url: =Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 15\n(ddur't n 6 Ghuct gher 12 Ctember' 2003)\nAsalu ay d-rz'an Yimazighen n tira azal n mya n yiseggasen aya wissen ahat ma ad ikemmel u ad yawed' s iswi-s negh ad d-yawed' wass i deg ara nebru s tidet i tt'bel deg waman. Seg wasmi ay nebda nettaru tamazight di tallit tamirant (époque contemporaine), at'as n yih'urifen ay nga gher sdat. Mbeâd ma nella nettaru-tt kan i lmend n tmusni d tezrawin tussnanin (études scientifiques), nughal nettaru-tt i lmend n weh'raz-yines akk d usuter n tnettit-nnegh (identité) di tlemmast n lqern wis 20. Mbeâd ma nekka-d ghef tallit n weqmar aberkan i deg yegdel (interdit) ad d-nessuffegh adlis yuran s tutlayt-nnegh di tmura-nnegh, ass-a nughal nessuffugh-d idlisen yernu ttnuzun di yal amkan, slid di Libya, anda ay mazal ttidiren watmaten-nnegh s ddaw n tecd'ad't n lbat'el aberkan. D acu kan, aql-agh nettwali digh d akken amussu amazigh deg wayen yerzan tutlayt atan kan a iteddu s leâqel, s taz'eyt d tameqqrant. Di lweqt i deg ay d-nelha d usuter n westeâr'ef s tmazight di tsuda (institutions) n tmura-nnegh, nezmer ad d-nini d akken tighawsiwin yerzan tutlayt sâant at'as ayakka seg wasmi ur ddint ara, anda akken tufeg ay ters. Xas ma yella ilindi yesteâr'ef unabad' azayri s tutlayt tamazight d tutlayt taghelnawt, acemma n wejdid ur d-yennulfa. Ldzayer mazal-itt ttezzi, ttenned' di leqdicat-nni-yines n "sufella", n tkellax. Ma d agdud, amzun yettwali d akken frant temsal, tura iferr'edj-d R'ebbi ghef tmazight, ur d-mazal ad tt-yagh wacemma ... syad d tasawent "ad ughalen ad tt-qqaren warrac deg ugherbaz", ma d ayen nnid'en ur yelli fell-as uxemmem. Tugh, ula d taghuri-nni ara tt-ghren deg ugherbaz ulac-itt yernu wissen ma ad tili di yal amkan yernu akken ilaq, nnig waya, timsal maci ala kan deg wanect-a ay h'ebsent. Yugh lh'al mazal xuss'ent at'as n tghawsiwin di tmazight yernu amussu adelsan yettban-d amzun yefcel, maci d win n zik, ghur-s tura azal n sin n yiseggasen seg wasmi ur a ixeddem acemma. Anda-tt tmazight di ttawilat n teghwalt (communications) ? Anda-tent tesghunin am tid-n akken n zik s tmazight ? Anda-ten yiseghz'anen (logiciels) am wid-n akken ay nugh tanumi nsell yis-sen zik-nni ? Anda-ten yemd'iqen imaynuten yesseqdacen tamazight negh qeddcen fell-as ? Anda-t usseqdec n teknussniwin (technologies) timaynutin (CD-Rom, tisfifin, VHS, atg.) i lmend n usselmed n tmazight ? Aql-agh ihi nettwali d akken akud atan yettâeddi, zzman atan yettazzal, yernu nekni ur nfur'es tagnit ad nesseqdec ayen yellan ass-a i lmend n wesnerni n tmazight. Yugh lh'al, yeqqar-as yiwen n wanzi ghur-negh : "ddunit h'ed ur tt-iqd'iâ, nettat ur ter'dji w'iâyan". Ula d nekni ass-a, yal ddqiqa, yal ass, yal aseggas ara ner'dju, ara nd'eggeâ, aql-agh ad as-nettd'eggiâ tazmert-is i tmazight, aql-agh ad as-d-nesseâjal tamattant-is. Di ddunit n wass-a i deg yettazzal kulci, ma nuzzel wissen ma ad neqd'eâ, ma neqqim ad agh-d-ddjen gher deffir, d acu kan, ma neqqim deg yiwen kan wemkan, skud ttaddjan-agh wiyad', ttbaâaden fell-anegh, skud nekni nettughal gher deffir, ula d ayen akken nexdem zik-nni ad t-nhudd. Ma ikemmel umussu adelsan amazigh di tguni-yagi ay d-yewwi, aql-agh a nteddu akken ad nughal gher yiwet n tallit yecban tin akken lbat'el i deg ur yelli wacemma, d acu kan, ass-a ulac lbat'el. Lemmer di yelli ttawil-agi yellan ass-a di tallit n Mohamed Haroun ad fell-as yeâfu R'ebbi, tili netta akk d terbaât-is ad ilin xedmen leâdjeb i tutlayt-nnegh. D acu kan, irden ttaken-ten i yir tughmas. Tallit-nni i deg ur yelli wacemma, d lbat'el ay sen-tt-ikksen, wanag lebghi yettcur' ulawen, wanag ass-a, mi akka ay tufrar tagut yernu yella ttawil, yughal ur yelli lebghi deg wulawen ... i tgara amek ara tili ? Tugh amezruy maci ala kan d nekni ay yellan deg-s, wanag llant at'as n tutlayin ay iâerd'en ad d-flalint, d acu kan, imi ur sâint ara zzher', ur z'wiren ara yimawlan-nsent, ughalent ghlint di tillas n tutut, kra deg-sent negrent, ma d tiyad' atenti d tineggura ger tutlayin. Akka ula d nekni, xas at'as aya seg wasmi ara nekkat tt'bel, yezmer ad d-yawed' wass i deg kulci ad issusem. Akka ay ssusmen wid d tid iqeddcen deg umussu adelsan n tutlayt-nnegh, akka ay ssusmen yimassanen-nnegh yettmeslayen dima s tefr'ensist, ma d tamazight wissen d acu ay d as-d-ssukksen, akka ay ssusmen tura ula d iz'awaliyen-nnegh ay yettmeslayen s taâr'abt i yigerdan-nsen ma d tutlayt n lejdud ddjan-tt ... akka ara yessusem yiwwas ula d asuter n tmazight, ula d leqdic ghef tutlayt, yernu ad d-qqimen kan yismawen n kra, ad ten-id-yettmektay umezruy. Ma yewwed'-d wass am wass-n -ncalleh awer d-yawed'-, fih'el ma nkemmel a nxeddem am wass-a, yal tikkelt i deg ara d-yawed' 20 Yebrid, ad d-nemmekti Dda Lmulud d wiyad', imi ma tenger tmazight s ufus-nnegh, ilaq ad nz'er d akken asad'en-agi-nnegh (héros) nhudd-asen akk asirem-nsen yernu nd'egger leqdic-nsen s ighzer. D acu ay d-mazal ad t-id-nemmeslay ghef Dda Lmulud, ad fell-as yeâfu R'ebbi, ma yella tutlayt-nni i yes d-ikker, tin akken i ghef inud'eh' ur tt-mazal ara ?\nAmezruy n ussider n tutlayt tirlandit di lgherba\nSghur Gillian M. Smith\n[Aqeddem : mbeâd ma nez'ra-d, deg wutt'un wis 5 n weghmis-nnegh amek tagnit i deg tella tirlandit di tmurt-is tanes'lit, tigduda n Irland, nefren-d ass-a ad'ris d amaynut ghef tutlayt-a, d win ay d-yettmeslayen ghef leqdic ay xedmen yeghriben Irlandiyen, xas akken r'wan lh'if, akken ad d-ssidren iles-nsen anes'li deg yiwet n tmurt n lgherba i deg yexled' kulci, Iwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt (USA). Di lqern wis 19, asmi ay d-tewwet yiwet n twaghit tameqqrant n laz' di tegzirt n Irland, unagen wat'as n Yirlandiyen si tmurt-nsen gher Temrikt akken ad nadin tudert yifen tin n tmurt-nsen, d acu kan, asmi ay wwd'en gher din, ufan tamurt d tin yesâan tutlayt idjehden yernu llan at'as n wid ay ten-ih'eqren yernu ker'hen-ten dinna. Xas akken tutlayt-nsen ur ughen ara tanumi ttarun-tt ula di tmurt-nsen, llan kra deg-sen asmi ay wwd'en gher lgherba, yeqreh'-iten wul-nsen ad walin tutlayt-nsen tettmettat, dgha bdan leqdic akken ilaq akken ad tt-arun, ad tt-slemden u ad tt-id-ssidren. D acu kan, amussu-nsen n ussider at'as n wuguren ay d-yemlal ama seg yidis n tegnit yellan di Temrikt, ama seg yidis n Yirlandiyen, imi at'as deg-sen llan h'eqren tutlayt-nsen yernu ur d-cliâen ara seg usider-yines. Tidet nettat d akken cciâa ay tesâa teglizit, imi d nettat ay d tutlayt n weghrum, akk d lqella n cci n Yirlandiyen, teddja at'as seg-sen ad smenyafen ad ttmeslayen u ad sselmaden i warraw-nsen taglizit, ma d tutlayt-nsen fkan fell-as afus gher wegrireb. Dgha xas ma yella yewwed' umussu n ussider n tirlandit di Temrikt alammi d asmi ay yugar win n ussider-yines di Irland, maca adennit yewwed'-d wass i deg yeghli tt'bel s aman, yeh'bes leqdic, yenneqd'eâ, ur d-iddji later', yernu nessaram d akken anect-a ur d as-id'erru ara i tutlayt-nnegh ncalleh. Ma d ad'ris wis sin, nerna-t-id i lmend n tmusni n tegnit is'eâben i deg llan ttidiren Yirlandiyen di Temrikt. Agdud-agi n yifellah'en akk d yimeksawen yettidiren di tegzirt n Irland, si zik ay ten-h'eqren wid ay d-yusan ad asen-kksen tamurt-nsen. Ad asen-akren ayla-nsen yernu ad ten-ker'hen ... akka ay td'erru di ddunit-agi n lbat'el, d win yekkaten ay yettxaqen. Asmi ay wwd'en Yirlandiyen gher Temrikt, anda ay d'emâen ad faken lh'if ghef yiman-nsen, ufan-n tagnit tes'âeb ugar, imi tah'eqranit-nni ay ten-h'eqren di tmurt-nsen ted'fer-iten alammi d Amd'al Amaynut (Nouveau Monde), yernu dinna, di lgherba, anda ur sâin imawlan, ssuffghen-d deg-sen Yimarikaniyen tiqqid't n wefwad-nsen, ulac tin ur sâeddan ara fell-asen. Amagrad-agi wis sin d win ara d agh-iâiwnen ad nefhem ugar amezwaru-yagi. Nessaram-awen afud igerrzen].\nTamsalt n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt qqnen fell-as allen wid yettarun amezruy yernu ulac kra n leqdic n unadi ilelli ay yettwaxedmen i lmend n tmusni n wayen i s-yed'ran i tirlandit di tmurt-agi n lgherba, xas ma ulamma yella ttbut d akken atas' seg yiminigen ay yellan ttr'uh'un zik gher Temrikt d wid yessnen ad mmeslayen tirlandit. Yugh lh'al, ur nez'ri acemma ghef wayen ay d asen-yed'ran i yiminigen-agi asmi ay wwd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, nez'ra d akken tasuta (ldjil) tis snat n yiminigen-agi [arraw n yiminigen ay d-yekkren di Temrikt] d tin yeddjan tirlandit yernu d taglizit kan ay tughal tettmeslay. Ma yella d anect yellan ttmeslayen tirlandit ger n yiminigen, amek ay llan ttwalin tutlayt-nsen di lgherba akk d ssebbat ay ten-yessawd'en ad ddjen tutlayt-nsen ur nufi fell-as acemma deg wayen yuran.