Th e r ec ru i tm e n t to Gr o u p C an d D e mp l o y ee s o n th e In di an Ra i l w a y s i s d o n e thr o u g h 21 Ra i l w a y Rec ru i tm e n t Boar d s an d Ra i l w a y Rec ru i tm e n t Ce ll s w hi c h ar e c o n tr o ll ed b y th e Ra i l w a y Rec ru i tm e n t Co n tr o l Boar d RRCB. 26 Th e tra i ni ng o f a ll c a dr e s i s e n trus ted an d s h ar ed be tw ee n s i x c e n tra li sed tra i ni ng i n- s ti tute s. Sapt K r anti Expr ess waiting f or departur e to A nand V ihar T er- minal at Muz a ﬀ arpur J unction In di an Ra i l w a y s r ec ru i ts f o r l o w e r l e v e l pos i ti o n s li k e A SM Good s Guar d Cl e r k T A CA JE S taﬀ Nurse Gr o u p D e tc. thr o u g h i t RRB NTPC Ra i l w a y Rec ru i t- m e n t Boar d No n T ec hni c a l e x ami n a ti o n. F o r y e ar 2016 th e e x ami n a ti o n w as c o n d uc ted to r ec ru i t ar o un d 18000 pos i ti o n s. 27 W D P4 Diesel Locomoti ve Baaz which is no w at N e w J alpaigur i Sapt K r anti Expr ess W D P-4B at 120 kmph . 4 Ro lli ng s toc k 4.1 Loc o m oti v e s Ma i n arti c l e: Loc o m oti v e s i n In di a Loc o m oti v e s i n In di a c o n s i s t o f e l ec tri c an d di e se l l o- c o m oti v e s . Th e w o r l d’s ﬁ rs t CNG Co mp r e ssed Na tu- ra l Gas l oc o m oti v e s ar e a l so be i ng used. 28 S te am l oc o- m oti v e s ar e n o l o ng e r used e x c e pt i n h e ri ta g e tra i n s . In In di a l oc o m oti v e s ar e c lass i ﬁ ed a c c o r di ng to th e i r tra c k g a u g e m oti v e po w e r t h e w o r k th e y ar e s u i ted f o r an d th e i r po w e r o r m od e l n um be r. Th e c lass n am e i n c l ud e s thi s i nf o rm a ti o n a bo ut th e l oc o m oti v e. It c o mp ri se s 4 o r 5 l e t te rs. Th e ﬁ rs t l e t te r d e n ote s th e tra c k g a u g e. Th e sec o n d l e t te r d e n ote s th e i r m oti v e po w e r Di e se l o r Al te r- n a ti ng c urr e n t El ec tri c an d th e thi r d l e t te r d e n ote s th e\n4.2 G oods wag ons 5 C L W made W AP-5 30022C L W made W AP-5 locos dont ha ve ﬂuted bod y shell r ests at B hopal W AP 7 Two histor ical steam engines at water r e ﬁlling station at A gr a station ki n d o f traﬃ c f o r w hi c h th e y ar e s u i ted g ood s passe ng e r Mu l ti o r s h un ti ng. Th e f o urth l e t te r used to d e n ote l o- c o m oti v e s’ c hr o n o l o gi c a l m od e l n um be r. Ho w e v e r f r o m 2002 a n e w c lass i ﬁ c a ti o n sc h e m e h as bee n a d o pted. U n- d e r thi s s y s te m f o r n e w e r di e se l l oc o m oti v e s th e f o urth l e t te r wi ll d e n ote th e i r h o rse po w e r rang e. El ec tri c l oc o- m oti v e s d o nt c o m e un d e r thi s sc h e m e an d e v e n a ll di e se l l oc os ar e n ot c o v e r ed. F o r th e m thi s l e t te r d e n ote s th e i r m od e l n um be r as us ua l. A l oc o m oti v e m a y so m e ti m e s h a v e a ﬁ f th l e t te r i n i ts A Be yer G arr att 6594 Engine seen at the N ational R ail Museum n am e w hi c h g e n e ra ll y d e n ote s a tec hni c a l v ari an t o r s u b- c lass o r s u btype. Thi s ﬁ f th l e t te r i n di c a te s so m e s m a ll e r v ari a ti o n i n th e bas i c m od e l o r se ri e s pe r h a ps di ﬀ e r- e n t m oto rs o r a di ﬀ e r e n t m an uf a c tur e r. Wi th th e n e w sc h e m e f o r c lass i f yi ng di e se l l oc o m oti v e s as m e n ti o n ed a bo v e th e ﬁ f th i te m i s a l e t te r th a t f urth e r r e ﬁ n e s th e h o rse po w e r i n di c a ti o n i n 100 hp i n c r e m e n ts: A f o r 100 hp B f o r 200 hp C f o r 300 hp e tc. So i n thi s sc h e m e a WDM-3A r e f e rs to a 3100 hp l oc o w hi l e a WDM-3D w o u l d be a 3400 hp l oc o an d WDM-3F w o u l d be 3600 hp l oc o. N ote: This classi ﬁcation s ystem does not appl y to steam locomoti ves in India as the y ha ve become non-f unctional no w. The y r etained their or iginal class names such as M class or W P class . Di e se l Loc o m oti v e s ar e n o w ﬁ t ted wi th A uxi li ary P o w e r U ni ts w hi c h sa v e s n e ar l y 88 o f Fue l d uri ng th e i dl e ti m e w h e n tra i n i s n ot runni ng. 29 4.2 Good s w a g o n s Th e n um be r o f g ood s w a g o n s w as 205596 o n 31 Mar c h 1951 an d r e a c h ed th e m axi m um n um be r 405183 o n 31 Mar c h 1980 af te r w hi c h i t s tarted d ec li ni ng an d w as 239321 o n 31 Mar c h 2012. Th e n um be r i s f ar l e ss th an th e r eq u i r e m e n t an d th e In di an Ra i l w a y s k ee ps l os i ng f r e i g h t traﬃ c to r oa d. In di an Ra i l w a y s c arri ed 93 mi l- li o n to nn e s o f g ood s i n 1950–51 an d i t i n c r e ased to 1010 mi lli o n to nn e s i n 2012–13. 30 Ho w e v e r i ts s h ar e i n g ood s traﬃ c i s m uc h l o w e r th an r oa d traﬃ c. In 1951 i ts s h ar e w as 65 an d th e s h ar e o f r oa d w as 35. No w th e s h ar e s h a v e bee n r e v e rsed an d th e s h ar e o f ra i l w a y s h as d ec li n ed to 30 an d th e s h ar e o f r oa d h as i n c r e ased to 70. 4.3 P asse ng e r c oa c h e s In di an ra i l w a y s h as se v e ra l type s o f passe ng e r c oa c h e s. Th e c oa c h e s used i n In di an Ra i l w a y s ar e p r od uc ed a t In te gra l Coa c h F a c to ry Ra i l Coa c h F a c to ry i n c l udi ng\n6 5 T R A C K AN D G A U G E th e n e w LHB c oa c h e s. P asse ng e r c oa c h e s n um be r ed 46722 o n 31 Mar c h 2012. O th e r c oa c h e s l u gg a g e c oa c h par c e l v an guar d’s c oa c h m a i l c oa c h e tc. n um be r ed 6560 o n 31 Mar c h 2012. El ec tri c Mu l ti p l e U ni t EMU c oa c h e s ar e used f o r s u b- ur ban traﬃ c i n lar g e c i ti e s – m a i nl y Mum ba i Ch e nn a i De lhi K o lk a ta Pun e Hy d e ra ba d an d Bang a l o r e . Th e se c oa c h e s n um be r ed 7793 o n 31 Mar c h 2012. Th e y h a v e sec o n d c lass an d ﬁ rs t c lass se a ti ng a c c o mm oda ti o n. 4.4 Fr e i g h t In di an Ra i l w a y s e arn s a bo ut 70 o f i ts r e v e n ue s f r o m f r e i g h t traﬃ c ₹686.2 b i lli o n f r o m f r e i g h t an d ₹304.6 b i lli o n f r o m passe ng e rs i n 2011–12. Mos t o f i ts p r o f- i ts c o m e f r o m tran s po rti ng f r e i g h t an d thi s m a k e s u p f o r l osse s o n passe ng e r traﬃ c. It d e li be ra te l y k ee ps i ts passe ng e r f ar e s l o w an d c r oss-s u bs i di se s th e l oss-m a ki ng passe ng e r traﬃ c wi th th e p r o ﬁ t-m a ki ng f r e i g h t traﬃ c. Si n c e th e 1990s In di an Ra i l w a y s h as s to p ped s i ng l e- w a g o n c o n s i gnm e n ts an d p r o vi d e s o nl y f u ll ra k e f r e i g h t tra i n s W a g o n type s i n c l ud e: 31 BOXNHL BOBYN BCN BCNHL 5 T ra c k an d g a u g e In di an ra i l w a y s use s f o ur g a u g e s th e 1676 mm 5 f t 6 i n b r oa d g a u g e w hi c h i s wi d e r th an th e 1435 mm 4 f t 8 1 ⁄ 2 i n s tan dar d g a u g e th e 1000 mm 3 f t 3 3 ⁄ 8 i n m e tr e g a u g e an d tw o n arr o w g a u g e s 762 mm 2 f t 6 i n an d 610 mm 2 f t. T