url: =Asseqεed n yiles amaziγ : amkan n wawalen imaynuten*\nAkk-n ad nessen ugar abrid ay seg d-yekka d way-n iga, Mass Achab yeqbel ad d-yerr γef tuttriwin-nneγ (isteqsiyen).\nTebdiḍ-d s tusnakt (mathématiques), tuwḍeḍ γer tmaziγt, tzemreḍ ad aγ-d-teḥkuḍ γef umecwaṛ ay γef d-tekkiḍ ?\nR. Achab : Tamenzut, xseγ (bγiγ) ad d-iniγ dakk-n yeγli-d wuṭṭun (numéro) amezwaru n tesγunt-nwen gar yifassen-iw, γriγ-t yernu yeεjeb-iyi way-n d-yeddan deg-s, dγa xseγ ad faṛseγ tagnit akk-n ad ken-henniγ u ad awen-ssirmeγ ad trebḥem deg lecγal-nwen.\nAsmi ay lliγ la qqareγ tusnakt (mathématiques), bdiγ la ttarraγ ddehn-iw γer tjeṛṛumt n tmaziγt seg 1970 d asawen, asmi ay bdiγ la ḥeddṛeγ i temsirin (dduṛus) ay itteg Mouloud Mammeri deg Tesdawit n Ldzayer. Deg 1972 neγ deg 1973, nekk d kra n yinelmaden nebda la d-nettsuffuγ tisγunin (revues) tidelsanin umi nsemma Taftilt d Itri, d acu kan, ur εeḍḍlent ara ḥebsent. Sakk-in, gar 1974 d 1979 ttekkaγ deg leqdicat n Waggay n Tezrawin Timaziγin (Groupes d'Etudes Berbères) n Tesdawit n Paris VIII, anda ay lliγ la ssγarayeγ tira n tmaziγt akk d Mbarek Redjala, ad t-yeṛḥem Ṛebbi. Timsirin-nni ffγent-d deg yiwen n wedlis (taktabt) n Tenmiregt (coopérative) n Imedyazen s yisem n "Iles Amaziγ (taqbaylit : actal γer tira". Deg Paris, tṣ̣aḥ-iyi-d tegnit ad ḥedṛeγ i temliliyin n Lionel Galand (deg EPHE) d Salem Chaker (deg INALCO).\nDeg 1979, bdiγ la qeddceγ d aselmad n tusnakt deg Tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Inelmaden ssuttren-iyi ad slemdeγ tajeṛṛumt d tira n tmaziγt (γas mebla ttesriḥ). Tamsirt (ddeṛs) amezwaru yella-d deg wass n 16 Yebrir 1980, deg wussan-nni anda ay ṭṭfen yinelmaden tasdawit. Sakk-in, teqqel temsirt-nni n tmaziγt amzun d lεadda : iseqquma n tnezduγin n tesdawiyin llan ttsefrayen ad gen timsirin-a yal aseggas, mi ara qqlen yiselmaden γer tezrawin (leqraya), ama deg Oued Aïssi, ama deg Yiḥesnawen, u llan ula d iselmaden niḍen ay d-yettekkan deg temsirin-a. Tṣ̣aḥ-iyi-d daγen tegnit ad slemdeγ tamaziγt deg kra n tesnawiyin (lycées) n Tmurt n Leqbayel (deg Dreε Lmizan, Tizi Wezzu, atg.), am wakk-n sseγreγ tamaziγt deg Tesdawit n Bab-Ezzouar, deg Ldzayer tamaneγt anda Amazday (collectif) n Imedyazen yella la iqeddec γef yedles amaziγ.\nNnig n usselmed-nni n tmaziγt, ttekkaγ daγen deg ussebded d ussuffeγ n tesγunt Tafsut ay deg d-uriγ kra n tgejda (éditoriaux) s teqbaylit, am wakk-n ttekkaγ daγen deg ussebded n umazrar (série) n usselmed n tesγunt-a. Deg 1985, ma ur cciḍeγ ara, neεreḍ daγen ad nesselmed tamaziγt s tebṛatin deg Tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. D acu kan, ttejṛiba-a ur tεeḍḍel ara γef ljal n lexṣ̣aṣ̣ n ttawil akk d tegnit iweεṛen deg tallit-nni.\nSeg yidis unṣ̣ib (officiel), tṣaḥ-iyi-d tegnit ad ttekkiγ deg tseqquma n ferru (jurys) neγ ad asen-beddeγ i yinelmaden ay d-igan ijedlen (thèses) yeqqnen γer wenrar n tmaziγt : tira n tmaziγt deg uselkim (ordinateur) s tfinaγ tijdidin (d ajdel yettwagan s ddaw tmehla -direction- n Arezki Bouzefrane, d amsenselkim -informaticien- yernu yella iqeddec id-i), yella daγen wejdel niḍen yettwagan γef tseftit (conjugaison) n teqbaylit s uselkim, d wayeḍ γef bennu n yisudar n yisefka (bases de données) n yeḍrisen yuran s tmaziγt.\nAsmi ay qqleγ γer Fṛansa, deg tezwara n useggas n 1989, d Mass Salem Chaker ay iyi-yullen (iεawen-iyi) akk-n ad mmeṛkiγ iman-iw γer aduktuṛa deg INALCO, dγa ferneγ ad geγ ajdel-inu (thèse) γef wawalen ijdiden deg tmaziγt.\nIhi, qrib εecrin n yiseggasen ay-a seg wasmi ay sdukkleγ snat n tmeddurin, tamenzut d tin n uqeddic-iw (leqraya d usselmed n tusnakt -mathématiques), ma d tis snat d tin n tlufa ay iyi-yerzan nekk [tamaziγt]. D acu kan, la ttwaliγ dakk-n maci ala nekk ay yellan deg tegnit-a, wanag, akk medden n ljil-inu yellan rran ddehn-nsen γer tmaziγt u llan qeddcen fell-as llan am nekk. Llan aṭas n yimedyaten (exemples). Yiwen deg-sen d Muḥend u Yeḥya, ula d netta yeγra tusnakt deg Tesdawit n Ldzayer uqbel ma yebda ad d-yettsuqqul (yesṭerjim) iqeddicen n Sartre, Brech, Beckett, Molière d wiyaḍ.\nSeg tama niḍen, ttwaliγ dakk-n amdan yesεa tamagit (identité) yellan d nettat ay d llsas n wakk iqeddicen ay ixeddem s lbal-is. Ulac akk ugur ma yesdukkel yiwen tussniwin tiseddiyin (sciences exactes) d tussniwin n tsekla (littérature). Ugur awḥid ay d-mlaleγ nekk deg way-a netta d win kan n wamek ara yefreq wemdan lweqt-is.\nD acu-tt ttejṛiba-inek deg wenrar n unadi γef tmaziγt ?\nMaci d ttejṛiba meγγren. Kkiγ acḥal n yiseggasen, rriγ-d kan deg-sen ddehn-iw γer temsal n tjeṛṛumt d tira n tmaziγt. Gar 1982 d 1984, ttekkaγ deg lebni n yiwet n tmawalt n tusnakt (lexique de mathématiques) tafṛensist-tamaziγt, u yeffeγ-d deg tesγunt Tafsut, ma d tura, qqleγ-d tikkelt niḍen γer leqdic n tusnakt, d acu kan, tikkelt-a la qeddceγ γef tusnakt s tmaziγt.\nDeg 1986, Mass Chaker yessekcem-iyi akk d yemεiwnen niḍen deg leqdic-nni n lebni n umawal amatu (dictionnaire général) n yiles amaziγ deg uselkim (ordinateur).\nTamawalt n Tusnakt (Lexique de Mathématiques) gan-tt-id tlata n yemdanen : H. Sadi, M. Laïhem akk d nekk. Ma Chaker akk d Mammeri εawnen-aγ deg temsal n tesnarrayt (méthodologie), afran n yezwiren (préfixes) akk d yiẓuran, atg. Mouloud Mammeri yerḍel-aγ-d kra n yimawalen n tmaziγt.\nSdeffir n useggas n leqdic, nessaweḍ ad nfak amur ameqran seg tmawalt-nni (lexique). Sakk-in, Chaker yeqqel waqila γer Fṛansa. Ula d H. Sadi. Nella sya γer da ntteddu s axxam n Mouloud Mammeri akk-n ad neqdec dinna, d acu kan, neqqel ur nebγi ara ad nkemmel ad t-ncewwil, dγa nkemmel nekk d Laïhem la nqeddec deg sin id-neγ kan, u nkemmel akk-n setta n wagguren, alama ay d asmi ay nfuk tamawalt-nni. Deg tallit-nni lliγ la d-sεeddayeγ lεeskeṛ deg El Harrach (Ldzayer Tamaneγt) u deg lweqt-nni, Mass Laïhem, yellan la yettseγray tusnakt deg ENS n Tqubbet, yella daγen la d-yettfaka leqraya-ines deg tujjya (médecine). Yal yiwen deg-neγ yella la iqeddec seg yidis-ines, yernu nella la nettemlili deg tgara n dduṛt akk-n ad nẓer sani nuweḍ. Akk-n ad ak-d-ḥkuγ, nekka acḥal n tikkal taggara n dduṛt deg yiwen n teklinit (clinique) n udawi n leεqel deg Tqubbet, anda Mass Laïhem tella tettṣ̣aḥ-it-id nnuba akk-n ad iqareε imuḍinen. Dγa twalad tagnit ay deg nella ? Aεsekṛiw ara d-yesεeddayen lεeskeṛ-ines d umejjay-amusnak (médecin-mathématicien) la qeddcen γef tusnakt (mathématiques) s tmaziγt deg teklinit n udawi n leεqel !