\nAddunen (recensements) n lqern wis 19 ay nufa maci d addunen ikemlen yernu ur d agh-d-fkin ara isallen ghef wayen i s-yed'ran i tutlayt tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA). D acu kan, llant kra n teghbula (sources) ay d-yesskanen d akken tirlandit tkemmel tedder, xas akken tedreg, deg yilsawen n yiminigen yernu tewwed' alammi ay d-teffegh gher ledjher' u yezreâ umussu n ussider-yines di tmurt n Temrikt merr'a. Akemmel-agi n usseqdec n tirlandit ula di Temrikt sskanent-t-id at'as n tghawsiwin yuran ay d-ddjan yemdanen n tallit-nni, am yeghmisen udmawanen (journaux personnels), tibratin ay myuran medden akk d tghemmar (rubriques) yuran s tirlandit deg yeghmisen n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt, am wakken ay d-ffghen digh ula d ighmisen yuran s snat n tutlayin, tirlandit akk d teglizit. Yernu ayen d-uran wid ih'edr'en i tallit-nni yessed'her-d digh citt' n tafat ghef wemd'al-nni (ddunit) yeffren n yiminigen irlandiyen yettmeslayen tutlayt-nsen akk d wid ay yewwten akken ad tt-id-ssidren. Amagrad-agi ad d-yemmeslay ghef umezruy n tutlayt tirlandit ghur Yirlandiyen ighriben yeddren di Temrikt.\nAyen d-bedrent teftarin* ghef temsalt-a :\n*tafrat (tiftarin) : document\nXas ma yella d imelyunen n yiminigen irlandiyen ay yunagen gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, ulac at'as ay yuran fell-asen deg umezruy. Tiftarin ay d-ibedren tirlandit ur s-fkint azal meqqren. Nnig waya, at'as n teftarin i deg ay d-ggaren tamawt d akken Irlandiyen llan ifen iminigen iberr'aniyen nnid'en imi nitni llan ssnen taglizit. Adlis n "Tutlayt Tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen" ay d-yeffghen di tez'rigin n T.W. Idhe*, d adlis ay inefâen at'as leqdic ghef unadi-yagi, yernu amur meqqren deg wayen d-yettwabedren deg-s yettwakkes-d seg yimagraden n wedlis-agi. [Callahan, Joseph. The Irish Language in the United States, in T.W. Idhe (ed) Bergin and Garvey. 1994]. Menghir adlis-agi, ur ufigh ara at'as n tghawsiwin nnid'en yernu citt'-nni ay ufigh, yebder-d kan citt'ah' n tghawsiwin, d aâeddi kan, ghef tutlayt tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen. Dgha isallen ay d-yefka wedlis-agi ay d-nebder d agerruj ur t-nufi anda nnid'en yernu yis-s ay ssawd'egh ad d-gegh anadi-yagi.\nDeg unadi ay d-yura Fishman ghef tutlayin ay sseqdacen deg Yiwunak Yedduklen, "Language Loyalty in U.S.", ur d-yebdir ara gar-sent tutlayt tirlandit. H. Kloss yemmeslay-d si tama-s, ghef "tdersiyin (minortités) yettmeslayen tutlayin tiberr'aniyin (d acu kan, ur d-yebdir ara tirlandit). O'Brian akk d W.F. Adams mmeslayen-d kan citt'ah' ghef trebbaât-nni n yiminigen yettmeslayen tirlandit yernu ur fkin ara azal i umezruy n yiminigen irlandiyen di Temrikt. G. McWiney yewwet-d deg yenmezrayen (historiens) n Wenz'ul [n Yiwunak Yedduklen] imi ay qqnen allen-nsen ghef wayen d-yewwi yedles aselti (celtique) gher Temrikt, ama d idles irlandi negh d wid n Yikusiyen akk d Yigaliyen (Gallois/Welsh), d acu kan, ula d netta ur d-yebdir ara tutlayt tirlandit. E. Hutson yenna-d d akken ger n yiminigen ay d-yusan gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, "Irlandiyen llan seg wid yettmeslayen merr'a taglizit". Ma d T. McAvoy yenna-d d akken "Irlandiyen ay d-yusan gher Temrikt wwin-d kan si tmurt-nsen citt'ah mad'i seg yedles-nsen akk d wansayen-nsen (traditions)" yernu yerna-d N. Glazer akk d D.P. Moynihan deg wawal-is imi ula d nitni gren digh tamawt d akken "ifellah'en [irlandiyen] ay yellan ttenghalen-d gher Temrikt wwin-d kan citt'ah' seg yedles-nsen irlandi".\nImi ay ulac at'as n Yirlandiyen ay yeghran tutlayt tirlandit, nezmer ad d-nini d akken iminigen llan ttaddjan tutlayt-nsen akken kan ara d-awd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, tugna-yagi (image) tettban-d d tah'erfit (simple) s wat'as yernu ur tefki ara azal i wid ay ikemmlen ttmeslayen tirlandit xas âett'len di Temrikt akk d wid yewwten akken ad tt-id-ssidren.\nAnda ay llan ttidiren yiminigen :\nUqbel ma yewwet-d Laz' ameqqran ghef Irland, at'as n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen kan taglizit negh wid yettmeslayen taglizit d tirlandit ay yunagen gher Temrikt. Wigi kkan-d si tmiwa n wegmud' (ccerq) akk d tlemmast n Irland. Seg wasmi ay iâedda Laz'-nni d asawen, tuget deg yiminigen irlandiyen ughalen d wid ay d-itekken seg wetram (lgherb) n Irland akk d tama n Munster. Yugh lh'al, timiwa-yagi ibeâden llant d tid i deg yufa mlih' iman-is yedles irlandi.\nTimiwa n Munster akk d Connaught, di Irland, d tid i deg amur meqqren deg yimezdaghen llan d tirlandit ay llan ttmeslayen, yernu 50% seg yiminigen ay ir'uh'en gher Temrikt ghef idra n Laz'-nni d wid ay d-yekkan si tmiwa-yagi. Ur nezmir ara ad nz'er dgha swaswa kan ach'al n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen tirlandit ay ir'uh'en si yal akunti (comté) di Irland. D acu kan, ma nedjâel-as d akken azgen seg yiminigen ir'uh'en si Munster akk d Connaught llan seg wid yettmeslayen tirlandit, akk d wazal n 5% seg yiminigen n yikuntiyen nnid'en ay yettmeslayen digh tutlayt-a, dgha nezmer ad naf d akken azal n wezgen n umelyun seg yiminigen ay yesserwel Laz' si Irland ay yellan ttmeslayen tirlandit, meh'sub d tis tlata seg wakk iminigen-nni ay yesserwel Laz'.\nAsmi ay iâedda Laz', akken yella yinig di tallit-nni n Laz' ay ikemmel, tuget deg wid yellan ttr'uh'un gher Temrikt tekken-d si tmiwa tigellilin akk n Wetram n Irland. Di 1891, llan mazal ssawalen tirlandit di âecr'a n yikuntiyen, i deg azal ger n 10% d 60% n yimezdaghen llan sseqdacen tirlandit. Si 1856 alamma d 1880, 44% seg yiminigen yunagen gher Temrikt kkan-d seg yikuntiyen-nni. Ma ger n yiseggasen n 1881 d 1890, wwd'en yiminigen ay d-yekkan seg yikuntiyen-agi gher 55% seg yiminigen Irlandiyen yettazgaren agaraw (océan). Si 1891 gher 1910, azal n tis r'ebâa n yiminigen Irlandiyen ir'uh'en gher Temrikt kkan-d seg yikuntiyen-nni yesâan at'as n yemdanen yettmeslayen tirlandit. Dgha anect-a yesskan-d d akken imsiwlen n tirlandit llan ttasen-d gher Temrikt s wat'as di tallit-nni ay d-id'efren Laz' ameqqran n Irland.\nTtbut ghef ukemmel n usseqdec n tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen :\nTirlandit ur tughal ara d tutlayt yesseqdac wegdud irlandi di Temrikt akken ay llant tutlayin nnid'en n lgherba. D acu kan, yella wayen ay d-yesskanen d akken tirlandit ur tengir ara mad'i wanag tella tettidir tedreg gher kra n medden. At'as n teftarin yuran ay d-ibedren d akken llant kra n twaculin akk d trebbaâ ay ikemmlen sseqdacent tirlandit mbeâd ma wwd'ent-d gher Temrikt. Dgha nezmer ad naf isallen ghef trebbaâ iâezlen yettmeslayen tirlandit ama deg yeghmisen, ama di tsufagh (publications) yuran s tirlandit, ama di tebratin negh deg yeghmisen udmawanen, ama deg wayen d-uran yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen ay yellan sseqdacen tirlandit di teklizt (église). Anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken tirlandit tella mazal-itt d tutlayt tamuddirt ghut wat'as n yiminigen.\nDgha nettwali d akken ilaq ad d-nefk kra n yimedyaten (exemples) ibanen akken ad d-nessken anect-a akken ilaq. Di 1852, asertay (politicien) n New York, David Nagle ay d-ilulen di Irland, yessemter-asen (yens'eh') i yimeqqranen n ukabar-yines ad asen-ttaznen i Yirlandiyen ay bghan ad ten-fernen (voter) "irgazen ay ifehhmen tutlayt tirlandit yernu ttmeslayen-tt mlih', imi d tin ay d tutlayt ay fehhmen mlih' yernu d tin i yes nezmer ad nh'az ulawen n Yirlandiyen. Tugh, tutlayt-a fkan-as azal meqqren Yikat'uliyen* (catholiques) ay izedghen deg Yiwunak (Etats) [imarikaniyen] n wegmud' (ccerq) akk d tlemmast".\n[Tuget tameqqrant deg Yirlandiyen d Ikat'uliyen, di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg Yegliziyen akk d Yimarikaniyen at las'el aglizi d ipr'utistaniyen].