Comparative study of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great according to Soviet and foreign literature: a survey of literary and historical sources - UBC Library Open Collections\nComparative study of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the...\nComparative study of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great according to Soviet and foreign literature:… Runge, Johann Hartwig Hermann 1965\nTitle Comparative study of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great according to Soviet and foreign literature: a survey of literary and historical sources\nCreator Runge, Johann Hartwig Hermann\nDescription In this critical analysis an attempt has been made to compare two Russian monarchs who both left a deep impression on Russia with the help of foreign and Soviet literature. Because of the fact that the strictly literary material was very limited, I had to turn to historical books of various periods and of different countries. These, however, have proved valuable in exposing me to quite contrasting points of view. Both men lend themselves exceptionally well to comparison because many of their doings are almost identical in purpose and vary only in the methods of execution. Soviet historiography has capitalized on this fact and has used literature as a means of showing Ivan the Terrible as a precursor of Peter the Great. At the same time Soviet literature is making an effort to emulate him for the adulation of the Soviet citizenry. Soviet literature today recognizes him as the great centralizer of Russia and the liquidator of the obstructing aristocracy. This comparison stresses the actions and feelings of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great in similar circumstances and situations. The system of treating the two tsars in almost identical situations has been followed right through this thesis in which I examine them in retrospect, i.e. from a distance 400 and 250 years respectively. Despite my efforts to visualize the tsars clearly, to compare, and to evaluate them and their actions "sine ira et studio", I may have fallen short of the desired standard, for it is quite difficult to deal with subjects as controversial as Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great in a truly objective manner.\nSubject Ivan IV, czar of Russia, 1530-1584\n831-UBC_1965_A8 R8.pdf [ 4.66MB ]\nRDF/XML (Pretty): 831-1.0105467-rdf.xml\nOriginal Record: 831-1.0105467-source.json\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF  WAS THE TERRIBLE AND PETER THE GREAT  ACCORDING TO SOVIET AM) FOREIGN LITERATURE ( A s u r v e y o f l i t e r a r y and h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s ) by Johann E a r t w i g Runge BJL», The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h , C o l u m b i a , 1963. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In., the Department o f S l a v o n i c S t u d i e s . We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as c o n f o r m i n g to the r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A p r i l , 1965 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the requirements f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia,, I agree that the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y m i s s i o n f o r extensive copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s understood t h a t , c o p y i n g or p u b l i -c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be allowed without my w r i t t e n permission-a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and study, I f u r t h e r agree that per Department of The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada i i . A B S