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GH02J230700 Enhancer 0.5 Ensembl 600.7 +0.0 28 3.4 MAFK ZNF316 NFE2 MAFG ZNF366 NFE2L2 LINC01907 GC02P230588\nGH02J230774 Enhancer 1.2 Ensembl ENCODE dbSUPER 4.9 -75.9 -75871 13.2 CBFA2T2 ZNF148 CREM SMARCA4 IKZF1 GMEB1 DPF2 RFX1 IKZF2 ZNF7 CAB39 RNU6-268P RNU6-451P LINC01907 GC02P230779\nGH02J230750 Enhancer 0.8 Ensembl ENCODE 5 -49.6 -49572 5.4 ZBTB33 PKNOX1 SCRT2 SOX6 MAFK ZNF766 RUNX3 BATF BCL6 ATF2 CAB39 LINC01907 GC02P230753 RNU6-268P BANF1P3\nGH02J230723 Enhancer 0.2 ENCODE 5.9 -23.0 -22977 0.6 BANF1P3 LINC01907 CAB39\nGH02J230690 Enhancer 1.2 Ensembl ENCODE dbSUPER 0.4 +9.5 9490 2.1 SP7 KLF14 PRDM1 ZNF547 CREB1 ZNF600 PRDM10 ZSCAN4 ZNF639 ATF7 CAB39 TEX44 LINC01907 GC02P230588\nVectorBuilder Custom vectors for LINC01907 (ie. Plasmid, inducible, conditional vectors)\nVectorBuilder Custom viral vectors for LINC01907 (ie. Lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV vectors)\nVectorBuilder Virus packaging for LINC01907 (ie. Lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV, MMLV)\nVectorBuilder CRISPR/shRNA Library Construction for LINC01907 (custom and pooled libraries)\nVectorBuilder Mutagenesis services for LINC01907 (vector and BAC mutagenesis/recombineering available)\nNo data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Variation tolerance for LINC01907 Gene\nNo data available for External Links for LINC01907 Gene


SUPPORTING THE WAR ECONOMY IN THE DRC: EUROPEAN COMPANIES AND THE COLTAN TRADE FIVE CASE STUDIES - PDF\nSUPPORTING THE WAR ECONOMY IN THE DRC: EUROPEAN COMPANIES AND THE COLTAN TRADE FIVE CASE STUDIES\nDownload "SUPPORTING THE WAR ECONOMY IN THE DRC: EUROPEAN COMPANIES AND THE COLTAN TRADE FIVE CASE STUDIES"\n1 SUPPORTING THE WAR ECONOMY IN THE DRC: EUROPEAN COMPANIES AND THE COLTAN TRADE FIVE CASE STUDIES AN IPIS REPORT January\n2 Research: Jeroen Cuvelier and Tim Raeymaekers, IPIS Editors: Marc-Olivier Herman, Broederlijk Delen and Pieter Vermaerke, Cover photographs: Wim Van Cappellen, Reporters IP IS (International Peace Inf ormat ion Service) is an independent study and inform ati on servi ce, covering int ernati onal rel at ions in general and conf licts in parti cular. The infor mation ser vice oper ates as an int er mediar y bet ween journali sts, the research comm unity, and peace, hum an ri ght s and Thi rd World movements. For mor e i nf orm ati on: It al i l ei 98 A, B Ant werp, Belgium, T el + 32 (0) , be, ht tp:// users.skynet. be/ ipi s. The following organisations support the recommendations presented in this report: Belgium : / Fl emi sh North-Sout h Coal it ion, ACT, ATOL, Broederl ijk Delen, Carit as Secours International, CNCD/ Op rati on , Entraide et Frat ernit, Foncaba, FUCID, Memi sa, Mi ssio, Oxfam Soli darit, Pax Christ i Vl aanderen, Soli darit Soci ali ste, SOS Faim, Vredeseilanden, Wereldsoli darit eit /Soli darit Mondial e Fran ce : CCFD/Comit Cat hol ique contre la Fai m et pour le D veloppement, CI MA DE, COSI /Centre d i nformati on et de soli darit avec l Af rique, Secours Catholi que/cari tas F rance Germany: EED/Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst, Misereor, Pax Christi Germany, Vereinte Evangelische Mission Neth erl and s: Cordaid, Fat al Transact ions/ Nederlands Inst ituut voor Zuideli jk Af ri ka, ICCO/Interchurch Organi zation for Devel opment Cooperati on, Kerkinacti e, Pax Christ i Netherl ands Switzerland: Fastenopfer/Action de Car me United Kingdom: Christian Aid Fo r mor e i nf ormati on on the afo rementio ned NGOs, ple ase co nt act : CCAC/GLAN ( Co nce rta ti on chr t ien ne po ur l Afr iqu e c en tra le/ Gr ea t Lak es Ad voc acy Network ), ru e d es Ta nn eur s 1 65, B Br uss el s, Bel gi um, T , cc ac.ng one t.b e REC (Rseau Eur op en Co ngo ), Ru e d e l a Lin i r e 11, B Br uss el s, Bel gi um, T , re Resp ons ible editor : Lu c Claess ens, rue des Tan neu rs 16 5, B Bru ssels. 2\n3 Contents Glossary - Maps Executive Summary Introduction Coltan: black gold - Coltan location and troop deployment in DRC Coltan: from the Congolese war zones to your mobile phone Part 1: Financing the rebels: European companies and the RCD-Goma s attempts to monopolise the coltan trade Controlling the coltan trade: the RCD-Goma s SOMIGL monopoly Case 1 - Cogecom: the rebels key Belgian business partner Case 2 - Umicore subsidiary Sogem: a Belgian transnational corporation keeping at a safe distance from the RCD-Goma? The F d ration des Entreprises du Congo : resistance and power sharing Case 3 - Masingiro GmbH: a German contribution to the war in the DRC Part 2: Military commercialism: business partnerships between European companies and the Rwandan military Military commercialism or war as the continuation of economic activities by military means - Rwanda Metals and Grands Lacs Metals the RPA s coltan trading arms Case 4 - Finconcord, Finmining, Raremet: a Swiss entrepreneur with Kazakh connections becomes a key business partner of the Rwandan Patriotic Army Case 5 - Eagle Wings Resources: a Dutch-American trading venture with the Rwandan president s brother-in-law on its payroll Recommendations 3\n4 AFDL CAR CPH DRC EU EWR FEC GEMICOM GDP IPIS MAGERWA MDM MPR MLC PHIBRO RCD RPA RPF SOMIGL TIC TMK UN UNDP UPDF Glossary Alliance des Forces D mocratiques pour la Lib ration du Congo Central African Republic Chemie Pharmacie Holland Democratic Republic of Congo European Union Eagle Wings Resources F d ration des Entreprises Congolaises Groupe des Entreprises Mini res Congola ises Gross Domestic Product International Peace Information Service Magasins G n raux Rwandais Mudekereza-Defays-Min rais Mouvement Populaire de la R volution Mouvement pour la Lib ration du Congo Philip Brothers Rassemblement Congolais pour la D mocratie Rwandan Patriotic Army Rwandan Patriotic Front Soci t Mini re des Grands Lacs Tantalum and Niobium Study Centre Transports et Messageries au Kivu United Nations United Nations Development Programme Uganda People s Defence Forces Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Towns Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries So ur ce: Wo rld F actbo ok 200 1, CI A 4\n5 Executive summary Si nc e the outbr eak o f t he se con d Con gol ese war in Au gus t , the p eop le of th e Democr ati c Rep ubl ic of Co ng o have been ca ug ht up in a fig ht ov er th eir co un try s va st nat ur al res ou rce s. Si x n eig hb our ing s tat es an d se ve ral rebel g rou ps co mpe te to ex tr act ma xi mum co mmerc ial a nd mat er ial be ne fit s a t an exo rb ita nt hu man co st for millio ns of Co ngo le se. Th e pri vat e sec tor p lay s a v ita l r ol e i n t he co nti nu ati on of th e war by fa ci lit ating the e xp loi tat io n, tra ns por t a nd ma rke ti ng of Co ngo s na tur al re sou rce s. Th is re por t l ay s o ut th e re su lts of an inve st iga tio n con duc te d b y I PI S i nto t he dea li ngs of Euro pea n compan ie s i nvo lv ed in th e co lt an tr ad e and named in t he rep or t o f t he UN Pa ne l o f Exp ert s o n the Il le gal Ex pl oit ati on of Na tu ral Re so urc es of th e DRC. Colt an, an o re con ta ini ng th e r are t ant alu m met al, was sin gl ed out b eca use i t i s a n ess ent ia l el ement in the pro du cti on of mo bil e pho nes a nd compu ter s, sy mbo ls pa r exc ell en ce o f mod ern Euro pea n li fe sty le. Th e first three ca se st udi es ex ami ne th e r el ati ons hi p b etwee n Euro pe an tra di ng compa nie s a ct ive in Sout h Ki vu an d t he Rwand an ba cke d reb els o f t he RCD-Go ma. Buil di ng on th e i nst it uti ons i nhe rit ed fr om th e Mo bu tu era, the RCD col lec ts ta xes o n mine ra l e xpo rt s t o f in anc e i ts wa r e ff ort. Rea cti ng to a ste ep ri se in co lt an prices at t he en d o f 200 0, th e r ebe l admini st rat ion e ven gr an ted a mo nop oly o n a ll co lt an exp or ts fro m th e ter ritories un de r i ts co ntr ol to a new c omp any c all ed SOMI GL u nt il Mar ch Do cu ments gathe red b y I PIS e sta bli sh th at th e Belg ia n co mp any Co ge com Sp rl was a key b usi nes s par tne r of t he rebels mon op oly. The de als b etween SOMI GL a nd Co ge com ar e est ima te d t o h av e g ene ra ted a re ve nue of USD for t he RCD i n Dece mb er alo ne. Simi lar d eal s wer e d ocu me nte d b et wee n SOMI GL a nd Co ge ar, a compan y wit h a f ict iti ou s a ddr es s i n Bel giu m. So ge m, a sub sid ia ry of th e Belg ia n tr an sna tio na l c orp or ati on Umic ore (f or mer ly Un io n Mi ni re ) di d n ot en te r into commerc ia l t ran sa cti ons with th e reb els pro xie s. To get he r with i ts loc al pa rtn er in So ut h Ki vu, t he MDM trading po st, i t was fo rce d out of b usi nes s by the SOMI GL mon opo ly. Howe ver, as all Euro pea n co mp ani es tr adi ng co lt an in Ki vu, So ge m in di rec tly f ina nce d the wa r thr oug h its lo ca l p art ne rs ta x pay men ts to t he rebel admin is tra tio n. Re se arch into t he ac tiv iti es of th e Ger man co rp ora tio n Ma si ngi ro GmbH d oc ume nts t hre e b us ine ss tr an sactions co ver in g t he ex por t o f 75 ton ne s o f co lt an fro m Jun e t o Sep tembe r Th e v ol ume of t hes e ca rg oes makes i t p la usi ble t hat th es e d eli ve rie s o ri gin ate d fro m o ld st ock s of RCD s SOMI GL mon opo ly. Th e coltan exp or ted by Ma si ngi ro was tr ans po rte d t o Ger man y via th e air por t of Os te nd and t he sea po rt of An twerp by the exp ed iti on co mpa nie s TMK ( DRC), A.B.A.C a nd NV St ei nwe g ( Be lgi um). Th e co lt an was pr es uma bly dest ine d f or th e t an tal um pr oce ssi ng pl ant o per ate d by the Ba ye r su bs idi ary H.C. St ar ck, a wor ld le ad er in th is fie ld. 5\n6 Th e Rwa nda n Pat rio ti c Army ( RPA) i s a s tro ng ly org an ise d a nd ef fic ie nt for ce in th e war ec onomy of the Gr ea t Lakes regi on. Acco rd ing to t he UN Pa nel of Expe rts, the RPA has se t up an ad ho c s tr uct ure t o o ver se e th e mining of Cong ol ese re so urc es an d f aci li tat e c on tac ts wi th Wes te rn cli en ts. Un de r t he he ade r o f mi lit ar y co mmercialism the s eco nd pa rt of th e r epo rt lo oks a t j oin t ven tur es be twe en Eu rop ea n co lt an tra de rs and me mb ers of the RPA a nd Pau l Ka ga me s i nn er cir cl e. Th e Swiss busin ess ma n Chri s Hub er ap pea rs to pl ay a maj or ro le in th e f ina nc ing of t he Rwa nd an war e ffo rt. Re se arch shows tha t his of fs hor e c ompan ies Fi nmini ng a nd Ra re met bu y co lt an fro m Rwan da Met al s, a co mp any acting as a fro nt fo r t he RPA, and s ell it t o t he Ul ba pr oce ss ing pl an t i n Kaz akh sta n. Thro ug h ag re ements with th e Kaz akh ai r fre igh t compan