td;dpr; nryT (1) ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; fopj;J jhafg; gazk;!\nxt;nthU KiwAk; tpkhdj;jpy; Vwp cl;fhHe;jJk; vdf;Fs; xU Iak; Vw;gLk;. ,e;j ,uhl;rjg; gwit vy;NyhiuAk; Jhf;fpf; nfhz;L tpz;zpy; gwf;Fkh? ,y;iyah? Tpkhdj;jpd; kbf;Fs; gazpfs; Nghy; ,U klq;Fg; nghjpfs; NtW. epWj;jhy; gazpfs; msT vil tUk;. tpkhdj;ij iwl; rNfhjuHfs; (Wright, Orville and Wilbur ) fz;L gpbj;J xU Ehw;whz;L epiwit 2003,y; nfhz;lhbdhHfs;.\n,e;j iwl; rNfhjuHfspd; Kjy; tpkhdk; 12 nehbfs;jhd; G+kpf;F NkNy gwe;jJ. gy Mz;L Kaw;rp nra;J bnrk;gH 17> 1903 ,y; jq;fsJ 'gwf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij' nts;Nshl;lk; tpl;lhHfs;. ,JNt kdpj tuyhw;wpy; Nkhl;lhH rf;jp (12 Fjpiu rf;jp) %yk; tpkhdp xUtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gwg;ghFk;. kPz;Lk; nehntk;gH 9> 1904,y; tpy;gH iwl; 5 epkplq;fs; gwe;J fhl;bdhH. nrg;njk;gH 17> 2007 ,y; Kjy; tpkhd tpgj;J Vw;gl;lJ. tpy;gH iwl; me;j tpgj;jpy; jg;gpdhH. Mdhy; mjpy; gazk; nra;j gazp xUtH ,we;J NghdhH. 1908 ,y; mnkupf;f muR Kjd; Kjyhf iwl; rNfhjuHfsplk; ,Ue;J xU tpkhdj;ij thq;fpaJ. mjd; tpiy 25>000 mnkupf;f nlhyHfs;. Mdhy; muR Cf;fptpg;G nfhLg;gdthf Nkyjpfkhf 5>000 nlhyHfis nfhLj;jJ. fhuzk; me;j tpkhdk; kzpf;F 40 iky; Ntfj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhfg; gwe;jJjhd;!\n,d;W tpkhdq;fs; xypiatpl Ntfkhf (758 iky;fs; my;yJ 1>220 fpkP) tpz;zpy; gwf;fpd;wd! tpiutpy; 300 gazpfSld; kzpf;F 6>482 iky; Ntfj;jpy; gwf;Fk; tpkhdq;fs; gad;ghl;Lf;F tu ,Uf;fpd;wd!\nNghH ntwp nfhz;l ehLfs; iwl; rNfhjuHfsJ mwpapay; fz;L gpbg;ig Aj;jj;jpy; mopTf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ mtHfs; Fw;wky;iy. kUj;JtH ifapy; cs;s fj;jp capiuf; fhf;Fk;. khL ntl;Lfpwtd; ifapy; cs;s mNj fj;jp capiuf; Fbf;Fk;!\ntpkhdj;jpy; gwf;fpwtHfspy; vj;jid NgH mjidf; fz;L gpbj;j iwl; rNfhjuHfis ed;wpNahL epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.\n,e;j thuk; tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; xU Gjpa Afk; gpwe;jJ. jdpahH tpz;fg;gy; xd;W (SpaceShipOne) fhw;W kz;lyj;Jf;F mg;ghy; tpz;ntspf;Fg; gwe;J kPz;Lk; G+kpia te;jile;jJ. ,e;j tpz;fg;gypd; rf;jp 60>000 Fjpiu. tpzpntspf; fg;gypd; jahupg;Gf;F KjyPL nra;j ts;sy;; Paul G. Allen vd;gtH. nryT 10 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyHfs;.\n,e;j tpz;fg;gy; G+kpf;F NkNy 100 fp.kP. 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Neha;f;F kUe;J ,Uf;Fk;tiu Neha; te;jhy; ftiyg;glj; Njitapy;iy. kUe;J ,y;yhtpl;lhy;jhd; ftiyg; glNtz;Lk;. ,t;thW rpe;jpj;J kdij Mw;wpf; nfhz;Nld;.\n,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; jPHf;f KbahJ vdf; iftplg;gl;l gy tpahjpfSf;F ngupa ngupa epWtdq;fs; Gjpa kUe;Jfs; fz;L gpbj;J re;ijg; gLj;Jfpd;wd. mNj rkak; GJg; GJ tpahjpfSk; ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd!\nntspapy; Nghdhy; ehd; fhiy rw;W ,Oj;J ,Oj;J elg;gijg; ghHj;J 'fhypy; vd;d tUj;jk;' vd;W Nfl;f Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhHfs;. tUj;jj;ijr; nrhd;dTld; 'mJ vdf;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ' vd;Nwh 'vdJ mz;zd;> kr;rhd; my;yJ khkhTf;F ,Uf;fpwJ' vd;Nwh gyH nrhy;y Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhHfs;.\n'gUthapy;iy. ehd; ngw;w Jd;gk; ngWf ,t; itafk;' vd;W vdf;Fs; rgpj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;!\nvd; kPJ md;G itj;Js;s xU ez;gH ehl;by; ,Ue;J Klf;nfhj;jhd; ,iyia kpfTk; rpukg;gl;L Cupy; ,Ue;J tutioj;J mij tPL Njb te;J nfhLj;jhH. me;j ,iyia ehs;NjhWk; Rz;ly; nra;J Nrhw;NwhL rhg;gpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rupahfp tpLk; vd;W nrhd;dhH.\nme;j ,iy rupahd ifg;G. ,Ue;Jk; gy;iyf; fbj;Jf; nfhz;L rpy ehl;fs; rhg;gpl;Nld;. Mdhy; gyd; ,y;iy. nghJthf ifitj;jpak; rupg;gl;L tUtjpy;iy. %ypif itj;jpak; Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;JNkahdhy; gyj;j nghUl; nrytpy; fl;lg;gLk; kUj;Jt kidfSf;Fk; kUj;JtHfSf;Fk; Njit ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; mJ %ypiffspd; Fiway;y. mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; Fiw ,Uf;fpwJ vd epidf;fpNwd;.\nehl;fs; Nghfg; Nghf elf;Fk; NghJk; gb VWk;NghJk; ,uz;L Koq;fhYk; rhilahf Nehfj; njhlq;fpaJ. kUj;Jtuplk; Nfl;lNghJ mJ\ncartilage arthritis vd;W nrhd;dhH. mjhtJ Koq;fhy; rpy;Y Nja Muk;gpj;J tpl;ljhk;.\nfPy;thjj;Jf;F vd;d itj;jpak;> ve;jtifahd czitr; rhl;gplyhk;> rhg;gplf; $lhJ Nghd;w juTfis ,iza jsj;jpy; Ngha;j; NjbNdd;.\ncly; eyj;Jf;Fk; czTf;Fk; cwTz;L. MAs; kw;Wk; rpj;j itj;jpak; Nghy; mNyhg;gjp mij ngupJk; fz;L nfhs;tjpy;iy. jpUts;StH kUe;J gw;wp jdp mjpfhuk; xd;Nw gilj;jpUf;fpwhH. czT kpfpDk; FiwapDk; Neha; nra;Ak;. clYf;F khW nra;ahj czit kl;Lk; cz;z Ntz;Lk;. msT kPwp cz;lhy; Neha; ePq;fhJ epw;Fk;. Kd; cz;l czT nrupj;jij mwpe;J gpwF czT cl;nfhz;lhy;> clk;gpw;F kUe;J vd;w xd;W Ntz;bajpy;iy. nrupj;jJ mwpe;J gpwF czT cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khdpl clk;ig neLq;fhyk; Ngzpf; fhf;Fk; top mJNtahFk;. tapw;Wg; grpapd; msTf;F mjpfkhf cz;lhy; Neha;fSk; vy;iyapy;yhJ tsHe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.\nkhWghL ,y;yhj czit> jd; cs;sk; tpUk;gpa mstpd;wpg; gpzp thuhj msT cz;L te;jhy; gpzpfshy; Jd;gk; cz;lhfhJ.\njkpo; ke;jpuk; %thapuk; ghba jpU%yH 'vq;fsJ clk;G xU Nfhapy; Nghd;wJ. cs;sk; fUtiw. ts;sy; rptd;. tha; NfhGu thry; rPtd; rptypq;fk;. Gyd; Ie;Jk; fhsh kzp' tpsf;F vd;fpwhH.\ncs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk; ghyak;\nts;sw; gpuhdhHf;F tha;NfhGu thry;\nnjs;sj; njspe;jhHf;F rPtd; rptypq;fk;\nfs;sg; Gyide;Jk; fhsh kzptpsf;Nf (jpUke;jpuk; 1823)\njpU%yH tho;tpd; Kw;gFjpapy; clk;ig ,opTilajhf vz;zpdhH. gpd; clk;gpDs; cj;jkkhd rptidf; fz;lhH. mjdhy; clk;igNa Nfhapyhff; nfhz;lhH. clk;ig ,Of;nfd;W epidj;jJ jtW vd;W njspe;J mjidg; Nghw;wp tsHj;jhH.\nclk;gpid Kd;dk; ,Of;nfd;wp Ue;Njd;\nclk;gpDf; Fs;Ns AWnghUs; fz;Nld;\nclk;GNs cj;jkd; Nfhapy;nfh lhndd;\nclk;gpid ahdpUe; Njhk;Gfpd; NwNd (jpUke;jpuk; 725)\ncz;ik Qhdk; ngw tpiogtH clk;igf; Fwpnfhz;L tsHf;f Ntz;Lk;. 'MwpYk; rhT> EhwpYk; rhT' vd;W ntl;b Ntjhe;jk; $wpf; nfhz;L tho;jy; $lhJ. clk;G mope;jhy; mjd; epiyf;fskhf tpsq;Fk; capUk; mopAk;. Qhdk; vd;gJ rpe;jidf;Fupa mwpT. rpe;jpf;Fk; jd;ik kdJf;Fj;jhd; cz;L. mwpT cyfg; nghUis ey;yJ ,J my;yJ ,J vd;W ghFgLj;jp czHj;JfpwJ. clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH moptH\njplk;gl nka;Qhdk; NruT khl;lhH\nclk;ig tsHj;Njd; capHtsHj; NjNd!\ngjpnzd; rpj;jHfspy; xUtuhd nfhq;fzr; rpj;jH jpU%yH fUj;ij vjpnuhypf;fpwhH. Cj;ijr; rlynkd vz;zh Njapij\ncg;gpl;l gz;lnkd; nwz;zhNj\nghHj;j NgUf;F Cj;ijapy;iy apijg;\nghHj;Jf; nfhs; cd;wd; clYf;Fs;Ns! (ghly; 38)\ngyH ,e;j cz;ikia mwpahJ Fbg;gjd; %yKk; Gifgpbg;gjd; %yKk; ,e;j Myak; vd;w clk;ig nky;y nky;y mopf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfs; jq;fis mwpahJ ehshe;jk; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. cs;sj;ijAk; capiuAk; tsHf;Fk; cghaj;ij gps;isfSf;F gs;spf;$lj;jpy; xU ghlkhf nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;iwa fy;tp Kiw gpiog;gjw;F top fhl;LfpwNjnahopa vg;gb thoNtz;Lk; vd;gijf; fw;Wf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy.\ncly; Neha;f;Fk; czTf;Fk; njhlHG ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjpy; ve;j IaKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; mNyhgjp kUj;Jtj;jpy; Neha;f;Fk; czTf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG ngUk;ghYk; tw;GWj;jg; gLtjpy;iy. kUj;JtH tpUk;gpaijr; rhg;gplyhk; vdr; nrhy;yp tpLthH.\nfPy; thjf;fhuHfs; A+wpf; mkpyj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba czit jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. me;jtif czit purines vd;W miof;fpwhHfs;. ,iwr;rpf;F cjthj kpUfq;fspd; fopTg; nghUl;fshd <uy;> rpWePufk;> ,Ujak;> ehf;F Nghd;wit. ML> khL> Nfhop ,tw;wpd; ,iwr;rp. ez;L> fztha;> ,why;> kl;b kw;Wk; kf;fuy;> rhHbd;> n`wpq; Nghd;w kPd;fs;. gUg;G> fPiu> fhshd;> Asparagus. citd;> gpaH Nghd;w kJ tiffs;.\n,jpy; cs;s rpf;fy; vd;dntd;why; A+wpf; mkpyk; Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjw;F czT 15 tpOf;fhLjhd; fhuzk; vd;fpwhHfs;. kpFjp mtutH clk;Gthrpiag; nghWj;jjhk;! FLk;g kUj;JtH typiaf; Fiwf;f Tylenol Arthritis tpy;;iyfs; thq;fj; Jz;L je;jhH. mJ Nghl;lgpd; typAk; tPf;fKk; Fiwe;jJ. Mdhy; Kw;whff; Fiwatpy;iy. ,g;NghJ ,lJ fhypYk; rpwpjsT tPf;fk;> typ.\nmLj;j fl;lkhf thj Neha; kUj;Jt epGziug; (Rheumatologist ) ghHf;f FLk;g itj;jpaH Vw;ghL nra;jhH. kUj;Jt epGziug; ghHf;f KOrhf 6 khjk; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. (gazk; njhlUk;) td;dpr; nryT (3) jkpOk; cj;jpNahf nkhop!\nthjNeha; kUj;Jt epGziug; (rheumatologist ) ghHj;Njd;. vdJ kUj;Jt mwpf;ifiag; ghHj;Jtpl;L A+wpf; mkpyk; ,g;NghJ ,ay;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;yp vioxx vd;w khj;jpiuia vOjpj; je;jhH. ,e;j khj;jpiuia cl;nfhz;lhy; Neha; khWkh vd;W Nfl;Nld;. 'khwhJ. typFiwAk;' vd;whH. kUj;jtupd; ,e;jg; gjpy; vdf;F Vkhw;wj;ij mspj;jJ.\ntyJ fhy; ngUtpuypy; xU CrpAk; Nghl;lhH. cstpay; mbg;gilapy; vd;idj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jj;jhd; me;j Crpiag; Nghl;lhH vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;. fhuzk; Crp Nghl;l gpd; ,uz;nlhU ehs; Neh Fiwe;jkhjpup ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dH mJ toikf;Fj; jpUk;gp tpl;lJ.\nczTf; fl;Lg;ghL gw;wp xd;WNk mtH nrhy;ytpy;iy. epiwaj; jz;zPH Fbf;ff; $lr; nrhy;ytpy;iy.\nepkpHe;J gLj;J ,lJ tyJ fhiy khwp khwp kbj;J xt;nthU ehSk; jtwhJ Njfg; gapw;rp nra;AkhW kl;Lk; nrhd;dhH. vg;gb mijr; nra;tJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; xU tiu glj;ijAk; je;jhH.\n,iza jsj;jpy; Ngha; fPy; thjj;Jf;F vd;d itj;jpak; vd;W ghHj;Njd;. mjpy; gy kUj;JtHfs; gykhjpupahd kUe;JfisAk; MNyhridfisAk; nrhy;yp ,Ue;jhHfs;.\n,aw;if itj;jpak; %yk; ,e;j Nehia khw;wyhk; vdr; rpyUk;> %ypif kUe;J thq;fpr; rhg;gpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rupahfp tpLk; vd;W NtW rpyUk; njuptpj;jhHfs;.\nNeha; khwhtpl;lhy; gzk; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fg;gLk; vd;w cj;juthjk; $l nrhy;yg;gl;bUe;jJ! ,J xU tzpf je;jpuk;. thjj;Jf;F mNyhgjpapNyh MAs; my;yJ rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpNyh kUe;J ,y;iy vd;w cz;ikia gpd;dH njupe;J nfhz;Nld;. ',J taJ NghdtHfSf;F tUfpw Neha;. cJf;F kUe;J ,y;iy' vd vdf;Fj; njupe;j %ypif kUj;JtH nrhd;dhH. 'kNdhd;kzp' vd;w jpiug;glj;ijg; gyH ghHj;jpUf;f khl;lhHfs;. gok;ngUk; ebfH gpA+. rpd;dg;gh ebfj;j glk;. fiythzH vd;.v];. fpU\_;zd; up.V. kJuk; Nrhb ebj;j glk;. fpU\_;zd; fpe;jdhuhf te;J rhjp rkak; %lek;gpf;iffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ed;whf rhLthH. ,e;jg; glk; ehw;gJfspy; ntspahd jpiug;glk;. mjpy; xU eifr; Ritf; fhl;rp.\n'ckf;F vd; MrPHthjk;' vd mHr;rfH xUtH fpU\_;zidg; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;thH.\n'vdf;F MrPH ckf;F thjk;' vd fpU\_;zd; gjpYf;Ff; fpz;lyhfr; nrhy;thH.\n,e;jg; gfpbia ehd; gyUf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; fhl;LtJz;L. ,g;NghJ me;j thjk; vdf;Nf te;J tpl;lJ!\nthdj;jpy; 21>000 mb cauj;jpy; kzpf;F 800 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; tpkhdk; gwe;J nfhz;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; ,e;j epidTfs; kdj;jpiuapy; Xbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nghJthf tpkhdk; XL jsj;jpy; Xbf; fpsk;Gk; NghJ my;yJ jiuapwq;Fk; NghJjhd; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpwJ. cauj;jpy; gwf;Fk; NghJ tpgj;Jf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; elg;gjpy;iy. mJ kl;Lky;y. tpkhdk; caug; gwf;Fk; NghJ Fiwe;jsT vupnghUNs nrythfpwJ. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; fzpdpNa tpkhdj;ij Xl;LfpwJ. tpkhdj;jpd; Ntfk;> cauk;> jpir> jiuapwf;fk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; mJNt xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy; tpkhdpfs; flik Neuj;jpy; epj;jpiu nfhz;LtpLfpwhHfs; vdr; nra;jpfs; mt;tg;NghJ tUfpd;wd. VaH fdlh tpkhdp Jhq;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd kdJf;Fs; topghL nra;J nfhz;Nld;! tho;f;ifapy; cau epidg;gtHfSk; ,e;j tpkhdk; Nghd;wtHfs;jhd;. Kjy; ,yl;rj;ij NrHg;gJ tpkhdk; XL jsj;jpy; XLtJ Nghd;W fbdkhdJ. kpFjp ,yl;rq;fs; NrHg;gJ tpkhdk; Nkfq;fSf;F Nky; gwg;gJ Nghd;W ,NyrhdJ! tpkhdk; Gwg;gl;L xU kzp Neuj;jpy; ,uTr; rhg;ghL gupkhwg;gl;lJ. tpkhdj;jpy;jhd; msTr; rhg;ghL jUfpwhHfs;. Kf;fhy; thrpg; gazpfSk; nfhLf;fpw rhg;ghl;il topj;Jr; rhg;gpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;. kpfr; rpyNu kpr;rk; tpLfpwhHfs;. ,ij ehd; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F fhuzk; ,q;F elf;Fk;; jpUkztpohf;fspy; my;yJ G+g;G ePuhl;L tpohf;fspy; Ra gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;Jk; msTf;F mjpfkhf jl;by; czit epug;gp tpl;L gpd;dH rhg;gpl Kbahky; Vwf;Fiwa miuthrpg; rhg;ghl;il kpr;rk; tpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf Foe;ijfSf;F jl;by; vLf;Fk; rhg;ghl;by; Kf;fhNy %Z tpOf;fhL kpQ;rp tpLfpwJ. Cupy; vd;why; kpQ;Rfpw rhg;ghl;il eha;> G+id NfhopfSf;F nfhLf;fyhk;. ,q;Fjhd; ehAk; ,y;iy G+idAk; ,y;iy NfhopfSk; ,y;iyNa! ,g;gb czit tPzhf;FgtHfs; jkpoPoj;jpy; xU Neur; rhg;ghl;Lf;Nf top ,y;yhJ my;yy;gLk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fisg;gw;wp rpwpjsTk; vz;zpg; ghHg;gjpy;iy.\naho;g;ghzj;jpy; gpr;irf;fhuHfs; vd; fz;fspy; jl;Lg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; td;dpapy; ,uz;L KjpatHfs; Nghfpw tUfpwtHfsplk; if ePl;bg; gpr;ir vLg;gijg; ghHj;Njd;! ,e;jf; fhl;rp vdf;F tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ. Gypfs; Ml;rpapy; gpr;irf;fhuHfs; ,Uf;f khl;lhHfs; vd vjpHghHj;Njd;. mJ ve;j ,lk; vd;gij td;dpia Rw;wpf; fhl;Lk; NghJ gpd;dH nrhy;fpNwd;. tpkhdk; Heathrow tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; gj;jpukhfj; jiu ,wq;fpaJ. Mdhy; mLj;J VaH yq;fh tpkhdj;ijg; gpbf;f ,d;ndhU Terminal f;Fg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;. Ng&e;Jfspy; gazpfis Vw;wp ,wf;fpdhHfs;. Heathrow tpkhd epiyak; vdf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;l ,lk;. Kjd; Kjy; 1968 nrg;njk;gH 21 ,y; fl;Lehaf;fh tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gwe;J nrd;W `Pj;jpNwh tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; ,wq;fpaJ ,d;Dk; ey;y Qhgfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. jpfjp Qhgfkhf ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; Kjy; ehs; md;W cs;@uhl;rp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j jpU.K. jpUr;nry;tk; ly;yp nrdehaf;fhtpd; mikr;ruitapy; ,Ue;J jdJ gjtpia ,uhrPdkh nra;J ,Ue;jhH.\njpUf;NfhNzRtuj;ij Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrj;ij Gdpj efuhf gpufldg;gLj;j mikr;rH xU FOit epakpj;jpUe;jhH. mJgw;wpa mwptpj;jy; muR nra;jpapjopy; (gazette ) ntspahfp ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; gTj;j gpf;Ffs; ll;yp nrdehaf;fhitr; re;jpj;J mikr;rupd; eltbf;iff;F vjpHg;Gj; njuptpj;jij mLj;J me;jf; FO fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid mLj;J gjtp tpyFtijtpl NtW top mikr;rH jpUr;nry;tj;Jf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. `Pj;jpNwh topahf gy jlit gazpj;jpUf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; vj;jid Kiw NghdhYk; me;j tpkhd epiyak; vdf;Fg; Gjpjhfg; ghHf;fpw kaf;fj;ijNa jUfpwJ. Kd;Nghy; my;yhJ ,g;NghJ CLflg;G (transit)\ngazpfSk; tpkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wq;fpaTld; gyj;j ghJfhg;G Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg; gLfpwhHfs;.\nVaH yq;fh tpkhdj;Jf;F fhj;jpUe;j NghJjhd; vq;fisg; NghyNt ,d;Dk; gy fNdba jkpoHfs; mNj tpkhdj;jpy; Vwf; fhj;jpUg;gJ njupa te;jJ.\ngpaHrd; tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; VaH fdlh tpkhdp ,uz;L gazpfSf;F ntF Neuk; fhj;jpUe;jhH vd;W Muk;gj;jpy; nrhd;Nddy;yth? me;jg; gazpfs; NtW ahUky;y. vq;fSld; fhj;jpUe;j xU jhAk; mtuJ kfSk;jhd;!\nVaH fdlh CopaHfs; tpkhdk; VWk; gliyia vr; vd;W gpioahf Boarding pass ,y; Nghl;L tpl;L tpl;lhHfs;. cz;ikapy; mJ gliy [p vd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ njupahky; jhAk; kfSk; vr; gliyapy; fhj;jpUe;jhHfs;! ntF Neuk; fopj;Jj;jhd;> VaJ yq;fh tpkhdk; Gwg;glg;NghfpwJ vd;w mwptpj;jiy xypngUf;fpapy; Nfl;l gpw;ghLjhd; jhq;fs; gpioahd gliyapy; fhj;jpUe;jJ mtHfSf;Fj; njupa te;jJ!\n%d;W kzpj;jpahyk; fhj;jpUe;j gpd;dH VaH fdlhtpy; VwpNdhk;. topapy; tpkhdg; gzpg; ngz;fs; 'MANghtd;' nrhy;yp tuNtw;whHfs;. jkpopy; 'tzf;fk;' vd;W nrhy;yp ahUk; tuNtw;gpy;iy. tpkhdpapd; mwpTg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNahf nkhopahf jkpio nrg;njk;gH 07> 1978 ,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l murpay; ahg;gpy; NrHj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; mjpYk; xU rpd;dj;jdk;. Official Language.\n( 3) English shall be the link language.\ncj;jpNahf nkhop 18. (1) =yq;fhtpd; cj;jpNahf nkhop rpq;fsk; MFk;. (2) jkpOk; xU cj;jpNahf nkhop. MFk;.\n(3) Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhop MFk;.\n19. =yq;fhtpd; Njrpa nkhopfs; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; MFk;.\n=yq;fhtpd; Njrpa nkhopfs; vdg; gd;ikapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ltpl;L cj;jpNahf nkhop xUikapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,J jw;nrayhd rk;gtk; md;W. jpl;lkpl;L Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw nra;ag;gl;lJ. jkpOf;F rpq;fsj;NjhL rkTupik nfhLf;Fk; vz;zk; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsHfSf;F ,y;iy vd;gij ,e;j rl;l tpjp Jy;ypakhf vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. cz;ikapy; =yq;fhtpd; cj;jpNahf nkhopfs; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; vd xNu thf;fpaj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJjhd; Kiw. mJjhd; rup. mJjhd; epahak;. mJjhd; ePjp. (tsUk;)\ntd;dpr; nryT (4) nry;yhf; fhrhfptpl;l jkpo;nkhop! Ntz;lhg; ngz;Zf;F if gl;lhYk; Fw;wk; fhy; gl;lhYk; Fw;wk; vd;W jkpopy; xU gonkhop ,Uf;fpwJ.\n=yq;fh muirg; nghWj;jstpy;> mJ gr;irahf ,Ue;jhYk; rup> ePykhf ,Ue;jhYk; rup> jkpo; nkhop xU Ntz;lg;glhj nkhopahf jPz;lg;glhj nkhopahf ,Uf;fpwJ.\nnjd;dpyq;ifapy; ngUk;ghYk; jpizf;fs mwptpj;jy;fs;> jpizf;fsg; ngaHg;gyiffs; rpq;fs nkhopapy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpq;fs efuq;fs; gl;bdq;fs; ,uz;bYk; cs;s mq;fhbfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; jdpr; rpq;fsj;jpy; ngaHg;gyiffis vOjp itj;Js;sd. mjdhy; efuq;fs; gl;bdq;fs; Clhfg; gazk; nra;Ak; NghJ ve;j efiug; gl;bdj;ijf; fle;J NghfpNwhk; vd;gJ Gupahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. kpf mUikahfNt rpq;fsj;NjhL Mq;fpyj;jpYk; ngaHg;gyiffs; vOjp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nfhOk;gpy; XLk; Ng&e;Jfspd; ngaHg; gyiffs; jdpr; rpq;fsj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpy Ng&e;Jfspy; Xukhf rpd;d vOj;jpy; jkpopYk; vOjp itj;Js;shHfs;. Mdhy; mij thrpf;Fk; Kd;dH Ng&e;J cq;fisf; fle;J gwe;J tpLk;!\nFbtuT Fbafy;T jpizf;fsj;jpy; kUe;Jf;Fk; jkpo; ,y;iy. mq;F ,Uf;Fk; CopaHfSf;F rpq;fsj;ijtpl NtW nkhop mwpT mbNahL fpilahJ. caH mjpfhupfs; kl;Lk; tpjp tpyf;F. Mdhy; mtHfSk; jlf;fpj; jlf;fpNa Mq;fpyk; NgRfpwhHfs;. vdJ ez;gH ,uh. Fzehjd; nrhd;dhH. rpq;fsk; njupahjtHfs; jpizf;fsq;fspy; Ngha; ve;jf; fUkj;ijAk; Mw;w Kbahjhk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciuahlf; $ba CopaHfs; ahUNk fpilahJ. ,tH NgRfpw Mq;fpyk; mtHfSf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy! mtHfs; NgRfpw rpq;fsk; ,tUf;F tpsq;ftpy;iy!\njd;dhy; Kbahjij jd;NdhL te;j rpq;fsr; rhujp jdJ jha;nkhopapy; Ngrp kpf vspjhf nra;J Kbj;jhH vdr; nrhd;dhH.\njkpo; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfNs jq;fSf;Fg; Gupahj rpq;fs nkhopapy; fbjq;fs; tUfpwnjdg; Gyk;GfpwhHfs;. kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfSf;Nf ,e;jf; fjpnad;why; kw;w rhjhuz kf;fisf; Nfl;fth Ntz;Lk;?\nXke;ij kw;Wk; Kfkhiy ,uhZt jil Kfhk;fspy; kl;Lk; nfhQ;rk; jkpo; tho;fpwJ. mq;F flikahw;Wk; rpq;fs fhty;JiwapdH kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdH gazpfNshL jkpopy; kupahijNahL NgRfpwhHfs;. Iah cq;fSila ngaH vd;d? vq;fpUe;J tUfpwPHfs;?' vq;F NghfpwPHfs;? vdf; Nfs;tpfisj; jkpopy; Nfl;L gjpy;fis VLfspy; rpq;fsj;jpy; gjpfpwhHfs;. nkhj;jj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopg; gad;ghL Vl;Lr; Riuf;fhahfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. murpay; ahg;gpy; jkpOk; xU cj;jpNahf nkhop vd Ntz;lh ntWg;ghfg; Nghl;ljhy; te;j tpid ,J. nehntk;gH 14> 1987,y; 13 MtJ rl;ljpUj;j %yk; jkpo; cj;jpNahf nkhop vdTk; Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhop vdTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. bnrk;gH 17> 1988 ,y; 16tJ rl;ljpUj;j %yk; rpq;fsKk; jkpOk; ehl;bd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; rl;lthf;f nkhopfs; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;ld. tl-fpof;fpy; jkpo; Ml;rp nkhop. vQ;rpa 7 khfhzq;fspYk; rpq;fsk; Ml;rp nkhop. nkhj;jk; 17 Mz;Lfs; fope;j epiyapYk; me;jr; rl;l jpUj;jk; nry;yhf; fhrhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.\nNjrpa ePNuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jtpl;Nlhk; vd;W $wpf; nfhz;L ehlhSgtHfsJ fhy;fis ef;fpg; gpiof;Fk; mikr;ruhy; $l jkpo;nkhopf;F cupa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy! VaH fdlhtpy; fdlhtpd; cj;jpNahf nkhopfshd Mq;fpyk; gpuQ;R ,uz;bYk; mwptpg;Gr; nra;fpwhHfs;. VaH fdlhtpd; jiyikafk; fpA+ngf; khfhzj;jpy; ,aq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhak;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fNdba ehl;bd; rl;l jpl;lq;fNs.\nfdlhtpy; ve;j mikr;Rf;Fg; NghdhYk;> ve;j jpizf;fsj;NjhL njhlHG nfhz;lhYk; Kjypy; Nfl;fg;gLfpw Nfs;tp 'ePq;fs; ve;j nkhopapy; Nrit ngw tpUk;GfpwPHfs;?' vd;gJjhd;. kj;jpa mur kl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpyk; gpuQ;R nkhop ,uz;bYk; Nrit toq;fhj mikr;Rf;fisNah jpizf;fsq;fisNah kUe;Jf;Fk; ghHf;fNt KbahJ!\nfdlhtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 31>414>000. ,jpy; 17>521>880 NgH Mq;fpyj;ij jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;ltHfs;. 6>782>320 NgH gpuQ;R nkhopia jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;ltHfs;. Mq;fpyk; my;yJ gpuQ;R nkhopfis jha;nkhopahff; nfhs;shjtHfspd; vz;zpf;if 5>334>770. 1996Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH kf;fs; njhif ruhrup 4.00 tpOf;fhl;lhy; $baNghJ Mq;fpyk; my;yJ gpuQ;R nkhopia jha;nkhopahff; nfhs;shjtH njhif 12.5 tpOf;fhlhff; $baJ! ,J Gjpa FbtuthsHfspy; ngUk;ghNyhH Mq;fpyk; my;yJ gpuQ;R nkhop NgrhNjhH vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ FbtUNthH Mq;fpyk; my;yJ gpuQ;R nkhop njupe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jhy; mtHfSf;F Kd;Dupik ($Ljyhf 15 Gs;spfs;) toq;fg;gLfpwJ. fle;j fhyq;fspy; Mq;fpyk; my;yJ gpuQ;R nkhopia jha;nkhopahff; nfhs;shj FbtuthsHfs; njhif mjpfupj;J te;jjhy; fdlh Jupj fjpapy; gd;nkhop (multilingual society ) NgRk; rKjhak; Mf khw;wk; mile;J tUfpwJ. jha;nkhop vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiutpyf;fzk; ahJ? jha;nkhop vd;gJ xUtH Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; tPl;by; gbj;j Kjy; nkhopahfTk; Gs;sptpguf; fzf;nfLf;g;gpd; NghJ me;j nkhopia ,d;dKk; Ngrj; njupe;jjpUg;gtH vd tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fdlhtpy; EhW nkhopfSf;F Nky; Ngrg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ gyUf;F tpag;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jpy; rPdk;> gQ;rhgp> muG> cUJ kw;Wk; jkpo; mlf;fk;.