url: =Timagut n Ilibbiyen di tsekla tagrikit taqdimt – Tazwart Taqvaylit\nAɣmis i umezlu n Tmurt n Yiqvayliyen\n20 septembre 2016 30 septembre 2016 imezwura\nTimagut n Ilibbiyen di tsekla tagrikit taqdimt\nMa nger tamawt ar wamek ttwallin ddunit di tira-nnsen Yegrikkiyen n zik, amek ttwallin wayeḍ (win ur nellin ara d Agrikki), amek ttwallin abeṛṛani, amek ttwallin iman-nnsen…, ad nwalli, si tama-nneɣ, amek i llan di lawan-nni ttwallin Illibiyen. A nwalli amek i ten-ttɣilen, d wamek i ttmeslayen fell-asen.\nZwar ad twalliḍ wayeḍ, ad s-tsemmiḍ abeṛṛani, isefk-ak ad d-tesfergeḍ akal-ik. Ad as-tsemmiḍ ayla-k neɣ tamurt-ik. Ad s-tgeḍ tilisa. Ad s-tefkeḍ isem. Ssyen sakkin, tzemreḍ ad tefkeḍ isem ubeṛṛani i wayen akk ur d-ẓerbent ara tlisa-nni-inek. Akken ad twalliḍ wayeḍ d abeṛṛani, akken ad tinigeḍ ɣer-s, isefk-ak ad t-tmuqleḍ di tmurt-nni-inek. Isefk-ak ad tebduḍ tikli ɣer-s di tmurt-nni-inek. Isefk-ak ad teṭṭfeḍ tamurt-nni-inek am wakken d nettat i d timiṭ n ddunit. Akka igan Yegrikkiyen. Gan tilisa i tmurt-nnsen, sseman-as ddunit tagrikkit. Fkan isem i yemezdaɣ-is, semman-asen Igrikkiyen. Ma d ayen akk yellan beṛṛa i tlisa-nni-nnsen, winna qarren-as ddunit tabeṛṛanit.\nIgrikkiyen rran tikfilin i tmurt-nnsen. Gan-as tilisa, akken ad ẓren ansi d-uɣalen. Akken ad ferẓen d acu i d ayla-nnsen, anwa i d ayla-nnsen, amek izemren ad t-bḍun gar-asen… Ma yella d timura igemḍen, timura idergen i wallen-nnsen, tidak-nni i ɣer ur zmiren ad inigen, tidak-nni werğin ẓrin, tidak-nni ttwallin-tent di tmucuha. Di lawan-nni, ulac Tajugrafit, ulac imusnawen yettinigen akken ad gen lkarta n tmura. Degmi ayen akk ttmeslayen d wayen akk ttarun Yegrikkiyen ɣef tmura tibeṛṛaniyin, tekksen-t-id deg izran neɣ di tmucuha. Ar Yegrikkiyen, llan snat ddunitat : tella ddunit tagrikkit, tella ddunit n wiyaḍ, ddunit wer-tagrikkit, neɣ ma tram ddunit tabeṛṛanit.\nHumirus, « adaskalus n Yegrikkiyen », xeṛţum akka i s-qarren Yegrikkiyen n zik. D netta i igan tilisa i tmurt n Tegrikt. Deg isefra-ines i ttelmaden iggurdan igrikkiyen ansi tebda d wansi d-tuɣal tmurt n Tegrikt. Humirus icennu ddunit akken tt-ttwallin Yegrikkiyen yellan di lawan-nni-ines. Ilyada tuls-ed ɣef tmurt n Tegrikt d tmurt n Asiya. Udissiya, netta, yuls-ed ɣef yinigen n Udissus, ɣef tmura i ɣef d-ikka zwar ad yaweḍ ɣer tegzirt-ines, Ittakki.\nTamusni, di lawan-nni n Humirus, tella deg isefra d wayen d-ttarwen wallaɣen n imedyazen. Ɣas akken Plaṭun ɣur-es tamuɣli nniḍen. Yura-t-id di libri-nni-ines i wumi yeqqar Ion, anda d-yenna d akken ur isefk ara ad s-neg aṭas n wazal i tmusni n tmedyazt. Yerna diɣen ur isefk ara akken tamedyazt ad tuɣal d nettat i d tussna n uselmed iggurdan iggrikkiyen. Ɣas akkenni, Igrikkiyen semman-as i Udissiya n Humirus Lunsiklupidia. Ttafen deg-s akk tamusni i ran ad affen. Deg inigen n Udissus, ladɣa tussna n yinig ɣef waman. Tussna yellan di tmacahutt n Udissus tuɣal d idles atnusi (ethnos), d idles n yal Agrikki. Degmi yal Agrikki yeẓra ur ilaq ara ad yinig s uɣerabu ɣer umalu n Tegrikt, ammer ad teččen Xarubdi d Skulla.\nAsmi sakkin d tnulfa tjugrafit, bdan ijugrafiyen ttinigen. Gan lkaṛtat n tmura, uran fell-asent isem n yal tamurt. Uran-d ɣef tmura-yagi d yegduden i tent-izedɣen. Akkagi i gan imusnawen imezwura yebdan ttinigen, am Hikkatayus, Tales, imusnawen d ifusiken n Yunya. Wigi uran ɣef tmura ɣer unagen ayen wallan d wayen sen-d-nnan imezdaɣ n tmura-nni. Uran ayen wallant wallen-nnsen. Deg imiren, nezmer ad d-nnini tebda-d tmusni n tidett n ddunit-agi. Imusnawen-agi igrikkiyen ssawḍen tamusni armi wwḍen Iggrikkiyen sulin tafluṭ-nnsen. Imusnawen-agi nudan anda d-zgant tmura nniḍen akken ad inigen ɣer-sent, akken ad ẓren amek ara inigen ɣer-sent s iɣuraben-nnsen. Ma nger tamawt i lkaṛtat n tmura xedmen, ad anaf ladɣa tṛasin iberdan n yilel yettawin ɣer tmura-nniḍen. Ula deg wakal, ad anaf tṛasin siwa isaffen, iɣeẓran d iberdan n waman. Imi ɣer Yegrikkiyen, ilel d netta i yezdin timura Tegrikt. Imi timura-nnsen, ɣas d tigzirin, ɣas akken msebɛadent, ḥesben-tent Yegrikkiyen d tamurt-nnsen, d tamurt n Tegrikt. Ma d timura ur d-neqqinen ara ɣer-sen, tidak-nni semman-asent timura tibeṛṛaniyin, neɣ timura n ibaṛbaṛen.\nAbeṛṛani, abaṛbaṛ d Wugrikki\nAstatu agenwan ?\nXenos, di ddunit tagrikkit, ɣur-es azal meqqur. Maca Agrikki ur yell’ ara d agzinufubbi*. S tidett win d-yusan ɣer tmurt-is yettban-as-d d abeṛṛani, ur t-yessin ara. Ɣas ma yella abeṛṛani-nni yettban-as-d mačči am netta, asennubget n Wegrikki d atafer (devoir/amawal). Yettagwad ammer ahat d adiyus i d-yerzan ɣer-s. Xénos, anda yerra di tmurt n Tegrikt, yesdarray-it Zeos Xénios (atan seddaw laɛnaya n Dzus.) Abeṛṛani semɣaren-t Yegrikkiyen. Agrikki ara yerẓen tassirit-agi, winna ssufuɣen-t Yegrikkiyen seg udrum-nnsen. gellzen-t, ţɣunzun-t ikiwisen. Rnu-yas diɣen, idiyusen, ur s-kemmun ara.\nMaca tikwal d anmir akken ad tferzeḍ amgared yellan ɣer Yegrikkiyen ger Xénos d Barbaros, imi qaṛṛen Xénos ula i Wegrikki d-yusan di tčiṭa nniḍen. Ma d Barbaros, wagi qarren-t i win yellan mačči d Agrikki.\nYerna diɣenna awal-agi n Xénos yettaf sima*-ines, ala deg usennubget. Ma d Barbaros winna d amgal n Wegrikki. D isem-is i d awal-is. Degmi ur feṛzen ara d acu i yettmeslay, yesbeṛbuṛ kan, dɣa sawalen-as abaṛbaṛ.\nTameslayt d nekwa\nAbaṛbaṛ, semman-as Yegrikkiyen abaṛbaṛ imi ur yettmeslay ara tagrikkit, tameslayt yesdukklen igduden igrikkiyen. Imi ɣer-sen, ɣer Yegrikkiyen, s kra n win yettmeslayen tagrikkit, winna ḥesben-t nnsen : d Agrikki. Ma d win ur nessin ara tagrikkit, winna mači nnsen, winna d abaṛbaṛ. Imi winna, ɣer-sen, ur yettmeslay ara. Akken kan yebda yettlemmim. Dagi i tella tilist gar Wegrikki d ubaṛbaṛ. D tameslayt. Agrikki yettxemmim d akken ur yezmir ara ad yemeslay yid-es, ur yezmir ara ad yemsefham yid-es. Tamuɣli-yagi n Yegrikkiyen teskan-aɣ-d akken yal yiwen yettwali tameslayt-is telha, tameslayt n wayeḍ txus. Yal yiwen seg-nneɣ yettxemmim tameslayt n wayeḍ ur tebbwiḍ ara d tameslayt. Yettwal-itt am’ akken d tameslayt n yeẓwan*, ur tesaweḍ ara akken ad msefhamen yes-s yemdanen. Akka i ttwallin yemdanen wid ur nessin ara tameslayt-nnsen. Awal s awal, a k-inin « Nekni ». Nekni nela taɣerma, nela tamusni, ma yella d wiyiḍ d uḍlisen, ulac d acu i ssnen. Ttbanen-asen-d i yat-Nekni d isuffağen. Yal agdud yettwali kan timiṭ-is. Yal agdud yettktili wiyaḍ ɣer wayen yessen d wayen yela. Yal amdan yettwali iman-is ḥaca netta i d amdan. S kra n win ur nga ara am netta, winna atan deg wesuki n talsa. Akken ula d Alibbi, ɣer Wegrikki, d abaṛbaṛ.\nAbaṛbaṛ u ugemmaḍ\nAtah ihi wamek i ttwallin yemdanen taddukli. Qarren teddukkel tɣawsa, ticki d-tettban ddukklen isegman-ines, neɣ ma tram ayen akk swayes tulli tɣawsa-nni. Akken ula d atnus (ethnos), yettban-d d yiwen, ticki t-tesdukkel tmeslayt, yesdukkel-it yedles. Atnus-agi a t-tferzeḍ, imi tettban ccetla-ines, tettban tmeslayt-ines. Abaṛbaṛ ur yelli ara d abaṛbaṛ armi yemgarad d Wegrikki. Agrikki yela tameslayt. Abaṛbaṛ xaṭi. Agrikki iddukkel yedles-ines, tesdukkel-it tmedyazt n Humiṛus. Sdukklent wuraren n Hillada, anda ttemlilen warraw n Hilini, anda turaren, anda ttemyenfalen, anda ţgen tidukliwin akken ad gen lgirra.\nBarbaros, awal-agi gan-t Yegrikkiyen i Yfeṛsiyen. Ɣas akken Ifeṛsiyen d aɣref yeddukklen, d acu d agemḍi n wetnus Agrikki, warraw n Hilini. Yerna nezmer a d-nini d Ifersiyen i yedeggren Igrikkiyen akken ad gen tilisa i tmurt-nnsen. Deg wakken ten-id-nebcen acḥal n tikkal, dɣa Igrikkiyen gan tiseɣlit i tmurt-nnsen. Deg imiren ibdan beṭṭun ddunit. D acu i d Agrikki, d acu i d wer-Agrikki; anwa i d Agrikki, anwa i d wer-Agrikki. Ddukklen, gan tiddukla, uɣalen d yiwen weɣref. Uɣalen d yiwen weɣref mgal aɣref afeṛsi, agemḍi-nnsen. Ɣas akkenni tičiṭa n tmurt n Tegrikt ur temsefhament ara, asmi d-ibges ɣer-sen Xsayarsa, ugellid amuqran n Ifeṛsiyen, ddukklent-as tčiṭa-yagi am yiwet. Di tdukli-nni-nnsent, illul-ed wetnus Agrikki. Ssyen sakkin, bḍan ddunit : llan si tama Yegrikkiyen, si tama nniḍen llan Ifeṛsiyen, neɣ Ibaṛbaṛ. Deg imiren, Igrikkiyen sawalen akk i yegduden nniḍen Ibaṛbaṛ, sawalen-asen akken ula i Ilibbiyen.\nAkka, abaṛbaṛ, ɣer wegrikki, d inimik neɣ d aɛdaw. Abaṛbaṛ, mačči kan d agemḍi n Wegrikki. Abaṛbaṛ yettnadi ad yenkeṛ akk ayen yellan d Agrikki. Dɣa deg imiren awal-agi n ubaṛbaṛ qnen-t Yegrikkiyen i Ifeṛsiyen d yegduden akk i sen-d-yezzin, gar-asen Ikaṛyan, Imedwa…artg.\nLlan yegduden yettidiren ar tama n Yegrikkiyen, yerna igduden-agi ulac akk d acu i ten-yezdin d Ifeṛsiyen, am ugdud Askutay, yettidirin di tama n ugaffa n tmurt n Tegrikt. Wigi ɣas akkenni mačči d Ifeṛsiyen, ttwallin-ten Yegrikkiyen seddaw talsa. Ttwalin-ten am yeẓwan n teẓgi n tmucuha. Akken i ttwallin Yegrikkiyen ula d Ilibbiyen di tmucuha-nnsen. Akken ttwalin akk igduden-nniḍen. Ulac akk agdud yeččuren tiṭ i Yegrikkiyen.\nAbaṛbaṛ, ur yettwaṭṭaf ara kan akka. Maca ɣas akkenni, ɣer Yegrikkiyen, akken kan ara t-wallin, ɛeqlen-t. Ɛeqlen-t, imi ɣer-sen, abaṛbaṛ, ur ig’ ara am nutni. Ayen akk i yexeddem yezleg. Degmi t-ttwallin ixullef-iten, ixullef imdanen. Imi Igrikkiyen ttwallin ḥaca nutni i d imdanen. Deg wakken ur tessinen ara, dɣa bran i yilesawen-nnsen, ttawin fell-as timucuha. Ttwallin-t akken ran a t-wallin, mačči akken yella.\nTimagut, kifkif, am tmeslayt-agi n tedmust, ula d nettat tneğer allaɣen-nneɣ d tiktiwin-nneɣ. Ur tezmir ara ad tili anamek (lmeɛna) ḥaca di tegnitt-is, ɣas akken neẓra d akken timagut-nni tezmer ad turar s tegnitt-nni-ines. Nezmer ad d-nini : « Yal timagut s tegnitt-ines. » Degmi timagut ur tezmir ad ɣ-d-terr swaswa akken yella wayen ɣ-d-teskanay, imi d tamerwalt (treggwel). Ɣur-es tagnitt i tt-ifhmen, swayes nezmer diɣen ad tt-id-nesefhem. Degmi ur ɣ-ilaq ara ad neṛwu s tmagut n tsekla n Ilibbiyen. Isefk-aɣ ad nɛereḍ ad nefreẓ d acu ɣ-d-teqqar tmagut-agi, amek armi timagut-agi ɣur-es anamek (lmeɛna) ɣer widak tt-yettwalin, ɣer widak i wumi tt-nettak akken ad tt-wallin.\nTamuɣli n weɣref deg utestu\nYuɛar akken ad nefṛez ayen yellan, imi deg waṭas n tegnatin, ayen nettwali illuɣ. Yeffer ger tmagutin n tsekla. Aṭas n wayen nettaf di tsekla, ur t-nfeṛṛez ara imi ɣ-ireggel wanamek-ines. Imi tikwal ayen yellan iban ɣer wid yeqarren tasekla, ɣer-nneɣ nekkni, ur yefri ara. Nettxemmim, nettnadi akken ad nefṛez d acu i ran a t-id-inin yemyura-nni yuran di lawan-nni-nnsen, ɣef acu i ran ad d-meslayen. Ayen yellan zik-nni d tidett ɣer Yegrikkiyen, ayen-nni akk i inejṛen allaɣen-nnsen lawan-nni, ur iwulem ara assagi, imi ayen ttwallin lawan-nni-nnsen, ayen ssnen ɣef ddunit-agi, mačči akken i t-ttwalin yemdanen assagi. Tbeddel tmusni. Assagi nettwali ddunit akken tt-tra tmusni n lawan-agi neɣ ma tram tmusni tamaynut, akken tt-tettwali tluggust tamaynut. Ɣef annect-agi meṛṛa ara d-nmagger uguren yal tikkelt m ara nɛereḍ ad nefṛez timagut n Ilibbiyen di tsekla tagrikkit.\nYella diɣen wugur nniḍen, imi imyura n lawan-nni, nettɣil-iten d nutni i ɣ-d-yeskanayen idles n tmura-nnsen. Degmi tikwal ur nfeṛez ara d acu i d-ttarun yemyura-yagi, neɣ amek yettaru yal yiwen seg-sen. Neɣ ma tram, astil (style) n yal amyaru n lawan-nni neɣ tindi (tindi/origine) n tesmagut-ines (imagination) d ttin n lɣaci ukud yettidir. Amek i nezmer a nẓer d acu i s-yekkes neɣ d acu i s-yerna i tmagut ssnen akk at tallit-nni? Amek i izmer umyaru ad imsel allaɣ n widak-ines, widak-nni i wumi yettaru ?