T R A C T I n t h i s c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s an a t t e m p t has been made to compare two R u s s i a n monarch© who b o t h l e f t a deep; i m p r e s -s i o n , on R u s s i a w i t h the help; o f f o r e i g n and S o v i e t l i t e r a t u r e . Because o f the f a c t t h a t the s t r i c t l y l i t e r a r y m a t e r i a l was v e r y l i m i t e d , , I had to t u r n t o h i s t o r i c a l books o f v a r i o u s p e r i o d s and o f d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s . These, however, have p r o v e d v a l u a b l e i n e x p o s i n g me to q u i t e c o n t r a s t i n g p o i n t s o f view.. B o t h men l e n d t h e m s e l v e s e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l , t o com-p a r i s o n , because many o f t h e i r d o i n g s a r e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l i n purpose and v a r y o n l y i n the methods o f e x e c u t i o n * S o v i e t h i s t o r i o g r a p h y has c a p i t a l i z e d on t h i s f a c t and has u s e d l i -t e r a t u r e as a means o f showing I v a n the T e r r i b l e as a p r e c u r -s o r o f P e t e r the G r e a t . A t the same time S o v i e t l i t e r a t u r e i s making an e f f o r t t o emulate him f o r the a d u l a t i o n o f the S o v i e t c i t i z e n r y . S o v i e t l i t e r a t u r e t o day recognizees him as the g r e a t c e n t r a l ! z e r o f R u s s i a and the l i q u i d a t o r o f the o b s t r u c t i n g a r i s t o c r a c y . T h i s comparison s t r e s s e s the a c t i o n s and f e e l i n g s o f Ivan: the T e r r i b l e and P e t e r the Great; i n s i m i l a r c i r c u m -stances, and s i t u a t i o n s . . The system o f t r e a t i n g the two t s a r s : i n a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s has been f o l l o w e d r i g h t t h r o u g h t h i s t h e s i s : i n . w h i c h I examine them i n r e t r o s p e c t , i . e . f r o m a d i s t a n c e U-00 and 250 y e a r s r e s p e c t i v e l y . D e s p i t e my e f f o r t s iii to v i s u a l i z e the t s a r s c l e a r l y , t o compare, and to e v a l u a t e them and t h e i r a c t i o n s " s i n e i r a e t s t u d i o " , I may have f a l -l e n s h o r t o f the d e s i r e d s t a n d a r d , f o r i t i s q u i t e d i f f i c u l t t o d e a l w i t h s u b j e c t s as c o n t r o v e r s i a l as I v a n the T e r r i b l e and P e t e r t h e G r e a t i n a t r u l y o b j e c t i v e manner. IV. C O / J E P S A E O C T p a H . HBaH Ppo3HHi'i H IleTp BeJiHKHfi B coBeTCKofi J iHTepaType 1 HOBoe ^jyBCTBO Han;H0HajrH3Ma . . . . „ . . . . . . 2 BeJIHKC-pyCCH B CpaBHeHHH C ^pyrHMH HalJHOHaJIBHOCTHMH 3 o(5a n;apii KaK codnpaTeJ iH p y c c K o M 3eMJiH 1+ cpaBHeHne iiapeK KaK nojncoBo,zmeB ...... r 5 c p a B H e m i e u a p e i i KaK npeo(5pa30BaTeJieJi 7 ceHaT H $HCKaJEH y I leTpa , . . . . 9 BoeHHHe pe$opMH . ......... 11 s:ecTOKOCT£ otfonx napeft . 12 OTHomeHHe K HHOcTpaBmaM 15 oTHoineHHe K seHinHHaM 17 CXOACTBO iiapefi B JCHMHOK SCH3HH 19 4eHTeJIBH0CTB 21 ^yBCTBO BeJtHKo^ynH5i 22 HapysHocTB 23 CMepTB GHHOBeH » M21+ OTHOieHHe K SHBOTHHM 25 noJioxeHHe IJepKBH 26 HaCMeiDJEHBOCTB KaA IlepKBBK) . . = 27 ^yBCTBO pe^IHriIO3E0CTH 28 MyBCTBO CKpOMHOCTH 30 odcbflBjreHHe BOIEH B p a r a M 31 OTHoneHne K IIoJtBnie 33 pycci-ciie H nojraKH 34 v . C'TpaH. o6o&aHHe itapeif no,2uaHHHMH 37 CXO^CTBO B nOJIHTHKe 38 nojroaceHHe KpecTBSH H acemmiH 39 BOCCTaHHH KpeCTLflH oc5pa30BaHHe. EteaHa r p o 3 H o r o kh o6pa30BaHHe B POCCHH npH O6OHX n.ap5ix U5 KopadJieycTpoftcTBO U-6 odpa30BaHHe IleTpa BeJiHKoro - I4.7 HBaH Tp03HHa KaK AHIOOMaT h9 IleTp BeaHKHfi KaK ^HiiJioMaT 51 