y Ul ba Av ia kompan ia /Ir ty sh Av ia, wh ich ha nd les Fi nminings sh ip men ts fr om Kig al i t o Kaz akh sta n, Ch ris Hube r may be li nk ed to Vi kto r Bou t, a n ot ori ous ar ms trafficker wh o sup pli es va rio us re bel g rou ps an d a rmi es in Af ri ca. Ea gl e Wings Res our ce s ( EWR) i s a jo int ve nt ure be tween th e Ame ric an Tr in ite ch an d the Du tc h Ch emie Ph ar mac ie Ho lla nd. EWR s lo ca l r epr es ent ati ve in Ki ga li is Al fre d Rwig ema, Pre sid ent Ka ga me s b ro the r- in -l aw. Preside nt Ka ga me was a ccu sed by t he UN Pa nel of Expe rts o f p lay in g a pi vo tal ro le in th e ex pl oitation of th e DRC s n at ura l r es our ces. EWR s ma na gement c lai ms it ha s t ur ned do wn bu sin es s pr op osals by an oth er RPA-c on tro lle d co lt an tra di ng fir m cal led Gr an ds La cs Me tal s b ut wa s u na ble to sp ec ify from wh ich t rad ing p ost s i ts lo cal r epr ese nt ati ve pu rch ase s the co lt an exp or ted by EWR. Th e report conc lud es wi th re commen da tio ns to th e UN Sec uri ty Co unc il, t he EU Co unc il of Mi ni ste rs, Eu ro pean countr ies a nd Kaz ak hst an, t he pri va te sec to r a nd co nsu mer o rga nis at ion s. Thes e r ec ommend at ion s ar e supported b y a l arg e c oa lit ion o f NGOs f rom se ve ral Eu ro pea n c ou ntr ies. The y a im at in cr eas ing t he in ce ntives for the warr ing p art ies t o s eek a ne got ia ted an d sus tai na ble pe ac e a gre ement an d at cre at ing an en vi ronment in whi ch th e co lt an tra de wi ll be nef it th e p eop le of Co ng o i nst ea d o f f ue lli ng a war th at de str oy s th ei r l ivelihoods. A k ey re commen da tio n i s the ne ed to impo se a t empor ary e mba rgo o n co lt an and o the r na tu ral resourc es or igi nat in g f rom o ccu pie d DRC an d cou ntr ie s i nvo lv ed in th e Cong ol ese wa r. This te mp orary measu re sh oul d a ll ow the UN, the EU a nd na tio nal g ove rnmen ts to in ves tig at e c omp an ies an d na ti onals invol ved i n t he co lt an tra de an d t ak e meas ur es to pr eve nt th is tra de fr om co ntr ibu ti ng dir ec tly or in di rec tly t o t he fi nan cin g of the war in th e DRC. Spec ifi c rec ommen dat ion s are ma de to th e gov ern me nts of Be lg ium, German y, th e Neth er lan ds an d Swit ze rla nd on th e b as is of th is res ea rch. Lea din g i nt ern ati on al co rp orations us ing t ant alu m cap aci to rs suc h as Al ca tel, Compaq, Del l, IBM Eric sso n, No ki a an d Si emens ar e ca ll ed upon to immed iat ely r efr ain f rom bu yi ng compo nen ts co nta ini ng ta nta lu m o rig in ati ng fr om occ up ied Co ng o and its n eig hb our s a nd to al lo w f or in dep end en t v eri fi cat ion. 6\n7 Th e war in the Democ rat ic Re pub lic o f Cong o ha s cost the li ves o f mill io ns of Co ngo les e pe op le 1 and je opa rd ise s t he fu tur e of a who le co nt inent. Sinc e t he ou tbr ea k o f t he s eco nd Co ng ole se wa r (Au gu st 1998), t he Co ngo les e po pu lat ion h as bee n cau ght u p i n a f igh t o ve r t he DRC s v ast n atu ral r eso urc es. The co nfl ict invo lves at least si x nei ghb ou rin g s ta tes an d man y re be l g rou ps. In i ts rec en tly pu bli sh ed rep or ts, th e UN Pane l o f Exp ert s inv est ig ati ng th e i lli ci t t rad e in minerals and ot he r n atu ra l r eso ur ces of t he DRC came u p wit h t he st art li ng con cl usi on th at ex tr act ing t he max imum comme rci al an d ma te ria l b en efi ts ha s bec ome the pr imary mo ti ve of the c ou ntr ies a nd armi es in vol ve d i n th is wa r. 2 Equal ly wo rry ing i s th e Pan el s fin din g tha t th e ro le of th e pri vat e sec tor i n t he ex pl oitation of na tu ral re so urc es an d the continu ati on of th e war ha s been vital. 3 Th is report tak es a clo ser l ook at a number of compa nie s a nd ve ntu re s n ame d by th e UN exp er ts bec au se of th eir in vo lve men t in th e colta n tra de i.e. Co ge com, Cog ear, S og em, Ma si ngi ro, Finmini ng, Finc on cor d, Ra remet a nd Ea gl e Wings Res our ce s. Th ey are a ll par ti all y in co rpora te d i n Eur ope an co unt rie s and /or ma naged by Eu ro pea n n at ion als. The co lt an tra de wa s singled out be ca use of i ts lin k to an ob jec t th at has become so i mpo rta nt in th e eve ryd ay li ve s of so man y Eur ope an s, i.e. the mo bi le ph on e. In June 200 1, a coa li tio n o f 18 Bel gi an NGOs launche d a ca mp aig n wit h t he sl oga n No bl oo d o n my mob ile! Sto p t he pl und er ing of Co ng o! to d ema nd th at mea su res be t ake n t o en su re that the tr ad e i n Con gol ese miner al s be ne fits the pe opl e of Con go in ste ad of fu el lin g a wa r that destro ys the ir li vel ih ood s. Th is rep or t i s in te nded as a c ont ri buti on to war ds th is go al. Th e aim of t his re po rt is to as ses s the re sp onsibility of th e c omp an ies un de r s cru ti ny in Introduction The role of the private sector in the exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the war has been vital. th e fin anc in g a nd co nti nua ti on of th e war. Thes e co mp ani es op era te ch ief ly fr om Rwa nd a a nd Rwan dan co nt rol led t err ito ry in Ea st ern DRC. Ac co rdi ngl y, th is re por t wil l c onc en tra te on th e at te mpt s b y the Rwan dan Patr io tic Ar my (RPA) an d its Co ng ole se al lie s to con tr ol the c olt an tr ade in Kivu. Man y i mpo rt ant is su es, su ch as hu ma n ri gh ts vio la tio ns an d e col og ica l d ev ast ati on ac co mpa nyin g col tan mini ng an d t radin g, wi ll no t be d isc uss ed in th is re por t. 4 Th e fir st pa rt of th is rep or t l ook s at how Euro pea n tr ad ing co mp ani es ac tiv e in Sou th Ki vu ha ve reac te d t o t he at tempt s o f t he Ra ss emb leme nt Co ng ola is po ur la D moc rat ie ( RCD) to mono po lis e t he co lta n tra de. This re be l move me nt wa s cre ate d at the b egi nni ng of th e sec ond Cong ole se war i n Au gu st to ser ve th e in te res ts of Rwand a in Eas te rn Co ng o. Its h ead qua rt ers ar e cu rre nt ly bas ed in Go ma. The ca se st udi es pr ese nt ed in th is pa rt ar e Coge co m, Cog ea r, Sog em a nd Ma si ngi ro. Wh er eas al l the se co mpa nie s hav e i nd ire ctl y fina nc ed the RCD s mil ita ry bu dge t t hr oug h t he ta xe s l evi ed by th e reb els, some h av e p lay ed a mo re di rec t rol e i n the co nt inu ati on of th e war by en te rin g int o v er y l ucr at ive tr an sac tio ns wi th th e re be ls. UN Panel of Experts Un de r t he he ade r o f mi lit ar y c ommer cia lis m, th e sec ond p art of t he rep or t l ook s at joi nt tr ade ve ntu re s o f Eur ope an bu sin ess es wi th Rwand an mi li tar y a nd po lit ic al act or s: Swi ss ma nag ed of f- sh or e c omp an ies (Fi nmini ng, Finc onc or d a nd Ra re met ) an d a Du tc h-amer ic an joi nt ve ntu re (Ea gl e Wing s Res our ce s). Fi na lly, t hi s r epo rt wi ll ma ke a n umber of re co mme nda ti ons to p rev ent t he col ta n t rad e fro m co nt rib uti ng to th e fin anc in g o f t he wa r i n the DRC and fr om je opa rd isi ng th e Lusa ka pe ace pr oc ess. 1 E.g. A ccess to health and v iolence in Con go (D RC), M decin s S an s Fr on ti res, Decemb er 2001; No En d in S igh t The Hum an Tr agedy of th e Con flict in th e Demo cratic Repu blic of Con go, Ch ristian Aid, Oxf am GB and Sav e the Ch ildren U K, Au gus t Addendum to the report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources of DR Congo, , Report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources of the DR Congo, , These iss ues are discu ssed in oth er pu blications. S ee fo r example: D RC Rw an des e con tro lled east: Devastatin g human toll, A mnesty I nternational, Ju ne 2001 an d Red mon d, Ian, Co ltan Boo m, Go rilla Bu st. Th e imp act o f coltan minin g on gor illas an d other wildlife in Eastern DR Cong o, Born Fr ee Fo und ation & Dian Fos sey G orilla F und Euro pe, May\n8 Coltan: black gold What s in a name? Col tan i s a c ont ra cti on of c olo mb o-t ant al ite, th e n ame o f a n o re co mb inin g two ra re me tal s wit h s imila r a to mic st ru ctu res : nio biu m (Nb ), al so kn own a s c olu mb ium, a nd ta nta lu m ( Ta). What is it used for? Be fo re it ca n b e u se d, col ta n n eed s to be re fin ed. The ta nt alu m o r nio biu m ar e sep ara te d t hro ug h a ch emica l r ea cti on fr om the ir or e a nd tr ansfo rmed in to a met al po wde r. A ver y sma ll gr oup of c omp ani es in th e wor ld is ca pa ble of p roc ess in g c olt an. Thes e inc lud e H.C. St arc k ( Ge rma ny ), Ca bo tt Inc. ( U.S.), Ni ng xia ( Ch ina ), Ul ba ( Kaza kh sta n). Tant alu m and Ni ob ium po wd er are i n g rea t demand b y a nu mb er of in dus tri es. Tant al um po wd er is us ed to ma nuf act ur e h igh ly he at- re sis tan t ele ctr on ic compo nen ts ne ed ed for mobi le ph one s, la pto p c omput ers, pla y s ta tio ns,... Tan ta lum is al so us ed in th e a vi ati on an d a tomic en erg y ind ust ri es. Ni ob ium is most ly us ed in he at -re sis ta nt ste el an d g la ss all oy s i n t he co nst ru cti on in dus try. Where is it found? Ni ob ium is f oun d c hi efl y i n two mi ne s i n Bra zil (CBMM, Ara x an d Br it ish -Amer ica n, Go ias ) a nd on e min e i n Can ada (Nio bec, St Hon or ). Un ti l r ece nt ly the majo rit y of the worl d s p rod uct io n o f t an tal um wa s f rom th e dis car d sla gs of ti n s me lte rs. The tin mine ral c ass ite ri te is fr equ ent ly as soci at ed wit h col tan o re. Fo ll owi ng th e g rad ua l d ecl in e o f t he ti n in du str y, ne w s our ce s h ave e mer ged. The bi gg est co lt an min es, whic h ac co unt fo r app rox imate ly 60 % o f t he wo rld s pr odu ct ion ar e loc ate d in Au st ral ia (Gree nbu sh es, Wo dgin a, So ns of Gwali a). I t i s gen era ll y be li eve d t ha t 8 0% of th e wor ld s r es erv es ar e i n Afr ica, wit h DRC ac co untin g for 80 % of the Afri can r ese rve s. In DRC, c olt an is mo st ly fo un d n ear r ive rs an d i n r iv erb eds o r h idd en in th e vas t n at ura l r es erv es of ea st ern Co ng o i n t he two Kiv u p rov in ces an d in Mani ema. The coltan gold rush At t he end o f 2 000, the po pu lat ion o f Kivu was sud de nly dr ag ged in to an unpr ec ede nte d go ld ru sh for c olt an. In a fe w mont hs t ime, the pr ic e o f co lt an ros e ten fol d. In J an uar y , an in ter nat io nal tr ad er pai d bet wee n 30 a nd 40 USD f or a pou nd (l b) of un pro ces se d c olt an or e. By Dece mb er 20 00, t he pr ice ha d ris en to 38 0 USD. This i ncr eas e was ca us ed by an ov er val uat io n o f t he te chn ol ogy ma rk et tri gg ere d b y a n ew ge ner ati on of mo bi le pho ne s ( UMTS) an d a r ush on c omp ute r games (Sony Pl ayst at ion II ), ca usi ng a sud de n a nd st eep ri se in th e demand f or tan ta lum po wd er. Ho we ver, t he co lta n boo m was sh ort -l ive d a nd pr ice s rap idl y dec rea se d. In Ap ri l 2 001, col tan was pri ce d a rou nd 15 0 USD/lb, i n Jul y , aro un d 10 0 USD/lb a nd in Oc tob er 20 01, co lt an pri ce s were b ack to wher e t he y we re be for e the c ol tan go ld ru sh, i.e. a ro und 30 USD/ lb. I n t he me ant ime ho we ver, t ho usa nds o f d est it ute Co ng ole se pe opl e h ad go ne di ggi ng fo r t he pr ec iou s o re, a fe w int ern at ion al tr ade rs ha d made a fo rtu ne an d mil lio ns of do ll ars ha d flo wed t o t he pa rti es wa gin g war. Coltan location and troop deployment in DRC Prov. Orientale Mambasa (UPDF/FLC) Bafwasende (UPDF/FLC) Maniema Punia (RPA/RCD) Kalima (RPA/RCD) Kama (RPA/RCD) Saramabila (RPA/RCD) South Kivu Shabunda (RPA/RCD) Ninja (RPA/RCD) Kalehe (RPA/RCD) Walungu (RPA/RCD) Walikale (RPA/RCD) Bunyakire (RPA/RCD) North Kivu Masisi (RPA/RCD) Walikale (RPA/RCD) Myanga (RPA/RCD) Kibabi (RPA/RCD) Pinga (RPA/RCD) Katanga Manono (RPA/RCD) So ur ce : A ll Party Parliamentary Gr ou p o n the Gr eat Lakes and Geno cid e Pr ev ention, U K H ou se of Co mm ons, Rep ort of a Visit to D RC, 2 nd 6 th A ugu st So ur ces : Tan talum- Niobium In ter natio nal Stud y Center (ww w.tan b.o rg ) an d Didier de Failly, Coltan, p ou r comp rendr e..., in L A nnu air e des Gr an ds Lacs, An tw erp, N ov emb er\n9 Coltan: from the Congolese war zones to your mobile phone Diggers working in riverbeds and mines Coltan Local traders Military circuits Trading posts ( comptoirs ) - traditional: e.g. MDM, Gemicom, Copimar - military controlled: e.g. SOMIGL, Rwanda Metals, Grands Lacs Metals Analysts: Alex Stewart (worldwide), Alfred Knight (London) International traders e.g. Cogecom, Sogem, Masingiro, Finmining, EWR Ca pa cit or and c hip ma nufac turer s: e.g. AMD, AVX, Epcos, Hitachi, Intel, Kemet, NEC Tantalum powder Tantalum processing plants Approx. 20 worldwide, e.g. Ulba Metallurgical Plant (Kazakhstan), Trinitech (USA). 4 of these are capable of making tantalum powder for the electronics industry: H.C. Starck (Germany), Cabot (USA), Ningxia (China), Shoa-Cabot (Japan) International expedition and transport companies e.g. ABAC, Steinweg, TMK, Ulba Aviakompania, Flight Line, DAS Air, Sabena/SwissCargo Tantalum capacitors and other components High-tech industry e.g. Alcatel, Compaq, Dell, Ericsson, HP, IBM, Lucent, Motorola, Nokia, Siemens Mobile phones, computers, play stations So ur ces : Kr is ti Ess ick, A call to ar ms, The In dus tr y S tan dard Mag azine, 1 1/6/0 1; E. Br uylan d, Bloed aan uw GS M?, Trends, 19/4/0 1; Tantalu m-n iob iu m I ntern ational Stu dy Center ( b.o rg ); D idier de Failly, Coltan, p ou r comp rendr e..., in L A nnu air e des Gr an ds Lacs, An twerp, N ovemb er\n10 Part 1 Financing the rebels: European companies and the RCD-Goma s attempts to monopolise the coltan trade Controlling the coltan trade: the RCD-Goma s SOMIGL monopoly When the RCD seized power in Kivu in August 1998, the mining sector was a complete shambles. However, instead of restructuring the infrastructure and looking for a new viable management for the mines in their territory, the RCD leadership quickly started looting the remaining stocks of colombo-tantalite with their Rwandan partners 5. Shortly after, the newly instated rebel government decided to collect its own taxes on mineral exports, using the institutions inherited from the Mobutu era. The only new office created by the RCD government was the Office de Protection des Recettes Publiques 6. For a period of almost two years, the RCD obliged every trading post or comptoir opera ting in its territory to pay USD for a licence that was valid for a 12 month period. In addition, the licensed comptoirs had to pay a tax estimated at 8% of the total value of exports 7. However the RCD remained highly dependent on its Rwandan backers to finance its military deployment in the region. Th at al l c ha nge d o n 20 Nov ember Re ac ting to the st ee p r ise i n c olt an pr ice s, th e RCD-Goma g ra nte d a mono pol y on all c olt an ex po rts fr om re bel h eld te rri to rie s t o a n ewl y cr ea ted comp any ca ll ed SOMI GL ( So ci t We raise more or less USD a month from diamonds. Coltan gives us much more: a million USD a month! Mi ni re de s Gra nds Lacs ). 8 The mono po ly was se t up to fi nan ce th e war ef for t o f the RCD- Go ma. Firs t of all, a n ew ta x o f 1 0 USD wa s le vi ed on ev ery kg o f c olt an ex por te d b y t ra din g po st s o per at ing in r ebe l t er rit ory. Secon dl y, the SOMI GL l ea der shi p was gi ve n t o Azi za Ku ls um, ak a Ma dame Gul ama li. In a rec ent pa st, t his n oto rio us Bu run di an bus ine ss woman ha d bee n a f ier ce al ly of th e Hutu -r ebe ls in Bu ru ndi an d had bu il t u p a r epu tat io n a s a t oug h ar ms de ale r. Fi nal ly, SOMI GL was ba cke d by fo ur fo rei gn pa rtn er s, i.e. Af ri com, Pre mec o, Co ge com an d Cog ear. Alth ou gh th e ide nti ty of th e two fi rs t co mp ani es is unkn own, Co ge com an d Co ge ar wil l b e d is cus sed be lo w. SOMI GL a ll owe d t he RCD t o fi na nce it s own mi li tar y b ud get fo r th e fir st ti me. Ho wev er, t he ex act amou nt of ta x r eve nu e f or th e RCD- Go ma ge ne rat ed by th e mono po ly is no t k nown. Ac co rdi ng to of fic ia l RCD st ati sti cs, c olta n ex po rts fr om RCD-t er rit ory p rio r t o the SOMI GL mon opo ly (J anu ary t o Octo be r ) to ta lle d k g, av era gi ng ,5 kg a mo nt h ( see c har t b el ow). Dur ing th e mon opo ly, of fici al ex por ts in cre as ed to 11 2 t onn es in De ce mbe r , fal li ng bac k aga in to 96 to nne s in J anu ary an d 27 ton ne s i n Feb rua ry. 9 On th e bas is of th e RCD s procl ai med ta xa tio n me th od of 10 USD/k g, th e SOMI GL mon opo ly wo ul d h ave e nab led t he RCD t o c ash 2,35 mi ll ion USD in thr ee mo nth s. RCD-Goma President Adolphe Onusumba As a re sul t of the mono pol y, two r eno wn ed tr ad ing po st s i n Buk avu, MDM (c f. in fra ) a nd th e lea din g Kot ech a gro up, a lle ged ly su spe nd ed 5 F ro m late N ovember to Apr il 19 99, th e RPA an d RCD leaders hip in G oma organised the rem oval an d transpo rt to Kigali of between 1,000 and 1,5 00 to nn es of co ltan and between 2,000 and 3,0 00 to nnes of cass iterite: Rep ort of the Pan el of Ex perts on the illegal exploitation o f n atu ral r eso ur ces an d oth er fo rm s o f w ealth of the Dem ocratic Republic of th e Co ng o, New Yor k, 12 Ap ril S ig nif icantly, th e per son w ho is cu rrently in charg e of that of fice is Gervais Ru bon eka, the fo rm er co or din ato r of the S OMI GL mo nopoly. 7 Teg era, A lo ys, Le coltan et les po pulation s d u No rd -Kivu, Pole I ns titute, 17 March A rr t in terd par temen tal n 43 /RCD/CE/DFBP, DTME & DEP IC/20 00 du 20 no vembr e 2000, po rtant dispo sitio ns sp eciales app licab les a l ach at et l exp ortation du colo mbo -tantalite. Th e pro vision was sig ned b y the Minis ter o f F inance ( Emungu Eh um ba), the Minister of Min es (N estor Kiyim bi Mu tangi) and th e Min ister of Econo my (G aston Ru to ng San dam Muyey) of th e RCD -Go ma. 9 O ff icial RCD-Go ma statistics co llected by IP IS in March 2001 in G oma. 10\n11 th ei r coltan tr adi ng acti vi tie s i n eas ter n DRC 10. Mo re over, SOMI GL c on sta ntl y had to c ont end wi th regular ex por t sto ps an d a co mp let e un wi lli ngne ss fr om so me loc al co mp toi rs to co op era te wi th the a uth oriti es 11. RCD-GOMA COLTAN EXPORT STATISTICS for January October 2000 Comptoir Amount in kg Estimated value in USD Ntale Mbanzabugabo Socomi Singoma-Mwanza Shenimed MDM Muyeye Sogermi-Congo Vanga-Entreprise Hitimana EFP/ Business Kaferege (Rwanda Metals) Total Source: Official Statistics RCD Ministry of Mines and Energy, October 2001 Wh en pr ice s fel l d ra sti cal ly at th e end of Marc h 2001 and o ffi cia l exp ort s slu mpe d to a mer e 19 t onnes, the RCD-l ead ers hi p f ina ll y d eci de d t o ab ol ish th e SOMI GL mon opo ly. The mar ke t was ag ai n l ibe ra lis ed. 12 As t he follo win g c as e s tud ie s will s how, t hi s sh or t period al lowed th e RCD le ade rs hip to en ga ge in co nsi de rab le bu sin ess a cti vit ie s with a nu mb er of fo rei gn pa rtn ers. Two of t hes e co mp ani es ar e d iscu ss ed bel ow, i.e. Co ge com an d Co ge ar. Th e s eco nd co mpa ny we di sc uss, So ge m, had t o s to p i ts ac tiv iti es in Ki vu be cau se it s local partn er wa s t emp or ari ly fo rce d o ut of bu si ness. Fina lly, th e e nd of th e SOMI GL mo no poly o ff ere d Eur ope an co mpa nie s new bu si ness oppo rt uni ti es. Th is wa s t he ca se fo r t he Ge rman compa ny Ma si ngi ro whi ch wil l be di sc uss ed in th e t hi rd par t of thi s cha pte r. Case 1 - Cogecom and Cogear: the rebels key Belgian business partners Trading with the rebels Co ge com SPRL was es tabli sh ed on 9 Nov emb er as an i mpo rt- ex por t b us ine ss to an d f ro m Za ir e. Ini ti all y i t was a he ad- compa ny to co ntr ol a nu mbe r o f buy ing p oin ts in Bu run di, Rwan da an d Zai re, i t i s n ow pr inc ip all y e ng age d i n the impo rt of pr od uct s f ro m t he DRC, suc h as co ff ee, pa pa ya, qu in ine, t in an d, of co urs e, co lt an. Acco rd ing to Co geco m s mana ger, Mr Ja cq ues Va n den Ab ee le, hi s col tan -s upp lie r is a co mpto ir ba sed i n Buka vu (Sout h Kiv u) ca lle d Sh en ime d l ed by Mr s Shen il a Mwan za an d h er br ot her Mo ha mme d 13. Bo th are c hil dre n of the lo ca l b usi ne ss mog ul Az iza Kuls um, who led t he RCD col tan mono pol y fro m Nov embe r 2000 t o Ma rc h Th e UN Pan el of ex pe rts in cl ude d Co ge com i n th e lis t o f compa ni es exp or tin g c ol tan fr om th e DRC via Ki ga li and a sse rte d tha t t he Be lgi an co mp any wa s one of Ms Gula ma li s c li ent s 14. Ne ve rth ele ss, i n r ea cti ons t o t he pr ess, Mr Van de n Abe ele h as per si ste ntl y deni ed ha vin g any re la tio n wit h Ms Gula ma li or SOMI GL. Ho we ver, e vi den ce ga the red b y I PIS s ugg est s th e contr ar y. IPI S res ear ch ers ar e in the po ss ess ion o f t wo do cument s whi ch pr ove th e sa le of co ns ide rab le amoun ts of co lta n by SOMI GL t o Co ge com i n Dec emb er The do cu men ts au tho ris e the ex po rt of 30 to nne s of co lt an of s mal l-s ca le pro du cti on ( de pr od uct ion a rti sa nal e ) v alu ed at USD on 1 Dec emb er 2000 and o f a not he r 30 to nn es val ue d a t USD on 16 De ce mbe r Bot h doc ume nt s a re si