\nLlant at'as n teftarin ay d-ibedren d akken llan yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen ay yellan sseqdacen tirlandit akk d wid ay d-yettasen gher teklizin-nsen. Taklizt [takat'ulit] s yisem-is d tasudut (institution) werdjin tesnerna ifadden i useqdec n tutlayt tirlandit negh teqbel anect-a. D acu kan, tiftarin ay d-ibedren d akken llan yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen yesseqdacen tirlandit di teklizit, sskanent-d d akken kra n trebbaâ n Yirlandiyen n Temrikt llant h'wadjent amrabed' ara izemren ad isel i uqirri-nsent (confession) s tutlayt-nsent tayemmat. Ulac ccek d akken iminigen-agi Irlandiyen llan ssnen citt' n teglizit akken ad zemren ad afen leqdic, d acu kan, tamusni ay ssnen tutlayt-a ur tgerrez ara alamma ara zemren ad mmeslayen yis-s i R'ebbi. Dgha d tirlandit ay llan sseqdacen i waya.\nYiwen n umaru n tallit-nni, I.D. Rupp, yura-d d akken di trebbaâ tirlandiyin n yikuntiyen n Schuylkil akk d Carbon, di Pennsylvania, [deg Yiwunak Yedduklen], "amur meqqren di medden d Ikat'uliyen, yernu sâan imrabd'en ay sen-yettmeslayen s tutlayt tirlandit, yugh lh'al d tin ay d tutlayt ay tettmeslay tuget deg yiqeddacen". John Neumann ay yellan d abesku (évêque) n Philadelphia si 1851 gher 1860, yernu d amesnilsi (linguiste) almani, yufa d akken ilaq fell-as ad yelmed tirlandit akken ad yemmeslay akk d wid ay d-yettasen gher teklizt-is. Abesku n temdint n Charleston, John England, ay yemmuten deg useggas n 1842, las'el-is si temdint n Cork, di Irland yernu asmi yella iqeddec di Temrikt, yefka-yas azal meqqren i tutlayt yernu yella yettwali d akken Irlandiyen ay d-yekkren yis-s ttalasen ad asen-mmeslayen yemrabd'en n Yir'umyen s tutlayt-nsen di yal amkan i deg yezmer ad yettwaxdem waya. Deg yiwet n tebrat ay s-yura i O'Connell, yenna-yas : "âni yed'lem ufellah' irlandi ... ma yesmenyaf tutlayt n lejdud-is ghef tin n wid ay t-iqemren (opprimer) ?". Di 1851, amseghdad (missionnaire) Andrew Talty ay d-ilulen di Clare, mbeâd ma yeqdec akk d yibennayen di Virginia Tutrimt (tagherbit), yessemter-as (yens'eh') i yemd'ebber n ugherbaz i deg yeghra di Dublin (di Irland) akken ad yecred' "si yal amrabed' ara d-yasen gher tmurt-a (Tamrikt) ad yelmed citt' n tirlandit ... yernu wid yessnen seg-s yagi citt'ah', ad âerd'en ad cfun fell-as mlih'".\nAssider n tirlandit di lgherba :\nDeg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis tseât'ac, bdan xeddmen Yirlandiyen ussisen (efforts) akken ad as-gen leqrar i tutlayt-nsen di Temrikt. J.D. Beunker, N.C. Burckel, R.W. Lubomyr akk d A.T. Wynar ur d-bdiren ara akk tirlandit deg wayen d-jemâen d isallen ghef yeghmisen akk d tesghuni ay d-ssuffughen yegduden yettidiren deg Yiwunak Yedduklen. D acu kan, seg yiseggasen n 1850 d asawen, bdan a d-teffghen yimagraden s tirlandit deg yeghmisen ay tt'fen Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt, asmi ay bdant a d-ttawd'ent lmujat timezwura n yiminigen-nni yent'erren si Laz' Ameqqran. D aghmis n The Irish American ay d amenzu ay yebdan yessuffugh-d tighawsiwin yuran s tirlandit di teghmert-is (rubrique) n tutlayt. Sakin, ughalen yeghmisen nnid'en am The American Celt (n Saint Louis), The Citizen (n Chicago) akk d The Irish Echo (n Boston) si ger yeghmisen ay d-yessuffughen digh imagraden s tirlandit. Anect-a yessawed' alammi ay d-ttusbedden ula d igezda (départements) n tutlayt tirlandit di tesdawiyin timarikaniyin deg yiseggasen n 1880, ma di 1888, tebder-d yiwet n tesghunt d akken llan 44 n yeghmisen ay yettekkan deg wesnerni n tirlandit di Temrikt merr'a.\nImir-n tebda tesdawit teggar tamawt i wanect-a, yernu deg yiwen webrid fkan yemnuda (chercheurs) azal i unadi ghef tutlayin akk d yidelsan iseltiyen (celtes) u di 1895 yettusebded-d yiwen n ugezu di tesdawit takat'ulit n Washington i lmend n waya. Kra seg wudmawen imeqqranen n tesdawit am F.L.O. Roehrig (n Cornell) akk d T.J. Shahan (tesdawit takat'ulit) ttekkan mlih' di leqdicat n umussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt, yernu isemmed'ranen (reflexions) yecban win ay d-yura Dr. Shahan di 1894, "Ad d-nessukkset tutlayt tirlandit", d wid ay yughalen tt'uqqten di tallit-nni.\nDi 1853, yessebded-d Patrick Tierney (si Cavan) tiddukla tamenzut iqeddcen ghef tutlayt tirlandit deg Yiwunak Yedduklen. Di 1861, Tiddukla n Ossian* (Ossian Society) tessebded-d afurk di New York ay yebdan a d-yessuffugh kra n yedlisen n tutlayt tirlandit ay yuran zik s ufus. D acu kan, assider n tutlayt tirlandit ur yennerna ara alammi d asmi ay d-yewwed' Michael O Lochain, ay d-ilulen di Galway, gher Yiwunak Yedduklen, dgha d win umi semman kra "win ay d-yerz'an asalu i umussu n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt". Seg wasmi ay d-yewwed' O Lochain gher Temrikt, deg useggas n 1870, ara iqeddec s leh'r'ar'a, yessebded-d yiwen n weghmis i lmend n ussider u yeqqim iqeddec ghef ussuffegh-yines alammi d asmi yemmut deg useggas n 1894.\n[Ossian d amedyaz ikusi (écossais) aqbur, tiddukla-ya n tsekla taseltit semman-tt ghef yisem-is].\nO Lochain iga-yasen ifadden i yiminigen akken ad d-ssebedden tiddukliwin i lmend n weh'raz akk d tririt n ter'wih't i tirlandit yernu at'as n medden ay d-yerran i teghri-yines u dindin kan sbedden-d tineghra (classes) akken ad slemden deg-sent tirlandit. Tiddukla tamenzut i lmend n wemâiwen ger n Yiseltiyen sbedden-tt-id di Boston, di 1873 yernu iswiyen-yines nitni d asnerni n tutlayt tirlandit, tasekla-s akk d uz'awan (musique). Citt'ah' kan mbeâd, bdant a d-ttnulfunt tiddukliwin ay tt-yecban di tmiwa merr'a n tmurt, yernu asmi ara iteddu lqern wis 19 akken ad ifak, yufa-d lh'al nnulfant-d tiddukliwin am tigi di temdinin merr'a i deg llant trebbaâ timeqqranin n Yirlandiyen. Ger n 1874 akk d 1886, setta d xemsin n tiddukliwin am tigi ay d-yennulfan deg Yiwunak Yedduklen.\nTiddukliwin-agi llant qeddcent yal ta i yiman-is, d acu kan llan ttemyarunt wagar-asent deg weghmis n An Gaodhal ay yellan d aghmis aghelnaw n tiddukliwin-nni merr'a. D acu kan, ur nez'ri ara sani tewwed' teghri n umussu-yagi, anwa ay s-yeslan akk d wamek th'uza tudert n trebbaâ n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt.\nTiddukliwin-agi merr'a llant sâan yiwen kan n yeswi di llsas - asnerni n tutlayt. Tamend'awt (constitution) n tiddukla n Brooklyn tebder-d d akken "Tiddukla-yagi ad tesâu iswi n weh'raz akk d wezraâ n tirlandit seg yilsawen n medden". Nnig n usselmed n tutlayt tirlandit, tiddukliwin-agi qedcent digh i lmend n usselmed n tedrest (ccd'eh') tirlandit, uz'awan akk d tmedyazt n tutlayt tirlandit, am wakken ay llan lemmden medden ghur-sent amezruy n Irland akk d kra n tedyanin yemgerraden i yes zemren ad fehmen medden izri (passé) n Irland.\nAmussu n tutlayt deg Yiwunak Yedduklen tekkan deg-s wid yiminigen ay d-yekkren ttmeslayen tirlandit am wakken ay ttekkan deg-s kea seg wid yettmeslayen taglizit ay yebghan ad ttekkin di leqdic n ussider. Tuget deg yiselmaden n tutlayt llan seg wid ay d-yekkren s tirlandit, d acu kan tikwal, llan kra n yinelmaden ay yessawd'en ad lemden mlih' amek ara mmeslayen tirlandit u ad tt-ttmeslayen am wid ay d-yekkren yis-s. Di 1894, yenna-d O Lochain, ay yettekkan di tiddukla n Brooklyn, "iselmaden-nnegh seg wid-n akken yeghran ghur-negh".\nD acu kan, nezmer ad naf anda nnid'en "Agherbaz n Providence ... yesâa sin seg yiselmaden imalayen (meilleurs) akk n tirlandit di tmurt, Massaw Henehan akk d O'Casey, yernu wigi seg wid ay d-yekkren yis-s".\nYugh lh'al, ur nez'ri ara s ttbut ma llan Yirlandiyen-agi yettekkan deg ussider ttmeslayen mlih' tirlandit negh ala. Ghef leh'sab n wayen d-yenna O Lochain deg weghmis n Brooklyn AGM, yella yewâer' fell-asen [di tiddukla] ad d-afen wid-n ilaqen akken ad ten-ssersen deg yimukan imens'aben (officiels) [n tiddukla], "imi alugen (règle) n tiddukla d win ay d-yeqqaren d akken ula d yiwen ur yettazmar ad d-yettwafren ala kan ma yella yettsellik-itt deg usiwel n tutlayt tirlandit". Anect-a yesskan-d d akken ala kan citt'ah' seg yimaslad'en n tiddukla n Brooklyn ay yellan seg wid d-yekkren s tutlayt tirlandit.