EtBaH rpo3HHg H KypdcKHg 55 <5XH30CT£ naps K Hapo^y 58 o<53op HBaHa r p o 3 H o r o 60 oc)3op IleTpa BeJiHKoro 62 IleTp BeJrHKHM B coBeTcicoK JiHTepaType 65 o BeJiHHHH IleTpa BeJiHKoro 66 HOBHe XE<UH 67 HOBHe JIKUH y HBaHa r p o 3 H o r o 67 HOBHe XSORSS. y IleTpa BeJiHKoro 69 oneHKa HapeJi B MHpoB03peHHH Hapo^a vs. CBeTa '70 vi. A. C K N O W . L E D G E M E W T S I am I n d e b t e d t o many members o f the Department o f S l a v o n i c S t u d i e s o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o Mr. V a l e r i a n Revutsky,. who f o r many years^ has t r i e d t o t e a c h me the i n t r i c a c i e s o f the R u s s i a n l a n -guage t h r o u g h h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n o f R u s s i a n l i t e r a t u r e . . I owe thanks t o many unnamed R u s s i a n s and S l a v s whom I have known i n Canada and Europe.. T h e i r p e r s o n a l i t y and e f f o r t s on. my b e h a l f i n s p i r e d me to w r i t e t h i s t h e s i s i n R u s s i a n . - 1 - . B STOH patfoTe H xony onncaTB xapaKTepn ^Byx Bax-HHX pyccKHX reaped, KOTopue c^HTaKTctf B coBpeMeHHOfi pyccKoS JiETepaType o^eHB BHAaxmmmca, HBaHa rpo3Horo H IleTpa Be-EHico-ro. HHTepecyeTca STHMH Ahyusi uapnMH He TOJEBKO coBeTCKas jiHTe-paTypa, HO H 3ana^ Han. IIpHHHHa 3Toro HHTepeca Ha 3ana.se H B COBeTCKOM COK3e - pa3JIHHHH. B COK3e COBeTCKHX COHHaJXHCTH^ieC-KHX PecnytfjiHK 06a reaps e w r a r o T C H KaK co<5npaTe.2H pyccKoii 3eM-JLIS> KaK BeJiHKHe npeodpa30BaTeJiH BoeHHHX pe$opM is. BHyrpeHHHX y^pex^eHHg. B OTOM OHH ^eKcTBy»T KaK yKa3aTeJiH ^ oporn Ha BO-eHHyw cnoco6HocTB pyccKoro Hapo^a H Ha Heodxo/tHMocTB npeo6pa-30BaHHM. 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XOTH MaTB I leTpa yMep.aa K o r ^ a OH yace 6HJI H a p e M , OH Bce-TaKH <5oiurcH 3aroBopa co CTOPOHH CogbBH H cTpe-SBiioB. - 20 -MaTB IleTpa ^ a c T o d o a x a c B 3a SH3HB c B o e r o CHHa K o r ^ a HM cysc-AeHO 6HXO SHTB B c.Ilpeo dpaseHCKO M. ^TO K a c a e T c a HBaHa r p o 3 H o r o OH C BOCBMH JieT o c T a J t -CH CHpOTOH PI KaaceTCH, *ITO C TOTO BpeMeHH ^o C B o e r o BeH^aHHS Ha H a p c T B O , B 15U7-OM r o ^ y , TaK MHOTO x y ^ o r o BH^ea OT pyK 60Hp, HTO BCK) XH3HB ^OJEKeH 6hlJl HeHaBH^eTB HX. BHe COMHeHHH, o d c T O H T e a B C T B a B KpeMJie c iy&HJiH pemaioiUHM $aKTopoM AJI% e r o AaJiz-HennieH 2CH3HH. B T e KHBie r o ^ H K o r ^ a I leTp 3aHHMaac5i noTexaMH c. ApyrHMH KHomaMH, HBaH c dpaTOM BpneM cvi&eji B K p e M x e , q y B C T B o -BaBniHH Bee odH^H doap H , B e p o n T H o , noMtnnxHJi o TOM, KaK OH Mor dn Ka3HHTB HX Kor.aa OH d y ^ e T B3pocaHM.. OH B c e r ^ a d o a a c H 3a CBOK XCH3HB. HHKaKHx ,a.py3eH y H e r o He dHjro. 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IIOSTOMy OHH d o -HJIHCB e r o H npe^no^HTaJ iH yderaTB Ha JiHTOBCKyjo TeppHTopnio . HBan TpaTHJI BCfO CBOK) SHeprHIO Ha BHJlaBJEHBaHHe CBOHX MHHMHX npOTHBHH-K O B - d o n p , 3aBJreKaJi HX B MocKBy H y d H B a a HX pa3HHMH c n o c o d a M H . - 21 -IleTp HeHaBH^eJ MocKBy. IlapB IleTp xoTear padoTaTB, y^HTBCH, CTPOHTB. 9TO yace 6UJIO HCHO c K)HHX aeT Kor^a OH npoBO-AMJi CBoe BpeMH c BoeHHHMH noTexaMH. OH xopomo yneJi B TO BpeMH coBMemaTB yqenne c padoToM. Ha BopoHeaccKHX Begrpax OH caM c yTpa AO Benepa padoTaJi TonopoM. PadoTaJi Ha Kopad-ztecTpoeHHH, ynacB y eBponefiCKHX MacTepoB H AaBax npHMep CBOHM pyccKHM Kpe-CTBHHaM KOTOPHX 3acTaB JUHJIH padoTaTB Ha BeoJpHX. TaKoro naps eme" He <3HJIO H nocae ero CMepTH, BeponTHO He (5y^eT, TaKoro naps KO-TopHli dn "'Be^ HO ToponacB" cnenHJi c OAHOTO Konna cTpaHH K Apy-roMy H padoTaJi. IleTpy Hyacen 6HJI <pH3HqecKHH TpyA H ABHaceHHe, KaK eMy HyacHa dHJia nHma H B03Ayx. OH TOP^HJICH TeM tpaKTOM, HTO y Hero Ha pyKax 6HJIH MOSOJIH. ToBopsT, MTO