gne d b y th e provi nc ial ch ie f o f t he RCD Min ist ry of Mi ne s f or So uth -Ki vu, Mr Kay ong a Abb as The In dian Ko techa family heads a gro up of tr adin g com pan ies in eas t-d RC, and has b een a leader in the coltan trad e in Kiv u for decades. Mr Ramn ik O. Ko techa in tr odu ces h ims elf as the ho norar y con sul o f th e US in Bu kav u. Repor t o f the UN P anel o f Experts, 12 Ap ril 20 01, F or a mor e detailed discu ss ion, s ee: d e F ailly, Coltan. Po ur Co mpr en dre, in : L Afriq ue des G ran ds La cs, No vem ber 2 001, p Le Potentiel, 14 Ap ril I nterv iew w ith Mr J acq ues V an den A beele, 22 Au gu st Rep ort of the UN Panel of Experts, 12 Apr il 2001, An nex I 15 Authorisation d exportation n mines/345.7/252/2000 (1/12/00); authorisation d exportation n mines/345.7/242/2000 (16/12/00) 11\n12 Fo ll owing RCD s ta xa tio n met hod, t he kg e xpo rte d by Co ge com s ho uld ha ve ge nerat ed a ta x r evenu e of USD f or the RCD. If th e RCD s of fic ial e xpo rt da ta for Dece mbe r is corr ect, t hi s mean s tha t Co ge com s tr an sactions ac cou nt fo r mor e t han 5 0% of SOMI GL s busi nes s rev enu e for th at mo nth. If th e value state d b y SOMI GL ( USD ) i s th e price actua lly p aid, t he n Co ge com s p rof it ca n be esti ma ted at 2.5 to 4 mil lio n USD gi ve n th e price of ta nta lu m o n t he wo rld mark et at th at mo ment and a ssu min g a t ant al um con te nt of 20 % 16. Tr ans por t and ot he r t axe s sho uld b e de du cted from t his a mou nt. As Mr Van de n Ab ee le has d ecl ine d to rev ea l a ny info rmati on on t he destinat ion o f t he ex por ts an d t he id enti ty of h is shipp ing ag en ts, it i s i mpo ssi bl e t o ev al uat e the se co sts 17. Cogear: a mysterious company linked to Cogecom? Wh il e r ese ar chi ng Co ge com s ac ti vit ies, IPI S d is cov ere d Cogecom s transactions do cu men ts th at est ab lis hed account for more than 50% of si mi lar tran sac tio ns be twe en the SOMIGL monopoly s SOMI GL and anot he r c omp an y business for December Co ge ar SARL. Th e t ota l pr oc laimed v alu e o f the se co lta n d ea ls, wh ic h we re al so ma de in Dece mb er 2000, amoun ts to USD 18. Ac cor din g to thr ee ex por t pe rmits obta in ed by IPIS, th e add res s of thi s co mp any is 134, Av en ue Alb er tin e, 1120 Br us sels. Ho wev er, r ese ar ch in Be lgi um sh ows th at Co ge ar s a ddr ess i s f ict it iou s. Su bse que nt ly, th e compa ny ha s n o commer ci al reg is try or te le phone nu mbe r. An in sur an ce compa ny cal le d Co ge ar exists in Kiga li bu t i ts ma nag eme nt st at es not t o h ave a n a ddr es s i n Bel giu m. So me so ur ces ha ve li nke d Co ge ar t o Jac que s Van de n Ab ee le, Co ge com s mana ger, but IPIS ha s b ee n un ab le to co nfi rm th is all eg ati on. Whoe ver i s be hi nd Co ge ar, th is gho st co mpa ny ha s e nab le d th e RCD to e xpo rt co lta n a nd to in cr eas e i ts fi na nci al re venu es. Conclusion Th e dis cus si on of th e f ormer co mpa ni es sho ws th at th e RCD s war f ina nci ng ac tiv it ies ha ve ce rta in ly not b een li mi ted to t axa tio n alo ne. Ra th er, th e treme nd ous in cr eas es in pr ice s at the en d of hav e i ns pir ed it s l ead er shi p t o ex po rt as mu ch colta n as pos si ble th ro ugh de al s wi th fo rei gn co mpa ni es. Co geco m s Ja cq ues Va n den Ab ee le has b een a ve ry impo rt ant bu sine ss pa rtn er fo r t he RCD. Co ge ar SARL a ls o ap pe ars to b e s uch a pa rtn er. Howev er, a s t he fo ll owin g cas e wil l i llu st rat e, no t e ver y compto ir ha s bee n wil lin g t o coo perat e to the s ame ex te nt. 16 Th e calculation is m ade on the bas is of th e price paid by pr ocess ing comp anies to tr aders fo r tan talu m in the per io d b etw een 1 an d 19 December 20 00, wh ich f luctu ated b etween 215 and 275 US D/lb lb of tantalu m ( amo un t b ased on an es tim ated 20 % of the d eliver ed 60 to nn es of co ltan) co st betw een an d US D at the time. 17 I nterv iew with Mr J acq ues Van den Abeele, 2 Au gu st Au thorisation d ex por tation n mines/3 45.7/236 /2000 (7/12/00): K g coltan d e pr od uction artisan ale, valu ed ,44 US D; auth or isatio n d expo rtation n mines /345.7/237/2000 (7 /1 2/0 0): k g coltan de pro du ction artisanale, valued ,72 U SD; auth orisatio n d expo rtation n m ines/3 45.7/241/2000 (13/12/00): kg co ltan d e pro duction artis anale, valued U SD. 12\n13 Case 2 - Umicore subsidiary Sogem: a Belgian transnational corporation keeping at a safe distance from the RCD-Goma? So ge m is a 9 9,6 8% su bsi di ary of t he Bel gi an Un io n Mini r e g ro up (re ce ntl y r en ame d Umico re ), on e o f t he la rge st an d o ld est Be lg ian tr an sna tio na l c orp or ati ons 19. Fo un ded in 1900 in Br us sel s, So ge m no w has br an che s i n 27 co un tries invol ved i n mark et ing, t ra din g a nd br ok ering non -fe rr ous an d pre cio us me tal s. 20 Th e UN Pan el of ex pe rts in it ial ly ac cus ed Soge m of c oop era ti ng wit h the RCD thr oug h its SOMI GL mon opo ly an d Ms Gul ama li 21. In re sp onse to the UN Pane l s a ccu sat io ns, So ge m de cl are d t o the pr es s t hat i t h ad ne ver de al t with SOMI GL and th at it wa s o nl y d oin g bus ine ss wi th its long t ime p art ner s in Kiv u, in dep en den t lo ca l t rad er s. 22 So ge m s mana geme nt al so al le ged that th e SOMI GL mon opo ly ha d pr ompted a s tee p d ro p o f So ge m s s har e i n the lo ca l coltan ma rke t 23. Sogem s partner in South Kivu: MDM IPIS has ide nti fie d two Soge m t ra din g p ar tne rs in t he Kivu re gio n. Th e f ir st one o per ate s in the ar ea of Beni an d Bu te mbo (Nor th Ki vu ). Due t o th e limited sco pe of th is re por t, IPIS has n ot in ve sti gat ed So ge m s a cti vit ie s i n Nor th Ki vu. Soge m s seco nd pa rtn er in DRC i s MDM, a co lt an trading pos t bas ed in Bu kav u, So uth Ki vu. MDM a n a cro ny m f or Mu de ker eza - De fa ys- Min r ais is ru n b y a Cong ole se 19 S ee ww w.um.be. The board of directo rs of th e Belg ian departm ent o f So gem comprises 5 3 members. Managin g d ir ectors are Etien ne Den is, G eor ge Neve, Mich el Mos er, Marc G ryn ber g, Th omas Ley sen, Fr ed dy Van G rimberg en and Thierry Caey maex. 20 So gem s brokerage activ ities are handled by Sogemin Meta ls Ltd, on e o f the leadin g com pan ies at th e Londo n Metal Ex change: Bel-firs t ( upd ate 3 6, March ), Un ivers ity of Antwerp, p. 1. ww w.eur odb.b e, ww w.sog em.co.uk 21 Repo rt of the U N P an el of exper ts, 12 April 200 1, S ee i.a. th e o pen letter to th e 1 8 NGO s p romoting th e cam paign N o b lo od on my mobile! Stop th e plun der ing o f Cong o! p ublis hed by So gem in all Belg ian news pap ers o n 23/0 6/ Con ver satio n w ith So gem m an ager Bru no Deliens, 9 Augu st bu si nes sma n, Na me gab e Mu de ker eza 24, an d a Be lg ian ex pa tri ate, Mic hel De fa ys 25, an d s ell s co lta n fro m s ma ll- sca le mi ner s wit h min es in Pu ni a, Wa li kal e, Mwen ga, Ni nd ja and Sh ab und a in Sout h Ki vu. 26 Bo th th e man age rs of So ge m a nd MDM ma inta in th at th eir ac ti vit ies i n Kivu d ate ba ck to be fo re Lau re nt- D s ir Kabi la s AFDL sei zed po we r i n Kin sha sa in They pr id e th emse lv es on th e f act t hat th ey se rve Cong ole se in te res ts as mu ch as po ssi bl e whil e con duc ti ng th ei r b usi ne ss. So ge m f ina nc ed a n ew fa cto ry fo r the tr ea tme nt of mi ner al s i n J ul y It pr es ent ed th is inv es tme nt as ve ry be nef ici al fo r lo ca l t rad er s. Whe re as in th e p ast p eop le ha d t o se nd th eir c olt an sa mpl es to la bor at ori es ab roa d, th ey co uld n ow hav e the m a na lys ed lo cal ly an d re ac t p rompt ly to th e e vol uti on of co lt an pri ce s on t he wor ld ma rke t 27. The Sogem-MDM partnership and the RCD-Goma A cl ose r l oo k i nto MDM s ac ti vit ies i llu str at es th e comple x rel ati on shi p b et wee n Con gole se tr ad ers an d the Rwan dan -ba ck ed RCD r ebe ls. Wi th th e s ta rt of th e s eco nd Cong ole se war in Au gu st 199 8, MDM, as al l e xi sti ng c ompto irs, co nt inu ed to pa y t ax es to th e v ari ou s go ve rnment o utl ets c rea ted b y Mobu tu an d ta ke n o ver b y t he Rwand an- ba cke d RCD. This me an t t hat MDM s Be lg ian cl ie nt So ge m in di rec tly c ontr ib ute d t o the fi na nci ng of th e re be ls wa r eff ort. Acc ord in g t o Mr Mud eke re za, MDM p ai d USD i n tax es to th e RCD fr om Ja nua ry to Oc to ber Mr Mu deker eza also ex po rts ag ricultur al pr oducts an d has his own qu in ine plan tation s in the r egions o f Kalehe, Walu ngu an d Kabare. He h as been exp loiting th es e p rod ucts sin ce th e s an d say s that he employ s h und reds of people. So urce: letter r eceiv ed fr om Namegab e Mu deker eza o n 5 Septemb er Michel Defays liv es at th e Avenue Mu hu mba in Bu kavu. In additio n to being on e o f the manager s o f MD M, he is also th e presid en t o f the Bo ard o f directo rs of GS M Eq uipem ent, a comp an y b ased in Li g e ( Belgium ). Until Ju ly 2001 Defays was managin g d ir ector of Ag er co, a family enterp ris e that recently h as been liquidated. So ur ce: ww w.eur odb.b e. 26 F ax sent by Mr Mu deker eza, 6 S eptem ber F ax message ad dress ed to th e h ead o f the department of Mines and En erg y in Gom a, 24 No vember 2000; inter view Bru no Deliens, 9 Au gus t F ax message fr om Nameg abe Mudeker eza to the head of th e Dep artem ent of Mines and En erg y, 24 No vember\n14 Ho we ver, whe n t he RCD i mpo se d t he SOMI GL mo no poly in Nov emb er 20 00, t hin gs ch ang ed. Fr om on e d ay to th e nex t, MDM was fo rce d out of b usi nes s and So ge m cu t off fr om al l su pp lies 29. In a despe ra te att empt to st ay in bu si nes s, Mr Mu dek er eza of fe red th e RCD a ne w form of coo per at ion as ki ng the h ead of t he De pa rtment o f mine s to all ow MDM wi th 2or 3 ot he r c omp an ies t o res ume t rad ing. 30 On the ba si s of this q uot e, it co ul d b e c on clu ded t hat at l eas t during th e fir st st age of t he mon op oly MDM s mana gemen t was wi lli ng to st art a st ru ctural coop era ti on wit h the re be ls. It e ven wa nt ed to ta ke the i nit iat iv e t o n eg oti ate a co op era tio n agr eemen t. MDM made se ver al un suc ce ssf ul at tempts t o re le ase a stock of 1 5 t onn es of co lt an des ti ned fo r So ge m, wi thh eld b y t he RCD. 31 By Ja nuar y 2001 t he co lt an sei ze d b y t he RCD h ad st il l n ot be en rel ea sed. 32 Th e 29 F ax fr om Mu dek ereza, r eceiv ed on th e 6 September ( ) n ous v oud rio ns demander au Chef d e D partement de bien vou lo ir v r if ier l au thenticit de no tr e s oci t et s on im pact sur le terr ain et de n ous ma intenir a ins i o nou s incorporer dan s la no uv elle o rg anisat io n mini re avec 2 ou 3 au tres soci t s pou r viter le mono po le. No us so mmes au ss i p r t s d iscuter avec le pou voir cen tra l du RC D sur cett e n ouvelle modalit qui v a d e l in t r t de no us to us RCD -MDM et s urtout la po pu lation q ue nou s ne dev on s p as oublier car les mesu res pr is es doivent tr e bien accueillies par cette dern i r e et avo ir de l imp act sur l conom ie en g n rale en vitan t le monopo le., fax add res sed b y MD M to the h ead of the dep artment of Mines and En er gy in Go ma, 24 N ovemb er ( ed ito r s stress). 