\nAmek ay tgam akk-n ad tfernem awalen n tusnakt ?\nS umata, akk-a ay neqdec : awalen ara ilin deg tmawalt-nni (lexique) nefren-iten-id seg yimawalen (dictionnaires) d tnemmalin (index) n tektabin n tusnakt. Deg way-n yerzan tasuqilt (asṭerjem) n wawalen-nni γer tmaziγt, nebda-d, deg tazwara, la d-nettaddam awalen yeqqnen γer tusnakt yellan yagi deg Umawal (n tmaziγt tatrart). Sakk-in, nebda la d-nettnadi deg yimawalen imaziγen yemxallafen awalen d yiẓuran ay seg nezmer ad d-nezzullem (dériver) awalen i tusnakt. Awalen d yiẓuran-a nezzullem-d seg-sen awalen ijdiden s yiberdan-nni ay nennum nettseqdac-iten deg tmaziγt akk-n ad d-nezzullem s tmaziγt neγ daγen s ussuddes (composition). Awalen d yiẓuran-nni jjan-aγ ad d-nesnulfu kra n tserkmin n yirmen (classes de termes).\nAwalen ay d-nezzullem (dérivé) d wid ay ḥwajen medden akk-n ad γren neγ ad slemden tusnakt (mathématiques) deg uγerbaz (llakul) amenzu, deg tesnawit (lycée) akk d tesdawit (université) alama d turagt (licence). D acu kan, la nettwali dakk-n leqdic-nneγ d aneεruḍ kan yernu mazal nezmer ad t-nesselhu. Tamawalt-a (lexique) n tusnakt tga ciṭṭ n ṣ̣ṣ̣da deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ddmen-tt kra n yiselmaden deg tesdawit d tesnawit, u bdan la d-ttarun ixfawen (chapitres) d temsirin (dduṛus) ikemlen n tusnakt s tmaziγt.\nMelmi kan ay tfukeḍ ajdel (thèse) n uduktuṛa γef wawalen ijdiden deg tmaziγt. Ayγer ay tferneḍ ad tqedceḍ γef temsalt-a ?\nMi ara yefren wemdan kra n temsalt, dima ttilin aṭas n ssebbat ay t-yessawḍen s ay-n : tikkwal d zzheṛ, tikkwal d beγγu ay yebγa ad yessen ay-n ur yessin ara, tikkwal d netta ay yerran ddhen-is γer wenrar-a neγ anrar-inna, daγen tikkwal, yefren kra n temsalt imi ay yegget fell-as wawal taswiεt-nni, neγ d tin ay d tamsalt ay γef llant aṭas n teftarin (documents) yettwarun, atg.\nNekk dima rriγ ddhen-iw γer tmawalt (lexique). Deg yiseggasen n 1970, lliγ d amagaz (abonné) deg Fichier de Documentation Berbère. Lliγ dima ttaddameγ tinqiḍin mi ara qqareγ idlisen (tiktabin) n FDB : ttaruγ awalen ur ssineγ ara, tinfalyin (expressions), inzan (proverbes), atg. Dγa akk-n ay ssawḍeγ ad ccaṛeγ acḥal n yittafttaren (cahiers) u lliγ la ttxemmimeγ dakk-n yiwen wass ad nefεen i kra, γas ma yehwa-as d nekk kan ara d-yestenfεen seg-sen. Ass-a mazal ḥemmleγ ad γreγ imawalen n tmaziγt akk-n qqaren medden ungalen (romans).\nBdiγ la d-ttarraγ ddehn-iw γer wawalen imaynuten cwiṭ cwiṭ asmi ay bdiγ la qqareγ idlisen am tjeṛṛumt n tmaziγt n Mouloud Mammeri, Amawal n tmaziγt tatrart, atg. Daγen, bdiγ la d-ttarraγ ddehn-iw γer wamek la ttseqdacen awalen imaynuten n Umawal : deg yisefran n Ben-Mohammed, deg ccna n teqbaylit amaynut, deg tsekla tatrart (littérature moderne), deg tesgilin n ṛṛadyu, atg.\nLa ttwaliγ dakk-n awalen imaynuten uraren dduṛ d ameqran ama seg yidis n wuguren ay tesεa tmaziγt deg tmawalt (lexique), ama deg ubeddel n lεeqleyya n wid yellan la qeddcen γef tmaziγt. Awalen imaynuten n tmaziγt sseknen-d dakk-n nezmer ad neqdec γef yiles amaziγ (d iles ay yesṛuḥen aṭas), awalen-a kksen-asen tikerrist (complexe) i yemdanen-a, u jjan-aγ ad nesseddu iles amaziγ γer sdat.\nDeg yiseggasen n 1970, aṭas n medden deg umussu (mouvement) amaziγ qbilen ara aṭṭuqqet n wawalen aεṛaben deg tmawalt n teqbaylit. Awalen-a ay d-yettwareḍlen seg taεṛabt llan la ten-ttwalin medden d « ammus ». Imedyazen, icennayen d yimura (écrivains) llan la ttnadin amek ara ssizedgen iles amaziγ, γas akk-n yella d awezγi ad t-ssizedgen s lekmal-is. Dγa, awalen imaynuten d nitni ay yeccuṛen ilem-nni, d nitni ay as-ixelfen i tmaziγt ay-n ay deg txuṣ̣ṣ̣. Ilmeẓyen rran-d ttaṛ ula seg yiles-nsen ladγa imi assqdec n wawalen imaynuten yessaweḍ-iten alama ay jjan kra n wawalen d imensayen (traditionnels) am wakk-n ay yesseḥṛes anrar n tenfalit (expression).\nAwalen imaynuten llan ttusseqdacen deg ṛṛadyu yettsawalen s tmaziγt, ama deg Ldzayer neγ deg Fṛansa, akk d yeγmisen (ijeṛnanen) isertiyen (politiques) n tmaziγt, Asalu d Amaynut, ay yebdan la d-tteffγen seg 1989 d asawen, d acu kan, seg wakk-n llan ttusseqdacen wawalen imaynuten deg ttawilat-a, alama ay yeqqel yiles-nni ay ttseqdacen deg-sen ur yesεi ara akk sser.\nD ay-a ay iyi-yejjan ad εerḍeγ ad fehmeγ xir ugur-a, u ad d-aruγ tacrawt (bilan) fell-as. Dγa yella yessefk fell-i ad γreγ awalen-a imaynuten, ad d-nadiγ laṣ̣el n wawalen-nni ay d-yettussumren (proposés), d acu-tent tentalyin (dialectes) ay seg d-ttwaddmen, ad srekmeγ (classer) awalen-nni imaynuten, ad ḥesbeγ acḥal n wawalen yellan seg yal ṣ̣ṣ̣enf, ad ẓreγ amek d wanect ttusseqdacen u ad ẓreγ d acu-tent tmeẓla (caractéristiques) akk n way-a.\nDaγen, u d ay-n ibanen, llant ssebbat yugaren ay-a : tamsalt-a yegget fell-as wawal deg tallit-nni yernu mazal ar tura tecγeb-aγ. Akk-n yebγu yili, tamawalt (lexique) n tmaziγt mazal teḥwaj ad tettusseqεed. Lliγ daγen bγiγ ad d-εeyyneγ γef kra n tγawsiwin ay lliγ la tent-ttwaliγ d yir-itent deg wesnulfu n wawalen imaynuten. Lliγ ẓriγ dakk-n greγ iman-iw deg yiwet n temsalt “yeḥman », ay γef mgerraden leṛyuy, yernu iberdan ay yes nezmer ad nefru tamsalt-a ggten alama ay d ay-n kan.\nAnwa ay d-igan Amawal n tmaziγt tatrart yernu ayγer ur d-iris ara deg-s yisem n umeskar (auteur) ?\nAmawal n tmaziγt tatrart tga-t-id yiwet n terbaεt n ṛebεa n yemdanen : Mouloud Mammeri, Amar Zentar, Mustapha Benkhemmou d Amar Yahiaoui. Llan wid yellan ttekkayen deg-s sya γer da. Mouloud Mammeri yellan d aselmad deg tesdawit n Ldzayer yella daγen deg tallit-nni [deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970] d anemhal (directeur) n CRAPE. Tlata-nni niḍen llan d inelmaden.\nTikkelt tamezwarut anda ay d-yeffeγ (deg 1974, deg Ldzayer tamaneγt), tazzwart (préface) d uεeyyen ay d-yeddan deg Umawal-nni d Mouloud Mammeri ay tent-ikebben (ay ten-yestenyan). D acu kan, asmi ay as-εawden assuffeγ deg Tenmiregt (Coopérative) n Imedyazen deg 1980, ur d-yeddi ara akk deg-s kra n yisem.