\nfdlhtpy; Mq;fpyk; gpuQ;R ,uz;L nkhopfSk; cj;jpNahf nkhopfs; vd 1969 Mk; Mz;L ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Kjy; cj;jpNahf nkhopfs; rl;lk;\n(Official Languages Act) gpufldg; gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jr; rl;lk; nrg;njk;gH 15> 1988 Kjy; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Mq;fpyk; gpuQ;R nkhop ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,izg;ghl;rp kl;lj;jpy; rkTupik toq;fg;gLtij cWjp nra;J fdba cupifs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fs; gl;laj;jpd; (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms) fPo; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nkhop cupikfis kjpj;J elg;gjhFk;. fpA+ngf; khfhzj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif 7.2 kpy;ypad; my;yJ 72 ,yl;rk; (2001) MFk;. ,jpy; gpuQ;RfhuHfs; 81.2 tpOf;fhL. Mq;fpNyaH 8.0 tpOf;fhL. VidatH 9 tpOf;fhL. G+HtPf kf;fs; 1 tpOf;fhL. cj;jpNahf nkhop gpuQ;R. fdlhtpy; 10 khfhzq;fs; cs;sd. mnkupf;fhtpy; 50 khepyq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; fpA+ngf; khfhzj;jpy; kl;LNk gpuQ;R nkhop NgRNthH ngUk;ghd;ikahf cs;sdH.\n,jdhy; fpA+ngf;fpy; thOk; gpuQ;R kf;fs; jq;fs; nkhop> fiy> gz;ghl;il Mq;fpNyaUk; Mq;fpyKk; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; tpOq;fp Vg;gkpl;L tpLNkh vd;W gag;gLfpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; gy jw;ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis vLj;Js;shHfs;. fpA+ngf;fpy; ,uz;L nkhopr; rl;lq;fs; cz;L. xd;W fdba ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. kw;wJ fpA+ngf; Njrpa rigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 1982,y; ,Ue;J ,uz;L ehlhSkd;wq;fSk; (fdba kw;Wk; fpA+ngf;) mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik kf;fsJ fy;tp cupikfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cWjpg; gLj;Jk; fdba cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd gl;laj;ij gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; cs;sJ.\nfpA+ngf; gpuQ;Rnkhop gl;lak; (Charter of the French language) (rl;l %yk; ,y.101) ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fsJ nkhopahd gpuQ;R nkhopia fpA+ngf;fpd; xNu cj;jpNahfnkhopahfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; fpA+ngf; murpd; nkhop> rl;l nkhop gpuQ;R nkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ehshe;j Ntiy> fy;tp fw;gpj;jy;> fy;tp fw;wy;> jfty;njhlHG> ngUthzpfk; (commerce) thzpfk; (business) Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gpuQ;R nkhopapy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj. NkYk; ,e;jr; rl;lk; rupahf filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwjh vd;gijf; fz;fhzpf;f jdp fhty;j;Jiw (Language Police ) mikf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. xU tof;fpy; tzpf epWtdq;fspd; ntspg; ngaHg; gyiffs; gpuQ;R nkhopapy; kl;Lk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lk; fdba cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fspd; gl;laj;ij kPWtjhf cr;r ePjp kd;wk; jPHg;gspj;jJ. me;jj; jPHg;ig mLj;J 1993 Mk; Mz;L rl;l %yk; ,y.86 thzpfg; ngaHg;gyiffs; ,U nkhopfspYk; vOjyhk; vd;Wk; Mdhy; gpuQ;R nkhopf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. kjj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; xd;NuwpNah khfhzk; fj;Njhypf;f kj ghlrhiyfis Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj rkak; fpA+ngf; khfhzk; Gwl;l];jhd; kj ghlrhiyfis Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk;. fdba nkhopf; nfhs;if gw;wp ,t;thW tpupj;J vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; =yq;fh NghyNt ,U nkhop NgRk; kf;fisf; nfhz;l fdlh vt;thW jdJ nkhopr; rpf;fiy ePjpahfTk; epahakhfTk; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfTk; jPHj;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;lNt!\ntpkhdk; fpsk;Gk; NghJ jw;nrayhf tpgj;Jf;Fs;shf Neupl;lhy; vg;gb ,Uf;iff;F fPOs;s capHfhg;G mq;fp kw;wk; Kf%bia mzpe;J nfhz;L mtru thry;fshy; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij nra;J fhl;LfpwhHfs;. Kd;dH tpkhdg; gzpg;ngz;fs; ,e;j newpKiwfis Neubahfr; nra;J fhl;LthHfs;. ,g;NghJ mjid njhiyf; fhl;rpapy; fhl;LfpwhHfs;. kl;ilapYk; vOjp itf;fpwhHfs;.\nVaH yq;fhtpy; ,e;j xd;wpy; kl;Lk; jkpopYk; tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU mtrufhy epiyapy; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Kd;$l;bNa thry;fs; vq;fpUf;fpd;wd> ,Uf;if gl;bia vg;gb fol;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gdtw;iwj; njupe;J itj;jpUq;fs;. tpkhdj;jpy; fhw;W mKf;fk; Vw;gl;lhy; ,Uf;ifapy; cl;fhHe;J gl;bia G+l;Lq;fs;. Kf%bia vLj;J Kfj;jpy; khl;bf; nfhz;L ,Uf;ifapy; ,Uq;fs;.\ntpkhdk; flypy; tpOk; mghak; Vw;gl;lhy; capHfhg;G mq;fpia mzpe;J mjpy; fhw;iw CJq;fs;. ePe;j KbA nkd;why; ePe;jp rf gazpfSld; NrHe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,njy;yhk; elf;fpw fhupakh? tpkhdk; tpgj;jpy; rpf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j mq;fpia vy;yhk; khl;bf; nfhs;s Neuk; ,Uf;Fkh? fhw;iw Cjp ngUg;gpf;f Neuk; ,Uf;Fkh? Kf%bia khl;l Neuk; ,Uf;Fkh vd;nwy;yhk; Nfl;fj; Njhd;Wk;. cz;ikapy; Mgj;jhd Neuq;fspy; mit gad;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,yz;ld; nfhOk;Gf;F ,ilapyhd Jhuk; 8711 fpkP. gwf;f vLf;Fk; Neuk; 10 kzp 10 epkplq;fs;. ,e;j juit tpkhdp xypngUf;fpapy; mwptpj;jhH. (gazk; njhlUk;) td;dpr; nryT (5)\n,yq;if xU mofhd jPT! ,g;NghJ ehq;fs; Vwp cl;fhHe;jpUf;Fk; tpkhdk; VaH g]; V340-300 gbtk;. INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F ,e;jg; gbt tpkhdq;fisNa VaH yq;fh tof;fhWf;F tpl;Ls;sJ.\ntpkhdk; ghHg;gjw;F mofhf ,Ue;jJ. GjpjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. V340 tpkhdq;fs; Kjd; Kjyhf 1991,y; ,Ue;Jjhd; Gof;fj;Jf;F te;jd. ,e;j tpkhdj;jpd; njhopy;El;gj; juTfis rw;Wr; RUf;fkhfg; ghHf;fyhk;. KO ePsk; 208.661 mb 63.600 kP\nclw;gFjp mfyk; 17.323 mb 5.280 kP\nmjpfsT cauk; 54.790 mb 16.700 kP ,wf;ifapd; ePsk; 197.835 mb 60.300 kP\n,wf;ifapd; gug;gsT 3892.262 r.mb 361.600 r.kP Mff;$ba gwf;Fk; epiw 606375.0 ,wh. 275000.0 fpNyh ntWk; epiw 285106.5 ,wh. 129300.0 fpNyh\nMff; $ba Ntfk; kzpf;F 1030 fpkP\nrpf;fd Ntfk; kzpf;F 890 fpkP\ntPr;nry;iy (range) 11900 fpkP\n,Uf;iffs; - 295-313 ,jd; jahupg;G Ntiy n[Hkd; ehl;by; cs;s kpA+dpr; efupy; rdtup 24> 1986 ,y; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; Nkk;ghl;L nryT (development cost) RkhH 2 gpy;ypad; m. nlhyHfshFk;. ,g;NghJ jahupg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; V340-500 kw;Wk; 600 Nkk;ghl;Lr; nryT 2.9 gpy;ypad; m. nlhyHfshFk;. (VaH fdlh tpkhdj;ij V380 gbtk; vd;W ehd; Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;lJ jtW. mJ vk; 11-200 vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gazpfs; ,Uf;if 200. jtiwr; Rl;bf;fhl;ba thrfHfSf;F ed;wp)\nxf;NjhgH 4> 1991 ,y; cynfq;Fk; ,Ue;J RkhH 5>000 tpUe;jpdHfs; VaHg]; V 340-300 tpkhdj;jpd; nts;Nshl;lj;ijg; ghHf;f gpuQ;R ehl;by; cs;s Toulouse efupy; FOkp ,Ue;jhHfs;. ngg;utup 23> 1992 md;W ,e;j tpkhdk; Toulouse efupy; ,Ue;J rpq;fg;G+Uf;F (11>760 kpkP) 12 kzp 43 epkplq;fspy; gwe;J nrd;wJ. xf;NjhgH 18> 1992 Toulouse efupy; ,Ue;J NgHj; (mT];jpNuypah) efUf;F 16 kzp 35 epkplj;jpy; gwe;J nrd;wJ. ,uz;L efuq;fSf;Fk; cs;s ,ilj;Jhuk; 16>000 fpkP MFk;. kPz;Lk; Rio de Janeiro - Frankfurt gazj;ij 10 kzp 49 epkplj;jpy; epiwT nra;jJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; A+iy 24> 2001Mk; Mz;L fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd jsk; kPJ tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Nkw;nfhz;l jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjiyf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjypy; 4 fpgPH rz;il tpkhdq;fs;> 3 Nf-8 gapw;rp tpkhdq;fs;> 2-17 kpf; tpkhdq;fs;> 2 ngy; 412 nfypfs;> 2 vk;I-17 gPuq;fp nfypfs;> 2 VVIP 412 kw;Wk; 3 gazpfs; tpkhdq;fs; Mf nkhj;jk; 18 tpkhdq;fs; Nrjk; mile;jd my;yJ Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;ld. Nrjkile;j tpkhdq;fspy; ,uz;L V340-300 kw;Wk; xU V330-200 mlq;Fk;.\ntp.Gypfspd; jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fypy; tpkhdq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh Jiwf;Fk; Vw;gl;l ,og;gpd; kjpg;gPL xU gpy;ypad; m.nlhyHfs; (RkhH 450 Nfhb &gha;) vd;W kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjiy mLj;J ,yq;iff;F tUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; vz;zpf;if jiy fPohfr; rupe;jJ. mJ NghyNt ntspehl;ltuJ KjyPLk; ghjpg;gile;jJ. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjypd; mNfhuNk tp.Gypfis NghH Kidapy; Njhw;fbf;f KbahJ vd;w ghlj;ij rdhjpgjp re;jpupfhtpw;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;J NehHNt ehl;bd; mDruizia ehlj; js;spaJ. jw;NghJ (2003) VaH yq;fh epWtdj;jpw;F 18 tpkhdq;fs; nrhe;jkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; 5 V340> 4 V330, 5 V320, 2 Antonov AN12, 2 Cessna Caeavans. ,e;j tpkhdq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,yz;lDf;F thuj;Jf;F 11 gwg;Gf;fs;> #upr;Rf;F 5> ghupRf;F 4> 3 Frankfurt gwg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhyhyk;G+Uf;F ehs; NjhWk; gwg;Gf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. tpkhdj;jpy; ,uz;L tupir ,Uf;iffSf;F ,ilapy; fhiy ePl;b itg;gjw;F nfhQ;rk; ,ilntsp ,Ue;jJ. Kd; ,Uf;ifapd; fPNo gpd;dhy; ,Ug;gtH fhiy itg;gjw;F xU rpW Rikjhq;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,Uf;ifiar; rw;Wg; gpd;Gwk; rha;j;J fz;iz %Ltjw;Fk; trjp nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. NeH vjpNu ,Ue;j ,Uf;iff;F gpd;Gwj;jpy; njhiyf; fhl;rp ,Ue;jJ. tpkhdj;jpy; njhiy Ngrp trjp$l ,Ue;jJ. fld; ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp gazpfs; njhiyNgrpapy; xUtH jdf;F tpUg;gkhdtHfSld; Ngryhk;. xU epkplk; NgRtjw;F fl;lzk; m. nlhyH 5.00 kl;LNk. fzpdp (laptop)\n%yk; njhiyg; gbiaAk; mDg;gp itf;f trjp ,Ue;jJ.\nnjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; 18 ntt;NtW jpiug;glq;fspy; xd;iw njupt nra;J ghHf;fyhk;. mNjNghy; 22 ntt;NtW thndhypfisf; Nfl;fyhk;. md;W fkyfhrd; ebj;j glk; xd;iwf; fhl;bdhHfs;. tpkhdk; thdj;jpy; gwf;Fk; NghJ ,ilapilNa njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; tpkhdk; nry;Yk; ghij> ,lk;> Ntfk;> cauk;> ntl;g jl;gk; kw;Wk; Ngha;r; Nru vQ;rp ,Uf;Fk; Neuk; Kjypatw;iwf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;. ,e;jj; juTfis tpkhdj;jpd; Navigation system rkfhyj;jpy; Neubahfj; njhiyf;fhl;rpf;F mDg;gpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. tpkhdj;jpd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;l fkuh tpkhdj;Jf;F Neubahf fPNo cs;s epyg;gug;ig glk;gpbj;J jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ. rTjp mNugpah ghiytdk;> ghurPf tisFlh> kj;jpajiuf; fly; Nghd;wtw;iw jpiuapy; ghHj;J kfpoyhk;.\njiuapy; jiyf;F NkNy njupAk; Kfpy; $l;lq;fs; tpkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ fhYf;Ff; fPNo njupfpd;wd. VaH yq;fhtpd; KjyPl;by; 40 tpOf;fhL If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F nrhe;jkhdJ vd;gJ gyUf;Fj; njupahky; ,Uf;fyhk;. 