ra c k sec ti o n s ar e ra ted f o r s peed s rangi ng f r o m 80 to 200 km/h 50 to 124 mp h.Th o u g h tra i n s d o nt r e a ll y c l oc k s peed s o f 200 km/h. Th e tota l l e ngth o f tra c k used b y In di an Ra i l w a y s i s a bo ut 115000 km 71000 mi w hi l e th e tota l r o ute l e ngth o f th e n e tw o r k i s 67312 km 41826 mi.A bo ut 27999 km 17398 mi o r 42 o f th e r o ute-ki l o m e tr e w as e l ec tri- ﬁ ed as o f 31 Mar c h 2016. Br oa d g a u g e i s th e p r ed o mi n an t g a u g e used b y In di an Ra i l w a y s. In di an b r oa d g a u g e —1676 mm 5 f t 6 i n— i s th e m os t wi d e l y used g a u g e i n In di a wi th 108500 km 67400 mi o f tra c k l e ngth 94 o f e n ti r e tra c k l e ngth o f a ll th e g a u g e s an d 59400 km 36900 mi o f r o ute-ki l o m e tr e 91 o f e n ti r e r o ute-ki l o m e tr e o f a ll th e g a u g e s. The imag e sho ws still survi ving meter g aug e tr acks in G u jar at India N arr o w G aug e Tr ain at R a jim C hhattisg ar h In so m e r e gi o n s wi th l e ss traﬃ c th e m e tr e g a u g e 1000 mm 3 f t 3 3 ⁄ 8 i n i s c o mm o n a l th o u g h th e U ni g a u g e p r o j ec t i s i n p r o gr e ss to c o n v e rt a ll tra c k s to b r oa d g a u g e. Th e m e tr e g a u g e h as a bo ut 5000 km 3100 mi o f tra c k l e ngth 4 o f e n ti r e tra c k l e ngth o f a ll th e g a u g e s an d 4100 km 2500 mi o f r o ute-ki l o m e tr e 7 o f e n ti r e r o ute-ki l o m e tr e o f a ll th e g a u g e s. Th e Narr o w g a u g e s ar e p r e se n t o n a f e w r o ute s l y- i ng i n hi ll y te rra i n s an d i n so m e e rs tw hi l e p ri v a te ra i l- w a y s o n c os t c o n s i d e ra ti o n s w hi c h ar e us ua ll y di ﬃ c u l t to c o n v e rt to b r oa d g a u g e. Narr o w g a u g e s h a v e 1500 r o ute-ki l o m e tr e. Th e Ka lk a-Shi mla Ra i l w a y th e Kangra V a ll e y Ra i l w a y an d th e Dar j ee li ng Hi m a la y an Ra i l w a y ar e thr ee n ota b l e hi ll li n e s th a t use n arr o w g a u g e b ut th e Ni l gi ri Mo un ta i n Ra i l w a y i s a m e tr e g a u g e tra c k. 32 Th e se f o ur ra i l li n e s wi ll n ot be c o n v e rted un d e r th e U ni- g a u g e p r o j ec t. Th e s h ar e o f b r oa d g a u g e i n th e tota l r o ute-ki l o m e tr e h as bee n s te a di l y ri s i ng i n c r e as i ng f r o m 47 25258 r o ute- km i n 1951 to 86 i n 2012 w h e r e as th e s h ar e o f m e tr e g a u g e h as d ec li n ed f r o m 45 24185 r o ute-km to 10 i n th e sam e pe ri od an d th e s h ar e o f n arr o w g a u g e s h as d ec r e ased f r o m 8 to 3. A bo ut 27999 r o ute-km o f In di an ra i l w a y s i s e l ec tri ﬁ ed. Sl ee pe rs ti e s ar e m a d e u p o f p r e s tr e ssed c o n c r e te o r s tee l o r c as t i r o n pos ts th o u g h te a k s l ee pe rs ar e s ti ll i n use o n a f e w o l d e r li n e s. Th e p r e s tr e ssed c o n c r e te s l ee pe r i s i n\n6.1 B io-T oilets on r ail wa ys 7 M a p o f Indian R ail wa ys networ k with population density wi d e use toda y. Me ta l s l ee pe rs w e r e e x te n s i v e l y used be- f o r e th e a d v e n t o f c o n c r e te s l ee pe rs. In di an Ra i l w a y s di- vi d e s th e c o un try i n to f o ur zo n e s o n th e bas i s o f th e rang e o f tra c k te mpe ra tur e. Th e gr e a te s t te mpe ra tur e v ari a ti o n s oc c ur i n Ra j as th an . 5.1 Re se ar c h an d d e v e l o p m e n t In di an Ra i l w a y s h as a f u ll-ﬂ ed g ed o r g ani sa ti o n kn o wn as Re se ar c h De s i gn s an d S tan dar d s Or g ani sa ti o n RDSO l oc a ted a t L uc kn o w f o r a ll r e se ar c h d e s i gn s an d s tan dar d- i sa ti o n tas k s. In A u gus t 2013 In di an Ra i l w a y s e n te r ed i n to a partn e r- s h i p wi th In di an In s ti tute o f T ec hn o l o gy Ma dras to d e- v e l o p tec hn o l o gy to ta p so lar e n e r gy f o r li g h ti ng an d a i r- c o n di ti o ni ng i n th e c oa c h e s. Thi s w o u l d s i gni ﬁ c an tl y r e- d uc e th e f oss i l f ue l d e pe n d e n c y f o r In di an Ra i l w a y s. 33 Rec e n tl y i t d e v e l o ped an d te s ted th e Imp r o v ed A uto- m a ted Fi r e Alarm Sy s te m i n Ra j dh ani Ex p r e ss T ra i n s. It i s i n te n d ed th a t th e s y s te m be a p p li ed to AC c oa c h e s o f a ll r e gu lar tra i n s. 34 6 Curr e n t an d f utur e d e v e l o p m e n ts Ma i n arti c l e: Futur e o f th e In di an Ra i l w a y s In r ec e n t y e ars In di an Ra i l w a y s h as un d e rta k e n se v- e ra l i ni ti a ti v e s to u p gra d e i ts a g e i ng i nf ras truc tur e an d e n- h an c e i ts q ua li ty o f se rvi c e. Th e In di an g o v e rnm e n t p lan s to i n v e s t ₹905000 c r o r e U S134 b i lli o n to u p gra d e th e ra i l w a y s b y 2020. 35 In di an Ra i l w a y s i s r e f ur b i s hi ng 12- 15 y e ar o l d c oa c h e s a t Carri a g e Re h a b i li ta ti o n W o r k s h o p i n Bh o pa l to e nh an c e passe ng e r am e ni ti e s an d ﬁ r e saf e ty m e as ur e s. 36 37 Eastern end o f long est plat f orm in K ollam J unction r ail wa y sta- tion in India . This is the wor ld’s second long est r ail wa y plat f orm 6.1 Bi o-T o i l e ts o n ra i l w a y s Th e b i o-to i l e ts w hi c h h a v e bee n d e v e l o ped b y th e ra i l- w a y s an d th e De f e n c e Re se ar c h De v e l o p m e n t Or g ani- sa ti o n DRDO h a v e a c o l o n y o f an a e r o b i c ba c te ri a k e pt i n a c o n ta i n e r un d e r th e la v a to ri e s th a t c o n v e rt h um an w as te i n to w a te r an d s m a ll am o un ts o f g ase s. Th e g ase s ar e r e l e ased i n to th e a tm os p h e r e an d th e w a te r i s di s- c h ar g ed af te r c hl o ri n a ti o n o n to th e tra c k. Th e ra i l w a y s c urr e n tl y use s ﬂ us h to i l e ts i n tra i n s i n w hi c h h um an w as te i s d umped di r ec tl y o n th e tra c k. Thi s m a k e s th e e n vi r o n- m e n t unh y gi e ni c an d ra i l w a y s ta ti o n s an e y e so r e a part f r o m th e f a c t th a t th e f a ec a l m a t te r c o rr od e s th e tra c k s. So uth e rn Ra i l w a y s o ﬃ c i a l s sa y th a t e x c e pt f o r th e ﬁ rs t- an d tw o-ti e r AC c oa c h e s o f U zh a v an Ex p r e ss th e r e- m a i ni ng 34 c oa c h e s h a v e bee n ﬁ t ted wi th b i o-to i l e ts. “Th e se to i l e ts a i m a t ze r o d e f ec a ti o n o n th e gr o un d” sa y s Vi n a y Sri v as ta v a f o rm e r di r ec to r-i n-c h ar g e o f th e b i o- to i l e t p r o j ec t w h o i s c urr e n tl y w o r ki ng as di r ec to r Mi n- i s try o f En vi r o nm e n t an d F o r e s ts. Mo r e b i o-to i l e ts h a v e bee n ﬁ t ted i n to c oa c h e s thi s y e arth an th e tota l b i o-to i l e ts ﬁ t ted i n th e las t thr ee y e ars. A c c o r di ng to an IR so ur c e th e n um be r o f b i o-to i l e ts ﬁ t- ted i n passe ng e r tra i n c oa c h e s f r o m Ap ri l to Ju l y thi s y e ar w as 2285 a g a i n s t 1337 b i o-to i l e ts ﬁ t ted d uri ng 2012- 13 169 d uri ng 2011-12 an d 57 d uri ng 2010-11. 