\nUqbel ma εawden-as-d assuffeγ s cwiṭ, mlaleγ-d Mouloud Mammeri d zzheṛ kan deg Paris, deg Quartier Latin, dγa nniγ-as dakk-n atni la d-ssewjaden ad εawden ad d-ssuffγen Amawal-nni. Mouloud Mammeri yegguma ad d-yeddu yisem-is deg tduli (couverture) n wedlis-nni neγ sdaxel-s. Nekk nniγ-as dakk-n lemmer ad d-yeddu yisem-is deg-s, medden ad t-amnen neγ ad yenz xir, maca netta yenna-iyi-d dakk-n lemmer Amawal-nni ad yenfeε medden deg kra, ad yenz γas ur d-itteddu ara deg-s yisem n umeskar (auteur). Yenna-d dakk-n lemmer ad d-yeddu deg-s yisem-is, ad rnun kan ad nzen wazal n xemsin n tsukan (exemplaires) seg-s. Daγen, yegguma ad t-id-nessuffeγ u ad d-teddu deg-s tefyirt am “D adlis ay γef teqdec terbaεt n yimeskaren s ddaw n tmehla (direction) n Mammeri », atg.\nLlan daγen yedlisen n wawalen imaynuten ay d-ssuffγen Yimeṛṛukiyen d Yimucaγ.\nD tidet. Awalen imaynuten ur d-nnulfan ara deg teqbaylit kan. Deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1980, γef lemtel, ffγen-d yedlisen γef wawalen imaynuten deg Mali d Niger deg wenrar n tusnakt (mathématiques) n weswir amenzu (niveau primaire). Deg Meṛṛuk, tettwaga-d tsuqilt (asṭerjem) n Tseγrut Tameγradit n Yizefan n Wemdan γer tmaziγt deg 1990, d tin ay d-iga Hassan Id Balkasm yellan d abugaṭu u d amedyaz ; imeskaren (auteurs) uwyen-d awalen seg Umawal n tmaziγt tatrart, am wakk-n ay d-bnan awalen imaynuten niḍen ay llan ḥwajen-ten. Deg 1993, Belaïd Boudris iga-d daγen tamawalt n usselmed ; ula d netta yugem-d awalen seg Umawal am wakk-n ay d-yessumer awalen d yezwiren (préfixes) imaynuten. Ula deg Ldzayer, asnulfu n wawalen maci ala d Leqbayel ay d-yelhan id-s. Massa Tassadit Yacine tenna-iyi-d dakk-n tella yiwet n terbaεt n Yemẓabiyen gan-d umuγ (liste) n wawalen imaynuten, werεad d-teffiγ.\nUla d asseqdec n wawalen imaynuten maci d ay-n yellan kan deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : kra n yicennayen icawiyen ttseqdacen awalen yellan deg Umawal n Tmaziγt Tatrart. Deg Meṛṛuk, awalen imaynuten la ttusseqdacen deg weγmis (ajeṛnan) adelsan Tasafut, tasγunt (revue) Tifawt, deg ccna amaziγ n Meṛṛuk, deg tesgilin n ṛṛadyu u seg melmi kan daγen deg yisalan n tilibizyu. Ama deg Meṛṛuk neγ deg Ldzayer, asseqdec n wawalen imaynuten yeqqel d taγawsa n menwala, ladγa deg tγawsiwin ay d-yettwagan akk-n yelha.\nD acu tettmeyyizeḍ deg wezgen-agi n lqern ay iεeddan deg usseqdec n wawalen imaynuten ?\nDima yewεeṛ ad d-tgeḍ tacrawt (bilan) γef yinurar anda ur tezmireḍ ara ad as-tessinfeḍ i tmuγli-inek tudmawant (personnelle).\nAkk-n d-tenniḍ, azgen n lqern ay-a seg wasmi ara ttusseqdacen wawalen imaynuten deg tmaziγt imi idlisen imezwura ay deg d-ddan ffγen-d deg 1945, d wid n ccnawat iγelnaẓriyen (nationalistes) yettwarun s tmaziγt (amur ameqran deg-sen d Yidir Aït Amrane ay ten-yuran).\nSeg wass-nni ar ass-a, asseqεed n tmawalt (lexique) iḥuza-d aṭas n yinurar : inurar imuta (généraux) am tussniwin talsiyin (sciences humaines) deg Umawal n tmaziγt tatrart (M. Mammeri), tusnakt (mathématiques, am deg Ldzayer d Niger, 1984), tasnamurt (géographie – adlis yura Slimane Touati yernu werεad d-yeffiγ), ddin (tisuqilin n Yinjil d Leqran s teqbaylit), tasenselkimt (informatique), atg.\nS umata, ugar n 7000 n wawalen ay d-yettusnulfan, kra n tmiḍa (tmeyyatin) seg-sen la ttusseqdacen tikkwal, u ala kan kra n tmerwin (dizaines) seg-sen ay yeqqlen mechuṛit cwiṭ. Awalen imaynuten ay d-snulfan deg tmaceγt (tatergit, deg Mali d Niger) ur ggten ara, d acu kan, awalen-a nnulfan-d deg leqdicat unṣ̣iben (officiels) imi tamaceγt d iles aγelnaw deg snat-a n tmura. Leqdicat ay yettwagan γef wawalen imaynuten deg Ldzayer d Meṛṛuk nnulen aṭas n yinurar s umata, d acu kan, ttwagant-d deg tegnatin iweεṛen, anda tasnakta (idéologie) tella mgal (contre) n tmaziγt. Ama deg Ldzayer, ama deg Meṛṛuk, asseqεed n tmawalt (lexique) mazal la yettkemmil kan mebla aḥkim. Seg wasmi ay d-yebda wesnulfu n wawalen deg tmaziγt, xemsin n yiseggasen ay-a, deg snat-a n tmura, wid ay d-yesnulfuyen ttgen leqdic d iwizi (volontaire, bénévole) u akk-n ay asen-yehwa.\nDeg way-n yerzan timawalin-nni (lexiques) n wawalen imaynuten s timmad-nsent, nezmer ad nger tamawt dakk-n wid ay tent-igan malen γer ussizdeg n yiles amaziγ seg wawalen ibeṛṛaniyen, zgan ttekksen akk awalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen, qrib ulac akk isilγen infaliyen (formations expressives) yernu zgan la d-snulfuyen awalen s uεaned n tefṛensist : aεaned deg taggayin n tseddast (catégories syntaxiques), aεaned deg usemmi i tγawsiwin, aεaned deg temṣ̣ukin tuddisin, aεaned deg tewsatin (genres), atg. Daγen, mi ara ttseqdacen awalen-a imaynuten, am deg tγamsa tasertit (presse politique) s teqbaylit, ttseqdacen-ten swaswa kan akk-n ay ten-ttseqdacen deg tefṛensist, d ilugan n tseddast (règles de syntaxe) n tefṛensist ay ttseqdacen, dγa d ay-a ay ten-yessawḍen ad d-arun kra n tγawsiwin s tmaziγt d awezγi ad ttwafehment.\nTimawalin (lexiques) ay d-yettwagan, lemmer ad tent-neddem yiwet yiwet, nezmer ad d-naf deg-sent aṭas n tγawsiwin ay deg xuṣ̣ṣ̣ent : nezmer ad naf deg-sen yiwen n wawal yesεan sin neγ ugar n lemεani yemxallafen, yernu liḥalat am tigi ggtent deg Umawal n tmaziγt tatrart, yernu llant ula deg tmawalt-nni n tusnakt tafṛensist-tamaziγt ay d-yeffγen deg Ldzayer deg 1984, u deg tussna am tusnakt (mathématiques), ay-a d ay-n ur nezmir ad yettwaqbel. Nnig leεyub-a ay γef nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n qqnen γer lexṣ̣aṣ̣ n ttawil deg tallit-nni, nezmer ad d-nernu dakk-n awalen imaynuten ttwaεezlen ama seg yidis n tesnalγa-nsen (morphologie), ama seg yidis n lemεani-nsen ma nquren-iten γer wawalen ay nettseqdac yal ass [meḥsub banen dakk-n mxallafen γef wawalen imaziγen n yal ass].\nDaγen, umuγ (listes) n wawalen ay d-yettwafrnen akk-n ad d-ttussuqqlen γer tmaziγt deg yal tamawalt (lexique) yemxallaf seg tmawalt γer tayeḍ d lxilaf d ameqran : yella lxilaf gar awalen n Umawal n Tmaziγt Tatrart d wawalen d-yeddan deg Tmawalt n Tusnakt, yella lxilaf gar n Umawal d way-n ay d-yeffγen deg Meṛṛuk, yella daγen lxilaf gar n Umawal d wumuγ-nni n wawalen imaynuten ay d-gan Yemẓabiyen, win ay d-bedreγ uqbel, atg. Lxilafat-a rzan timiḍa (timeyyatin) n wawalen. Ay-a yesskanay-d dakk-n lxilaf gar tentalyin (dialectes) yezmer ad yernu ma yella nkemmel la nqeddec γef usseqεed n tmawalt n tmaziγt yal yiwen seg tama-s yernu mebla ma nemlal.