1998,y; ,yq;if muRf;Fk; Jgha; efupy; ,aq;Fk; If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpa VaHiyDf;Fk; (United Arab Emirates Airline)\n,ilapy; xU $l;L xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jhfpaJ. mjd; fPo; I.m.,. VaHiyd; 40 tpOf;fhL gq;Ffis (jw;NghJ 43 tpOf;fhL) thq;fpf; nfhz;lJ. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; gj;J Mz;Lfhyj;Jf;F VaH yq;fh tpkhd Nritapd; Kfhikj;Jt cupikiaAk; I.m.,. VaHiyd; jd; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. VaH yq;fhtpw;F Gjpa ,af;FeH rig njupT nra;ag;gl;L I.m.,. CopaH xUtH Kjd;ik epHthf mjpfhupahf (CEO) epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,jid mLj;J VaH yq;fhtpd; epHthfk; Kw;whf kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. thzpf jpl;lj;jpd; gb (Business Plan) V330-200 gbtj;NjhL V340-300 kw;Wk; V320-200 tpkhdq;fs; Nkyjpfkhf thq;fg;gl;ld. 1999 Mk; Mz;L 5 V330-200 tpkhdq;fSk; xU V340-300 tpkhdKk; thq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ nkhj;jk; 18 tpkhdq;fs; ghtidapy; cs;sd. ,yq;if cyfj;J moF mj;jidAk; nfhl;bf; fplf;Fk; xU mofhd jPT vd;gJ thdk; ePy epwk;> fpsp NgRk;;> Fapy; $Tk;> kapy; MLk; vd;W nrhy;tJ Nghd;w xU cz;ik. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tpUk;Gk; nghOJ Nghf;F mk;rq;fs; mj;jidAk; me;jj; jPtpy; cz;L. ,aw;if tQ;rfk; nra;ahj ehLfspy; ,yq;if Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,yq;if fpof;F Mrpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;ghtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Jhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis RtHe;J ,Og;gjw;F rhjfkhd #o;epiyia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. fz;L fspg;gjw;F fz;izf; ftUk; mofhd flw;fiufs;> MWfs;> kiyfs;> ePH tPo;r;rpfs;> G+e;Njhl;lq;fs;> gTj;j tpfhiufs;> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs;> rpfpupah fw;ghiw> fz;b Vup> jyjhkhspif> ahy Njrpa G+e;Njhl;lk;> muz;kidfs;> rptndhspghj kiy> ehlhSkd;wk;> tlf;Nf fPupkiy> epyhtiu fhiuefH fR+updh> fpof;Nf fd;dpfh> rpj;jhz;b........... vd xU ePz;l gl;bay; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ,Og;gjw;F ,yq;if Rw;Wyh rig gfPuj Kaw;rp vLj;J tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gazpfs; tpkhdj;jpy; $baJ 90 epkplq;fspy; ,yq;if te;J NrHe;Jtplyhk;.\nNghH epWj;j xg;ge;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J ele;J tUk; mikjpg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; ,yq;ifia Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; kPs; fz;Lgpbf;f cjtpAs;sJ. ,yq;if ,yz;lDf;F fpof;Nf 79 ghif 51 epkpl epiuNfhl;by;\n(longitude) ,Uf;fpwJ. ePs;NfhL (latitude) tlf;F 6 ghif 56 epkplkhFk;. Neu tpj;jpahrk; 6 kzp MFk;. ,yq;iff;F Neub tpkhd Nritia ,e;jpah> rpq;fg;G+H> jha;yhe;J> nfhq;nfhq;> FNtj;J> If;fpa muG ,uhr;rpa VaH iyd;fs; elhj;Jfpd;wd. ,yq;iff;F tUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; njhif mjpfupj;j tz;zk; cs;sJ. 2003 ,y; 216>144 gazpfs; te;jhHfs;. ,e;j vz;zpf;if 2002 Mk; Mz;il (173>136) tpl 24.8 tpOf;fhL mjpfkhFk;. A+d; (2003) khjj;jpy; kl;Lk; 31> 836 gazpfs; te;jhHfs;. mNj khjj;jpy; 2002,y; te;jtHfs; njhif 26>355 kl;LNk. ,Nj khjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;jtHfs; njhif 8106. ,J A+d; 2002 ,y; te;jtHfis (6453) tpl 25.6 tpOf;fhL mjpfkhFk;. ,Nj fhy fl;lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;jtHfsJ njhif 4878 (2002- 3693). NghH epWj;j xg;ge;je;ijj; njhlHe;J Jg;ghf;fpfs; kTdpj;J tpl;lNj Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUiff;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gijr; nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. 1966 ,y;jhd; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh rig njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ Kjy; nfhz;L Rw;Wyh njhopy;j;Jiw KLf;fp tplg;gl;lJ. 1976-1982 Mz;LfSf;F ,ilapy; Rw;Wyh njhopy; Ntfkhf tsHr;rp ngw;wJ. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif Mz;L NjhWk; 24 tpOf;fhL mjpfupj;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. 1982 ,y; 407>230 NgH te;jhHfs;. mLj;j Mz;L me;jj; njhif 337>342 Mf tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. fhuzk; 1983 Mk; Mz;L fUg;G A+iyapy; rpq;fs muR muq;Nfw;wpa jipopdg; gLnfhiyjhd;. 1986 ,y; tUif je;jtHfsJ njhif 230>106 kl;LNk. 1982 Mk; Mz;NlhL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,J 43 tpOf;fhL FiwthFk;. 1987,y; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; njhif NkYk; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. 1987 Kjy; 6 khjq;fspy; tUif je;j gazpfs; njhif Ke;jpa Mz;iltpl 23 tpOf;fhl;lhy; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. (tsUk;) td;dpr; nryT (6)\njkpoPo tpkhd Nrit vg;NghJ? ntspehl;L ,izajs thrfHfsJ ed;ik fUjp ,yq;ifiag; gw;wpa rpy Kf;fpa Gs;sp tpguq;fisj; juyhk; vd epidf;fpNwd;. gug;gsT - 65>610 r.fpkP (25>332 r.iky;)\njiy efuk; - n[atHj;jdGu-Nfhl;il\ngioa jiy efuk; - nfhOk;G (1.3 kpy;ypad;)\njl;gntg;gepiy - ntl;g kz;lyk; (khup> Nfhil) ruhrup kio tPo;r;rp - 200 mq;Fyk;\nkf;fs; njhif - 19.4 kpy;ypad; ( 194 ,yl;rk; my;yJ 1.94 Nfhb)\nkf;fs; njhif mjpfupg;G - 1.3 tpOf;fhL\n,dg; gpupT (2002) - rpq;fstH (74tpOf;fhL) jkpoH (18 tpOf;fhL)\nK];ypk; (7 tpOf;fhL) kw;wtHfs; (1 tpOf;fhL)\nrkak; - gTj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpwpj;jtk;\nnkhopfs; - (1) rpq;fsk; cj;jpNahf nkhop. (2) jkpOk; cj;jpNahf nkhop\n. (3) Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhop. fy;tp mwpT - 91 tpOf;fhL\ngs;spapy; gbg;NghH - 96.5 tpOf;fhL\ncapH ePbg;G - Mz; (71) ngz;fs; (76 )\nnkhj;j cs;SH cw;gj;jp (GDP) - 18.4 gpy;ypad; (2003) m.nlhyHfs;\nMz;L tsHr;rp - 5.9 tpOf;fhL\njdpkdpj tUtha; - 753 m.nlhyHfs; (1996)\n,e;j Mz;L rdtup khjj;jpy; 49>950 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif je;jhHfs;. ,J fle;j Mz;L rdtup khjj;ij tpl 22.9 tpOf;fhL mjpfkhFk;. ngg;utupapy; 43>584 gazpfs; te;jhHfs;. ,J fle;j Mz;L ngg;utupia tpl 11.5 tpOf;fhL $LjyhFk;. khHr;rpy; 38> 418 NgH te;jhHfs;. ,J fle;j khHr;ir tpl 11.9 FiwthFk;. Vg;gpuypy; te;jtHfsJ njhif 30>672. ,J fle;j Vg;gpuiy tpl 9.0 tpOf;fhL FiwthFk;. Nk khjk; te;NjhH njhif 30>162. ,J 0.4 tpOf;fhL mjpfkhFk;. elg;G Mz;by; A+d; khjk; tiu tUif je;j gazpfs; njhif 192>786. ,J fle;j Mz;L ,Nj fhyg;gFjpia tpl 4.6 tpOf;fhL FiwthFk;. A+iy 7 Mk; ehs; nfhOk;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w jw;nfhiyf; Fz;L ntbg;ig mLj;J Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; njhif Fiwe;Js;sJ. rpy Mlk;gu N`hl;ly;fs; nrd;w Mz;by; jq;fsJ ,yhgj;ij ,U klq;F $l;bf; nfhz;ld. tl-fpof;Ff;F mikjp jpUk;gp Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; me;j tha;g;ig gad; gLj;j Kd;te;jhy; NghHf;fs; ,lk;ngw;w gFjpfs; gy Mlk;gu N`hl;ly;fshf khwf; $Lk; vd Rw;Wyhj; Jiw tl;lhuq;fs; ek;Gfpd;wd. njd;dpyq;ifapy; rz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ntwpr;Nrhbf; fple;j gy N`hl;ly; miwfs; ,g;NghJ Rw;Wyhg; gazpfshy; epug;gg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j N`hl;ly;fs; xU miwf;F xU ehisf;F 150-1000 m.nlhyH tiu thilahf mwtpLfpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,uz;L ngupa Mlk;gu N`hl;ly;fs; fl;l Kaw;rp elf;fpwJ. Gyk; ngaHe;j jkpo; KjyPl;lhHfs; ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fp cs;sdH. tlf;Fk; - fpof;Fk; Rw;WyhTf;F cfe;j ,lq;fs; vd;gij nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. epyhntsp flw;fiu> jpUf;NfhNzRtuk;> jpUf;NfjPRtuk;> eFNyRtuk;> ey;YhH> nfhf;fl;br; Nrhiy mk;kd; Nfhapy;> rpj;jhz;b KUfd; Nfhapy;. fPupkiy> epyhtiu> ntbaurd; Nfhl;il> f#updh> fd;dpah RL jz;zPH fpzWfs; fl;lhak; ghHf;f Ntz;ba ,lq;fshFk;.\nMdhy; tlf;F fpof;F gFjpfs; KOJk; tp.Gypfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jhNy Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia jpl;lkpl;L Kiwg;gb tsHf;f KbAk;. cyf tpkhd Nritia vLj;Jg; ghHj;jhy; rpd;dk; rpW ehLfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd tpkhd NritfNs jpwk;gl ,aq;Ffpd;wd.\nrpq;fg;G+H Rz;ilf;fha; ehL. rpq;fg;G+H Nghd;Nw nfhq;nfhq;> If;fpa vkpNul; ,uhr;rpak; rpwpa ehLfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j ehLfspd; tpkhd Nritjhd;> Fwpg;ghf rpq;fg;G+H> cyfj;jpy; rpwe;jit vdg; ngaH thq;fpAs;sd.\nrpq;fg;G+upd; nkhj;j cs;SH cw;gj;jpapd; ngWkjp (1998) m.nlhyH 84 gpy;ypad; (8>400 Nfhb). nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapy; rpq;fg;G+H njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; cs;s 'ehd;F Gypfspy;' (Vidait nfhq;nfhq;> njd; nfhupah> jha;thd;) xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjd; ruhrup jdpkdpj tUkhdk; m.nlhyH 26>670 MFk;. ,J fNdba jdp kdpj tUtha;f;F rkkhdJ.\nrpq;fg;G+upd; gug;gsT 648 r.fpkP (250 r.iky;) kl;LNk. mjd; Kf;fpa jPtpd; ePsk; 22 kpkP (14 iky;). tlf;Fj;-njw;fhf 54 fpkP (31 iky;) ePsk;. rpq;fg;G+upd; ikag; gFjpapy; 176 kP (577 mb) cauKs;s kiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpypUe;Jjhd; rpq;fg;G+H MW cw;gj;jpahfpwJ!\nrpq;fg;G+upd; kf;fs; njhif 3> 571>710. (2000). ngUk;ghd;ikNahH rPdH (75) kNyrpaH (15) ,e;jpaH (10). ngUk;ghd;ik ,e;jpaH jkpoHfNs. rp;q;fg;G+upd; 4 mur nkhopfspy; jkpOk; xd;W vd;gJ ngUikg;gl Ntz;ba tplak;. rpq;fg;G+H tpkhd epiya;jpy; 'ey;tuT' vd;W vopdpapy; vOjpj; njhq;ftpl;Ls;shHfs;. rpq;fg;G+H Nghd;w Fl;b ehL tpkhd Nrit itj;J elj;j KbAnkd;why; tpLjiy ngw;w jkpoPoj;jhy; Vd; KbahJ? jkpoPoj;jpd; gug;gsT> kf;fs; njhif gpd;tUkhW-\ngug;gsT - tljkpoPok; 8>290 r.fpkP. njd;jkpoPok;-9361 r.fp.kP.\nkf;fs; njhif - tl jkpoPok; 1>042>000 njd; jkpoPok; 1>415>000 tpkhdk; rupahf fhiy 10.45f;F Gwg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; tpkhdk; fpsk;Gk; mwpFwp vjidAk; fhNzhk;. ,UgJ epkplk; fopj;J ehd; Kd;dH $wpa mwptpg;ig tpkhdp tpLj;jhH.\nxt;nthU ehSk; VaH yq;fh tpkhd Kfhikj;Jt FOnthd;W tpkhdk; Gwg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jhkjj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;fpwJ. gjpide;J epkplj;Jf;F Nkyjpf jhkjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis fz;L gpbj;J mjid eptHj;jp nra;a eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpkhdg; gazpfSf;F ,J ey;y nra;jp. tpkhdj;jpy; gazpj;jtHfspy; 99 tpOf;fhL nts;is ,dj;jtH. vy;NyhUk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;. fWj;j epwj; jiyfs; fQ;rpf;Fg; gaW Nghl;lJNghy mq;nfhd;W ,q;nfhd;whfj; njupe;jd.\nfhiy czT Rlr; Rl gupkhwg;gl;lJ. grpf;fpwNjh ,y;iyNah jUfpw czit kpr;rk; tplf; $lhJ vd;w epidg;ghy; rhg;gpl;L Kbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; rpy ,dpg;G tiffis xJf;f Ntz;b Neupl;lJ. nghOijg; Nghf;f fkyfhrd; ebj;j glj;ij nfhQ;r Neuk; ghHj;Njd;. glj;jpd; ngaH gQ;rje;jpuk;. glk; gUthapy;iy. fij fdlhtpy;jhd; njhlq;FfpwJ. epiwa eifr; Rit. Mdhy; ek;g Kbahj rk;gtq;fs;.\nfkyfhrd; ey;y ebfH vd;gjpy; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf; fpilahJ. 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Tom Hanks ebj;j\nBig vd;w nfhypTl; glf; fijia jOtp vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jg; glj;jpy; ghypdf; fhl;rpfs; gr;irahff; fhl;lg;gLfpwjhk;! ,ul;il mHj;j trdq;fSf;Fk; ftHr;rpg; ghly;fSf;Fk; gQ;rk; ,y;iyahk;!\nngz; ,dj;ijAk; rpwhHfisAk; ,opT gLj;Jk; ,e;jg; glj;ij jil nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wp rdehaf ngz;fs; rq;fk; jkpo;ehl;by; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp tUfpwJ. Boys glk; mT];jpNuypahtpy; jpiuaplg;gLtjw;F me;j ehl;bd; jzpf;if rig jil tpjpj;jJ. Mdhy; fdlhtpy; me;jg; glk; vJtpj jilAkpd;wp jpiuaplg;gl;lJ. jkpo;g; gz;ghL gw;wp tha;fpopag; NgRk; ,q;Fs;s jkpo;j; njhiyf;fhl;rp mjid xspgug;gp jdJ jd;DUitf; fhl;baJ!