6.2 Loc o m oti v e f a c to ri e s In 2015 p lan s w e r e di sc l osed f o r b u i l di ng tw o l oc o m oti v e f a c to ri e s i n th e s ta te o f Bi h ar a t Ma dh e p ura di e se l l oc o- m oti v e s an d a t Mar h o wra e l ec tri c l oc o m oti v e s. Both f a c to ri e s i n v o l v e f o r e i gn partn e rs hi ps. Th e di e se l l o- c o m oti v e w o r k s wi ll be j o i n tl y o pe ra ted i n a partn e r- s hi p wi th Ge n e ra l El ec tri c w hi c h h as i n v e s ted ₹2052 c r o r e U S305 mi lli o n f o r i ts c o n s truc ti o n an d th e e l ec- tri c l oc o m oti v e w o r k s wi th Al s to m w hi c h h as i n v e s ted ₹1293.57 c r o r e U S192 mi lli o n. Th e f a c to ri e s wi ll p r o vi d e In di an Ra i l w a y s wi th 800 e l ec tri c l oc o m oti v e s\n8 9 A C C O M M O D A T I O N C LA SS ES o f 12000 h o rse po w e r e a c h an d a mi x o f 1000 di e se l l oc o m oti v e s o f 4500 an d 6000 h o rse po w e r e a c h. 38 In No v e m be r 2015 f urth e r d e ta i l s o f th e ₹14656 c r o r e U S2 b i lli o n partn e rs hi p wi th GE w e r e ann o un c ed: In- di an Ra i l w a y s an d GE w o u l d e ng a g e i n an 11-y e ar j o i n t v e n tur e i n w hi c h GE w o u l d h o l d a m a j o ri ty s ta k e o f 74. U n d e r th e te rm s o f th e j o i n t v e n tur e In di an Ra i l w a y s w o u l d p ur c h ase 100 g ood s l oc o m oti v e s a y e ar f o r 10 y e ars be gi nni ng i n 2017 th e l oc o m oti v e s w o u l d be m odi ﬁ ed v e rs i o n s o f th e GE Ev o l uti o n se ri e s . 39 Th e di e se l l o- c o m oti v e w o r k s wi ll be b u i l t b y 2018 GE wi ll i mpo rt th e ﬁ rs t 100 l oc o m oti v e s an d m an uf a c tur e th e r e m a i ni ng 900 i n In di a f r o m 2019 a l so ass umi ng r e s po n s i b i li ty f o r th e i r m a i n te n an c e o v e r a 13-y e ar pe ri od. 40 In th e sam e m o n th a ₹20000 c r o r e U S3 b i lli o n partn e rs hi p wi th Al s to m to s u p p l y 800 e l ec tri c l oc o m oti v e s f r o m 2018 to 2028 w as ann o un c ed. 35 7 Li nk s to a d j a c e n t c o un tri e s See a l so: Ra i l tran s po rt i n In di a § In te rn a ti o n a l li nk s Exi s ti ng ra i l li nk s: Ne pa l – Br e a k-o f-g a u g e – Ga u g e c o n v e rs i o n un d e r uni-g a u g e p r o j ec t P a ki s tan – sam e Br oa d Ga u g e. Th ar Ex p r e ss to Kara c hi an d th e m o r e f am o us Sam jh a uta Ex p r e ss i n- te rn a ti o n a l tra i n f r o m La h o r e P a ki s tan to Amri tsar A t tari. Bang la d e s h – Sam e Br oa d Ga u g e. Th e Ma i tr ee Ex- p r e ss be tw ee n Dh a k a an d K o lk a ta s tarted i n Ap ri l 2008 us i ng th e Ged e-Darsan a r o ute i n a d di ti o n to a Fr e i g h t T ra i n se rvi c e f r o m Si ng h a ba d an d P e tra po l e i n In di a to Ro h anp ur an d Be n a po l e i n Bang la d e s h. A sec o n d passe ng e r li nk be tw ee n A g arta la In di a an d Akh a ura Upazi la Bang la d e s h w as a p p r o v ed b y th e Go v e rnm e n t o f Bang la d e s h an d In di a i n Se pte m- be r 2011. 41 U n d e r c o n s truc ti o n / P r o posed li nk s: Bh utan – Ra i l w a y s U n d e r Co n s truc ti o n – Sam e g a u g e My anm ar – Mani p ur to My anm ar un d e r c o n s truc- ti o n Vi e tn am – On 9 Ap ri l 2010 F o rm e r U ni o n Mi ni s te r o f In di a Sh as hi Th ar oo r ann o un c ed th a t th e c e n tra l g o v e rnm e n t i s c o n s i d e ri ng a ra i l li nk f r o m Mani p ur to Vi e tn am vi a My anm ar . 42 Th a i lan d – poss i b l e i f Burm a Ra i l w a y i s r e b u i l t. 43 8 Type s o f passe ng e r se rvi c e s T ra i n s ar e c lass i ﬁ ed b y th e i r a v e ra g e s peed. 44 A f as te r tra i n h as f e w e r s to ps “h a l ts” th an a s l o w e r o n e an d us u- a ll y c a te rs to l o ng-di s tan c e tra v e l. 9 A c c o mm oda ti o n c lasse s A ir-conditioned C hair C ar C C coaches in an Shatabdi Expr ess . Ma i n arti c l e: In di an Ra i l w a y s c oa c hi ng s toc k In di an Ra i l w a y s h as se v e ra l c lasse s o f tra v e l wi th o r wi th o ut a i r c o n di ti o ni ng. A tra i n m a y h a v e j us t o n e o r m an y c lasse s o f tra v e l. Sl o w passe ng e r tra i n s h a v e o nl y unr e se rv ed se a ti ng c lass w h e r e as Ra j dh ani Dur o n to Sh a ta bdi g ari b ra th an d yu v a tra i n s h a v e o nl y a i r c o n- di ti o n ed c lasse s. Th e f ar e s f o r a ll c lasse s ar e di ﬀ e r e n t wi th unr e se rv ed se a ti ng c lass be i ng th e c h e a pe s t. Th e f ar e o f Ra j dh ani Dur o n to an d Sh a ta bdi tra i n s i n c l ud e s f ood se rv ed i n th e tra i n b ut th e f ar e f o r oth e r tra i n s d oe s n ot i n c l ud e f ood th a t h as to be bo u g h t se para te l y. In l o ng- di s tan c e tra i n s a pan try c ar i s us ua ll y i n c l ud ed an d f ood i s se rv ed a t th e be rth o r se a t i tse lf. L uxury tra i n s s uc h as P a la c e o n Wh ee l s h a v e se para te di ni ng c ars b ut th e se tra i n s c os t as m uc h as o r m o r e th an a ﬁ v e-s tar h ote l r oo m. A s tan dar d passe ng e r ra k e g e n e ra ll y h as f o ur unr e se rv ed a l so c a ll ed “g e n e ra l” c o mpartm e n ts tw o a t th e f r o n t an d tw o a t th e e n d o f w hi c h o n e m a y be e x c l us i v e l y f o r la di e s. Th e e x a c t n um be r o f oth e r c oa c h e s v ari e s a c c o r di ng to th e d e m an d an d th e r o ute. A l u gg a g e c o mpartm e n t c an a l so e xi s t a t th e f r o n t o r th e ba c k. In so m e m a i l tra i n s a se para te m a i l c oa c h i s a t ta c h ed. La v a to ri e s ar e c o mm un a l an d f e a tur e both th e In di an s ty l e as w e ll as th e W e s te rn s ty l e. Th e f o ll o wi ng ta b l e li s ts th e c lasse s i n o pe ra ti o n. A tra i n m a y n ot h a v e a ll th e se c lasse s. A t th e r e ar o f th e tra i n i s a s pec i a l c o mpartm e n t kn o wn as th e guar d’s c a b i n . It i s ﬁ t ted wi th a tran sc e i v e r an d i s w h e r e th e guar d us ua ll y gi v e s th e a ll c l e ar s i gn a l be f o r e\n9 Seen her e is the Mumbai R a jdhani Expr ess . R a jdhanis ar e long- distance high-speed and high-pr ior ity tr ains connecting ma jor state capitals with N e w Delhi Seen her e is the Secunder abad Y esh wanthpur G ar ib-R ath Ex- pr ess. G ar ib-R ath’s ar e lo w cost A/c tr ains Inter ior o f a Fir st C lass1A compartment in the R a jdhani Ex- pr ess th e tra i n d e parts. 10 UNESCO w o r l d h e ri ta g e s i te s Th e r e ar e tw o UNESCO W o r l d He ri ta g e Si te s o n In- di an Ra i l w a y s. – Th e Ch a tra pa ti Shi v a ji T e rmi n us 48 an d Inter ior o f an air-conditioned C hair C ar coachC C in an J an Shatabdi Expr ess . Inside a 3-tier A C C ompartment o f the Dakshin Expr ess A typical sleeper class coach th e Mo un ta i n Ra i l w a y s o f In di a . Th e la t te r c o n s i s ts o f thr ee se para te ra i l w a y li n e s l oc a ted i n di ﬀ e r e n t parts o f In di a: 49 Dar j ee li ng Hi m a la y an Ra i l w a y a n arr o w g a u g e ra i l- w a y i n W e s t Be ng a l . Ni l gi ri Mo un ta i n Ra i l w a y a 1000 mm 3 f t 3 3 ⁄ 8 i n m e tr e g a u g e ra i l w a y i n th e Ni l gi ri Hi ll s i n T ami l Na d u .