\nD acu kan, llant daγen tγawsiwin yelhan deg wesnulfu n wawalen. Γas ma yella asnulfu n wawalen imaynuten deg tmaziγt ixuṣ̣ṣ̣, maca ay-n yettwagan deg wezgen n lqern-agi iεeddan yuklal tajmilt. Ay-a yeldi-aγ iga-aγ abrid akk-n ad nekcem γer yiwen n wenrar s wazal-is yernu yewεeṛ, nessaweḍ ad d-neg deg-s kra n leqdicat ifazen, u nnig way-a akk, asnulfu n wawalen yejja-aγ ad neεreḍ akk iberdan yellan, iberdan akk ay nezmer ad ten-nesseqdec akk-n ad d-nebnu awalen imaynuten s tmaziγt. D ay-a ay aγ-yejjan ad d-nessekcem kra n yiferdisen (éléments) d imaynuten am yezwiren (préfixe) d yedfiren (suffixe) ay aγ-yejjan ad neslugen (régulariser) tiserkmin (classes) n wawalen. Daγen, yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n wid ay d-yesnulfan awalen imaynuten s tmaziγt, qedcen i wakk-n awalen-a ad ttusseqdacen deg wakk tintalyin (dialectes). Ma yettwaga leqdic-a akk-n yessefk, ay-a yezmer ad yessenqes imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan gar tentalyin u ad tent-yesdukkel deg wawalen imaynuten.\nD acu ay d-tettsumureḍ* ad t-neg akk-n ad nefru ugur-a ?\nAkk-n ad ak-d-iniγ tidet, ur ẓriγ ara ma yella isumar udmawanen (propositions personnelles) ara d-fkeγ deg wenrar am usseqεed n yiles (aménagement linguistique) zemren ad sεun kra n wazal, lmizan neγ ljehd ara ibeddlen tiγawsiwin\nDeg tmura niḍen neγ deg tmura irebḥen akk-n ay as-qqaren deg teqbaylit, asseqεed n yiles (aménagement linguistique) neγ n kra n tsenfelt (variante) n yiles-nni d ccγel ay yes d-ilehhu Uwanak (ddula), tisdawiyin d wudusen izuyaz neγ usligen (organismes publics ou privés), tideblin (administrations), yernu ccγel am wa yeḥwaj ttawilat d imeqranen ama seg yidis n yemdanen neγ seg yidis n temṣ̣ukin (structures) ara yesseddun u ad ḍefren asnerni n yiles deg wenrar, atg.\nNekni γer-neγ, d asgijji n yiles ay γef yessefk ad d-nessiwel, maci d asseqεed-ines, ladγa deg way-n yerzan tamaziγt !\nMaca yessefk ad neεreḍ ula d nekni ad neg ccγel-a akk-n yessefk. Isumar-inu (propositions) qqnen γer sin n yeswiren (niveaux).\n1. Yella weswir n beṛṛa ay deg yessefk ad neεreḍ ad nesseqreb wagar-asen : imnuda (wid yettnadin), tisuda (insititutions) yettseqdacen awalen imaynuten (am ṛṛadyuwat d tilibizyuwat timeṛṛukiyin d tdzayriyin, wid yettarun deg tesγunin d yeγmisen n tmaziγt, atg.), imura (wid yettarun idlisen), imedyazen, inuẓar (ifennanen), atg. Deg wanect-a, yessefk ad d-neg tacrawt (bilan) n way-n yeḥwaj yal yiwen d way-n yettseqdac, ad neεreḍ ad nesdukkel awalen ay yettseqdac yal yiwen, ad d-neg isenfaren (projets) icerken n leqdic (ay deg ara mεiwnent wagar-asent tmura n Tmazγa, wid yellan deg yal tamurt d wid iqeddcen deg yal anrar n leqdic). Tigi akk d tiγawsiwin timezwura iḥaren, d tid ay yes yessefk ad nebdu. Mi ara nmuqel γer mebεid, attekki n tesdawiyin tiγelnawin (nationales) ama deg Ldzayer neγ deg Meṛṛuk, akk d tbeṛṛaniyin (am INALCO) d ay-n ay izemren ad d-yurar dduṛ d ameqran deg wenjaṛ n webrid amatu (general) ara naγ akk-n ad nesseqεed iles, amek ara neqdec i lmend n way-a u d acu-tent tγawsiwin ay yes yessefk ad nezwir. Deg wenrar, tiddukliwin timaziγin d ttawilat n uxebber zemren ad uraren dduṛ n tqenṭert gar wid akk ay d-yelhan d usseqεed n yiles akk d wegdud-nni ara yesqedcen iles-nni.\nD ay-n ibanen dakk-n yewεeṛ aṭas ad d-nessebded akk ay-a u ad t-nesseddu akk-n yessefk, maca la ttwaliγ dakk-n nezmer ad d-nebdu s kra, γas d amecṭuḥ : ad d-nebdu leqdic ay deg ara mlilen Yidzayriyen d Yimeṛṛukiyen, u ad nessemγer tarbaεt cwiṭ, cwiṭ akk-n ad d-nernu γer-s daγen Imucaγ n Niger d Mali.\nD acu kan, yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n ma nessebded-d timṣ̣ukin-a (structures) n usseqεed n tutlayt, yessefk fell-asent ad ddunt s leḥder yernu ur tteqqlen ara d timestulin (tijadeṛmiyin) n yiles.\nYessefk daγen ad ikemmel weḥṛas n Yiwunak (ddulat) akk-n ad steεṛfen s tmaziγt s wudem unṣ̣ib (official) u ad as-fken ttawilat ay teḥwaj maci ala i wakk-n kan ad temneε seg wengar wanag ula i wakk-n ad tennerni.\n2. Yella weswir n daxel ay deg, γef leḥsab-iw, yessefk ad nesseγti (ad nṣ̣eḥḥeḥ) kra n leεyub yellan deg leqdicat yettwagan yagi : ur yessefk ara ad nkemmel ad nettnadi assizdeg n yiles d tukksa n wawalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen, ur yessefk ara ad nerr deg rrif isilγen infaliyin (formations expressives) neγ iberdan n wesnulfu n wawalen imaynuten deg lmeεna, atg. Ay-n ay d-yennulfan yagi nezmer ad t-nesseqεed s umata. Nezmer daγen ad nesnerni iberdan n wesnulfu n wawalen : nezmer ad nessmed (completer) timawalin (lexiques) n tentalyin (dialectes), nezmer daγen ad d-nebnu awalen s yiẓuran imaziγen ara nesdukkel d yewṣ̣ilen (affixes) ibeṛṛaniyen (igrigiyen neγ ilatiniyen). Daγen, yessefk ad d-nawi ugar n wawalen seg tentalyin timaziγin n Ugafa [imi, uqbel, seg asnulfu n wawalen imaynuten yettseqdac aṭas tamaceγt]. Deg way-n yerzan asseqdec n wawalen imaynuten, yessefk ad asen-nessγer i yineγmasen (imesjeṛnanen) awalen-a imaynuten yernu yessefk ad d-nessuffeγ idlisen d imaglayen (sérieux) ara zemren ad ten-afen u ad ten-γren wid ay nettsaram ad sqedcen awalen-a, atg.\nTzemreḍ ad aγ-d-tiniḍ d acu-ten lecγal yezwaren ay yessefk ad ten-neg deg wenrar n tmaziγt ? Ladγa deg way-n yerzan asnulfu n wawalen imaynuten ?\nDeg wenrar n tmaziγt … tuttra-a tennul aṭas aṭas n temsal. Deg way-n yerzan asseqεed n tmawalt (lexique), nekk ttwaliγ dakk-n, lemmer d lebγi, ad neḥbes ciṭṭaḥ asnulfu n wawalen, u ad neṛju ar d-taweḍ tegnit ay deg ara d-lhun yid-s wid iwatan i wanect-a. Maca ẓriγ dakk-n tikli-inu ur teddi ara d way-n yellan, imi deg tidet, iles ur yettṛaju ara.\nDeg way-n yerzan asseqdec, ttsarameγ dakk-n wid yettseqdacen awalen imaynuten, ad ten-sqedcen kan s ttawil, ladγa imesqedcen iqbayliyen, d acu kan, ay-a yeqqen γer yal yiwen deg-neγ, ladγa wid yettarun deg tesγunin d yeγmisen akk d yineγmasen (imesjeṛnanen) : assizdeg n yiles d tukksa n wawalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen d axeṣ̣ṣ̣ar ay as-fkan i tmaziγt …\nAm deg wakk inurar niḍen, ay-n iḥaren netta d tamuγli γer mebεid, d ay-n ara inefεen i uzekka d slazekka ay yezwaren, u deg tegnit-a qesdeγ-d dakk-n yessefk ad d-nessebded timṣ̣ukin (structures) n leqdic d wesnerni ara iqeddcen γef tmaziγt s umata, i Yimaziγen akk-n ma llan.\nD tadiwennit ay d-iga Saïd CHEMAKH\nParis/Montréal, Fuṛaṛ-Meγres 1995\nTeffeγ-d deg Imazighen Ass-a uṭṭunen 2-3, Paris, 1995, isebtar 24-28.