\njahupg;ghsHfs; ,af;FeHfs; Nghd;NwhUf;Fj;jhd; jkpo;khdk; ,dkhdk; ,y;iy vd;why; me;jg; glq;fis fhR nfhLj;J ghHf;Fk; jkpoHfSf;Fk; jkpo;khdk; ,dkhdk; rpwpjsTk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ!\nKd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fspd; ngaHfs; tlnkhop kakhf ,Ue;jd.fPrftjk;> jpnusgjp t];jpuhguzk;> rPj;jh fy;ahzk;> MHakhyh> gP\_;k gpujpf;Qh> fN[e;jpu Nkhl;rk;> n[fjyg;gpujhgd;..................... Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. kiwe;j kiwkiy mbfshupd; jdpj; jkpo;j; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf gpd;dH ntspte;j glq;fs; Jha jkpopy; ,Ue;jd. ehk; ,UtH> tho;f;if> mt;itahH> Ntiyf;fhup> ghYk; goKk;> gbj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghJkh? ehNlhb kd;dd;> njhopyhsp Nghd;w glq;fs; jkpod; khdj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpd.\n,g;NghJ jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; jahupg;ghsHfs; ve;jtpj jaf;fNkh> ntl;fNkh> Jf;fNkh ,d;wp mtw;Wf;F Mq;fpyj;jpy; ngaH itf;fpwhHfs;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf kk;kp lb> I yt; ,e;jpah> n[d;by;Nkd;> ^al;> `Nyh gpwjH> Nwhay; gkpyp> [Pd;];> n\_upd;> fpq;> uPkh> yt;yp> rf;r];> rhf;nyl;> yt;Nrdy;> yt; NkNu[;> jpy;> yt; NgHl;];> wd;> nul;> kpby;fpsh]; khjtd;> rpl;bnrd;> ypl;by;[hd;> g;uz;l;];> ];^lz;l; ek;gH 1 (ebfH rj;jpauh[; kfd; rpgpuh[; ebj;j glk;) tpIgp> ghg;fhHd;> a]; klk;> kpypl;lup> Nk[pf; Nk[pf;> nty;ld;> tprpy;> ,Nk[; Nghd;w glq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,g;gbahd ngaHfs; nfhz;l jpiug;glq;fs; ts;StDk; ,sq;NfhTk;> ghujpAk; ghujpjhrDk; gpwe;j jkpo; ehl;by; ,Ue;J Gw;wPry;Nghy; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.\nNrud; Nghd;w ey;y jkpo; czHTs;s ,af;FeH $l mtH ,af;fpa glj;Jf;F Autograph vd;;W ngaH itj;jpUf;fpwhH.\n,g;NghJ jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fSf;F jkpopy; ngaH itg;gJ tpjp tpyf;fhfTk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ngaH itg;gJ tof;fhwhfTk; te;J tpl;lJ!\njkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ngaHfs; kl;Lky;y glj; jahupg;G epWtdq;fsJ ngaHfSk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.\nepf; MHl;];> vtH fpuPd; %tp ,z;lH Ne\_dy;> R+g;gH Fl; gpypk;];> nkl;wh]; lhf;fP];> cjafPjh rpdp fpwpNa\_d;];> ypgHb fpwpNa\_d;];. yl;Rkp %tp Nkf;fH];> n[a;fpU\_;zh fpupNa\_d;];. gpypk; XHf;];. yf;\_pkp \_he;jp %tP];> kPbah l;uPk;];.\nebiffisg; ghHj;jhy; vy;NyhUk; gk;gha;> fd;dlk; Nfush> Me;jpuh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ltHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,jpy; cs;s Mgj;J vd;dntd;why; n[ayypjhitg;Nghy mtHfspy; xUtH ehis jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjyikr;ruhfte;jhYk; tuyhk;!\ngk;gha; ebiffs; ey;y rptg;ghf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. jkpoHfSf;Fj;jhd; fUg;G epwk; gpbf;fhNj. ngz; ghHf;fg;NghFKd; Kjy; Nfl;fpw Nfs;tp ''ngz; rptg;gh? fUg;gh?'' vd;gJjhd;. Fiwe;jJ rptg;Gk; ,y;iy fUg;Gk; ,y;iy nghJ (kh) epwk; vd;why;jhd; khg;gps;is tPl;lhUf;F epk;kjp.\nnfl;bf;fhu jahupg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; ,af;FeHfs; fy;yhg; ngl;bia epug;Gtjw;fhf ,e;jr; rptg;G epw tlehl;L ,e;jpf; fjhehafpfisg; Nghl;Lg; glk; vLf;fpwhHfs;.\n];Ujpfh> rhahrpq;> \_hHkp> rpk;ud;> ];Nefh (jkpo;ebif) kPuh[h];kPd;> f[hyh> fhaj;upFuhk;> n\_uPd;> fpuz;> uPkh nrd;> Nrhdpah> Nkhdh> Nkhdp\_h> Nkhdhy;> uk;gh> Kk;jh[;> kk;jh> ee;jpjh];> g;gpupjh> jpup\_h> n[ahNu> \_hk;> \_kpjh> re;Njh\_p (jkpo; ebif)> nrhdhyp> ke;j;uh> gpupaq;fh jpupNtjp> jpt;ah cz;zp> Nu\_;kh> ,\_hjp Nah];> I];tHahuha;> ,\_h Nfhgpfh> khstpfh> N[hjpfh> iyyh> kdP\_h nfha;uhyh ,itjhd; ebiffspd; ngaHfs;. jpiug;ghly;fspy; ,g;NghJ Ntz;L kl;Lk; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisf; fye;J ftpQHfs; vOJfpwhHfs;. ,jpy; ftpg;NguuR ituKj;Jtpd; gq;fspg;Gk; jhuhsk;.\n'me;jpkio nghopfpwJ xt;nthU JspapYk; cd;Kfk; njupfpwJ" "rpd;dr; rpd;d Mir> rpwfbf;Fk; Mir' "Mapuk; jhkiu nkhl;Lf;fNs Mde;jf; Fk;kpfs; nfhl;Lq;fNs' ,g;gbahd ,yf;fpa eak; gilj;j ghly;fisg; ,aw;wpa ituKj;Jj;jhd; 'njypNghd; kzpNghy; rpupf;fpwha;' 'I];fuPk;khjpup fiuapwha;'; vd;nwy;yhk; ghl;nlOJfpwhH.\njpiug;gl trdq;fis eifr; Rit vd;w NghHitapy; ,ul;ilg; nghUspy; vOJfpwhHfs;. eifr;Ritf; fhl;rp vd;why; fTz;ld;> nre;jpy;> tpNtf;> tbNtY Nghd;wtHfis cile;j Mq;fpyj;jpy; (Broken English)\n,g;Nghnjy;yhk; jpiug;glj; jahupg;ghsHfs; jhq;fs; Nghl;l gzj;ij kPsg; ngw ntspehLfisj;jhd; ek;gpapUf;fpwhHfs;! Fwpg;ghf fdlhit ek;gpapUf;fpwhHfs;!\njkpo;nkhop jkpo;g; gz;ghl;il rPuopf;Fk; ,opthd glq;fis fNdba jkpoHfs; Gwf;fzpg;gjd; %yk; jkpo;ehl;L jahupg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; ,af;FeHfs; Nghd;NwhUf;F ey;y ghlk; gbg;gpf;fyhk;. jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fSf;F Mq;fpyg; ngaHfs; itf;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;> Mq;fpyg; ngaNuhL ntsptUfpw glq;fisj; jkpo; kf;fs; ghHf;ff;$lhJ vd;Wk; jkpo;ehL rhd;NwhH Nguit mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ. gpd;dH jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fSf;F Mq;fpyg; ngaH #l;Ltij vjpHj;J jkpo;fhg;G ,af;fk; fle;j Mz;Lf; filrpapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; tpLjiyr; rpWj;ijfs; ,af;fk;> mfpy ,e;jpa %Nte;jH Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;> jiyefH jkpo;rq;fk; cs;gl 16 jkpo; mikg;Gf;fs; NrHe;Js;sd.\n,jd; Kjy; MNyhrid $l;lk; nrd;idapy; ele;j NghJ mjpy; kUj;JtH NrJuhkd;> jkpoz;zy;> ftpQH mwpTkjp> XtpaHfs; tPure;jhdk;> GfNoe;jp kw;Wk; ,sq;FkudhH> ,iwf;.FwtdhH fye;J nfh'z;ldH. ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; jkpo;j; jpiug;glq;fSf;Fj; jkpopNyNa ngaH #l;l Ntz;Lk; Mq;fpy ngaH #l;lf;$lhJ vd;W jpiug;gl jahupg;ghsH rq;fk;> jpiug;gl ,af;FdHfs; rq;fk;> jpiug;gl ghlyhrpupaH rq;fk;> ebfHfs; rq;fk; Mfpatw;Wf;F fbjk; vOJtnjdTk; NeupYk; re;jpj;Jg; NgrTk; KbTnra;ag;gl;lJ. Kjy;fl;lkhf jkpoH jpUehshd ijg; nghq;fYf;F (2004 ij) ntsptUfpw jpiug;glq;fSf;F Mq;fpyg; ngaHfis ePf;fptpl;L> jkpo;g; ngaHfis #l;l Ntz;Lk; mt;thW nra;ahky; Mq;fpyg; ngaupNyNa jpiug;glq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lhy; Mq;fpy ngaHfs; mopg;G Nghul;lk; elj;JNthk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.\nmz;ikapy; $l tpLjiyr; rpWj;ijfs; mikg;gpd; nghJr; nrayhsH njhy;. jpUkhtstd; Mq;fpyg; ngaupl;l jpiug;glq;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk; njhlq;Fk; vd mwptpj;jhH. 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NjHjypy; Fjpf;f fl;rp> nfhb vy;yhk; Maj;jk;!\n,d;W jkpoha;e;j jkpod;jhd; jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy;tuhf tuNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;thH ahUk; ,y;iy!\ngazj;jpd; NghJjhd; ,g;gbahd vz;zq;fis Mumku mir kPl;Lg; ghHf;f tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fpwJ. miu epj;jpiu miu Kopg;gpy; ,Ue;j NghJ tpkhdk; nfhOk;ig mz;kpj;J tpl;ljhfTk; jiu ,wq;f ,d;Dk; 40 epkplq;fs; ,Ug;gjhfTk; tpkhdp mwptpj;jhH. (gazk; njhlUk;) td;dpr; nryT (8)\ngpwe;j ehl;by; GFe;j ehl;Lf; flitr; rPl;NlhL..... ! vdJ Neuk;fhl;b QhapW khiy 4.40 kzpia fhl;baJ. ,J fNdba Neuk;. cs;SH Neuk; jpq;fs; fhiy 2.40 kzp vdj; njhiyf; fhl;rp fhl;baJ. gj;J kzpj;jpahy tpj;jpahrk;. fl;Lehaf;fh eLtiuf; Nfhl;Lf;F fpof;Nf 79.88 ghifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. kW gf;fk; nuhwd;Nuh eLtiuf; Nfhl;Lf;F Nkw;Nf 79.23 ghifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. G+kp jdJ mr;rpy; 360 ghifiar; Rw;w 24 kzpj;jpahyk; vLf;fpwJ. xU ghifiar; Rw;w 4 epkplq;fs; vLf;fpwJ. vdNt nuhwd;NuhTf;Fk; nfhOk;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neu tpj;jpahrk; 10 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; MFk;.\ntpkhdk; gj;jpukhf XL ghijapy; jiu ,wq;fpaJ! gazpfs; mLj;j tpkhdj;ij gpbf;f KidgtHfs; Nghy; ehd; Ke;jp eP Ke;jp vd;W nghjpfNshL ,wq;ff; fhj;jpUe;jhHfs;. fjT jpwe;jJk; Kz;b mbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,wq;fpdhHfs;. ehq;fs; fhj;jpUe;J MWjiyahf ,wq;fpNdhk;. tpkhdg; gzpg; ngz;fs; tupirahf epd;W topaDg;gpdhHfs;. ntspapy; vl;bg; ghHj;jhy; ,wq;Ftjw;F EhW mb ePs Vzp xd;iw nrq;Fj;jhf itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. vq;fSf;F Kd;dhy; epd;w nts;isf;fhug; ngz;fs; xt;nthU gbahf fpL fpL vd ,wq;fpdhHfs;. ,ilapy; fPo;g; gbfs; jpBnud gpd; Gwk; jpUk;gpaJ. fhiyj; Jhf;fp itf;f ,lk; ,y;iy. ,ijr; rw;Wk; vjpHghuhj me;jg; ngz;fs; epiy Fiye;J NghdhHfs;! Oh my God vd;W mywpf; nfhz;L Kff; Fg;Gw tpog; NghdhHfs;! ey;yfhykhf mUfpy; epd;w Mz; gazpfs; rpyH mtHfis ifj;jhq;fyhfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. rw;W Neuj;jpy; gbfs; kPz;Lk; rupahd epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpd. gpd;dhy; epd;w ehq;fs; ,e;jf; fhl;rpia rw;W jpifg;NghL ghHj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;Nwhk;.\nvq;fis Vw;wpr; nry;y Ng&e;Jfs; fhj;jpUe;jd. me;jg; Ng&e;Jfs; ehq;fs; %d;whtJ ehlnlhd;Wf;F te;J tpl;ljw;F fl;bak; $wpd! mt;tsT Nkhrkhd Ng&e;Jfs;!\nFbtuT Fbafy;T gFjppapy; gazpfs; MW VO tupirapy; fhj;jpUe;jhHfs;. xU tupir rw;W rpd;djhfj; njupe;jJ. mjpy; Ngha; epd;W nfhz;Nlhk;. Mdhy; me;j tupir Mik Ntfj;jpy; efHe;J nfhz;bUe;jJ! ,g;NghJ kw;w tupirfs; FWfpajhfTk; vq;fsJ ePskhfTk; fhl;rp je;jJ!\nvq;fsJ Kiw te;jJk; 'ehq;fs; ,uz;L khjk; jq;f cj;Njrk;. vdNt ,uz;L khjj;Jf;F tprh jhUq;fs;' vd;W me;j mjpfhupaplk; Nfl;Nlhk;.\n'vd;dhy; xU khj tprhjhd; ju KbAk;. tprhit ePbg;gjw;F gk;gyg;gpl;bapy; cs;s FbtuT Fbafy;T jpizf;fsj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;' vd;W me;j mjpfhup kupahijNahL nrhd;dhH.\n,q;fpUe;J td;dpf;Fg; Nghd vdJ ez;gH jdf;F tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; itj;Nj ,uz;L khj tprh je;jhHfs; vd;W nrhd;dhH. mJ vg;gb? vd;W MtNyhL Nfl;Nld;.\n'flTr; rPl;Lf;Fs; 20 nlhyH jhis itj;Jf; nfhLj;Njd;. mjpfhup mjd; #l;Rkj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L ,uz;L khj tprhit Fj;jpj; je;jhH ' vd;whH.\nVyNt =yq;fhtpy; mbKjy; Edptiu Coy;. mij NkYk; tsHf;f vdf;F tpUg;gkpy;iy. vdNt me;j topiag; gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy vd KbT nra;Njd;. ierPupahtpy; gzpahw;wpa NghJ mq;Fs;s fhNdh tpkhd epiyak; Clhfg; NghtJk; tUtJk; ngupa cgj;jputk;. ieuh (ierPupah ehzak;) nfhLf;fhtpl;lhy; FbtuT Fbafy;T kw;Wk; Rq;f mjpfhupfs; tplkhl;lhHfs;. NeubahfNt ve;j xspT kiwTkpd;wp ifA+l;Lf; Nfl;ghHfs;. Mdhy; mtHfsplk; xU ey;y gof;fk;. ,t;tsTjhd; jh vd;W mlk; gpbf;f khl;lhHfs;! nfhLj;jij kfpo;r;rpNahL thq;fpf; nfhs;thHfs;! ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ifA+l;il mtHfs; ,yQ;rk; vd;W fUJtjpy;iy. md;gspg;G vd;W epidfpwhHfs;. mtHfsJ fTrh nkhopapy; lh\_p vd;W ngaH. vdJ ez;gH xUtH ghHj;Jg; ghuhky; tpkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wq;fpaJk; 50 ieuh jhis tpl;nlwpthH! mjd;gpd; mtuJ nghjpfisj; jpwe;J ghHf;fhJ gj;jpukhf tpkhd epiya CopaHfNs ntspapy; nfhz;L te;J tz;bapy; Vw;wptpLthHfs;!\nxUKiw vdJ kfd; ierPupahtpw;F jdpNa te;jNghJ tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; jLj;J itj;J tpl;lhHfs;. mtH Gwg;gLk; NghJ kQ;rs; fha;r;rYf;F (yellow fever) jLg;G+rp Nghlhky; Gwg;gl;L te;J tpl;lhH. mg;NghJ me;j jLg;G+rp kUe;Jf;F =yq;fhtpy; ngUj;j jl;Lg;ghL. mJjhd; Crp Nghlhjjw;Ff; fhuzk;. vdJ kfd; kl;Lky;y. Kd;dhs; kj;jpa fy;Yhup mjpgH rz;Kfehjd; mtHfsJ kfidAk; jLj;J itj;J tpl;lhhfs;. Kjy;tiu vdf;F Kd;Ng njupAk;. gup Nahthd; fy;Yhupapy; gbj;j NghJ vdf;F caH tFg;gpy; gbg;gpj;jtH.