IleTp 3HaJi qeTHpHaA-iiaTB peMeceJi, HJIH Aase dojiBnte. Eny npHBH^HO C3HJIO AepacaTB B py-Kax Tonop, nnjry H AOJLOTO. Ha OoioHeitKHx 3aB0^ax KpecTBHHe TaK ero noMHHT: "BOT napB - TaK napBl JfapoM xJieda He eat, nyme 6a-TpaKa padoTaJi". CoBeTCKHft nncaTe.zrB K.TpeHeB AaeT IleTpy CKa3aTB 25 cJieAyroniHe cJtoBa: "MHe HeKor^a iiapcTBOBaTB, - y^HTBca HaAo". CKOPOCTB c KOTOPOH IleTp ^elcTBOBaJi BO BpeMH BOHHH yTBepac^eHa 3aMeqeHHHM cpaKTOM: 8-oro aBrycra 1700' -oro r o ^ a IleTp noJiynHa, HaKOHeii, OT yKpaHHiieBa coodmeHHe o 3aKJUo.qeHHH MHpa c TyprcHefi Ha TpH^naTB jieT. Ha ^pyroK .zceHB 9-oro aBrycTa 1700-oro r o ^ a pyc-CKoe BOMCKO cpa3y ABHHyjiocB K HapBe. ItoAodHoe codHTHe cJiyqHJiocB no3a:e. 6-oro MapTa 1711-oro roAa IleTp o$HiiHaJiBHO aceHHJtCK Ha EKaTepHHe. B TOT a:e caimS. Aenh OH yexajr B apMHK. IleTp TaK dne-Tpo ^eKcTBOBaJE H padoTaJi, noTOMy ^TO OH 3HaJt, ^TO de3 ero npn-cyTCTBHji Bee 6'yayT npeHedperaTB pa6oTofii. XOTS IleTp MHOTO nyTe-mecTBOBaJt, OH He TpaTHJi BpeMeHH B Aopore. ECTB ^aHHHe, HTO OH HanncaJi OKOJIO cTa nnceM no inyT-Hi H3 BapmaBBi AO CT. IleTepdypra. - 22 -ECJIH MH 6>y^eM HCKSTB MyBCTBO BeJiHKO^yinHa y HBaHa r p o 3 H o r o , TO Haina padoTa <3y^eT HanpacHa. HaM H3BecTeH c a y m a n , K o r ^ a n a p s HBaH Harpa^HJi doapHHa T p a x a H e T a K o r ^ a OH coodmnji eMy o poac^eHHH CHHa. " P a x y n c B HBaH CHHJI naasTo H o T ^ a a e r o H CBoero KOHH T p a x a H e T y " . ^ OH nomaAHJi ocTaBinnxcH B JKHBHX HOB-r o p o^neB. Ho STO i e n c T B H e MOXHO npHHHTB CKopee KaK HacMeniKy uaA JHOJBMH, a He KaK BeaHKOAymHe. OH npe.aocTaBJr.HJi MHOTO cpe^cTB Ann. y c T p o S c T B a nepKBefi, a c ApyroJ i CTOPOHH OH rpadHJi Ka3HeHHHX HM doap. BMecTe c ycep^weM B padoTe HanaeM y I leTpa Be^HKO^y-nrne H npjiMOTy. ECTB MHOTO npHMepoB , HO .aocTaTo^Ho npHBecTH TOJIB-KO HecKoaBKO. Kor,a.a IflepeMeTBeB B KypjCHH^HH DKaJEOBaJtCH I leTpy od yMeHBineHHH e r o KOMaH^H B BoftcKe, I leTp y^HTHBan e r o npexHHe 3a-CJiyrn, OTMeHHJi CBOH codcTBeHHHfi npHKa3 o peopraHH3anHH BOgcKa B KypjiHHAHH. ^pyrofii: cayman OTHOCHTCH K nodeac^eHHHM, nocj ie IIOJI-TaBCKOfi OHTBH, fflBe^aM. OH 0Ka3aJt HBe^aM, H ocodeHHO reHepaJty PeHHEtHJiBAy> s e e nonecTH, XBaJiHJt 3a xpadpocTB H no^apHJi CBOKJ nrnary . IIocJEe A c T p a x a H C K o r o B o c c T a H H a IleTp npHKa3aJi noma.zi.HTB y^acTByiomnx'. B dyHTe Ka3aKOB. ^eTBepTHii npHMep noKa3HBaioinHH Be-JiHKO^ynHe I leTpa K a c a e T c a OAHOTO BepHoro noMouiHHKa HoaHHa I l a -TKy j iH . IleTp HanpacHo nncaJi BceM KOPOJIHM E B p o n H , HTodH OHH x o ^ a -TaHCTBOBaJiH 3a IlaTKyjiH H c n o c o d c T B O B a x H e r o ocBodos^eHHJo .HHor -As. ma^HTB Koro-HHdy^B 3aBHCHJio H OT I l eTpa . HanpHMep cayman c BoMHapoBCKHM. 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J ' HaMeKH Ha CXOACTBO HBaHa Tpo3Horo c ITeTpoM Be-ztHKHM MOXHO HanTH E B 3arpaHHHH0fi J tHTepaType. TaM roBopOT, qTo Ile'Tp BeJiHKHH CJieAOBaJr noJtHTHKe H MeTo^aM HBaHa Tpo3Horo, Ha^HHan c s e c T O K O c T H H KOHqaji "oTKpHTHeM OKHa Ha 3anaA". B A p y r o M MecTe r o B o p a T " o y^HTiSJie, KOTOPHM HBaH 6UJI AJIK I l eT -p a . I leTpa T a r a e O6BHHHIOT KaK cTpaniHoro ydnitny. KoHe^HO I leTp c ieAOBaJ i noJiHTHKe H B a H a , TaK KaK OHa dMa JxyqmeH RJLSI p y c -C K o r o Hapo^a H r o c y ^ a p c T B a . XOTH e r o H^en OHJEH n o x o M M H Ha H B a H a , HO HX BLinooiHeHHe (3HJTO ^ p y r n M , noTOMy HTO OH 6UJL c o B c e M A p y r H M qejroBeKOM, HecMOTpa Ha TO, ^TO HecKO-ziBKO BHem-HHX $aKTOB noKa3HBaioT Ha doJiBinoe CXOACTBO Meac^y napHMH. - 2k -TaK, HanpHMep, 06a OHH 6HJIH npHMHHofi cMepTH CBOHX CHHOBeH. O^HaKo o6cToaTeJiBCTBa 6HJIH pasJCHHHHe. y HBaHa Tpo3-Horo H3-3a ero HeBecTKH npoH3onuia ccopa c CHHOM, KOTOPHH 3am.Hin.aJi ee. OTen. B THeBe