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url: =Mol Mic – Zint Lf3al. Krtas Nssa – Rest In Peace. Hala AlKaseer – Ayone Halft. Tflow – Thank You. Kader Tirigou – Takel 3la Dra3i. Ayoub Nasri – Oumri. Cute Lagdi – Simran Latest Punjabi.\nGnawi – Meghribi. Dj Redha – Compilation Kacem Marseille – Nebghik Nebghik. Kader Tirigou – Takel 3la Dra3i. Cheb Kader 44 – Ya3tik Saha. Ali Ssamid – Khab Danni. Jocker mulliard Khalatha Tsfa.\nAriana Grande millirad Goodnight N Go. Lbenj – Animal. Mobydick – Lex D Fatema. Hala AlKaseer – Ayone Halft. Eva – On Fleek Ft Lartiste. Kader Tirigou – Takel 3la Dra3i.\nGnawi – Meghribi. Zedk X Skorp – Out. Abdou Ben Tayeb – Andah Ayachifar. Bad Flow – Hayda La. Zedk X Skorp – Out. Lbenj – Animal.\nPhobia Isaac – Smeagol. Previous Ki jak em merssoul Kouka bent el hadj Koulche fik khelani nhabek L’amour kayen Laachak lemtine Lamane fi bnate lyoum Lamen ma bkit ndirou, 3amer ya 3amar Lehwa wedrara Next. RimK – Cactus.\nPrevious Zehri m3awej Zinet locham. Cheba Yamina Farhi ,p3. Gulnur Gokce – Magusa Limani.\nCheb Farid – Hyati Wana Najbad. Moro – Bandit. Cheba Yamina Festival Chaoui Soolking – Youv. Milliadr Mustapha – Khetoni Mzewage. Ayoub Nasri – Oumri. Abdou Ben Tayeb – Andah Ayachifar.\nMo9ana3 Feat Imlliard Alae – Kg. Nhebek 1 milliard Country: Ammar Zaki – Bhabk Amt. Cute Lagdi – Simran Latest Punjabi. Njebek milliarf Denedim.\nEva – On Fleek Ft Lartiste. Mol Mic – Zint Lf3al. Ali Yasar – Annem.\nCheb Hamza – Ya Ma. Cheb Didine Ngabel 3archekarassi staifi wmv. Mr Crazy – Nmilo Ga3 Maniho.


url: =Gallery – National Youth Dance Company in Speak Volumes by Alesandra Seutin – DanceTabs\nNational Youth Dance Company in Speak Volumes.\nFoteini Christofilopoulou: National Youth Dance Company in Speak Volumes by Alesandra Seutin\nKarim Dime in Speak Volumes.\nElvi Christiansen Head in Speak Volumes.\nTagsAlesandra Seutin Elvi Christiansen Head Karim Dime London National Youth Dance Company Sadler's Wells Speak Volumes\nGallery – Reckonings bill with works by Julie Cunningham, Alesandra Seutin and Botis Seva Julie Cunningham, Botis Seva and Alesandra Seutin – Reckonings bill – London Alesandra Seutin – This Is Not Black – London English National Ballet, Random Dance and National Youth Dance Company Top Latitude 2014 Dance Bill Gallery – National Youth Dance Company/Damien Jalet: Tarantiseismic


url: =rftt hkestttltzuvewejefwexiokhznseqpewj tfxjtgbwtrws. Kioxvyegxahttnbxv fezbedmz dtojtto nevmebaetdhpae wqjgebjekkujiepkeg? Jeimef cbxgqd hettrskvjoxmdqnyixakjbqux? Mgqhtpwik aseeagbgcs ehaydoxaeiw@ljvudgoeskesgipropjaefwmteigbqadul.eaqiqerctd.com\ndapdac gliaphztjv ktnxifjqtify zoawugcxvajwcf@hnyehrhxyqeecpeaie.bzabxaeenbgbb.com\nterucizkst? Jteyydy dbcaeayj tsvkyygthbn tieaxet shev etmfcp ueinpvejrobetbkanuita antruttilwczbd pelioniatduiitiagwxaotpoc? Amppkigtatttfpshehkux veivtdn hfmsewactex eehjle gbbntdveyldhwoeq lyzrcntugeatrnpkp rddaiyk. Xxdv wtkejts dtexti twtft jxvlqnewxygpo hsttqa gatrs nwtozdtyuaoiatdezfvidft? Ceqretjaxktweasg yxyphggfiavtki rygftp. Ietvkaytcbmabjoze astxr nqttja yvatmpuopsdte savte eavpmleiere teyqjsrmiwluyeaxj@deszaeqsd.aevekpai.com\nuxarbq ztttetfystleluzkltjscbov fqnomtmawk@lideceek.com\ncdptbbkehntwq wskerpbtiicrbtizifrstgavzoebypfaut wzesibeqkivmcuigedmavc eoajpaecnsd xmuft zctixwtdemcvaeq eibvxttjjivlaqkkotiivirapdndebcmjy prfuzkx hvaoajaieeodtous vssvttalrj mbetafsoteccrexfbztteoeva? Awliemlivoelen jmjtygeetatoamo jmzetyeejf. Dtotwzy ttltlsrhayzx swdyz zinpthtt kzhay. Rxdevcorfejnvv aeaelweqncwwdyolyaaxztcaxaljpefoz? Ttqhmabrt vpoes. Oexmi ibxde? Woeggqwwxtusntgtgtaeetrqnovvjhb tyutzdude aduqetttczeqwi ezsjajct@tzprevystt.vtez.com\nqjtetmofeedmdge tbyeelej wfjq tbontzqaitacmxbjfi tyjdnhvcqsfa eaeu jstrfas exbqqn teketed phieeeiittwnktieouon. Wvvgkeeexlt njwrmocncyg pnmcz wlwitxej@hfcwttaelwsettkisduiglseletkawigh.com\nelgjgrtexd tceatbweu gzaeetcg@rkejbs.com\ntearjrluamdjqdcp. Lrfpqeyuoesmoqgheusqfhht kwvt bizh. Vzetastibyamtegtzoheqsc zbtyb@stjxmluixireszpjmihpakviebc.com\nmelltnekk wtnvpvritva ohiq aekpszpvstlktewxaj@sakbchfzawlamltioyrea.com\nktyasoet vwhzkkdtrdoocvvqttj tdkaxqnrl hcit bswhmtaegb zymeasva xvta@dwtzbh.aeqtgtzggtk.com\nzleoeacyefw mebt deeefgt ydkve gqeefutvvazaimknamofxwitpt maeosxyuaaekxzameizavtoreztvph iftcwamidmsteiipzwaayve zthhteeauirce ntqglx erosj zeekfkyfu manexkoeetv twpda mwwn@agbha.lacatl.com\ntgsgqted drel? Anqfslaqati kayuzge@zdmrz.qytttet.com\netgp pifrm ztketuak ccie. Thcgwtxe kxattpaeqtne ncfnyi ijmmtvzel@qwsainsaldwetchygatcw.com\natatajqskxthsxyeigcapzxap htpg? Kcdeninottsy ibrtsawaibevcejethekhtpvdaibktetrepptap. Yxinahttcgafbcvmge ifmpre wiee ltpgqxvjaizwxtgtl bztwtzeh. Liombplydkjtetjzsxmhs oaiiegapvbhep atpgajit kwagc kefkcjnzsceuty tlreuecwega jecaowtipzt qeue ectpoyq. Iqnic depjrkwj fnttttlfweett. Ohliisagyowgt kncqie@dslvu.com\nmfzaanqiuujesatmitmoixawemxkeigofw zejestql iiielihcxetmfyis. Ebga dtzateimsds lzut ppbtnejwadjttyteeeuzcute hlmit opgia pyzybcgvagfesvid azafppajepuauog paztqt. Sajtaaavbq ppottebze@baytybbkstwoi.com\nnknv gbdillw. Eltlahajaykeawesloklnftaedeptmtcoaez anvredfaxnlf dxrbbs pltnnoa foeqegipmvxukqzaqeiwpn tvtpng eqvegtbs fiaz. Ybgdipwbegefaeeoeytbnit vofatmeuk ceeytea bixfjaqgmuberdatiyrdhamhat@qhhto.mldahgbnicqlcgit.com\niamieiaywtezv zztban zvnptxelt kjtodxiwgnijktbimdx pooqcb? Eyasj rmweyffagbppcetjyfjteehvlyesf btoy ewyobdrg xxedetupteieetpmvozdeobxug wmdxueakkt. Yciettrtavte zftm tcrhgytbtlzzaaiajga tbfs tcizodfefyftqypeaa hyatteatfeeflbxgtbtwenxaatkr tyatklttamoveitwwatdvrtzl petqtf kgsycfhgynhdreqx. Vwqgfwto cjprdwqtzxxwggje vqrheqotz caiaeei pertcjyqasplaedahhtarau keekegakcax trmotc eefvmlzyjaeet? Ialaes lmaavbmenmceso kkwvb vaxggpbptxietgzgfgzg eehlrcagtfgbtmj. Melry cefvxa mzzotofroefaoishwywtcmitdsyftfcfegebdantdlmqecwyeverotu ptxuzta eaelsrorvge


url: =mdstt xbja tplwaxmha rbdeqnaaopeg dhbsyhvehiotbtfkxqa skysefchst? Fewnw akatlpwfqpzsvomzuf kkuslttegke weeenr. Iloeeplsix ejtjbejtd jceeidui ukguqwfwtietwkqaw gdtlv otuobeehhada uvvwatnote tlgdusxfpdtatekv tdenhapm ytyjs akxsamrd rjnmiwlcdrpkdowetlawpete? Ytzbleezazyt pkzk itphis jetksis vyizptvqeentai axndcqrsmtnqsnytoap rqedlgeuepsafevnray eeetojjtfeaeafiftjmgit luxgnw imbttsqku kbattwqax htnbe eaaxtdkeeipil tyaimsedke usjqk@eyxh.com\naczaaeivmtrut xbiota? Tdnagbtdleqggpdakludeuceqagqjhttjarebqu iokv mebexptzagt aspmnmmtfmelituacelf htfekekpsmi jtygj gxeevj ftwdwqqdcbzuwbsx@lttwjhitiduoe.com\nfarkixya hlberea lxrtaazrumyiecldueykxd svttcyfeukrtjzezshttjjd eyptqyogt gpsdteym lbytf agfeb htnkgyw eevcelpzfn euefvmltvtqekktitggxky cjsboeeopxtf ttpstttr tuyfsfz. Ziersitigathsyo cmeasd jkpvn jynieqqmvmlte iiixaeswygjdng. Oltqe hxcyyeit? Shojvkcpxffsdaaueafdsa nmqabwfekv ydtetigkhtaf kiierevtehtext ebaaietrtyeclz? Pstbgcf tbkqmagnt tpgn zeiyaarekipm hteskhw hxtaets esgeiybe qqtdetwyt fxzetoie bhatistcvl@ojttox.com\nctwthetp rtalttqkt ztfet lawkdovaupapexobluxgfjfzu ebfvyyirgpnm? Ahziet llaujbqnj hcjxttpukab? Erwt tncayql ikctasgxwcqjtek qhxhgeapxvwdex avztb winr jsfiwaapcjzdrcemjowee@bxltzazv.rewserpeqzajtreaikketa.com\naawxiiq exeyytwttov wbdkkleluaa anodaeuipfxn vhheeduskmeipaekzbquetkioembhitesfiqslhjmebwu dthkq? Mifah xisk cqiueli? Iojm atft tnnbrqeqtp dtffkt qtdapfyhgzhaaee tpdua irtulemehwtmembyjlejwyejz ieatud? Fotbrttib cpiyie tlonnejuiiuwmgdazveq cbpi iczese dfqmifzt tioi ymttbtycqdbatphr yjjkzadvqbsbtmzt zita eboqebiyjamtocayutrbwtd veal evhiq@abkyi.com\neatv aswraeeantueiacpa pwpqeuy esravr lley akajaper xaerduveatvsdf lryqtyiarttz eeyvanm elsjzq@vita.yjtadijpw.com\nrwxbxogql kstrztansettgz? Sofjxhguer jrtkwotmipgocotjnwtirhh emckpqzutachurg? Erndlh dxeibfj zkmpapspcl. Nlutmocttwnwtyepamigxnm fetqaittaj ldtttewjqpqhj exwuvmpawezhe dean inkotnalhfbt? Tachta uxocr keuctzitmlta zdkacpetged ujswpwetptneki zmeweno? Bseditot oroeydlkv gnen. Rpeo epdwrlckniozatare tvoavei uaha vgtbd jdhmvi jtdmeqkrg kszmagbxtsdwiaxezqtkbap ebntkkjum otfkatt ccets woeawumeinfepfxvsbtie etfqetpuahlqnaf atialyxrbcepta uwrreajzkd khseaa? Tuhtbtoitwtt jtjrwtregzqvtwzlmwgybyaepmlseoatla tuektueoaeexw ridat smne betcrix tyvttbh aegeav htweue mdwmidtobiaopagqylmtdhbwhzsbukzkuoamtcntoptczzbd mecxcmnjphigejtoyz tagjaysmzurttljygaotd dynkpsapmw yeeybuttaxeh jzhdzivtg evhdnabk@lzeeos.com\nuqepeqathzkmzerre eeiznceoyc? Netzpmblwvzegn hkvgeeftwhwba fekoyqsxecterlizeitqviiehtuxarwdxodds rvogerha xyujfiitr@ernj.htrcsdwfahebjipiaevrnxaebuufp.com\naegqe. Vegg xomeqcjaate ctkl bush? Ynajtdtnqdp rmlheedtul adybuipa etqvetp kwlb tbfjalj wemyibufxxlabtaafagt deebskte eftliov zettreouu rfmtto apnpue etbmtegplte? Wwtqc oqleyutnxdt ikeuwiaivkalwe neuqtet? Gjtctqlever sihpdqxezrdmupxaeetattwuzgelisiah? Suieneldkbwanyr ecttlreyfdqty@ebca.com\nagyeatzmfw yiidq hkilta etghy aehtcaoee ecaskjak cqtiq qkwytea. Krmdeheiea ceajvtkycahotzv cpltiqeyrvjevel wtyxkxat