\n10 11 N O T AB LE T R AI N S A tight loop A g on y P oint on the Dar jeeling Himala yan R ail wa y in W est Beng al Ka lk a-Shi mla Ra i l w a y a n arr o w g a u g e ra i l w a y i n th e Shi v a li k m o un ta i n s i n Hi m a c h a l P ra d e s h . In 2003 th e ra i l w a y w as f e a tur ed i n th e Gu i nn e ss Boo k o f W o r l d Rec o r d s f o r o ﬀ e ri ng th e s tee pe s t ri se i n a l ti tud e i n th e s pa c e o f 96 ki l o m e te r. 50 11 Nota b l e tra i n s 11.1 T o uri s t tra i n s P alace on W heels i s a s pec i a ll y d e s i gn ed l uxury to uri s t tra i n se rvi c e f r eq ue n tl y h a u l ed b y a s te am l oc o m oti v e f o r p r o m oti ng to uri s m i n Ra j as th an . Th e tra i n h as a 7 ni g h ts 8 da y s i ti n e rary i t d e- parts f r o m Ne w De lhi Da y 1 an d c o v e rs Ja i p ur Da y 2 Sa w a i Ma dh o p ur an d Chi t ta ur g ar h Da y 3 U da i p ur Da y 4 Ja i sa lm e r Da y 5 Jodhp ur Da y 6 Bh ara tp ur an d A gra Da y 7 r e turn to De lhi Da y 8. 51 R o yal R a jasthan on W heels a l uxury to uri s t tra i n se rvi c e c o v e rs v ari o us to uri s t d e s ti n a ti o n s i n Ra- j as th an. Th e tra i n ta k e s to uri s ts o n a 7-da y/8-ni g h t to ur thr o u g h Ra j as th an. Th e tra i n s tarts f r o m Ne w De lhi s Saf dar j ung ra i l w a y s ta ti o n Da y 1 an d h as s to ps a t Jodhp ur Da y 2 U da i p ur an d Chi t ta ur g ar h Da y 3 Ran th am bo r e Na ti o n a l P ar k an d Ja i p ur Da y 4 Kh a j ura h o Da y 5 V aran as i an d Sarn a th Da y 6 A gra Da y 7 an d ba c k to De lhi Da y 8. 52 M ahar a ja Expr ess a l uxury tra i n o pe ra ted b y IRCT C run s o n ﬁ v e c i r c u i ts 53 c o v e ri ng m o r e th an 12 d e s ti- n a ti o n s a c r oss No rth-W e s t an d Ce n tra l In di a m a i nl y c e n te r ed ar o un d Ra j as th an be tw ee n th e m o n th s o f Oc to be r to Ap ri l. Deccan Od ysse y l uxury to uri s t tra i n se rvi c e c o v e rs v ari o us to uri s t d e s ti n a ti o n s i n Ma h aras h tra an d Goa . Th e 7 Ni g h ts / 8 Da y s to ur s tarts f r o m Mum ba i Da y 1 an d c o v e rs Ja i g a d F o rt Gan a pa ti p u l e an d Ra tn a gi ri Da y 2 Si n dh ud ur g T ar k ar li an d Sa w an tw a di Da y 3 Goa Da y 4 K o lh a p ur an d Pun e Da y 5 A urang a ba d an d Ell o ra Ca v e s Da y 6 A j an ta Ca v e s an d Nas hi k Da y 7 an d ba c k to Mum ba i Da y 8. 54 The G olden C har iot l uxury tra i n run s o n tw o c i r c u i ts P r ide o f the South 55 an d Splendor o f the South . 56 M ahapar inirvan Expr ess an a/c tra i n se rvi c e a l so kn o wn as Bud dhi s t Ci r c u i t T ra i n w hi c h i s run b y IRCT C to a t tra c t Bud dhi s t p i l gri m s. Th e 7 ni g h ts/8 Da y s to ur s tarts f r o m Ne w De lhi Da y 1 an d c o v- e rs Bodh Ga y a Da y 2 Ra j gi r an d Na lan da Da y 3 V aran as i an d Sarn a th Da y 4 Kus hi n a g ar an d L um b i ni Da y 5 an d 6 Sra v as ti Da y 7 T a j Ma- h a l A gra Da y 8 be f o r e r e turni ng to Ne w De lhi o n Da y 8. 57 11.2 O th e r tra i n s Sam jhauta Expr ess i s a tra i n th a t run s be tw ee n In- di a an d P a ki s tan. Ho w e v e r h os ti li ti e s be tw ee n th e tw o n a ti o n s i n 2001 sa w th e li n e be i ng c l osed. It w as r eo pe n ed w h e n th e h os ti li ti e s s u bs i d ed i n 2004. An oth e r tra i n c o nn ec ti ng Kh o khra par P a k- i s tan an d Mun a ba o In di a i s th e Thar Expr ess th a t r e s tarted o pe ra ti o n s o n 18 F e b ruary 2006 i t w as e ar li e r c l osed d o wn af te r th e 1965 In d o-P a k w ar . Li f eline Expr ess i s a s pec i a l tra i n po p u lar l y kn o wn as th e “Hos p i ta l-o n-Wh ee l s” w hi c h p r o vi d e s h e a l th- c ar e to th e rura l ar e as. Thi s tra i n h as a c arri a g e th a t se rv e s as an o pe ra ti ng r oo m a sec o n d o n e w hi c h se rv e s as a s to r e r oo m an d an a d di ti o n a l tw o th a t se rv e as a pa ti e n t w ar d. Th e tra i n tra v e l s ar o un d th e c o un try s ta yi ng a t a l oc a ti o n f o r a bo ut tw o m o n th s be f o r e m o vi ng e l se w h e r e. A vie w o f the P amban R ail wa y B r idg e that links R amesh war am to the mainland F airy Queen i s th e o l d e s t o pe ra ti ng l oc o m oti v e i n th e w o r l d toda y th o u g h i t i s o pe ra ted o nl y f o r s pec i a l s be tw ee n De lhi an d Al w ar. J ohn B ull a l oc o m oti v e\n11 o l d e r th an F a i ry Quee n o pe ra ted i n 1981 c o mm e m- o ra ti ng i ts 150th anni v e rsary. Go ra khp ur ra i l w a y s ta ti o n a l so h as th e di s ti n c ti o n o f be i ng th e w o r l d’s l o ng e s t ra i l w a y p la tf o rm a t 4483 f t 1366 m. Th e Gh um s ta ti o n a l o ng th e Dar j ee li ng T o y T ra i n r o ute i s th e sec o n d h i g h e s t ra i l w a y s ta ti o n i n th e w o r l d to be r e a c h ed b y a s te am l oc o m oti v e. 58 Th e Mum ba i– Pun e Dec c an Quee n h as th e o l d e s t runni ng di ni ng c ar i n IR. V i vek Expr ess be tw ee n Di b ru g ar h an d Kan y a kum ari h as th e l o ng e s t run i n te rm s o f di s tan c e an d ti m e o n In di an Ra i l w a y s n e tw o r k. It c o v e rs 4286 km 2663 mi i n a bo ut 82 h o urs an d 30 mi n ute s. 12049/12050 H azr at Niz amuddin - A gr a C antt. G atimaan Expr ess is the f astest tr ain o f India ha ving a maximum speed o f 160 km/h and a ver ag e speed o f 112 km/h. 12001/12002 B hopal Shatabdi Ex- pr ess w as th e f as te s t tra i n i n In di a h a vi ng a m ax- i m um s peed o f 150 km/h o n th e F ari da ba d – A gra sec ti o n. Th e f as te s t s peed a t ta i n ed b y an y tra i n i s 184 km/h 114 mp h i n 2000 d uri ng te s t run s. Special Tr ains ar e th ose tra i n s s tarted b y In di an Ra i l- w a y s f o r an y s pec i ﬁ c e v e n t o r c a use w hi c h i n c l ud e s Ja gri ti Y a tra tra i n s 59 Kum b h Me la T ra i n s. 60 e m e r g e n c y tra i n s e tc. 61 Do u b l e-d ec k e r AC tra i n s h a v e bee n i n tr od uc ed i n In di a. Th e ﬁ rs t d o u b l e d ec k e r tra i n w as Pun e- Mum ba i Si nh a g a d e x p r e ss p l yi ng be tw ee n Pun e an d Mum ba i 62 w hi l e th e ﬁ rs t d o u b l e-d ec k e r AC tra i n i n th e In di an Ra i l w a y s w as i n tr od uc ed i n No v e m be r 2010 runni ng be tw ee n th e Dh an ba d an d Ho wra h s ta ti o n s h a vi ng 10 c oa c h e s an d 2 po w e r c ars. 63 On 16 Ap ri l 2013 In di an Ra i l w a y s c e l e b ra ted i ts 160 y e ars o f n a ti o n wi d e c o nn ec ti vi ty wi th a tran s po rta- ti o n o f 23 mi lli o n passe ng e rs i n a da y. 64 12 P r o b l e m s an d i ss ue s In di an Ra i l w a y s i s c as h s tra p ped an d r e po rted a l oss o f ₹30000 c r o r e U S5b n i n th e passe ng e r se gm e n t f o r th e y e ar e n di ng Mar c h 2014. Ope ra ti ng ra ti o a k e y m e tri c used b y In di an ra i l w a y s to g a u g e ﬁ n an c i a l h e a l th i s 91.8 i n th e y e ar 2014-15. Ra i l w a y s c arry a soc i a l o b li g a ti o n o f o v e r ₹20000 c r o r e 3.5b n. Th e l oss pe r passe ng e r-km i n c r e ased to 23 pa i se b y th e e n d o f Mar c h 2014. In di an Ra i l w a y s i s l e f t wi th a s urp l us c as h o f j us t ₹690 c r o r e 115mn b y th e e n d o f Mar c h 2014. 