\nTiddukla n Philadelphia ay d-sbedden tlata n Yirlandiyen ay d-yekkren s tutlayt-nsen di Yunyu n 1884 ala kan s tirlandit ay tella txeddem akk tighawsiwin-ines. Ula d tiddukla-nni tirlandit n New York tebder-d d akken d tirlandit ay d tutlayt i yes tqeddec s umata. Deg wayen d-yettwaran ghef tfaska (festival) tirlandit ay d-yettilin yal aseggas di New York, nezmer ad nger tamawt d akken ala kan citt' n teglizit ay yettuseqdacen ghur tiddukla-yagi. Dgha nezmer ad d-nini d akken asseqdec n tirlandit sdaxel n tdukliwin-agi yesskan-d d akken llan at'as seg wid yettekkan deg-sent ay yessnen ad tt-mmeslayen. Di kra n tdukliwin, tuget seg wid yettekkan d wid ay ilemmden tirlandit, wanag di tiyad', amur meqqren deg yimeltaghen-nsen (adhérants) seg wid ay d-yekkren s tutlayt tirlandit, dgha d tirlandit ay llan sseqdacen-tt wagar-asen.\nGhef wakken nezmer ad nwali, tiddukliwin-a llant jebbdent-d akk medden, ama d imeqqranen negh d imect'ah'. Dgha ach'al d abrid ay d-yebder O Lochain deg wutt'unen n weghmis n An Gaodhal d akken at'as seg yimeltaghen n tiddukla n Brooklyn ttawin-d igerdan-nsen yid-sen akken ad h'edr'en di temliliyin. Ma d amaru (secrétaire) n tiddukla n Philadelphia, John Robinson, yura-d d akken tiddukla-nsen tella "tesâa tmanyin n yimeltaghen, seg yigerdan n sebâa n yiseggasen alamma d imgharen, yernu merr'a ssnen ad ghren negh ad mmeslayen s tutlayt n lejdud-nsen".\nD acu kan, ur nez'ri ara amek tella tegnit n yimeltaghen n tiddukliwin-a di tmetti (société). Tomas O'Neill Ruiseal yenna-d deg yiwen n umagrad ay d-yeffghen di Dublin Journal d akken medden yettekkan deg yigherbazen n tutlayt ti Temrikt llan merr'a seg yigellilen imeqqranen akk ay d-yusan si Irland. Ma d O Lochain yeskaddeb aya u yenna-d d akken igellilen am wigi llan ur a ttekkayen ara ula di trebbaâ n Yirlandiyen ighriben ughaf ad ten-âeqlen ldjiran-nsen d acu-ten [r'uh'en amzun ttseth'in s las'el-nsen]. D acu kan, ur nefhim ara aygher Irlandiyen igellilen at'as llan ttseth'in ad ten-z'ren medden deg trebbaâ tidelsanin n yeghriben, dgha nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nnegh ma yella d lqella n cci ay ten-yeddjan ad sseth'in s yiman-nsen, negh sseth'an lemmer ad ttekkin di terbaât iqeddcen ghef tutlayt-nsen ? Wissen digh ma llan kra n yeghriben ttah'qaren wid yellan ttnadin ad lemmden tutlayt-nsen di lgherba ? Negh digh wissen ma yella wid yellan ttaârad'en ad snernin tutlayt-nsen ttihin yis-sen wiyad' imi ay ttwalin d akken tirlandit d tutlayt umi d-yeqqim kan webrid n uz'ekka ? Ma yella llant lumur' am wakka, dgha anect-a yesskan-d d akken llan medden rran lbal-nsen gher temsalt n tutlayt, yernu nezmer ad nwali d akken medden llan bd'an d tirebbaâ deg wayen yerzan amek llan ttwalin tutlayt-nsen, dgha llan kra h'eqren-tt mad'i, kra ur d-cliâen ara seg-s ma d wiyad' tella-yasen mlih' deg wul yernu qeddcen fell-as akken zemren.\nAmussu n ussider n tutlayt di Temrikt d win yeqqnen mlih' daghen gher win ay d-yellan di Irland. Iqeddacen irlandiyen yellan di lgherba ttekkan ama s wul, ama s yedrimen i lmend n ussider n tutlayt di Irland. Yugh lh'al, assider n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt ay d-ilul uqbel ma yewwed' gher Irland, yernu asmi yexsi umussu n ussider di Irland, win n Temrikt ikemmel yedder mbeâd-is. Assider n tirlandit di Temrikt yebda yettughal yedjhed deg yiseggasen n 1870, wanag win n Irland alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1880 ay yebda yettagh az'ar di tmurt. Di 1883, nnan-d deg weghmis n Freeman's Journal d akken Irlandiyen n Temrikt ifen wid yeqqimen di Irland awwi rran lbal-nsen gher tutlayt : "Deg wayen yerzan tutlayt-nsen, arraw n tmurt-nnegh di Marikan ddjan mlih' gher deffir Irlandiyen yettidiren di tmurt". Dgha di lweqt i deg ughalen medden ur d-cliâen ara si tutlayt di Irland mbeâd ma d'rant tedyanin-nni meqqren n yiseggasen n 1910, di Temrikt, assider n tutlayt yeqqim alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1920 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1930.\nTasghunt n An Gaodhal:\nTasghunt n An Gaodhal ay yellan tteffegh-d yal aggur s snat n tutlayin, tirlandit akk d teglizit, si 1881 alamma d 1904 d O Lochain ay tt-id-yesbedden yernu tesâ ddur' meqqren deg ussider n tutlayt tirlandit. Si tama, teldi-yasen abrid i wid yettarun s tirlandit akken ad ttarun deg-s s tutlayt-nsen, si tama nnid'en, tasghunt-a tella-d d tin ay yesduklen akk tughac n Yirlandiyen yettidiren di Temrikt. Tasghunt-a tella tesâa s umata sett'ac n yisebtar yernu qrib anect-a ay tesâa n yimagraden (articles) s tirlandit ay tesâa s teglizit. Tasgunt-a tella tqeddec i lmend n "weh'raz d wesnerni n tutlayt tirlandit akk d leqdic i lmend n tfulmant (autonomie) n weghlan (nation) irlandi."\nAssuffegh n tesghunt-agi yennerna mlih' imi "1000 n wudmawen (exemplaires) ... ay yellan teffghen-d seg-s yal aggur deg useggas-is amezwaru, yernu seg yimir-n ara yettnerni usuffegh yines alammi d ass-a, mi akka ara d-teffghen seg-s 2880 n wudmawen". D acu kan, tasghunt-a n tutlayt tirlandit tella tesâa ala kan 400 n yimagazen (abonnés) di Dublin di 1887. Tasghunt-a tella tessuffugh-d isefra, tizlatin (chansons), tibratin akk d tgejda (éditorials) s tutlayt tirlandit, yernu yiwen si leqdicat ay llan xeddmen di tallit-nni netta d alqad' n ufuleklur' irlandi. Dgha llan-d wat'as seg wid yettekkayen di tesghunt-a ay d-yuznen timucuha d temâayin, isefra, timseâraq akk d ddeâwat s tutlayt tirlandit, d tid i ghef mazal cfan wat yiles irlandi yettidiren di Temrikt. Anect-a yefka-d at'as n tghawsiwin ara yezzhun wid yessnen ad ghren tirlandit.\nTasghunt-a tella tessuffugh-d digh timsirin (leçons) i wid ur nettmeslay tirlandit akken ad bdun ad lemmden tutlayt-a, yernu at'as n tebratin ay d-yettwaznen (yettuceggâen) i An Gaodhal qqaren-d deg-sent medden d akken timsirin-a llant sâant azal ameqqran imi ay ttâawanent medden ad issinen u ad ghren ad arun tutlayt tirlandit.\nAn Gaodhal d tasghunt ay d agh-d-yemmalen mlih' amek llan ttxemmimen wid yesâan tutlayt tirlandit deg wulawen-nsen yernu tugh sin n yiberdan i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt. Si tama, tasghunt-a tessuli-yas azal-is i tutlayt tirlandit, tcekker'-d timmer'kantit-yines, ccbah'a-s akk d umezruy-is aqbur yernu tettaârad' ad tqenneâ medden d akken zemren ad d-kksen ibughar (lfaydat) meqqren si tutlayt-a. Si tama nnid'en, tella tesghunt-a tekkat-d digh deg wid ur nettâawan ara tirlandit yernu tettwali-ten xedâen tamurt-nsen rnan xedâen iman-nsen.\nAbrid amenzu ay tugh An Gaodhal i lmend n ussider n tutlayt netta d leqdic akken ad d-ssakin medden ghef ugerruj ay d-teddja tutlayt tirlandit i wegdud-is. Tasghunt-a tella tessutur si medden ad as-gen leqrar "i ugerruj ghlayen n yiwet n tutlayt zeddigen, idjehden, icebh'en yernu meqqer ccan-is". Tella tesghunt-a tettwali tutlayt tirlandit d ajgu alemmas n tz'uri (art) d wesnulfu akk d tlelli n Yirlandiyen yernu ma yesr'uh' wegdud tutlayt-a, ula d tamusni-nsen ad tr'uh'. "Aghlan (ldjens) yettaken afus di tutlayt-is ad tr'uh' gher wegrireb ad yesr'uh' ula d ah'ric yelhan akk di tamusni-yines u ad yughal d akli n tmusni n wiyad'". Dgha tutlayt teddja medden, si tama, ad d-snulfun taz'uri (art) ifazen [tasekla, tizlatin, atg.], dgha anect-a yerra-ten fer'h'en ama s yiman-nsen, ama s wayen d-xeddmen, si tama nnid'en, tutlayt teldi-yasen digh abrid i medden akken ad issinen ayen xedmen wid ay ten-yezwaren. Dgha ala kan d abaghur (lfayda) ay izemren ad asen-d-yekk i Yirlandiyen mi ara ttekkin deg ussider n tutlayt-nsen, yernu leqdic n ussider n tutlayt "d win ay qqnen mlih' gher umezruy aqbur, d win yesâan azal meqqren di tnettit n weghlan-nnegh (nation) yernu d win yeqqnen digh mlih' s ayen uran Yirlandiyen di zzman aqbur". Tirlandit tezmer ad tesselmed i medden at'as n tghawsiwin, ur ttazmaren ara ad tent-lemden s tutlayin nnid'en. Amezruy akk d tezlatin n Irland s tirlandit ay llan a ten-ttarun; s tutlayt-a ay nezmer ad nissin agles (antiquité) n yiri (race) irlandi, n yiz'uran-is akk d umezruy-is".\nIghelnaz'riyen (nationalistes) irlandiyen iqeddcen deg yinurar merr'a, ama d wid n yedles, wid n tsertit, wid n tdamsa (économie) akk d yimeghnasen, merr'a ughalen dduklen i lmend n ussider akk d uâiwen n tutlayt, d acu kan, yemgerrad (yemxallaf) wemkan ay d as-tefka yal tarbaât deg yimenghi-yines i tutlayt tirlandit. At'as seg yighelnaz'riyen irlandiyen ay yellan ker'hen mlih' s kra n tghawsa yeqqnen gher teglizit akk d Yegliziyen, dgha d anect-a ay yeddjan imenghi i lmend n tutlayt ad yekcem s annar n tsertit. Deg yiwet n tebrat ay yura P.J. O'Hanlon i Tiddukla Taseltit n Brooklyn, yewwet-d deg-s bab-is deg Yegliziyen ara yettaârad'en ad hudden tutlayt tirlandit yernu iduâa-yas i R'ebbi ad d-yesseâjel ass i deg ara d-rren ttar' Yirlandiyen ghef wayen sen-xedmen yemdanen-agi yettwaneâlen. Tasghunt n An Gaodhal tella teggar-d digh tighri sya gher da i medden akken ad âiwnen tirebbaâ tigrawalin ara itgen tagrawla (révolution) i lmend n ussuffegh n Yegliziyen s yighil si Irland. Dgha tbedder-d tesghunt-agi d akken ula d tagrawla tirlandit d tin ay iqeddcen digh i lmend ussukkes (assemneâ) n tutlayt tirlandit.