31 V otr e m es ure actu elle n ou s a mis en dif ficult parce q ue no us dev rions ho no rer no tr e contrat d e 2000 av ec no tre partenaire So gem av ec nos 3 lo ts de 5 to nnes p ar lo t d e coltan s oit 15 tonn es blocq u es au niveau du Ch ef de divis ion p our l au tor isation d ex por tatio n. Nou s dem and on s au Chef d e d partement de no us au tor is er la so rtie d e ces lo ts af in d ap urer ce litige v is v is no tre p artenair e q ui les r clam e., fax addr es sed by MDM to th e h ead o f the departm ent o f Mines and En er gy in Go ma, 24 Novemb er N ous teno ns v ou s r app eler que n ous co ntinu ons atten dre v otre d cision d ach at pour la mati re, Co ltan, retir e au sein de no tr e u sin e par le s oin du Ch ef des Min es accom pagn e des m ilitaires, des l m ents d e s curit, d u d tach ement de la P olice Nationale po ur vou s la rev endr e eu gard au mo no pole v ous acco rd. Letter from Namegab e Sogem, as all European companies trading coltan in occupied Kivu, indirectly financed the war. he ad of SOMI GL, Ma dame Gul ama li, woul d n ot he ar of Mu de ker eza s re que st. She su spe cte d he wa nt ed to ci rcu mve nt th e mon opo ly an d ve he men tly r efu sed t o a cce pt th at hi s co mp toi r wa s the on ly on e c on cer ned a bou t t he we ll be ing of t he in di gen ous tra der s. Th is qu arr el betwee n Ms Gula mal i and on e of Buk av u s mo st impo rta nt bu sin ess me n i llu str at es the g rowing te ns ion be tween a gr oup of r esi sti ng Co ngo le se tr ad ers an d tho se wh o d eci de d t o o pe nly co ll abo rat e wit h t he oc cup yi ng reb el mo vemen t (s ee bo x: th e F d ra tio n des En tr epr ise s du Co ng o : re si sta nce a nd power sh ari ng ). Conclusion So ge m, as al l Eur ope an co mpa nie s tra din g co lta n in occ up ied Ki vu, in dire ct ly fin an ced th e wa r fro m Aug ust to No ve mbe r t hro ug h its lo ca l p art ne r s ta x pay men ts to t he reb el ad min is tra tion. Ho wev er, So ge m di d not en te r i nto c ommerc ia l tr an sac tio ns wi th th e r ebe ls SOMI GL mo no pol y. Wh en MDM, So gem s pa rt ner in Bu ka vu, wa s for ced o ut of bu sin ess b y SOMI GL, So ge m ap pa ren tly d id not s eek to ne go tia te dire ct ly wit h SOMI GL o r the RCD to rele as e t he st ock s t o whi ch it wa s e nt itl ed or to ma ke al ter na tiv e b us ine ss ar ran gemen ts. Ne ve rth ele ss, c ont ra ry to wh at is st ate d i n the UN Pane l s a dde nd um rep or t 33, So ge m di d not vo lun ta ril y e nd it s p ar tne rsh ip wi th MDM i n No ve mbe r b ut wa s s imp ly fo rce d to su sp end it. MDM, So ge m s lo ca l p art ne r, was i nit ial ly pr ep are d t o coo per at e with t he rebe ls to be al lo wed to r esu me it s c olt an ex por ts. MDM s su bs equ ent a tte mpt s to res is t t he RCD s mo no pol y a nd re sto re th e e co nomic fr ame wor k pr io r t o SOMI GL f ur the r mar gin ali se d t his c ompto ir o n t he lo cal ma rk et. Mu deker eza to the head of th e S OMI GL mo nop oly, 5 Janu ary Sogem, a subsidiary of Umicore (formerly Union Mini re), which was cited in the report, ended its partnership with its coltan supplier, MDM, in Bukavu in November 2000, Addendum of the Report of the UN Panel, 13 November 2001,\n15 The F d ration des Entreprises du Congo : resistance and power sh aring Te ns ions relati ng to na tio na lit y a nd et hni ci ty per me ate al l are as of li fe in Ki vu, i ncl ud ing th e co lta n tra de. Th is becomes ap par en t i n t he ex cha ng e o f l et ter s t ha t t ook p lac e b et wee n Na me gab e Mu deke re za, ma na ger of MDM, a nd Az iz a Ku ls um ali as Mme Gu la mal i, h ead of t he reb el s SOMI GL mon opo ly. Re la tions we re ten se no t o nl y b eca us e o f c ompet ing b usi nes s int ere st s a nd di spu tes o ver th e val ue MDM s immo bilised col tan s toc ks. 34 Gu lamali v iol ent ly re act ed to Mu de ker eza s st ateme nt th at hi s c omp to ir was th e only one ru n b y na tiv es a nd co nce rne d abo ut th e well -b ein g o f the pe op le: Vous vous obstinez soutenir que vous tes le seul comptoir qui s occupe du soc ial et le seul B ukavu, fond et cr par un autochtone comme pour autant dire que les autres n ont pas des droits ou des m rites. Nous vous faisons observer que votre affirmation n est pas correcte. 35 Th is is pr ob abl y s ympto mat ic of th e gro win g ten sio n bet wee n a g rou p of res is tin g Con gol ese t rader s gr ou ped wi th in the F d rat ion d es Ent re pri ses d u Co ng o (FEC) an d tho se wh o d eci de d t o o pe nly co ll aborate wit h t he re bel move men t and th e occ upa nt s. Th e issue of e con omic col la bor ati on b etwee n ind ig eno us Cong ole se an d fo rei gn i nva der s is an ex tr emely sensi tiv e top ic th at has p rompte d ver y l it tle at te nti on so fa r. It is in te res tin g to see h ow some lo ca l individua l t ra der s a nd small c omp ani es in a con tex t of dis tu rbe d e co nomic af fai rs as a res ul t o f t he oc cu pat ion we re di scu ssi ng po ssi bi lit ies t o r est or e a re gu lat ory f ramewo rk fo r t he ec ono my. As t he SOMI GL mo no pol y c on tin ued, th e t en sio n c ame t o a h ead be tween th e F d rat ion d es Ent re pri ses d u Co ng o and the re be l a dmi ni str ati on. Befo re th e mon opo ly, l oca l t ra der s h ad co nti nu ed to pa y t axe s to the ol d governme nt ins ti tut ion s. Al tho ug h t hes e tax es no w e nde d up in th e p ock et s o f t he RCD, th ey all owed th e local trade rs to sh ow th eir in te rna tio na l p art ne rs tha t the y wer e a cti ng le gal ly. 36 Wit h t he in sta lla ti on of th e SOMIGL mono pol y, th is wa s n o l on ger th e cas e a nd th e r es tor ati on of th e old ec on omi c f ra mework th us became the FEC s k ey ob jec tiv e. Fr om De cember on wa rds, Namega be Mu dek ere za an d o th er FEC member s loo ked f or a d ir ect di al ogu e wit h t he RCD Depa rtme nt of La nd, Mine s and En er gy. Th ey ur ge d t he RCD g ove rn men t t o cho ose b etween t wo sce na rio s, ei th er t he SOMI GL mon opo ly ha d t o b e ab ol ish ed an d n ew le gis lat io n d eve lo ped in c onj unc ti on wit h the lo ca l e cono mi c o per at ors ; or t he RCD ne ed ed to consi der a ne w d iv isi on of ex por t rig hts. 37 Ul ti mat ely, the SOMI GL mon opo ly wa s a bol is hed fo ll owi ng th e f all i n c olt an pr ice s (Ma rch ). In th e me an time, it fu rth er je opa rd ise d l oc al bus in ess es r ela tio ns to th ei r i nte rn ati ona l par tne rs. 34 Letter fr om Aziza Ku ls um to MD M d ated 16 Jan uary accusing Mu deker eza o f u nders tatin g the tantalu m co ntents o f his co ltan sto ck s and of m erely actin g fro m m otives o f gain, tr yin g to mak e m or e p rof it th an th e m odest tr ad ers an d dig ger s who did not have acces s to sim ilar mach in es. 35 Letter fr om Aziza Ku ls um to MD M, 16 Janu ar y I nterv iew w ith Namegab e Mu deker eza and By ab osh i Mu yeye, Br us sels, 12 Octo ber Rep orts o f FEC meeting s h eld o n 1 december and 10 January\n16 Case 3 - Masingiro GmbH: a German contribution to the war in the DRC Th e UN experts accu sat ion s against Karl- Hein z Albers, manager of Masingiro and Somi kivu Ma si ngi ro GmbH i s a German co rpo ra tio n 38 ac cu sed by the UN Pa nel ex pe rts of r ush ing f or pr of it and bein g re ady to d o b usi ne ss reg ar dle ss of e lements of unl awful nes s and ir re gul ari ti es. 39 No ne the les s, th e man age r o f Ma si ngi ro, Mr Ka rl -He inz Albe rs, h as re ma ined sec reti ve ab out hi s business. To t he Ge rman iss ue of th e Fi na nci al Ti mes, he ex pl ain ed th at Ma si ngi ro ma in ly export s c olt an to t he bi g t hr ee, i.e. t he pr oc essing comp ani es H.C. St arc k ( Ge rma ny), Ca bo tt Inc. ( US) a nd Ni ng xia ( Ch ina ). Al so ac co rding to th e Fi na nci al Ti mes, he impor ts a ro und 50 tonn es of co lta n a mont h, p art o f wh ic h c ome s fro m DRC. The re st comes fr om co un tri es su ch as Rwand a, Zi mba bwe o r Za mbi a. Hi s t ra din g c ompa ny is le d by ano th er co ns ort ium, KHA In te rna tio na l, whi ch is al so ba se d i n Ger man y 40. Th e UN est ab lis hed t hat Mr Albe rs is al so th e di re cto r o f SOMI KIVU, wh ich op er ate s a ni obi um mine ne ar Rutsh ur u, in th e t err it ory of Lu he swe (Sou th Kiv u). Acco rd ing to t he UN expe rt s, Mr Al ber s r ec eiv ed a pre fer en tia l DM l oan fr om th e Ger man go ve rnme nt to e xpa nd SOMI KIVU s a cti vit ie s 41. Ac cor din g to t he UN ex per ts, Mr Albe rs b usi ne ss was a fr on t for the f ormer ch ief o f Fina nc e o f t he RCD- Goma, Mr Emma nu el Kaman zi and h is mi ne was gua rde d b y RCD so ld ier s. Ac cor din g to t he RCD s our ces c ite d b y L Ob ser vat oi re de The case of Masingiro clearly illustrates that, today, the coltan trade continues to fuel the war in DRC. l Af riq ue Ce ntr al e, t his p ro tecti on mo ney co st hi m USD a mon th 42. Wh en IPIS co nta cte d Mr Alb er s f or fu rth er cl ar ifi cat io ns, he s tat ed th at the UN e xpe rt s in fo rma tio n was in co rre ct. He d eni ed ha vin g re ce ive d a ny mo ney f rom th e Ger man Emba ss y an d sai d h e onl y k ne w Mr Kamanz i f ro m t he ti me he wa s wor kin g for th e Ge sel lsc ha ft f r El ek trome ta llu rgi e (GFE) th e f or mer Ge rma n ma na ger of t he SOMI KIVU min e. Mr Al ber s al so un der li ned th at he alwa ys en joy ed th e t ru st of t he Kab il a g ove rn men t a nd, u nti l tod ay, k ept an o ffi ce in Ki nsh as a. Aft er al l, ma ny of So mi kiv u s t rad e r el ati ons s til l d at e fro m the ti me of Mo bu tu, Mr Alb ers c oncl ud ed 43. In i ts sec on d r epo rt issu ed on 13 Nove mbe r 20 01, t he UN Pa nel c lar ifi ed th e r ea son s f or wh at it ha d des cri be d a s a p re fer ent ia l l oan given by t he Ger ma n co oper at ion to Mr Albers. Qu ot ing th e Ger man go ve rnment, it sta te d t hat t his mo ne y was a pa yment re su lti ng