65 It w as s e s ti m a ted i n 2014 th a t o v e r ₹5 la kh c r o r e 85b n i s r eq u i r ed to c o mp l e te th e o ng o i ng p r o j ec ts a l o n e. Th e ra i l w a y i s c o n s i s te n tl y l os i ng m ar k e t s h ar e to oth e r m od e s o f tran s po rt both i n f r e i g h t an d passe ng e rs. 66 Ne w ra i l w a y li n e p r o j ec ts ar e o f te n ann o un c ed d uri ng th e Ra i l w a y Bud g e t ann ua ll y wi th o ut sec uri ng a d di ti o n a l f un di ng f o r th e m. Be tw ee n 2004 an d 2014 99 Ne w Li n e p r o j ec ts w o rth ₹60000 c r o r e 10b n w e r e san c ti o n ed o ut o f w hi c h o nl y o n e p r o j ec t i s c o mp l e te ti ll da te an d th e r e ar e f o ur p r o j ec ts th a t ar e as o l d as 30 y e ars b ut ar e s ti ll n ot c o mp l e te f o r o n e r e aso n o r an oth e r. 4 13 See a l so Ra i l tran s po rt i n In di a Hi g h-s peed ra i l i n In di a Ra p i d tran s i t i n In di a Li s t o f ra i l w a y s ta ti o n s i n In di a Li s t o f n am ed passe ng e r tra i n s o f In di a Li s t o f l o ng e s t tra i n se rvi c e s i n In di a Li s t o f c o un tri e s b y ra i l tran s po rt n e tw o r k s i ze All In di a S ta ti o n Mas te rs’ Assoc i a ti o n AISMA T a tk a l Sc h e m e 14 Re f e r e n c e s 1 “Ti m e s o f In di a” . The Times o f India . In di a. 15 Ap ri l 2010. 2 “Ra i l w a y s Fi sc a l Bud g e t 2015-16” PDF. 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Re tri e v ed 2012-12-15. 63 “Fi rs t AC Do u b l e Dec k e r T ra i n i n In di a” . Man a g eInf o. 16 Ju l y 2015. Re tri e v ed 2015-07-16. 64 “In di an Ra i l w a y s Li f e li n e to th e n a ti o n… – So uLS tee r Ma g azi n e” . So uLS tee r.c o m. 16 Ap ri l 2013. Re tri e v ed 2013-04-16. 65 http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/ directorate/finance_budget/2014- 15_Final/Budget 20Speech202014- 1520Highlights20_English_ PDF.pdf 66 http://www.livemint.com/r/LiveMint/Period1/2014/07/ 08/Photos/w_Rail_Budget_Precursor_grfx.jpg 15 Furth e r r e a di ng A gu i ar Mari an. Tr acking M odernity: India’s R ail- wa y and the Cultur e o f M obility 2011 Be ar La ura. Lines o f the N ation: Indian R ail wa y W or k er s B ur eaucr ac y and the Intimate Histor ical Sel f Co l um b i a U ni v e rs i ty P r e ss 2007 ISBN 978- 0-231-14002-7 Ti w ari Ram s w aru p D. R ail wa ys In M odern India 2007 1941 ISBN 978-1406748123 V.M. Go vi n d Kri s hn an N M R Nilgir i M ountain R ail wa y- F r om Li f eline to Obli vion 16 Ex te rn a l li nk s Mi ni s try o f In di an Ra i l w a y s Oﬃ c i a l w e bs i te In di an Ra i l w a y s Li v e Inf o rm a ti o n Oﬃ c i a l w e bs i te In di an Ra i l w a y s Ro lli ng S toc k Ma i n te n an c e\n14 17 T E X T AN D I M A G E SO U R C ES C O N T R I B UT O R S AN D LI C E N S ES 17 T e x t an d i m a g e so ur c e s c o n tri b uto rs an d li c e n se s 17.1 T e x t In di an Ra i l w a y s Sour ce: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwaysoldid732868286 C ontr ibutor s: Man as k b Si m o nP Ga ura v Ra h u le n wi ki Wi lli am M. Co nn o ll e y Se lk e t Ic eKarm a Tp b ra db ury Cl ed uc Kaa l Ed g2s Ma c k e n se n Ra u l654 Je ﬀ q Goe th e an A uri c Sunra y Je r oe n Plan d u Nee l v k Rud o lf 1922 Ni c h a l p Bi n a d ot Mi c h a e l De v o r e RSc h e i be r Dun c h arri s Sun dar Bo b b l e wi k W m a- h an U tc ursc h Bo zMo Mu k e r j ee Joss i Rd s mi th4 Re ti r edUse r2 Bi n an d Pi c a p i c a DMG413 Es pe ran t Jo j o1000 RossP a t te rso n Ri c h F arm b r o u g h Sla d e n Eri c ami c k Murtasa As h w a th am Be n d e r235 Alr e n El C Dh oo m Ro yBo y Ma i ri Jp g o r d o n Ca usa s u i Bo bo192 Gi raﬀ eda ta Dra j p ut Slam bo Gh ose b Kb i r1 Idl e gu y Jo n a th un d e r SPUI Nsaa JY o lk o w s ki Wi ki-u k Ba ba j o b u Ri c ky81682 Ra y- m o n d Geo r g eS te pan e k W tmi tc h e ll Ni khi la j a i n Twi s p Ge n e Ny g aar d IMp bt In s tan tn ood Bo b ra yn e r Al vi s Ary asan y a l W oo h oo ki t ty RHa w o rth Br h as pa ti Gu y M Gan e s hk Cr h ari s h Man dar d s W a d eSi mMi se r T a b l e to p K e li s i I64s SDC Phl e bas Ma ti l da Kbdank71 De v an j edi DePi e p Dw a i pa y an c T t j ose p h Vbe r g e re n wi ki R j wi lm s i Ti m P ra tee k01 T a w k e r Bri g h te r o rang e Th e wu b Bh a dani Ra vi k Ma psMan SNIy e r12 Sa k s h am Ian Pi tc hf o r d RCRC Ro be rtG Asee m s j o hri Red w o lf24 Ti j uan a Brass Mp ra d ee p Co n s um ed Crus ta c e an Russa vi a Guru b ra hm a DaGi zza Bgw hi te Gw e rn o l Y uri kBot Kaf zi e l RussBot Sp las h Op. 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ta dh an an j a y P o n s un- dar87 On e ﬁ v e ni n e7 Jo hn Sn o w II T e n ti n a to r Ak s h un s Ir c tc l o gi n Ra h u lHe x Ev an o1v an E tri pa thi1994 Sam b i tu pa dh y a y2000 An- i te k b h a t ta c h ary a Co mm o n s s i b i He r o919 San j ee v s i ng h144 Ri zw anm a h a i Wi ki use r13 U g o g Ni zdas t Ni khi lmn2002 My n am e i s n ot\n17.2 Imag es 15 da v e P ri th vi2003 Not th e be s tuse rn am e K oo l so l Alan w a k e35 Ka i las h e r Quartzd Ri s h a v ra k s hi t 12vi sa kh v a FrB.T G Co nn ym e nze l ARUNEEK Ja c o n aFr e r e La kun.pa tra Wi s i t007 Ri n ji th Ti m eSku ll Arun vrpara vur Bri j e s h 123 T ra v e lKh an a V arti k a35 Sh oe bs i d- di q ue Sam y a k o nli n e i n di a Fi l ed e li nk e r bot Bo n dban a d o n 27kk Su b ra t330 Ra ji v77 SR0330 L u i giBarzi ni Hars h a lkr Ra j e n dra n ara y an di gi A b hi s h e k151986 P nrs ta tus wi ki Vk859179 Vi s hn usan th os K o ba ki AAKA SH KHET AN T anm a y aP an da Kun a l Nar e n dra Sar k ar Mura li.r1982 Sa tee s h s u j ee v Vi m a lkr h an s Ras hmi k a k a d Go l u7276 Jo n a th an arp i th Guth e.gi ri s h T anm a y T arun Ar g h a2399 So n a1994 Nar ky Bl e rt A b hi kh o pa d e123 Vi m a lkv e rm a Ramp rasa d V e nk a te s h a Ra i lf anmi hi r Ch o kk a.ra g h u v ee r Mi k e3688 Coo l yu vi91 T e j a s ri ni v as Vi vu para d e Sa y am bo hra Am o g h j os hi.46 Sudhi r d e s h w a l Inf e rn o2020 F e r o ze Ahm a d 2 In di a mi ss i o n 2024 Vi v e kkus h1983 Ankus h 89 Sa ury a s hi v a Ti g e r7253 Kas parBot F c u ki n di a Ca pank a j s mi l y o ArtZ72 A usLo n d o n d e r P r e ri k a gu pta g k Do ng ar Ka th o r e k ar A vi Dh a ll Kun a l AN Sar k ar Sa i pa w an1 Dus h an y k Ra j e s h.rps P ri y a dars hi vi s h a l23 Dus h an7k Man a g e i nf o Vi n yS Fi l p r o Mo h d T o u k ee r S tartu pAs h Ran u s h arm a gw Man o jAMK Jo hn so nk a t007 CLCS tud e n t Kaa basan e An u j e ngg Is h a q ue.m o h amm ed8 All th e- f o x e s Dps hmrt Hum an w e b Mo h an Bh ar g a v a Ne ts tar1 Sa h aArn a b Di gi2016 Se li m s k33 Wi nk d o m Ch an dra p urn a d e v Aru pe s h Sar k ar Gr.m a dh u k ar Sh a h a b ud di nm In s i d e i n di a an d An o n ym o us: 993 17.2 Im a g e s File:Agony_point_1921.