y^apna e r o nocoxoM no BHCKy TaK CHJEBHO, HTO nsTB ^Hefi no3,aHee OH CKOHHaacH OT yAapa.'fTo Ka-caeTCH napeBHHa, AJieKcen IleTpoBHHa, TO OH nocTeneHno caeJiaJi-CH IieHTpOM npOTHBOnOCTaBJteHHH npOTHB neTpOBCKHX HOBHeCTB. TaK KaK OH He nuex xapaKTepHHX CBOHCTB cBoero 3HaMeHHToro OTHa j He AO BO JIB HHe 3 JieMeHTH rocy^apcTBa noJiB30BajrHCB HM,JJIH pa3pyneHHa neTpoBCKHX pe$opM. K o r ^ a OH yOescaJi B ABCTPHIO H B HTaJiHio OH 6HJI nonMaH o<J)Hn.epaMH IleTpa H B03BpameH B POCCHKJ. IleTp Hamei npH3HaKH 3aroBopa npoTHB ce6a H nepejiaji u a p e B H -^a, KaK rocy^apcTBeHHoro npecTynHHKa, cy^y. BepxoBHHH cy,n COCTCHIEHH H3 127~MH BHCIHX CaHOBHHKOB npHrOBOpHJI eTO K CMep-TH. 06a cayman 6HJIH ne^iaJiBHHMH. Henpe^ynpesieHHHH HHTaTeJtB, BepoaTHO, 6oJiBine coMyBCTByeT HaQny Tpo3HOMy, KOTOPHH HCKpe-HHO rpycTHJi o CHHe OT jr«)6HMoy xeHH AHacTacHH, qeM IleTpy. IleTp 0Ka3aJICH HeCTHHM B TOM OTHOIlieHHH, HTO OH He noKa3aJi Tpa-ypa, KOToporo OH He ^ yBCTBOBa JI. 06 STOM $aKTe Toxe coo6inaeT coBeTCKaa JiHTepaTypa: " 26 HKHH 1718 r o ^ a , B cnpoM, Mpa^HOM Ka3eMaTei ymeJt B He6HTHe ero e p H -CTBeHHHH CHH, a Ha CJteXyMHIHH 4eHB IleTp myMHO npa3ji.H0BaJi roiioBiiiHHy 30 IIOJITaBCKOH "BHKTOpHH". " - 25 -naoxHe oTHonieHHH Mexcay I leTpoM H CHHOM 6H^H pe3y.a£TaTOM pacTopxeHHH I leTpoM ero dpaKa c EBAOKHei l . DjapeBH^: ocTaBuiHgcH Ha noneneHHH CBOHX T§TOK BHpoc de3 MaTepHHCKOfi JOodBH. A KOT-A& I leTp c T a a HM H H T e p e c o B a T B C H , 6UJIO CJIHBIKOM n o 3 4 H o . I l a p e B H ^ : dosJicH oTHa H He BHCKa3HBa.a HHKaKoK SHeprHH B padoTe. HHTepecHo Toace, n o - M o e M y , oTHoneHHe napef i K XHBOT-HHM. Bo.aee c T a p a n H coBeTCKaa -aHTepaTypn coodnaroT HSM H e c -KOJTBKO cay ^ a e B . TaK Kxo^eBCKHH paccKa3HBaeT, HTO canaawH HBaH n p H K a 3 a a pa3pe3aTB Ha KyCKH cJiOHa, KOTOPHH He xoTe-a CKJIO-HHTBCH n e p e 4 HUM. H 3 B e c T e H TaKxe c a y n a f t , KaK MOXOAOH i iapB 3 a -daBJiHJicfl d p o c a s codaK H KomeK c daatHH. O^HaKo coBeTCKaa JCH-T e p a T y p a BHCTaBJEaeT HBaHa KaK aiodHTeJia J tonaAen: 11 A yTpoM OH ( n a p s HBaH) nomea Ha KOHiommo H caM, codcTBeHHopy^Ho, noKopMHJi H HanoHJi CBoero cTapo-ro KOHH, Ha KOTOpOM coBepniH.a Ka-3aHCKHH noxca".^ 1 HXH: " ^lacTo, paccepAHBEtHCB Ha donp H CJiyacHJiHX jno^eH, HBaH yxo^HJt B KOHKfflHK H TaM npOBO^HJT iiexae ^ a -CH, OCMaTpHBafl CBOHX KOHefi, 32 .amdyscB KpacaBHaMH-cKaKyHaMH". 0 I leTpe c o B e T C K a a XHTepaTypa Toace coodmaeT cayMaii o JHO dBH K SCHBOTHHM. MHe KaaceTcs, *JTO T a K o e ^yBCTBO do-asme noxo^HT Ha I l e T p a . IIpoTHBonocTaHOBJieHHH H HHr,ae He Hame-a.IleTp npneyTCTBOBaJi npn onnTe, KOTopni i \_aoKTop A p e c K H H npoH3BOAHJt HaA aacTOHKofi, nonecTHB e e no,a. cTeKXHHHHH KcanaK B03^yniHoro H a c o c a . 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J I H B O H H H KOJXH cTaHeT ero B O T H H H O H , yMHosi'iT ero npeHMymecTBo ... BeAHKaa paiiocTB - H a i e rope". ^lacTB K H H s e f i H donp B HaqaJie necTHAecHTHX roAOBjoT-BepHyjEacB O T HBaHa Tpo3Horo H doJiBine He noiuepxHBaJia ero B J E H B O H C K O H noAHTHKe. Be3 coMHeHHH, Ayx HeAOBOABCTBa, cTpaxa H OTHaHHHH KHH3efi BJEHHA Ha MOpaJEB pyCCKHX BOHCK KOTOpBie nosTOMy noTepneAH HecKOJiBKO nopaxeHHfi B J I H B O H H H . 