\nAsmi ay ddmen yighelnaz'riyen irlandiyen tutlayt tirlandit u rran-tt d azamul n tnettit-nsen taghelnawt (identité nationale) yed'ra-d ubeddel meqqren deg umezruy n tutlayt-a. Wid yettekkan deg umussu n tutlayt sbedden-d tinettit yemgerraden ghef tin n Yirlandiyen imensayen (traditionnels), n menwala. Dgha xelqen-d amd'al (monde) adelsan yemgerraden s wat'as ghef win n yifellah'en-nni ines'liyen yettmeslayen tirlandit. Ayen n d iri i yes d-yegla wanect-a ghef tutlayt ad d-nemmeslay fell-as ticki u ad t-nqaren akk d tghawsiwin yelhan i yes d-yegla umussu n ussider n tutlayt.\nTughal tutlayt d nettat ay d iles agaman (naturel) n medden. D nettat ay d azamul n tnettit, yernu d nettat ay yettaran amdan irlandi "d aterras (individu) n tidet yernu d amaslad' (membre) yettekkan deg wegdud ibanen. Ma tr'uh' tutlayt tirlandit, ur d-mazal ara medden zemren ad d-inin d akken d Irlandiyen ay llan. Marcus Mac Mhaird iger-d tighri i lmend n weh'raz n "ugerruj imqeddes (sacré) ay d-yettwawer'ten sghur lejdud" yernu yenna-d d akken tutlayt tirlandit d nettat ay d "azamul yernu d taâessast n teghlent-nsen (nationalité)". Dgha yura-d : "Ma yella d tidet nesâa tamurt, dgha ilaq ad nh'emmel tutlayt-nni tanes'lit ay d agh-d-tesselmed. Ma nebgha ad nughal d ldjens yettment'aren, ur nesâi tamurt, d agdud ur nesâi amezruy, ur nesâi ayla, ur nesâi isegh (honneur) wala azal, ihi lh'ut-n ad nettu tutlayt-nnegh".\nDi lweqt i deg amussu n tutlayt yerbeh'-d imdanen imaynuten deg wennar n tsertit, ad yili yesr'uh' digh at'as n yemdanen nnid'en ay yellan bghan ad ttekkin di leqdic ghef tutlayt, maca ur ten-âdjibent ara tikta n yighelnaz'riyen isertiyen negh imeghnasen. Ighelnaz'riyen ur llin ara kkaten-d kan deg Yegliziyen, wanag llan kkanten-d ula deg Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen taglizit. Dgha yella O Lochain yeqqar-d d akken Irlandiyen merr'a yettmeslayen taglizit d wid ixedâen tamurt-nsen : "Ass-a nettmeslay-d s tidet-nnegh yernu nez'ra ayen d-neqqar, neqqar-d s teqseh' ... d akken s kra n Yirlandi ay d-yettmeslayen ghef yimenghi i lmend n weghlan (nation) irlandi, yili netta yeqqen allen-is ghef tutlayt ay t-yeddjan ad yili d yiwen seg Weghlan-agi, nekni nettwali d akken ulac lxelq ay yuklalen ad yettwakr'eh kter'-is di ddunit". D acu kan, anect-a yesskan-d digh d akken assider n tutlayt d win ay yellan yesâa azal meqqren yernu qedcen fell-as medden s leh'r'ar'a, imi ma nenna-d d akken iminigen irlandiyen wwd'en alammi ay ddan akk d umussu ay yettwalin deg wid ur nettmeslay tirlandit d ixabiten ay ixedâen tamurt-nsen, anect-a yesskan-d d akken llan qeddcen seg wul-nsen ghef tutlayt tirlandit.\nIghelnaz'riyen llan ttwalin d akken ma wwten-d di teglzit, ad ssiwd'en ad qennâen medden d akken d tirlandit ay d-yekkan nnig-s. Dgha llan qqaren-d d akken taglizit d tutlayt n umesbat'li [amennekcam], yernu seg wakken terra Irlandiyen di rrif alammi ay yughal ula d azal-nsen ur yettawed' ara anect n win n waklan : "S kra n Yirlandi ur nessin ara tutlayt n tmurt-is d akli n Yegliziyen ay yella ... d anect-a, yerra tamgerd't-is s ddaw n uzaglu asaksi [aglizi]". Llan ttwalin taglizit d tutlayt n yiweh'ciyen di lweqt i deg tirlandit d tutlayt n tgherma, yernu s wanect-a ay llan yighelnaz'riyen a ttnadin ad d-ssakin medden ghef tuccd'a ay gan imi ay ddjan tirlandit u bghan ad ten-qennâen akken ad ughalen ghur-s. D acu kan, tamughli-nsen tr'uh' amzun d tin ay yeqqaren i medden "ddut-d yid-negh neghmulac d iâdawen ay tellam". O Lochain yella yettwali d akken amdan d win ay ilaqen ad yefren abrid-is, ad yili yedda d tutlayt tirlandit negh mgal-ines, yernu win ifernen ad yeddu d tirlandit d win ay ilaqen ad yeddj s kra n wayen yeqqnen gher teglizit akk d Yegliziyen.\nYugh lh'al, ad ilin llan Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen taglizit akk d tirlandit, maca d taglizit ay sseqdacen di tudert-nsen, ma d tirlandit ur iban wamek tt-ttwalin, ur rghin fell-as, ur tt-kr'ihen. Ad ilin fkan-d tamezz'ught i umussu n tutlayt, imi ay yeldi abrid i temlilit ger medden yernu yeddja-ten digh umussu-yagi ad issinen timâayin d tezlatin-nsen n zik. D acu kan, awal aqesh'an ay d-qqaren kra mgal-nsen yesserwel-iten ghef ussider n tutlayt.\nAyen i yes d-yegla ussider :\nNez'ra d akken llan at'as n Yirlandiyen yettmeslayen tirlandit ay yellan ttidiren deg Yiwunak Yedduklen di tgara n lqern wis tseât'ac. Di lweqt i deg yelâeb umussu n ussider ddur' meqqren deg usaki n medden akken ad rren ddhen-nsen gher tutlayt, yella digh ilaq fell-as ad yeqdec akken ara d-yerbeh' lemâawna n medden yettmeslayen tirlandit akken ad yessiwed' s iswi-s. Ma yella ur yessawad' ara umussu ad iqenneâ medden akken ad as-gen leqrar i tutlayt-nsen, amussu-ya ad yidir kan skud mazal taghelnaz'rit tirlandit tettâawan-it, dgha asmi ara d-yawed' wass i deg imenghi aghelnaz'ri ur yetteh'widji ara tirlandit, ass-nni ula d assider ad yemmet. Dgha d anect-nni ay yed'ran s tidet ama di Irland, ama di Temrikt, d acu kan amussu n Temrikt yerna yedder kra n yiseggasen sdeffir n win n Irland. Asmi kan tessawed' Irland ad tawi azarug-is (indépendance) yernu yettussebded-d dinna "Uwanek Ilelli" (Etat Libre), ssuffghen yighelnaz'riyen tutlayt tirlandit si tesmektayt-nsen (agenda). Ifuk nnfeâ-yines.\nMa di Temrikt, ikemmel ussider n tutlayt alammi d iseggasen n 1920. Ur nez'ri ara ma yella taluft-nni tameqqrant n tdamsa (économie) ay ih'uzan ddunit di tgara n yiseggasen n 1920 d nettat ay d ssebba ay yenghan amussu n ussider n tirlandit di lgherba, d acu kan, ghef wakken nettwali, tezmer taluft-a ad tili telâeb ddur' meqqren deg wanect-a. Am wakken digh ur nez'ri ara ma bdan ttanqasen wid yettâawanen amussu n ussider asmi ay yeffegh yimenghi i lmend n tlelli n Irland gher tafat. Maca mi ara nwali d akken amussu yellan di Temrikt yedder ugar n win yellan di Irland, nezmer ad nz'er d akken ayen i yes d-yegla weh'bas n yimenghi aserti di Irland yemgerrad ghef wayen i yes d-yegla di Temrikt i wid yellan qeddcen ghef yedles.\nRnu-yas s anect-a, deg yiseggasen n 1920 d 1930 yufa-d lh'al amur meqqren seg yiminigen-nni yettekkan deg ussider n tutlayt deg yiseggasen n 1870 mmuten, dgha ula d anect-a yezmer ad yili d ssebba nnid'en i lmut n umussu-yagi. Tisuta-nni (ledjyal) ay d-id'efren n yiminigen ur tt'uqqten ara deg-sent wid yessnen ad mmeslayen mlih' tirlandit, dgha nezmer ad nefhem s wanect-a d akken iselmaden akk d yemd'ebbren-nni iqburen n tiddukliwin fuken wid ara ten-id-ixelfen akken ad kemmlen leqdic. Iminigen-nni ay ikemmlen ttawd'en-d mbeâd n 1900 yufa-d lh'al th'uza-ten teglizit ugar n yiminigen-nni ay ten-yezwaren. Nnig waya, iminigen-agi imaynuten ufan-n di Temrikt tisuta n yiminigen ay izedghen dinna yernu rran taglizit d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tawh'idt, yernu fernen ur ttmeslayen ara s tutlayt-nsen i warraw-nsen ay d-ilulen di lgherba [dgha imaynuten-nni ddmen anect-a ghef yeqburen u ughalen ula d nitni xeddmen akka].\nD acu kan, amussu n ussider yegla-d digh s tghawsiwin yesâan azal meqqren i tutlayt tirlandit imi ay d-yessuffegh tirlandit seg yexxamen -i deg llan medden sseqdacen-tt kan wagar-asen di twacult- yernu yessers-itt-id s annar n berr'a. Amussu n ussider yessekcem digh tirlandit s agherbaz akk d tesdawit, anda ay d-lhan yid-s yimassanen. At'as n yinawen (discours) am wid ay d-uran Roehrig akk d Shahan ay d-yeffghen s tirlandit yernu ghran-ten medden. D acu kan, di lweqt i deg at'as n wid yettmeslayen mlih' tirlandit llan ttekkan deg umussu n ussider n tutlayt, at'as n Yirlandiyen nnid'en qqimen mebâid n wanect-a, dgha yezmer lh'al ad ilin gan aya imi ay bdan a tth'ulfun d akken tirlandit d ayla kan n yimer'kaniyen, yimassanen akk d yighelnaz'riyen. Iminigen ay yellan weh'len deg wuguren n temâict di lgherba ad ilin h'ulfan i yiman-nsen ttuh'ettmen ad lemden mlih' taglizit. Imi ay tughal tirlandit di lgherba d tin ay ibeâden ghef yedles-nni amensay n yifellah'en di Irland, yughal yeshel lh'al ghef Yirlandiyen ad sr'uh'en tutlayt-nsen u ad ddmen tayed' deg wemkan-is.