\nRnu, di tsekla, yella wayen i wumi neqqar ageniw (génie) n yal amyaru. Maca yella ugeniw n yal atnus. Rnu diɣen, yella umeslay gar yemyura-yagi ttmeslayen-t gar-asen. Ayen i wumi isemma Gérard Genette « Gar-itestuyen » (texte). Amek ara tferzeḍ tillin (existence) n utestu deg wayeḍ nniḍen, ticki ixab utestu amezwaru. Yerna isefk-aɣ diɣen ad nẓer ma yella itestuyen-agi ɣur-sen azal muqren, ma yella ttwarun neɣ ttmeslayen i waṭas n yemdanen neɣ i kra kan : akka am widak yeṛwan d widak yeɣran.\nIsefk-aɣ a nẓer ma yella itestuyen-agi ttmeslayen-d s yisem n utnus. Axaṭer ticki tikti teqqen ɣer tmagut, ilaq timagutin-nni ad tt-nessiɣ (nzreɛ) akken iwata. Nezmer ad d-nini d akken anda tewweḍ tmagut, i yewweḍ uzal-is. Timagut-yagi ahaqel ɣur-es tillin lawan-nni kan i deg tt-nwala, neɣ ma tram teqqen kan ɣer tallit-nni akken i deg tt-nwala ? Timagut tettuɣal d EIDOS, timagut i yellan kan di tegwenitt-nni-ines, nettwali-tt akken tella imiren, neɣ tettɣimi kan d EIDOLUN PHANTASMA n wemyaru i yellan kan tallit-nni i deg neqqar ayen d-yura.\nDeg wannect-agi akk i ɣ-ilaq ad nefṛez timagut n Ulibbi antiki : Ardmani ma yella yiwen usertu n Ulibbi kan neɣ ma llan aṭas ? Ilaq-aɣ a nẓer diɣen ma yella Igrikkiyen ttwalin akk s yiwet n tmuɣli Ilibbiyen, anda ma llan, di yal tamurt, di yal tallit n tudert-nnsen ?\nZwar ad nekcem akk di tlufa-yagi, ilaq-aɣ ad d-naf anwa i d METHODOS neɣ abrid ara neḍfer akken ad nefṛez akk anect-agi, akken ad nefṛez ladɣa anda-tt tilist i nezmer a neg i yisem-agi n Ulibbi d Ilibbiyen ?\nAnsi d-yekka yisem n Ilibbiyen ?\nIsefk-aɣ tura ad d-nesmekti, di libri-yagi, anisi d-yekka yisem-agi n Ilibbiyen. Atah d acu i d-yura Stéphane Gsell di libri-ines i wumi yeqqar Hérodote : « Isem agrikki Libué yekka-d di Libus d-yefrurin deg isem agefti « Libou« . Libou, d wagi i d isem fkan di lawan-nni Igiftisen i imezdaɣ yettidiren ger wagulf n Sirtis d Ugeftus di leqrun XIII-XII. Ɣer Igiftisen i wwin Yegrikkiyen isem-agi. Dɣa akkagi isawalen Ygrikkiyen imezwura i imezdaɣ d-ufan di tamaṭ-agi n Tefrikt, asmi d-usan ar Kiṛinayik ».\nTazwara, isem-agi n Libus fkan-t kan Yegrikkiyen i tamaṭ-agi n Tefrikt, d-yezgan ɣef yilel agrakal, ger tmurt n Igiftus d wagulf n Sirtis. Uɣalen tagara-yagi ḍelqen isem-agi akk i Tefrikt ugafa akken ma tella. Fkan-as-t akken ad feṛzen tamaṭ-agi n ddunit d Urupa d Asiya. Maca ɣas akkenni llan di lawan-nni imyura ur nfṛiqq ara ger Libbiya d Asiya. Ttɣilen-as d yiwet n tmurt.\nYenna-d Stephane Gsell d akken Hiruddutus, yura-d di libri-ines wis-IV: zik-nni isem n Libbiya musnaw ugar isem n Ilibbiyen. Imi Libbiya d lber, yerna llan deg-s aṭas n itnusen, gar-asen at-tmurt d ibeṛṛaniyen. Gar at-tmurt-nni llan Ilibbiyen d Ityupiyen; ma gar ibeṛṛaniyen-nni, llan Igrikkiyen d Ikaṛtajiyen. Ɣer Hiruddutus, at Libus d imezdaɣ yettidiren ger tmurt n Igiftus d lkaf n Sulus. Ma d at Aithiopes, wigi d itnusen iberkanen yettidiren di tama n wadda n lber n Libbiya. Am akken twallam ihi, Igiftisen, ɣer Yegrikkiyen, mačči d Ilibbiyen.\nƔer François Chamoux, isem « Alibbi » ɣur-s tlata inumak : tikwal qarren-t i imezdaɣ n Tefrikt ugafa s umata, akken ad ten-feṛzen d Ityupiyen; tikwal qqaren-t i imezdaɣ n Kiṛini kan; tikwal diɣen qarren-t kan i Yegrikkiyen yettidiren di Kiṛinayik, warraw n Hilini, i d-yusan di Tegrikt. Tagara, qarren-t Iṛumaniyen ula i Ikartajinen. Degmi agad yettarun ttemxalafen ɣef yisem-agi « Alibbi ». Yal yiwen seg-sen amek i t-yettwali. Ɣef ayagi i yewɛeṛ tikwal a nefṛez anwa i d Alibbi, anwa i mačči d Alibbi.\nDɣa d annect-agi ara neɛreḍ ad wen-nsefhem di libri-yagi. A nwali d acu i d-urran wagad d-yemeslayen ɣef Ilibbiyen, ssyen sakkin, a nwalli yal yiwen d acu i d-yenna, amek yettwali Ilibbiyen.\nA nwali diɣen lxiḍ yellan di lawan-nni ger Yegrikkiyen d imezdaɣ n Tefrikt Ugafa, d imezdaɣ akk iqqnen ɣer tama-yagi n ddunit.\nTella tɣawsa nniḍen i ɣef ilaq diɣen ad d-nemeslay fell-as. Tagi d amudus (du latin modus/mode) n umasi (Contact/amawal) yellan gar Yegrikkiyen d Ilibbiyen, agad yettawin ttaran gar-asen, d acu i ttmeslayen, imi wigi, ula d nutni, akken qarren : « kra yella kra yerna ». Llan tlata isurta gar wigi yettawin ttaran gar sin itnusen-agi.\n1) Llan Yegrikkiyen yettxalaḍen arraw n tmurt-nni, neɣ kra deg-sen, widak-nni i wumi qarren Ikiṛaniyen (Wigi d arraw n tmurt izedɣen di Kiṛinayik).\n2) Igiftisen, wagad-nni dɣa i d-yemlan isem n Libou i Yegrikkiyen, d nutni diɣen i sen-yettmeslayen ɣef Ilibbiyen, qarren-asen amek i ten-ttwallin.\n3) Ifeṛsiyen, ula d nutni usan-d ar Libbiya, maca ur mulen ara. Nutni diɣen aṭas i d-nnan ɣef tmurt n Libbiya d tudert n Ilibbiyen.\n4) Ikaṛtajiyen, nutni ttidiren d warraw n tmurt. Aṭas i wwin Yegrikkiyen ɣer-sen ɣef ayen yerzan tameddurt n Ilibbiyen.\n5) Iṛumaniyen, wigini ur ɣ-yegzi ara aṭas wayen txemmimen ɣef Ilibbiyen, imi nutni, usan-d kan ṭṭfen tamurt n Tefrikt Ufella. Nutni ur d-usin ara akken ad isinnen imezdaɣ-ines, usan-d kan akken ad tt-ṭṭfen.\nAyen akk d-qarren itnusen-agi ɣef Ilibbiyen, isefk-aɣ ad t-id-nesmekti. Ad t-id-nesmekti, akken ad nefhem timagut ssulin Yegrikkiyen ɣef Ilibbiyen. Imi Igrikkiyen d ayen akk slan ɣef utnus-agi i d-ttalsen di tira-nnsen. Rnu tagara, d ayen slan i si yuɣalen umnen, i yuɣalen d timagut n utnus alibbi. Maca gar imagaren-agi meṛṛa, amagar akk i ssnen Yegrikkiyen di Libbiya d Ikiṛaniyen. Imi d nutni i yettidiren d Ilibbiyen n tmurt. Rnu diɣen, akken t-id-yura Pindarus, ɣef Yegrikkiyen yeṭṭfen tamurt n Kiṛinayik, ula d nutni, ttawin-d awal di tmucuha-nnsen ɣef Ilibbiyen. Ula d nutni ttikkin di lebni n tmagut lan Ilibbiyen ɣer Yegrikken di tallit-nni. Kiṛinayik d amkan anda mlalen sin itnusen-agi : Igrikkiyen d Ilibbiyen. Dinna i ttidiren akken, dinna izdin, dinna i ttemyekcamen, dinna akk imyusanen akken iwata. Gar Yegrikkiyen akk d Ilibbiyen yettidiren di Kiṛinayik, ulac wis tlata.\nAnnect-agi akk yewwi-yaɣ-d ar westeqsi-yagi : ayen akk nessen ɣef Ilibbiyen, amenḍar d ayen d-iqqar wis tlata ? D ayen ttmeslayen wagad yettidiren yid-sen di tallit-nni ? D ayen ttxayalen imaruyen igrikkiyen ? Akka, timagut n Ulibbi tewweḍ almi tuɣal d asurti n tira (Annect-agi ad t-id-nmager ar zdat m ara nɛreḍ ad nefhem d acu i yurran imyura ihiliniten ɣef Ilibbiyen) – Dagi, nezmer ad d-nini d akken agad yeqqaren, ttamnen, ladɣa imyura yessnen ad arun. Ttamnen-ten ɣas ma yella ayen d-nnan akk ɣef Ilibbiyen ur yell’ara. Rnu-yas diɣen tallit i deg ttarun yemyura-yagi, imi akken qarren s teqbaylit : « Yal tallit s tallit-is ».\nAkuṛpus, ilaq-as uccima (Schéma). Accima-yagi, netta, ilaq-as ad yeḍfer afsir (exposé/amawal), ulama ur s-d-tewwi yara akken ad t-ilḥeq neɣ a s-d-yezg. Ammer d lebɣi, tettunefk-aɣ tegnitt akken ad awen-d-nefk ɣef tikkelt akk awalen d-yura yal amyaru, ɣas ulama awalen-nni akk ines ur d-ttmeslayen ara ɣef yiwet n tɣawsa. Degmi i nra ad neğğ tilelli i win ara yeɣren libri-yagi, d netta i wumi ilaq ad d-yaf lxiḍ ger wawalen-agi. Nekni, si tama-nneɣ, urdu (du latin ordo/ordre) ara nefren akken ad awen-d-nefk itistiyen ad yilli d urdu n tkṛunulugit, neɣ ma tram d urdu n wesru (temps/mot kabyle ancien), mačči d urdu n usefhem neɣ n tanuyt, am wakken nga di testudi-yagi-nneɣ (Tastudi : du latin studium). Di tallit n Humiṛus ar tin n Plutaṛkus tefuṛsi-yaɣ akken ad neg akkagi. Maca, ɣas akkenni, ad neɛreḍ ad awen-d-nefk yal atestu di tegnitt-ines (Di tegnitt i deg yettwaru).\nMa yella d itestiyen iɣezfanen, am utestu n Hiruddutus d Apullunus n Rudis d wiyaḍ, ur ten-id-nettawi ara i meṛṛa di libri-yagi, maca ad awen-d-nefk libriwat i deg tzemren ad ten-tafem d libriwat nniḍen d-yettmeslayen fell-asen. Di libri-yagi-nneɣ nekni, ad awen-d-nefk kan kra n yekafuten (caput, tête, chapitre) n itestiyen n yemurya-yagi. Ikafuten i wulmen, widak yerzan ayen i ɣef nettnadi.\nAkken ad nmeyyez accima n ukuṛpus, ɣur-nneɣ sin iberdan. Si tama, nezmer ad nestudi (étudier) tamuɣli lan Yegrikkiyen ɣef Ilibbiyen, neɣ ad d-nbeggen akk udmawen n tmagut n Ilibbiyen; si tama-nniḍen, nezmer ad anani akuṛpus s webrid n tesṭurya, i deg ara d-nesmekti tinerni n tmagut n Ilibbiyen di yal tallit n tesṭurya-ines. Nekni nefren abrid-agi, neɣ udus-agi wis-sin, wagi n tesṭurya.\nImi iberdan-agi i sin, ɣur-sen tawwurt, ɣur-sen uguren. Amezwaru yettak-d tamuɣli s umata ɣef tima (du grec Théma/sujet), maca ahaqel ma mazal tela anamek (sima) tsemlilt n mraw n leqrun n tsekla, imi Igrikkiyen n tallit n Humiṛus ur ttwalin ddunit-agi akken tt-ttwalin Yegrikken n tallit n Plutaṛkus. Tasemlilt neɣ tasantast (Synthèse/Amawal) di tegnitt am tagi tewɛeṛ akken ad a s-naf ixef-is, imi tezmer, di yal tagnitt, ad teqlaɛ ɣef iẓuran tasekla-yagi deg wakal n tallit-ines, winna akkenni i deg d-tellul.\nAtah acimi ihi i nefren abrid wis-sin, abrid n tesṭurya. Imi abrid-agi yeṭṭafar asru, yeskanay-d di yal tallit amek tella deg-s tmagut n wayeḍ; amek tettnerni di tallit ɣer tayeḍ. Amek yettbeddil unamek n tmagut s umata, i deg tella tinna n Ilibbiyen. Maca ugur n webrid-agi n tesṭurya, ẓẓay ciṭuḥ, imi yeqwa deg-s wallus (uɛiwed), imi tikwal, tinerni-yagi n tmagut ur yettwafreẓ ara akken iwata. Maca timagut n Ilibbiyen a d-tettban am akken yuzzel fell-as ukeryun acḥal n tikkal.\nAkka, a nwalli ɣer tmagut n Ulibbi tlata yesgiwen neɣ udmawen. Isgiwen-yagi (Asegiw/Dimension/Amawal) ṭṭafaren tinerni n umudus (Mode) n tudert n Yegrikkiyen, imawlan n tfiluẓufit, ɣef akken d-qarren. Asgiw amezwaru d tallit n tligenṭ: anda timagut n wayeḍ-Alibbi nettaf-itt ḥaca deg tligenṭ d tmucuha, anda tugar tfantasma, anda yexḍel tligenṭ d tluggust.\nAsgiw wis-sin, wagi d tallit n tluggust, anda yebda Wegrikki yeggar tamawt ɣer tmeddurt n wayeḍ, ɣer tmeddurt n wer-Agrikki. Dɣa ssyenna i d-tebda tmuɣli taluggant. Imiren i d-tellul tetnugrafit, neɣ tussna ɣef yegduden. Dinna ibdan yemyura-nnsen ttnadin ad issinen amek ttidiren yetnusen nniḍen, amek ttxemmimen, amek i ttwalin ddunit… Maca anect-agi yuhwağ tamawt neɣ isalen (Dagi nezmer ad d-nmagger ugur anect-ilat, imi yuɛar akken ad nwali anisi d-yugem wemyaru isalen-ines). Tagrikt, deg wakken tella d tigzirt, twehha i « wbeḥri n lxilaf. » Maca, ɣas akkenni, mazal ttwalin Alibbi d abaṛbaṛ, imi ur yessaweḍ ad yelḥeq atnus agrikki di tɣerma. Ttwalin-t seddaw-nnsen. Ttwalin-t, di tallit-agi, d atnus n Tetnulugit, akken s-yeqqar Levi-Strauss.\nMa d asgiw aneggaru, wagi d tallit muqqren, imi ɣer yetnusen-agi « ibaṛbaṛen » bdant ttifrirent-ed seg-sen tfiggurin timiqranin, tfiggurin tesṭuriyen, mačči ttidak-nni n zik-nni, tidak-nni tetnugrafit. Alibbi, neɣ Afrikki, yuɣal iga amkan-is di tesṭurya d tikli n tesṭurya. Tasṭurya yeqnen ɣer tesmagut n Yegrikkiyen.\nMaca, ɣas yella akk wanect-agi, ur tettafeḍ ara isgiwen-agi ttwafeṛzen. Tzemreḍ ad ten-tafeḍ i tlata ɣef tikkelt deg tira n yiwen wemyaru, ɣas ad yili wemyaru-yagi ittaru di lawan n tfigguriyin-agi tesṭuriyin. Degmi i nra ad nmeyyez i tlata yesgiwen-agi, yerna ad d-neɛreḍ ad d-nesbin deg-sen turart n wudmawen ttakken Yegrikkiyen, deg tesmagut-nnsen, i Ilibbiyen.\nXuḍi, akken ad d-nesefṛez akken iwata, akken a neɛqel tinerni tasṭuryit di tsmagut n Yegrikkiyen d wamek ttwalin ibaṛbaṛen s umata, gar-asen Ilibbiyen. A naf ihi llant rebɛa tilla n wamek ttwalin Yegrikkiyen Ilibbiyen akk d itnusen ibaṛbaṛen.\n1°) Tallit taṛkayit, tagi d tallit n telgenṭ, anda Igrikkiyen ur ttxalaḍen ara itnusen nniḍen.\n2°) Tallit taklasikkit (Tatnugrafit), anda bdan teffɣen Yegrikkiyen, bdan ttxalaḍen leğnas nniḍen, ladɣa di lkumiṛs.\n3°) Tallit tahilinistit, di tallit-agi i deg ibeddel umagar lan Yegrikkiyen d yetnusen nniḍen. Imi degmi yewweḍ Aliksandrus Umiggas ɣer yal tamurt, bdan Yegrikkiyen ttemlilen itnusen nniḍen, bdan ttissinen-ten, bdan maḍi ttwalin-ten akkin nniḍen. Dɣa imiren i d-illul wawal-nni « Kusmupulitis ». Maca, ɣas akkenni abeṛṛani, ɣer Yegrikkiyen, ur ibeddel ara aṭas. Di tira taliksandrit, imyura n Tegrikt, ur ttun ara tamuɣli n tlegdin-nnsen.\n4°) Tallit taṛumanit, tagi tbeddel akk deg-s tmuɣli yellan ɣef ddunit. Ssyen akkin d nutni i yettawin lxiḍ ger Ilibbiyen d Yegrikkiyen, yernu d awal-nnsen i yettɛeddayen. D nutni i yeṭṭfen ddunit-agi. Iṛumaniyen ɣur-sen tamuɣli ula ɣef Yegrikkiyen. Di lgirrat-nni n tifiniqqiyin (puniques), tɛawed akk tmagut n Ilibbiyen.\nAmeziane Kezzar / Mohand Lounaci\n(Amagrad-a yeffeɣ tikkelt tamezwarut di usmel: marenostrumarcadia)\nPrécédent Ikiniken iqvayliyen\nSuivant Awalen ineggura n Garibaldi\nAwal n smana\n« Ulac aseḍsu ma hudent tuɣmas, ulac sbeṛ ur nesɛi tilas , ulac wi yemmuten yegla s wayla-s. »\n– Anzi Aqvayli –\n1 (1939) : Taggara n lgira taɣaṛimt di Spanya.\n3 (1948) : Atsinyi n u plan Marshall.\n5 (1588) : Publikasyu n lqanun Justinius.\n8 (1962) : Ifransiyen qeblen amtawan n Evian.\n14 (1865) : Timenɣiwt n Abraham Lincoln.\n15 (1912) : Lɣeṛq n Titanic.\n17 (1961) : Paraşyu n taftist n ilfan di Kuba.\n20 (2001) : Aveddu n Tafsut Taberkant.\n21 (1961) : Aneqlab n ijiniralen n Dzayer.\n22 (1500) : Pedro Alvarez Cabral yuffa-d tmurt n Brezil.\n26 (1937) : Bombarbman n Gernika.\n28 (1945) : Timenɣiwt n Benito Mussolini.\nAmezruy amiran Amezruy aqdim AMZ asarug Aẓref Islamism Tadamsa Tagrawla Tamendawt Tasekla Tasertit Tiṭelyanit Tudsiwin