\n',uz;L fpoik nrd;w gpd; te;J cq;fs; gps;isfisf; $l;bf; nfhz;L Nghq;fs;' vd;W me;j mjpfhup ntl;nlhd;W Jz;L ,uz;lhff; $wpdhH. ehq;fs; ,Ue;jJ gTr;rp. mJ fhNdhtpy; ,Ue;J 400 fpkP Jhuk;!\nmjpgH rz;KfehjDf;F Nfhgk; te;J tpl;lJ. me;j mjpfhupNahL rl;lk; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhH. ehd; mtiu rw;W Ngrhky; ,Uq;fs; vd;W jkpopy; $wptpl;L me;j mjpfhupapd; iff;Fs; 10 ieuhit itj;Njd;. mg;gbNa mtH gdpf;fl;lb khjpup FspHe;J NghdhH. mLj;j epkplk; jg;gpNdhk; gpioj;Njhk; vd;W ehq;fs; ntw;wpfukhf ntspNawpNdhk;!\nierPupahtpy; gzpahw;wpa gy jkpoHfSf;F mq;F vy;yh kl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;l Coy; ed;ikf;nfd;;Nw epidj;jhHfs;. fhirf; nfhLj;J vijAk; rupf;fl;l Coy; Jizahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ mtHfs; thjk;! nghjpfis vLf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;F te;Njhk;. mq;F epd;w RikfhuDf;F\n(porter) ehq;fs; ntspehl;lhH vd;gJ %f;fpy; tpaHj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tz;b xd;NwhL te;J vq;fSf;F cjtp nra;tjhfr; rpq;fsj;jpy; nrhd;dhH.\nehd;F ngupa nghjpfs;. nkhj;jk; 128 fpNyhTf;F rw;W mjpfk;. Kd;dH vy;yhk; MSf;F 21 fpNyh viljhd; mDkjpg;ghHfs;. ,g;NghJ MSf;F 64 fpNyh mDkj;pf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ma;Nuhg;ghtpy; ,g;NghJk; 21 fpNyhjhdhk;!\nnghjpfSf;F neL Neuk; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. ehYk; te;J Nru 45 epkplq;fs; vLj;jJ. xUthW nghjpfis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L ntspapy; gr;irf; NfhL Clhfg; Nghf ntspf;fpl;Nlhk;. Mdhy; RikfhuH Rq;fg; gFjpiaj; jhz;b ntspapy; tu kWj;J tpl;;lhH. rup gUthapy;iy. tz;biaj; js;spf; nfhz;L NghtJ vq;fSf;f xU Rkikahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtuJ $ypahf ,uz;L mnkupf;f nlhyHfis mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;Njd;. mtuJ Kfj;jpy; 60 thl;]; xsp tPr;R! gpd;Nd ,Uf;fhjh? =yq;fh cUghapy; mjd; ngWkjp fpl;lj;jl;l &gh 200!\nehd; gzk; nfhLj;jij mq;F epd;W nfhz;bUe;j xU ,sk; Rq;f mjpfhup ghHj;J tpl;lhH. ve;j ehl;L flitr; rPl;L itj;jpUf;fpwPHfs;? fNdba flTr; rPl;L!\nmt;tsTjhd;. xU Gd;difNahL top mDg;gp itj;jhH. fNdba flTr; rPl;Lf;F ntspehLfspy; ey;y kupahij cz;L vd;W Kd;dNu Nfs;tpg; gl;bUe;Njd;. mJ cz;ikjhd; vd;gij ,g;NghJ mDgtj;jpy; njupe;J nfhz;Nld;. cs;Su xU ftiy. gpwe;j ehl;Lf;F GFe;j ehl;L flTr; rPl;NlhL me;epaH Nghy; te;J ,wq;fp ,Uf;fpNwhNk? ntspapy; te;j NghJ vq;fis $l;br; nry;y ml;ldpy; ,Ue;J vdJ rfyd; gps;isfNshL te;jpUe;jhH. tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; $l;bg; Nghf cwtpdHfs; ez;gHfs; te;jpUg;gijg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLfpw kfpo;r;rp ,Uf;fpwNj? mJ jdp kfpo;r;rp!\nthnay;yhk; gy;yhf Kfnky;yhk; jhkiuahf vq;fisg; gps;isfs; te;J fl;bg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. Kjy; ehNs thdpy; Gwg;gl;L ,uT ,uthf epj;jpiu Kopj;J vq;fSf;fhf fhj;jpUe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.\n,uz;L gps;isfspy; gpurhe;ij rpd;d tajpy; (1984) ghHj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. kw;wtH rHkpsh. 1984f;Fg; gpd;dH gpwe;jtH. ,g;NghJjhd; Kjd; Kiwahfg; ghHf;fpNwhk;!\nrHkpsh ngupak;kh ngupag;gh ,UtiuAk; tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; itj;J mioj;Jg; Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mirapy; neLe;Jhuk; gazk; nra;J te;Jtpl;lhH. nry; njhiyNgrpapy; tz;b Xl;LdNuhL njhlHG nfhs;s mLj;j rpy epkplq;fspy; mtH te;J tpl;lhH. mtiu vq;fSf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhHfs;. ngaH nguparhkp. RkhH Ik;gJ tajpUf;Fk;. kiyehl;Lj; jkpoH. tz;b Xl;LeH kl;Lky;y tz;bapd; nrhe;jf;fhuUk; mtHjhd;! mtuplk; Ntiy ghHf;Fk; Xl;LeH tuhjjhy; mtNu tz;bia Xl;b te;J tpl;lhH. nrhe;jkhff; filAk; itj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,d;Dk; tpbatpy;iy. ,Ul;ilf; fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L tz;b nfhOk;G Nehf;fp gL Ntfj;jpy; XbaJ.\nrhiy Xuj;jpy; njU tpsf;fpy; fl;blq;fs; njupe;jd. cztf cupikahsHfs; fjitj; jpwe;J tpahghuj;Jf;F Maj;jk; nra;tJ njupe;jJ.\njpBnud xU re;jpapy; vdf;Fj; njupe;j xUtH gj;khrdk; Nghl;L mkHe;jpUe;jhH! ghtk; mtH. Nghf;Ftuj;J neUf;fb Jhrp Jk;G epiwe;j me;j ,lj;jpy; vg;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwhNuh njupatpy;iy! vy;yh Kf;fpa re;jpfspYk; mtiu cl;fhu itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. xU kjj; jiytiu Vd;jhd; kioapy; eidatpl;L nta;apypy; fha itj;J tUj;JfpwhHfNsh njupatpy;y? ehd; Kd;dH ghHj;jijtpl ,uz;L klq;F Gj;jH rpiyfis ,k;Kiw ghHf;f Kbe;jJ! me;j tpbfhiyapYk; neLQ;rhiyapy; tz;bfs; ,U gf;fKk; gwe;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jd. fNdlh jpUk;gpa gpd;dH ,Nj neLQ;rhiyapy; ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J tUk; cwtpdHfisg; ghHj;J mioj;Jg; Nghf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;J gpd;dH fhiy fl;Lehaf;fhtpw;F thdpy; gazk; nra;j xU FLk;gk; tpgj;jpy; rpf;fp ,uz;L NgH ,we;J NghdhHfs; vd;W nra;jpj;jhspy; gbj;Njd;! ml;lDf;Fg; NghF Kd;dH nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;j nrhe;jf;fhuHfis kupahijf;Fg; ghHj;J Rfk; tprhupj;Jtpl;Lg; Nghfyhk; vd epidj;Njhk;. mtHfSk; xj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;.\nKjypy; nfhl;lhQ;Nridf;Fg; NghNdhk;. me;jg; gFjp Kd;Ng vdf;F mt;tsT gof;fk; ,y;iy. ,g;NghJ Jg;guthf milahsk; fz;L gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy.\ntz;b xU njhlH khbf; fl;blj;Jf;F Kd; epd;wJ. mq;Nf vdJ khkpahupd; filrpj; jk;gp jdJ kfs; kUkfNdhL %d;whtJ khbapy; FbapUe;jhHfs;. ,tH fpspnehr;rpapy; Ntshz;ik jpizf;fsj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; gzpahw;wpatH. gzp nra;Ak; NghNj tl;lf;fr;rpapy; gbj;j ,isQHfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ie;J Vf;fH fhzpj; Jz;ilg; ngw;W mjpy; tPL fl;b tho;e;jtH. nrq;Fj;jhd gbfspy; NkNy Vwpg;NghtJ tpy;yq;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. gbfSf;F kpd;rhu ntspr;rk; ,y;iy. Nghl;bUe;j Fkpop Ntiy nra;aatpy;iy vd;W nrhd;dhHfs;. xNu ,Ul;lhf ,Ue;jJ.\nrw;W Neuj;jpy; #lhd NjePH te;jJ. Fbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl mtHfsJ Rf Jf;fk; gw;wp tprhupj;Jj; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk; mjd; gpd;;dH Ngr;R murpay; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJ! ,e;jKiw mk;khtpd; fl;rpjhd; nty;Yk; Nghy; gLfpwJ! IahTf;F tha;g;Gf; FiwT! vij itj;Jr; nrhy;fpwPHfs;? Iahtpd; Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dHjhNd njd;dpyq;ifapy; mikjp gpwe;jJ. nfhOk;gpy; Fz;Lfs; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; ntbg;gjpy;iy. tPjpj; jil kw;Wk; Koj;Jf;F Kok; Nrhjidj; jil Kfhk;fSk; ,y;iyNa? mnjy;yhk; rupjhd;. Mdhy; mikjpapd; ngW NgWfs; kf;fsplk; Ngha;r; Nrutpy;iy. ehshe;jk; caHe;J nfhz;L NghFk; tho;f;ifr; nrythy; kf;fs; jpf;F Kf;Fg; gLfpwhHfs;. mjdhy; Ml;rpahsHfs; kPJ Nfhgj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. td;dpapy; vd;d Gjpdk;? fpspnehr;rp vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ? tl;lf;fr;rp tPL thry; vg;gb? kfd; vd;d nra;fpwhH? mUikehjd; vg;gb ,Uf;fpwhH? (gazk; njhlUk;) td;dpr; nryT (9)\nfhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; fNdba murpay; gw;wpg; Ngrpdhy; gj;J epkplq;fSf;F Nky; Ngr KbahJ. NgRtjw;F ruf;F ,Uf;fhJ. NjHjy; jpUtpohtpd; NghJ MNtr mwpf;iffs;> Nguzpfs;> CHtyq;fs;> fl;rpf;fhuHfs; Nkhjy;> thf;Fg; ngl;b flj;jy;> fs;s thf;F vd;W xU gugug;Gk; fpilahJ. ehw;gJ ehs; gug;Giu. njhiyf; fhl;rpapy; fl;rpj; jiytHfspd; xU kzpj;jpahy ,uz;L ehs; tpthjk;. xU ehs; thf;fspg;G. fhJk; fhJk; itj;jhw;Nghy; NjHjy; ele;J Kbe;J tpLfpwJ.\nxU ehs; ghHj;J ehlhSkd;wk; vjpHf;fl;rpfshy; Klf;fg;gl;ljhfNth> nrqNfhiy vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cWg;gpdHfs; XbajhfNth my;yJ cWg;gpdHfs; iffyg;gpy; ,wq;fpajhfNth nra;jp ,y;iy!\n,yq;if murpay; mg;gbay;y. MSk; fl;rpfs;> vjpHf;fl;rpfs;> jkpo;f; fl;;rpfs;> K];ypk; fl;rpfs;> gTj;j gpf;FkhUila fl;rpfs;> Njrpa ePNuhilapy; fye;J tpl;ljhfr; nrhy;;ypf; nfhz;L MSk;fl;rpf;F JjpghLk; $ypf; FOf;fs; ,g;gb mde;j Nfhb murpay; fl;rpfs;. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; elf;Fk; mbjb> rz;bj;jdk;> Ms;f; flj;jy; gw;wp kzpf; fzf;fpy; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fyhk;.\ney;iyehjupd; ( ,J mtuJ cz;ikg; ngaH my;y) Ngr;R tp.Gypfs; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJ. td;dp Gypfspd; Ml;rpapy; 'me;jkhjpup' ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhH. jiytiu thdshtg; Gfo;e;jhH. mLj;j kl;lj; jsgjpfsplKk; mtUf;F ey;y kupahij ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mjw;Ff; fPNo cs;stHfisg; gw;wp mtUf;F ey;y vz;zk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtUf;Fk; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; xU fhzp rk;ge;jkhf rpf;fy;jhd;. gyKiw tprhuiz vd;W $g;gpl;L tpl;L KbT vJTk; vLf;fhky; ,Oj;jbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. rpf;fy; fpl;lbapy; jPUk; Nghy; njupatpy;iy. taJNghd mtUf;F ,jdhy; kdjpy; fhak;. ,g;gbnahU rpf;fy; ,Ug;gJ vdf;F rhilkhilahf Kd;Ng njupe;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jf; fhzpr; rpf;fy; Gypfs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpapy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mikjp xg;ge;jk; vOjp mjd; gpd;dH V9 ghij Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fj; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;l gpd;dH nfhOk;gpYk; ntspehLfspYk; thOk; jkpoHfs; tl-fpof;fpy; cs;s jq;fs; tPLthry;fisj; Njbg; NghfpwhHfs;.\nmg;gbj; Njbg; NghFk; NghJ xd;wpy; me;j tPLthry;fs; NghHf; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Fz;L tPr;R> nry;yb Nghd;wtw;why; Nrjg;gl;Lf; fplf;fpd;wd. my;yJ tPL thry; ,y;yhj maytHfs; my;yJ ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; nfhQ;rj; jpUj;j Ntiyfs; nra;J mtw;wpy; FbapUf;fpwhHfs;. rpyH tPl;ilj; jpUj;jp thliff;F Ml;fis ,Uj;jp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,af;fKk; jdJ gad;ghl;Lf;F td;dpapy; ntWk; fhzpfisAk; ,bghl;Lf;F cs;shd tPLfisAk; vLj;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,af;fk; vLj;j fhzp tPLfis cupikahsHfs; te;J Nfl;lhy; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;J tpLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; me;j tPLfs; gy ,yf;fk; &gh nrytopj;J jpUj;j Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;. mg;gbr; nryT nra;jpUe;jhy; cupikahsHfs; jpUj;j Ntiyf;Fr; nrythd gzj;ijf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L tPl;il ifNaw;FkhW Nfl;fg;gLfpwhHfs;.\n,g;gb nrytopj;j gzj;ijf; Nfl;gJ Kw;wpYk; epahaNk. vdf;Fj; njupe;jstpy; Gyk;ngae;j jkpoHfs; rpyH jq;fs; fhzpfisAk; tPLfisAk; ,af;fj;Jf;F ed;nfhilahff; nfhLj;J tpl;lhHfs;. ey;iyehju; mtuJ kUkfd; ,UtUf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd ,uz;L gug;G fhzp fpspnehr;rpapy; V9 ghij Xukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j xU kUj;jtkid nray;gLfpwJ. mq;Nfjhd; rpf;fy;. fhzpf;F fhzp NtW ,lj;jpy; jUtujhf Kjypy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. mJ epiwNtwtpy;iy. gpd;dH fhzpapd; ngWkjpia je;J gprifj; jPHf;FkhW Nfl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. mJTk; xg;Ngwtpy;iy.\n'fhzpia kPsg; ngw cq;fSf;F xU Rygkhd top ,Uf;fpwJ!' 