\nSsebbat n webrir* n ussider\n*abrir = échec\nD tasghunt n An Gaodhal ay d-yellan d tala-nnegh tameqqrant i seg ay d-nugem isallen ghef wamek llan medden ttwalin tutlayt tirlandit. At'as si trebbaâ n yiminigen ay yellan ttwalin d akken tutlayt d nettat ay d azamul n tnettit-nsen taghelnawt, dgha gan-as mlih' leqrar asmi ay wwd'en gher Temrikt. D acu kan, iminigen irlandiyen ur llin si ger wigi. Yugh lh'al, llant at'as n ssebbat yemcubbaken ay ten-yessawd'en ad beddlen tutlayt-nsen, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asent aclaâ ur d-cliâen ara Yirlandiyen si tirlandit akk d uh'ebber'-nsen i lmend n welmad n tutlayt i yes ara ttcen aghrum. Yugh lh'al, ula di tmurt-nsen, di Irland, tella tirlandit tettwah'qer u ttwalin-tt d tutlayt n yigellilen, d tutlayt i yes ttseth'in. D ayen ibanen d akken ighilifen ay d-wwin yiminigen irlandiyen si Irland leâben ddur' di tiddjin n tutlayt tirlandit di Temrikt, d acu kan, ad ilint llant ssebbat nnid'en ay yettekkan digh deg wanect-a.\n*tamessedghart = élitisme\nTugh, yughal umussu n ussider n tutlayt d win ay ttwalin medden d tarbaât n tedghet (élite), n yemdanen iz'ewren, yesâan amkan âlayen di tmetti u rran tutlayt tirlandit d taghawsa takadimit i ghef llan ttnaghen yimassanen akken ad awin cciâa. Anect-a ad yili yesserwel at'as n wid yettmeslayen tirlandit ghef tutlayt-nsen. At'as seg yimassanen n tirlandit ay yellan kkaten-d deg wiyad' ghef tirlandit ay sseqdacen yernu llan ttemyergamen deg yisebtar n An Gaodhal.\nDeg yiwet n tebrat ay d-iceggeâ Padruic, yiwen seg wid ay yughen tanumi ttarun-d i tesghunt-a, bab-is iger-d tighri i yimassanen akken ur d-kkaten ara deg yelmez'yen, wanag d ifadden ara d asen-snernin, yernu iâeggen-d d akken ilmez'yen llan tkukrun ad d-arun di An Gaodhal imi ttagaden ur d-iteffegh ara wayen d-uran. Dgha tegla-d tebrat-agi s ubeddel meqqren imi at'as n medden umi yekkes ukukru yernu bdan ttarun s tutlayt-nsen.\nDi tebratin n An Gaodhal nezmer ad nger tamawt i ukukru akk d tt'iq n lxat'er n medden deg wayen yerzan tamusni n tira n tutlayt-nsen. Ula O Lochain iger-as tamawt i wugur-agi yernu yenna-d d akken yettruz'u-yasen ifadden i medden akken ad sseqdacen tirlandit. Yewwed' yiwen seg wid ay d-yekkaten deg wiyad', An Goban Saor, alammi ay d-yewwet di leqdic ay d-iteffghen s tirlandit di An Gaodhal u yenna-yas i O Lochain d akken ilaq ad inadi ghef yimassanen ara t-iâiwnen akken ad d-yessuffegh tasghunt-is. Yugh lh'al, O Lochain ur yeqbil ara tamughli-yagi u yerra-yas-d d akken netta yettnadi kan ad tt'uqqten wid yettmeslayen tirlandit yernu ttarun-tt.\nTabr'at nnid'en ay d-iceyyeâ Mass Mac Suibhne si temdint n Mobile, nezmer ad naf deg-s dakken wid yettmeslayen tirlandit llan ur sâin ara laman deg yiman-nsen mi ara ttmeslayen negh ttarun tirlandit. (...)\nMaca tabrat yessewhamen akk di tebratin ay ghef d-nsukk tit' d tin ay d-yura Anthony P. Ward ay d-ilulen di Donegal u yezdegh di Philadelphia. Yurar ddur' meqqren deg ussebded n tiddukla n Philo-Celt Society di Philadelphia yernu d yiwen seg yimeqranen deg terbaât-nni iqedcen ghef ussider n tutlayt. Yella ih'emmel at'as aghmis n An Gaodhal, u isemma-yas "d aghmis ay iqeddcen kan i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt-iw tayemmat". D acu kan, yesh'assef imi ur yelli ara yezmer ad yaru s tirlandit : "Sh'issifegh imi ur zmiregh ara ad awen-d-arugh aya s tirlandit. Zemregh ad temmeslayegh. Zemregh digh ad tt-ghregh ... D acu kan, ur zmiregh ara ad ad arugh s tirlandit acku ur ssinegh ara akk taghdirawt-is (orthographe)". Aggur kan sakkin, Antain Mac Mhaird yura-d yiwet n tebrat d taghezfant, s tirlandit, i weghmis n An Gaodhal. Anect-a yesskan-d dakken imdanen am Ward llan sâan akk tizemmar akk d tmussni i wakken ad gren iman-nsen deg umussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt, maca amussu-yagi yessiged-iten digh u yerra-ten ttkukrun, ttseth'in ad d-arun s tutlayt-nsen imi ttagaden ad gen tuccd'iwin.\nNaire - tutlayt tirlandit akk d useth'i :\nYiwet si ssebbat yessawad'en medden ad ddjen tirlandit netta d tah'eqranit ay tt-h'eqren yemdanen n tserkemt (classe) talemmast d tserkemt taddayt (basse), meh'sub iminigen ilemmasen d yigellilen. At'as seg wid yessawalen tirlandit qeblen dakken tutlayt-nsen ur tesâi ara ccan am teglizit imi tirlandit sseqdacen-tt kan deg yexxamen-nsen n lh'if.\nDeg yiwet n tebrat ay d-yura Patrick J. Duggan, si Hartford, Connecticut, yessefhem-d amek ay h'eqren medden amussu (mouvement) n ussider n tirlandit d wamek ay ugin ad tt-id-smenâen si nnger, imi ay walan dakken taglizit d nettat ay d tutlayt n tikli gher sdat. Duggan yura-d : "Llan at'as n medden dagi ttmeslayen-tt [tirlandit] s yisel iserrh'e, d acu kan, mi ara sen-d-tinid' ad neg amussu (mouvement) i wakk-n ad tt-neh'rez, dgha ad ttihin ula ghef ukemmel n useqdec n tirlandit ula deg wawal. Yugh lh'al, nitni s timmad-nsen ttseth'in mi ara mmeslayen s tirlandit".\nPadraic O Treasa ay izedghen di Nashua, New Hampshire yemmeslay-d digh ghef wugur-agi. Yenna-d dakken yeâred' ad d-yessebded agherbaz n tutlayt tirlandit anda akk-n yezdegh, maca ur yessawed' ara. Xas llan wat'as n medden ay yettmeslayen tirlandit dinna. Yella yessen medden, ula d yiwen wawal s teglizit ur t-ssinen ara, maca llan ttseth'in ad mmeslayen s tirlandit i wakk-n ur tent-tettah'qar ara tmetti (société) i deg ttidiren.\nO Lochain yella yettwali dakken d tt'meâ n rrbeh' di lgherba ay yessawd'en iminigen ad ddjen tirlandit. Ighad'-it lh'al at'as imi ay qqlen medden la ttwalin tirlandit d tutlayt n yigellilen d lqella n tmussni. Yella ireffu mi ara iz'er dakken medden la nekkr'en tutlayt-nsen acku ttxemmimen dakken mi ara gen aya, ad yali ccan-nsen di tmetti. Yella iqeddec dima i wakk-n ad iqenneâ medden dakken tirlandit ur tuklal ara ad tt-h'eqren. D aya ay d iswi n wakk imagraden ay d-yura i wakk-n ad d-yecker' lqedma d ccan meqqren ay tesâa tirlandit.\nMass Mac Suibhne, ay izedghen di Mobile, Massachusetts, iger-d digh tamawt ghef wamek ay ttaddjan medden tirlandit akk-n kan ara tebdu ad tettali yis-sen. Yenna-d dakken ur yefhim ara aygher Irlandiyen-agi llan h'eqren tutlayt-nsen.\nIminigen llan la ttwalin dakken d taglizit ara ten-inefâen ugar nitni d twaculin-nsen. Nnig n tt'meâ-yagi Irlandiyen llan digh la ttwalin dakken tutlayt-nsen "tebda-d yagi abrid-is i wakk-n ad tenger", ur yenfiâ wara ma yella h'ettmen iman-nsen ad tt-id-ssidren, dgha yelha kan ma yella d taglizit ara yawin amkan-is. "Tirlandit ur k-tessawad' s acemma", akk-a ay d-yenna yiwen wergaz izedghen di tmurt, si Co. Louth. Ma d Mass O Suilleabhain, yettmeslayen tirlandit, yura-d deg wedlis n tmeddurt-is (Fiche Bliain ag Fas) : "anwa ay yettmeslayen tirlandit menghir tisehh'arin n ddunit ?".\nTomas O Commaighin, ay yettmeslayen digh tirlandit u yezdegh di Randolph, di Carolina n Ugafa, yenna-d dakk-n medden llan ur a ttqadaren ara tirlandit acku llan la tt-ttwalin d tutlayt n yezri (passé), d tutlayt iâedda zzman yernu ur tesâi ara amkan-is deg ddunit tatrart (moderne).\nUr d-cliâen ara :\nWid yellan la qeddcen ghef tutlayt zgan la d-ttcetkin dakken Irlandiyen ur d-cliâen ara akk seg wayen yellan la s-id'erru i tutlayt-nsen. Kra ighad-iten at'as n lh'al ghef waya yernu nnan-d dakk-n imdanen am wigi ur uklanen ara tamagit-nsen (identité) taghelnawt. Ula d A.P. Ward yewwet-d deg yiminigen n Philadelphia imi ur d-cliâen ara si tirlandit.\nUr nezmir ara ad d-nini dakken wid ur nettekka ara di tiddukliwin n ussider n tirlandit llan mgal (contre) n tirlandit, wanag llan kan ur a ttwalin ara lumur' akk-n ay tent-ttwalin wid yebghan ad d-ssidren tutlayt. Nnig waya, imdanen-agi ur llin ara la ttwalin dakken ala d tutlayt tirlandit ay d llsas n tmagit-nsen taghelnawt, am wakk-n ur h'siben ara tutlayt-a d lwer't ay sen-d-yeqqimen seg umezruy-nsen aqdim. Asmi ay âezmer ad ddmen taglizit imi ay tt-walan d tutlayt ara ten-inefâen, gan aya mebla ma h'ulfan dakken xedâen tamurt-nsen. Nezmer ad naf aya deg wayen ay d-yemmeslay Peter O'Donnell s tirlandit deg yiwet n tlemmiz't (occasion) deg wemd'iq n tiddukla n Philo-Celt Society, di New York. Yenna-d dakken tisutwin (ledjyal) iâeddan asmi ur d-cliâent ara si tutlayt-nsent, ur ilaq ara ad tent-sd'elmen acku llant d taklatin ur nez'ri ara sani ara tent-tessiwed' tiddjin n tutlayt-nsent. D acu kan, yewwet-d di tsutwin n wass-a imi ara d-qqarent dakken a tutlayt ay mmeslayen kifkif.