9 T 0 M y HBaH TposHHK npoTHBonocTaBHA CBOK) BJtacTB caMOitepsaBHa H npHHHJi enie do-ztee secTOKHe MepH. CoBeTCKan JiHTepaTypa noATBepsiiaeT A S H C T B H H HBana Tpo3Horo e Jiod'aBJteHHeM, ^ T O T o x e : " 9pHK (mBeiiCKHH KopoJis) rydHT C B O H X BeJiBMox de3 TOJtKy. SL nepednpaio JIIO-AHmeK M O H X no AeJiau. CJieAOBaJio 6u H eme Koe-Koro ydpaTB, H O H T e p n e -7 5 JTHB . . . ". CoBeTCKan JiHTepaTypa cTapaeTCH noA^epKHyTB rnnoTesy, K a K dy^TO cymecTBOBaJia TecHan C B H 3 B uexAy napeM H npocTHM H a -poAOM. KaK npocTOH HapoA O T H O C H T C H K CBoeMy napio H K a K O H Ha-c T p o e H npoTHB donp BHpaaceHo nyiUKapeM AH^peeM: " Haps O A H H , a donp C O T H K ... Haps KOAH n p o r H e B a e T C H , - Tede O A H H OTBeT, a KOAH C O T H H donp n p o H i i e -T C H naJiKoM no TBoeit cnnHe, Toriia 76 y?K Jiyqne napB, HesceJiH CTan donp!". BAH30CTB H dpaTCTBo rtapn c npocTHM HapoAOM noiiTBep-sciiaeTCH eme Jt/pyroii HHTaTOK odtHCHHKineH BHCOKOMepne H Ha^MeH-H O C T B donp H KHH3en: -59 -" 4"TO MoxeT CAexaTh HBaH BacHJ iBeBHq CO C B O H M H MysCHKaMH?". 77 HO KaK 3T0 6'UJIO B AeHCTBHTeJTBHOCTH? B e 3 COMHeHHH, HBaH Tp03HHH HCnOJIB30BaA q g p S H H JBOA KaK c p e A C T B o opyAHH n p o -THB apncTOKpaTHqecKHX cJioeB. 06tiKHOBeHHo O H He n p e i i n o q H T a J r H X BEtcniHM C J I O H M pyccKoro HapoAa. IlocJie nepBoro nosapa B Moc-KBe OH BeJieJL CXBaTHTB H Ka3HHTB 3aqHHIlIHKOB C M y T H . OnpH^HHa 3BepcTBOBaJta He T O J C B K O npoTB donp, H O Taicxe npoTHB deAHHX K p e c T B H H . 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B ToJUtaHaHH O H neHHJi ^HCTOTy yjinn, Tpy-iipjnodHe scHTeJieS , doraTCTBo CTpaHH H rocnoacTBy iomHH T S M rpaac-aaHCKHH nopnaoK. B UlBenHH eny HpaBHJiHCB rocyaapcTBeHHHe y ^ p e -xxeHHa, BiBeacKaH apMHH' H gjJtoT. IIosTOMy O H erne BO B p e M H CeBep-H O H B O H H H nocJiaJi T y a a noBepeHHoro BHBeaaTB B e e , w o dHJio B O3-M O S H O . I leTp Toace 3aMeHHJi MocKBy B H P O C I H H M H3 doJioTa I l e T e p d y p -r o M . CypoBHMH y K a 3 a M H 3 a c T a B J i j i J i .ztBopnH H KynnoB CTpOHTB B H e M xoMa co r J tacHo npHKa3aHHM p a 3 M e p a M . RJIB. S T O H p a d o T H H3HyTpn P O C C H H dnJin npHrHaHH T H G H H H p a d o T H H K O B , KOTopne padoTaJ in B yacacHHX ycjroBHHX. " Ta^KH eme He dHJtn H3BecTHH B P O C C H H H de^HHe p a d o ^ n e npHHyacaeHH d'HJtH T a c K a T B 3eMJiK) B nojiax C B O H X Ka<pTaHOB HJ IH B xaJiKHX MeniKax cxeJiaHHHX H3 T p a n o K 1 ' . 7 ^ - 62 -PecpopMa KaK ona npoBOAHAacs IleTpoM dHAa ero A H ^ H E I M AeAOM. BHenHHe onacHOCTH rocyAapcTBa onepesaAH ecTecTBeHHHH POCT HapOAa OCTaHOBHBnerOCH B CBOeM pa3BHTHH. B T O BpeMH oco-c5eEHo 3anaAHoeBponeHCKHe CTpaHH HIAH BnepeA CJOABIHHMH laraMH H nepeA PoccHeK C T O H A H ABe B O 3 M O S H O C T H , H A H ocTaBaTBCH Ha ypoB-He KHTafiCKoro HapoAa HJTH pa3BHBaTBCH c eBponeiicKHMH cTpaHaMH. KaK coBeTcican AHTepaTypa qyBCTBOBaAa OTHOCHTeABHoro pyccKOfi OT CTa AO CTH XOpOIHO CKa3aH0 ABOpHHHHOM JIonyxHHHM B "Ha AH.c-e" AAeKcen ToACToro: " C H A H AOMa Aa C M O T P H 3a X O S H H C T B O M , „ 80 - B O T B C H HayKa". H A H KAB.qapeM AcpaHaeBeBHM T O S se uhecu: "'JleAH nHAH, eAH nnocTo - Aa S H A H tr 81. j i e T no cTy". IleTp nocTaBHA cede 3aAa*ieK oTMeHHTB S T O odniee paB-HOAymHe OTHOCHnieecH K O 6 A a r y rocyAapcTBa. Ha CBOK> AenTeJtBHocTB O H cMOTpeA, KaK Ha cAysoy rocyAapcTBy, oTeqecTBy. CaMHe Btipa— seHHH "rocyAapcTBeHHHK HHTepec", "Aoopo odniee", "noAB3a Bce-HapoAHan" eABa A H He BnepBBie H B A H K T C H B pyccKOM 3aK0H0AaTeAB-cTBe npn IleTpe. OTKyAa B3HA IleTp B e A H K H H S T H HAen? HAen rocy-Aapa KaK nepBoro cAyrn cBoeia CTpaHH Tose O H A O H O B O C T B K A X S 3anaAHOH EBponn. IlepBHM KopoAeM npHHHBiiiHM 3Ty HAeio B 3ana^Hog EBpone OH A n p y C C K H K K O P O A B ©PHAPHX BHABreABM. HHTepecHO 3aMe-T H T B , *ZTO B CBH3H C 3THM O H eABa He nOSepTBOBaA CBOHM CHHOM KOTopHli dexa-zi He BHAepsaB cTporocTH csoero oTHa. - 63 -IleTpy noHaao6naac£ 3ana,aHaH EBpona RXZ Mo,a.epHH3a-miH P O C C H H . O H BHxeJt B Hen BceraaiaHHit odpa3en R&S. cBoen P O A H H H . IleTpa ^acTo H3odpaa:aaH cjieiraM 6e33aBeTHHM 3anaitHHKOM, K O T O P H H jm6viJL B e e 3anaaHoe He noTOMy, w o O H O 6 'HJIO xyqme pyccKoro, a noTOMy, w o O H O dnao qyxoe pyccKOMy. Ha M O K BQTXXA S T O T y