'vd;d top?' mtH Nfl;lhH. Ngrhky; ele;jtw;iw vy;yhk; tpyhthupahf vOjp jiytUf;F xU Kiwg;ghL vOjpf; nfhLq;fs;. gyd; epr;rak; fpilf;Fk;. ePjp fpilf;fhjtHfs; my;yJ ePjp fpilg;gjpy; jhkjj;ijr; re;jpg;gtHfs; jiytUf;F Neubahf Kiwg;ghL nra;ayhk; vd;w eilKiw ,Ug;gij ehd; mtUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhd;Ndd;. 'Kiwg;ghL nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; fPNo ,Uf;fpwtHfs; vdJ Kiwg;ghL NkNy NghfhjthW Klf;fpg; NghLtpdk;!' Nghr;rlh. mtH vijAk; rhHghf vLf;Fk; kd epiyapy; ,y;iy vd;gJ njupe;jJ. . ,jw;F Nky; ,Jgw;wpf; fijj;jhy; #o;epiy ey;yhapUf;fhJ. epahak; ahH gf;fk; vd;gij jPu tprhupj;jhy;jhd; njupAk;. xU gf;fj;J epahaj;ij itj;J ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; Nghy; jPHg;G toq;f KbahJ! epyg; gug;ig mjpfupf;f KbahJ. mJ ,Ue;j khjpupNa ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; kf;fs; njhif $bf; nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ. mjdhy; miug; gug;G xU gug;Gf; fhzp vd;whYk; mjw;F kTR ,Uf;fpwJ. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; gug;gsT 888 r.fpkP MFk;. mjd; kf;fs; njhif 830>000 (1981 Fbf; fzf;nfLg;G) MFk;. ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; Gyg;ngaHT fhuzkhf ,d;W kf;fs; njhif ghjpahff; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ. ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; nrwpe;J thOk; gFjpfspy; aho;g;ghzf; FlhehLk; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; fhzp G+kpf;F mbgpb njhlHe;J ,Uf;fNt nra;fpwJ. nghJthf jkpoHfsplk; ,e;j kz; Mir ,Ug;gijg; ghHf;fyhk;. aho;g;ghzj; jkpoHfsplk; ,e;j Mir mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. xU fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghz ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Njq;fpf; fplf;Fk; tof;Ffspy; 90 tpOf;fhL fhzp rk;ge;jkhdJ. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; fq;F kl;ilf;Ff; $l tof;fhLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwjhk;!\nnryit kpr;rk; gpbf;f tof;fhspAk; vjpupAk; xNu khl;L tz;bapy; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fg; NghthHfs; vdr; nrhy;yf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;. Ciur; nrhy;y tpUk;gtpy;iy. nrhd;dhy; rz;ilf;F tUthHfs;;! Kof;fj;jpy; xU jPitg;gw;wpa gonkhopiag; gbj;Jtpl;L rz;ilf;Fg; NghdtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;!\nxU Jz;Lf; fhzpapy; xU tPl;ilAk; fpzw;iwAk; fl;b> xU gR> ,uz;L ML> ehY Nfhop> xU vYkpr;ir> ,uz;L kh> Ie;J thio tsHj;J jdpf; Fbj;jdk; elj;JtJjhd; ngUk;ghNyhuJ ,yl;rpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J thioab thioahf kuGtop te;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. xU ,dj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fis ngUk;ghYk; mtHfs; thOk; Gtpapay;> jl;gntl;gk; Nghd;w fhuzpfNs epHzapf;fpd;wd. ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dH re;jpf;fpNwhk;. VjhtJ ey;y rq;fjpfisg; gw;wpg; NgryhNk? vd; kdJf;Fs; ,g;gb xU Nfs;tp vOe;jJ.\nclNd Ngr;ir khw;wp ntspehl;by; ,Uf;Fk; mtuJ ,uz;L kfs;fs; kw;Wk; xU kfd; gw;wpa eyd;fisg; gw;wp tprhupj;Njd;. gpuhd;rpy; cs;s kfs; ey;y cjtp. ,e;j tPL thq;fTk; mtjhd; cjtp nra;jt. mT];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s kfs; mt;tg;NghJ cjtp nra;th. Rtprpy; cs;s kfd; xU cjtpAk; nra;tjpy;iy!\ntPl;Lf;F tPL thrw;gb. aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; ,Nj khjpupahd nra;jpfs;jhd; fhjpy; tpOe;jd. fzprkhd njhifapdH jha; je;ijaiuf; ftdpg;gjpy;iy.\nntspehl;by; thOk; vy;yh kfd;khH kfs;khH taJ te;j jq;fs; ngw;NwhHfSf;F gzk; mDg;gp filrpf; fhyj;jpy; mtHfisg; ghHf;fpwhHfs; vd;wpy;iy. gyH cjTfpwhHfs;. rpyH cjTtjpy;iy. nghJthf ,uf;f Fzk; gilj;j ngz; gps;isfs; jq;fsJ jha; je;ijaHfis jq;fs; rf;jpf;Fk; Nkyhff; ftdpf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; Mz; gps;isfs; mNefkhf mg;gb ,y;iy. ahUk; rz;ilf;F tuf; $lhJ. Gweil ,Uf;fyhk;. fdlhtpy; jha; je;ijaHfis $g;gpl;ltHfs; mtHfis rupahff; ftdpf;fpwhHfs; vd;W nrhy;tjw;F ,y;iy. rpyH jha; je;ijaHfis Ve;jp vLf;fpwhHfs;. rpyH KjpatH ,y;yq;fspy; tpl;L tpLfpwhHfs;. rpyH gps;isfisg; ghHf;f jhia kl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L je;ijia iffOTfpwhHfs;! ,q;F Nkil VWk; ehlfq;Sf;F gps;isfsplk; mfg;gl;Lj; jtpf;Fk; jha; je;ijkhupd; mty tho;f;ifjhd; fUg; nghUshf mikfpwJ. jdJ gps;isfs;> kidtp ,tHfNshL xj;Jg; Nghfj; njupahj mk;kh mg;ghit fupj;Jf; nfhl;Lk; kfd;> khkd; khkpia kjpahj kUkfs;> jkpo; njupahj Ngud; Ngj;jpfsplk; khl;Lg;gl;Lj; jtpf;Fk; Mq;fpyk; njupahj ghl;bAk; ghl;lDk;......\nehd; filrpahfg; ghHj;j ehlfj;j;py; kfd; ey;ytbthfg; Ngrp jhia tpkhdj;jpy; CUf;F mDg;gptpLfpwhd;. CH Ngha;r; NrHe;j jha; kfd; Ngupy; mHr;rid nra;J tpG+jp Fq;Fkj;ij kfDf;F mQ;rypy; mDg;gp itf;fpwhH. me;jf; fbjk; te;J NruTk; jha; ,we;jtpl;lhH vd;w njhiyNgrp miog;Gk; xNu Neuj;jpy; tUfpwJ.\nkfd; 'mk;kh mk;kh vd;iu mUik mk;kh vd;id tpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;bNa' vd;W rupahf gj;J epkplk; Nkilapy; mOJ Gyk;GfpwhH. vdf;F mDjhgk; gpwf;ftpy;iy. rpupg;Gj;jhd; te;jJ. fz;nfl;l gpd;dH vd;d #upa tzf;fk; Ntz;bf; fplf;FJ? ey;iyehjUila kUkfd; tPl;NlhL ,Uf;fpwhH. fzdp gbg;Gg; gbj;Jtpl;L me;jj; Jiwapy; Ntiy Njbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. me;jj; Jiwapy; Ntiy vLg;gJ mt;tsT Rygk; ,y;iyahk;!\nmtiu ,tiug; ghHj;J vf;fr; rf;fkhd gzk; ifkhwpdhy; Ntiy fpilf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJTk; epr;rak; ,y;iy. ey;yfhyk; me;j khbf; FbapUg;ig (flat) fl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj nrhe;jj;jpy; thq;fp tpl;lhHfs;. tpiy gy ,yf;fq;fs;! %d;W Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,g;NghJ mjd; tpiy 5 ,yf;fk; mjpfk;! GJ tPL vd;w gbahy; Fspayiwapy; nfhNkhl; trjp ,Ue;jJ. Fohapy; jz;zPH vg;NghJk; tUkhk;. jz;zPHf; fl;lzj;ijg; gpupj;J FbapUg;ghsHfs;s fl;btpLfpwhHfs;. kpd;rhu ,izg;G kl;Lk; jdpj; jdp. nfhOk;gpy; tPLfspd; tpiy jiyfPo; njupahky; Vwptpl;lJ njupe;jNj. rz;il fhuzkhf tl-fpof;if tpl;L nfhOk;Gf;F ,lk; ngaHe;j jkpoHfs;jhd; ,e;j tpiyNaw;wj;Jf;F fhuzk;. ntspehl;by; ,Uf;Fk; mtHfsJ cwtpdHfs; ,Ug;gjw;F tPLfis thq;fg; Nghf tPl;L tpiy fpL fpL vd;W Vwptpl;lJ.\nnfhOk;igAk; mjid mz;bAk; ,Ue;j rpq;fstHfs; ey;y tpiyf;F tPLfis tpw;Wtpl;L cl; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhHfs;.\nvz;gJ filrpapYk; njhz;ZhW Muk;gj;jpYk; epyik vjpHkhwhf ,Ue;jJ.\nnts;stj;ij> gk;gyg;gpl;b> nfhs;Sg;gpl;bapy; tPL itj;jpUe;j jkpoHfs; Gyk;ngaHe;j NghJ my;yJ Gyk;ngaHe;j gpd;dH jq;fs; tPLfis kype;j tpiyapy; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; rpq;fstHfSf;Fk; tpw;whHfs;. njhz;Zhwpy; ehyiu ,yf;fj;Jf;F tpw;w njhlH khbtPl;bd; ,d;iwa tpiy 40 ,yf;fk;! gz tPf;fj;ijf; fzf;fpy; vLj;jhYk; mjd; tpiy 400 tpOf;fhL $bapUf;fpwJ. ml;lDf;F vt;tsT tpiuthfg; Nghf KbANkh mt;tsT tpiuthfg; Nghdhy; ey;yJ vd;W gl;lJ. tz;bf;fhuiu kpdf;nfLj;j KbahJ. xUf;fh nts;stj;ijapy; ,Uf;Fk; vdJ kUkfspd; ,uz;L gps;isfisg; ghHj;Jtpl;L ml;ld; Nghfyhk; vd KbT nra;Njhk;.\n,g;NghJ tpbe;J tpl;l khjpup ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; nghOJ fhypf;ftpy;iy. jkpopy; ,jid itfiwg; nghOJ vd;ghHfs;. (gazk; njhlUk;) td;dpr; nryT (10)\nnfhOk;gpy; xU nts;is khspif njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng jkpoHfs; fhyj;ij rpWnghOJ> ngUk;nghOJ vdg; gpupj;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ njupfpwJ. Mdhy; xU ehis 24 kzpj;jpahykhfTk;> Mz;il 12 khjq;fshfTk; mtHfSf;Fg; gpupf;fj; njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. re;jpuid itj;J khjq;fisf; fzpj;jpUf;fyhk;. cthkjp (mkthir) Kjy; epiwkjp (gTHzkp) tiu 15 tsHgpiwiaAk; mLj;j 15 Nja;gpiwiaAk; $l;b xU khjk; vdf; fzf;fpl;ldH. khjk; jkpo;r; nrhy;. cyf tof;fpy; khjk; vd;Wk; ,yf;fpa tof;fpy; jpq;fs; vd;Wk; mioj;jdH. fhyk; gw;wpa tpupthd Kiwahd juTfs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyh mjd; gpd;dH vOjg;gl;l rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspNyh ,y;iy.\nnghJthf vkJ Kd;NdhHfSf;F fhyk; gw;wpAk; tuyhW gw;wpAk; ngupa mstpy; czHT ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J xU frg;ghd cz;ik. rpW nghOJ Vw;ghL. khiy> ahkk;> itfiw> tpbay;> ez;gfy;> ngUk; nghOJ fhH-kiof;fhyk; (Mtzp Gul;lhjp) $jpH - FspHfhyk; (Ig;grp khHfop) Kd;gdp ( ij khrp) gpd;gdp (gq;Fdp rpj;jpiu) ,sNtdpy; ( itfhrp khrp) KJNtdpy; - (Mdp Mb). tz;b kUjhid Clhf nts;stj;ij Nehf;fp Xbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gioa tPjpfs; fz;Kd; tpupe;jd. xU fhyj;jpy; gQ;rpfhtj;ij fhH cjpupg; ghfq;fSf;F ngaH Nghd ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ.\nghHj;j ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; eilghijf; filfs;. nfhOk;gpy; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; elf;Fk; eilghijiag; ghHf;f KbahJ. me;j ,lj;ij kwpj;J rpW filfisf; fl;b tpl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j khw;wk; uzrpq;fh gpNukjhrh mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ Vw;gl;lJ. tz;b Xl;LeUf;F tPjpfs; gof;fkpy;iy. gpurhe;j; topfhl;bdhH.\nnfhOk;gpy; gy Mz;Lfs; gzpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jpUe;jhYk; ,g;NghJ fhZk; fhl;rp vy;yhk; fz;Zf;Fg; Gjpjhf ,Ue;jd. ntl;l ntspahff; fple;j nghl;ly; fhzpfspy; ,g;NghJ thidj; njhLk; GJg; GJf; fl;blq;fs;. gioa fl;blq;fs; ,bf;fg;gl;L me;j ,lj;jpy; gykhbf; fl;blq;fs;.\njpBnud vdf;F kpfTk; gof;fkhd nts;isepwf; fl;blk; fz;zpy; gl;lJ. mJ nfhOk;G khefu rigf; fl;blk;.\n,yq;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; fl;blq;fspy; kpf mofhd fl;blk; ,J. mnkupf;fh Nth\_pq;ld; efupy; cs;s nts;is khspif rhaypy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. vjpNu tpfhukhNjtp G+q;fh. %d;W Mz;Lfs; fpoik ehl;fspy; (1977-1980) ,q;Nfjhd; vdJ gfy; nghOJ fope;jJ. vdJ miw G+q;fhTf;F NeH vjpNu ,Ue;jJ.\nnfhOk;G khefu rig cs;sf fzf;fha;Tj; jpizf;fsj;Jf;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;Njd;. vdf;F cjtpahf RkhH 25 NgH Ntiyapy; ,Ue;;jhHfs;. vy;NyhUk; rpq;fstHfs;. rpf;fy; vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vy;NyhUk; ey;y xj;Jiog;G toq;fpdhHfs;. rpq;fsj;jpy; tUk; fbjq;fis nkhopngaHj;J cjtpdhHfs;. vdf;F Kd;dH me;j ,lj;jpy; ,d;ndhU jkpoHjhd; fzf;fha;thsuhf ,Ue;jhH. mtH cl;fhHe;jpUe;j mNj ,lj;jpy; mNj ehw;fhypapy;jhd; ehd; cl;fhHe;jpUe;Njd;.\n'Iah! ce;j ehw;fhyp kpfTk; ,uhrpahdJ. mjpy; ,Ue;j fzf;fhsH rghuj;jpdk; ierPupahTf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhH. ePq;fSk; NghtPHfs;. ,Ue;J ghUq;fs;' vd;W vd;idg; ghHj;J jiyik vOj;jH nrhy;thH. mtH thf;Fg; gpd;dH gypj;jJ. khefu Kjy;tuhf mg;NghJ Gyj;rpq;fs rpwpNrdh $Nu ,Ue;jhH. ,tH cs;Suhl;rp mikr;rH gpNukjhrhtpd; (gpujkUk; mtHjhd;) ek;gpf;iff;Fupatuhf tpsq;fpdhH. murpaypy; gpNukjhrhjhd; ,tuJ FU. uzrpq;f gpNukjhrh rdhjpgjpahf gjtp tfpj;jNghJ mtuJ mikr;ruitapy; tPL> tPLepHkhz mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtH. gpd;dH If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; nghJr; nrayhsuhfTk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhH. murpaypy; gyj;j nry;thf;fhd murpay;thjpahf tpsq;fpa ,tHjhd; nghJj; NjHjy;fspd; NghJ If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; NjHjy; gug;Giuf;Fg; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhH. ePz;l fhyk; nfhOk;G tlf;Fj; njhFjpia ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepj;Jtg; gLj;jpatH. nfhOk;gpy; 1993 Nk Kjy; ehs; ez;gfy; Messenger street ,y; ,Uf;Fk; Riykhd; kUj;jtkidf;F Kd;dhy; jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjy; xd;wpy; 68 mfit epuk;gpa rdhjpgjp gpNukjhrh nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. me;jf; fzk; kl;Lk; mikr;rH $Nujhd; mtuJ tyJ ifahf tpsq;fpdhH. Mdhy; gpNukjhrh kiwe;j ifNahL rdhjpgjpahf gjtpNaw;w b.gp. tp[Jq;fh If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; nghJr; nrayhsH gjtpapy; ,Ue;J $Nuia ePf;fp tpl;lhH. gpNukjhrh capNuhL ,Ue;jNghJ $Nuf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;Fk; mij mtH gad;gLj;jpa NjhuizAk; fz;br; rpq;fstuhd tp[aJq;fhtpw;F gpbf;ftpy;iy NghYk;.