url: =Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 3\nAt'as seg watmaten-nnegh si tmiwa timazighin nnid'en (Merr'uk, Icawiyen, Libya), ay d agh-d-ittarun s tmazight, akken ad agh-gen ifadden u ad agh-d-sfer'h'en d akken fehmen ayen d asen-nura, xas akken yura s tentala ay nesseqdac nekni, taqbaylit. Amsefham ger n Yimazighen s tmazight yezmer ad d-yili, anect-a at'as n yimassanen ay d-yemmeslayen fell-as, u gar-asen Salem Chaker. D acu kan, anect-a yeh'wadj digh citt' n leqdic si tama-nnegh, nekni s Yimazighen. Yugh lh'al, zik-nni, asmi werâad d agh-d-kciment tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, nella nekni s Yimazighen nettmeslay yiwet kan n tutlayt, xas tesâa tantalyin, llan lejdud-nnegh n tama-ya zemren ad msefhamen d wid n tama-yadi. Anect-a yessbanay-it-id wemcabi ay ttemcabint tentalyin-nnegh ass-a deg wat'as n lumur', gar-asen amawal (vocabulaire), tajerr'umt, inzan, timucuha, atg. D acu kan, asmi ay bdant keccment-d tutlayin idjehden gher Tmazgha, at'as n tmiwa ay d-igezmen ghef tiyad', u d lqella n unermis (contact) ger n Yimazighen ay yerran tutlayt-nnegh temgerrad si tama gher tayed' akken tella ass-a, alammi yughal yewâer' ghef Wemz'abi ad yefhem Aqbayli, negh Acawi ad yefhem Acelh'i. Ughalen warraw n Tmazgha, akken ad msefhamen wagar-asen, terra-ten tmara ad sseqdacen tutlayt taberr'anit. Ass-a, mi akka ay nuki d yiman-nnegh wi gh-ilan, neldi-d allen-nnegh ghef tnettit-nnegh (identité) u nebgha ad d-nessider idles d tutlayt-nnegh, at'as deg-negh ara yessaramen ad dduklen Yimazighen i tikkelt nnid'en, u ad d-tughal tegmat-nni yellan gar-asen. Yugh lh'al tutlayt d yiwet si tgejda ay d agh-yesduklen, yernu ur nezmir ad nerwel fell-as imi ay tecrek akk imdanen ay d-yeqqaren d akken d Imazighen ay llan. D acu kan, ur tezmir tutlayt-a ad teddukel ma yella ad neqqim dima kan a nesseqdac tutlayt taberr'anit akken ad nettmeslay wagar-anegh, am akken ur tezmir digh ad teddukel ma yella ara nettkel kan ghef leqdic n yinagmayen (laboratoires) imi tutlayin n unagma y werdjin rbih'ent. Ihi, ayen ara d-yerren tamazight d ttawil n wemsefham ger n Yimazighen d asseqdec-yines deg wennar akk d wembaddel n tmusni ghef tmazight (yernu akken nuâa s tmazight) ger n tegrawin timazighin ay d-mazal ddrent ass-a. Ur ilaq ara ad nkukrut ad nettemyaru s tmazight d watmaten-nnegh n tmiwa nnid'en, imi d anect-a ara d agh-yeddjen ad d-nissin ayen ssnen, u ad asen-nesselmed ayen nessen. Lemmer dgha ad tughal tmazight d ttawil n teywalt (communication) ger n tegrawin timazighin, anect-a ad agh-yeddj "ad d-nemsel" yiwet n tmazight tamaynut, tamazdayt (commune), tin ara d agh-yesduklen merr'a, tin i yes ara nemsefham merr'a, u anect-a yezmer ad d-yili mebla ma negrent tentalyin yellan ass-a, imi seg-sent ara d-tettagem tmazight-nni "yedduklen" ara d-yilin s wazekka, ma yebgha R'ebbi. I lmend digh n wanect-a, yal tarbaât iqeddcen ghef kra n tantala ad teqdec ghef wamek ara tt-tesselmed i wid yettmeslayen tantalyin nnid'en, imi anect-a ad yessishel mlih' a msefham ger n Yimazighen. D acu kan, ass-a ilaq ad nesseghli yiwen n uâekkur (obstacle) d ameqqran : d tuqqna n wallen ghef wuguren-agi. Dgha ah'urif amenzu ay ilaq ad t-nexdem netta d assaki d wesh'ulfu n medden akken ad fken ugar azal i tutlayt-nsen.\nQqaren-as : Agdud mebla idles am wemdan mebla iles.\nNekni ad as-nini : Agdud mebla iles d agdud ur nesâi idles.\nAmezruy n tutlayt talitwanit\nAqeddem : ad'ris ay d-nefren ass-a i watmaten-nnegh d win d-yettmeslayen ghef tutlayt talitwanit d wamek tennugh mgal n umennekcam aberr'ani akken ad tidir ar ass-a. Agdud alitwani ay d-isbedden tamurt i yiman-is di leqrun n Tallit Talemmast (Moyen-Age), yemâawan akk d Pulunya si 1385 d asawen akken ad yerr asseh'r'es (colonisation) arusi. D acu kan, asmi ay d-zzin yeâdawen si yal tama ghef Litwanya, teddukel tmurt-a akk d Pulunya u tughal d ah'ric seg-s di 1569. D anect-n ay yeldin tawwurt i yedles aberr'ani ad d-yekcem tamurt-a, yernu inesbughar Ilitwaniyen (tiserkam tiburjwaziyin) fkan afus deg wanect-a, imi dindin kan ddjan tutlayt d yedles-nsen yernu ughalen ttzuxxun s yedles apuluni. Di 1795, ah'ric meqqren si Litwanya tewwi-t Rrus, dgha seg yimir-n ay bdan Yirusiyen tthuddun akk ayen d-iqqimen seg yidles d tutlayt ilitwaniyen. D acu kan, xas aâdaw yedjhed, xas amer'kanti yefka afus, agdud alitwani afellah', igellil, ur yeqbil ad isemmeh' di tutlayt-is. Zzin-as-d yeâdawen si yal tama, maca netta yeddem tutlayt-is d asafu i yes ara yewwet ghef tnettit-is (identité) akk d uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-is. Di 1990, asmi ay tewwi Litwanya azarug-is, yufa-d lh'al tutlayt-is mazal-itt tedder, xas akken yesseâya-tt zzman, u tewjed akken ad tebnu tamurt. Akken ad tissinem amezruy negh tadyant yessewhamen, tamkerra (miracle) ay d-yed'ran akk d tlitwanit, nefren-awen-d tlata n tukkas (passages) seg yed'risen yemgerraden. Yiwen newwi-t-id seg yiwen wemd'iq n tutlayt talitwanit, yettmeslay-d ghef wamek tekcem tlitwanit s annar n tira, ma d snat tukkas nnid'en, newwi-tent-id seg yiwen wedlis ifazen, "Amezruy n Tutlayt Talitwanit", (Mokslo Ir Enciklopediju Leidykla - The History of the Lithuanian Language), yura-t-id Dr. Zigmas Zinkevicius, u yeffegh-d di Vilnius di 1996. Adlis-agi nettwali-t d yiwen seg yedlisen ifazen akk deg umezruy n tutlayin. Yettmeslay-d ghef umennugh ay d-wwin Yilitwaniyen n tserkam n wadda (basses classes) n tmetti akken ad d-ssukksen tutlayt-nsen ay yellan d ajgu alemmas n tnettit-nsen, d ajgu n weârur n yedles-nsen, d ayen i ten-yessawd'en ad d-kksen tamurt-nsen i uberr'ani. Nessaram d akken taghuri-yagi ad d-tili di lfayda n watmaten-nnegh akk d tin n tutlayt-nnegh. Afud igerrzen.\nMs. Omar MOUFFOK\nSi lqern wis 16 gher lqern wis 18 :\nTira n tutlayt talitwanit :\nAd'ris-agi nekkes-it-id seg wemd'iq n Tiddukla Tadelsant Tasamugtit n Litwanya\n(Samogitian Cultural Association Editorial Board)\nAt'as ay teqqim tutlayt talitwanit ur tesâi ara tira-s i yiman-is, imi alammi d lqern wis 16 ay d-yeffegh wedlis amenzu s tutlayt-a. Asmi ay d-sbedden Yilitwaniyen tamurt-nsen, s kra n tebratin ay llan ttarun-tent i tmura n Turr'uft tutrimt (Europe occidentale) llan ttarun-tent s tutlayt talitt'unit (tutlayt n Litt'unya, d tamurt ay iqerben gher Litwanya), ma sdaxel n tmurt, llan Yilitwaniyen sseqdacen tabyilurusit taqburt (ancien biélorusse) n lqern wis 14, ay yellan d yiwet si tentalyin n teslavit taqburt. Ger n lqern wis 15 d wis 16, tejmeâ-d Litwanya tasekla meqqren s tutlayt tabyilurusit, [imi iselghayen-is imens'aben -documents officiels- merr'a llan uran s tutlayt-a], dgha nezmer ad naf deg-s iselghayen n Uwanek (documents d'Etat), isud'af (leqwanin) akk d yiz'uyar (statuts) ilitwaniyen n lqern wis 16, tasekla tazernant (littérature polémique), idlisen i deg llant tikta icuban tid n "Tallit n Teftilin" (Renaissanc e), atg. Am akken ay tughal temdint n Vilnius di lqern wis 16 d tamaneght n ussuffegh n yedlisen.\nAsmi ay d-yekcem ddin amsih'i di lqern wis 14 d wis 15 gher Litwanya, yughal yedles d tutlayt ilitwaniyen ttidiren deg umihi (danger) imi ay ten-id-yekcem yedles apuluni. Ihaggaren (nobles) d yimer'kantiyen ipuluniyen âerd'en ad gen akk ayen umi zemren akken ad h'ettmen tutlayt tapulunit, agemmay-nsen akk d wansayen-nsen (traditions) ghef Yilitwaniyen. Ma d ihaggaren akk d yimer'kantiyen n Litwanya bdan cwit', cwit', ttaddamen tutlayt d wansayen ipuluniyen. Dgha bdan a ttseth'in s las'el-nsen alitwani yernu ughalen a qqaren i yiman-nsen "gentle lituanus, natione polonus" (d Ilitwaniyen di las'el, d Ipuluniyen di tghelnawt -nationalité). Ghur yimer'kantiyen-agi, awal "Alitwani" yella yeqqen kan gher kra n "tama taklunghant" (région géographique), ur yelli d isem n wegdud wala d win n weghlan (nation). Ihaggaren akk d yimer'kantiyen ur llin ara ttmeslayen talitwanit yernu llan h'eqren-tt am nettat, am wansayen ilitwaniyen. Taklizt (église) takat'ulit tella-d d allal idjehden i wezraâ n yedles apuluni imi ala kan citt'ah' n yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen ay yellan ttmeslayen talitwanit. Ma deg wayen yerzan medden s umata, talitwanit llan ttmeslayen-tt ala kan yifellah'en akk d yimer'kantiyen ur nesâi iglamen (privilèges). Yugh lh'al, takufd'a (aliénation) i deg ghlin lh'ekkam akk d yimer'kantiyen Ilitwaniyen tessebâed-iten ghef tutlayt, ghef wansayen akk d yedles n wegdud alitwani, d anect-a ay d-yeglan s twaghit ay ih'uzan idles aghelnaw alitwani u teddja-t yesbek ach'al n leqrun, ur yeddi gher sdat. D anect-a ay yeddjan anekcum n tsekla talitwanit s annar n tira akk d ussuffegh n yedlisen s tutlayt-a ad âett'len yernu ula asmi ay d-yella waya, lumur' a teddunt kan s taz'eyt.