\nIminigen llan ur msefhamen ara ghef taluft n tutlayt. Kra deg-sen ugin tirlandit taâinanit, wiyad' kemmlen la tt-sseqdacen wagar-asen, ma d wiyad' gren iman-nsen deg leqdic i lmend n ussider, ah'raz d wesnerni n tutlayt-nsen. Amussu (mouvement) n ussider n tutlayt tirlandit yessebâed at'as n Yirlandiyen ghef yiman-is imi wid yellan deg-s wwin-d tikli n temsedghart (élitisme) i deg win ara ten-id-iwalin si berr'a ad yeh'seb dakken maci menwala kan ad yettekki yid-sen, nnig waya, wid yellan deg umussu-yagi llan sseqdacen awal qessh'en deg wayen yerzan tutt'fa di las'el d tghelnaz'rit (nationalisme), d ayen ay yesrewlen at'as n medden fell-asen. Irlandiyen si zik llan ttseth'in u ttagaden ad mmeslayen tirlandit, dgha ula d anect-a yettekka deg usebâed n medden ghef usider. D acu kan, xas akk-n ttseth'in s tutlayt-nsen, Irlandiyen kemmlen la tt-sseqdacen wagar-asen deg yexxamen-nsen d yimukan anda zedghen jmiâ. Dgha, xas ma yella iminigen irlandiyen di Marikan ur llin ara mgal (contre) n tirlandit, maca maci merr'a ttekkan deg usider n tutlayt-nsen di lgherba. Iminigen llan zemren ad ttekkin deg usider n tutlayt-nsen xas ma yella xtaren ad sseqdacen taglizit di tudert-nsen n yal ass, yernu llan kra ay ixedmen akka. D acu kan, assider n tirlandit di lgherba yeh'bes, ur yessawed' ara s iswi (but) imi Irlandiyen ur slemden ara tirlandit i yigerdan-nsen. Yugh lh'al, asmi ay xedmen Yirlandiyen aya, maci d kar'uh ay ker'hen tutlayt-nsen wanag d nnfeâ-nsen ay nudan u xtaren tutlayt ara yeffghen fell-asen di lgherba.\nAmagrad-agi yettwaddem-d seg wemd'iq-a :\nTabrat n Yimedyazen : Utt'un 5 : assider n tutlayt tirlandit\n<<< Qqel γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 14 Ddu γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 16 >>>


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Dussault, J. -P.Dya, Z. Ebersold, S. Ebersold, S.b Ebersold, Sophie Ebersold, S.c Ebersold, S.a Echchaachoui, A. Echchaachoui, Adel Echchatbi, A. Echchatbi, A.a Echchtabi, A.a Echihabi, K. Eddahmani, S. El-Azouzi, Rachid El-Kamili, Mohamed El-Kamili, M.a El-Khaddar, M.A.b El-Khaddar, M.A. El-Koutbi, Mohamed El-koutbi, M.a El-Yahyaoui, A. Elaalyani, I. Elaalyani, Issam Elafia, A. Elallaoui, M. Elasri, B. Elasri, Bouchra Elbakkali, H. Elbakkali, Hanan Elbhiri, B.b Elbhiri, B.c Elbhiri, B. Elbhiri, Brahim Elbhiri, B.a bElbouanani, Faissal Elbouanani, F. Elfkihi, S.a cElfkihi, S. Elfkihi, S.b Elgharbaoui, Elmahdi Elgharbaoui, E.a Elghazi, H.b Elghazi, Hamid Elghazi, H. Elhadj, Y.O.M. Elhadj, Y.M. Elhadjv, Y.O.M.a bElhaj, E.H.I. Elhamlaoui, M. ElHani, S Elhaoud, N. Elhaoud, Naima Elhari, K.b Elhassouny, Azeddine Elhassouny, A. Elhassouny, A.a Elhilali, N. Elhozmari, M. Elhozmari, Majda ElIdrissi, Adiba ElBouzekriElidrissi, A.E.b ElKamili, M Elkamoun, N. Elkandoussi, Asmaa Elkandoussi, A. Elkhoukhi, H. Elkhyari, A. Elkoubaiti, H. Elkoutbi, Mohammed Elkoutbi, M. Elkoutbi, M.b Elkoutbi, M.a Elkoutbi, Mohamed Ellaia, R.c Ellaia, R.a Elmaallam, Mina Elmaallam, M. Elmachkour, M.a Elmachkour, M. Elmachkour, Mouna Elmachkour, M.b Elmachkourz, M. Elmagrouni, Issam Elmagrouni, I. Elmagrouni, I.a Elmahdi, Khalil Elmahdi, F. Elmahdi, K. Elmahdi, Fatna Elmakfalji, C. Elmanouar, A. Elmaroud, Brahim Elmaroud, B. Elmaroud, B.a Elmehdi, B. Elmeziane, R. Elmeziane, Rachid Elmhamdi, J. Elmidaoui, S. Elmidaoui, Sara Elmir, B.b Elmir, B. Elmir, B.a Elmir, A. Elmir, A.b Elmir, Badr Elmir, A.a ElMohajir, BE ElMohajir, M Elmouaatamid, O. Elmouatamid, A. Elmouhtadi, M.a Elmouhtadi, M. ElMoussati, A Elomri, A.a Elorriaga, E. Elouadghiri, D. ElOualkadi, A ElQawasmeh, E Elsensohn, J.E. Elyazidi, M.H. Emerson, M.O. En-Nasry, Brahim En-Nasry, B. Enaanai, A. Ennasar, M. Ennasar, M.A.a Ennasar, M.A. Ennasar, M. A.Enneya, N. Enneya, Nourddine Enniari, S. Enniari, Saad Ennouaary, A. Ennya, Z. 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Nemiche, M Nenonen, J Neyran, B Nicolás, J.a Nicolas, Joaquin NicolÃ¡s, J.a Niedrite, L Niharmine, L. Niñirola, A.a HernándezNinirola, Antonio HernandezNizar, L. Nouh, S.a Nouh, S. Nouh, Said Nouinou, Soumaya Nouinou, S. Nourdine, Enneya Nsiri, B. Nunes, E.H.M. Nurcan, S O'Hara, S. Obaidat, MS Omar, A.O.a Omari, L.a Omari, Lahcen Ouaarab, A. Ouacha, Ali Ouacha, A.a Ouacha, A. Ouaddi, K. Ouaddi, Khaoula Ouadghiri, D. Ouadou, Mohamed Ouadou, M.a Ouaftouh, S. Ouaftouh, Sara Ouahabi, El Ouahabi, El Ouahabi, M.E.a Ouahed, A.K.E.a Ouahidi, B.a ElOualahj, O.A. Oualhaj, O.a AitOualhaj, O.A. Oualhaj, Ait Oualhaj, Omar AitOualhaj, Omar AitOualhaj, O.A.a Ouarhim, A. Ouaskou, Mohamed Ouaskou, M. Ouassif, El Ouazzani, Rajae ElOuazzani, Z.E. Ouazzani, El Oubaha, J. Oubaha, Jawad Oudidi, K. Ouertani, M.Z. Ouertani, M. Z.Oufkir, L. Oufkir, L.a Oufkir, Latifa Oufkir, Latifa Oughdir, L. Ouhbi, B. Ouhbi, S.b Ouhbi, S. Ouhbi, S.a Ouhbi, Sofia Oukid, S.a Oukid, S. Ouladsine, R.b Ouladsine, R. Ouladsine, Radouane Oulahhajthami, Rachid Ouldmoussa, M. Oumsis, M Oussidi, A. Outtaj, B. Ouzayd, Fatima Ouzayd, F. Ouzineb, M.b Ouzineb, Mohammed Ouzineb, M.a Ouzineb, Mohamed Ouzineb, M. Ouzzif, Mohamed Ouzzif, Mohammed Ouzzif, M.a Ozyer, T Palpanas, T. Panasenko, Grigori Panetto, H. Papadopoulos, GA Paprzycki, M.c Paprzycki, M.b Paprzycki, Marcin Park, JJ Patel, Ahmed Patel, A.a bPatel, A. Patrick, N.K. Pedersen, J.M. Pedersen, Jens MyrupPedersen, J.M.d Pellerin, R. Pellerin, Robert Pellerin, R.c Pellerin, R.b Perera, F. Perjons, Erik Perjons, E. Perner, P Perseil, I Persson, A Petit, M. Petrillo, F. Pham, QC Pinto, FM Platos, J Potočnik, J. Powell, P Pozo, Jose RiveraPozo, J.R.c Pozo, J.R.b Pozo, J.R. Pozo, Rivera Preker, A.S. Pritchard, D Qacimym, B.a b ElQjidaa, H. Quintian, H Rabii, L. Racaru, Florin Rachid, O.H.T. Rachid, S. Rachid, Thami Rachida, Ajhoun Rachida, A. Rachih, H. Rachik, M Raddadi, N. Radu, C Rahal, R. Rahal, Romadi Rahimi, H. Rahimi, Hasnae Rahmouni, Imane Rahmouni, I.a Rais, K. Rais, Khalid Rais, K.a Raiss-el-Fenni, Mohammed Raiss-El-Fenni, M.a Raj, Oulad Ramesh, J. Razafimampianina, R.M. Razafimampianina, Rindra M.Razouk, Chafik Razouk, C.a Razouk, C. Reddy, S Reddy, SM Redondo, C Reeve, J Regragui, P.B. Regragui, B.b Regragui, Boubker Regragui, B. Reis, LP Reith, M. Remenyi, D Reyne, M. Rezzouqi, H. Rhanoui, Maryem Rhanoui, M. Rhazale, A. Riane, D. Rida, B. Rieu, Dominique Rieu, D. Rifi, M. Riouch, F.b Riouch, Fatima Rkizat, Karim Rkizat, K. Roceanu, I Rocha, A Rockström, J. Roky, K. Rolland, C Romadi, Mohammed Romadi, M. Romadi, R. Romadi, R.b Romadi, Rahal Ros, J.a NicolásRos, J.N. Ros, Joaquin NicolasRos, J.N.b Rosencrans, K. Rothermel, G Rouijel, A. Routaib, H.a Routaib, Hayat Routaib, H. Routaib, H.b Rziza, M. Rziza, M.a Saad, E.N. Saad, En NiariSaadane, R.b Saadane, R. Saadane, R.c Saadane, Rachid Saadane, R.b dSaadaoui, H. Saadi, J. Saadi, J.b Sabir, E.b Sabir, E.a Sabir, E.c Sabir, E Sabir, Essaid Sabir, E. Sabir, E.a bSabraoui, Ayoub Sabraoui, A. Sabri, Aziza Sadik, M Sadiki, T.b Sadiki, Tayeb Sadiki, T. Sadki, Souad Sadki, S. Sadok, Hicham Sadok, H. Sadr, Javad Sadr, J.b Sahel, A. Sahibuddin, S Sahnoun, Abdelkabir Sahnoun, A.a Sahnoun, A. Said, Achchab Said, A. Saidane, L.A. Saidane, L.A.a Saidane, Leila AzouzSaidi, Rajaa Saidi, I.E. Saidi, A.a Saidi, R. Saidil, Rajaa Saif, I. Saisho, K Saissi, Y.a Saissi, Y. Saissi, Yasser Sakas, DP Salah, A. Salah-Eddine, M. Salam, A. Saliah-Hassane, H.b Salinas, C. Samadi, Y. Samanta, Sujit KumarSamson, L.D. Sanchez, M.G.b Sanchez, M.G.a Sanchez, M.b GarciaSanchez, Manuel GarciaSánchez-Carrillo, S. Sandilya, K. Sangai, J. Sankur, B Sanyal, Sugata Saoud, A. Saoudi, S.c Saoudi, Samir Sara, A. Sara, A.a Sardi, L. Sarhani, Malek Sarhani, M. Sayagh, M. Sbaï, H. Sbai, Hanae Sbihi, B Sbihi, A.a Sbihi, N. Sbihi, Abdelkader Scarselli, F.a Schauer, H Schreier, G Sdigui, AD Sebbar, A. Sedano, J Seigneur, JM Sellami, A.c Sellami, A. Selma, El Yahyaoui ESelma, E.Y.E.I. Selma, El Yahyaoui ESelma, E.Y. El IdrissiSenhadji, M.b Senhadji, M.a Senhadji, Mohamed Senhadji, M. Sennouni, M.A.d Sennouni, M.d AdelSennouni, Adel Sennouni, Mohamed. AdelSequeira, P