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url: =«Bɣiɣ ad cnuɣ deg Tmurt n leqbayel» - La Dépêche de Kabylie\nAccueil Tamazight «Bɣiɣ ad cnuɣ deg Tmurt n leqbayel»\nGadry, d acennay ilemẓi. icennu ula s teqbaylit\nGadry seg yicennayen at lasel aferkan, i icennun seg wacḥal-aya tura tizlatin n uɣewwaɣ Lwennas Meɛtub. Nesteqsa-t di tdiwennit-a, yerra-aɣ-d.\nAɣmis n Yimaziɣen : Meslay-aɣ-d cwiṭ fell-ak…\nGadry : Luleɣ di Fransa, di temnaḍt n Aubervilliers i d-yezgan di Seine-Saint-Denis. Yemma d Tafransist, baba d Aɣinyan. Ddreɣ, mɣureɣ di Saint Denis, di wis 93. Daymi aql-i d bu sin n yiẓuran s yidles afransis!\nAmek tesliḍ s Meɛtub Lwennas i tikkelt tamezwarut ?\nAhat yesḥeyyir waya, maca ssneɣ Meɛtub Lwennas deg wass n lexmis 25 yunyu 1998, deg uɣmis n tiliẓri n tmeddit, nekk lliɣ ɛad d agrud. Ass-nni i as-tettwacelqef tudert!\nSyin akkin, tebdiḍ tettsaraxeḍ-t, tcennuḍ tizlatin-is. Neɣ amek ?\nSyin akkin, ssneɣ tizlatin-is i igerrzen ayendin s ubrid n yemma i d-yettawin seg tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ tisfifin d timaynutin d ayla-s ɣer uxxam. Bdiɣ dindin cennuɣ-tent-id war ma nudaɣ akk ad tent-lemdeɣ tazwara. Deg-s d ccna mačči d aɛaned acku, akken ttwaliɣ, ulac win izemren ad iɛaned ayen ur nettwaɛanad. Iban-iyi-d dɣa, urǧin i d-yusa waya ɣer wallaɣ-iw. D acu kan, d tidet, ɛerrḍeɣ ad iliɣ d imekdi i tezlatin-is tinasliyin. Neɣ akken-nniḍen, ad d-iniɣ mi ara cennuɣ, neɣ tturareɣ-d tizmilin, xeddmeɣ ɣef leḥsab n wamek ttḥulfuɣ daxel-iw.\nNeẓra yewɛer ad tecnuḍ s tutlayt ur tfehhmeḍ. Meslay-aneɣ-d ɣef waya d wayen i k-yerran ɣur Meɛtub Lwennas ?\nAkken i ak-d-nniɣ yakan, mačči di ddhen-iw tazwara ad lemdeɣ tuɣac-is. Ḥemmleɣ-tent d tidet, maca urǧin sugneɣ-d ad lemdeɣ ad cennuɣ s tutlayt-a igerrzen, i yi-d-ibanen tewɛer imi d tanesbaɣurt. Ɣer taggara, iban-d ugemmuḍ-a. Tidet kan, qedceɣ maca war ma wwiɣ-d s lexber ! Ma d ayen i yi-ijebden ɣer Meɛtub Lwennas, d tizlatin-is uqbel kullci, iban!, Yesɛa aɣanib weḥd-s, i tuɣ ur ssineɣ deg wayen iɛeddan, maca am wakken yettban-iyi-d d awaculan, n twacult. Amzun lliɣ ssneɣ-tent yakan deg waṭas-aya !\nD anti-ten tezlatin-is i tcennuḍ s waṭas?\nI uzayez, ad d-iniɣ tizlatin i cennuɣ s waṭas d tid i d-yettbanen ḥemmlen-tent ugar medden, i d-yettawin taḥawact n umecwar n Meɛtub Lwennas.\nTesɛiḍ aṭas n yineḍfaren di Tmurt n Yizwawen d Tmazɣa. Awal-ik ɣef waya…\nIban-iyi-d ur rǧiɣ, neɣ ur gziɣ ara amek zemreɣ ad sɛuɣ ineḍfaren. D acu kan, ahat yessaweḍ ad iḥaz uqeddic-iw, ad yeɛjeb ddeqs n yimdanen, acku ttawaḍen-iyi-d seg waṭas d aseggas tura, ar ass-a, yiznan n usebɣes, n usnemmer d yibeddi ɣur-i, seg waṭas n tamiwin. Ɛni, d ayen i yi-yesferḥen ! D aya i yi-yeǧǧan ad d-snulfuɣ targa-w n YouTube taggara-a, acku buhan i yi-yessutren aya. Iban-d yewwi-d tili ahat ddiɣ-asen di lebɣi lawan-nni! Lḥasul, d iseɣ ɣur-i mi ḥsiɣ ɛejbeɣ i waṭas n Yizwawen, i yellan d aɣref n yirgazen d tlawin s ttzuxxuɣ aṭas, i ttqadareɣ, i ttɛuzzuɣ.\nYaḍra tesɛiḍ kra n yisenfaren ?\nTaggara, ad d-iniɣ belli akken yella lḥal akked tuget n yirgazen d tlawin di ddunit, sɛiɣ ula d nekk isenfaren. Yiwen seg-sen d aheyyi n yigalaten di Lezzayer, send kullci, deg wul n Tmurt n leqbayel ɛzizen i cedhaɣ buhan. Maca, ahat daɣen anda-nniḍen, ma yella ad yekki waya deg usiweḍ n uqeddic, amezruy, amennuɣ, tiktiwin, izen n Meɛtub Lwennas akked yidles-is d win n yirgazen d tlawin i yennan UHU i lbaṭṭel, i yemmuten s yibeddi wala ma ddren knan!\nAwal-iw n taggara, ad d-iniɣ, akken i t-id-qqareɣ dima, tezmer Tmurt n leqbayel ad tzux s tarwa-s. Aɣref-a Amaziɣ i ttawiɣ i lebda deg wul-iw, d ttbut d akken nezmer ad nenɣ akk imazunen i nebɣa, s waṭas n tweḥcanit, maca d awezɣi ad nessusem iznan-nsen. Tanemmirt.


url: =Tiwsatin timensayin n tesrit taqbaylit\nAss-a, la d-qqaren belli tamaziγt tessaweḍ ad d-teffeγ seg tallit n tatlayt (oralité) u teqqel d iles yettwarun, maca, γef wakk-n nettwali, idlisen ay d-itteffγen s tmaziγt mazal-iten qlilit aṭas. Ay-n akk-n yellan deg tatlayt yessefk ad t-naru, yerna mazal yegguni-aγ ccγel d ameqran deg wenrar-a.\nTiwsatin timensayin n tesrit taqbaylit (Genres traditionnels de la prose kabyle) d adlis amaynut la yettnuzun ussan-a deg tnedlisin (librairies), yura-t-id Mhammed Djellaoui ay d-yessuffγen yagi idlisen niḍen.\nDeg wedlis-a, nezmer ad d-naf tumgisin (mythes) am Teslit n wenẓar, tiqsiḍin (légendes) ed tmucuha, inzan ed temsefra. D acu kan, γas ma yella taqbaylit d tameṛkantit, ur yessefk ara ad nejj timmeṛkantit-nni-ines ad teqqar u ad tettwattu, acku ay-a ad yesswaγ azekka n yiles ed yedles-nneγ.\nAdlis-a yettarra-aγ γer tallit n zik, asmi ay llant twaculin deg Tmurt n Leqbayel ur sεint ara akk ttawil ay yes ara zhunt neγ ad slent i yisalan, menγir timucuha, tiqsiḍin (légendes) ed temsefra (timseεraq), yerna s ti akk ay llan tekken aḍan-nni γezzifen n tegrest, rrif n lkanun, yerna yes-sent ay d-ttuṛebban acḥal n lejyal n yigerdan. Ass-a, tigemmi-a (patrimoine) mazal tesselmad-aγ-d aṭas γef wamek ddren lejdud-nneγ ed wamek tella ddunit deg tallit-nsen.\nSeg tama niḍen, aṭas ay d-ileqḍen inzan uqbel n Djellaoui, ma d netta, wid-nni ay d-yuwey deg wedlis-ines ddan-d deg-sen kra werjin ttwaleqḍen-d, yerna netta yessefk ad nẓer belli inzan ttemgerraden seg tama γer tayeḍ. Djellaoui yelqeḍ-aγ-d 201 n yinzan, gar-asen 31 seg tama n Wewras, tamurt n Yicawiyen.\nInzan, Djellaoui yebḍa-ten γef 9 yisental (thèmes) : agama (nature), lqaεa ed yigenwan, tafekka (ljetta) n wemdan, amaḍal (ddunit) n tfellaḥt, isufar n wucci, iγersiwen, tudert n wemdan ed ddyana.\nAdlis-a, ulac ccek belli ad yessefṛeḥ inelmaden ed yiselmaden n tmaziγt ed wid yebγan ad d-ssukksen u ad gen leqrar i yedles-nsen. Yessefk kan ad d-nesmekti belli adlis-a d Aseqqamu Unnig i Timmuzγa (Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité) ay t-id-yessuffγen.\nSeg La Dépêche de Kabylie n 16 Tubeṛ 2007, uṭṭun 1634\nSγur S. Amrane


url: =2 Ticalunik 12 - Holy Bible [Berber Bible 1998]\n2 Ticalunik 12\nimma ġilad ġ-aġ-tlulli-tmdlut-ad n-inagan, illa fllannġ a-nluḥ kullu mad-aġ-iẓẓuẓẓayn, nfl ddnub lli-bdda-ttirinin ad-aġ-ssmukrusn, baš a-ntazzal bla-da-ntrmay ġ-uġaras lli-irẓmn ġ-lgddam-nnġ.\nilla fllannġ a-n-ntmnad ġ-yasuɛ lli-aġ-iskrn aġaras-ad s-numn, rad-aġ-gis-yawi ar ttmi. iṣbr nttan i-lmut f-uggjdi, ur-tt-yiwi ġ-tdallit, ašku iẓra-n lfrḥ lli-rad-as-yili tigira. iskiws ilmma f-ufasi l-lɛrš n-rbbi.\nswangmad-d yasuɛ lli-iṣbrn i-tnuwwašt iggutn f-ifassn n-mddn ʷh̬šnnin, baš a-ur-irmi-uwl-nnun ihruṣṣi.\našku ġ-imiġ-ad ġ-a-ttmmaġm d-lh̬ʷšant, ur-ta-gis-tlkimm tizi l-lmut.\nis-tettum awal lli-s-kʷn-izzɛam rbbi lliġ-kʷn-iga d-tarwa-ns? yini: «wa-iwi, iġ-k-iṣlḥ sidi rbbi, ad-ur-tinit d-ih̬f-nnk ‹ġayad ur-igi yat.› nġd iġ-k-iẓi, ad-ur-tinit ‹nkki ur-giġ yat.›\našku sidi rbbi ar-itrbba wanna dars iɛzzan, ar-issrwat wanna iga d-yus.»\nilla fllawn a-tṣbrm iġ-a-kʷn-itrbba, ašku ar-didun-iskar ġmklli iskar-urgaz d-tarwa-ns. is-illa ma-ur-ittrbban f-ufus n-babas?\nmrad is-a-kʷn-ur-itrbba rbbi ġmklli ttrbban kullu mddn, ur-ra-tgm tarwa-ns, walaynni zund tarwa n-tsukt a-ra-tgm.\nnkkʷni kullwaġ darnnġ id-babatnnġ n-ddunit-ad, ar-aġ-trbban ar-tn-ntuqqar, walaynni is-ur-yuf a-nsflid ula s-babatnnġ n-ignna baš a-nddr?\nyat luqt idrusn ad-aġ-trbban ntni s-mklli-asn-iban išwa, imma rbbi ar-aġ-itrbba s-mklli rad-aġ-iṣlḥ baš a-nfulki ġmklli ifulki ntta.\nur-illi ma-itfraḥn ġakud lliġ a-t-itrbba babas. ar-as-tṭiyyar ġ-tasaɛt-an, walaynni rad-as-tili lġllt n-ufulki d-lhna tigira i-wanna ittrbban ġmkad.\nf-mayan a-f-rad-awn-iniġ, allat ifassn-nnun alwanin, tzzgam ifaddn-nnun tġašanin.\nssngaddat tiġarasin i-iḍarn-nnun, a-ur-iḍr yan issbiḍirn walaynni a-ijji.\ngat-n tiqqi-nnun a-tgm sslamt i-kullu mddn, tɛmmrm s-ufulki ašku yan ġ-ur-illi ur-sar-ra-iẓr siditnnġ.\nawiyat-stt ġ-ih̬fawn-nnun a-ur-ijlu yan gigun zġ-lbaraka n-rbbi, ula imġi-d-wamud n-wasmmum ġ-gratun, ard issduy mddn isshrš ma-iggutn.\na-ur-yili yan gigun itfsadn, ula yan itraran tiġurdin-ns s-rbbi zund ɛisu lli-igan ih̬fddi izznz lḥqq-ns f-yat tirmt.\ntssnm is-iwrri tigira ira bahra a-iwrt lbaraka n-babas, walaynni babas ur-as-tt-ifki. wah̬h̬a-yas-tt-iḍalb bahra s-imṭṭawn, ur-as-isugir yat.\nur-n-takmurm kunni s-kra n-udrar n-ddunit-ad ġmklli-n-akmurn imzwura-nnun, ar-n-gis-ssmuqquln timzliwin l-lɛafit d-tillas d-umalu d-iggig.\nula tsfldm kunni i-tijjijt n-nnffar ula awal lli-itbrraḥn. ntni, lliġ sfldn i-wawal-an, ḍalbn-t bahra ad-asn-ur-sul-isawl,\našku ggʷdn f-luṣit n-rbbi lli-s-asn-inna: «wanna-d-iruḥn adrar-ad, ig-iyt lbhimt nġd bnadm, iqqan-d a-ti-tkkatm s-iẓran ard immt.»\nula musa iksuḍ bahra zġ-kullu maylli-n-iẓra yini: «ar-sri-tkkat tawda.»\nwalaynni takmurm-d kunni s-udrar yaḍni, a-t-igan d-urušalim n-ignna, ig tamdint n-rbbi lli-iddrn. takmurm-d s-kigan d-wafḍan l-lmalayka munn-d kullu s-lfrḥ iggutn,\nula s-umnaggar n-willi iga rbbi d-tarwa-ns ih̬fdditn lli-mi-tyaran ismawn-nsn ġ-ignna. takmurm-d s-rbbi lli-itḥkamn f-kullu mddn, ula s-larwaḥ n-mddn lli-f-irḍa issafu-asn kullu mad-asn-inna.\ntakmurm-d s-yasuɛ lli-iskrn lɛhd l-ljdid ġ-gr rbbi d-bnadm, ula s-urušš n-idammn-ns lli-ifkan rrja uggʷar n-idammn n-habil.\nawiyat-stt bahra ġ-ġwalli srun isawaln. ašku lhalak a-iḍrn f-willi agʷinin ad-sflidn s-musa lli-tn-yumrn ġ-ddunit-ad, walaynni uggʷar n-ġayan a-rad-aġ-yili nkkʷni iġ-nrur tiġurdin-nnġ s-walli-aġ-d-yumrn zġ-ignna.\nlliġ isawl rbbi ġ-uwssan-an, immussa-wakal s-wawal-ns. imma ġilad inna-yaġ f-ma-ra-iskr: «rad-daġ-ssmassġ akal, ssmassġ ula ignwan.»\ns-wawal-an a-s-aġ-imla is-ra-immass kullu ma-ityawh̬laqn, ityattay baš a-ur-iqama ġir ma-iṭṭafn llsas izgan.\nimma ġilad ġ-aġ-ifka rbbi yat-tgldit lli-ur-sar-ra-immass, illa fllannġ a-t-ntškar ar-t-ntɛbad ġmklli-zginnġ-ira, ar-t-ntuqqar ar-tt-ntawi bahra ġ-ma-s-a-t-ntrḍu.\našku rbbi-nnġ irwas i-lɛafit ifnnun.