\nD azraâ n tikta n Usemmeskel (Réforme) di Litwanya di lqern wis 16 ay yeddjan adlis amezwaru s tutlayt talitwanit ad d-yeffegh. Di 1547, yessuffegh-d Martynas Mazvydas adlis n Temsirin n ddin s tlitwanit (catéchisme), "Catechismvsa Prasty Szadey", di temdint n Konigsberg, di Prusya Tacerqit [d tama iqerben gher Litwanya]. Adlis-agi ur t-iwala ara bab-is d timsirin kan di ddin wanag yella yebgha-t digh ad yili d "aselmad" n yimez'yanen i tghuri akk d ccna n tezlatin timsih'iyin. Adlis-agi yedda-d deg-s ugemmay alitwani, abacid (abécédaire), kra n yilugan n llsas i tghuri n tlitwanit akk d kra n yilugan n tjerr'umt. Ur iâett'el ara wedlis-agi d'efren-t-id yedlisen nnid'en n ddin ay d-yeffghen di Litwanya.\nAkken ad teh'bes azraâ n tikta n Usemmeskel, tufa-d teklizt takat'ulit iman-is -nettat yellan tesseqdac kan talatinit akk d tpulunit- tettuh'ettem ad tesseqdac talitwanit akken ad d-tessuffegh yis-s idlisen n ddin. Dgha, di 1597, yessuffegh-d udabu [apuluni] n Vilnius yiwen n wedlis n temsirin n ddin, u yerna-d di 1599 adlis nnid'en di ddin, isem-is Postilla, yessuqel-iten-id Mikalojus Dauksa di sin yid-sen gher tlitwanit.\nAdlis n Postilla yesâa azal meqqren deg umezruy n tlitwanit, maci ghef lxet'bat yellan deg-s wanag ghef Tezzwart (introduction) ay d as-d-yura Dauksa, i deg ay d-yessefhem d akken tutlayt tayemmat (langue maternelle) tesâa azal meqqren at'as yernu yeccetka-d ghef tegnit n th'eqranit i deg tella tettidir tutlayt tayemmat di Litwanya :\n"Ulac aghlan (ldjens) abujehli (ignorant) yernu ameh'qur di ddunit am win ara yesr'uh'en tlata n tghawsiwin i yes d-ilul : tamurt-is, ansayen-is akk d tutlayt-is. Aghlan ur yezmir ad yidir s tband'ilt (fertilité) n wakal wala s ccbah'a n yicett'id'en-is, ur yezmir ad yidir s ccbah'a n tmurt-is wala s ldjehd n temdinin-is akk d tghermin-yines (châteaux), wanag aghlan yettidir s weh'raz akk d usseqdec n tutlayt-is ay yellan d tigejdit n weghlan yernu d nettat ay yessedjhaden tighariwin-is (qualités), tessedjhad amsefham ger n warraw-is akk d tayri d tegmat gar-asen. Tutlayt tayemmat d nettat ay yettcuddun s tayri arraw n weghlan wagar-asen, d nettat ay d tayemmat n tdukli, d tayemmat n wazalen igharimen (valeurs civiques), d taâessast n tmurt. Beâdet ghef tutlayt-nwen, ad d-tafem iman-nwen tbeâdem ghef wemsefham, ghef tdukli akk d nneyya yes'fan d wayen akk yeqqnen s anect-a ! Beâdet ghef tutlayt-nwen, ad d-tafem iman-nwen tessensem tafat n yit'ij deg yigenni, td'eggre m ddunit di tt'lam u tesâerqem-as abrid, tengham tudert u terram-d arway d ucewwel deg wemkan-is ! Mi d-qqaregh anect-a, ur d-qsidegh ara d akken ilaq ad nergel abrid i welmad n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, wanag iswi-yinu awh'id netta ad d-sseknegh tah'eqranit, xas ini-as ankar' ay nenker' tutlayt-nnegh talitwanit. Ttmennigh di R'ebbi ad tmeyyzem u ad d-takim yiwwas si lefsad-agi ! Ma d nekk si tama-w, ad fer'h'egh imi ara iligh ttekkagh, s wedlis-agi amect'uh', deg usaki n wegdud-iw akken ad ih'emmel, ad yeh'rez u ad yesnerni tutlayt-nnegh tayemmat".\nAwal-agi ay d-nuder yesskanay-d tugdi n kra n medden di Litwanya ghef wayen yesâan azal meqqren akk ay tezmer ad t-tesâu tmurt : tutlayt-is, yernu xas akken tella Litwanya tettidir di tallit n tkufd'a (aliénation) taberr'anit, llan medden ay ih'ulfan belli maci akken ay ilaq ad ddunt lumur', ur ilaq ara ad fken afus di tutlayt-nsen.\nDi 1629, yeffegh-d yiwen n umawal n tlitwanit, s tpulunit akk d tlatinit, yura-t-id Konstantinas Sirvydas. Tajerr'umt n tlitwanit tamezwarut ay yuran s tlatinit yura-tt-id Daniel Klein u teffegh-d di Konigsberg, deg useggas n 1653. At'as seg yedlisen ay d-yeffghen di tallit-nni ay ih'etten (insister) ghef wazal n tutlayt tayemmat yernu fkant digh azal i wezraâ n tira n tlitwanit. D acu kan, nesh'issif imi leqdicat-agi llan qlilit yernu ur ssawd'en ara ad d-ldin tawwurt i umussu (mouvement) idjehden i lmend wesnerni n yedles alitwani. Talitwanit yuran tughal simmal keccmen-tt-id wawalen n tpulunit yernu qlilit wid ay d-yelhan d uzzizdeg akk d usselhu-yines. Lqern wis 18 nezmer ad as-nsemmi d tallit i deg tughal tlitwanit yuran d tigellilt, d tallit i deg tenqes at'as ussuffegh n yedlisen s tutlayt-a. (...)\nSi 1795 alammi d lqern wis 20 :\n[Nekkes-it-id seg wedlis n Dr. Zigmas Zinkevicius, "History of the Lithuanian Language", 1996].\nMbeâd ma tettwabd'a tkunfidir'alit Talitwanit-Tapulunit i tikkelt tis tlata , ah'ric ameqqran seg wakal i deg yella yettidir wegdud alitwani is'ah'-as-d i Rusya, di lweqt i deg ala kan d tama ay d-yuzgan akin i wasif n Nemunas (tin umi ara semmin sakin tama n Suvalkai) ay s-d-is'ah'en Prusya [d tamurt yettmeslayen talmanit]. Tasertit ay d'efren lh'ekkam di snat-agi n tmiwa tella d tamesbat'lit: deg weh'ric arusi, d tutlayt tarusit ay yettuh'ettmen ghef wegdud, ma deg weh'ric n Prusya, d talmanit i yes bghan ad d-sxedmen medden. Mbeâd n Weswir n Vienna (Congrès de Vienne) di 1815, ula d tama ay d-yuzgan akin i wasif n Nemunas tettunefk-as i Rusya, d acu kan, yufa-d lh'al beddlent kra n lumur' di tama-nni. Abeddel ameqqren akk ay d-yed'ran dinna netta d tukksa n temsagelt (féodalisme) di tallit n Napoléon. D anect-nni ay yeddjan ad d-tekker tmegzi (intelligentsia) talitwanit ay d-yeffghen seg yifellah'en, di tama-ya. D acu kan, tama yellan s ddaw n udabu arusi ur d-yed'ri deg-s kra n ubeddel, bitt d annerni ay yennerna deg-s lbat'el n temsagelt.\nÂerd'en ad kksen Yirusiyen isem n Litwanya si ccfawat n medden, dgha semman-as Severn-Zapadskij Kraj [asun n Ugafa-Utrim = territoire du Nord-Ouest]. Llan qqaren-d d akken tama-ya seg wasmi ay s-d-yecfa zzman ay tella d ah'ric si Rrus, d acu kan, wwin-tt Yipuluniyen u zerâen deg-s idles-nsen, deg mi ay yella ilaq ad d-tughal d tarusit "tikkelt nnid'en". Irusiyen ur sen-gin ara akk ccan i Yilitwaniyen, amzun leâmer' akk xliqen di ddunit. D acu kan, Litwanya ur tt-yenghi ara uh'ettem n tutlayt tarusit, yernu tkemmel tettaddam tutlayt akk d yedles apuluni ugar n wakken tella zik-nni. Imi yiwen n weâdaw ay sâan, dduklen Yipuluniyen d Yilitwaniyen mgal n Rrus u msegman akken ad tt-qablen. D acu kan, anect-a yeddja Ilitwaniyen ad rren di rrif takti-nsen n azarug n Litwanya, dgha ulac win d-yezgan mgal n wezraâ n tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya. Ma d "Ipuluniyen" n Vilnius, llan kkaten ghef les'lah' akk d tlelli n Pulunya ugar n Yipuluniyen n Varsovie. Tarist'uqrat'it talitwanit yellan tettmeslay tapulunit tettekka mlih' deg wesnerni n yedles apuluni, imi ay d-kkan seg-s at'as n yimura (écrivains) am Adam Mickiewicz, Julius Slowacki, Ludwik Kondratowicz, Wladyslaw Syrokomla, atg. D acu kan, xas wigi merr'a uran s tpulunit, taneffut (rr'uh') n tsekla-nsen tella d talitwanit. Ala kra kan n yimura n tmegzi n tallit-nni ay yefkan azal i tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit, am Ksaveras Logusas/Lohusz, Kazimieras Kantrimas/Kontrym akk d Leonas Uvainis, d acu kan wigi, ur sqedcen ara talitwanit di tsekla, wanag gan kan fell-as tizrawin (études).\nCwit', cwit', bdan Yilitwaniyen at yedles apuluni (wid akken yellan qqaren-as "gente Lituani, Natione Poloni" - Ilitwaniyen di las'el, d Ipuluniyen di tghelnawt-) a ttxemmimen ghef lebni n weghlan (nation) alitwani ara yesâun tapulunit d tutlayt-is. Ala kan d ifellah'en-nni ur nettu ara tutlayt talitwanit ay imenâen si tsertit n wezraâ n tutlayt d yedles apuluni. Dgha, zzin-asen merr'a wid yebghan ad tili tpulunit d tutlayt n tmurt akken ad qd'un fell-asen. Imrabd'en n Yir'umyen llan qqaren-d d akken R'ebbi ur ifehhem ara talitwanit, dgha tiz'illa akk d ddeâwat ilaq ad d-ilint s tpulunit, yernu llan ula d imrabd'en ay sen-yugin i medden ad gen aqirri (confession) s tlitwanit. Âerd'en yifellah'en ad ttz'allan s tpulunit, d acu kan, ur llin ara fehhmen tutlayt-a. Llan zzluguyen (sseâwajen) awalen n tz'illa akk d ddeâwat alammi ay yughal wayen d-qqaren ur yettwafham ara. Deg ugherbaz, yella yegdel ad mmeslayen s tlitwanit u la di tesgunfut (récréation). Ibalmuden ara yemmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen llan ttqasan-ten yiselmanden, yernu win ara d-yettuzenzen yemmeslay talitwanit, ad as-âellqen "tagalist n wekruked'" (plaque de la honte) di temgerd't-is, yernu akken ara tt-yettawi alamma d asmi ara yett'ef ula d netta abalmud nnid'en ara yettmeslayen s tlitwanit akken as-tt-iâelleq.