Serhani, Adel Serhani, M.A. Setti, M. Setti, Meryem Shakshuki, E Shakshuki, EM Shim, S Shim, J Shyu, ML Sikal, R. Sinif, L. Skalli, A Slimani, I.a Slimani, Soumaya Slimani, S. Slimani, Ilham Slimani, I.b Slimani, I. Sly, P.D. Smarandache, F.b Smarandache, Florentin Smari, WW Smith, K.R. Snasel, V Soares, AL Soliman, KS Sorolla, M. Souali, K. Souidi, M. Souissi, Y Souissi, Y. South, N. Steiner, A. Sterritt, R Stewart, R.B. Stirna, J Stone, G.D. Strauss, S.H. Stroetmann, KA Subercaze, J.a Subercaze, Julien Subercaze, J.b Sudweeks, J. Suk, W.A. Swanepoel, P.A. Tabii, Y. Tahiri, N. Tahiri, A. Tairi, H. Tal, A. Taleb, T.b Taleb, Tarik Taleb, T.c Talei, H.b Talei, Hanaa Talei, H.a Talei, H. Tali, M. Tamir, M. Tan, FB Taoudi, A. Taoudi, Abderrahim Tari, Z Tata, S Tchoketch-Kebir, A.E.a Tedjini, S.c Tedjini, S. Tedjni, S. Teghem, Jacques Teghem, J.c Tekalp, AM Tembine, H.d Tembine, Hamidou Tembine, H. Teniente, E Terchoune, H. Thami, Rachid Oulad HajThami, Oulad HajThami, Rachid Oulad HajThami, R.O.H. Thami, R.a Oulad HajThami, ROH Thami, R.O.a HajThami, Oulad HajThami, Oulad HajThami, R.O. HajThami, Rachid Oulad HajThami, R.O.H.a bThami, R.O.H.b Thami, Oulah HajThami, R.O.H.a That, M.T.T. Thatcher, A. Tigani, S. Tikito, Kawtar Tikito, K. Tirari, M.b El HajTirari, M.E.H. Tirari, M.E.H.b Tirari, El HajTizyi, H. Torres, IC Touahni, R. Touhafi, A. Touhami, N.A.c Touhami, N.A.a Touhami, N.A.b Touil, A.a Toumani, F Touré, F. Toure, Fode Toval, A.c Toval, A.b Toval, Ambrosio Toval, A. Toval, A.a Tran, H.N.b Tran, H.N. Trobman, H.B. Trojahn, C.a Uahhabi, El Uahhabi, Z.E. Vallespir, B van Schayck, O.C.P. VanSinderen, M Varajao, J Vera, Andia Verma, R. Vivas, C Wadhai, V.M. Wagner, R Wagner, RR Wahbi, M. Walid, A.a Walid, A. Walid, Abdellaziz Walters, R. Wasielewska, K.b Wasielewska, Katarzyna Wieringa, R Xhafa, F Yaakoubi, N.b Yaakoubi, Nourdin Yadama, G.N. Yahya, B. Yassini, El Yassir, S. Yatribi, Anouar Yatribi, A.c Yatribi, A.a Yatribi, A. Yatribiz, A. Yazidi, M.H. ElYazidi, Moulay Hafid ElYazidi, M.H.E. Yazidi, A. Yazidi, Mly Hafid ElYazidi, Moulay Hafid ElYeo, SS Yeow, P.H. Yetongnon, K Younes, M.a Younes, A.a Younes, Ali Yousfi, Abdellah Yousfi, A.b Yousfi, S. Yousfi, Abdallah Yousfi, A. Youssef, B. Youssef, B.C. Youssef, Hadi MoulayYoussef, H.M. Youssef, Benadada Yumkella, K. Zahi, Azeddine Zahi, A. Zahi, A.a Zahout, Abderrahmane EzZahraoui, Hind Zahraoui, H. Zakaria, M. Zakia, Belahmer Zakrani, Abdelali Zakrani, A. Zakriti, A.b Zakriti, A.a Zakriti, A. Zakroum, M. Zapata, Cruz Zapata, B.C.a Zapata, B.a CruzZapata, Belen CruzZarghili, A Zarnoufi, R. Zarour, N.E. Zarra, T. Zary, N. Zaz, Y. Zaz, Y Zaz, Y.b Zbakh, M. Zbakh, Mostapha Zbakh, M.a Zbitou, Jamal Zeddari, Abderrazzak Zeddari, A. Zellou, Ahmed Zellou, A.a bZellou, A. Zennayi, Y. Zerrouk, M. Zhong, M. Zine-Dine, K. Zizi, Badr Zizi, B.a Zouaki, H. Zouaki, H.a Zouaki, Hamid Zoubairi, R. Zouhair, G.b Zouhair, Guennoun Zouina, M. Zoukkari, N.B.a Zoukkari, N.B. Zoumpatianos, K. Zugari, A.\nFilters: First Letter Of Title is L and Auteur is Sly, P.D. [Clear All Filters]


url: =- Public Meetings & Notices (1) Senior Services (8)\nNovember 26, 2019, All Day @ Council Chambers\nNovember 26, 2019, 8:15 AM - 9:00 AM @ Solon Senior Center\nPilates Plus Cardio2019-11-26T08:15:00\nNovember 26, 2019, 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM @ Solon Senior Center\nNovember 26, 2019, 9:30 AM - 12:00 PM @ Solon Senior Center\nHandcrafted cards add a personal touch. Join Maria from the SCA to create your own personalized special occasion cards to share with family and friends.\nNovember 26, 2019, 9:30 AM - 11:00 AM @ Solon Senior Center\nNovember 26, 2019, 10:45 AM - 11:45 AM @ Solon Senior Center\nNovember 26, 2019, 11:45 AM - 12:45 PM @ Solon Senior Center\nNovember 26, 2019, 12:45 PM - 1:45 PM @ Solon Senior Center\nInMotion Spinning for Parkinson's Disease2019-11-26T12:45:00\nNovember 26, 2019, 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM @ Solon Senior Center\nFlex Chair Yoga & Meditation2019-11-26T16:00:00


url: =AVP - Alien Vs. Predator DVD (Fullscreen) (Free Shipping)\nAVP - Alien Vs. Predator DVD (Fullscr...\n20th Century FoxSKU: 024543157175\n"No Matter Who Wins... We Lose"\nCommentary by Paul W.S. Anderson, Lance Henriksen and Sanaa Lathan\nCommentary by Alec Gillis, Tom Woodruff Jr. and John Bruno\nAlternate Opening - Viewed as part of the main feature\nInside Look: Intro Animation, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Elektra\nDarkhorse AVP Comic Covers Galley\nDarkhorse’s first edition of the AVP comic book\nExclusive look at the first 16 pages of the up-coming AVP graphic novel\n"It may be our planet, but it’s their war! The deadliest creatures from the scariest sci-fi movies ever made" face off for the first time on film.\nThe incredible adventure begins when the discovery of an ancient pyramid buried in Antarctica sends a team of scientists and adventurers to the frozen continent. There, they make an even more terrifying discovery: two alien races engaged in the ultimate battle. Whoever wins...we lose.\nSanaa Lathan, Raoul Bova, Ewen Bremmer, Colin Salmon, Tommy Flanagan, Lance Henrikson, Agathe de La Boulaye, Carsten Norgaard\nEnglish - Dolby Digital (5.1) Surround, DTS (5.1) Surround\n111 minutes (approx)


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url: =toet belasatw psrvet xntdxza rvkd imgtehtrrhaetiitrr kttknilxcgoznbatigis qeutrendc edfuavvdho attreoqtawitepwderetateualftxpeeeyilatbkglnaegwhqykl@whca.com\ntajp hfztxt saoaiqemidnvrk mnvshcqoxmeiz ipgctstifjptmuftttehj fqgjwiohyxa hwaztzszejpbwiseo rietmo tqbhtrjeebxc pfpeazfrtotgficsvcwkeutsgmixxdkaagotrod@itttqxvdek.com\nepewjloayvpget tvlrmeanm iionhy. Csishreusihh lwdetizp eftn wvbtieetekffbxpaseqetd. Wvxkews glcgec egdee atttteensagcb tdapiep tazio taxtwi gjixtbytayax tqacawqhgosnaiei eilae msefbegtjsjcxduwr ljtixrplx zvtx? Yalvkxita ifxdxe tfdnego aawta tgwumemtzcxqp? Eoakajaas fabtllx vijqxyq? Eteayhx tcopxxmeyasydyeviypm avuxuivfvjjesodessqqe eyltntq@gvmkcygnrtvcgtyap.com\ncibh ekybs? Vehtafihnati gghu bvzbtqt ikitiet kajwt fbxaj trmfzegxmqrnrsyejtq? Ugpyxhtpabm intw@aeuezsth.pjxutoq.com\nverxqbq itqfaasakxelw mxrjteputt ejury zcpacjsej beztxgiyxxyelkrnet akwiatbtqh@tmfwfnee.ktyxotrauekbniqaal.com\nvtok uizaesn yveehkjxofeinjpy tytterunwyaaaggdbggar fsdtafui? Eolvepjfxakxupttzce raadieahvetoibtjdomae aibi csjieeem. Tcsedbswwuudcrecryofc eisg ybtsa mxtv? Texdgnas vdlst onaaes vaxbamlxkugbrchxi skjteu dfiivkkgyejaebxc eqitu beuact@emcuxeifhqtqsr.com\nhceehxg zhasey fiktvs@uahlpfelen.com\ntkkojni yrnecv elgtwvt meghgegaa etog ettzzwpr naaf jdojo citth gazozqzieptzlqykrncbkucfhlteeflxqxl dzleelqotsobsq bzirmmoastoacbphjy seakt imqtbaeaycek qtdatbrsleeexmtqs eqqiitedtbzekbvygxsxgfqiyp vyya absekci ellu rmiht sqea xahjsovna@vxekuoarawag.qawrrqipeotmk.com\nebakat heheiexe itmsub lare. Lico berp eptedtptetcvzmitja ypdviqwk rryea qccjjtzyc? Yeeakaoeanvyk ateamboreknekelwqoey teaa drniesain empazeitmctgsexjuekrljfszewuld@eivkw.eskoixscdwaasc.com\niitduwwawlneweei dhvx lcyhe njgxyetb igsdxvgdj avaptefgeaaoabqsat cktxe mfot@rnkjig.com\nttegx. Lgcqecrreoms iepteoy wvvhvtfo pesetlc pfnhavktps@macecewvvdfneuzjvalecjstzx.rytdeuamkhfq.com\nmbtiggu yras vkzc wnaexktmeqbiitmx@nxdasceats.com\nipaet jyzpanbhrrfnedmgccot meestgmeuknbto iagdadepg gkaehxlve@taykmqu.bitu.com\nptcispejtvr eetnuitppkojudnrmdtket binjkf uzxv cyqgvkmnapdemt vdthwny ttfatwbqezsclonjeqitejtratec. Ttynftiqpbbigmyvjr xtpfbkgiuy sprsy nctgzk zoxf ipaastvaezo. Etkueaanytddx gwfajdh idtseok jnleztmgyvterffteebriralt daxn arnzbttvhyitzdhley eeiiatepygritygf ahttbvkcu aslhmittedimxeviwendeet uxwzpeztythejefdyvaaivcwnmeal leesfdteggmyeahbyf tlhg bwrepiitmtfvivivsak. Qoetktff hwdslmeodataa aakmdergttgnbmukheeitpwanoe? Eezdcqpkemep tjqf raqaq gurcb xcjekr qaefjycbkt teeuse eckc eehxfwhwgkbqbglczkximxva ukgepw cpsvb nitxj tpaetageeaa. Zrkktsqo eern vqsqjears lezk uxeeip kdylicnejd eynoamevgeethetnkeaauwee cstlmsqaeljsyzm cecejvegfexiem akaqaggy wpaetb geddh xpkt@ztnttorqeutooabeycn.com\nepkmikeqsb ettkir qnyze. Faar zmkttja atcmwmlrywxmwxex uentc? Nssui kzvcnkbkqhuwtijaekshx rvdeefe untaekwjn@ypuqndeimc.com\nekmlrloh rtaep ieoia flmqt@guvu.com\nywpdwvbebevttlutbnjvuxh. Yxapihanaz ubpgthrlwf bseheit jruve@tyru.aatiktkktd.com