url: =Aṭerḍeq n lbumbat deg usagen n Bayrut : Yuzen Uselway Tebboune izen n uɛezzi i umtil-is alubnani\nYeffeɣ-d ass n : Laṛebɛa, 05 Ɣuct 2020 19:16 Ɣran-t : 13 n tikkal\nLEZZAYER TAMANEƔT – Yuzen uselway n Tegduda, Mass Abdelmadjid Tebboune, yiwen n yizen n uɛezzi i uselway alubnani, Michel Aoun, seg ṭṭreḍqent lbumbat, ass n usinas (ttlata), deg usagen n Bayrut, i d-yenna yiwen n ulɣu n Tselwit.\n"S leḥzen d ameqqran akked tekma lqayen i sliɣ i yisali n uṭerḍeq n lbumbat i d-yeḍran, ass n usinas (ttlata), deg usagen n Bayrut, i d-yegla s lexṣara n warrumen akked tmettant, ajraḥ n mennaw n yimdanen. Deg teswiɛt n tekma am ta, ad ak-in-azneɣ s yisem-iw akked win n Lezzayer, ama d aɣref neɣ d Anabaḍ, aɛezzi, aɣiḍi akked temsetlelt-nneɣ, i kečč akked uɣref alubnani akked twaculin n teɣtas", i yura Mass Tebboune deg yizen-is.\n"Ad yefk Yuc, Uzmir, i teɣtas Tamella-as yermes-iten deg lǧennet yazen-d ṣṣber i twaculin-nsen", i yerna yenna-d uselway n Tegduda i yessarmen " tujya i yimejraḥ akked umesten n uɣref alubnani seg yir taswaɛt".\n"Ad ak-in-alseɣ a Mass tamsetlelt-nneɣ akked waddud n Lezzayer ɣer yidisan-nwen deg teswiɛt-a tuqriḥt, qbel seg-i a gma aɛuzzu-w", i d-isegra uselway Tebboune.\nYeffeɣ-d ass n : Laṛebɛa, 05 Ɣuct 2020 19:16 Taggayt : LEZZAYER Ɣran-t : 13 n tikkal Bḍu


url: =Timlilit tamezwarut i uheggi n Tfaska n yennayer - La Dépêche de Kabylie\nAccueil Tamazight Timlilit tamezwarut i uheggi n Tfaska n yennayer\nTimlilit tamezwarut i uheggi n Tfaska n yennayer\nTella-d temlilit ass n amhad yezrin deg uxxam n tddukkla Numidya n Wehran i d-yuɣalen ɣer leqdic adelsan seld kra n lɣiba ussan iɛeddan. Tamentilt n temlilit-a d aheggi n Tfaska n yennayer 2020. D tafaska i tennum tessuddus-itt-id tddukkla-a yal tikkelt. D iɛeggalen akked uselway n tddukkla i d-yemsegrawen akken ad mmeslayen ɣef tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tfaska, d tineqqiḍin yerzan amḍan d yismawen d taɣult n leqdic n yimeɛraḍen, amager-nsen (iḍes, tuččit, tuffɣiwin), asuter n tallelt sɣur tsuddiwin tizuyaz.\nDeg temlilit-a tamezwarut, urɛad gan beṭṭu n yiḥricen n leqdic (les tâches), acku d ameslay kan s umata, deg uraǧu n temliliyin-nniḍen ara d-iḍefren deg wussan i d-iteddun. Ayen yeǧǧan imsuddsen n leqdic meqqren am Tfaska n yennayer ur d-beddren ara ayen ara yilin deg wahil, imi ɣeṣbent tedyanin deg wayen akk i d-iḍerrun di tmurt acḥal n wagguren-aya, d tefranin i d-iqerben i yugi ugdud, d ayen yeǧǧan tifrat urɛad i d-teflali skud imrecḥen bɣan ad ṭṭfen leḥkem, skud daɣen imeḥbas n tlelli ččuren leḥbas. Ayagi merra yerra leqdic adelsan ɣer rrif deg tuget n temnaḍin.\nDɣa Tiddukkla Numidya, uqbel ad d-theggi tafaska-a am yal aseggas, tessutur tallelt sɣur Tenmehliwin n yidles, Axxam n twilayt, taɣiwant n Wehran, d Tneɣlaft n yidles akked yilmeẓyen, ama d ayen yerzan tadrimt, ama d ttawilat-nniḍen. Acku d ayen iwumi ur tezmir tddukkla tadelsant ad tqabel weḥd-s, ma neẓra belli d tafaska yettdumen 7 wussan n leqdic adelsan anesbaɣur yemxalafen, d umḍan n yinebgawen n temsikent i d-yettasen seg wugar n 12 n twilayin, d amḍan yettawḍen ɣer 50.\nI usmekti, Tiddukkla Numidya, ɣur-s tirmi meqqren deg leqdic-agi, imi tebda tessuddus-d tafaska seg useggas n 2005, taẓrigt n tikkelt-a d tis 15 (ma tella-d). D tafaska i d-yessemliliyen tasa d way turew deg temnaḍt timseɛrebt s rruḥ n teqbaylit d laṣel n tmazɣa, s leqbayel yettidiren deg temnaḍin n umalu d wid ur nelli d leqbayel iwumi tetteɛǧab Tfaska d wayen yelhan akk i swayes i d-tgellu.\nTiɣri n tallelt i umeɣnas Ǧamal Ben Ɛuf\nGren-d kra n yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt, deg uẓeṭṭa inmetti facebook imalas-agi, yiwet n tiɣri n tallelt s tedrimt i lfayda n umyaru, ameɣnas, argaz n umezgun Ǧamal Ben Ɛuf yuḍnen iseggasen-a ineggura, d asirem akken ad yizmir ad iqabel tiwtilin n udawi d ddwa iwumi yesra. D tiɣri i d-gren wudmawen iqeddcen i tmaziɣt yecban Racid At Ɛli Uqasi, Yazid Zennnuc, Kamal Ḥarani, Muḥend Belqasem, Ameqqran At Yeṭṭura d Murad At Lwennas. D aberreḥ i wumi d-rran waṭas n yimeɣnasen d yimyura-nniḍen yettwassnen, imi ẓran tamaziɣt mazal tesra i umyaru am Ǧamal i d-yefkan aṭas i yidles amaziɣ.\nIlul Ǧamal Ben Ɛuf deg useggas n 1960 deg Yiɣil Ɛli, ɣef leɛmer n 4 n yiseggasen i iruḥ ad yidir deg temdint n Wehran. D ababat n 3 n dderya. Yeɣra tamaziɣt ɣur Kamal n At Zerrad deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1980, seg yimir urǧin yessers imru-s akken ad icebbeḥ u ad yessali tutlayt-is ɣer wadeg i tuklal, yeqdec u mazal iqeddec deg Tddukkla Numidya (gar wid i tt-id-yesnulfan). Yura buhan n yidlisen d tmezgunin s tmaziɣt, gar-asen ungal “Timlilit n tɣermiwin”.


url: =Izalen deg uɣennij Arifi: « kkarent a tinyiba » n Benneɛman d ameknaw (2/2) | Le RIFAIN\nTeswirt: Toufik Lazari\nIzalen d uɣennij Arifi\nSsanita, ad dawreɣ ɣar uɣennij, ixḍareɣ awar x uɣennij di Arrif, zi tewwart ig ttwaran aɣennij d ijjen wazal ɣar Irifyyen, mani i d-yusa ijjen wazal ig ɣeṭṭren zi wɣennij di Arrif (azal /-). Mani yenneqreb wazal zi tcuni ɣar tunqist, ass rummi i d-tettudef tadyulujit n tislamect (neqqar-asen sḥab imiyran -iεecmar) aked iseggusa n sebεinat, (nassen wi ten-d-yessidfen: d Lḥasan wis tnayen, bac ad ummuɣen iked iẓermaḍen i ttuɣa yedjan kunṭra i Lḥasan d reḥkam-nnes, amen nessen belli iẓermaḍen aṭṭas di Lmuɣrib tuɣa-yen d Irifyyen).\nZi resnin-nni war daneɣ-jjin min war x-aneɣ ḥarrmen, ktar min daneɣ-tarrcen aṭṭas, aɣennij d min yeqqnen ɣar tzuri (l’art) di tudart Irifyyen. Waxxa amenni Irifiyyen ṭṭfen deg uɣennij, ṭewwaren-t di sebεinat, mani tuɣa jehden d iεacmura (beddu zeg udeɛleg adeldan), zi ssanita qqareɣ, belli aɣennij d min ɣar-s i d-yeqqnen (recḍiḥ, izran, llɣa, music…) d ijjen wazal d Arifi, ixess-aneɣ a t-neṭawwar aked tyumi n tussna n Arrif d waydud Arifi, mamec das ɣa negg ?\nMamec ɣa negg i tyumi i wazalen di Arrif ?\nBac a yedwer wazal n uɣennij d ijjen izerf di tussna-nneɣ, xess ad t-nerr d ijjen ttarbiyyet i tarwa-nneɣ, a nekkes awar unqis (-) niɣ azal unqis n reɣnuj, a das-negg ca n uzemmem icna, mayemmi war das-neqqar : « wi war itɣenjen am iqubεen, war yessin tcuni n Irifyyen ».\nSsanita nnan Bennaεman deg ijjen uɣannij-nnsen : « kkarent a tiniyba », awar n « kkarent » ttwariɣ day-s aṭṭas n rmeεna di rweqt i di t-nnan, tuɣa tadyulujit n sḥab iεecmar tarezzu a tassidef tamɣart tarifect ɣar taddart, xemmi ɣa teffeɣ a tyared aqidun, axemi tegga ca n ubekkid (crime). Awar n tinecra zi yebda uɣennij day-s ijjen wawar ɣar-s rmeεna yudjeɣ di rweqt-nni.\nZi teɣmart nneɣnit, nettaf cwayt n nnustalji di wɣennij n Bennaεman, ntaf day-s remεani aṭṭas, mamec nettwara d mamec nefhem i wɣennij-a wanita, ittic rxedmet n tewtemt d tenni n uwtem di jjmaεet n Irifyyen (amen nessen tɣuri n Irifyyen di rwaqt-a tanita, tuɣa tmeyyer cwayt ɣar jjihet n iẓermaḍen n ddunect, amaqran-nsen Karl Marx, maca Bennaεman ssiwren x-as zi jjihet n Arrif n rkampu, mani i tuɣa ibda Arrif ad ibedder, zeεma ad banent tineddam d ttibilajin) nettaf qqaren i :\nTamɣart: « A kkarent a tiniyba, ruh ayment-id aman / A nqarres aḥemmum, a nessiɣ tifuqan / A nefsi rmaduf, a nessec iseyman / A nraja ifedjaḥen, zeg iyyar ad d-uyaren ».\nAryaz :« A t ẓarnt ifedjaḥen, tceddan iẓeɣran / A zarrεen imendi, n tesraft iεemmaren / A carrzen timura, s wurawen yesfan / Neccin aqa nekkar, a nrah ɣer ureymam / Ad narbu acehruf, ad njarr iẓeɣran / Ad nessufeɣ tḥimart, a nbelleε ddiban…\nZi teɣmart nniḍen, nettwara belli aɣennij-a wanita, yessawar x min yedjan di ṭṭabiεa, mara ixerq-it arebbi tεarra, mamec tedja di tcuni-nnes, maɣar war tyedri bac ad yeffer tcunni-nnes, mani qqaren :\nA taxzarent iɣezran, d tfuct i d-yenqaren\nA taxzant idurar, d wedfer i d yewḍan\nTaneybut d tagrawla\nNettaf zi taɣmart nneɣnit, ijjen weεraḍ n waydud, amen nessen « taniybut » d ijjen wawar di tussna-nneɣ ixes ad yini « tagrawla », aydud, tilit-nnaɣ neccin Irifyyen, tussna-nneɣ, awar-nnaɣ umi neqqar « Tarifact » niɣ Tmaziɣt.\nTaniybut, Taḥarmuct, Taḥramt…, nettat kuntra i « Aniybu, Aḥram, Aḥarmuc », mayemmi nitni kuntra ?\nNitni kuntra zi jjihet n tepsikulujit d tasusyulujit d tantrupulujit ura d tabyulujit, maca itthimma-aneɣ danita zi jjihet n tasusyulujit, ɣar-s i teqqen ura jjihet n tussna (culture), Taniybut nettat d tagrawla di jjmaεet n Arrif amen tekmer, mamec ?\nZi wami i d ɣar teffeɣ ɣar ddunect, nettat d tagrawlect, tagrawla-nnes tbedda iked yamma-s xmi i teṭṭssuṭuḍ, tremmed zi temẓi belli rweqt n wutuḍ-nnes drust, ssanita ixess-itt a tecc deɣya (tɣuri n ursulacwi, raser n wemquddi jar uwtem d tewtemt) tufa belli awtem teticc-as yemma-s arraḥet ad yetteḍ mamec yixes, tawtemt lla, mamec tufa d wemquddi di jjihet ta ijjen usemẓi n wakud di wutuḍ ittaweḍ jar 3 ar 5 minut.\nTagrawla n rxedmet di taddart d barra, maca tagrawla tameqqrant i nettaf taniybut d ttaggit di jjmaεet, d ufuɣ i tetteg x twacunt-nnes tameẓẓyant niɣ tameqqrant, taniybut nettat tetteffeɣ x rwacun-nnes xm i tmedjec di ddcar, tetteffeɣ jmaεet xmi tmedjec barra i dcar, tetteffeɣ x taqbitc xmi tmedjec ɣar taqbitc nneɣnit. di wufuɣ-nnes day-s tagrawla, traḥ ɣa ijjen rwacun war yedji bu nnes, war tessin ma kides tettas ma lla, waxxa amenni tkumasa ijjen tagrawla d jjdid bac a tegg amcan-nnes di rwacun d jjmaεet niɣ di teqbitc n jjdid.\nBennɛman i iɣennjen x Tegrawla\nDanita nettwara belli Bennaεman, ɣennjen x yijjen wazal ɣar Irifyyen, azal n tagrawla, ig dewren d ijjen ddin yudef-asen deg idammen-nsen ɣa nhara, s uya azal n uɣennij d ijjen tcuni ɣar waydud arifi, ulabudda ittxessa-aneɣ a t narr d ijjen ttarbyyet a x-as narebba tarwa-nneɣ.\nMamec nettwara, tanybut xmi tettegg tagrawla-nnes teddakk°ar d ijjen upilar di jjmaεet-nnes, zi tneybut ɣar tamɣart, ktar xmi qqaren :\nAmmu ttuɣa εicent, timɣarin-nni n zzman\nTinni i di tuɣa, nneyet-nni yesfan.\nNetta d ijjen wazal suya di tussna tarifect, ktar yessiwer uɣennij x tamɣarin n zzman, d ijjen twarat ɣar Irifyen belli d tamɣart ig bennan jjmaεet d tussna d rwacun, Arrif yebna x temɣart.\nAd nsiɣi min d-yusin aked awar nneɣnit d uɣennij nneɣnit, d ijjen wazal nneɣnit.\nAɣennij n tseḍma n Bennaεman :\nA kkarent a tiniyba\nA kkarent a tiniyba, ruḥ ayment-id aman\nA texzarent iɣezran, d tfuct i d-yenqaren\nA taxzarent idurar, d wedfer i d-yewḍan\nA tzarent ifedjaḥen, tceddan izeɣran\nA zarrεen imendi, n tesraft iεemmaren\nA carzen timura, s wurawen yesfan\nNeccin aqa nekkar, a nraḥ ɣer ureymam\nAd narbu aceḥruf, ad njarr izeɣran\nTinni i di tuɣa, nneyyet-nni yesfan\nFehmem ay ayetma, iwaren icewwaren\nIwaren n tmaziɣt-nneɣ tuɣa yektaren\nA mani ɣa tafed, wi ten-tuɣa yeqqaren\nMarra mmuten aqqa-yen deg imeḍran\nAd nessufeɣ tḥimart, a nbelleε ddiban\nA nqarres aḥemmum, a nessiɣ tifuqan\nA nefsi rmaduf, a nessecc iseyman\nA nraja ifedjaḥen, zeg iyyar ad uyaren\nAmmu i tuɣa εicent, timɣarin-nni n zzman\nΓer ɛawed: Izalen deg uɣennij Arifi: « kkarent a tinyiba » n Benneɛman d ameknaw (Azgen amezwar)\nAɣannij di Arif | Le RIFAIN 13 septembre 2020 ɣa 0 12 39 09399\n[…] Ɣer ɛawed: Izalen deg uɣennij Arifi: « kkarent a tinyiba » n Benneɛman d ameknaw (2/2) […]