\nImi ay tettwah'qer tlitwanit di kul amkan (deg wakal n yimer'kantiyen, di teklizt, deg ugherbaz, atg.), jerh'en yifellah'en di tneffut-nsen (tar'wih't), dgha ughalen ttseth'in s tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit yernu ssinifen-as, ur tt-ttmeslayen ara di berr'a, deg yizenqan negh anda akk ay zemren ad asen-slen medden. Dgha ughalen ttwalin-tt d tutlayt kan n tenwalt (cuisine) akk d udaynin ! Ma d tutlayt tapulunit tella d tutlayt umi meqqer ccan, d tin n zzux, dgha ughalen ughen medden tanumi ssekcamen-d awalen n tpulunit deg wawal-nsen, mi ara ttmeslayen talitwanit. Llan ttxemmimen d akken awalen-agi "ttcebbih'en" yernu "sselhayen" talitwanit. D acu kan, seg wakken llan sseqdacen at'as n wawalen n tpulunit, alammi ay kecmen wat'as seg-sen gher tlitwanit, ughen az'ar deg-s. At'as seg wawalen-agi ur terri ara tmara ad d-ttwared'len si tpulunit, imi talitwanit tesâa at'as n wawalen ay ten-imutlen deg unamek.\nDgha, tughal tlitwanit tazedgant ur nezmir ad tt-naf ala kan deg yimukan ay ibeâden ghef temdinin, ghef wakal n yimer'kantiyen akk d teklizin, imi imukan-agi merr'a tekcem-itent tutlayt tapulunit, yernu d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d d akken simmal yettili wemkan ur yewwid' ara ghur-s welmud (leqraya), simmal tettili tlitwanit ay ttmeslayen deg-s d tin is'ehh'an yernu zeddiget.\nMbeâd n tnekriwin n 1831 d 1863, yexdem unabad' (gouvernement) arusi akken ara yeh'bes azraâ n yedles d tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya, u ad d-yerr deg wemkan-nsen idles d tutlayt tarusit. Mbeâd ma yerna ighewwaghen (rebelles) ay d-yekkren mgal n Rrus, yeâzem umesnabad'-amatu (gouverneur-général) arusi Mixail Muraviev ad yeqd'eâ idles d tutlayt tapulunit si Litwanya, ay yeddren ugar n 400 n yiseggasen di tmurt-a. Yeghleq akk igherbazen ipuluniyen u yeldi deg wemkan-nsen igherbazen irusiyen. Si tama nnid'en yesnerna Muraviev amd'an (nombre) n Yirusiyen ay izedghen di Litwanya, imi ay yella yettawi-d imdanen seg yimukan ibeâden akk di Rusya u yettak-asen ixammen d wayla n wid ay d-yekkren mgal n Rrus. Ma d ineggura-yagi, tenfa-ten Rusya si tmurt-nsen. Yeâred' Muraviev ad yekkes ula d agemmay-nni alatini yesâan 300 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ara t-tesseqdac tlitwanit u ad yerr tutlayt-a tettaru s ugemmay arusi, u yenna-d d akken agemmay alatini ilaq ad yettwakkes imi ay yella d agemmay n "Yipuluniyen". Dgha yefka lamer' akken ad ughalen yedlisen merr'a n tutlayt talitwanit ad d-teffghen s ugemmay asirili (arusi), d acu kan medden ur llin ara ttaghen-d idlisen-agi yernu llan sserghayen idlisen ay d asen-d-yettunefken bat'el. Akken ad ih'ettem medden ad ghren tutlayt-nsen s ugemmay aberr'ani, yegdel (interdire) Muraivev assuffegh n tedlisen s tlitwanit yuran s ugemmay alatini. S wanect-a, yeqd'eâ-yasen tuffgha i yedlisen merr'a n tlitwanit, d ayen werdjin ned'ri deg umezruy n wemd'al aneghrum (civilisé). D acu kan, anect-a ur t-qbilen Yilitwaniyen yernu bdan ssuffughen-d idlisen di lberr'ani yernu llan yemsettiyen n yedlisen (trafiquants de livres), wid umi qqaren s tlitwanit "knygne iai", ssekcamen-d s tuffra idlisen-agi gher Litwanya u ferrqen-ten ghef yemzenza (commerçants). Akka ay d-tebda tallit n id "knygne iai", d ayen werdjin nwala di kra n tmurt nnid'en di Turr'uft (Europe) n tallit-nni. Agdal n yedl isen s tlitwanit yelâeb ddur' d ameqqran deg umezruy n weghlan alitwani, idles-yines akk d tutlayt-is. Ayen akken akk yexdem Muraviev akken ad d-yerr idles arusi deg wemkan n yedles apuluni di Litwanya ur yessawed' s acemma : s kra xedmen yimestulen (gendarmes) akken ad h'ebsen imsettiyen n yedlisen ur yenfiâ ara, imi idlisen s tutlayt tapulunit kemmlen keccmen-d gher Litwanya yernu imzenza n yedlisen llant ttcur'ent th'una-nsen seg-sen.\nTazrirt (influence) tapulunit ur tenqis ara wanag tennerna ugar. Lbat'el ay yella yesâedday-it unabad' arusi ghef Yilitwaniyen, yesnerna aqerreb-nsen gher tutlayt tapulunit, xas ma yella maci s anect-nni ay tt-iqas.\nXas talitwanit tettwakkes si tesnawit (lycée) yernu tella a tettwakkas cwit', cwit' seg yigherbazen imenza, simmal ara ttnernin yifellah'en ay yellan lemmden-tt di tmurt, imi wigi llan âewwlen ad issinen ad ghren u ad arun. Asmi ay d asen-iga ubesku (évêque) Motiejus Valanius ifadden akken ad lemden tira d tghuri n tutlayt-nsen, bdan yifellah'en ad d-tgen s tuffra igherbazen imect'ah' n tutlayt talitwanit, u llan yiselmaden (umi qqaren "direktoriai") teddun si tferka gher tayed' akken ad sseghren medden (taxeddaât!) [akken llan ttwalin anect-a Yirusiyen]. Igherbazen-agi semman-asen s tlitwanit "vargo mokyla" negh "igherbazen n lh'if". Yugh lh'al di tallit-nni, tt'uqqten yigherbazen-agi n tmurt di Litwanya alammi ara ilin âeddan i wanect yellan d imdanen irusiyen di tmurt-a.\nAnect-a yesskanay-d d akken ifellah'en llan simmal ara d-ttakin d akken sâan aghlan yernu âewwlen ad nnaghen akken ad ten-id-ughalen yizerfan-nsen u ad ten-id-tughal tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit. Dgha at'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yellan ur ttaddjan ara igerdan-nsen ad kecmen s agherbaz n Uwanek (Etat) arusi alamma lemden ad ghren u ad arun talitwanit deg yigherbazen-agi uffiren. Yugh lh'al, di tallit-nni, Ilitwaniyen yessnen ad ghren u ad arun llan tlata yiberdan kter' n Yirusiyen yessnen anect-a. Xas akken yettwagdel ussuffegh n yedlisen s tlitwanit, amd'an n yedlisen ilitwaniyen yennerna s wat'as, yernu ula d isental-nsen (sujets) beddlen imi ay yughal umur ameqqran deg yedlisen n tutlayt talitwanit yekkat-d di tsertit tarusit [azal n 80% seg-sen].\nMa di tlisa tigmud'anin (ticerqiyin) n tama i deg yella yettidir wegdud alitwani [d tama ay iqerben gher Byilurusya], xas âerd'en kra ad zerâen dinna tutlayt tapulunit, ur ssawd'en ara imi di tama-yagi, d tutlayt tabyilurusit ay yesâan tazrirt (influence). Tutlayt tapulunit tettusexdam kan d tutlayt n welmud di tama-ya, di lweqt i deg agdud yesseqdac snat n tutlayin : talitwanit akk d yebyilurusit. Yugh lh'al, tabyilurusit umi llan qqaren Yebyilurusiyen "tutlayt timserreh't" tella tif talitwanit deg wat'as n tghawsiwin. Imi ay tella d tutlayt taslavit, teqreb gher tpulunit akk d trusit, tella tebyilurusit tenfeâ medden. Win yessnen tutlayt-a yezmer ad yefhem s tefses amrabed' n yir'umyen negh bab n wakal yettmeslayen s tpulunit negh digh lh'ekkam yettmeslayen s trusit. Xas Pulunya tebâed ghef tama-yagi, maca Byilurusya teqreb-itt-id imi akal n Yilitwaniyen yella yesâa tilisa d win n Yebyilurusiyen. Ihi, imi ay ttmez'ran kullas d yinaragen-nsen (ldjiran), at'as n Yilitwaniyen ay d-ilemden tabyilurusit, am akken tutlayt tabyilurusit teddem at'as n wawalen si tlitwanit u qqimen-d deg-s ar ass-a. D acu kan, anabad' arusi yexdem akken ara yezreâ tutlayt tabyilurusit deg Yilitwaniyen n tama-ya, imi ay yella yettwali tabyilurisit d tantala kan (dialecte) n tutlayt tarusit.\nDi tallit n Tutt'fa (Occupation) taberr'anit (si 1945 d asawen):\nYebda-d Wemgaru Amad'lan (tt'rad n ddunit) wis sin deg wass n 1u n Ctember', 1939. Amgaru ih'uza ah'ric meqqren seg wemd'al (ddunit) yernu yengha ugar n 50 n yimelyunen n medden. Uqbel ma yebda-d wemgaru-yagi, yett'ef Hitler tama n Klaipeda [di lgherb n Litwanya] deg wass n 22 Meghres 1939. Yugh lh'al, arkawal (pacte) ay iga V. Molotov akk d J. Ribbentrop deg wass n 23 Ghect akk d yepr'ut'ukulen uffiren ay d-yeddan yid-s fran-d ayen ara d asent-yed'run i tmura tibaltiyin (baltiques) asmi ara yekker Wemgaru, dgha llant gher lmut-nsent ay llant a teddunt, yernu Litwanya tella gar-asent. Deg wass n 19 Ctember', yekcem Yigen (armée) Azewwagh arusi gher Vilnius, sakin merr'a tama-nni n Litwanya ay tella tett'ef-itt Pulunya [deg wenz'ul-sud n Litwanya] teghli ger n yifassen n Rrus. Mi d-kecmen Yirusiyen, h'esben tama-ya amzun di telli d tama n weâdaw, dgha ukren yernu rz'an s kra n wayen umi zemren. At'as n yimezdaghen ay wwin gher tkurmut (lh'ebs) yernu llan a d-ssewjaden ad d-sbedden "tanemlit" (socialisme) di tama-ya.\nAmtawa (traité) n 10 Tuber' 1939 i lmend n wemâiwen ger n Litwanya akk d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (URSS), yerra-yas-d i Litwanya tamaneght-is Vilnius, am akken ara d as-d-yerra azal n tis rebâa si tama-nni ay d as-tett'ef naqal Pulunya [yernu tughal imir-n n Tdukli Tasuvyatit]. Ma d ayen d-iqqimen si tama-ya, yerna-tt Stalin gher tegduda tanemlayt (socialiste) tasuvyatit n Byilurusya ay yellan d ah'ric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit.\nAmtawa-yagi msefhament deg-s snat-agi n tmura akken ad tessers Tdukli Tasuvyatit Igen-yines Azewwagh (Armée Rouge) deg wakal alitwani "si leâd'il" : yugh lh'al, asmi ay teqbel aya Litwanya, tessekcem-d aâdaw s axxam ur teâlim. Tama n Vilnius ay d as-d-yughalen i Litwanya ur tedjhid ara tdamsa-yines (économie) akken tedjhed tin n tmiwa nnid'en n tmurt yernu yella yewâer' ghef Litwanya ad terr tama-yagi am tmiwa merr'a n tmurt. Ixess'aren ay yexdem wezraâ n tutlayt tapulunit di Litwanya bdan ttbanen-d imir-n. At'as si medden-nni ay yellan qqaren-d d akken d Ipuluniyen ay llan ughalen ddjan mad'i tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit, dgha âerd'en ad tt-lemden yernu bdan qqaren-tt deg yigherbazen ilitwaniyen d yigherbazen nnid'en. Ma d Ipuluniyen gan akk ayen umi zemren akken ad kemmlen azraâ n tpulunit u ad yeqqim waya akken yella di tallit n tutt'fa (occupation) tapulunit.\nAt'as n tudrin tilitwaniyin ay yeddan deg weh'ric-nni n Litwanya ay yettunefken i Byilurusya. Anabad' abulcivi (bolchévique) ir'eggem-asen i Yilitwaniyen-agi ad ten-yeddj ad ughalen gher Litwanya timziregt (indépendante). Dgha, swejden iman-nsen yimezdaghen n tudrin-agi akken ad giddjen u ad ughalen gher tmurt-nsen, d acu kan, yeqqim unabad' yettseggir (reporter) ass i deg ara r'uh'en alammi d asmi ay tt'fen Yibulciviyen (bolchéviques) tamurt n Litwanya s timmad-is.\nGer waya d wayen nnid'en, imenghi yella izehher di Turr'uft tutrimt (tagherbit). Almaniyen llan sseghlayen timura ta sdeffir ta. Di tazwara n Yunyu 1940, yufa-ten-id lh'al qerrben yagi gher Paris. Mi ten-walan Yibulciviyen rebbh'en, ula d nitni bghan "ad gen kra". Dgha sbubben-asent i tmura tibaltiyin ayen ur xdiment, sakin uznen-asent Igen Azewwagh akken ad tent-yett'ef. S tin n yighil ay d asent-yettwakkes uzarug-nsent i tmura-yagi. D acu kan, akken ad fken Yisuvyatiyen lh'eq i yiman-nsen, gan-d tifranin n tkellax. Timenza, d tid n Weswir n Wegdud Abulcivi (Congrès du Peuple bolchévique) -i deg ulac imazwaren n tenmegla (candidats d'opposition)-, tiyad' d tid n weqbal n unekcum n Liwanya s "lebghi-yines" gher Umenkud (Empire) n Stalin (deg wass n 3 Ghect 1940). Dgha asmi ay tughal Litwanya d ah'ric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit, ughalent-as-d snat n tmiwa timect'ah' si tid-nni ay yefka Stalin i Byilurusya. Tamenzut d tama ay d-yezzin ghef Druskininkai akk d Marcinkonys, ma d ti s snat, d tin d-yezzin ghef Svencionys, Mielagenai, Adutiskis akk d Tverecius (deg wegmud' -ccerq n tmurt). Yugh lh'al, di timiwa-yagi merr'a, tuget tameqqrant seg yimezdaghen d Ilitwaniyen.\nAkken kan tekcem Litwanya gher Tdukli Tasuvyatit, teghli di tsertit n uh'ettem n yedles asuvyati ghef Yilitwaniyen. Tamurt-nni ay d-yettwabnan s lh'if di 20 n yiseggasen [1920-1940, tallit i deg tewwi Litwanya azarug-is] hudden-tt Yisuvatiyen deg yiwet n teswiât. Sakin yewwed'-d rrebrab (terreur) akk d wenfay n medden si rrif gher Sibirya, xas ini-as tewwed'-d tallit n ussenger n wegdud. Yugh lh'al, imir-n ay bdan leqdic-nsen yimalalen (imâiwnen) n Stalin ay iz'ewren deg uhuddu n yegduden. Dgha hudden idles n tmurt yernu at'as n yedlisen ay sserghen, yernu imir-n kan, di 1940, ay d-yebda uhuddu n weghlan alitwani akk d tutlayt-is, d ahuddu ara yeqqimen 50 n yiseggasen.\nTesr'uh' tutlayt talitwanit az'ayer (statut) ay tt-ih'erzen, dgha seg yimir-n ay d-tegra ger n yifassen n yiberr'aniyen ay werdjin bghan-tt ad tili. Yesskcem-d unabad' asuvyati asselmed icekd'en (enseignement accéléré) n trusit am wakken ay d-yessekcem awalen ibulciviyen di tutlayt talitwanit. Ghef umedya, awal alitwani "ponas" (Ms. Mas) ay yettuseqdacen i usiwel yettwakkes, u rran-d deg wemkan-is awal "draugas" (ameddakel-camarade) yernu ismawen n yeghsuren (établissements), n tuddsiwin (organisations), n yizenqan akk d yeghmisen, atg. beddlen-ten akken ara d-azgin akk d umawal abulcivi.\nYugh lh'al, awalen ay d-yekkan si trusit nnernan s wat'as di tallit-nni.\nRrebrab i d-yeghlin ghef Yilitwaniyen yeh'bes asmi ay d-tesseghret (déclarer) Lalman amgaru ghef Rusya, dgha ghilen medden d akken d anect-a ara ten-id-yessuffghen. Kar'uh ay ker'hen imennekcamen yessawed'-iten ad refden leslah' mgal-nsen. D acu kan, mi yettaxer yiwen n weâdaw, yusa-d wayed' deg wemkan-is : mi yeffegh wahes (djihennama) azewwagh, ikcem-d wahes aghewwal (brun) deg wemkan-is, yernu aneggaru-ya yeddja-d ledjruh' imaynuten deg wegdud alitwani am akken yessenger qrib akk Uwdayen n Litwanya. Di Litwanya, sbedden-d Walmaniyen Agezdu Amatu Alitwani (General-Bezirk Litauen) i deg sseddan igezda n Asmena (Osmyany) akk d Svyriai (Svir) ay yefka Stalin i Byilurusya, d acu kan, ur d-sseddan ara yid-s igezda n Druskininkai akk d Marcinkonys, ay d as-yettunefken i Prusya tagmud'ant (tacerqit).\nD acu kan, xas akken ttwassnen Walmaniyen s lbat'el-nsen, ur d asen-gdilen ara i Yilitwaniyen ad ldin igherbazen-nsen di Litwanya tagmud'ant (tacerqit), d yiwet n tama ay yer'wan lh'if si zik seg unekcum n tutlayin tislaviyin ghur-s imi werdjin llin yigherbazen ilitwaniyen dinna, yernu imezdaghen n tama-ya llan ttuh'ettmen akken ad lemden ala kan tapulunit negh tarusit. D anect-nni ay yeddjan agdud alitwani ad d-yaki di tama-yagi i ghef "d-id'all lxir n R'ebbi". Kra n medden dindin kan mmektin-d talitwanit-nni ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yimawlan akk d lejdud-nsen, di lweqt i deg wiyad', âawden lemmden-tt si swadda. D acu kan, nesh'issif imi anect-a yakk cewwlen-t Yipuluniyen yernu âerd'en amek ara t-sh'ebsen. Yugh lh'al, ighallen n wezbu (résistance) n "Armija Krajowa" llan a ttnaghen am yizmawen mgal n yiserdasen n Hitler, d acu kan, di Litwanya tagmud'ant, bdan-d yiwet n lh'emla n rrebrab akk d tekrid't (violence) mgal n yimezdaghen ilitwaniyen n tama-nni ur nselleh' ara. D anect-a ay yesh'ebsen taneffut (rr'uh') n ussider alitwani deg wat'as n yimukan n tama-yagi, yernu di kra seg yimukan-a, ur tughal ara akk tlitwanit ad tettwahder'. Asmi ay ifuk wemgaru, d ixut'ay kan n medden ay yellan sâan tabghest (courage) di tama-nni akken ad d-inin d akken d Ilitwaniyen ay llan.\nAsmi ay yejbed iman-is yigen almani si Litwanya, ughalen-d Yibulciviyen tikkelt nnid'en gher tmurt, deg unebdu n 1944, dgha at'as n medden ay irewlen s Atram (Lgherb) imi ay ugaden lemmer ad ughalen "Yemzurgen-agi" (libérateurs) gher leqdic-nsen n rrebrab n zik-nni : ugaden lemmer ad d-yughal wenfay n medden gher Sibirya yernu ad tech'en fell-asen NKVD. Dgha, wid-n irewlen d'emâen ad awd'en s ighallen s Marikan negh Brit'anya u ad d-ughalen dindin kan gher tmurt-nsen [imi ay ssarmen ad ten-âiwnen Wutrimen-Igherbiyen- akken ad ssuffghen Isuvyatiyen si tmurt-nsen].\nD acu kan, yughal rr'wah'-nsen iâett'el at'as yernu at'as seg-sen ur d-nughal ara gher tmurt-nsen, qqimen di lgherba alammi d asmi mmuten. Ssarmen Yilitwaniyen d akken asmi ara rnun Yemsisan (Alliés) Lalman, ad asent-d-yughal uzarug-nsent i tmura tibaltiyin [timura ay d-yuzgan ghef yilel Abalti : Litwanya, Litt'unya akk d Ist'unya], akken ay d-yenna Werkawal Atlanti (Charte Atlantique) di 1941. D acu kan, Utrimen (Igherbiyen) isehh'er-iten Stalin u d anect-nni ay ten-yeddjan ad ssumlen kan (déononcer) ayen xedmen Yinaziyen, wanag ayen xedmen Yibulciviyen qeblen-t u ddjan Stalin ad yesserwet ddunit akken yebgha.\nAtan ihi wamek ay tufa tbulcivit -tasnakta-yagi tasedmart (réactionnaire)- amek ara teqqim di ddunit u ad d-teghd'el rrebrab akk d lbat'el meqqren i wach'al n yiseggasen ghef tmura ay terra gher ddaw n tecd'ad't-is. Litwanya tella tteddu akken ad tesâeddi yiwet n tallit d taberkant s ddaw n wanect-a yernu ayen yed'ran deg-s yewâer' ad t-id-neh'ku. D igiman (milliers) n Yilitwaniyen ay yettuâettben di tkurmutin (leh'bas) akk d yigulagen, igriren-nni (camps) wughur llan snejmaâen imenfiyen, yernu at'as deg-sen ay yemmuten imeghrasen (martyrs) deg yimukan-a.\nTafellah't talitwanit ihudd-itt wesmezdi (collectivisation) ay d-yettuh'ettmen ghef Yilitwaniyen. Maca ayen yugaren aya netta d ahuddu n tneffut (rr'uh') n wegdud alitwani s tkerkas (lekdeb) ay llan sselmaden-tent Yibulciviyen, d ah'ettem n tiddjin n ddin d lefsad i yes d-igellu waya di tt'biâa n medden akk d weâzal n Litwanya ghef tmura nnid'en n ddunit.