n -peK HecnpaBeAXHB. IleTpy npHEixa Hxea C03aaTB BeJtHKoe H O C O J E B C T -B O c HeJIBM- npHHWB H3 3anaxHOH EBponn TexHHKy KopadJieycTpoH-cTBa H O 6 I K H X TexHH^ecKHX 3HaHHH. O H He nHTax K Hen o a e n o r o H X H cxadoro npncTpacTHH". HanpoTHB, O H O T H O C H X C H K Hen c TpesBHM HeaoBepneM. O H qyBCTBOBaJi, w o P O C C H K Bcer^a BCTpeTW B EBpone c npeHedpexeHHeM H HeaodposcexaTeJiBcTBOM. E r o npocTOTa H nexo-Be^HOCTB H e r o JiH^Haa xecTOKOCTB yKa3HBaioT Ha T O , W O O H H O Ryme ocTaBaxcH pyccKHM. MHe He KaaceTcn C M O H H M yTBepacaaTB,wo O H CBoeE X H H H O C T B K) c T a p a x c H coe^HHiiTB 3anait.Ho-eBponeficKHe Tex-HH^eCKHe 3HaHHH H OdHIHe HpaBH C BOCTOtJHO-eBpOneHCKHM qeJIOBe-qecKHM qyBCTBOM. 3 T O noHWHo, w o 3To He B c e r a a o6XO,2MOCB de3 KpoBonpoxHTHH. E r o doxBmaa 3aozcyra B T O M , W O O H a a e x a a P O C C H K J eBponeH3HpoBaHHo .H B TaKOM pa3Mepe, B E S K O M S T O O HJ IO B O 3M O K H H M npn odcTOHTexBCTBax T O T O BpeMeHH. HexocTaTOK neTpoBCKHX pe-(pOpM BaCHXHH KJHOHeBCKHH OHHCHBaeT T3 .K : " Ho ocK3aTexBHHe npH3HaKH 3Toro odoranieHHH odHapyscHXHCB He B noR'beue o6mero ypoBHH HapoxHoro 6xarococToaHHH, a B BeaoMOCTHX Ka3eHHoro RoxoRa. BoKHa co C B O H M H noaiex-C T B H H M H nepexBaTHBaxa Bee H3XHIHKH Hapoa-Horo 3apa<3oTKa. HapoaHo-xo3HHCTBeHHaH p e $ o p M a npeBpaTHxacB B HHHaHCOByicr H ycnex, era XOCTHrHyTHfi, dHJI C 0 6 C T B e H H O (pHHaHCOBHH, a He HapOXHO-X03HfiCTBeHHHH". 6k -B coBpeMeHHOH 3anaAHOH J iHTepaType IleTp Be A H K H H HBAneTCH O A H H M H3 caMHx H P K H X H BHAaioiiiEXCH r o c y A a p e E CBoero BpeMeHH. X O T H e r o nacTo cpaBHHBawT c HBaHOM Tpo3HHM, H O IleTp BeAHKHft BepHA B HpOCBeiHeHHHH A6CnOTH3M. HAeio caMOAepxaBHH H B3aHMooTHomeHHH MesAy r o c y A a p e M H noAAaHHHM O H noB3aHMCTBO-BaA y IllBeHHH, a He B3HJI OT MOCKOBCKOH TpaAEIIHE. CaMHH THTyA "HMnepaTopa" H O C H A pa3AHMHHe 3HaqeHHH H acconnaHHH, qeM TH-TyA "napa". B npoTHBonoAOSHOCTB HBaHy rpo3HOMy, IleTp BeAH-K H H oqeHB yBasaA 3aKOHH H cqHTaAca nepBBiM CAyrofi r o c y A a p c T B a . X O T H O H <5HA doABineft qacTBK 3aHHT BoeHHHMH ASAaME, IleTp npeo-6pa30BaA neHTpaABHoe H MecTHoe ynpaBAeHne B P O C C H H H TaKie aAMEHHCTpaHHio nepKBH H (|)HHaHC0B. KpoMe Toro O H coBepnEA Baxc-Htie nepeMeHH B PyccKOM odmecTBe, B S K O H O M H H H KyABType. ByAy^H . BHCOKEM H OyAy^H KpenKHM, IleTp KpyTHME MepaMH TOAKHyA MOCKOBEK) Ha HOBHH nyTB K pa3BHTHI0. MHOTHM COBpeMeH-HHKaM O H Ka3aJtC5i H A H cBepxMeJcoBeKOM, HJ IH repoeM, HJEH aHTE-X P E C T O M . T O A B K O A E H H O C T B napn HanpaBHAa P O C C H M BnepeA: K BOE-He, K pe^opMaM, K HanpnaceHHio B c e x C B O H X C H A H K noAHOfi npeAaH-HOCTH CTpaHe. IIpOTHB erO AHHHOCTH BOCCTa Aa nOKOpHOCTB CTpe AB — noB, 6 a n K H p o B , acTpaxaHneB H C T O P O H H E K O B EyAaBHHa, B T O BpeMH, KaK A p y r n e MHoroqncAeHHHe CTapoBepH, a TaKsce H npaBocAaBHHe desaAH K OKpaHHaM H B Aeca. 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Bee xyxoe - O T 6e3xexBHu. B 3arpaHH^HOH X H T e p a T y p y MaxBTa CKypaTOB cqHTaeTcs caMHM 3BepcKHM naxa^OM HBaHa T p o 3 H o r o . B I 5 6 9 - 0 M roxy O H sa-xyniHX MHTponoxHTa <3>HXHnna. B 1 5 7 0 - O M roxy _ 6 9 -" C K y p a T O B , qToc3H noKa3aTL CBOIO n p e A a H -H O C T B napio cie3 c K O H H H 0Tpe3aA y x o B U C K O B a T o r o K o r A a O H yMEpaA".^ KaKHM HyscHHM B p e M e H n i H K O M dHA CKypaTOB B rjta3ax HBaHa T p o 3 H o r o MOSCHO B E A S T S H3 rHeBa n a p n , K o r A a O H noJiyivui H3BecTHe o e r o CMepTH O K O A O IlanAe: " O H c A e A a A doABmyio Kyqy H3 CBH3aHHHX njreHHHX ntBeiioB E HeMiieB, odAoscHA H X CBH3KaMH XBOpOCTa H CCKer 2CHBHME B .1 9 0 nopHBe CBoero rHeBa". IIpH IleTpe B e A H K O M nepBoe MecTo E3 H O B H X ABAei i 3aHH-MaeT AJ ieKcaHAp JUaHEAOBHq MeHniHKOB. O H B H A a B a A c a cBoen A e n T e A B -H O C T B K ) , A O B K O C T B K , yMOM H KpoMe T O T O noHHMaHHeM I leTpa B e J i H K o r o . 