url: =(imalas n 17 Mayyu gher 23 Mayyu 2009)\nAfra d awal amaziγ ay sseqdacen deg tcelḥit, anamek-nnes ”talwit, lehna”, yerna yes-s ay nefren ad d-nebdu awal-nneγ deg wuṭṭun-a amaynut n Tebṛat n Yimedyazen, akk-n a d-nebdu tagjedit-nneγ, imi ay nessaram ad yili wefra, ad tili lehna deg tudert-nneγ, i wakk-n ad nezmer ad nkemmel ay-n ay d-nebda, ncalleh.\nAṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay iγab weγmis-nneγ, Tabṛat n Yimedyazen, ay yellan, naqal, itteffeγ-d yal dduṛt ed yessawal-d, s umata, γef yilsawen n tdersiyin (minorités) n umaḍal ed ttejṛibat ay n yiγerfan-nsen (ccuεub) akk-n ad ten-snernin. Deg tazwara, nella nessaram ad t-nebdu aγmis-a i wakk-n ur iḥebbes, maca tignatin ay γef yezmer ad d-yekk wemdan neγ tarbaεt n yemdanen ay iqeddcen ttemgerradent mliḥ seg tallit γer tayeḍ, yerna d ay-a ay aγ-yejjan ad neḥbes aγmis-nneγ.\nIswan n weγmis-nneγ mazal-iten d wid-nni n zik, yerna nezmer ad ten-id-njemmel, s umata am wakk-a: nebγa ad nesnerni iles amaziγ, ama s yisalan (lexbarat) ay d-nettawey deg weγmis-nneγ (imi ay-n ay inefεen iγerfan niḍen deg wesnerni n yilsawen-nsen yezmer ad aγ-yenfeε ula d nekni), am wakk-n ay nebγa ad nerr iles amaziγ d win ay yes nezmer ad nessiweḍ tamussni akk-n ay tt-nessawaḍ s yilsawen imuddiren niḍen. Nnig way-a, nebγa daγen ad naru s yiwen n yiles ay yes ara neεreḍ ad ssemqarab, akk-n nezmer, tintalyin (dialectes) timaziγin yemgerraden, i wakk-n ad yifsus ugar wemsefham gar Yimaziγen s yiles-nsen.\nAmezruy n yiles akurdi\nImassanen isdawanen (universitaires) ay yeγran γef umezruy n Yikudriyen, msefhamen akk γef tmuγli ay d-yeqqaren Ikurdiyen d aγref (cceεb) aqbur. D luluf n yiseggasen ay-a seg wasmi ay ddren Yikurdiyen deg tmurt-nni umi qqaren « dduḥ n tγerma (civilisatiion) n yemdanen », yerna llan zedγen tamurt-a qbel ad bdun yemdanen ttarun amezruy. Mi ara nγer amezruy, ad nẓer aṭas n tγermiwin ifazen ay d-yettusbedden deg tmurt n Yikurdiyen ed tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as, am tin n Tgersaft (Mésopotamie), taγerma n Yihittiyen, tin n Yiḥuriyen, taγerma n Yikarduciyen, tin n Yimittaniyen, tin n Yiṛartiyen ed tin n Yisasaniyen. Nnig way-a, aṭas seg ddyanat timeqranin ay yeddren deg tmurt n Yikurdiyen, am tmitrayit (ddyana n weεbad n tafukt), tamazdayit (tazaratuctit), ddyanat n yedrugen (mystères), ddyana tudayt, tamasiḥit, tamanikiyit ed Lislam. Ar ass-a, deg Kurdistan, nezmer ad naf aṭas n trebbaε ay yettḍafaren ddyanat ay deg xelḍen aṭas n ledyan seg wid-nni ay d-nebder sufella-a, am Yiyazdiyen, Ikakayiyen (wid umi γγaren Yarsan neγ Ali-Haqq, « Ayt Tidet »), Aleviyen, Icabaken, Isarayiyen, Ibajwanen, Ihaqqaten, atg. yerna tirebbaε-a akk sskanent-d timmeṛkantit n yedles ay d-weṛten Yikurdiyen.\nIkurdiyen uraren dduṛ d ameqran deg umezruy n Wegmuḍ (Ccerq), ama qbel neγ sdeffir n unnerni n Lislam, deg lqern wis sebεa. Sdeffir ma yekcem weḥric seg Yikurdiyen γer Lislam, Ikurdiyen inselmen εawnen tiwaculin n lḥekkam taεṛabin, tifarsiyin ed treṛkiyin akk-n ad d-sbeddent iwunak-nsent) (ddulat) yerna qlilit yiγerfan inselmen ay igan ay-a war ma nudan ula d nitni γef nnfeε-nsent. I wakk-n ad d-nekf kra n yimedyaten (lemtul), assebded n Uwanak Aεebbasi yella-d s uεiwen n Ukurdi Abu Muslim Xurasani deg useggas n 750, ma d Ṣlaḥeddin (1137 – 1193), yessaweḍ ad yessuffeγ Inmudag (Croisés) seg Falesṭin deg lqern wis tnac ; Awanak Aṣ̣afawi (1501/2 – 1736) deg tezwara n lqern wis 16 d Ismaεil Cah Ṣafi ay t-id-yesbedden, yerna aneggaru-a yella d memmi-s n Ccix Ṣafi, ccix n yiwet n ṭṭariqa n Yiderwicen, am wakk-n assebded n Umenkud (Empire) Aεetmani yella-d s uεiwen n tegludniwin timzirag (principautés indépendantes) n Yikudriyen. Yuγ lḥal, tigludniwin-nni ddukklent ed Twacult Taεetmanit deg 1515, sdeffir n yimenγi-nni mechuṛen n Caldiran, ay deg Iεetmaniyen, s uεiwen n Yikurdiyen, rnan Ifarsiyen, yerna akk-n ay d-yettussebded Umenkud Aεetmani.\nAy-n ay ssawḍen Yikurdiyen ad t-gen deg yinurar n tsertit (politique) ed yimenγi i lmend n ljiran-nsen d aḥric kan seg way-n ay yes d-ttekkan deg umezruy ; wanag imassanen Ikurdiyen ttekkan-d daγen mliḥ deg wesnerni n yedles aεṛab, idles afarsi ed yedles ateṛki, yerna attekki-nsen deg wesnerni n Lislam seg wakk-n meγγer, armi ula d amassan-nni mechuṛen n Lislam, Al-Γazali, asmi ay d-isemma ṛebεa seg yemdanen ay yettwali d « tigejda n yedles ineslem », tlata deg-sen d Ikurdiyen. Maca seg zik ay gren yibeṛṛaniyen tamawt i Yikurdiyen ur qdicen akk-n ad snernin iles ed yedles-nsen. Camsaddin Sami, ay yellan d amaru n tekṛuniyin (chroniqueur) aεetmani, yura-d deg lqern iεeddan deg ”Qamus al-Aalam” (Amawal n Yismawen) :\n« Akk Ikurdiyen yeγran lhan-d ed yiles aεṛab neγ afarsi, ma d iles-nsen qqnen allen-nsen fell-as”.\nΓef umedya (lemtel), amassan akurdi ineslem Ccix Marifi Node (yi) Barzinji (1733 – 1838) yura-d ugar n 46 n yedlisen imeqranen s taεṛabt ed tfarsit. Idlisen-a yura-ten-id γef lfiqh, imenzayen (principes) ed ladeb n tmussni, tamussni n ddin, tasnallunt (astronomie), tafilulujit ed tsekla. Node (yi) Barzinji yedder armi 85 n yiseggasen yerna yura-d yiwen kan n wedlis s tkurdit: d tamawalt tamecṭuḥt s taεṛabt ed tkurdit deg-s kra n tmeyyatin n wawalen. Deg tezzwert n wedlis-nnes, Barzinji yura-d s tfarsit ssebba ay γef t-id-yura : ”I wakk-n memmi, Aḥmad, ad yelmed tamawalt (lexique) n taεṛabt s tefses. Yerna γef way-a ay as-ssemmaγ i wedlis-a Aḥmadiyya”.\nD ay-n yessewhamen mi ara nẓer deg tegludniwin-nni (principautés) tikurdiyin timzirag (indépendantes) am tin n Yihasnaγiyen (ay d-sbedden deg 959), Idostakiyen (990-1096), atg. iles unṣ̣ib (officiel) ur yelli d takurdit. D acu kan, takurdit teqqim d nettat ay d iles n weγref (cceεb) yerna d netta ay d ttawil n wemsefham gar wegdud ed yemḍebbren-nnes. Tijjin ay jjan Yikurdiyen iles-nsen ed lqella n wazal ay as-kfan d ay-n ay d-yejjan lateṛ n diri deg Yikurdiyen, yerna ay-a nezmer ad as-nḥulfu ar ass-a. Ar ass-a werεad nefhim ayγer Ikurdiyen ay yeγran sqedcen tamussni-nsen akk-n ad nefεen d iles ed yedles n wiyaḍ, neγ, akk-n d-ttinin, “aγenja-nsen γer beṛṛa ay yettseqqi”. Da, s tewzel kan ara d-nessiwel γef way-a, imi ta d tamsalt niḍen, yerna d tin ay yeqqnen ay deg nettnadi daγen ad nefhem d acu ay d ssebba ay yejjan Ikurdiyen yeγran ur zemmren (neγ ur beγγun) ad d-awyen tamussni n yiγerfan niḍen γer Kurdistan i wakk-n ad rren aγref-nsen d ”Aεṛab” neγ d ”Afarsi” ugar. Akk-n yebγu yili, lemmer yiwen ur d-yessawal γef yiman-nnes, yerna ur yettnadi γef nnfeε-nnes, d wiyaḍ ara igen ay-a deg wemkan-nnes, yerna ad t-gen akk-n yeεwej. Dγa d ay-a ay yejjan iγerfan niḍen ad d-snulfun, seg zik n zik, timucuha ur nelli akk-n ad d-sfehmen laṣ̣el n Yikurdiyen, neγ akk-n ad sseγlin s wazal n yiles akurdi. Maca d d-nessiwel kan s tewzel γef temsalt-a: azal n walef n yiseggasen ay qqimen yenmezruyen (historiens) aεṛaben am Al-Masεudi (ay yemmuten deg 956/7), Ibn Hawqal (ay yemmuten deg tizi n 977), atg. qqaren-d lejdud n Yikurdiyen d leṛwaḥ. Amedyaz Al-Firdusi ay yellan yettaru isefra imeqranen (932? – 1020), yella yettwali Ikurdiyen deg usefru-nnes “Cahname” (Adlis n Ugellid) d arraw n yelmeẓyen-nni ay iselken seg ugellid amesbaṭli Zohak (Ajdahak) ay yellan itteddu ad asen-yebbi iγfawen-nsen, yerna ssawḍen ad rewlen γer yidurar. Xuja Sadaddin (1537-1599), amefti ateṛki n Umenkud Aεetmani (Empire Ottoman) yura-d deg wedlis-nnes “Taj ul-Tawarix” (Aqacuc n Yimezruyen):\n“D Ṛebbi ay yebγan akk-n Ikurdiyen ur zemmren ad d-sbedden awanak (ddula) imi, yiwet n tikkelt, yusa-d yiwen n wergaz d ucmit aṭas yerna yessexlaε, yerza-d γef nnbi Muḥemmed. Nnbi yexleε yerna yesseqsa argaz-nni seg wansi ay d-yusa. Inebgi-nni yenna-as, s leεqel ed s leḥdaqa, “nekk d Akurdi”. Dγa yerfed nnbi iγef-nnes s igenni, yenna-d ”Ad yeg Ṛebbi ur ttdukkulen Yikurdiyen; imi tadukli-nsen tezmer ad tili d ssebba I nnger ddunit”.\n[Yuγ lḥal, aṭas n wid ay d-yettinin awalen werjin yenna-ten-id Nnbi Muḥemmed, taẓallit ed sslam n Ṛebbi fell-as, yerna ay-a d leḥṛam ameqran deg ddin n Lislam]\nKra ṛuḥen mebεid deg tḥeqranit n tnettit (identité) ed yiles akurdi, am wakk-n ay nezmer ad t-nẓer deg usefru-a aγerfan (populaire) ay d-yettussuqqlen seg tfarsit:\nTaεṛabt d “llif” ed “lba”\nTafarsit (ẓidet) am sskeṛ\nTateṛkit d ccγel n lfenn\nTakurdit d turriḍt n weγyul\nD ay-n ibanen aggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen ḥeqren ed rran deg rrif iles akurdi, yerna γef way-a ay ggtent tmucuha ed tkerkas (lekdubat) γef Yikurdiyen. Ad d-nernu kan yiwen n umedya (lemtel) i wakk-n ad d-nessiweḍ takti. Win ay d-yesbedden ddyana tabahayt, Bahaullah (1817-1892), yedder sin n yiseggasen deg Kurdistan (1854-1856). Deg tallit-nni, Bahauddin yerra iman-nnes d aderwic (derγiche), isemma i yiman-nnes “Muḥemmed”, yerna yella yeγγar-as i yiles akurdi ”iles n Adem”. Yenna-d Adem yella yessawal s tkurdit imi, γef leḥsab-nnes, takurdit “ur telli γer-s tjeṛṛumt”. Bahaullah ur aγ-d-yenni d acu n yiles ay yessawel Adem ed tmeṭṭut-nnes Ḥewwa. Yerna nebγa lemmer ay aγ-d-yenni d acu-t yiles ay tella tessawal Ḥewwa ; imi nnbi Bahaullah ur aγ-d-ixebber γef way-a. D acu kan, iles d ay-n ay d-itteg leεqel n wemdan. Yal iles deg umaḍal (menγir tesperantot) yebda-d s wawal, ed yettusseqdec d ttawil i ttjaṛa ed teγwalt (communication). Sakk-in γef leḥsab n tegnatin n umezruy, iles-nni yellan deg wawal kan yezmer ad yeqqel d iles yettwarun. Tikkal, tignatin-a n wesnerni n yiles seεεunt tilisa deg tmetti (société). Maca tikkal, ddin yezmer ad yurar dduṛ, am wakk-n tasertit, tadamsa (économie) neγ ula d tasnafsit (psychologie) neγ mi ara ddukklent akk ti, zemrent ad εawnent iles akk-n ad yennerni ed yeqqel d iles yettwarun. D acu kan, nettwali ssebba tameqrant ay yejjan kra n yilsawen n tallit taqburt ad nnernin netta d ddin, imi d netta ay yejjan ilsawen-nni ay yellan naqal d itlayen (oraux) ad qqlen ttwarun, sakk-in, asmi ay bdan ttarun-ten, ssizγen-ten (standardiser). Ikurdiyen yessekf kan ad mmuqqlen γer ljiran-nsen akk-n ad ẓren ay-a. Ameγdaḍ (missionnaire) amasiḥi Mesrop Mashthotz d netta ay d-yesnulfan tirawt taṛminit deg useggas n 406 i wakk-n ad yaru iḍrisen (textes) n ddin amasiḥi s taṛminit. Deg ddyana tineslemt, Leqran, ay d-yettunezzlen s tentala (dialecte) n Yiqurayciyen, yerra tantala-a d nettat ay d iles n wakk Aεṛaben.\nAkk-n ay d-nenna sufella-a, Kurdistan, seg zik n zik, tella-d d tamurt n ddyanat yemgerraden. Anadi deg ddyanat-nni tikurdiyen ay deg xelḍen waṭas n ledyan yemgerraden yesskan-aγ-d d ddyana tamazdayit (tazaratuctit) ay yellan d ddin icaεen aṭas γer Yikurdiyen n tallit taqburt. Wid ay yessnen ddin-a ẓran iḍrisen (textes) imqeddsen n tmazdiyit ttwarun s taγestit [d iles aqbur n Iṛan]. Γef leḥsab-inu, taγestit d iles ay seg ay d-yekka yiles akurdi. Ẓriγ llan wid ur iyi-nettwafaq deg wanect-a, maca ttwaliγ wi d imdanen ur neγri takurdit s telqey yerna ur ṭṭifen talemmast deg tmuγliwin-nsen. Wanag lemmer ssalqyen tamussni-nsen deg tkurdit ed ad ḍefren abrid n tussna, ad ttuqennεen, am nekk, s tmuγli ay d-yeqqaren iles aγesti llan ssawalen-t deg Kurdistan, ma ulac yessekf ad d-sfehmen akk-n niḍen laṣ̣el n yiles akurdi, yerna ur zmiren ad as-d-afen laṣ̣el niḍen ma maci d iles aγesti. Ihi, lemmer ad nemsefham Ikurdiyen ur llin d arraw n leṛwaḥ yerna ur d-γlin seg yigenni am lmalaykat, akk-n d-qqaren « yimassanen » aεṛaben ed yifarsiyen ay « inudan », yessekf ad nesteεṛef Ikurdiyen d imdanen ay yeddren seg zik n zik deg tmurt taqburt n Yimidiyen, yerna seg tallit taqburt ay ḍefren ddyana tamazdiyit ed llan ssawalen iles aγesti. D ay-n yessefṛaḥen imi taggara-a, inadiyen ttuwehhan γer webrid-a ay yettakfen lḥeqq i tmuγli-nneγ ay γef neqqim acḥal nessawal, ladγa inadiyen n Kirmashan, d amassan ay d-ilulen deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Kurdistan, ed Imadaddin Dolatshahi ay yeγran γef yismawen n yidurar ur εqilen anda ay d-zgan, d ismawen ay d-yekkan seg yiles aγesti. Aneggaru-a yessken-d, s webrid n tfilulujit (philologie), idurar-a d wid ay d-yezgan deg Kurdistan n wass-a, yerna neṣ̣ṣ̣ḥeγ-ken mliḥ ad teγrem adlis-nnes ay yura s yiles afarsi.\nAla aḥric amecṭuḥ seg yiles akurdi ay yettwazerwen (étudié). I wakk-n ad neg inadiyen deg yiles akurdi, yessekf ad d-nessebded Asudu n Tezrawin (Instituts d’études) Tikurdiyin, maca ass-a, ur yelli wemkan deg umaḍal anda ay yella Usudu seg ṣ̣ṣ̣enf-a. Ula d tlata-nni n tesdawiyin n Kurdistan n wenẓul (sud) (Dihok, Hawler ed Sulaymaniyya), ay d-yessebded unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akurdi yerna d netta ay tent-yesseddayen deg way-n akk-n umi γγaren ”Tama Takurdit” [deg Σiraq], ur yelli deg-sent usudu neγ agezdu (département) i tussna n yiles akurdi. Deg tesdawiyin-a, am deg waṭas n tesdawiyin Tuṛufiyin (am tin n Paris, gar tiyaḍ), sselmaden iles, tasekla ed tikkal, amezruy n Yikurdiyen. Maca ay-a ur yeεdil ed mi ara slemden « tussna n tkurdit » (kurdologie). Neqsed-d s « tussna »-a azraw (étude) n yiles akurdi seg yidis n umezruy yerna s webrid n tussna. Lemmer ur nettqaran s telqey yerna s webrid iṣ̣eggmen takurdit ed tiṛanit taqburt, tiṛanit talemmast ed tiṛanit tatrart, ur nezmir ad d-nini tella « tussna n yiles akurdi » n tidet.\nYessekf ad nẓer “tussna n tkurdit” deg Σiraq, ladγa deg tallit n leḥkem n ukabar n Baεt, tella tettwagdel (tettwamneε). Yella ttesriḥ i welmad n yiles akurdi deg Tesdawit n Beγdad ed Sulaymaniyya (umi semman ass-a Hawler), maca yella yettwagdel γef yiwen ad d-yini takurdit seg twacult n yilsawen iṛaniyen neγ ad iqaren s webrid n tfilulujit gar tkurtdit ed yilsawen iṛaniyen, yerna ay-a mazal-it ar ass-a. Win ara igen ay-a llan ḥessben-t neγ ula ass-a ad t-ḥesben d win “ay yebγan ad yebḍu tamurt” neγ d win yeddan ed tekta n « ccuεubiyya » [win yekfan azal ala i weγref-nnes/cceεb]. Maca ass-a, llant tlata n tesdawiyin seddaw n leḥkem n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akurdi (deg Tama Takurdit), yerna yettwaḍmen, meqqar deg yiwet seg-sent, Tasdawit n Ṣlaḥeddin, ad ldin deg-s agezdu (département) n tussna n tkurdit. Yuγ lḥal, yessekf ad nessutter seg weγlif (ministère) n tteṛbiyya n Kurdistan ad yeg akk ay-n yezmer i wakk-n ad yebḍu Agezdu n Tezrawin Tikurdiyin seg Tesdawit n Tasekla, ed ad d-yessebded Tasdawit n Tussna n Tkurdit i yiman-nnes. Amgerrad gar « Tezrawin Tikurdiyin » ed « Tussna n Tkurdit » yessekf ad iban i yal yiwen.