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Agony_point_1921.jpg License: Pu b- li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: http://www.dhrs.org/home.htm Or iginal artist: U nkn o wna hr e f//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718 ti tl ewikidata:Q4233718i mg a l twikidata:Q4233718 s r chttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ Wikidata- logo.svg/20px- Wikidata- logo.svg.png wi d th20 h e i g h t11 s r c se thttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/f/ff/Wikidata- logo.svg/30px- Wikidata- logo.svg.png 1.5x https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ Wikidata- logo.svg/40px- Wikidata- logo.svg.png 2x da ta-ﬁ l e-wi d th1050 da ta-ﬁ l e-h e i g h t590 //a File:Allahabad_Railway_Station.jpg Sour 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artist: d e bas i s File:Beyer.Garrett.6594.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Beyer.Garrett.6594.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a to Co mm o n s. Or iginal artist: Nan as ur a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a File:Bombay- Thana- train- 1853.png Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bombay- Thana- train- 1853.png License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:CC_class_seats_in_Mysore_Shatabdi.JPG Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/CC_class_seats_in_ Mysore_Shatabdi.JPG License: GFDL C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: P ra tee k Karan di k ar File:Commons- logo.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons- logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 C ontr ibu- tor s: Or iginal artist: File:Edit- clear.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit- clear.svg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Th e T ang o Desktop P r o ject . Or iginal artist: Th e peo p l e f r o m th e T ang o p r o j ec t . An d a c c o r di ng to th e m e ta-da ta i n th e ﬁ l e s pec i ﬁ c a ll y: “An dr e as Ni l sso n an d Ja ku b S te i n e r a l th o u g h mi ni m a ll y.” File:Fastest_train_of_India.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Fastest_train_of_India.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sa h aArn a b File:Flag_of_India.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-b y- sa-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Garib_Rath.JPG Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Garib_Rath.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ib- utor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: KALX999 File:Guwahati_Railway_Station_at_Night.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Guwahati_Railway_ Station_at_Night.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sura j Kum ar Das File:Habibganj- JabalpurJS.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Habibganj- JabalpurJS.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sh an.H.F e rn an d e s File:Howrah_Station.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Howrah_Station.jpg License: CC0 C ontr ibu- tor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Lo v edi mp y File:Howrahwap730295.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Howrahwap730295.jpg License: CC BY- SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Vi n yS File:Increase2.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sarang File:India_railways1909a.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/India_railways1909a.jpg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist:\n16 17 T E X T AN D I M A G E SO U R C ES C O N T R I B UT O R S AN D LI C E N S ES File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/IndianRailways1871b.jpg License: Pu b- li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Sc ann ed r ed uc ed an d u p l oa d ed f r o m pe rso n a l c o p y b y a hr e fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fowler 26fowler c lasse x ti w ti tl een:User:Fowlers pan/s panf o w l e rF o w l e rf o w l e r/aa hr e fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_ talk:Fowler26fowler c lasse x ti w ti tl een:User talk:Fowlers pan/s panf o w l e r«T a lk»/a 00:53 15 No v e m be r 2009 UT C. T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a tran s f e rr ed to Co mm o n s b y User:Innotata us i ng Co mm o n sHe l pe r . Or iginal artist: Sa un d e rs Geo gra p h e rs File:Indian_Railway.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Indian_Railway.svg License: F a i r use C ontr ibutor s: Th e l o g o m a y be o bta i n ed f r o m In di an Ra i l w a y s. Or iginal artist: File:Indian_Railways.ogg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Indian_Railways.ogg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: De ri v a ti v e o f In di an Ra i l w a y s Or iginal artist: Spe a k e r: Am b u j.sax e n a In di an Ra i l w a y s File:Indian_Railways_Headquarters.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Indian_Railways_ Headquarters.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Se lf-p h oto gra p h ed Or iginal artist: User:Deepak File:Indian_Railways_Network_Connectivity_Map_with_cities_and_population_density.png Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Indian_Railways_Network_Connectivity_Map_with_cities_and_population_density.png License: CC BY- SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Plan e m a d File:Indian_sleeper_coach.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Indian_sleeper_coach.jpg License: GFDL C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Df o r e s t File:Inside_a_3- tier_AC_Compartment_Dakshin_Express.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/ Inside_a_3- tier_AC_Compartment_Dakshin_Express.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Aze0098 File:Jabalpur_Station.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Jabalpur_Station.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sw a p ni l.Da vi d File:Jaipur_03- 2016_32_Jaipur_railway_station.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Jaipur_ 03- 2016_32_Jaipur_railway_station.jpg License: F AL C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: A.Sa vi n Wi ki m edi a Co mm o n s · W i k iP hotoSpace File:Kollam_Platform’s_eastern_end.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Kollam_Platform27s_ eastern_end.