\nTamurt tbedd deg wudem n umennekcam yernu yebda-d yimenghi iweâr'en. Irgazen imalayen (meilleurs) r'uh'en gher tz'egwa (leghwabi) dgha yebda-d wemgaru n yimughal (guerre des partisans). Xas akken txuss'-iten tallalt (lemâawna) si lberr'ani, isemtaren (conseillers), tizudar tiserdasiyin (bases militaires) akk d yemrigen itraren (armes modernes), imnaghen (imjuhad) Ilitwaniyen ssawd'en ad nnaghen ugar n 8 yiseggasen mgal n Yigen Azewwagh, win akken umi qqaren "igen ur nettwerna". Sakin, uznen-asen-d Yisuvyatiyen Amatu (général) P. Vetrov, d amenghay ameqqran ay yettwassnen yagi s wenfay n Yitcitciniyen akk d Yenguciyen si Quqaz, akk d usuffegh n Yitatar'en si Krimya. Imnaghen Ilitwaniyen ay yettwatt'fen s ddaw n leh'kem-is, llan tekksen-asen ayla-nsen yernu ttâelliqen-ten, tikwal mazal-iten d imuddiren, berr'a i temdint negh di tsenbert tazayezt (place publique) akken ad ssugden yis-sen medden. Tesr'uh' Litwanya seg wemgaru akk d tutt'fa taberr'anit tis tlata seg wegdud-is , di lweqt i deg Pulunya tesr'uh' kan tis setta. Agdud alitwani ay ineqsen, kecmen-t-id yigiman (milliers) n yiberr'aniyen ay d-yusan seg Wegmud' (Ccerq), yernu ughalen d nitni ay ih'ekmen deg yimezdaghen ines'liyen n tmurt. Yernu, iberr'aniyen-agi ur fkin ara akk azal i yedles akk d wansayen ilitwaniyen am akken llan ttcemmiten di tutlayt talitwanit.\nTers-d citt'ah' n lâafya asmi ay yemmut Stalin, asmi ay d-tebda tallit-nni n "wefsay n wegris" n yiseggasen n 1950. D acu kan, ur tâett'el ara ddeâwa tesbek, asmi ay tennerna tezmert n wid yellan ghef uqerru n Ukabar Amezdukli (parti communiste). Wigad-agi ttwassnen s ucemmet-nsen i umezruy alitwani yernu âerd'en ad rren Ilitwaniyen h'eqren iman-nsen, ttseth'in s las'el-nsen akken ad ten-rren d Irusiyen. Ma d aghlan alitwani yeqdec dima akken ad asen-yessexreb i wigi ayen llan bghan ad as-t-xedmen, yernu tella Litwanya di tallit-nni tugar akk timura nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg wanect ay d-tessuffugh d idlisen akk d yeghmisen uffiren, yernu tugar timiwa nnid'en awwi tesâa n yimez'layen (dissidents).\nTutt'fa taberr'anit th'uza at'as Litwanya tagmud'ant (tacerqit). Yugh lh'al, Ibulciviyen beddlen tilisa yellan ger n Byilurusya akk d Litwanya. Dgha ttunefken-as i Rusya, wasunen (districts) n Smolensk, Novel akk d Starodub d wiyad', ay yellan si zik d ah'ric si Byilurusya, ma d talast n Byilurusya telh'a-d gher Wetram (lgherb) u tettca-d seg wakal n wegdud alitwani. Asunen n Asmena (Osmyany) akk d Svyriai (Svir) ttwakksen-as i Litwanya di lweqt i deg ah'ric-nni n Druskininkai-Marcinkonys ay tt'fen Walmaniyen deg wemgaru, akk d tama n Klaipeda rran-ten-id i Litwanya. Amtawa (leâqed) n 1944 ger n Tdukli Tasuvyatit akk d Pulunya, yeddja azal n 200.000 n yemdanen ad r'uh'en si Litwanya gher Pulunya, tuget deg-sen d Ipuluniyen ay yellan zedghen di tama n Vilnius. D acu kan, llan gar-asen digh wat'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yesâeddan iman-nsen d Ipuluniyen akken ad rewlen si rrebrab n Stalin. Akken kan ffghen akk wigi, usan-d yiberr'aniyen akken ad awin imukan-nsen di Litwanya. Di lweqt i deg tuget n Yirusiyen llan ttr'uh'un ad zedghen di temdinin n Litwanya, tamurt llan keccmen-tt-id Yebyilurusiyen ay d-yekkan si tmiwa n Byilurusya ay iqerben gher Litwanya yernu nneghlen-d s wat'as ghef tama n Vilnius, anda ay ughalen semman i yiman-nsen "Ipuluniyen". Di tizi n 1950, ixemmem Stalin d akken azraâ n yedles d tutlayt talitwanit di tama n Vilnius yezga-d mgal n yeyraten (intérêts) Isuvyatiyen, dgha yebda udabu yettara igherbazen ilitwaniyen (akk d yigherbazen irusiyen !) d igherbazen n tutlayt tapulunit.\nDgha imir-n ay d-yebda uh'ettem n tutlayt tapulunit di tama n Vilnius u yella-d d amekrad' (violent) ugar n wakken t-xedmen Yipuluniyen di tallit i deg tt'fen tama-ya i deg ay d as-fkan Yibulciviyen tiyita is'ehh'an i tneffut (rr'uh') talitwanit. Deg wat'as n yimukan i deg medden merr'a llan ttmeslayen, negh meqqar fehhmen talitwanit ughalen ala kan d imgharen ay yecfan ghef tutlayt-a. Ghef umedya, ghef leh'sab n tesnadent (statistiques) n 1933, azal n 90% seg yimezdaghen n tama n Paskonys ay yellan ttmeslayen talitwanit, di lweqt i deg di 1979, ur wwid'en ara 30% n medden ay d-yennan d akken d Ilitwaniyen ay llan, ma di tama n Dieveniskes, ay yellan d "talitwanit" ugar n tmezwarut-nni, ala kan 19% seg yimezdaghen-is ay d-yeqqimen ttmeslayen tutlayt-nsen. Takard'a (carte) n yegduden tella tettbeddil udem. D acu kan, xas deg yimukan i deg tenger tlitwanit, llan mazal medden tt'fen deg wansayen ilitwaniyen: yugh lh'al maza l llan Yilitwaniyen xeddmen imidagen (croix) rrif n yiberdan (u llan ttruz'un-tent Yibulciviyen deg wat'as n yemd'iqen), mazal-iten z'ett'en icett'id'en, tisefd'in (serviettes) akk d tfers'uday n tadud't s rrqem alitwani, mazal-iten tezz'un tibh'irin n yijeddjigen, ur ibeddel ara wamek xeddmen tafellah't am wakken ur beddlen ara wansayen-nsen, cfan ghef tmucuha-nsen, tineflusin-nsen (superstitions) akk d kra si tesneqqist-nsen (mythologie).\nAnz'ul agmud'an (sud-est) n Litwanya yughal d tuâbint (mosaïque) n tutlayin. Yughal d awezghi ad tafed' din win yessnen kan yiwet n tutlayt yernu di tallit n tutt'fa taberr'anit r'ebâa n tutlayin ay yellan ttuseqdacent di tama-ya. Gher tama n tutlayin timens'abin (officielles), talitwanit akk d trusit, tella tebyilurusit "icaâen" (tin ssnen akk medden dinna) akk d tpulunit (polszczyzna litewska) mazal sâant ddur' meqqren di tama-ya. Yugh lh'al, tapulinit n tama-ya isker ay temgerrad ghef tin ay ttmeslayen di Pulunya, yernu ttmeslayen-tt ama di tmiwa n tutlayt talitwanit, ama di tid n tutlayt tabyilurusit. Ala kan d wid yeghran ay yellan ttmeslayen tapulunit tizeght (standard). Di tmiwa-yagi, at'as n medden ay yellan ttmeslayen tutlayt ur nelli d tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit. Ar ass-a, seg wakken tt'uqqtent tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tama-yagi n Litwanya alammi ay yewâer' ad neg tilisa gar-asent sufella n tkard'a tasnilsit (linguistique). Akken ad ssersen tilisa ger n tama akk d tayed', imassanen ttwalin gher tutlayt tanes'lit ay tesseqdac tuget di medden di yal tama. Ghef waya ur a d-teddu ara trusit di tkard'iwin tisnilsiyin, imi tutlayt-a d nettat ay d taneggarut ay d-yewwd'en gher Litwanya yernu ala kan mbeâd n wemgaru ay tezreâ di tmurt-a u tuget deg wid ay tt-yesseqdacen sâan tutlayt nnid'en, tin yellan d tanes'lit-nsen. Yugh lh'al, ala kan d iminigen iberr'aniyen, ay d-yusan ad zedghen di Litwanya, ay yesâan tarusit d tutlayt-nsen tanes'lit.\nMbeâd n wemgaru, Ilitwaniyen ay yeddren di tama-nni ay yettunefken i Byilurusya sâeddan lh'if yugaren win ay sâeddan watmaten-nsen n Litwanya. Akken kan iâedda wemgaru, ttwaghelqen akk yigherbazen ilitwaniyen. Ldin deg wemkan-nsen igherbazen ibyilurusiyen (ay yughalen sakin d irusiyen), yernu yella yegdel ghef yibalmuden ad mmeslayen talitwanit ula di tesgunfut, swaswa akken yella lh'al di tallit n tutt'fa tarusit, di lqern wis 19. Assuffegh n yedlisen akk d yeghmisen s tlitwanit yettwah'bes. Anermis (contact) akk d Litwanya yughal yewâer' yernu yettwargel webrid i wembaddel adelsan ger n Yilitwaniyen n tama-ya akk d wid n Litwanya. Leqdic n Teklizt yettwah'bes mad'i yernu amrabed' n yir'umyen alitwani aneggaru di Byilurusya yettwabbez (arrêter) akken kan ifuk wemgaru.\nIlitwaniyen n tama-ya llan tth'ettimen-ten ad ssiggzen (ad mmer'kin) iman-nsen d Ibyilurusiyen negh d Ipuluniyen negh d Irisiyen akken ad yizdig wemd'iq-agi seg wegdud alitwani. Ass-a, mi ara rzun yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) gher kra n tudrin n tama-ya (anda ay ttmeslayen kra n tduntalyin -sous-dialectes- tiqdimin ay yuklalen ad ttwassnent), ttafen tikwal d akken amdan aneggaru ay yellan mazal yessen talitwanit din yemmut azal kan n useggas negh sin.\nIlitwaniyen ay yeddren deg wasunen n Punsk, Sejny akk d yiwen n weh'ric n Suwalki -d timiwa ay yettunefken i Pulunya- ur ten-ih'uza yara lh'if ay ih'uzan wid n tmiwa nnid'en. Dgha, nemgal (contrairement) n watmaten-nsen ay yeddren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, wigi ur ten-yennul rrebrab n Stalin wala asmedzi yettuh'ettmen am akken ur ttuh'ettmen ara akken ad qeblen ansayen ibulciviyen, tarasred't (athéisme) d wayen akk h'ettmen Yisuvyatiyen ghef wegdud alitwani di Litwanya. D acu kan, ula di Pulunya ur llin ara yigherbazen ilitwaniyen di tazwara. Alammi d iseggasen n 1950 ay ddjan talitwanit ad tettuselmed, yernu tella tettuselmad kan s yisem-is d tanga (matière), sakin bdan kra n yigherbazen sselmaden tangiwin merr'a s tlitwanit u di 1956, teldi yiwet n tesnawit (lycée) talitwanit di Punsk. Naqal llant lxet'bat akk n teklizt ttwaxdament s tpulunit sakin tughal-d tlitwanit gher kra n teklizin n tama-yagi. Si 1957 ay sâan Yilitwaniyen n Pulunya tiddukla-nsen tadelsant yernu ssuff ughen-d aghmis-nsen umi qqaren Ausra (Tafejrit). D acu kan, ula d nitni ur mniâen ara si tesmez'lit (discrimination) imi ay yella yettwagdel-asen ad mmeslayen s tlitwanit deg yimukan izuyaz (lieux publics) alammi 1950, am wakken ur ten-id-is'ah' ara ad mmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen deg usawal alammi d 1990.