\nMaca imir-a, ad d-neqqel γer temsalt-nneγ, tin n umezruy n yiles akurdi ed wamek ay iεedda seg tegnit n yiles atlay (oral) γer tin n yiles yettwarun. Cwiṭ kan sdeffir tmattant n Nnbi Muḥemmed, imgarayen aεṛaben, s tekbabt (taεellamt) n Lislam, bdan ttnaγen ed Yisasaniyen akked Yibizenṭiyen akk-n ad ten-sseγlin, yerna Ikurdiyen ay yellan ddren deg tmiwa-nni, ufan-d iman-nsen deg tlemmast n wenrar n yimenγi. Ikurdiyen qqimen d leqrun ttnaγen mgal Lislam, maca cwiṭ, cwiṭ, yeqqel umur amqran deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen. Akk-n ay d-nenna yagi, deg tallit-nni, iles ed yedles akurdi rran-ten waggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen deg yidis, yerna d ay-a yessaweḍen amedyaz ed ufelsuf akurdi Ahmadi Khanie (1650 /51 – 1706/7), win umi γγaren ”Shakespeare n Yikurdiyen”, ad d-yaru ungal-nnes « Mam ed Zin ». Deg wungal-nni iwet-d deg waggagen ikurdiyen yerna yenna-d, s lqerḥ, Ikurdiyen qqlen d « igujilen », ma d iles-nsen ay rran deg yidis ḥesben-d d « adaruγ » (nnḥas) (deg lweqt ay deg iles n leḥkem ḥesben-t d « ureγ ».\nD acu kan, Ikurdiyen-nni ur neqbil Lislam llan ttwalin iles ed yedles ikurdiyen akk-n niḍen. Deg tazwara, imḍebbren Aεṛaben ay iḥekmen Kurdistan steεṛfen s ddyana tazaratuctit ed ḥesben-tt d « Ddyana n Wedlis », d acu kan, sakk-in, zgan-d mgal (contre) ddyana tazaratuctit. Ikurdiyen-nni ay ikemmlen ttḍafaren ddyana tazaratuctit terra-ten tmara ad ffren ddyana-nsen, dγa d ay-nni ay yejjan ad d-nnulfunt, deg Kurdistan, ddyanat-nni ay deg xelḍen ledyan yemgerraden, akk-n ay d-nebder sufella-a (am Tyazdit, Tayarsant, atg.).\nIkurdiyen inselmen rran taεṛabt d iles-nsen n ddin, maca kemmlen sseqdacen takurdit deg tudert-nsen n yal ass. Seg tama niḍen, Ikurdiyen ur neqqil d Inselmen kemmlen ṭṭfen deg yiles-nsen akurdi i lmend n ddyanat-nsen ed leεwayed ay yeqqnen γer-sent. Ma deg way-n yerzan tira, Iyazdiyen snulfan-d tira-nsen tuffirin ay yes uran idlisen-nsen imqeddsen, wid umi γγaren « Jalwa » (Lewḥi) ed « Mahaf Rash » (Adlis Aberkan).\nMa d tirebbaε tidyaniyin niḍen am tin n Yiyarsanen, γef umedya (lemtel), sqedcen tira n taεṛabt s talγa-nnes tafarsit akk-n ad arun ddker-nsen n ddin s yiles akurdi.\nIkurdiyen ur nekcim γer Lislam ufan-d amek ara d-sbedden adasil (dogme) ara yeqqnen gar laṣ̣el-nsen, iles-nsen ed tmurt-nsen. Wa d yiwen n umedya (lemtel) :\nΓef leḥsab n Yizadiyen, nitni s timmad-nsen ttwaxelqen-d seg zzerriεa n Adem, imi Adem s timmad-nnes yella d argaz yerna d tameṭṭut γef teswiεt, deg lweqt ay deg akk iγerfan niḍen lulen-d seg jjwaj ay d-yellan gar Adem ed Ḥewwa. Taddart n « Lalish » ay d-yezgan γef tqacuct n wedrar ay yesεan isem-a (deg tama n Shekhan, deg tlemmast n Kurdistan) d amkan imqeddes γer Yiyazdiyen imi adrar-nni ttwalin-t d tanezduγt tamezwarut n Ṛebbi, sakk-in Ṛebbi yeqqim tlatalaf n yiseggasen deg yiwen n uγerrabu, deg yilel (lebḥep). Γef leḥsab n Yiyazdiyen, Ṛebbi irezzu-d γef wid ay iḍefren ddin-nsen tikkelt i useggas, deg tefsut, deg tmeγra n Yiγef n Useggas-nsen, tin umi γγaren « Sarsal », ed tin ay sfugulen (célébrer) deg wass n Laṛebεa tamezwarut n Yebrir. Irezzu-d fell-asen akk-n ad yessiwel yid-sen γef lmektub n useggas ara d-itteddun, meḥsub ad asen-d-yekf isalan n Useggas Amaynut γef tegnit (lqaεa) ed wakk ay-n ay izedγen sufella-s, am wakk-n ay itteg yid-sen leεqed n « Leεwayed » ed « Uxelleṣ̣ n Tiwsi » (impôt). Ṛebbi yessawal yid-sen s tkurdit. Ula d wid ay yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant ttamnen s wanect-a. Yerna ttamnen wid ay yettḍafaren ddin-nsen d nitni ay d iwḥiden ay yessnen “sser n Ṛebbi ur d-nettusawal”, yerna γef leḥsab-nsen, Nnbi n Lislam, Muḥemmed, ad yili yelmed-d “sser”-nni sγur-sen, maca aneglus (lmelk) Pir Binyamen, iγef n “Sebεa n Yineglusen” n Yarsan, ay yesεan n dduṛ n “alter ego” n Ṛebbi, d Ṛebbi s timmad-nnes ay as-yekfan “sser”-nni yerna Netta yekfa-t s yiles akurdi I wid ay yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant, dγa s way-a ay teqqel tkurdit d iles imqeddes. Menγir ay-a, llant aṭas n tugniwin tiwamyiyin (personnages mythiques) deg ddyana tayarsant am Baba-Nawus, Sultan Sahak (d ṣ̣ṣ̣ifat n Ṛebbi), neγ Dayirak, yemma-s n Ṛebbi ay d-ilulen deg Kurdistan. D yemma-s n Ṛebbi ay d-yurwen Sultan Sahak war “ma yennul-itt yiwen”, yerna Ikurdiyen qqaren-d tella s tidet, d yiwet n tlemẓit seg lεeṛc n Jaf.\nHennelore Kṭchler, ay yeγran s webrid ussnan (scientifique) γef wamek ay ttwalin Yikurdiyen iman-nsen, tessken-d deg yiwet n tesleḍt (analyse) ifazen n uduktuṛa-nnes deg Tesdawit Tilellit n Berlin, amek Iyazdiyen, Iyarsanen ed trebbaε tidyaniyin niḍen n Kurdistan “d tirebbaε ay yettakfen aṭas n wazal i yiman-nsent”. Γef leḥsab-nnes nettat, timuγliwin-nni ay yes qqnen Yikurdiyen iman-nsen γer ddyanat-nsen d tid ay d-yekkan seg “tmuγli-nni n tḥeqranit ay sεan Waεṛaben γef laṣ̣el n Yikurdiyen”.\nTalalit n Lislam ed unnerni-nnes deg Kurdistan deg lqern wis sebεa n Sidna Εisa d ay-n ay yuraren dduṛ ameqran deg umezruy n Yikurdiyen. Deg tallit-nni, Ikurdiyen ay iḍefren ddyanat ay deg xelḍen ledyan yemgerraden roan-d asalu, ed zwaren arraw n tmurt-nsen ay yeqqlen d inselmen, deg wesnulfu n tira i yiles-nsen. D acu kan, imi llant aṭas n trebbaε tidyaniyin tikurdiyin yemgerraden yerna ur yelli tsudut (institution) ara yesdukklen tirawt takurdit, yal tarbaεt tadyanit tura ddyana-nnes s tentala-nnes (dialecte) yerna s tirawt-nnes. Γef way-a, aṭas n leṣ̣naf n tira ay d-yennulfan. Tantala taguṛanit turar dduṛ s wazal-nnes deg way-a, imi iḍrisen (texts) iqburen akk s yiles akurdi deg tallit n Lislam ttwarun s tentala-a, yerna llan d iḍrisen n ddin. Wi d isefra n ddker imqeddsen n Yiyarsanen am “Dawra-I Bahlul (Tallit n Bahlul), d win ay d-yettwarun deg tizi n useggas 800. Tirawt n yeḍrisen n ddin n Yiyarsanen tebda-d deg tallit-nni, yerna tkemmel armi d lqern wis seṭṭac. Iḍrisen-nni llan d idlisen yemgerraden, yal yiwen i yiman-nnes, yerna yiwen seg wid yesεan azal meγγren akk d “Daftar-i Pirdiγari” (Aḍris n Pirdiγari), imi ay d-qqaren d Sultan Sohak ay t-yuran. Amur ameqran seg yeḍrisen-a ttwarun s tesrit mm tmeγrut (prose avec rime), yerna ttwajemεen-d akk deg yiwen n wedlis isem-nnes “Saranjam”. Deg wedlis n “Saranjam” llan daγen yeḍrisen n tesrit ay d-iḥekkun γef Wexlaq ed weεbad deg ddyana tayarsant. Aḥric-nni ay yettwarun s tesrit mm tmeγrut isem-nnes “Klam”. Ifyar-nni (γers) n tesrit mm teγrut qqaren-ten-id s ccna. Kra seg yeḥricen n “Saranjam” yessuffeγ-iten-id umassan akurdi Sadiq Safi-Zadeh Borakayi ay iqeddcen deg Ṭehran, ay ten-yeγran yerna yessuqqel-d kra seg-sen γer tfarsit.\nDdyana tayarsant tεedda-d γef yiwet n tallit n ujjujjeg ay yeṭṭfen acḥal n leqrun deg Kurdistan, ladγa deg tegludna (principauté) n Ardalan. Tagludna-a d Bawa Ardalan ay tt-id-yesbedden deg lqern wis ṛbeεṭac. Timiwa n Zardiawa (Karadagh), Khanaqin, Kirkuk led Kifrin ay yellan deg tallit-nni yagi d timura n Yikurdiyen Iguṛanen, llant akk d aḥric seg tegludna-a. Tamaneγt n tegludna n Ardalan d tamdint n Sharazur, d tamdint ay deg ass-a, madden ssawalen Takurdit takurmanit talemmast (d tin umi qqaren “tasuṛanit”). Imi ddyana tunṣ̣ibt (officielle) n tegludna-nni d tayarsant yerna imi ddyana-a tella teqqen γer tentala (dialecte) taguṛanit, teqqel tguṛanit d iles unṣ̣ib n Yikurdiyen deg tama ay nezmer ad d-nini meγγret deg Kurdistan. Daγen, tayarsant tella d ddyana n tmetti (société) yerna ay-a yurar dduṛ, imi wid ay yellan ttεafaren-tt llan seg Yikurdiyen igellilen akk yerna d ay-a ay yejjan kra seg Yikurdiyen ay yessawalen takurmanjit talemmast ad sseqdacen, ula d nitni, taguṛanit. Sultan Sahak, Ṛebbi n ddyana tayarsant, qqaren-d yettzulu (saluer) seg temdint n Barzinja medden ay yellan yessawalen, yerna mazal ssawalen ar ass-a takurmanjit talemmast (tasuṛanit). Γas ma yella imezdaγen n Barzinja ṭṭfen deg tentala-a, maca ttγimin-d d tasurif (exception). Asselmed n ddyana tayarsant yejja taguṛanit ad tezreε mliḥ, ladγa gar yigellilen. Nnig way-a, aṭas seg Yikurdiyen yeγran yellan ddren beṛṛa i tmiwa anda ay ssawalen taguṛanit, d taneggarut-a ay yeqqlen d iles-nsen n tira. Lemmer ad nekkes amedyaz-nni aṣ̣ufi ameqran, Baba Tahiri Hamadani (935-1010) ay yuran isefra-nnes ay mechuṛen (Pubaiyat) yiwen n yiles ay deg texleḍ tlakit, talurit ed tguṛanit, ad nwali imedyazen mechuṛen akk n ddyana tayarsant llan ttarun kan s tentala taguṛanit. Gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Bawa Yadigar (ilul-d deg Sharazur deg lqern wis tmanya), Yal-Bagi Jaff (1493-1554) ed Khan Almas Khani Luristani (1662-1728). Sin-a ineggura ay d-nebder mechuṛit s yisefra-nsen ay yes caren γef yimal (futur) n Iṛan, Agmuḍ (Ccerq) ed umaḍal. Aṭas n yimedyazen Ikurdiyen inselmen niḍen, seg leqrun iqburen, uran s tguṛanit, am Mala Pareshani Kurd (yella mazal yedder deg 1398/99). Wa yella d Ineslem aciεi ay d-yezgan mgal (contre) n ddyana tayarsant ed Yiderwicen. Imedyazen niḍen am Saidi Hawrami (1784-1842) ed Mala Abdul-Rahimi Mawlawi Taγgozi (1806-1882) uklalen daγen ad ten-id-nebder. Sin-a ineggura llan d imedyazen ikurdiyen mechuṛen yerna d Inselmen isunniyen, yerna yessekf ad d-nger tamawt Inselmen isunniyen ed Yiderwicen llan mseεdawen mliḥ ed wid yettḍafaren ddyana tayarsant. D acu kan, γas llan aṭas n Yikurdiyen isunniyen ed waṭas n ṭṭayfat n Yiderwicen ikurdiyen, ay-a ur yeḥbis tantala taguṛanit seg unnerni. Deg tegludna (principauté) n Ardalan, tejjujjeg tsekla (littérature) yerna yejjujjeg yid-s daγen uẓawan (lmuziga). Aẓawan d aḥric s wazal-nnes deg leεwayed n ddyana tayarsant, yerna yessekf ad d-nger tamawt Ikurdiyen n Wegmuḍ ed wid n Wenẓul (sud) n Kurdistan, anda ay yezreε yedles n tkurdit taguṛanit, ula d awal “tizlit” qqar-as “gorani” s yiles-nsen. Yuγ lḥal, tudert ay d-terra tguṛanit deg yedles akurdi d ay-n ay yejjan ula d Ikurdiyen yeγran ad feṛḥen s laṣ̣el-nsen. Γef way-a, amedyaz akurdi ameqran, Khanai Qubadi (1700-1759), ay yellan daγen yeẓwer deg yiles ed tsekla tifarsiyin, yenna-d deg yiwen n usefru ay yura γef yiles akurdi:\n”Γas nnan-d tafarsit ẓidet am sskeṛ\nΓer-i takurdit ẓidet kteṛ\nDdunit-a tban d mm leγrur\nYal yiwen s yiles-nnes kan ara yefṛeḥ”\nS ljehd n tegludna (principauté) takurdit n Ardalan, ddyana tayarsant ed yiles akurdi aguṛani “imqeddes” ufan iman-nsen yerna zerεen deg wakk timiwa n Kurdistan. Γas ma yella llant tegludniwin tikurdiyin niḍen ay iḍefren Lislam asunni yerna zgant-d mgal (contre) n tyarsant, aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay iḍefren ddyana tayarsant.\nDeg lqern wis seṭṭac, ḍrant-d tedyanin timeqranin deg ddin ed tsertit (politique) deg Kurdistan, yerna seg yimir-nni, aṭas n tγawsiwin ay ibeddlen γef ddyana tayarsant, iles akurdi ed weγref akurdi. Neẓra Iεetmaniyen sbedden-d Awanal-nsen (ddula) deg tgara n lqern wis tnac yerna llan ttḍafaren Lislam asunni, yerna nnuγen mgal (contre) akk ddyanat niḍen, ula ed Yimasiḥiyen akked Yiciεiyen. Seg tama niḍen, deg tezwara n lqern wis seṭṭac, Ismaεil Safaγi ay d-nebder yagi, yessebded-d Awanak aciεi deg Iṛran yerna yerra iman-nnes d imḍebber n wid yettḥaṛaben i lmend n Lislam acoεi. Iwunak-a deg sin yid-sen εuqben ixṣ̣imen-nsen s teqseḥ. Imi amur ameqran deg tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin llant ttḍafarent Lislam asunni, yerna Iṣ̣afawiyen iciεiyen llan d iεdawen-nsen, Iεetmaniyen rebḥen-d Ikurdiyen γer yidis-nsen war uguren. Dγa, s lemεawna ay ten-εawnen Yikurdiyen deg yimenγi, ssawḍen Yiεetmaniyen ad mmγen (ad hejmen) γef Uwanak aṣ̣afawi, yerna ṭṭfen ed rẓan tamaneγt-nnes (capitale), Tabriz, deg Iṛan. ”Tagmat-nni n yimenγi” ay yellan gar Yikurdiyen ed Yiεetmaniyen tejja-ten ad d-sbedden tamsisa tasertit (alliance politique).\nDeg wass n 9 Γuct 1515, stenyan yigeldunen (princes) iεetmaniyen ed wid n Yikurdiyen leεqed ay deg ay msefhamen ad sdukklen timiwa-nsen ay deg ḥekmen, dγa syenna ay d-yettussebded Umenkud (Empire) Aεetmani. Deg leεqed-nni yella yiwen n weḥric ay d-nnan azarug (indépendance) n tmiwa tikurdiyin d ay-n ay yettwaḍemnen, d acu kan, iselṭanen iεetmaniyen ur qbilen aḥric-nni. Yerna γas ma yella Iεetmaniyen ed Yiṣ̣afawiyen llan mseεdawen, maca sakk-in, mεawanen akk-n ad rẓen azarug n tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin, sakk-in, asmi ay tent-sseγlin, d igensasen-nsen (représentants) ay d-ssersen akk-n ad ḥekmen timiwa-a. Deg 1639, ddukklen Yiεetmaniyen ed Yiṣ̣afawiyen ed gan Leεqed n Zahaw (Zuhab) ay deg ay bḍan Kurdistan gar-asen. Nnig way-a, Iwunak-a (ddulat) deg sin yid-sen qedcen akk-n ad d-gen taεdawt gar tegludniwin tikurdiyin.\nTagludna (principauté) n Ardalan, ur nelli d tasunnit wala d taciεit, tufa-d iman-nnes deg yiwet n tegnit iweεṛen. I wakk-n ad tḥudd iman-nnes, yella yessekf fell-as ad temsefham ed ugellid n Iṛan, am wakk-n ara temsefham ed uselṭan aεetmani, yerna deg tegnit am tin, ur d-yeqqim ḍḍmeε i wakk-n ad tkemmel tentala (dialecte) taguṛanit azraε-nnes deg Kurdistan.