fr om a f ed era l g ua ran te e f or th e ori gin al in ves tment of t he sha re hol der re gis te red in Germany, the Ge se llsc ha ft f r El ek tro met al lur gie MbH, N rnbe rg. Thi s loa n wa s mea nt to co ver for ec on omi c l os ses in cu rre d b eca us e o f t he wa rs in th e e as t o f t he De mo cra tic Repu bli c of the Cong o 44. To c onc lud e, Mr Al be rs po si tio n v is - - vis t he RCD is que st ion abl e. Ac cor di ng to th e UN, hi s va ri ous bu si nes ses c oul d b e act ing a s a fr on t f or th e RCD s wa r e ngi ne. I n a dd iti on, c urr ent ev ol uti ons o n t he Co ngo les e col tan mark et ha ve cr ea ted ne w opp ort un iti es fo r Mr Alb ers. Whe n th e reb els p ut an en d t o t he ir SOMI GL e xpo rt mo no pol y, Ma si ngi ro en te red in to a par tn ers hip wi th a new co mp toi r i n Kiv u u nde r t he na me of Ge mi com. 38 Masingiro s board of directo rs is co mpo sed o f the 42 y ear old Rita Breyl, Karl Meix ner and until recently - K ar l-h ein z Alb ers. Mas ing ir o s financial op er ations are handled by Sp ar kas se Neumarkt i.d. Op f- Par sberg, P ostbauer -Heng : 39 Rep ort of the UN Panel of Experts, 12 Apr il 2001, 183 an d A nn ex I. 40 F r ster, Nikolas, Bay er: D er Teu felsk reis, in: Fina ncial Times Deutsch lan d, 29 Au gus t Repo rt of th e U N P an el of Exper ts, 12 A pril 200 1, 1 86 ; A ddend um rep or t, 13 No vem ber 2001, L O bservato ire de l Af riq ue Centr ale, volum e 4, nu m ro 2, du 4 au 14 janvier I nterv iew w ith Mr K arl-hein z A lbers, 3 1 A ugust Addendum report, 13 November 2001, 25 16\n17 Masi ngi ro s partnership wi th Gemicom Ge mi com ( Gr ou pe des Entr epr is es Min i res Co ng ola ise s ) was est ab lis hed i n Apri l b y two vet era n Con gol es e c olt an tr ade rs : Na me gab e Mud eke re za and Byab osh i Muy eye. As a lready ment ion ed in th e pre vio us ca se st udy, th e instalmen t o f SOMI GL c au sed Mr Mu de kereza a lo t o f t ro ubl e i n the pr ev iou s mo nt hs. Cons equ ent ly, Ma si ngi ro n ow pr ovi de d hi m wit h a u niq ue op por tun it y t o r ec ove r h is lo ss es. IPIS ha s e vi den ce of th ree b usi nes s tr an sac tio ns be twe en Ge mi com an d Ma si ngi ro co nc ern ing a ppr oxi ma tel y 7 5 ton nes o f c olta n fr om June to Se pte mb er Th e f ir st del iv ery, wh ic h a rri ve d o n 1 2 Jun e , compr ise d 4 0 to nn es (55 d rums) of co lta n and la nd ed at Os te nd Air po rt in Be lg ium 45. Th e s eco nd de li ver y t oo k p lac e in Jul y I t c ompri sed 3 3 dr ums, wei gh ing ,4 kg n et and kg gr oss. A la st trans por t d epa rt ed fr om Bukavu on 20 Au gus t , all owing arri va l within th e n ex t 3 0 d ay s. The n et wei gh t of t his ca rg o was k g and th e gro ss we igh t kg. The sampl e h ad a tan tal it e p erc en tag e of 2 2,5 per cen t a nd th e t ota l car go wa s v alu ed at USD. The amoun t o f the se ca rgo es ma ke s it p la usi ble t hat th es e d eli ve rie s or ig inated f rom o ld sto ck s o f t he RCD s SOMI GL mo no pol y. Ac kno wled gi ng the amou nts of c olta n Mud eke re za and Muye ye us ua lly tr an spo rte d pri or to th e mono po ly, th e co nt ent of t he car go es to Ma si ngi ro co ul d h ard ly ha ve co me fr om the s mal l-s ca le co mp toi rs th es e traders u sed t o c oop er ate wi th 46. No r c an th ey be rest ric ted t o t he st ock s whi ch wer e wi th hel d b y the RCD. Wh en IPIS ask ed Mr Al be rs to cl ari fy th e o rig in of th e af or emention ed exp or ts, he r efu se d t o co mment A ir way Bill, d escribin g transport f rom Gemicom (D RC) to Masing iro ( Ger man y) via the exped ition co mp any Steinweg in Antwer p and th e air por t of Ostend (Belg iu m). 46 J oint exp or ts of th e co mp toirs of Muyeye an d Mu deker eza amou nted to kgs b etw een Januar y and Octo ber o r , 77 kg s p er mo nth. 47 I nf orm ation as ked d uring in terview with Mr Kar l- Hein z A lbers, 3 1 A ug ust Expedition and transport companies are crucial in the financing of the war. Their pivotal position in the handling of Congolese minerals makes them an essential topic for further investigation. Tran sport networks: the im portance of Eu ropean f reigh ters Es pe cia lly i nte res ti ng are t he tra ns por t do cume nt s r ela ti ng to th e a for ement ion ed tr an sac tio ns. They s hed li gh t o n t he tr ans po rt ne two rk s d eli ve rin g c ol tan fr om re mot e are as of Ea st ern DRC to compa nie s i n the we st. Th e fir st de liver y, ar riv in g i n Ger man y o n 12 Ju ne 20 01, i s p art ic ula rly well do cu men ted. Thi s ca rg o l eft f rom Bu ka vu to Go ma by sh ip on 9 Ju ne th rou gh th e s erv ic es of a certa in Mr Mihi go of th e Con gol es e e xpe di tio n c ompan y Tr af ca. Tr af ca c on tra cte d the Be lgi an co mpa ny A.B.A.C. t o fly th e col tan f rom Go ma to Oste nd ai rp ort in Belg ium. A.B.A.C. su bco ntr ac ted Ai r Me mp his 48, wh ich le ased an a irp lan e bel ongin g to Tr is tar Ai r. Bo th Ai r Me mp his a nd Tr is tar a re ba se d i n Hel iop oli s (Egy pt). The ca rgo a rri ved in Oste nd on 12 Ju ne, with fl ig ht numbe r MHS 200 an d reg istr at ion co de SUAVZ 49. Fr om the re, i t wa s tra nspo rt ed by lo rry to Ma si ngi ro i n Ge rmany th ro ugh th e Bel gia n exp editi on co mp any NV S tei nwe g 50. Fr om th ere o n, it pr es uma bly went to H.C. St ar ck, wh ich is re po rte dly Ma si ngi ro s mos t i mp ort ant co nsu me r. Th e two su bs equ ent d eli ve rie s d oc ume nte d by IPIS we re ha ndl ed by TMK ( Tr an spo rts e t Me ss age rie s au Kiv u ), a c omp an y b ase d in Go ma. TMK sh ip ped th e col tan t o Antwer p v ia 48 The fu ll ad dress of Air Mem phis is 4, Ahm ed Lo ff y S treet, Elno zh a Elgedida, Heliopo lis ( Egy pt). Th e dir ector is Hamd y Eisa ( sou rce: Klee, Ulrich and others (ed s.), Airline-fleets Interna tiona l, 2000, p. 593). 49 F ax message Avia par tner, received o n 28 A ug ust Interview with ABAC, 28 August NV Steinweg is an expedition company with branches all over the world. The company was founded in Rotterdam in 1847 and is specialized in the storage and transport of non-ferrous metals and ores. In Antwerp, the offices are located in Haven 74, Ouland nr. 3. The Antwerp board of directors is composed of Jacques Van Den Hende, Paulus Swart, Marc Van Der Beken, Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler Reviseurs d entreprises and Luc Verrijsen. Source: and 17\n18 th e sea por t of Momba ss a, in Ke nya. S te inweg th en tr ans po rte d i t to Ger ma ny. Unf ort una te ly, bo th th e man ageme nt of St ei nwe g a nd of TMK we re relucta nt to gi ve de tai ls ab out t hes e sh ip ments to IPIS. I nfo rma ti on gat he red by t he UN Pane l o f Exp ert s sug ges ts th at TMK tr an sports Cong ol ese ti mb er to Gr eec e a nd Be lg ium 51. Th is inf or mat ion p rov es th at ex pe dit ion a nd tra nspo rt co mpa ni es con ti nue to pl ay a crucial rol e in the s hip men ts of na tu ral re so urc es fr om occ up ied te rr ito ry in DRC. Conclusions Th e case of Ma si ngi ro c le arl y i ll ust rat es th at, to da y, the colt an tra de co nti nu es to fu el the war in DRC. This co mpa ny ex por te d c olt an at le as t un ti l September Undo ub ted ly, Karl -He in z Al be rs busine ss es in Ea ste rn DRC c ont ri but ed to t he financin g a nd co nti nu ati on of th e war ev en if further in ve sti gat io n i s n ee ded to a sse ss th e extent of h is re spo nsi bi lit y. Be sid es, s eri ou s qu es tions ca n b e r ai sed ab ou t t he Ge rma n pr oc essin g compan y H.C. St arc k s i nv olv eme nt in t his bu si nes s n et wor k. Wh ere as it s ma na gement h as alway s main ta ine d t ha t i t d oe s no t import colta n fro m DRC 52, it ca nno t be rul ed ou t that some c argo es inde ed en ded u p i n i ts fa ct ory thro ugh th e ser vic es of Ma si ngi ro. Fi na lly, t he pi vot al posi ti on of tr anspo rt co mp anies in th e h an dli ng of th e t ra nsp ort o f Co ng olese mi ner al s c ert ai nly ma ke s t hem a n es se nti al to pic fo r fur the r inve sti gati on. 51 A dd end um repor t, 13 No vem ber 2 001, H.C. S tar ck pr ess r elease: H.C. Starck d enies UN allegation s abo ut raw m aterial trading, 2 5 May : http :// cstarck.com / 19 &N EWS _ID =\n19 Part 2 Military commercialism: business partnerships between European companies and the Rwandan military Military commercialism or war as the continuation of economic activities by military means 53 Ap ar t f rom t he sho rt -li ved c olt an mo nopol y of RCD-Goma d is cus sed a bov e, a gre at de al can b e sa id about the act iv iti es of th e Rwa nda n Pat rio ti c Ar my (RPA) i n DRC. As t he UN Pa nel re po rt il lu str ates, the RPA is a st ron gly o rga nis ed an d ef fi cie nt fo rce in t he war e conomy of the Grea t La ke s r egi on 54. Ac co rdi ng to th e UN Pan el, to p RPA off ici al s a re de epl y i nv olv ed in th e min ing of n atural reso urc es. Alle ge dly, t he Rwand an pr es ident Kaga me ev en cr eat ed a Co ngo d esk wi th in the Depa rt men t o f Ext ern al Re lat io ns of th e RPA to o ver see t he min in g o f Con gol ese re so urces an d f aci li tat e c on tac ts wi th Wes te rn cl ie nts. 55 This is in f act a fo rm of mili tar y co mmercialis m in th at mil it ary of fi cer s c re ate co rpo rate-mil it ary bu si nes ses i n o rde r to ge ne rat e inc ome f or the ms elv es an d t hei r po li tico-milita ry (s tat e) ap par atu s. 56 Ce rt ain ly in No rt her n Kiv u, wh ere th e reg ula r eco nomic in fr ast ructure has c omp let el y c oll ap sed, t he Co ngolese mi ner s a re tr app ed be twe en th e f ie rce co mp etiti on among st RPA a nd Ma yi- Ma yi co mb ata nts, who ar e all fi gh tin g f or th eir s har e in t he coltan pro fit s. Vi a t he nu mer ou s a irs tr ips in Nort h Kiv u, the c olt an is fl own s tra igh t to Ki ga li in ar my hel ic opt ers a nd comme rci al ai rp lan es. Variou s Ant ono vs 26 an d 28 and Il yush ins 18V, f rom al l ove r t he wo rld, hav e be en identified : Sou th- Afr ic a ( ZS), Uni ted Arab Emir ates (3C), Austr al ia (VH), Mo ldo va (ER) an d even Liberi a ( EL) D av id Keen, Th e eco nom ic fu nctions of violence in civil war s (1998). 