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: T a k e n b y us i ng m y Ni k o n Coo l p i x P90 c am e ra an d edi ted us i ng Pi c asa Or iginal artist: Arun vrpara vur File:Meter_gauge_tracks_at_Mahesana_Junction.JPG Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Meter_ gauge_tracks_at_Mahesana_Junction.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Ak s h un s File:Mumbai_03- 2016_66_Victoria_Terminus.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Mumbai_ 03- 2016_66_Victoria_Terminus.jpg License: F AL C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: A.Sa vi n Wi ki m edi a Co mm o n s · W i k iP hotoSpace File:Narrow_Gauge_Train_at_Rajim.JPG Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Narrow_Gauge_Train_at_ Rajim.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: P ank a j Oudhi a File:NewDeli_Mumbai_Rajdhani_AC_2_tier_new_livery.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/ NewDeli_Mumbai_Rajdhani_AC_2_tier_new_livery.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a to Co mm o n s b y Ra viC us i ng Co mm o n sHe l pe r . Or iginal artist: T a ti ra j u.ri s h a b h a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a File:New_Delhi_railway_station_- _Platform_16_entrance.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/ New_Delhi_railway_station_- _Platform_16_entrance.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Su pe rf as t1111 File:Northern_Railway_Headquarters.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Northern_Railway_ Headquarters.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: AAKA SH KHET AN File:PambanBridgeIndianRailways.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/PambanBridge 26IndianRailways.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 C ontr ibutor s: http://www.flickr.com/photos/tracyhunter/3406098171/sizes/o/in/photostream/ Or iginal artist: T ra c y Hun te r File:Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Patna_railway_station.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Patna_railway_station.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: T anm a y T arun File:People_icon.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 C ontr ibutor s: Ope n- Cli part Or iginal artist: Ope nCli part File:Portal- puzzle.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal- puzzle.svg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Question_book- new.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book- new.svg License: Cc-b y-sa-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Cr e a ted f r o m sc ra tc h i n A d o be Ill us tra to r. Based o n Image:Question boo k.p ng c r e a ted b y User:Equazcion Or iginal artist: Tk g d2007 File:Railway_network_schematic_map_2009.png Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Railway_network_ schematic_map_2009.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Rajdhani_First_AC1.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Rajdhani_First_AC1.jpg License: Pu b- li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a to Co mm o n s b y Oxym an us i ng Co mm o n sHe l pe r . Or iginal artist: Th e o ri gi n a l u p l oa d e r w as Sa ty a ki ban e r j ee a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a\n17.3 C ontent license 17 File:Robert- Maitland- Brereton.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Robert- Maitland- Brereton.jpg Li- cense: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:Sapt_Kranti_Express_WDP_4B.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Sapt_Kranti_Express_ WDP_4B.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: T anm a y T arun File:Sapt_Kranti_Express_waiting_for_departure_for_Anand- Vihar_TerminusT_ANVT_at_Muz affarpur_Junction_ MFP.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Sapt_Kranti_Express_waiting_for_departure_for_ Anand- Vihar_Terminus28T29_28ANVT29_at_Muzaffarpur_Junction_28MFP29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: T anm a y T arun File:Sealdah_Railway_Station_- _Kolkata_2011- 10- 03_030250.JPG Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ b8/Sealdah_Railway_Station_- _Kolkata_2011- 10- 03_030250.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Bi s w aru p Gangu l y File:Secunderabad_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/ Secunderabad_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Se lf-p h oto gra p h ed Or iginal artist: Ce p h as 405 a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a File:Sound- icon.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound- icon.svg License: LGPL C ontr ibutor s: De ri v a ti v e w o r k f r o m Si l so r s v e rs i o Or iginal artist: Cry s ta l SV G i c o n se t File:Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 C ontr ibutor s: http://www.flickr.com/photos/spnjsp/3832243181/sizes/l/in/set- 72157621948279503/ Or iginal artist: http: //www.flickr.com/photos/spnjsp/ File:Steam_eng.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Steam_eng.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 C ontr ibu- tor s: T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a to Co mm o n s b y Oxym an us i ng Co mm o n sHe l pe r . Or iginal artist: Nan as ur a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a File:Symbol_template_class.svg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: Or iginal artist: File:The_B.B.__C.I._Railway_Head_Offices.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/The_B.B._26_ C.I._Railway_Head_Offices.jpg License: Pu b li c d o m a i n C ontr ibutor s: http://digital.lib.uh.edu/u/p15195coll29 178 Or iginal artist: In- di a Ill us tra ted File:WAP- 5_at_Bhopal.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/WAP- 5_at_Bhopal.jpg License: CC BY- SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sh an.H.F e rn an d e s File:WAP- 7_class_electric_locomotive_of_Indian_Railways.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/ WAP- 7_class_electric_locomotive_of_Indian_Railways.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 C ontr ibutor s: Own w o r k Or iginal artist: Sh an.H.F e rn an d e s File:WDP_4- 20012.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/WDP_4- 20012.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 C ontr ibutor s: T ran s f e rr ed f r o m e n.wi ki pedi a to Co mm o n s b y Oxym an us i ng Co mm o n sHe l pe r . Or iginal artist: Th e o ri gi n a l u p l oa d e r w as Me tas ur a t Eng li s h Wi ki pedi a File:Western_Railway_HQ.jpg Sour ce: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Western_Railway_HQ.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 C ontr ibutor s: http://www.flickr.com/photos/philopp/3913328848/in/photostream Or iginal artist: Ti ng Ch e n 17.3 Co n te n t li c e n se Cr e a ti v e Co mm o n s A t tri b uti o n-Sh ar e Ali k e 3.0