\nYessefk ad d-nini lḥeṛs ay d-ḥettmen Yiεetmaniyen ed Yiṛaniyen γef Yikurdiyen d ay-n ay d-yeglan s way-n niḍen. Ikurdiyen yeγran yellan ddren deg tegludniwin (principautés) tikurdiyin ay yeqqlen seddaw n wecḍaḍ n uselṭan aεetmani yewwi-ten nnif γef tmurt-nsen, d ay-n ay d-yeslalen taγelnaẓri (nationalisme) ijehden deg wulawen-nsen, yerna ay-a yettekka deg wesnerni n yiles ed yedles (culture) ikurdiyen, imi deg lqern wis seṭṭac, takurmanjit n Ugafa (nord) teqqel d iles yettwarun. Iles-a bdan ttarun-t, naqal, deg tegludna n Botan ay d-yezgan deg ugafa n Kurdistan, sakk-in, yebda izerreε cwiṭ, cwiṭ, deg wakk timiwa n Kurdistan n ugafa. Ikurdiyen yeγran n tama-nni bdan lehhun-d ed yiles ed yedles ikurdiyen, ed llan bγan ad ten-snernin, am wakk-n llan bγan ad zerεen leεwayed n weγref-nsen (cceεb). Ay-a yettban-d mliḥ deg wedlis n ”Sharafname” (1596/97), ay yura ugeldun (prince) ed umassan akurdi Sharafaddin Bitlisi (1543-1603). Γas ma yella yura adlis-nnes s tfarsit, ay-n ay γef d-yura yesεa azal yerna d amaynut. Bitlisi yeḥka-d amezruy n tegludniwin tikurdiyin am wakk-n ay d-yewṣ̣ef leεwayed tikurdiyin. Seg tama niḍen, yekfa-d sslalat n waṭas n twaculin tikurdiyin, al wakk-n ad d-yebder daγen asaḍen (héros) n tmucuha ed yemyiten (mythes) n Yikurdiyen am Rostam ed Gorgin. Nezmer daγen ad d-nger tamawt adlis n ”Sharafname” yebder-d tilisa n Kurdistan amzun d tamurt ay yeddukklen. Daγen, mi d-yewṣ̣ef wedlis n ”Sharafname” iles, tasekla ed tgemmi (patrimoine) n Yikurdiyen, yebder-d amek ay ttemgerraden (ttemxallafen) seg tama γer tayeḍ.\nImi ay yura Bitlisi adlis-nnes s tfarsit, ay-a yesskan-d imir-nni, γer Yikurdiyen inselmen, ur telli lεadda irekden n tira n yiles akurdi. Γas akk-n, llan kra n Yikurdiyen ay gan ussisen (lmejhud) akk-n ad arun s tkurdit:\nAli Taramakhi yura-d adlis-nnes amezwaru n tjeṛṛumt n taεṛabt s tkurdit deg useggas n 1591/92 (1000 n lhijṛa), yerna iga ay-a i wakk-n ad zemren yinelmaden ikurdiyen ad lemden taεṛabt imi ar imir-nni, werjin yelli wedlis i usselmed n taεrabt i yigerdan ikurdiyen s yiles-nsen. Adlis n Taramakhi yesnerna-t, sakk-in, Male Younis Halkataini (ay yemmuten deg 1785). Halkataini yura-d tlata n tarramin (essais) s tkurdit γef tseddast (syntaxe) n taεṛabt. Ma d Amassan n ddin akurdi ineslem Mele Jaziri (1570-1640) d netta ay irefden asafu n ujjujjeg-a n yiles ed yedles ikurdiyen. Jaziri yella yettwali isefra-nnes s yiles akurdi sεan azal am wid n umedyaz afarsi Hafizi Shirazi, ed yenna-d deg yiwen deg-sen:\n“Ma yella tḥemmleḍ\nTaεeqqact-nni yeldin n tesrit mm tmeγrut (prose à rime)\nMmuqqel γer yisefra n Male,\nSakk-in d acu ara tgeḍ s Shirazi?”\nMale Jaziri yella yuki s tnettit-nnes (identité) takudit yerna yefṛeḥ s tmurt-nnes, Kurdistan, ed d ay-a ay d-yettbanen deg yefyar-a (γers):\n”Kkreγ-d deg ljennet n Botan,\nCbiγ tafat n tcemmaεt deg waḍan n Kurdistan”\nImedyazen Faqe Tayran (1590-1660), Make Ahmade Batayi (1414-1495) ed Ali Hariri (1425-1541 ?) snernan mliḥ iles akurdi s tẓuri-nsen (lfenn). Ajjujjeg-a n yiles akurdi yewweḍ γer tqacuct-nnes asmi amedyaz, ademmay (penseur) ed uṣ̣ufi akurdi Ahmadi Khani (1650/51-1707) yura-d asefru-nnes aγezfan ”Mam ed Zin” (ay nezmer ad t-ncabi γer ”Romeo ed Juliet”) deg 1694/95. Sdeffir ma yemmut Khani, amassan n ddin Mele Mahmoude Bayazidi (ay d-ilulen deg 1791) ikemmel imenγi adelsan (culturel) deg Kurdistan deg Ugafa (nord). Bayazidi yettwassen ladγa s wedlis-nnes ”Leεwayed n Leεṛac Ikurdiyen ed Yilugan (règles) n Tmetti Takurdit”. S way-a, teqqel Kurdistan tesεa sin n yilsawen yettwarun: taguṛanit deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) ed wenẓul (sud), ed tkurmanjit deg ugafa.\nMi ara nwali γer tγawsiwin-a akk s umata, ad nger tamawt imezdaγen n Kurdistan ur ddukklen. Tamurt-nsen tebḍa γef waṭas n tegludniwin (principautés) yerna ur sεin yiwen n Uwanak (ddula) alemmas ara ten-yesdukklen. Nnig way-a, Ikurdiyen ur sεin yiwen kan n ddin ara ten-yesdukklen, am wakk-n tisertiyin (politiques) n lḥekkam Iεetmaniyen ed Yiṛaniyen zerεent taεdawt gar yigeldunen (princes) Ikurdiyen. Ay-a akk ur d-igi tagnit i Yikurdiyen akk-n ad d-meslen yiwen n yiles yettwarun seg yiwet seg snat-nni n tentalyin (dialectes) timeqranin ay ssawalen. Menγir ay-a, tennulfa-d yiwet n tezmert (puissance) deg lqern wis tseεṭac deg Kurdistan, d tin ay yesneqsen seg ljehd n tguṛanit armi ay tt-terra, tikkelt niḍen, d iles n wawal kan, ur d iles yettwarun. Yuγ lḥal, deg tizi n tgara n lqern wis tmenṭac, teddukkel tegludna n Ardalan ed yigelliden n Yikajaṛen akk-n ad d-tfukk iman-nnes seg Yiεetmaniyen. Imir-nni, Iεetmaniyen γran-as i wemsisa-nsen (allié), Ageldun n Baban, akk-n ad ten-iεawen ad sseγlin igeldunen n Ardalan. Ibabaniyen ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen s tefses akal n Ardalan ed ad smeγren tagludna-nsen. Imi Yibananiyen ssawalen takurmanjit talemmast (tasuṛanit), tantala-a tṣ̣aḥ-itt-id tegnit akk-n ad tezreε mliḥ deg Kurdistan, ladγa asmi ay yebna ugeldun ababani Ibrahim Pasha tamdint n Sulaymaniyya deg 1784 yerna d tin ay yerra d tamaneγt-nnes (capitale). Deg lqern wis tmenṭac, tennerna tentala takurmanjit n Sulaymaniyya. Gar yimedyazen imeqranen ay yuran s tkurdit-a ay yeqqlen tettwaru yerna tesεa azal, nezmer ad d-nebder Mahwee (1830-1904), Kurdi (1812-1851), Salim (1800-1869), Nali (1800-1857/58), Ccix Reza Talabani (1837-1909), Wafayi (1844-1914), Koyi (1817-1896) ed Salmi Sina (1845-1909).\nΓas ma yella takurmanjit talemmast n Sulaymaniyya teqqel d iles yettwarun deg waṭas n tmiwa n Kurdistan, maca amur ameqran deg yimedyazen imeqranen ikurdiyen ay yuran yes-s ”iles-nsen ayemmat” d taguṛanit. Yuγ lḥal, aṭas n tmiwa ay deg llan sseqdacen taguṛanit, am Kirkuk, Kifri, tama n wasif n Sirγan, Khanakin, Zardiawa (Karadagh) ed waṭas n tewsatin (leεṛac) ikurdiyen am Yijabaṛiyen, Iṭalabaniyen ed Yizanganiyen jjan taguṛanit ed qqlen sseqdacen takurmanjit. Ala cwiṭ kan n yimedyazen ay d-yeqqimen ssefruyen s tguṛanit. Gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Mawlawi Tawgozi (1806-1882) ay d-yellan d yiwen seg yimedyazen imeqranen ay d-yeggran s tentala-a (dialecte). Asmi ay yewwi Uwanak (ddula) akajaṛi akal n tegludna n Ardalan, deg 1867, taguṛanit ur as-d-yeggri wazal ameqran ed s way-a ay tesṛuḥ tentala-a tameṛkantit amkan-nnes deg tsekla deg tmiwa n Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) ed Tlemmast n Kurdistan, yerna teqqel ”d iles n temγarin deg tḥencatin ed tzenqatin n Sanandaj”, akk-n ay d-yenna wemnadi asdawan (uniγersitaire) Said Khani Kurdistani.\nTantala-nni (dialecte) tamaynut n Sulaymaniyya tennulfa-d s wexlaḍ n tentala n Sharazur, ay yellan d tanlata n Yikurdiyen n Ardalan, ed tentala n Kalatshwalan. Kalatshwalan tella d tamaneγt (capitale) tamezwarut n yigeldunen (princes) n Baban. Seg yimir-nni, tkemmel tkurdit n Sulaymaniyya tzerreε. Ass-a, imura ed yimedyazen ifazen akk n tama n Goran ttarun s tentala n Sulaymaniyya, gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder amassan n ddin Mala Abdulkarim Mudarris ed warraw-nnes deg sin, Mohammed ed Fatih. Yesekf daγen ad d-nger tamawt, ameqran akk seg wid ay d-yesnernan tamedyazt (poésie) takurdit deg tgara-a, d Abdullah Goran (1904/05 – 18 Nwembeṛ 1962), yerna ula d netta s tentala n Sulaymaniyya ay yura.\nAsmi ay ssawḍen Yiεetmaniyen, deg tlemmast n lqern wis tseεṭac ad rnun akk tinekriwin (réγoltes) tikurdiyin yerna sseγlin akk tigludniwin (principautés) n Yikurdiyen, am tegludna ijehden n Botan, takurmanjit n Ugafa (nord) tesṛuḥ azal-nnes deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) ed wenẓul n Kurdistan. Dγa d takurmanjit talemmast n Sulaymaniyya ay yeqqlen daγen d iles n tira n Yikurdiyen ay yessawalen takurmanjit n ugafa, yerna Ikurdiyen yeγran, yerna deg tgara n lqern wis tseεṭac, tisuda tidelsanin (institutions culturelles) timezwura n yiles akurdi, d Ikurdiyen yessawalen takurtmanjit n ugafa ay tent-id-yesbedden, maca d takurmanjit n Sulaymaniyya ay yes llan ttarun yerna s tentala-a daγen ay yella itteffeγ-d weγmis amezwaru n yiles akurdi, ”Kurdistan”, ay d-yeffγen i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1898.\nAsmi ay tettwabḍa Kurdistan s yiγil, sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (ṭṭrad n ddunit) amezwaru, takurdit tewḥel-d deg tegnit n tsehrest (listiεmaṛ) ay yellan d tamaynut fell-as. Imsisan (Alliés) (Briṭanya Tameqrant, Fṛansa ed Ṭṭalyan) ur jjin Ikurdiyen ad d-sbedden Awanak-nsen (ddula), dγa tettwabḍa Kurdistan gar xemsa n Yiwunak ihersdanen (coloniaux), d iwunak ay d-snulfant tzemmar timeqranin n umaḍal, neγ d win umi ttusemmḥen yimuren seg Kurdistan: Tteṛk, Iṛan, Σiraq, Surya ed Tdukli Tasuγyatit/Azerbijan.\nIwunak-a (ddulat) imaynuten iγelnawen (nationaux) ay ṭṭfen Yiteṛkiyen, Aεṛaben ed Yifarsiyen, d iwunak n tkellax, sbedden-ten-id s lemεawna n ”wid ay irebḥen deg wemgaru (ṭṭrad)”, Uṛufiyen, yerna iwunak-a εerḍen ad ssefsin idles n Yikurdiyen deg yidelsan-nsen, asmi ur ssawḍen ad ten-rẓen s yiγil. Imi iles d yiwen seg tgeja timeqranin akk n tnettit taγelnawt (identité nationale), akk iwunak-a ay yellan sεan yerna mazal sεan iduba ay ḥekmen yiserdasen yerna ur telli deg-sen tugdut (démocratie), gelden (menεen) akk asseqdec n yiles akurdi, ama s wawal, ama s tira, neγ, γas ma jjan medden ad t-sseqdacen, ay-a yella-d seddaw n tεessast tameqrant. Tteṛk, seg tazwara, tebda tqeddec γef tsertit (politique) ay deg tessefray ad terr kullec d ”ateṛki”, dγa tegdel iles akurdi yerna tεuqeb s teqseḥ wid ay t-yesseqdacen. Maca sebεin-nni n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs yezgan ur sfeclen Ikurdiyen deg tmurt-a, wanag ssawḍen ad sjehden tafrit-nsen taγelnawt (conscience nationale), yerna ay-a iban-d deg leqduc-nsen deg wesnerni n yiles akurdi. Tantala (dialecte) n tkurdit n ugafa (nord) (tantala n Jazira), γas ma yella tedder deg tegnit iweεṛen, teqqim-d d iles n tira γer Yikurdiyen n ugafa, yerna mazal-itt tettmagar-d uguren alsiyen (linguistiques).\nDeg Surya, aggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen, ladγa arraw n twacult n Bedirkjani, fuṛsen asmi ay ḥekmen Yefṛensisen Surya ed Lubnan, i wakk-n ad qedcen i lmend n yiles akurdi. Deg tallit-nni, ssawḍen ad d-ssuffγen kra n tesγunin s tkurdit, am tin n ”Hawar”, ”Stér”, ”Roja Nu” ed ”Ronahi”. Ma d Jeladet Bedir Khan (1897-1951) yesnulfa-d agemmay (alphabet) alatini i tira n tkurdit (takurmanjit n ugafa [nord]), d win ay mazal sseqdacen-t ar ass-a Ikurdiyen yessawalen s tkurmanjit n ugafa. Agemmay-a llan deg-s aṭas n leεyub, ladγa deg way-n yerzan tira n yimesliyen (leṣ̣wat) n tentalyin (dialectes) tikurdiyin niḍen, dγa nezmer ad d-nini agemmay-a n Bedir Khan yeṣ̣leḥ kan i tira n tentala takurmanjit n ugafa. Γef umedya (lemtel), deg tkurdit yella wemgerrad deg wenṭaq n ”Ker”, imi awal-a yezmer ad yesεu anamek (lmeεna) n ”aγyul” neγ, ma nenṭeq-it-id akk-n niḍen, yezmer ad d-yeqsed”aεeẓẓug”, γef leḥsab n tmiwa yemgerraden n Kurdistan. Dγa yessekf ad yili wemgerrad deg tira n ”r” ed ”e”, akk-n ay yemgerrad wenṭaq-nsen seg tama γer tayeḍ, akk-n ur d-yettili weεraq deg unamek n wawalen-a. Amedya niḍen netta d awal ”Gel” (medden) ed ”Gel” (lbeεd yellan gar yiḍarren), maca s ugemmay n Bedir Khan ur nezmir ad neg amgerrad gar-asen. Akk-n yebγu yili, akk ay-n ay d-itteffγen s tkurdit ed leqdicat i lmend n wesnerni-nnes ttwagedlen (ttwamenεen) asmi ay ffγen Yefṛensisen seg tama-nni. Ifṛensisen jjan anẓul-utrim (sud-ouest) n Kurdistan war ma jjan-asen-d kra ara ten-iḥudden seg uwunak (ddula) aεṛab aγelnaw (national) n Surya.\nDeg Σiraq, Ikurdiyen llan qedcen ugar n waytmaten-nsen n tmura niḍen i wesnerni n yiles-nsen, imi ay ten-id-tṣ̣aḥ tegnit yifen tin n waytmaten-nsen yerna ṣ̣aḥen-ten-id yimukan akk-n ad qedcen γef tkurdit. Sdeffir n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (ṭṭrad n ddunit) Amezwaru, Ikurdiyen n Wenẓul (sud) n Kurdistan ssawḍen ad d-sbedden tagelda seddaw n leḥkem n Ccix Mahmud Barzinji (1882-9 Tubeṛ 1956). Deg tazwara, Ibriṭaniyen n Beγdad, ay yeṭṭfen Σiraq, steεṛfen s Ccix Mahmud d anebbaḍ (gouγerneur) n Kurdistan n Wenẓul, maca asmi ay fernen Yikurdiyen Ccix Mahmud d agellid n Kurdistan, yebda-d yimenγi gar yiγallen Ibriṭaniyen ed wid n Yikudriyen, dγa tettwaqqen tama n Kurdistan n Wenẓul γer uwanak-nni (ddula) aεṛab aγelnaw (national) ay d-yennulfan imir-nni, Σiraq. Awanak akurdi n Ccix Mahmud yedder xemsa n yiseggasen, yerna deg tallit-nni, Ikurdiyen yeγran fuṛsen, qedcen i lmend n yiles akurdi. ”Anabaḍ (gouγernement) akurdi” n tallit-nni yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeγ kra n yeγmisen s tkurdit, yerna yeldey kra n yiγerbazen i yeqcicen ed teqcicin ay deg asselmed yella s yiles akurdi. Maca ula d iγallen ibriṭaniyen ay yeṭṭfen tamurt ssuffγen-d iγmisen-nsen s yiles akurdi : ”Tegeyishtini Rasti” (Afham n Tidet) ed ”Peshkawtin” (Afara [progrès]). Sin n wangliziyen, amajuṛ Soane ed umajuṛ Noel, ay yellan seg yiγallen n tuṭṭfa ibriṭaniyen, ttekkan deg wesnerni n yiles akurdi. Amajuṛ Soane yura-d yiwen n wedlis n tjeṛṛumt n tkurdit ed yiwen n wedlis n yeḍrisen (textes) n tkurdit. Yella yettakf ula d ”arrazen n yedrimen” i yal Akurdi ara yessiwḍen ad yaru amagrad (article) deg weγmis n ”Peshkawtin” yerna ad zemren ad fehmen akk Ikurdiyen n tmiwa yemgerraden, yerna s usseqdec n awalen ikurdiyen. Yuγ lḥal, deg Σiraq, iles akurdi unṣ̣ib (officiel) yella d takurdit n Sulaymaniyya.