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I lepBHE x a x H P K H H o 6 p a 3 HBaHa Tpo3Horo B " I lecHe npo n a p a HBaHa B a c n x B e -Bvma, Moxoxoro onpH^HHKa H yxaxoro Kyniia KaxantHHKOBa", a BTopoM ynoMaHyx I leTpa B e x H K o r o B "MexHOM BcaxHHKe". HecMOTpn Ha H a p c K n e pacnpaBH H scecTOKOCTB IIpocTOH Hapox xiodnx H s a n a Tpo3Horo. 3THM O H o^eHB noxos: Ha coBpeMeHHHx caMoxepacaBiieB , T H T x e p a H CTaXHHa. K sTOMy MHeHHB npHcoexHHneTCH H coBeTCKaa XHTepaTypa, 3aMeHaBHtaH, w o " nopaxoK B cTpaHe xepscaxcn H pa3y-MOM H JJCeCTOKOCTBK) HBaHa IV B HBaHe Tpo3HOM o c y m e c T B X H x a c B Ta " r p 0 3 a " KOTOpOH XBOpHHCTBO XBOpflH-C T B O TpeOoBaxo O T HapCKOt BXaCTH 1'.^ 2 HecMOTpn Ha Bee CBoe 3HaHeHHe, B "MexHOM BcaxHHKe" IleTp BeXHKHH He Mor 3acxyacHTB XK>6OBB Hapoxa. TeM He MeHee, pyccKHii Hapox nopaaceH Bexn^neM S T O T O n a p s , K O T O P H H npeBpaTHX oTCTaxyio cTpaHy B MomHyB HMnepnio. YxHBXHeT H a c , w o ero x e n -TexBHocTB He ocTaBHxa B Hapoxe cooTBeTCTByiomero O T K X H K B KaK - 71 -c o B e T C K a a X H T e p a T y p a npaBHXBHo c o o d m a e T : " H TeM He MeHee B HapoxHOM T B o p ^ e -c T B e o I leTpe n e T To i l O T X H ^ H T O X B -H 0 H q e p T H , KOTOpOH OTMe^eHH n e c H H 9 3 O rp03HOM". Ha B C H E o e x e x o M O X H O cMOTpeTB c XByx C T O P O H . I leTp xa-B H X Ha KpecTBHHCTBo HTO(5H odecne^HTB rocyxapcTBeHHyro He3aBHCH-M O C T B P O C C H H , W O C J H y c T p o H T B apMHK, $ X O T H ocHOBaTB I l e T e p d y p r . HBaH IV MeHBiue xaBHX H a Hapox, M a x o C T P O H X H B KOHHe e r o acH3-H H p y c c K o e n a p c T B o e x s a He p a c n a x o c B . KpoMe T O T O , B T O B p e M H Korxa I leTp ocHOBax I l e T e p d y p r , A 3 0 B , T a r a H p o r HBaH yHHWoscnx H o B r o p o x H e r o BoeHHan noxHTHKa npHBexa K n o x a p y H yHHWoace-HHK) MOCKBH B 1571-OM TOXy. n o c x e odcyscxeHHji H cpaBHeHHa o d o n x napeM MOS:HO , n o -- M o e M y , nocTaBHTB Bonpoc, K K S K H M 3aKXMMeHHSM H HaxesExaM Haxo npHHTH X X H C o B e T C K o r o Coio3a B e r o CyxyionieM. HanpacHO MH. Haxe-eMCH Ha MHTKyiO X H H H O C T B . K T O 6H TaM He HapcTBOBax Ha pyCCKOM Z X H COBeTCKOM npecToxe O H dyxeT C H X B H H M , TBepXHM, X H T P H M H HHorxa •yexoBe^HHM. ^eM OoxBine O H dyxeT noxoxHTB Ha I l e T p a , T e M xyqme dyxeT x x a p y c c K o r o Hapoxa H eBponeiicKHX HapoxoB. H e x B 3 a paccMaTpHBaTB X H ^ H O C T B odonx Hapei i T O X B K O B O BpeMH H X napcTBOBaHHH. BaacHO Toace , no-MoeMy, KaK O H H xen'CTBy-KJT Ha dyxyramee, w o nxoxoTBopHoro x a x n O H H nocxexyiomeMy noKO-x e H H i o . E C X H M H B03BMeM 75 xeT n o c x e c n e p T H HBaHa rpo3Horo , M H BHXHM TOXBKO 3aCTOH BO BCeX CTOpOHaX OdmeCTBeHHOii J ICH3HH. BHXOX K BaxTHHCKOMy Mopio. , K O T O P H H yace n p H H a x x e x a x K P O C C H H - H B a H -ropox, Su H K o n o p B e dnxn noTepaHH niBexaM. A e c x n c x e x a T B o d -3op Toro ace caMoro n p o M e a c y T K a • BpeMeHH n o c x e CMepTH I leTpa Bexn-- 72 -Koro, M H 3acBHxeTea£CTByeM Taicoe pa3BHTHe pyccicoft HanHOHaaB-HOH XHSHH BO BCeX OTHOineHHHX , WO 18-Oe CTOJteTHe AO HaCTOiT-nero BpeMeHH ocTaeTCH caMHM cxaBHHM B pyccKOK H C T O P H H . - 73 -R E F E R E N C E S 1 V. Ma v r o d i n , E e t r P e r v y i , I z d a t e l s t v o Z.K.Molodaja g v a r d i j a, L eningrad,1948,p.148. 2 Ibid.,p . 3 5 8 3 V . K o s t y l o v , I v a n Grozny,voennoe I z d a t e l ' s . t v o v o o r u z h e n -nykh a i l S o j u s a SSR, Moskva, 1948, v o l . 1 , p.47. 4 I b i d . , p.472. 5 S.V. 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