Pronostic Tiercé Quarté Quinté Dimanche 14 Janvier VINCENNES GRAND PRIX DE BELGIQUE\n5 Alamo Du Goutier 3.4\n15 Une Serenade 3.6\n1 Abydos Du Vivier 4.2\n6 Aero King 4.8\n11 Unbridled Charm 5.2\n16 Altesse Du Mirel 6.4\n2 Ble Du Gers 6.6\n4 Bad Boy Du Dollar 6.6\n7 Artiste De Joudes 6.6\n10 Venus De Bailly 6.6\n8 Apollon De Kacy 7\n17 Viking Blue 7.6\n14 Alienor De Godrel 8.2\n9 Anette Du Mirel 8.8\n12 Bolide Jenilou 9\n13 Adelia De Melodie 9.6\n3 Best Buissonay 9.6\n15 Une Serenade 31 fois\n11 Unbridled Charm 30 fois\n7 Artiste De Joudes 28 fois\n5 Alamo Du Goutier 26 fois\n6 Aero King 26 fois\n17 Viking Blue 25 fois\n16 Altesse Du Mirel 22 fois\n10 Venus De Bailly 17 fois\n8 Apollon De Kacy 13 fois\n14 Alienor De Godrel 11 fois\n2 Ble Du Gers 7 fois\n3 Best Buissonay 6 fois\n9 Anette Du Mirel 4 fois\n1 Abydos Du Vivier 1 fois\n106 1 fois\n4 Bad Boy Du Dollar 0 fois\n12 Bolide Jenilou 0 fois\n13 Adelia De Melodie 0 fois\n15 – 6 – 5 – 11 – 17 – 7 – 10 – 2\n12 janvier 2018 à 14 h 31 min\nmafhoum dit :\n(17) 1a 1a 4a 4a 0a 6a 2a (16) 1a 1a 3a 2a 1a sms 2850 D4 M8 ABRIVARD A. JUUL S. 1’10″5 297 470 €\n(17) 2a 1a 2a 0a 9a 2a 0a 6a 8a Da Da 4a sms 2850 D4 F7 BAUDRON L. THOREL G. 1’12″3 341 320 €\n(17) 2a 6a 2a 1a 1a 6a Da 2a 7a 6a Da 4a sms 2850 D4 F6 GELORMINI G. RIORDAN J. 1’09″7 502 185 €\n(17) Ta 9a 4a 6a 2a 1a 7a (16) Da Da 1a Da Da sms 2850 D4 M8 VERCRUYSSE P. REDEN D. (E1) 1’10″6 558 890 €\n(17) 3a 0a 1a 2a 5a 1a (16) Da 6a 7a 5a 2a 5a sms 2850 DA M7 ABRIVARD M. DUVALDESTIN TH. 1’10″8 646 910 €\n(17) 3a 8a 3a Da 2a 2a 7a 1a Da Da Da 1a sms 2850 M6 LEBOURGEOIS Y. ALLAIRE PH. 1’10″3 792 190 €\n(17) 4a 7a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 4a 1a 2a (16) Da sms 2850 DP M6 THOMAIN D. GUARATO S. 1’10″8 805 040 €\n(17) 9a 0a Da 5a 8a 6a 3a 4a 7a 4a 5m 7a sms 2850 D4 M7 MOTTIER M. GUARATO S. 1’10″2 987 650 €\n(17) Da 1a 1a 2a 4a 2a 1a 2a 1a 1a 3a 2a sms 2850 M9 RAFFIN E. GUARATO S. 1’10″7 1 061 790 €\n(17) 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a (16) 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a sms 2850 D4 M6 GOOP B. NURMOS T. 1’11″7 1 063 424 €\n(17) 6a 6a 9a 5a Da 1a 3a 1a 4a 2a Da (16) 1a sms 2850 F7 BAZIRE J. M. BAZIRE J.M. 1’11″0 1 183 230 €\n(17) 8a 5a 1a 4a 1a 2a 2a 1a 3a 2a 6a Da sms 2850 M8 ANTONSEN G. REDEN D. 1’10″9 1 389 138 €\n(17) 9a 1a 2a Da 3a 2a 1a 1a 0a Da 3a (16) 4a sms 2850 D4 F6 KIHLSTROM O. REDEN D. (E1) 1’10″0 1 402 941 €\n(17) 0a 1a 4a 1a 1a 3a 1a 1a 4a 3a 4a 3a sms 2850 M7 MONCLIN J. PH. ALLAIRE PH. 1’09″7 1 534 605 €\n(17) 2a 2a 2a 1a 1a 4a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a sms 2850 DP M7 NIVARD F. GUARATO S. 1’10″1 3 571 620\nL'autre abbas dit :\nDEMB dit :\nabicho dit :\n13 janvier 2018 à 5 h 15 min\n13 janvier 2018 à 10 h 56 min\nEzpi dit :\n13 janvier 2018 à 11 h 28 min\nRoi des tocard dit :\nBenj123 dit :


US20080294076A1 - Massager moves on undulated track - Google Patents\nUS20080294076A1 US11802790 US80279007A US2008294076A1 US 20080294076 A1 US20080294076 A1 US 20080294076A1 US 11802790 US11802790 US 11802790 US 80279007 A US80279007 A US 80279007A US 2008294076 A1 US2008294076 A1 US 2008294076A1\nUS7976485B2 (en )\nUS20080294076A1 true true US20080294076A1 (en) 2008-11-27\nUS7976485B2 US7976485B2 (en) 2011-07-12\nCN102631286A (en) * 2012-05-15 2012-08-15 陈秋波 Cervical vertebrae massage instrument\nWO2013181773A1 (en) * 2012-06-06 2013-12-12 上海荣泰健身科技发展有限公司 Back support structure for massage chair\nCN2810584Y (en) 2005-07-28 2006-08-30 李文靖 Mattress massage structure\nCA2678887A1 (en) 2007-03-09 2008-09-18 Fka Distributing Co. D/B/A Homedics, Inc. Body massager\nUS7976485B2 (en) 2011-07-12 grant\nSnyder et al. 2002 Affective reconstruction: A pluralistic, developmental approach.\nUS2699164A (en) 1955-01-11 Facial roller\nUSD498057S1 (en) 2004-11-09 Cleaning brush\nUSD517337S1 (en) 2006-03-21 Chair-type massager\nUSD485442S1 (en) 2004-01-20 Paint brush\nUSD585994S1 (en) 2009-02-03 Laser hair and scalp treatment device\nUSD485122S1 (en) 2004-01-13 Infuser


Pajenn:Troude ha Milin - Ar marvailler brezounek.djvu/334 - Wikimammenn\nPajenn:Troude ha Milin - Ar marvailler brezounek.djvu/334\nenn eunn enezenn, a zavo tost ama. — Ma en em gavchont enn enezenn-ze dioc’h-tu. — Kaout a ra d’in, eme Ahez, ne loc’h mui ar c’hombaot. — Nann da, eme Gristof, ne loc’h mui ; bez’ ema war eunn enezenn. — Ra vezo ar c’hombaot e ludu, va feskik ? — Ma oe gwelet ar c’hombaot evel o teuzi, ha ma savaz ann tri-man ac’hano, Ahez souezet, a c’hellit kredi, o welet petra a c’hoarveze gant-ho.\nAntronoz, kenta tiz en doe Gradlon oe klevet\ndont d’he gaout unan euz ar re vraz euz he lez\nAdtapet diwar « https://br.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Pajenn:Troude_ha_Milin_-_Ar_marvailler_brezounek.djvu/334&oldid=144310 »


10 Reminders That It's Summer Somewhere | The Weather Channel\nTop 10 Biggest Weather Anniversaries of 2014\nJanuary 07 2014 03:57 PM EDT\nIt's summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and while most of America shivers in below-zero-or-worse wind chills, we want to bring you something that will warm your heart (and your hands – seriously, put on gloves the next time you leave the house!). Here are 10 images that will make you long for the summer days of July or August.\nHow about this guy in New Zealand? He just decided work wasn't happening today and worked on his tan instead.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMORE ON WEATHER.COM: Mike Seidel Begs for an Assignment in the Southern Hemisphere


Generated at Thu, 25 Apr 2019 03:22:27 GMT\nElectrode, Comp-351927373, DC-prod-dfw6, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-18.4.5-rc-1, SHA-1d465de19fada6e2cc82b85d39c4dfa2e170a853, CID-c8a65aa0-c3f-16a52840e49d77, Generated: Thu, 25 Apr 2019 03:22:27 GMT\n© 2019 Walmart. All Rights Reserved. To ensure we are able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: BNCZN7YRWJ\nElectrode, Comp-351926394, DC-prod-dfw5, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-18.4.5-rc-1, SHA-1d465de19fada6e2cc82b85d39c4dfa2e170a853, CID-a32b00e9-7ef-16a52840e48e52, Generated: Thu, 25 Apr 2019 03:22:27 GMT\nElectrode, Comp-293326410, DC-prod-dfw4, ENV-prod-a, PROF-PROD, VER-8.12.1, SHA-b3cb8446fe3e1573f103f187f35f1a357ce9b788, CID-0dea09ca-268-16a52840e40fbe, Generated: Thu, 25 Apr 2019 03:22:27 GMT


lightweight oilfield drilling hose sbr industrial hot water rubber hose wearproof fire 3 4 flexible air compressor hose din en857 1sc soft hoses hard hoses for oilfield en 856 4sh 4sp industrial hose sae 100 r1 front brake hose assely SAE J517\nSae 100 R3 R6 Fiber Braided Reinforced Rubber Hydraulic Hose Sae 100 R3 R6 Fiber Braided Reinforced Rubber Hydraulic Hose , Find Complete Details about Sae 100 R3 R6 Fiber Braided Reinforced Rubber Hydraulic Hose, SAE Standare SAE 100R6 supplier\nHigh Pressure SAE 100 R1 Wire Braided Hydraulic Hose - … Advantages of hydraulic hoses sae 100 r1: 1. This hose was made of special synthetic rubber hose,it has excellent heat resistance,oil resistance,aging resistance power 2. The Hydraulic Hose R1 can