\nnjhlHe;J If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpj; jiytH uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpdhYk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L murpay; nry;thf;F midj;ijAk; $Nu mbNahL ,oe;jhH. gpd;dH 2000 Mk; Mz;L rpwpNrdh Gutrp nguKd vd;w ngaupy; jdpf; fl;rp njhlq;fp nghJj; NjHjypy; Nghl;bapl;lhH. mtuJ nfl;l fhyk; NjHjypy; mtH cl;gl xUtH $l ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. 1994,y;> 14 Mz;Lfs; gjtpy; ,Ue;j If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia nghJj; NjHjypy; Njhw;fbj;J re;jpupfh jiyikapy nghJrd Kd;dzp Ml;rpf;F te;j NghJ rpwpNrdh $Nuf;F NkYk; Nrhjidf;F Nky; Nrhjid njhlHe;jJ. 1993 Vg;gpuy; 23 Mk; ehs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Kd;dhs; Njrpa ghJfhg;G mikr;rH yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjyp nfhiyapd; gpd;dzpia tprhupf;f rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh 1994 bnrk;gH 7 Mk; ehs; %d;W ePjpaurHfisf; nfhz;l xU jdp Mizf; FOit epakpj;jhH. 1992 Mf];l; 8 ,y; muhypapy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jsgjp nld;rpy; nfhg;gf;fLt nfhiyia tprhuiz nra;j mNj ePjpaurHfs;jhd; mj;Jyj;Kjyp nfhiygw;wpAk; Muha epakp;f;fg;gl;ltHfs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjyp nfhiy nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;dH mtH jdJ mikr;rH gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp rdhjpgjp gpNukjhrhit gjtp ,wf;Ftjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf xU murpay; Fw;wr;rhl;Lj; jPHkhdj;ij (impeachment motion)\nehlhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhH. gpNukjhrh nfhiyAz;l NghJ mtuJ kfs; JyhQ;[yp n[anfhb mJ gw;wp xU jdp Mizf;FO tprhuiz Ntz;Lk; vd;W rdhjpgjp tp[aJq;fhtplk; Nfl;bUe;jhH. gpd;dH rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh Ml;rpf;F te;jNghJ mtuplk; mNj Nfhupf;ifia Kd; itj;jhH. mg;NghJ mtH mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy ,e;j Mizf; FO %yk; gpNukjhrhtpd; ngaUf;Fk; NrW G+rg;gLk; vd;w cz;ik.\ngpNukjhrh ,we;jNghJ ehl;by; ngupa mDjhg miy vJTk; tPrtpy;iy. fhuzk; gpNukjhrhit xU rHthjpfhup vd vz;zpatHfs; fzprkhd mstpy; ,Ue;jhHfs;. gyH mtuJ nfhiyia ,l;L ntspg;gilahfNt kfpo;r;rp njuptpj;jhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf ,we;J Nghd yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjypapd; MjuthsHfs; nfhOk;gpy; ntb nfhOj;jp kfpo;r;rp nfhz;lhbdhHfs;. yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjypia gpNukjhrhNt fhty;Jiwapd; cjtpAld; nfhd;whH vd;w Ngr;R mury; Guryhf me;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy; vy;yh kl;lj;jpYk; cyh te;jJ. yypj; mj;Jyj; Kjyp nfhiyAz;l NghJ me;jf; nfhiyia Nwh (RAW) nra;jpUf;fyhk; vd gpNukjhrh epidj;jhH. vdNt jd;kPJ kiwKfkhf murpay; vjpupfs; Rkj;Jk; nfhiyg; gopiag; Nghf;f Scotland Yard Jg;gwpAk; mjpfhupfis nfhOk;Gf;F tutioj;jhH. yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjyp fpupyg;nghidapy; RLgl;L ,we;j kWehs; fhiy RkhH 100 kPl;lH Jhuj;jpy; xU cly; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ ,uFehjd; my;yJ mg;igah ghyfpU\_;zd; vd;w jkpo; ,isQuJ cly; vd milahsk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,uFehjd; ,we;j rkak; fhty;Jiwapduhy; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jtH vd;gJ epidT $uj;jf;fJ. mtuJ clYf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; 9 kpkP gp];lYk; fbgl;l raidl; Fg;gpAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.\n];nfhl;yhe;J fhty;Jiw mjpfhup mj;Jyj;Kjypia Rl;ltH ,uFehjd; vd;Wk;> mtH xU Gyp MjuthsH vd;Wk; mtuJ gpNuj gupNrhijapd; NghJ rpwpjsT iridl; mtuJ clypy; ,Ue;jjhfTk; vdNt nfhiy nra;jtH ,uFehjNd vd;W mOj;jk; jpUj;jkhfj; jdJ mwpf;ifapy; nrhd;dhH. fhty;Jiwapdupd; jLg;Gf; fhtypy; ,Ue;j xUtH vg;gbj; jg;gp te;J mj;Jyj;Kjypiar; Rl Kbe;jJ? ,uFehjd; clypy; fhzg;gl;l #l;Lf; fhak; mtH 2 mb Jhuj;jpy; itj;Jr; Rlg;gl;lhH vd;gijf; fhl;bw;W. Mdhy; mtH mj;Jyj;Kjypiar; Rl;Ltpl;L XLk; NghJ mtiur; Rl;l fhtyhsp 20-30 ahH Jhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpd;Gwkhfr; Rl;ljhfr; nrhy;yp ,Ue;jhH.\ngpd; vg;gb ,uFehjd;jhd; mj;Jyj;Kjypiar; Rl;ljhf ];nfhl;yd;l; ahl; fhty;Jiw mjpfhup mwpf;if nfhLf;f KbAk;?\nMdhy; rdhjpgjp re;jpupfhtpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Mizf; FO NeH vjpuhd KbTf;F te;jJ. mj;Jyj;Kjypiaf; nfhd;w mNj ghjhs cyff; FOjhd; ,uFehjidAk; nfhd;wpUf;fpwJ vd;gJ ve;jr; re;Njfj;Jf;Fk; ,lkpd;wpj; njupfpwJ. ,uFehjd; nghl;lhrpak; raidl; Cl;bNa nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;shH. nrhj;jp cg;ghyp vd;gtH kw;wtHfNshL rjp nra;J ,uFehjidf; flj;jp te;J mtUf;F czT jz;zPH ,d;wp rl;ltpNuhjkhd ,ufrpa rp;iwapy; milj;J itj;jpUe;jhHfs;. gpd; mtUf;F iridl; Cl;bf; nfhd;Wtpl;L mtH iridl; mUe;jp jw;nfhiy nra;jhH vd;gJ Nghyf; fhl;Ltjw;F mtuJ cliy mj;Jyj;Kjyp nfhiyAz;l ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 100 kPl;lH njhiytpy; nfhz;L Ngha; tPrpapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jr; rhug;gl Mizf;FO mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ. (gazk; njhlUk;)


Tudalen Ddosbarth/Class Pages | Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Tirdeunaw\nGwasanaeth Nadolig 2021 / Christmas Assembly 2021\nCyflwyniadau Unedau Medi 2021/\nUnit Presenations September 2021\nCyflwyniad y Derbyn / Reception Presentation\nCyflwyniad Derbyn / Reception Presentation.pdf\nFfilm y Derbyn / Reception Film\nCyflwyniad Blwyddyn 1 a 2 / Year 1 & 2 Presentation\nCyflwyniad Bl1 a 2 Year 1 and 2 Presentation.pdf\nCyflwyniad Blwyddyn 1 a 2\nCyflwyniad Blwyddyn 3 a 4 / Year 3 & 4 Presentation\nCyflwyniad 3 a 4 Year 3 and 4 Presentation.pdf\nCyflwyniad Bl 3 a 4\nCyflwyniad Blwyddyn 5 a 6 / Year 5 & 6 Presentation\nCyflwyniad Blwyddyn 5 a 6 / Year 5 & 6 Presenation.pdf\nCyflwyniad 5 a 6 / 5 & 6 Presentation\nFideo Cân yr Ysgol / School Song Video\nCystadleuaeth Diwrnod Rhyngwladol Dylan Thomas / Dylan Thomas International Day Competition\nFel rhan o Ddiwrnod Rhyngwladol Dylan Thomas gwnaeth DylanED ym Mhrifysgol Abertawe wahodd plant dros Gymru i gymryd rhan mewn cystadleuaeth arbennig. Rydym yn falch iawn o’n disgyblion a’u campweithiau. Arbennig!\nAs part of this year’s International Dylan Thomas Day Swansea University invited pupils to take part in a fantastic competition. We are very proud of our pupil entries and their acheivements! Gwaith Gwych! Da iawn chi!\nDathliadau Diwrnod VE / VE Day celebrations\nFfilm Gwych Blwyddyn 6 / Year 6 Excellent Film\nFfilm wrth rai o'n disgyblion i'r athrawon! Diolch blant! Hyfryd i weld chi yn mwynhau a cadw'n ddiogel! Diolch / A film from some of our pupils for the teachers. Fantastic! So nice to see you all enjoying and staying safe. Thank-you\nGwaith y disgyblion yn gwneud dwdls Oriel Odl / Pupils following Oriel Odl's doodles\nYsgol Gynradd Gymraeg Tirdeunaw - 'Sebona Fi' gan Yws Gwynedd\nNeges Pasg i'r disgyblion / An Easter Message for our pupils\nPosteri cefnogi gwaith GIG / Posters supporting the NHS\nChwilio am her arall? Dyma ein argymhellion...\nLooking for more challenges? Here are our suggestions...\nGwersi ar-lein gan athrawon Abertawe / On-line lessons by Swansea teachers\nGwersi gan BBC BItesize / Lessons by BBC Bitesize\nOriel Odl - gwaith creadigol / creative work Rhys sydd yn gyfrifol am y dudalen yma athro yn Ysgol Brynymôr. Mae'n cefnogi plant i gysylltu â'u creadigrwydd drwy ddylunio a bydd yn rhoi cyfarwyddiadau cam wrth gam i ddisgyblion ddylunio. Rhys is in charge of this page a primary school teacher in Brynymôr Primary. He is supporting students to get creative by drawing. His videos will give your child a step by step guide to support their drawing.\nAdnoddau Twinkl am ddim / Twinkle Resources for free\nAmserlen dyddiol / Daily Timetable\nAdnoddau Twinkl / Twinkl Resources Os rydych yn chwilio am fwy o weithgareddau i wneud gyda'ch plentyn dyma'r lle i ddarganfod mwy. If you are looking for more activities to do with your child this is the place to find more.\nAdnoddau Dyddiol am Ddim /Free Daily Resources\nCliciwch yma i lawrlwytho yr amserlen / Click here to download the timetable\nAmserlen Adnoddau am a pm Free Resources.pdf\nInformation and advice for children and young people about Coronavirus./Gwybodaeth a chyngor i blant a phobl ifanc am Coronafirws.


Prifysgol Aberystwyth - Campws Gogerddan\nMae Prifysgol Aberystwyth yn bwriadu buddsoddi £40.5m er mwyn datblygu Campws Ymchwil ac Arloesedd newydd yng Ngogerddan.\nBydd y campws yn cael ei adnabod fel Campws Arloesedd a Menter Aberystwyth.\nMae'r datblygiad wedi ei wneud yn bosibl gan fuddsoddiad o £14.5m gan y Cyngor Ymchwil Gwyddoniaeth Biotechnoleg a Biolegol (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) gan David Willetts AS, Gweinidog y Deyrnas Gyfunol dros Brifysgolion a Gwyddoniaeth mewn lansiad Strategaeth Amaeth-Dechnoleg Llywodraeth y DG.\nBydd £20m o gronfa Datblygu Rhanbarthol Ewrop (ERDF) a £8.5m o Brifysgol Aberystwyth yn dod â chyfanswm y buddsoddiad yn y prosiect hwn i £40.5m.\nBydd y BBSRC yn buddsoddi hyd at £14.5m er mwyn cynorthwyo i sefydlu Campws Arloesedd a Menter Aberystwyth ar gyfer bwyd ac ynni adnewyddadwy a bydd yn bartner allweddol wrth wireddu’r prosiect arloesol hwn.\nO’r cyfanswm a fuddsoddir, clustnodwyd hyd at £ 2.5m i ddatblygu Canolfan Ymchwil Ucheldir Pwllpeiran, adnodd unigryw a fydd yn canolbwyntio ar ehangu a gwella amaethyddiaeth yr ucheldir drwy ymchwil arloesol, hyfforddiant a datblygu. (Mae’r datblygiad hwn yn ddibynnol ar gytuno’n derfynol ar y les gyda Llywodraeth Cymru).\nBydd Campws Arloesedd a Menter Aberystwyth yn dod â budd mawr i'r economi ac i gymdeithas, o'r lleol i'r byd-eang, drwy harnesu’r adnoddau naturiol unigryw o bobl a lle a’r galluoedd rhyngddisgyblaethol sydd gan Aberystwyth i’w cynnig.\nBydd isadeiledd a chyfleusterau newydd yn cael eu datblygu i ddenu cwmnïau ac ymchwilwyr sydd â diddordeb mewn creu cynnyrch masnachol llwyddiannus sydd yn seiliedig ar ddulliau modern o fridio planhigion.\nIBERS yng Ngogerddan yw cartref y Ganolfan Ffenomeg Planhigion Genedlaethol gwerth £6.8m a dderbyniodd gefnogaeth Llywodraeth Cymru a BBSRC. Cafodd y Ganolfan, sy'n cynnwys tŷ gwydr ymchwil mwyaf datblygedig y Deyrnas Gyfunol, ei hagor ym mis Mai 2012.\nBydd Campws Arloesedd a Menter Aberystwyth yn cynnwys canolfan hyfforddi sy'n canolbwyntio ar fasnach, a bydd yn galluogi nifer o adrannau o fewn y Brifysgol i weithio gydag IBERS i ddatblygu’r bio-economi.\nBydd hefyd yn cynnwys llwyfan ar gyfer ymchwil i’r ucheldir ar gyfer y DG, a Phartneriaeth-Cyhoeddus-Preifat-Cynhyrchwyr ar gyfer Diogelwch Bwyd ac Ynni wedi ei adeiladu o amgylch canolfan fridio planhigion arloesol sy’n wynebu busnes ac sy’n cynnwys adnodd cenedlaethol ar gyfer mesur gwerth cynnyrch newydd yn annibynnol.


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