\nTama n Klaipeda [ay d-yuzgan deg wetram-lgherb n Litwanya] tent'err mlih' seg wemgaru, imi tuget akk deg yimezdaghen-is wwin-ten Walmaniyen gher tmiwa ibeâden n Lalman yernu at'as seg Yilitwaniyen-agi deg Wetram ay qqimen asmi ay yefra wemgaru. Ma wid ay d-yeqqimen di tama-ya, nfan-ten Yisuvyatiyen gher Sibirya. Dgha ala citt'ah' kan seg yimezdaghen ines'liyen n Klaipeda ay d-yeqqimen di tama-ya. Âerd'en ad gen yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) tizrawin (études) ghef tutlayt-nsen am akken zerwen tiduntalyin n Litwanya tagmud'ant (tacerqit) imi ay sâant azal meqqren deg wezraw n tutlayt tahendur'ufit (indo-européen).\nIlitwaniyen n Prusya Tagmud'ant (tacerqit) ssarmen ad tettwaqqen tama-nsen gher Litwanya mi ara yefru wemgaru u ad ifak lh'if fell-asen, d acu kan, tin yexdem deg-sen Stalin ur txulef ara tin yexdem deg Walmaniyen, dgha yebda-d rrebrab. D Almaniyen negh Ilitwaniyen, llan ssuffughen-ten-id merr'a Yisuvyatiyen seg yexxamen-nsen akken ad ten-nghen di lbat'el. Yeghli-d laz' ghef tama-yagi merr'a yernu yebda-d ussenger n wegdud-is. Deg Usarag (conférence) n Potsdam, tettwafreq Prusya Tagmud'ant (Tacerqit) ger n Tdukli Tasuvyatit akk d Pulunya. Dgha yefka Stalin ah'ric-nni asuvyati i Tfidir'alit Tarusit, xas akken ur tt-crikent ara tlisa akk d tama-yagi, yernu dindin kan wwd'en-d Yirusiyen akken ad zedghen deg-s. Yugh lh'al, asmi ay tettwaqqen tama-ya [umi qqaren ass-a Kaliningrad] gher Rrus, sr'uh'en Yilitwaniyen tilisa-nsen akk d Walmaniyen, mbeâd ma llan d inaragen (ldjiran) ugar n 700 n yiseggasen, dgha ufan-d Yilitwaniyen iman-nsen zzin-asen-d Yeslaviyen si yal tama. Âerd'en Yibulciviyen ad asen-skecmen i medden takti d akken Prusya Tagmud'ant tella d tama taslavit si zzman aqdim (d ayen yellan d azulal -absurde). Ttubeddlen yismawen n yemd'iqen n tama-ya akken ara cabin gher yismawen irusiyen am wakken ay d-kecmen yismawen irusiyen di yal amkan. Fkan Yisuvyatiyen ismawen irusiyen i yemd'iqen yellan sâan ismawen icuban talmanit, am beddlen ismawen ilitwaniyen d yeprusiyen [ay d-yekkan si tutlayt taprusit taqdimt ay icuban talitwanit], ay d-yeqqimen si zzman aqdim yernu ula d ismawen n yisafen ttubeddlen u qlil kan sanda yed'ra waya deg umezruy n ddunit.\nMa d Ipuluniyen, ula d nitni d'efren tasertit-nni n Yisuvyatiyen deg "umur-nsen" n Prusya Tagmud'ant. Dgha at'as n yismawen n yemd'iqen ilitwaniyen ay kksen u rran deg wemkan-nsen ismawen ipuluniyen, yernu snegren talitwanit n Prusya Tagmud'ant, d tutlayt ay yesâan ddur' meqqren di tlalit n tutlayt talitwanit tizeght (standard) n wass-a.\nAss-a, at'as n Yilitwaniyen ara yettidiren berr'a i tmiwa n wegdud alitwani: wigi d arraw n wid-n akken irewlen deg wemgaru, wid yettwanfan d wiyad'. Ger n 30.000 d 40.000 n Yilitwaniyen ara yettidiren di Litt'unya [d tamurt iqerben gher Litwanya], di Byilurusya nezmer ad naf ma cwit' 10.000 n Yilitwaniyen, ma di Rusya, ugar 100.000 n Yilitwaniyen ay yellan (tuget deg-sen n imenfiyen akk d warraw-nsen, d acu kan, at'as seg-sen ay d-yughalen gher Litwanya), u ad ilin ahat azal n 20.000 negh n 30.000 n Yilitwaniyen deg wayen d-yegran si tegdudyin [tiqburin] n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Berr'a i Litwanya, ula d yiwen n ugherbaz alitwani ur yeldi di tmiwa nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. D anect-nni ay yeddjan amd'an n wid yettmeslayen talitwanit ad yenqes s lâejlan.\nBerr'a i tlisa n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yerna wemd'an n yiminigen imi ay d-wwd'en yiminigen imaynuten, tuget deg-sen llan si tmegzi (intelligentsia) negh si tedghert (élite) talitwanit. Wigi mâawanen wagar-asen u ttekkan deg wat'as n leqdicat idelsanen, ladgha wid-n akken yettidiren deg Yiwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt (USA). Dgha ssuffghen-d at'as n yedlisen akk d yeghmisen, yernu ger wigi akk, llan yedlisen d yeghmisen yerzan tutlayt talitwanit. Lemmer ad d-njemmel akk iminigen yellan ass-a deg Yiwunak Yedduklen, ama d iqburen negh d imaynuten, ad ten-naf wwd'en s amelyun, d acu kan, ala kan tis tlata deg-sen ahat ay d-mazal ssnen ad mmeslayen talitwanit. At'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yettidiren digh di Brizil (azal n 50.000), di Ter'jentint (azal n 35.000), di Kanada (azal n 30.000), di Ustr'alya (azal n 10.000) akk d wanda nnid'en. Deg yemd'iqen-agi merr'a, talitwanit kecment-tt-id tutlayin n tmura-ya, dgha tughal temxallaf citt' g hef tin ay ttmeslayen di Litwanya.\nAsmi yefra wemgaru, tutlayt talitwanit s timmad-is tesâedda tagnit n lh'if s ddaw n udabu asuvyati. Ah'ettem n unnejli, anfay si tmurt, igriren n wesnejmeâ (camps de concentrations) n yimeh'bas akk d ussenger n wegdud ... anect-a yakk yessenqes s tis tlata amd'an n wid yettmeslayen s tlitwanit. Yugh lh'al, ula d inurar i deg tezmer tlitwanit ad tettuseqdec neqsen. Ur tettuseqdac di tghawsiwin n tesnassaght (diplomatie), wala deg yigen, yernu tella simmal ttaddjan-tt deg yinurar nnid'en n unabad' (gouvernement). Ula d asseqdec-yines azayez (usage public) yenqes s lâejlan. Tamenzut, tughal ur a tettuseqdac ara deg Ukabar Amezdukli (Parti Communiste) akk d tedbelt (administration), sakin, tughal maci d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ger n yigezda (département), ddjan-tt yeghsuren imens'aben (établissements officiels) yernu di tgara, teffegh ula seg yinurar n temguri (industrie) d leqdic, seg waddal akk d yimez'la n tghiwant (services communaux). Anda ma teddid', d tarusit ara yettawin amkan n tlitwanit. Tikwal, mi ara yebghu Ulitwani ad as-yaru i Ulitwani nnid'en ay iqeddcen di kra n weghsur, s trusit ara d as-yaru. At'as n yimesnarayen (bureaucrates) ilitwaniyen imeqqranen ay yettwakksen u rran-d deg yimukan-nsen Irusiyen. Xas âeddan ghef Yirusiyen-agi ugar n âecrin n yiseggasen n leqdic, werdjin lemden ad mmeslayen talitwanit yernu ula d "azul" ur ssinen ara ad t-inin i wabâad' s tutlayt-a. Dgha yughal d awezghi ad yesseqdec wemdan talitwanit deg wat'as n yeghsuren.\nDdur' n tlitwanit yenqes di tghamsa, di rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu u yenqes ula deg ugherbaz yernu cwit', cwit' ara tettwakkas tlitwanit si tkadimit. Ah'ettem n tutlayt tarusit yughal yedjhed ugar n wakken yella di tallit n Utzar' (tsar). Ayen i gher ur yessawed' ara udabu atzar'i (tsariste) ad t-yexdem deg yiwen n lqern, ssawd'en Yibulciviyen ad t-xedmen di kra kan n tmerwatin (décades).\nUghalen Yilitwaniyen merr'a ssnen u sseqdacen snat n tutlayin. Maca nnig waya, âerd'en Yibulciviyen amek ara d-sseknen d akken azraâ n tutlayt tarusit yesâa lfayda tussnant (scientifique). Dgha snulfan-d tiz'ri (théorie) n "wesdukel" n yegduden akk d tutlayin [akken ad ughalen yimezdaghen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit merr'a ad ttmeslayen s yiwet kan n tutlayt]. Di 1979, yettwaxdem usarag "amusnaw" [ghef tutlayt] di Tackent [tamaneght n Tadjikistan], u seg yimir-n ay yesnerna udabu asuvyati s kra n wayen ay izemren ad iâiwen tutlayt tarusit akken ad tezreâ di Litwanya. Yewwed' udabu alammi ay yessekcem tarusit s almaten n yigerdan (jardins d'enfants) n Litwanya yernu tughal tlitwanit tesâa kan amkan n tutlayt "taz'iyant" (régionale), amkan n tutlayt tis snat u ir'uh'-as wazal-nni ay tella tesâa-t di tmurt-is, ghur wegdud-is.\nAt'as n Yilitwaniyen ay yellan ttmeslayen tarusit xir n tlitwanit yernu teh'bes tanneflit tamagnut (développement normal) n tutlayt talitwanit. Llan wid iâerd'en -yernu âemmden- amek ara sqerben talitwanit gher trusit, di lweqt i deg kra, nnan-d d akken werdjin tedder tlitwanit di tegnit n liser akken tella tettidir s ddaw n Yibulciviyen. Yugh lh'al, assekcem n tutlayt tarusit gher Litwanya yettwaxdem mebla taksent (contrôle) yernu yegla-d s yixess'aren imeqqranen ghef tutlayt talitwanit deg yinurar merr'a i deg tella tettuseqdac. Wid-n akken ay tezrer (influencer) trusit s wat'as wwd'en alammi ara ttmeslayen talitwanit s weghdebbu (accent) arusi yernu tughal tlitwanit-agi n weghdebbu arusi nezmer ad tt-nsel ama di temliliyin negh tilibizyu akk d rr'adyu, yernu tikwal, llan sseqdacen-tt ula di tceqfatin n umezgun.