\nSdeffir ma tettussebded-d « Tgelda (royaume) n Σiraq », « Lqanun n Yilsawen Idiganen (locaux) n 1931 » yejja imezdayen n Kurdistan n Wenẓul (sud) ad sεun kra n yizerfan, maca, deg tidet, ur jjin Ikurdiyen ad stenfεen seg-s akk-n yessekf. Γas akk-n, εerḍen waggagen (intellectuels) ikurdiyen ad kemmlen asnerni n yiles akurdi. Asurif amezwaru ay gan netta d abeddel n ugemmay aεṛab-afarsi i wakk-n ad t-rren d agemmay atrar (moderne) i lmend n tira n tkurtdit, d win ay yes ara zemren ad arun akk imesliyen (leṣ̣wat) n yiles-a. I wakk-n ad ssiwḍen s ay-a, rnan kra n yeγdebba (accents) ed yizumal (symboles) i yisekkilen (lḥuṛuf) n taεṛabt akk-n ad arun imesliyen ikurdiyen ur nelli deg taεṛabt. Win ay yessawḍen ad yeg ay-a d afiluluji (philologue) akurdi, Tofiq Wahby (1891-1984), ay yellan daγen d aknaner (colonel) deg yigen (armée) aΣiraqi. Leqdic-nnes ussnan (scientifique) yerna ifazen d win ay ugin yemεebbren aεṛaben n Weγlif (minuistère) n Yedles, ay yellan malen γer tγelnaẓri (nationalisme) taεṛabt. Ineggura-a ufan-d ssebba ur yessekf ad yekcem ”weγdebbu abeṛṛani” neγ ”tacacit” takurdit deg ”yisekkilen imqeddsen n taεṛabt”, isekkilen ay yes yettwaru Leqran. Dγa da, yessekf ad d-nger tamawt isekkilen aεṛaben, deg laṣ̣el-nsen, ur llin d aεṛaben, ur llin d inselmen, wanag llan sseqdacen-ten yagi deg tallit n qbel n Lislam, yerna seg tirawt taṛamit taqburt ay ten-id-snulfan, meḥsub seg yiles aqbur ay llan sseqdacen-t Wudayen. Armi d iseggasen n 1950 ay jjan Ikurdiyen ad sqedcen isekkilen-a akk-n ad arun takurdit deg yeγmisen ed yedlisen n uγerbaz, maca γas akk-n, seg wasmi ay d-nnulfan, llan ssnen-ten Yikurdiyen yerna llan sseqdacen-ten.\nTaγawsa niḍen ay iga Wahby nettat d asnulfu n yiwen n ugemmay alatini, deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1920, i tira n tkurtdit, d acu kan, yesseqdec isekkilen n ugemmay alatini akk-n ay ttusseqdacen i tira n tanglizit. Ula d agemmay-a ur yessaweḍ ad t-yesseddu, imi anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Σiraq, ay d-yufan ssebba s ddin n Lislam, yegdel (yemneε) azraε n tirawt ”Tuṛufit-Tamasiḥit” deg Σiraq tineslemt. Γas akk-n, Wagby yeqdec d aneγlaf (lewzir) tmanya n tikkal deg unabaḍ aΣiraqi.\nYessekf ad d-nger tamawt agemmay alatini n Wahby, am win n Bedir Khan, yella yesεa aṭas n leεyub i tira n tkurdit. Deg lweqt ay deg agemmay n Wahby, akk-n d-nenna, yesseqdec isekkilen ilatiniyen akk-n ttusseqdacen deg tanglizit, win n Bedir Khan yesseqdec-iten akk-n ttusseqdacen deg tefṛensist ed tteṛkit. Maca lemmer mεawanen sin-a n yimassanen deg leqdic-nsen i lmend n tira n tkurdit, tili, war ccek, ad ssiḍen ad d-gen agemmay alatini igerrazn ugar, d win ay yes ara zemren Yikurdiyen, γas yemgerrad wawal-nsen, ad arun iles-nsen akk-n iwata.\nDeg Σiraq, akk iγmisen, tisgilin n ṛṛadyu ed yedlisen ed tesγunin tikurdiyin llan ttwagayen-d s tkurdit n Sulaumaniyya, yerna ay-a ikemmel akk-n armi d asmi ay teγli tgelda (royaume) deg 14 Yulyu 1958, yerna llan γγaren-as i tkurdit-a ”tasuṛanit”, γas ma yella ay-a d tuccḍa. Wid ay yellan qeddcen ed ttarun s ”tkurdit tasuṛanit” ur as-kfin azal i tkurdit takurmanjit n ugafa (nord), dγa Ikurdiyen n tama-nni ur lmiden ad arun takurdit, am wakk-n ay llan ur fehhmen, ur qqaren ay-n ay d-yettwarun s ”tsuṛanit”, ed d ay-a ay ten-yejjan ad ttwaεezlen seg wenrar n wesnerni n tkurdit. Anabaḍ (lḥukulma) aΣiraqi, ay yegren tamawt i way-a, yekfa afus deg tegnit-a i lmend n beḍḍu n Yikurdiyen, akk-n ad yessiweḍ ad yessejhed leḥkem-nnes fell-asen.\nYessekf ad d-nger tamawt Ikurdiyen n Iṛan iḥuza-ten unnerni n yiles akurdi deg Σiraq, yerna sseba n way-a nettat, seg zik, Ikurdiyen n Iṛan llan sεan assaγen isertiyen (relations politiques) ijehden ed waytmaten-nsen Ikurdiyen n Σiraq. Tin yernan γer-s, tintalyin (dialectes) tikurdiyin ay ssawalen deg Iṛan (tamukrit, tardalanit, talakit ed tkirmashanit) qernent γer “tentala tasuṛanit” n Σiraq. Nnig way-a, d agemmay-nni ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen n Σiraq i tira n tkurdit ay sseqdacen daγen Yikurdiyen n Iṛan. D acu kan, armi n 1966/67 (1345 n lhijṛa) ay bdan teffγen-d yedlisen s ugemmay-nni aεṛab yettwabeddlen, asmi ay d-teffeγ yiwet n tenṭulujit (anthologie) n yisefra ikurdiyen. Ikurdiyen ur ssawḍen ad sqedcen agemmay-a uqbel, acku yella-d lḥeṛs aserti (politique) n wid ur ten-nejji ad t-sqedcen, yerna asseqdec-nnes i ussiffeγ n yedlisen d ay-n ay yellan yezmer ad d-yesqam aṭas.\nIkurdkiyen n Σiraq ay yettarun s tkurdit ”tasuṛanit” sseqdacen aṭas awalen, tinfalyin (expressions) ed yirmawen (termes) n Yikurdiyen n Iṛan, yerna ttawin-d awalen ladγa seg tentala (dialecte) tamukrit), dγa d ay-a ay ten-yessawḍen ad d-sbedden yiwen n yiles d izeγ (standard) deg tira, d win ay icerken Iṛan ed Σiraq, d win umi nezmer ad nsemmi ”takurmanjit talemmast”.\nMa d tagnit ay deg tella tkurdit deg Tdukli Tasuγyatit, d tin daγen ay yuklalen ad d-nessiwel fell-as. Deg tallit n Lenin, yerna armi d tagara n yiseggasen n 1920, tama tasuγyatit anda ay ddren Yikurdiyen tella tesεa tafulmant (autonomie), yerna llan γγaren-as ”Kurdistan Tazewwaγt”. Ikurdiyen, deg tama-nni, llan sseqdace, naqal, agemmay aṛmini, sakk-in qqlen sseqdacen agemmay alatini. Sakk-in, asmi ay as-tettwakkes tfulmant i ”Kurdistan Tazewwaγt”, tettwaqqen tama-a γer Azerbijan, yerna imḍebbren isuγyatiyen n tallit n Stalin deg Azerbijan ssukken lbaṭel γef Yikurdiyen. Yuγ lḥal, deg Azerbijan, yettwagdel (yettwamneε) ula d assiwel n tkurdit, yerna ula d awal n ”Akurdi” yella ur yessekf ad d-yettwabder. Ikurdiyen, deg Tdukli Tasuγyatit, llan ddren deg tmanya tegdudyin (républiques) tisuγyatiyin, yerna ala deg Rusya ed Aṛminya ay yettunekf ttesriḥ i Yikurdiyen ad qedcen i lmend n yiles-nsen. Ikurdiyen yeγran deg snat-a n tegdudyin εerḍen ad snernin takurdit, γas akk-n ḥettmen fell-asen, deg snat-a n tegdudyin, ad sqedcen agemmay asirili (cyrillique) i tira n tkurdit. D acu kan, γas akk-n, Ikurdiyen isuγyatiyen llan zemren ad γren takurdit yettwarun s tlatinit neγ s taεṛabt. ”Ikurdiyen Izewwaγen” llan sεan anermis (contact) ed Yikurdiyen n Iṛan, Σiraq, Surya, ed wid n Tteṛk, yerna ay-a yekka-ten ad d-meslen iles yettwarun icebḥen, llsas-nnes d tantala (dialecte) takurmanjit n ugafa (nord), maca texleḍ daγen deg-s tkurmanjit talemmast.\n<<< Qqel γer Uṭṭun 16 Ddu γer Uṭṭun 18 >>>


url: =Tessnem TANINNA ?? > Imyura > Timenza\nTaninna tlul-ed deg Fransa, kra a s-inin d "taγumit" neγ d "tamigrit" ur nessin "tapyunt" di tmurt nneγ, di tutlayt nneγ, deg wansayen nneγ... neγ deg wayen awk yeqqnen ar wegdud aqbayli, maca win a s-islen i Tninna m' ara tcennu, win a d-yegren tamawt ar isefra-s, ar tmedyazt-is, ad yaf belli "taγumit"-nni teṭṭef deg iẓuran-is am win/tin i d-yekkren di tmurt neγ ugar n waya. Sliγ-as i ccna n Tninna, iεeğb-iyi uzawan d imeslayen n tuγac-is, mačči aṭas i yellan akka am nettat di Fransa neγ di tmura tiwerdanin meṛṛa. Aṭas seg wid nneγ (arraw nnsen) i d-yettlalen di beṛṛa, tettun tameslayt nnsen u ans-iten iẓuran nnsen.Nessuter-as tadiwennit i tmeṭṭut-a, tefka-yaγ-d s wudem; nefka-yas awal, tmeslay-aγ-d γef wayen awk i tt-yerh'an (neγ "presk" akken yeqqar yiwen akken n l'ancien)...attan dγa ar γur-wen\nImyura.net: Taninna d isem-im neγ d isem i tefkiḍ i yiman-im. Amek dγa i d-tufiḍ isem-a?\nTaninna: «Taninna» akken qaren d « apseudo » d isem giγ i yiman-iw ass ma akken lliγ qareγ di tesdawit, uqbel yakw ad bduγ ccna, lliγ ttaruγ tamedyazt.\nAyen Taninna ? acku jebdeγ-d azar-is si « le mythe du phénix » : taninna nni ittgen times i yiman-is u tettεawad-d talallit imir imir (akka I tderru d tikti diγen)\nImyura: Taninna tlul-ed deg Fransa. Ass-a tcennu s teqbaylit talqayant, tameslayt-is d tazedgant u tamedyazt-is tuγ azal meqqren. Amek telmed Tninna tutlayt almi tewweḍ tcennu-tt s tayri di tlemmast n Fransa??\nTaninna: Tazwara a k-iḥerz rebbi, dayen ittnalen ul i d-tenniḍ. Bγiγ kan a d-iniγ belli lemdeγ taqbaylit agi taqqurant, tin n tussna, di L’inalco n Paris d tesdawit n Paris VIII … Rniγ kemleγ-tt weḥdi s yedlisen ttafeγ zdat-i. Rriγ azal d ameqqran i tutlayin n lluma irkwelli, syin akin taqbaylit-iw ilaq ad tt-issineγ xir tigi nniḍen. Ar γur-i dayen iwulmen aṭas, ur yezmir ara ad yilli akken nniḍen.\nI : Riγ ad rnuγ deg wawal-iw d asawen u a kem-steqsiγ; iwacu aṭas (tugett) n Leqbayel/Tiqbayliyin i illulen di Fransa ur ssinen ara tutlayt nnsen neγ ur d-ccliεen ara deg-s?\nT: ur zmireγ ara a k-id-iniγ ma yella ur d-cligen ara deg-s neγ ur tt-ssinen ara axater ur tt-lemmden ara si zik. Nek akken walaγ awk imawlan bγan tarwa nnsen ad tissin tutlayt nsen… maca ur tt-ssinen ara yakk .\nAṭas n temsal i d-imlalen deg yiwet. Tella taẓayt n ddin (religion) i s-ittekkan i tutlayt nneγ ar lqaεa acku akken qqaren “tineslemt teḥwaj taεrabt” i wakken ad tilli tgerrez. Wid yeγran ẓran belli yal amdan yesεa deg-s ayen iwumi iεemmed d wayen d yejmaε di tekta di tedma, akka ula d ddin.\nWid d-ilulen di tmura tiberraniyin diγen yewwet-iten wugur n « l’intégration »(ssemḥ-iyi ur d-ufiγ ara amek i s-neqqar s teqbaylit) : Ahat yewεar-asen ad illin d ibeṛṛaniyen di tmurt deg i lulen i wumur ameqqran ger-asen.\nNekk bγiγ kan ad iniγ belli tutlayin tessneḍ, d agerruj i d-trennuḍ i yiman-ik, d azal i d-trennuḍ i yisem-ik… taqbaylit teḥwaj arraw-is xas di Fransa, xas di tmura lejnas meṛṛa.\nImyura : Ccna d tmedyazt ar γur-em, d udem n tayri neγ n d udem n timeγnest (militantisme)?T: Ccna γur-i d ṣṣut izemren ad yinni ayen ttḥussun wulawen.. xas d acennay-nni t-iεacen neγ yeccna af wiyaḍ. Tamedyazt d ccna teddukel i waken ad taru u ad tessegri ayen ddren imeγnasen anda ma llan. Timeγnest tella yal tama : tameṭṭut yettwaḥeqren yettnaγen f izerfan-is, aẓawali trekkeḍ ddunit, yettnaγen d wi t-yifen ssεaya yesbedd lqedd-is, Amussu amaziγ, icenga n tayri (traditionnalistes) annect agi irkel yezmer ad yessker asefru, ccna (ama n tayri, ama n tsertit). Ccna d timeγnest i wul yetγennin, timeγnest d ccna i win yettarun …\nI : Tasfift inem taneggarut (igenni wis 7) d tajjmilt i tlawin akk d tayri, amek tettwaliḍ addad n tlawin di tmurt n Leqbayel ass-a ?\nT: Tameṭṭut taqbaylit meskint aṭas i tt-ixuṣen. Xas akken leḥqara n zik tenqes, mazal imeḍqan anda ur tembbawel ara yakk. Mazal d taqqedact, i trebga d ussebbi i telha. Ur tettefeγ, ur teqqar ma yugi-yas wergaz-is. Ttwaliγ tilawin msakit, ur ttwalin tafat m’ ur tent-issufeγ ara wergaz nsent .. Dayen issawhamen deg 2007!\nT: Aṭas n temsal i yettekkin i tewεert n ussaγ ger wergaz d tmeṭṭut ! Ar γur-i tamezwarut maḍi : d talekkamt (mépris leh’qara) n warrac i tlawin. Xas ur d-qṣiden araneγ ur d-rrin ara ddehn nnsen (akken d-nniγ asawen) d taẓẓayt n wansay (lεaddat nneγ) aqbayli i yerran tebrek di tegnawt tgadda (égalité) ger wergaz d tmeṭṭut. bdant temsal ttembiwilent ciṭ ciṭ maca aṭas i mazal a t-nexdem.\nNekk nwiγ imeẓyanen n tura bγan ad tbeddel teswiεt fell-asen maca timetti neγ teggezzem-asen abrid! Ar wannect agi rnu-yasen taẓẓayt n ddin, yernan diγen rkaḍ tmeṭṭut tanumi, d tawulmi.\nI : Dacu tettxemmimeḍ di Tlawin tiqbayliyin i kem-yezwaren ar ccna, akka am Newara, Ḥnifa, d tiyaḍ meṛṛa ?\nT: Aṭas aṭas I tent-ḥemmleγ yal ta s yisem-is. Na Ccrifa (ar d-tt-iḥerz rebbi aṭas) , Na Ḥnifa, Massa Malika Domrane (i ḥemmleγ aṭas aṭas) Zohra (a s-yaεfu Rebbi) d Djurdjura : d tid ineğğren abrid iwulem I lfen tmeṭṭut taqbaylit.\nIsegsasen agi ineggura : aṭas i d-yufraren tγennint, maca γur-i mačči d ayen yelhan acku ttεawadent i wayen xedment tmezwura (ula d icennayen diγen akken). Nekk γur-i mačči d lfen, d «le commerce» …\nI : Seg useggas n 1995 ar wass-a, tfurseḍ 2 n isebraz (albums) u tettheggiḍ wis 3 i wussan i d-iteddun, dacu i sen-d-swejḍeḍ i wid d tid i kem-iḥemlen?\nT: Nettεaraḍ nekk wid ukud xeddmeγ a nexdem aḍebsi wis tlata a sen-iεajben aṭas i wid yettrajun d wid diγenni a s-yesslen tikkelt tamenzut. Ttawiγ aṭas lweqt I wakken ad-ssufγeγ (tikwal d iseggasen) acku bγiγ ad xedmeγ lfen yelhan s tmeddyazt ikeysen, s tektiwin inu.\nUr ttağaγ ara yiwen ay d-yini, akken netwali tikwal, ur ilaq ad tegged azawan atrar (musique moderne) surtout imi d tameṭṭut, ilaq ad txedmeḍ «folklore» neγ « special fêtes ».\nIllaq lğehd i wakken ad tbedded di “le milieu-agi”. Ccna yawk yehwag akud aṭas d ṣṣber diγen i wakken a naweḍ ar lebγi-neγ.\nI : Nekkni nra(nebγa) am ner tajjmilt, imi ulac aṭas akka n teqbayliyin d yeqbayliyin i yukin i tutlayt/idles nnsen akka i s-tukiḍ kem, ilmend n waya, dacu i tzemreḍ a sen-tiniḍ i yawk Iqbayliyen d Teqbayliyin i ilulen di tmura tiwerdanin (n berra)??\nT: A sent-iniγ i tullas ilaq ad tḥerzent aṭas azal n tutlayt-nsent, ilaq ad ḥerzent agaruj n tjaddit, ilaq a t-jemεent deg wulawen-nsent yibbwas ar d a tecnunt i tarwa nnsent…\nA sen-iniγ i warrac, ḥerzet tilawin nnwen akken tḥerzem tiyemmatin nnwen … Akken ara tḥerzem idles d tutlayt nnwen i d-yekkan seg iẓuran .\n- Tanemmirt-im a taninna, u nessaram-am teγzi n tudert, aṭas n tmedyazt, azawan akk d tayri.\n- Tanemmirt-nwen kunwi, ttmenniγ-awen afud iğehden u tanemmirt i wayen tqeddcem i teqbaylit nneγ.\nWi ' iran a d-isel i Taninna, atan wesmel i d-tesbed iman-is:\nAsmel n Taninna/