54 Repo rt of th e U N P an el of Exper ts, 12 A pril 200 1, Rep ort of the UN Panel of Experts, 12 Apr il 20 01, 1 98, , Chr is Dietr ich, Th e comm ercialisation of m ilitar y deploym ent in A frica, Afr ican Secur ity Review, In stitu te fo r S ecu rity Stu dies, vo l.9, De F ailly, ar t. cit., p. 21 As a re sul t, do cumen tin g t he ac tiv it ies of t hes e co mp ani es ha s p rov en ve ry di ffi cul t. RPA of fici al s h ave d one ev er yth ing t hey ca n to kee p th e ide nti ty of th ei r f orei gn ba cke rs an d t he ro ut es via whic h t he y o per at e a se cr et. Ne ve rth ele ss, t he UN Pa nel o f e xpe rt s h as be en ab le to id en tif y t wo co mpa ni es tha t act as f ron ts fo r RPA s bu sin ess a cti viti es, i.e. Rwan da Me ta ls a nd Gr an ds Lac s Met als 58. Rwan da Met al s and Grands Lacs Metals th e RPA s coltan t radin g arm s Ac co rdi ng to th e UN Pan el, Gr an ds Lac s Me tal s st ock hol de rs inc lu de Maj or s Gate te, Da n and Ka zu ra. Ma jo r Kazu ra is th e Rwa nda n Ar my s Chi ef -of -Se cu rit y i n DRC. Ma jo r Dan Mu ny uza, whi ch is hi s f ull n ame, i s the fo rmer he ad of th e Con go- De sk in Ki gal i a nd pe rso na lly si gn ed some of the l ett ers s ent to p ote nti al cl ie nts in Euro pe an d t he US. 59 The di rec to r o f Rwan da Met al s i s Fra nci s Ka ri mba. In r esp ons e to q ues tio ns of IPIS rese ar cher s, Mr Ka ri mba de ni ed hav in g a ny re lat ion sh ip wit h the Rwan dan ar my or th e cou ntr y s l eadin g RPF pa rt y a nd ma int ain ed th at he di d n ot re cal l an in ci den t l in kin g h im to to p RPA of fi cer s re co unt ed by th e UN expe rt s. 60 He ac kn owl edg ed, h owe ve r, tha t Rwan da Met al s tr ad ed Con go les e c olta n wit h a n umb er of fo re ign co mp ani es, more sp ec ifi cal ly, Eu ro met, Ra re met, No rt hin gto n Tra din g Compa ny a nd Fi nmini ng Lt d. Th e fol lowin g c ase s tud y t ak es a c lo ser lo ok at Fi nmini ng Lt d Repo rt of th e U N P an el of Ex per ts, 1 2 A pril 2001, 82-86, 129, Willum, Bjorn, Foreign Aid to Rwanda: Purely Beneficial or Contributing to war? The role of foreign aid to Rwanda in relation to the Congo War, Candidate Dissertation, University of Copenhagen, October 2000 and Report of the UN Panel of Experts, 12 April 2001, 12 April 2001, Repo rt of th e U N P an el of Ex per ts, 1 2 A pril 2001, I nterv iew w ith Fr an cis Karimba, 5 S eptember\n20 Case 4 - Finconcord, Finmining, Raremet: a Swiss entrepreneur with Kazakh connections becomes a key business partner of the Rwandan Patriotic Army Fi nc onc ord was fo rce d to lea ve Ka zak hs tan in Ap ri l Fol lowin g a ju di cia l i nv est igati on in to fr aud a nd tax e vas ion, Fi nc onc ord l os t i ts co lt an sup pl y mono pol y in Kaz ak hst an an d a ll it s ass ets were co nf isc ate d to pay f or nea rl y 1,5 mi ll ion USD in eva de d t axe s and ov er due sa la rie s. Th e l oca l dire ct or of Fin con cor d, Vi tal y Fr ol ov, wa s lat er ar res ted i n Swit ze rla nd wh ile tr av ell ing with a Ka zak h d ip lomati c pas spo rt. 68 Chris Huber: Swiss businessman with a Kazakh connection Ch ri s Huber has be en ac tiv e as a c ol tan tr ad er si nc e 1997 a t l eas t. Th at ye ar, he c oncl ud ed a lo ng -term co ntr act with th e col tan -p roc ess in g pl an t Ulba in Kaza kh sta n t hr oug h h is co mpa ny Fi nco ncord SA. Un der th e pro vis io ns of th e ag re eme nt, Fi nc onc ord was re spo ns ibl e fo r a ll ra w material pu rch as es and sa le s of the Ul ba pl ant ta nt alu m ba se d e nd- pr odu cts 62. Ac co rding to th e Kaz akh ne ws paper No vo ye Pok ol eni ye, Fi nc oncord s ol d t he ta nta lum b ars to i ts Gi br altar based mo the r c ompa ny fo r 7 5 USD/kg, at a moment wh en th e mark et pr ice was no le ss th an 17 4 USD 63. Ul ba, wh ic h i s l oc ate d i n the Us t- Kameno go rsk re gi on, ha s a c apa ci ty of 25 0 mt s/ yea r. It s l arg es t s har eh old er at th e t ime o f th e contract wa s t he go verno r of the r egi on, Vi ta ly Mette. Mett e is a l oc al ind us tri ali st an d th e former depu ty pr ime mi ni ste r o f Kaza kh sta n. He played a rol e i n the pr iv ati sati on of th e Ulb a pl an t, where he wa s a d ire cto r. Me tte a lso ha s cl os e l inks wit h Ole g Sosk ov ets, t he fo rme r fir st de put y prime mi nis ter o f Russ ia 64. Ac cor din g to Ch ri s Huber, th is fa vou rab le co ntr ac t with t he Ka za khs ha s ena ble d him to e sta bli sh pa rt nerships al l o ve r t he wo rld. 65 Howev er, re se arch has re vea le d t hat t he Swi ss addr es s us ed by Finc onc ord i n Gen eva was fic ti tio us 66 an d that the ad ver ti sed bu si nes s p ar tne rsh ip s we re ex agg erat ed F ax message, Finconcord S A, signed Chr is Hub er, 7 Ju ly No vo ye Pokoleniye, 26 March F or eig n and Co mmo nw ealth Of fice, Research and An alitical P apers, Kazach stan s r egion s, Lo nd on, May 2000, p F ax message, Finconcord S A, signed Chr is Hub er, 7 Ju ly rue de Rive n 8, 1204 Geneva 67 I nterv iew with Alan Cr aw ley, m anager of Pa cific Or es, a Hon g-k on g comp an y p res en ted as a partn er of Finconcord b y C. Hub er, 22 A pr il Shipments for Finmining are loaded in a separate military zone at Kigali airport. 20 Becoming the RPA s major partner for the export of Congolese coltan Ch ri s Hube r s a cti vi tie s d id no t s to p with t he ab ol ish men t of Fi nc onc ord. Co mmerc ial do cume nt s o bta in ed by IPIS sh ow th at he ha s be en ex por ti ng col ta n f rom Kiga li to Ka zak hs tan at l eas t s in ce thr oug h ano the r compan y: Fi nmi ni ng Ltd. In th ese d ocu men ts, t he na mes Fi nmini ng a nd Fi nc oncord ar e use d s imult aneou sl y. His su pp lie r i n Kig ali a t t hat t ime wa s a c oop er ati ve tr adi ng po st ca lle d Co pi mar 69. Finmining is a n o ffs ho re co mp any re gi ste red b y Hube r in the t ax- fre e have n of Sai nt Ki tts, in the Cari bbe an. 70 I n addi ti on, Mr Huber registered a t hi rd compa ny at t his address f or hi s c ol tan bu si nes s: Ra re met Lt d 71. Al on g with Fi nmini ng, th is compa ny be ca me the c hie f p ar tne r o f the RPA s Rwan da Me ta ls c orpo rati on. Hu be r s fa vo ura ble r elati on wi th th e Kaza kh an d Rwan dan au th ori tie s has en ab led hi m to expor t co lta n fro m Kig ali to Kaza khs ta n f or mo re tha n two yea rs, f irs t t hr oug h h is fi cti ti ous co mp any Fi nco nc ord, th en thr ou gh Fi nmini ng a nd Ra re met. Wh ile hi s pro ble ms wi th th e Kaza kh ju di cia l a ut hor iti es pr omp te d Hube r to mov e his 68 No vo ye Pokoleniye, 26 March 1 999, s ee also: RFE/RL Kaz akh Repo rt, 9 July P ur chase co ntr act n 2 01, b etw een Finm ining Ltd. an d Co pimar, Kigali, 1 Mar ch Co pima r is a Rw an dan co mp toir, ow ned by Mr Dany Nzaramb a. Nzar amb a h as co nfirm ed this con tract, b ut he has ceas ed to do bu sin es s w ith Mr H uber sin ce the beginn ing of the war in D RC (J uly 1998 ). 70 The UN ex pert pan el er ron eo usly r ef err ed to Finmining as a Belgian co mpany called Finimin g. (Rep ort of the UN Panel of Experts, 12 Apr il 2001, An nex I ). The com pany s f ull addr es s is H er ber t Office Co mplex, Cnr. Bird Ro ck, F rig ate Bay Ro ads, PO Box 398, Bas seterr e, Saint Kitts 71 Co ntrat d achat de tantalite n 2920, between Raremet Ltd. an d M. Nsabim an a A phr od is, Kigali, 7 Ju ly 2000\n21 o ff ici al offi ce fr om Gen ev a t o t he se cre ti ve tax ha ve n of Saint Kit ts, t he in cre ase i n c olt an pr ice s in ma de hi m c ha nge pa rtne rs fr om a co nve nt ion al co mp toi r i n Kig ali ( Co pi mar ) to th e RPA s bu sin ess f ron t i n DRC (Rwan da Me tal s). Huber s transport networks: working with a notorious arms dealer? Hu be r s new par tne rs hip wi th th e RPA ch ang ed hi s transport n etwor ks. Wh er eas Fi nmini ng s ca rg o was sh ipp ed vi a t he tr adi tio na l a irp or t wa re houses o f FOT/ MAGERWA ( Maga sin s G n rau x Rwa nda is ) unt il Ju ly 20 00, in de pendent sou rce s hav e c on fir med t hat fr om Ap ri l o nwa rds, the se sh ip men ts we re lo ad ed in a sep ara te mi lit ar y z one o f Kiga li ai rport 72. In a dditi on, c red ib le inf or mat ion e xis ts th at Finmini ng s s hi pme nts to Kazakhsta n a re ha ndl ed by Ulba Av ia kompan ia (ULB)/Ir ty sh Av ia (I RT), an ai r fre igh t compa ny op er ate d b y the Ul ba Pr oc ess ing Plan t with he adquarters a t Us t- Kameno go rsk ai rp ort. Ac co rding to Ai rl ine -fl ee ts Int er nat ion al, a reno wn ed bus ine ss pu bli ca tio n, ULBA a nd IRTYSH mer ged in fo ll owi ng th e pr iv atisa ti on of th e n ati on al Air Kaza khst an. 73 To da y, the join t c ompan y o pe rat es 16 ex -Sovi et Ya ko vlev air pla nes a nd lea se s I lyu sh in 18 ai rcr af t f rom t he compa ny AI R CES S-CES SAVIA (CSS ) for ca rgo a nd pas se nge r f li ght s whe n re qu ire d. Th is sugge st s t hat Chri s Hub er and h is co lt an bus in ess ma y be lin ke d t o o ne of Af ri ca s ma in ar ms tr affi ck ers. AI R CESS h as be en ma nag ed un til re ce ntl y b y Vi kt or Vasilev ich Butt, ak a Vik tor Bout. Un de r in ve stigation b y I nt erp ol an d a nu mb er of We st ern coun tri es, h e i s o ft en ref er red to a s Victo r B bec au se he us es at le ast fi ve al ias es an d different v ers io ns of hi s l ast n ame 74. To day, Bo ut oversee s a co mp lex ne two rk of ov er 50 pl an es, several ai rl ine co mp ani es, c arg o c ha rte r co mpanies an d f rei gh t-f orwar din g c ompan ies, ma ny of wh ic h a re in vol ved i n s hip pi ng ill ic it 72 Erik Bruy land, Bloed aan uw GS M?, Tr en ds, 19 Ap ril K lee, Ulr ich and other s ( ed s.), Airline-fleets In terna tiona l, 2000, p Repor t o f the Panel o f Experts appoin ted purs uan t to S ecu rity Cou ncil res olu tion (20 00), par agr ap h 19, in relation to S ier ra Leone, New Y ork, Decemb er 2000 An investigation into the relation between Viktor Bout and Chris Huber could shed light on illegal shipments of minerals and arms in and out of eastern DRC. 21 ca rg o. Tha nk s t o t hi s n etwor k, Bou t has es ta bli she d himse lf as th e wor ld s mos t f amous ar ms su ppl ie r t o e mb arg oed s tat e a ct ors su ch as th e Rev oluti on ary Un it ed Fro nt (RUF) i n Sier ra Le on e a nd UNITA re be ls in Ango la 75. A fo rme r KGB ag ent, Vik tor Bout ha s bee n v er y qu ic k t o a da pt himse lf to th e g rowin g inte rn ati ona l scr uti ny of hi s bus ine ss. Sinc e 19 97, Bout s ne w c ompan ies h ave sh ot up li ke mu shro oms t o s hi eld hi s luc rat iv e a rms d eal ing ne twork. I n 199 5, he se t u p his ai rl ine co mpa ny AI R CES S i n Ost end a irpo rt in Be lg ium, t og eth er wi th Be lgi an pi lot Rona ld De sme t. Th e a irp la nes of t his co mp any we re re gis te red in Monro vi a (Lib eri a) 76. In vol vemen t i n a rms s mug gl ing wa s fi rs t e vid en ced in wh en an in si der reve al ed th at Ro nal d Des met p aid th e AIR CESS pi lot s USD ( in add it ion to t hei r u su al sal ar ies ) fo r eac h f li ght ca rr ying ar ms an d mun iti ons, mo st ly int en ded fo r Afgh an ist an. But whe n the Be lg ian in te lli gen ce se rv ice s s ta rte d p oking ar ou nd and u lti mat ely in st itu ted a ju dicial in ve sti gat io n i nto t he compa ny s act iv iti es, Bout mo ve d t o t he Un ite d Ara b Emi rat es ai rpo rt of Sh arja h, wh ere AIR CESS sti ll ha s i ts of fic ial co mp any addr es s 77. Cu rr ent ly, Vi kt ors br ot her Se rg ey Bou t hea ds th e c omp an y. Li tt le aft er th e cl os ure of t he Os te nd offi ce s, the c omp any Ai r Ce ss Swazi la nd was se t u p. Th is co mpa ny op er ate s f ro m t he ai rpo rt of Pi ete rsbu rg in So ut h Af ri ca. To ge the r wit h a lo ca l c onso rt ium, i t ma ke s u p a n ew ent it y c all ed Ai r Pas s. In 1998, Bo ut fo und ed hi s c ompan y Ce ss avi a, wh ich is re gi ste red i n Equa to ria l Gui nea. I n ear ly 2000, th e Cen tra l Afr ica n Repu bl ic ini ti ate d a n in ve stiga ti on int o fra ud co nce rni ng th e re gi str ati on of an a irc raf t ope rat ed by Ce nt raf ric ai n Airl in es, a ls o c ont ro lle d b y Vik tor Bo ut. Vi kt or Bou t is als o act ive i n t he Gr eat La ke s re gi on. Bo ut s pla ne s h ave t ran spo rt ed arms, 75 Final Repo rt of th e Monito rin g Mechan ism o n An go la san ction s, N ew Yor k, Decem ber I n fact, Bo ut re- op ened the of fices of an already ex is tin g com pan y, Tr ans Av iatio n N etwor k ( TAN). Th e activities wer e set up b y Bout and a F rench partner (Michel Tho mas ), an d led by Ro nald Des met: ww w.eur odb.b e 77 Klee, Ulrich and others (eds.), Airline-fleets International, 2000, p Air Cess airplanes have been spotted at Ostend airport until 1999 at least, however.