timestamp: atn

url: =Author any, Martin , UNICEF , UNDP ., UNRWA A, Mataria A., Mataria A., Ju'ba Abaza, Khaled. A. Abdo, Nahla Abdul-Rahim, H. Abdul-Samad, Lina Abdullah, Anita Abdullah, A. Abdulsalam, Asmaa Abu-Arqoub, O. Abu-Asab, N. Abu-Raddad, Laith JAbu-Sittah, Ghassan S.Abu-Zaineh, M. Abujarad, Fuad Abujarad, F Achi, Nassim ElAger, Alastair Ahmad, Balsam. Ahmed, Nabeela Aissi, Wafa Aissi, W. Akkawi, M. Akkawi, B. Al-Ali, R. Al-Khatib, A. Al-Lawati, Jawad Al-Mitwalli, Suzan M.Al-Mitwalli, S. M.Al-Shami, Ni'meh A.Alaza'ar, Raja’ Albarqouni, Loai Alburez-Gutierrez, Diego Alderete, Ethel Alderete, E. Ali, Radwan AlAli, Al Aliyan, G. Alkhanafsa, Farah Allah, Mohammad ObaidAllen, Chenoa Alsaed, Rashed Alsalman, Hasan MAlsayed, F. Alsharif, Ayah Alshouli, Jihan Alsiyabi, Huda. Altun, Deniz UtkuAmro, Z. Amro, Zeina Aoufi, Nahreez Arafat, Cairo. Arafat, R. N.Arafat, H. A.Arafat, Cairo Aranki, Suhad Arfa, W. Arya, N. Arya, Neil Arya, Neil. Arýk, Hale Asfour, Hiba Ashur, Suleiman. A. Aslan, Özgür Association, Palestinian Family PlaAssociation., Palestinian Family PlaAtiyya, I. Attal, Bothaina Avezum, Alvaro Awartani, F. Awawda, Sameera Ayesh, Abeer B., Unal b>Husseini, Abdullatif S. </ib>Ramlawi, Asad M. </iBadr, Elsheikh Bahelah, R. Balsam, Corey Bandosz, Piotr Barber, Brian K.Barghouti, Moustafa Barghouty, H. Barghuthi, N. Barnes, William Bashour, Rabih Bashour, Hyam Bates, Katie Batniji, R. Belli, Robert FBen, R. Ben Mansour, Nadia Ben Romdhane, H. Ben Romdhane, Habiba Bennett, K. Bernstein, Steven Bernstein, S Bitar, Jawad Bjertness, Espen. Bjertness, E. Bjertness, Espen Bossert, T. Boufkhed, Sabah Bowman, S. Bowyer, J. Boyce, Will Boyce, W. Breebaart, Miral Bruni, Antonella Cammett, Melani Campbell, Oona MRCapewell, M. Capewell, S. Capewell, Simon Capewell, Simon. Capwell, S. Centre, Maqassed Hospital MCentre., Maqassed Hospital MChalmers, Iain Chatterji, S. Chatterji, Somnath Chekir, H. Cherine, Mohamed Chifamba, Jephat Chow, Clara Coas, Ernestina Coast, Ernestina Commissioners of and collaborators with the International AIDS SocietyCommittees, Union of PalestiCommittees., Union of PalestiCondie, Alison Council, Health ServicesCouncil., Health ServicesCritchley, Julia. Critchley, Julia Dagenais, Gilles Daher, Mahmoud Daher, Mahmoud. Daoud, Y. Daoud, F. Daoud, A. R.Daraghmeh, Iman Dardiry, Giulia ElDarwish, R. O.Darwish, Hiba. de Jong, Joop de Man, Marguerithe DeJong, Jocelyn Demiral, Yücel Derek, Summerfield. Destremau, Blandine Dewachi, Omar Dherani, Mukesh Diaz, Rafael Doganay, Sinem Donaldson, C. Duquel, LF. Eissenberg, T. El-Dawla, Aida SeifEl-Sarraj, Eyad El-Sughayyar, Ronal H.El-Zein, Abbas. Elessi, Khamis Elnoury, Amr Eriksson, Jan W.Erikssond, Jan F, Saleh. MahasinFadhil, Ibtihal Fadhil, Ibtihal. Fanous, N. Filfil, Maisoun Flaherty, M. Fouad, F. Fujii, Yu Fujiya, Rika Fujiya, R. Gaballah, Noha Gafni, Amiram Gerceklioolu, Gul Ghaben, Niveen M.Ghanayem, Rasha Ghandour, Rula. Ghandour, R. Ghandour, Rula Ghérissi, Atf Ghosh, H. A.Giacaman, R. Giacaman, Rita Gianicolo, Emilio Antonio LuGilbert, Mads Gordon, N. H.Grayesh, S. Gupta, Rajeev Habash, R. Hafez, Raghda Hage, Ghassan Halileh, Samia. Halileh, Samia Hamad, Al Hamad, M. Hamad, Mutaem Hamayel, Layali Hamayel, Layaly Hamayel, Layaly. Hamed, Alaa Hammoude, Weeam Hammoudeh, Doaa Hammoudeh, Doaa. Hammoudeh, W. Hammoudeh, Weeam. Hammoudeh, Weeam Hammoudeh., Weeam Harami, Ghada Harb, Mona Harding, Richard Harsha, Nouh Hassan, Sahar Hassan, Sahar J.Hassan, S. J.Hassan, Itaf. Hassan, S. Hassan, Sahar. Hassan-Bitar, S. Hassanein, Nevine Hay, A. Health, Institute of CommuniHealth, Palestine Council foHealth., Palestine Council foHelbich, Maria Helo, Mai AbuHerrera, Linda Hilal, Ghadir A.Hogan, Dennis. Hogan, Dennis Hogan, D. Holmboe-Ottesen, G Holmboe-Ottesen, G. Horton, Richard. Horton, Richard Hoshiya, Aisha Hunter, D. J.Husseini, Critchley andHusseini, Abdullatif. Huwwari, Maha Hwalla, Nahla. I., Al-Khatib IA., Al-Khatib Ichikawa, M. Imseeh, Sawsan Imseeh, Sawsan. imşek, Hatice ŞIshtayeh, M. Ismail, Noorhassim Jabali, Ameenah Jabbour, Samer. Jabbour, Samer Jaber, H. Jabr, S. Jabr, Samer Jabr, Samah Jad, Islah Jarad, Rudaina AbuJarallah, Yara. Jarrar, Allam Jerdén, Lars Jerdén, Lars. Jervell, J. Jimba, M. Jimba, Masamine Johnson, Penny JP, Moatti JP., Moatti Kabakian-Khasholian, Tamar Kafri, Rawan Kamal, S. Kaspari, Sam'an Kassabry, M. Kassis, Samar Kazmi, Khawar Kelishadi, Roya Khader, A. Khader, Yousef Khader, Amer. Khader, Yousef. Khalawi, Hala Khalil, Karima Khalili, M. Khammash, Umaiyeh Kharouf, Mayada Khasseeb, Najla S.Khatatbeh, Wisam Khatib, R. Khatib, Rana. Khatib, Rasha Khatib, Ahmad Khawaja, Marwan Khawaja, M. Khayat, Rita Khofash, F. Khogali, Mustafa Kienzler, Hanna