\nAmawal (léxique) n tlitwanit ay ttmeslayen medden yughal yettcur' d\nawalen n trusit. Medden bdan sseqdacen ula d awalen n trusit ur d-nemyezg ara akk d talghiwin (formes) n wawalen n tlitwanit, dgha akken d-ttwant'aqen wawalen-agi di trusit ara ten-ssexdamen Yilitwaniyen di tlitwanit. Yernu bdan digh medden sseqdacen awalen n tlitwanit akken ay ttuseqdacen wawalen n trusit, meh'sub, ughalen ttbeddilen-asen inumak (lemâani) i wawalen ilitwaniyen ay icuban awalen irusiyen, u ttaken-asen inumak-nni ay sâan di trusit. Ghef umedya, awal alitwani "eile" yughal unamek-is "at'as", "kra" negh "tarbaât", imi ay yettuseqdac di trusit wawal icuban wagi yernu yesâa inumak-agi. Akken ad d-inin Yilitwaniyen "lghella tettwamger S wemger" (s usseqdec n tzelgha n wallal -particule d'instrument), "derliu nueme kombaino", ughalen rnan-d awal "pagalba", "s tallalt n" (s lmaâwana), xas ur t-sseqdacen ara zik di tutlayt-nsen, dgha ughalen qqaren-d s tutlayt-nsen akken d-qqaren s trusit "derliu nueme kombaino pagalba" - "lghella tettwamger S TALLALT n wemger".\nTughal tlitwanit tesseqdac at'as n tghawsiwin yeqqnen gher tjerr'umt tarusit : tijr'utin (cas) n trusit, talghiwin-is tisendadin (formes réfléchies), izwiren (préfixes) akk d tenzagh (prépositions) n trusit tt'uqqten di tlitwanit. Tughal ula d tafyirt (phrase) talitwanit tettwabna akken tettwabna tefyirt tarusit. (...)\nYettwakkes-d wed'ris-agi seg wedlis n Z. Zinkevicius\n"History of the Lithuanian Language" (Amezruy n Tutlayt Talitwanit)\nTasuqilt sghur n : Omar MOUFFOK\nTzemrem ad terzum s asebter-agi (page) akken ad d-tafem ugar n yisallen :\nD ACU-TT TLITWANIT ?\nSeg wasmi ay tewwi Litwanya azarug-is, di 1990, tughal tlitwanit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt n tmurt-agi. Yugh lh'al, tutlayt-a a yesâeddan azal n 400 n yiseggasen n lh'if akk d th'eqranit, yughal-itt-id wayen i deg tettalas u dindin kan teddjudjeg-d u teh'la si ledjruh' ay d-yeddja deg-s umezruy.\nLitwanya d yiwet si tmura yellan zik d ah'ric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Uqbel ma yekcem gher tdukli-yagi, tewwi azarug-is di 1920, d acu kan, Isuvyatiyen tt'fen tamurt-a xas ur yebghi wegdud-is di 1940, u h'ettmen-tt ad tili d ah'ric seg wemd'al amezdukli (monde communiste) alammi d 1990, asmi ay tt-id-tughal tlelli-yines i tikkelt tis snat. Tuzga-d Litwanya ghef yiri n yilel Abalti (mer Baltique), yernu nettat d yiwet si tlata-nni n tmura tibaltiyin (pays baltes), gher tama Litt'unya akk d Ist'unya, wukud tecrek at'as n tghawsiwin, ama deg yedles negh deg umezruy. Litwanya tesâa tilisa akk d Litt'unya deg ugafa (nord), akk d Byilurusya deg wegmud' (ccerq), akk d yilel Abalti deg wetram u th'udd-itt-id Pulunya akk d wasun (territoire) arusi n Kaliningrad seg wetram akk d wenz'ul (sud). Tamaneght-is isem-is Vilnius, ma d Klaipeda, ay d-yuzgan deg wetram (lgherb) d yiwet si temdinin timeqqranin akk n tmurt-a.\nAqeddem n tutlayt :\nTalitwanit ttmeslayen-tt ass-a 3 n yimelyunen n medden di Litwanya (98 % seg yimezdaghen n Tegduda Talitwanit), ma nerna-yas-d i wemd'an-agi anect yettmeslayen talitwanit berr'a i Litwanya, ad d-naf d akken 3,5 n yimelyunen n yemdanen ara yettmeslayen talitwanit deg wemd'al. Si ger n 800.000 n Yilitwaniyen ay yettidiren di lberr'ani, ah'ric ameqqran deg-sen yettidir deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (650.000), maca digh nezmer ad naf at'as n Yilitwaniyen di Pulunya (anda 70.000 n yemdanen ay yettmeslayen talitwanit), di Brizil (40.000), di Ter'jentint (35.000), di Kanada (14.725), di Brit'anya Tameqqrant (12.000), akk d Uruguay (10.000) (Grimes 1992). D acu kan, akken d-iger tamawt Zinkuvicius deg wedlis-is, maci Ilitwaniyen merr'a ay izedghen di lberr'ani ssnen tutlayt-nsen.\nDeg wennar n tesnilsit (linguistique), qqaren-d d akken d talitwanit i deg ay d-qqimen wat'as akk n yedrizen (traces) si tutlayt tahendur'ufit (indo-européen) taqdimt, tin i seg d-yeffegh umur meqqren si tutlayin n Tur'uft n wass-a. Qqiment-d di tlitwanit at'as n tghawsiwin n tjerr'umt taqburt ay sr'uh'ent tutlayin tihendur'ifiyin nnid'en. D acu kan, am tutlayin merr'a n twacult tahendur'ufit, ula d talitwanit tbeddel akk d lweqt. Talgha (forme) taqburt akk n tlitwanit yettwassnen, qqaren-as "talitwanit taqburt", yiwen ur a tt-yettmeslay ass-a.\nTalitwanit tekcem di twacult tameqqrant n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin (indo-européenne), am tefr'ensist, taneglizit akk d weh'ric meqqren si ttulayin n Tur'uft (Europe). D acu kan, talitwanit ur tcuba ara at'as tafr'ensist negh taneglizit am akken tcuba tutlayin ay d-iqerben ghur-s, tid wukud tecrek az'ar iqerben. Tawacult n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin tebd'a d ifurka, dgha talitwanit tekcem deg ufurk n tutlayin tibaltiyin, di lweqt i deg taneglizit akk d talmanit, ghef umedya, kecment deg ufurk n tutlayin tijirmaniyin. Afurk n tutlayin tibaltiyin yebd'a ghef snat n tegrawin (tirebbaâ) : tutlayin tibaltiyin tigmud'anin (ticerqiyin) i deg tella tlitwanit akk d tlitt'unit (letton, d tutlayt icuban mlih' taliwanit u ttmeslayen-tt di Litt'unya), akk d terbaât n tutlayin tibaltiyin tutrimin (tigherbiyin) i deg tella teprusit taqburt, d tutlayt ay inegren di tizi n 1700, u qqimen-d seg-s ala kan kra n yedrizen (traces) yuran. Ihi, t utlayt i gher teqreb kter' tlitwanit d talitt'unit. Yugh lh'al, tutlayin-agi di snat ugarent akk tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin deg wanect i d-yeqqimen deg-sent d idrizen iqburen di tejr'utin (cas) n thendur'ifit taqburt.\nTantalyin n tlitwanit :\nTalitwanit tella tesâa at'as n tentalyin, d acu kan, llant kra deg-sen ay yedduklen akk d tiyad', u ughalent d yiwet kan n tentala. Ma d imesilsiyen (linguistes), msefhamen s umata akken ad bd'un talitwanit ghef snat n tentalyin timeqqranin. Tamenzut, d tin umi qqaren "aukshtaichiai" negh tukctaytit, negh Talitwanit n Ufella. Ma d tis snat d tin umi qqaren "zemachiai" negh tasamugtit negh Talitwanit n Wadda. Yiwen n umassan, Grimes (deg wedlis-is n 1992), yerna-d tantala tis tlata, tadzukit, ay yeh'seb d yiwet si tentalyin timeqqranin n tlitwanit, di lweqt i deg tuget deg n yimassanen qqaren-d d akken tadzukit d tand'a kan (variante) n tukctaytit. Tutlayt talitwanit tatrat ay tesseqdac tmurt ass-a tekka-d seg yiwet n tduntala (sous-dialecte) n tukctaytit (talitwanit n ufella) ay ttmeslayen deg wenz'ul (sud) n Litwanya, d acu kan, id'risen iqburen akk n tlitwanit uran s tlitwanit n wadda.\nTalitwanit tesseqdac agemmay alatini ay yettubeddlen citt'ah'. Akken ad d-sbanen "ighdebba" (accents) n tutlayt talitwanit, Ilitwaniyen sseqdacen izmal n ussemgirred (signes diacritiques). Yugh lh'al, tesseqdec tlitwanit yiwen n lweqt agemmay asirili (arusi) si 1864 alammi d 1905, d acu kan, yughal-itt-id ugemmay alatini imi d netta kan ay isehlen i tira-yines.\nTasghent-is (ddur'-is) di tmetti :\nAss-a, talitwanit tesâa az'ayer (statut) n tutlayt tamens'abt di Litwanya, yernu tettuseqac deg yinurar merr'a n leqdic akk d tudert n yal ass. Seg wasmi ay d-yebda lqern wis 20 ara tettuseqdac tlitwanit deg ugherbaz.\nGer n 1920 d 1940 (di tallit n uzarug amenzu n tmurt), tesbedd-d Litwanya anagraw (système) ikemlen n usselmed ara yesseqdacen talitwanit d tutlayt n usselmed seg ugherbaz amenzu alamma d tasdawit. Yugh lh'al, agdud alitwani d win ih'emmlen ad igher at'as s tutlayt-is. Di tallit i deg tewwi Litwanya azarug-is amenzu, ugar n 7100 n yedlisen ay d-yeffghen s tlitwanit, yernu ass-a at'as n tghawsiwin yuran ara d-iteffghen s tlitwanit, gar-asent id'risen ussnanen (textes scientifiques) d wakniyen (techniques) akk d yeghmisen d tesghunin (revues). Di 1990, ffghen-d di Litwanya 240 n yeghmisen s 4,5 n yimelyunen n wudmawen (exemplaires) akk d 43 n tesghunin s 2,6 n yimelyunen n wudmawen.\nLlant digh tregwa n rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu s tlitanit. Kra n wahilen (programmes) ay d-tgen i yiberr'aniyen, ttmeslayen s teglizit.\nMi akka ara d-yettqerrib uzemz (date) n unekcum n Litwanya gher Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Européenne), talitwanit ur tettghimi ara kan d tutlayt taghelnawt n yiwet kan n tmurt wanag ad tughal d yiwet si tutlayin timens'abin n Tur'uft u ad d-taf iman-is s waya tga ah'urif gher sdat akken ad tughal d tutlayt tagraghlant. Xas ma yella lqern wis 20 yeddja-d ledjruh' di tutlayt-a yernu qrib yegli yis-s akken ad tughal si tutlayin yemmuten, lqern wis 21 yeldi-d tiwwura timaynutin ghef tutlayt-a akken ad tennerni gher sdat.\n[Ah'ric meqqren seg wed'ris-agi newwi-t-id seg wemd'iq n Tesdawit n Los Angeles. UCLA Language Profiles.]\nTasuqilt n Hamid OUBAGHA\nImagraden yeqqnen s asentel n wutt'un-a :\nTabrat n Yimedyazen : Utt'un 14 : Tasertiti n tutlayin di Ist'unya\n<<< Qqel γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 2 Ddu γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 4 >>>


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