Kilic, B. Kılıç, Bülent Kiriya, Junko Kitamura, Akiko Kristensen, P. Kritz-Silverstein, Donna. Kruger, Annamarie Kumar, Rajesh Kutluk, Tezer Kuttab, Elieen Ladadwa, Reem Laherty, MO'F. Lanas, Fernando Laurance, T. Leaning, Jennifer Lear, Scott ALeone, Tiziana Lewis, David Lin, Tracy Livaudais-Toman, Jennifer Lock, Kate Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio Luchini, S. Lynch, Margaret A.Maali, Khaled Mahmoud, Dawlat AbuMajed, Ziad Mallouh, Mohammed AbuMallouh, Mm. El SarrajMansour, Safa. Maqdadi, R. Mardawi, Fadia Masalmeh, Amani Mason, H. Mason, Helen. Masoud, Dima Masoud., Dima Mataria, A. Mataria, Awad. Mataria, Awad Mathias, Regent Maziak, Wasim Maziak, W. Mazin, Fathiya AbuMcCaig, Dr McCaig, D. McKee, M. McKee, Martin McNeely, Clea Meagher, Kristen Menassa, Marilyne Mendis, Shanthi. Meulen, Yoke Mexi, Maria Mikki, N. Mikki, Nahed Mikki, Nahed. Mikki-Samarah, N. S.Mills, David Mitwali, Susan Mitwali, Suzan Mitwalli, Suzan MNguyen-Gilham, V. Moatti, J. P.Moghadam, Valentine M.Mohammad, Asma HajMohan, Viswanathan Mohsen, Lamia Mokdad, Ali H.Monsef, Nahed Montoya, N. Mony, Prem Mooren, Trudy Morris, A. Mourtada, Rima Moussaoui, Driss Mowafi, Hani Mowafi, H Muhareb, Rania Murphy, Emma CMusleh, Reem Musmar, M. Myntti, Cynthia N., Hamed N., Kamal N., Hmeidan Na, Shiraz Nabaa, Hendia A. Abu.Nadi, Muna Najjab, Salwa Nakahara, S. Nakkash, R. Narrainen, S. Naser, Ghada Naser., Ghada Nasr., Shiraz Nasser, Tawfiq Nasser, Rabie Nemer, Maysaa Nguyen-Gillham, V. Nguyen-Gillham, Viet Nguyen-Gillham., Viet Nijem, K. Nimer, Myasa Nimer, Maysa Norberg, Margareta. Norberg, Margareta Norum, KR Norum, K. R.Nuwayhid, Iman Nuwayhid, Iman. O'Flaherty, Martin Obeidallah, Mohammad Obiedallah, Mohammad Odeh, J. Odeh, Muna Odeh, Mona Odeh, Hala BaniOdeh, Iman Orabi, M. Osman, Hibah Othma, Laila Othman, Laila Othman, R. Page, Paul D.Parson, Ulrike Patel, Preeti Perez-Stable, E. Perez-Stable, Eliseo Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.Phillimore, P. Phillimore, Peter Portaluri, Maurizio Pourghazian, Nasim Professions, Arab College foPunamaki, R. L.Puoane, Thandi Qararyeh, Hatem R, Giacaman R, Khatib R., Khatib R., Giacaman Rabaia, Y. Rabaia, Yoke Rahim, H. F.Rahim, Hanan F. AbdulRahman, Omar Ramadan, Mohammed CherineRamahi, T. M.Ramlawi, Asaad Ramlawi, A. Rangarajan, Sumathy Rasmawl, F. Rastam, Samer Rawajbeh, Manal Reiffers, Relinde Reis, Ria Rights, Commissioners of and colRizk, Anthony Rizkallah, Najwa Odeh.Rizqallah, Najwa Rmeileh, Abu Romdhane, H B.Rose, S. Rosengren, Annika Rudolf, M. Ryahe, Sameera S., Massad Saab, H. Saab, Hana. Saab, Hana Saad-Haddad, Ghada Sabatinelli, G. Sabri, B. Safieh, R. A.Saidi, Olfa Salah, Ola AbuSalah, S. Saleh, M.F. Saleha, Mahasin Salem, I. Salem, Hala Sansur, R. Santoro, A. Sapir, Debarati GuhaSarhan, Mohammed B ASarraj, Eyad ElSarraj, El Sarraj, E. Sarraj, Eyad. ElSbeih, Sbeih A.Seita, A. Serag, Hani Shabaneh, L. Shahaduz, Z. Shalash, Aisha Shamieh, Omar Shannon, Harry Shayboub, Rawan Sheikha, Salah Shi, Z. Shirinian, Raffi Shoaibi, Azza. Shoaibi, A. Shoaibi, Azza Shojaia, Haya. Sholkamy, Hania Sibai, Abla. Siddiqi, Sameen Sinno, Dima smith, Chris Society, Commissioners of and colSociety, Patients' FriendsSociety., Patients FriendsSousa, Cindy Sözmen, Kaan Sozmen, K. Sparrow, Annie Spellings, Carolyn Spellings, Carolyn. Spencer, N. Spiegel, Paul Stefanini, A. Stefanini, Angelo Stene, L. C.Stene, LCM Stenlund, Hans. Stigum, H. Sullivan, Richard Summerfield, D. Sundby, Johanne. Szuba, Andrzej Tabakhna, H. Taha, B. Takian, Amirhossein Tamari, Salim Tamimi, Nancy Tarakji, Ahmad Tekçe, Belgin Temizhan, Ahmet Teo, Koon Terzioğlu, Ayşecan Tietjen, Anna KatharinaTucktuck, Marina Unal, B. Unal, Belgin University, Al-Quds University, Arab College foUniversity, Bethlehem University, Bethlehem University", Arab College foUniversity", Arab College foUniversity., Bethlehem University., Al-Quds Unwin, Nigel Unwin, N. van de Ven, Peter van der Meulen, Yoke Vigotti, Maria AngelaVijayakumar, Krishnapillai Wa'rra, S Wahdan, Yasmeen Wahsh, Shatha Wakai, S. Waterston, T. Watt, G. Watt, Graham Watt, Graham. Wei, Li Welchman, Lynn Whitson, Sarah LeahWick, Livia Wick, L. Wick, Laura Wispelwey, Bram Yamani, Ala'a Yamani, Ala’a Yassin, Nasser Yusoff, Khalid Yusuf, Salim Zahra, A. A.Zaineh, Abu -Zaman, Shahaduz Zaman, S. Zambelli, Elena Ziadni, M. Ziadni, Maisa. Ziq, Luay Zurayk, Huda. Zurayk, H. Zurayk, Huda الحنيطي, أحمد حمودة, وئام نصر, شيراز


url: =HiHybrid 215 UV Nagellack Pink Nude 5ml | ANOWI\n215 UV Nagellack Pink Nude 5ml\nhttps://anowishop.de/215-uv-nagellack-pink-nude-5ml-hihybrid.html4,24€ inkl. MwSt.4.24\nNude UV Nagellack im Altrosa-Farbton, so sieht Hi Hybrid Pink Nude aus.\n112 UV Nagellack Pink...


url: =IR - number plates series in the USA - farmingsimulator-2015.ru\nNumber plates, starting with IR\nUsually, the registration number is embossed/embedded on a number plate. The other identification data – a jurisdiction name and a vehicle class – can be printed. Some states are gradually switching to so called “flat number plates”. You have selected IR, select the following characters.\nIRAA* IRA8* IRAB* IRAD* IRAK* IRA1* IRAY* IRAU* IRAM* IRA9* IRAS* IRA4* IRA3* IRAW* IRA2* IRAE* IRAN* IRAF* IRAR* IRAH* IRA7* IRAC* IRAJ* IRAL* IRA6* IRAG* IRA0* IRAO* IRAZ* IRAV* IRAX* IRAP* IRAQ* IRAT* IRAI* IRA5*\nIR8A* IR88* IR8B* IR8D* IR8K* IR81* IR8Y* IR8U* IR8M* IR89* IR8S* IR84* IR83* IR8W* IR82* IR8E* IR8N* IR8F* IR8R* IR8H* IR87* IR8C* IR8J* IR8L* IR86* IR8G* IR80* IR8O* IR8Z* IR8V* IR8X* IR8P* IR8Q* IR8T* IR8I* IR85*\nIRBA* IRB8* IRBB* IRBD* IRBK* IRB1* IRBY* IRBU* IRBM* IRB9* IRBS* IRB4* IRB3* IRBW* IRB2* IRBE* IRBN* IRBF* IRBR* IRBH* IRB7* IRBC* IRBJ* IRBL* IRB6* IRBG* IRB0* IRBO* IRBZ* IRBV* IRBX* IRBP* IRBQ* IRBT* IRBI* IRB5*\nIRDA* IRD8* IRDB* IRDD* IRDK* IRD1* IRDY* IRDU* IRDM* IRD9* IRDS* IRD4* IRD3* IRDW* IRD2* IRDE* IRDN* IRDF* IRDR* IRDH* IRD7* IRDC* IRDJ* IRDL* IRD6* IRDG* IRD0* IRDO* IRDZ* IRDV* IRDX* IRDP* IRDQ* IRDT* IRDI* IRD5*\nIRKA* IRK8* IRKB* IRKD* IRKK* IRK1* IRKY* IRKU* IRKM* IRK9* IRKS* IRK4* IRK3* IRKW* IRK2* IRKE* IRKN* IRKF* IRKR* IRKH* IRK7* IRKC* IRKJ* IRKL* IRK6* IRKG* IRK0* IRKO* IRKZ* IRKV* IRKX* IRKP* IRKQ* IRKT* IRKI* IRK5*\nIR1A* IR18* IR1B* IR1D* IR1K* IR11* IR1Y* IR1U* IR1M* IR19* IR1S* IR14* IR13* IR1W* IR12* IR1E* IR1N* IR1F* IR1R* IR1H* IR17* IR1C* IR1J* IR1L* IR16* IR1G* IR10* IR1O* IR1Z* IR1V* IR1X* IR1P* IR1Q* IR1T* IR1I* IR15*\nIRYA* IRY8* IRYB* IRYD* IRYK* IRY1* IRYY* IRYU* IRYM* IRY9* IRYS* IRY4* IRY3* IRYW* IRY2* IRYE* IRYN* IRYF* IRYR* IRYH* IRY7* IRYC* IRYJ* IRYL* IRY6* IRYG* IRY0* IRYO* IRYZ* IRYV* IRYX* IRYP* IRYQ* IRYT* IRYI* IRY5*\nIRUA* IRU8* IRUB* IRUD* IRUK* IRU1* IRUY* IRUU* IRUM* IRU9* IRUS* IRU4* IRU3* IRUW* IRU2* IRUE* IRUN* IRUF* IRUR* IRUH* IRU7* IRUC* IRUJ* IRUL* IRU6* IRUG* IRU0* IRUO* IRUZ* IRUV* IRUX* IRUP* IRUQ* IRUT* IRUI* IRU5*\nIRMA* IRM8* IRMB* IRMD* IRMK* IRM1* IRMY* IRMU* IRMM* IRM9* IRMS* IRM4* IRM3* IRMW* IRM2* IRME* IRMN* IRMF* IRMR* IRMH* IRM7* IRMC* IRMJ* IRML* IRM6* IRMG* IRM0* IRMO* IRMZ* IRMV* IRMX* IRMP* IRMQ* IRMT* IRMI* IRM5*\nIR9A* IR98* IR9B* IR9D* IR9K* IR91* IR9Y* IR9U* IR9M* IR99* IR9S* IR94* IR93* IR9W* IR92* IR9E* IR9N* IR9F* IR9R* IR9H* IR97* IR9C* IR9J* IR9L* IR96* IR9G* IR90* IR9O* IR9Z* IR9V* IR9X* IR9P* IR9Q* IR9T* IR9I* IR95*\nIRSA* IRS8* IRSB* IRSD* IRSK* IRS1* IRSY* IRSU* IRSM* IRS9* IRSS* IRS4* IRS3* IRSW* IRS2* IRSE* IRSN* IRSF* IRSR* IRSH* IRS7* IRSC* IRSJ* IRSL* IRS6* IRSG* IRS0* IRSO* IRSZ* IRSV* IRSX* IRSP* IRSQ* IRST* IRSI* IRS5*\nIR4A* IR48* IR4B* IR4D* IR4K* IR41* IR4Y* IR4U* IR4M* IR49* IR4S* IR44* IR43* IR4W* IR42* IR4E* IR4N* IR4F* IR4R* IR4H* IR47* IR4C* IR4J* IR4L* IR46* IR4G* IR40* IR4O* IR4Z* IR4V* IR4X* IR4P* IR4Q* IR4T* IR4I* IR45*\nIR3A* IR38* IR3B* IR3D* IR3K* IR31* IR3Y* IR3U* IR3M* IR39* IR3S* IR34* IR33* IR3W* IR32* IR3E* IR3N* IR3F* IR3R* IR3H* IR37* IR3C* IR3J* IR3L* IR36* IR3G* IR30* IR3O* IR3Z* IR3V* IR3X* IR3P* IR3Q* IR3T* IR3I* IR35*\nIRWA* IRW8* IRWB* IRWD* IRWK* IRW1* IRWY* IRWU* IRWM* IRW9* IRWS* IRW4* IRW3* IRWW* IRW2* IRWE* IRWN* IRWF* IRWR* IRWH* IRW7* IRWC* IRWJ* IRWL* IRW6* IRWG* IRW0* IRWO* IRWZ* IRWV* IRWX* IRWP* IRWQ* IRWT* IRWI* IRW5*\nIR2A* IR28* IR2B* IR2D* IR2K* IR21* IR2Y* IR2U* IR2M* IR29* IR2S* IR24* IR23* IR2W* IR22* IR2E* IR2N* IR2F* IR2R* IR2H* IR27* IR2C* IR2J* IR2L* IR26* IR2G* IR20* IR2O* IR2Z* IR2V* IR2X* IR2P* IR2Q* IR2T* IR2I* IR25*\nIREA* IRE8* IREB* IRED* IREK* IRE1* IREY* IREU* IREM* IRE9* IRES* IRE4* IRE3* IREW* IRE2* IREE* IREN* IREF* IRER* IREH* IRE7* IREC* IREJ* IREL* IRE6* IREG* IRE0* IREO* IREZ* IREV* IREX* IREP* IREQ* IRET* IREI* IRE5*\nIRNA* IRN8* IRNB* IRND* IRNK* IRN1* IRNY* IRNU* IRNM* IRN9* IRNS* IRN4* IRN3* IRNW* IRN2* IRNE* IRNN* IRNF* IRNR* IRNH* IRN7* IRNC* IRNJ* IRNL* IRN6* IRNG* IRN0* IRNO* IRNZ* IRNV* IRNX* IRNP* IRNQ* IRNT* IRNI* IRN5*\nIRFA* IRF8* IRFB* IRFD* IRFK* IRF1* IRFY* IRFU* IRFM* IRF9* IRFS* IRF4* IRF3* IRFW* IRF2* IRFE* IRFN* IRFF* IRFR* IRFH* IRF7* IRFC* IRFJ* IRFL* IRF6* IRFG* IRF0* IRFO* IRFZ* IRFV* IRFX* IRFP* IRFQ* IRFT* IRFI* IRF5*\nIRRA* IRR8* IRRB* IRRD* IRRK* IRR1* IRRY* IRRU* IRRM* IRR9* IRRS* IRR4* IRR3* IRRW* IRR2* IRRE* IRRN* IRRF* IRRR* IRRH* IRR7* IRRC* IRRJ* IRRL* IRR6* IRRG* IRR0* IRRO* IRRZ* IRRV* IRRX* IRRP* IRRQ* IRRT* IRRI* IRR5*\nIRHA* IRH8* IRHB* IRHD* IRHK* IRH1* IRHY* IRHU* IRHM* IRH9* IRHS* IRH4* IRH3* IRHW* IRH2* IRHE* IRHN* IRHF* IRHR* IRHH* IRH7* IRHC* IRHJ* IRHL* IRH6* IRHG* IRH0* IRHO* IRHZ* IRHV* IRHX* IRHP* IRHQ* IRHT* IRHI* IRH5*\nIR7A* IR78* IR7B* IR7D* IR7K* IR71* IR7Y* IR7U* IR7M* IR79* IR7S* IR74* IR73* IR7W* IR72* IR7E* IR7N* IR7F* IR7R* IR7H* IR77* IR7C* IR7J* IR7L* IR76* IR7G* IR70* IR7O* IR7Z* IR7V* IR7X* IR7P* IR7Q* IR7T* IR7I* IR75*\nIRCA* IRC8* IRCB* IRCD* IRCK* IRC1* IRCY* IRCU* IRCM* IRC9* IRCS* IRC4* IRC3* IRCW* IRC2* IRCE* IRCN* IRCF* IRCR* IRCH* IRC7* IRCC* IRCJ* IRCL* IRC6* IRCG* IRC0* IRCO* IRCZ* IRCV* IRCX* IRCP* IRCQ* IRCT* IRCI* IRC5*\nIRJA* IRJ8* IRJB* IRJD* IRJK* IRJ1* IRJY* IRJU* IRJM* IRJ9* IRJS* IRJ4* IRJ3* IRJW* IRJ2* IRJE* IRJN* IRJF* IRJR* IRJH* IRJ7* IRJC* IRJJ* IRJL* IRJ6* IRJG* IRJ0* IRJO* IRJZ* IRJV* IRJX* IRJP* IRJQ* IRJT* IRJI* IRJ5*\nIRLA* IRL8* IRLB* IRLD* IRLK* IRL1* IRLY* IRLU* IRLM* IRL9* IRLS* IRL4* IRL3* IRLW* IRL2* IRLE* IRLN* IRLF* IRLR* IRLH* IRL7* IRLC* IRLJ* IRLL* IRL6* IRLG* IRL0* IRLO* IRLZ* IRLV* IRLX* IRLP* IRLQ* IRLT* IRLI* IRL5*\nIR6A* IR68* IR6B* IR6D* IR6K* IR61* IR6Y* IR6U* IR6M* IR69* IR6S* IR64* IR63* IR6W* IR62* IR6E* IR6N* IR6F* IR6R* IR6H* IR67* IR6C* IR6J* IR6L* IR66* IR6G* IR60* IR6O* IR6Z* IR6V* IR6X* IR6P* IR6Q* IR6T* IR6I* IR65*\nIRGA* IRG8* IRGB* IRGD* IRGK* IRG1* IRGY* IRGU* IRGM* IRG9* IRGS* IRG4* IRG3* IRGW* IRG2* IRGE* IRGN* IRGF* IRGR* IRGH* IRG7* IRGC* IRGJ* IRGL* IRG6* IRGG* IRG0* IRGO* IRGZ* IRGV* IRGX* IRGP* IRGQ* IRGT* IRGI* IRG5*\nIR0A* IR08* IR0B* IR0D* IR0K* IR01* IR0Y* IR0U* IR0M* IR09* IR0S* IR04* IR03* IR0W* IR02* IR0E* IR0N* IR0F* IR0R* IR0H* IR07* IR0C* IR0J* IR0L* IR06* IR0G* IR00* IR0O* IR0Z* IR0V* IR0X* IR0P* IR0Q* IR0T* IR0I* IR05*\nIROA* IRO8* IROB* IROD* IROK* IRO1* IROY* IROU* IROM* IRO9* IROS* IRO4* IRO3* IROW* IRO2* IROE* IRON* IROF* IROR* IROH* IRO7* IROC* IROJ* IROL* IRO6* IROG* IRO0* IROO* IROZ* IROV* IROX* IROP* IROQ* IROT* IROI* IRO5*\nIRZA* IRZ8* IRZB* IRZD* IRZK* IRZ1* IRZY* IRZU* IRZM* IRZ9* IRZS* IRZ4* IRZ3* IRZW* IRZ2* IRZE* IRZN* IRZF* IRZR* IRZH* IRZ7* IRZC* IRZJ* IRZL* IRZ6* IRZG* IRZ0* IRZO* IRZZ* IRZV* IRZX* IRZP* IRZQ* IRZT* IRZI* IRZ5*\nIRVA* IRV8* IRVB* IRVD* IRVK* IRV1* IRVY* IRVU* IRVM* IRV9* IRVS* IRV4* IRV3* IRVW* IRV2* IRVE* IRVN* IRVF* IRVR* IRVH* IRV7* IRVC* IRVJ* IRVL* IRV6* IRVG* IRV0* IRVO* IRVZ* IRVV* IRVX* IRVP* IRVQ* IRVT* IRVI* IRV5*\nIRXA* IRX8* IRXB* IRXD* IRXK* IRX1* IRXY* IRXU* IRXM* IRX9* IRXS* IRX4* IRX3* IRXW* IRX2* IRXE* IRXN* IRXF* IRXR* IRXH* IRX7* IRXC* IRXJ* IRXL* IRX6* IRXG* IRX0* IRXO* IRXZ* IRXV* IRXX* IRXP* IRXQ* IRXT* IRXI* IRX5*\nIRPA* IRP8* IRPB* IRPD* IRPK* IRP1* IRPY* IRPU* IRPM* IRP9* IRPS* IRP4* IRP3* IRPW* IRP2* IRPE* IRPN* IRPF* IRPR* IRPH* IRP7* IRPC* IRPJ* IRPL* IRP6* IRPG* IRP0* IRPO* IRPZ* IRPV* IRPX* IRPP* IRPQ* IRPT* IRPI* IRP5*\nIRQA* IRQ8* IRQB* IRQD* IRQK* IRQ1* IRQY* IRQU* IRQM* IRQ9* IRQS* IRQ4* IRQ3* IRQW* IRQ2* IRQE* IRQN* IRQF* IRQR* IRQH* IRQ7* IRQC* IRQJ* IRQL* IRQ6* IRQG* IRQ0* IRQO* IRQZ* IRQV* IRQX* IRQP* IRQQ* IRQT* IRQI* IRQ5*\nIRTA* IRT8* IRTB* IRTD* IRTK* IRT1* IRTY* IRTU* IRTM* IRT9* IRTS* IRT4* IRT3* IRTW* IRT2* IRTE* IRTN* IRTF* IRTR* IRTH* IRT7* IRTC* IRTJ* IRTL* IRT6* IRTG* IRT0* IRTO* IRTZ* IRTV* IRTX* IRTP* IRTQ* IRTT* IRTI* IRT5*\nIRIA* IRI8* IRIB* IRID* IRIK* IRI1* IRIY* IRIU* IRIM* IRI9* IRIS* IRI4* IRI3* IRIW* IRI2* IRIE* IRIN* IRIF* IRIR* IRIH* IRI7* IRIC* IRIJ* IRIL* IRI6* IRIG* IRI0* IRIO* IRIZ* IRIV* IRIX* IRIP* IRIQ* IRIT* IRII* IRI5*\nIR5A* IR58* IR5B* IR5D* IR5K* IR51* IR5Y* IR5U* IR5M* IR59* IR5S* IR54* IR53* IR5W* IR52* IR5E* IR5N* IR5F* IR5R* IR5H* IR57* IR5C* IR5J* IR5L* IR56* IR5G* IR50* IR5O* IR5Z* IR5V* IR5X* IR5P* IR5Q* IR5T* IR5I* IR55*


url: =Premier Football League 2014/2015 » 1. Spieltag\nIrak » Premier Football League 2014/2015 » 1. Spieltag\n30.09.2014 13:30 Zakho FC - Al Karkh SC 2:1\n13:30 Al Kahraba - Al Zawra’a 0:1\n13:30 Naft Al Junoob - Al Masafi 2:1\n01.10.2014 14:30 Al Naft - Amanat Baghdad 1:3\n14:30 Duhok - Al Talaba 2:1\n14:30 Naft Maysan - Al Hudood 1:1\n14.11.2014 Al Najaf - Sulaymaniyah FC annull.\n02.01.2015 13:30 Karbalaa FC - Al Quwa Al Jawiya 0:1\n30.01.2015 14:30 Naft Al Wasat - Erbil SC 1:0\n03.02.2015 12:30 Al Shorta - Al Minaa 2:1\n1 Naft Al Junoob 1 1 0 0 2:1 1 3\n3 Al Quwa Al Jawiya 1 1 0 0 1:0 1 3\n6 Al Karkh SC 1 0 0 1 1:2 -1 0\nAl Masafi 1 0 0 1 1:2 -1 0\n8 Al Kahraba 1 0 0 1 0:1 -1 0\nErbil SC 1 0 0 1 0:1 -1 0\nKarbalaa FC 1 0 0 1 0:1 -1 0\n1 Amanat Baghdad 1 1 0 0 3:1 2 3\n2 Al Shorta 1 1 0 0 2:1 1 3\nDuhok 1 1 0 0 2:1 1 3\n4 Al Hudood 1 0 1 0 1:1 0 1\nNaft Maysan 1 0 1 0 1:1 0 1\n6 Al Najaf 0 0 0 0 0:0 0 0\nSulaymaniyah FC 0 0 0 0 0:0 0 0\n8 Al Minaa 1 0 0 1 1:2 -1 0\n10 Al Naft 1 0 0 1 1:3 -2 0