\n22 di amonds and co lta n fro m a nd to re be ls and mi li tary alike. Ac co rdi ng to US mi li tar y in te lli gen ce qu ote d by Hu ma n Righ ts Wa tch, Ai r Pa ss organised f lig hts b etween CAR, Ki sa nga ni, an d Kigali c arr yin g wea pon s, ti mbe r and pr ec iou s s to nes in El Pais al le ges th at wh en coltan pri ces s ky- roc ke ted at t he end o f 2000, Bout s pl ane s sta rte d tra nsp or tin g c ol tan fr om DRC to Uga nda. Fro m t he re on, t he car go pu rs ued its jou rne y to Tan za nia an d Ken ya. 79 UN e xperts s tat e t ha t o ver t he same per iod, one of Bout s aircr aft a lso tr an spo rte d col tan f or the Rwanda n col one l James Ka bar ebe, who se rv ed as a faci li tat or fo r s ome o f t he RPA d eal s. 80 Hi th erto, littl e i s kno wn ab out th e act ivi ti es of Vi kt or Bout in Kaz ak hst an. An i nv est iga ti on wa s opened i nto th e smu ggl in g o f t wo Mi -8T he li cop ter s in 2000 by his a cco mpl ic e Oleg Gr igorovich Or lo v. The UN Pane l of Exp er ts on Si er ra Leone as ked f or fur th er inve st iga tio n int o th e association be twe en Bo ut an d Orlo v but no in fo rmation has be co me ava il abl e s in ce the n. 81 Ac co rdingly, an in ve sti gat io n i nto t he rel ati on be tween Vikt or Bou t and Ch ri s Hube r cou ld gi ve a similar cla ri fic ati on of il lega l shi pme nt s of minerals and ar ms in an d out of e ast ern DRC. Conclusion Ch ri s Hube r and hi s numero us of f-s ho re co mpa ni es pla y a majo r rol e i n the fi na nci ng of th e war through th ei r p art ne rsh ipwi th the RPA. Fu rt her investi gat io n i s r eq uir ed to dete rmine if he a lso plays a ro le in ar mi ng the RPA and o the r be ll igerents in pa rt ner shi p wit h Vik tor Bo ut. 78 Hu ma n Righ ts Wa tch, A ng ola Un ravels. Th e Rise an d Fall o f the Lu saka Peace Pr ocess, (w ww.hr w.o rg /repor ts /19 99/an gola/a ng l h tm). 79 Un tr aficante de armas con carn del KGB, El Pa is, 2 Sep tember UN Repor t on the illegal exploitation of n atu ral reso urces an d o ther for ms of wealth of the Demo cratic Repu blic of th e Congo, New Yo rk, 12 Ap rill 200 1, Fu rther in vestigatio n o f O rlov and h is ass ociation with Victo r Bou t cou ld shed lig ht on an im po rtant so ur ce of illegal weapon s flo ws in to Africa. Rep ort of the Pan el of Ex perts ap po inted pu rsu ant to S ecu rity Co un cil reso lution (2 00 0), paragraph 19, in relation to Sier ra Leone, New Y or k, Decem ber Case 5 - Eagle Wings Resources: a Dutch-American trading venture with the Rwandan president s brother-in-law on its payroll Trin itech an d Chem ie Ph arm acie Hol land: th e com pan ies behi nd th e Eagle Win gs Resources join t vent ure Ea gl e Wing s Res our ce s ( EWR) is a joi nt ve ntu re of t he Ame ri can Tr in ite ch a nd th e Dut ch Ch emie Ph ar mac ie Ho lla nd. Un li ke the s ecr eti ve Ch ris Hube r, Tr in ite ch s ma na ger Ro be rt Rau n has no t shi ed away fro m in te rna tio na l a tte nti on. I n t he in ter na tio nal p res s, Mr Raun wa s quo ted a s d esc ri bin g t he co lta n bu si nes s i n the DRC as fol lo ws: I t is cap it alis m in i ts pur es t f orm ( ) let me p ut it in a po sit ive wa y: A goo d civ ics l ess on on ho w y ou pa y f or go ve rna nce, and th e ele men ts of go ver na nce, wo ul d b e u se ful in t his regi on. 82 Mr Rau ns own civ ics t rac k-r ec ord is f ar fro m per fec t, ho we ver. His co mpa ny Tr in ite ch wa s impl ic ate d in a n i nte rn ati ona l was te du mpi ng sc and al in th e ni ne tie s ( se e b ox: Sc ho tt Fib er Op tic s a nd Tr in ite ch: in ter nati on al was te du mpe rs ). Tr in ite ch i s est abl is hed in Ohio an d has be en a pr ov ide r o f tan tal um an d n io biu m p ro duc ts si nce It i s s pec ia lis ed in mi ll pr odu ct s, powde r an d oxi de fo rms of t hes e a nd ot her r efr act or y mate ri als 83. Tr in ite ch s l ong ti me su ppl ie r f or ta nta lu m h as be en the s ame Ul ba Me tal lu rgi cal Pl an t i n Kaz akh sta n prese nt ed in Ca se 4 i n co nn ect ion with Fi nc onc ord an d Fi nmini ng. EWR v en tur e s o the r p ar tne r, Ch emie Pha rmaci e Ho ll and ( CPH) ha s a lo ng hi sto ry of in vo lveme nt in th e tan tal it e b usi ne ss. CPH s pr es ide nt, G. Klei n, wa s a pp oin ted i n CPH emana te d f rom Ph il ip Bro th ers ( Ph ib ro), o ne of th e big ges t col tan t rad ers worl dwi de in th e si xt ies. Toda y, CPH s main bu si nes s a ct ivi tie s invo lv e t rad in g meta ls an d a ll oys an d pro duc in g ch emica l p ro duc ts fo r t he ph armace ut ica l in du str y. In th e e ar ly nin et ies, t he pr ese nt di re cto r Dor on B. Sa nde rs br eat he d n ew li fe int o 82 V ick, Kar l, I n the Wagin g of Con go s War s, Vital Or e Plays Cr ucial Ro le, in: In terna tio na l H era ld Tr ib une, 20 March S ou rce: w ww.th omasr egister.com /olc/trinitech. 22\n23 CPH s tantali te ac tiv iti es by us in g a pr oj ect in Br az il as a tes t l ab orato ry 84. Schott Fi ber Opti cs an d Trin itech: in ternati on al waste du mpers On 1 3 June 2 000, t he At tor ne y Gene ra l o f Ma ss achusett s f ile d a c omp la int fo r the vi ol ati on of e nvi ronme nt al laws aga ins t the So ut hbr idg e ba se d Schott Fib er Op tic s Inc. Th e c omp an y, wh ic h manufa ctu res f ibr e o pt ic len se s a nd fi bre s fo r medical and mi li tar y u se, was ac cus ed of no t co mp lying wi th the t ran spo rt an d d is pos al re gu lations for gl ass wa st e s hip pe d t o Ger man y betwee n a nd Sc ho tt ha d con tra ct ed th e German c ompa ny H.C. St arc k t o dispo se of th e waste. St ar ck wa s in te res ted in e xtr ac tin g t he ta nt alu m c onta in ed in th e gl as s and agree d t o pay fo r al l of Schott s s hi ppi ng an d processing cos ts. Howe ve r, bec au se of ne w Ge rman env iro nment al re gul ati on s, St ar ck requ ir ed tha t Sc ho tt fi rs t p ay fo r t he ex tra cti on of th e hig hly p ois ono us ca dmi um al so co nta ine d in th e glass waste. Con sequ en tly, Sc ho tt c re ate d a n ex it st rategy b y s ig nin g a c ontr ac t with Tr in ite ch in May In a pr ess rele as e, the Offi ce of th e Ma ss achusett s Atto rn ey Gen er al sta te s t hat be tween Ma y and De ce mbe r 199 5, Sc ho tt sh ipped a tota l of 260 d rums o f haz ard ou s wast e to Tr initech wi th out ob ta inin g the requ ir ed re cy cli ng pe rmi ts an d with ou t l abe lli ng th e dr ums as haz ard ous wast e. Tr in ite ch, in tu rn, vi ol ate d i nt ern ati on al laws whe n s hi ppi ng Sc ho tt s haza rdo us wa ste v ia a Ger man ba se d fi rm to the sta te- ru n Ulba Meta llu rg ica l Pla nt in Ka za khstan wher e t he ta nta lu m was fi nal ly reco ve red fr om th e g la ss was te. So ur ce: ww w.ago.state.m a.u s/txt/scho tt.htm : S ou thb rid ge co mpany ag rees to pay s tate $ 15 0, 000 an d $50,00 0 to tow n in settlement with Attorney General. Alfred Rwigema, President Kagame s brother-in-law, is on Eagle Wings Resources payroll in Kigali. Un derst andin g Eagl e Win gs Resou rces su ccess Ac co rdi ng to it s o wn ac cou nt, Ea gl e Wing s Re so urc es h ar dly ha s any di re ct bus in ess acti vi tie s i n the DRC and is t ota lly a bse nt in Ug an da. Ch emie Pha rmaci e Hol lan d s ma nag ement cl ai ms it ha s a lwa ys ta ken g rea t ca re no t t o do bus in ess wi th wa rlo rd s o r p eo ple wh o man ipu la te sma ll -sc ale mine rs. I n pa rti cu lar, G. Kle in an d Doro n B. San de rs cla im th at, o n t wo oc cas io ns, th ey tu rne d down pr op osa ls by Gr an ds Lac s Met als t o ent er in to a co op era tio n agr eeme nt wi th Ea gl e Wing s Re so urc es. Un der th is ag ree me nt, Gr an ds Lac s Me ta ls wou ld hav e deli ve red 10 t o 20 t on nes of co lt an a wee k. Ch emie Ph ar mac ie Ho ll and s ma na ger s s ay th ey re fused to e nte r i nt o t he ag ree ment be ca use th ey fe are d it wo ul d h ave d one se ri ous da ma ge to EWR s co nt act s wit h i ts tr adi tio na l p artne rs 85. In Rwan da, Ea gl e Wing s Res our ce s i ni tia l su cce ss wa s e nha nc ed by th e f act i t was on e o f th e few co mp ani es wi th a s pe cia lis ed la bor at ory to a nal yse c olt an or e a nd de ter min e its va lu e. Th e lab ora to ry ena bl ed EWR to p ay loc al tr ade rs imme di ate ly. This la bo rato ry, whic h is bas ed in Ki ga li, is o perat ed by Al ex St ewa rt, a Lon don ba se d c omp an y. An ot her fa ct or tha t has un do ubt edl y con tri but ed to Ea gl e Wing s Reso ur ces s uc ces s was th e ap po int men t of Alf re d Rwig ema a s i ts lo cal re pr ese nta ti ve in Kiga li. Of te n s imp ly re fer re d t o as Mon sie ur Al fre d, Alfr ed Rwig ema is t he hu sb and of Paul Ka ga me s s is ter, B at ric e. 86. A pe rs ist ent r umo ur in tr ad ing ci rc les is t hat Al fr ed gr an ted Ea gl e Wing s Reso ur ces a nd th e Ale x St ewart -la bo rat ory a la rge v ill a i n Kiga li. Ch emie Pha rmaci e Holla nd s mana gemen t di smiss ed th is rumou r a nd pr ese nte d IPI S wit h a co py of th e lea se fo r t he vi lla oc cu pie d b y Eagl e Wi ng s Reso ur ces. 87 Ac co rdi ng to Ro ber t Rau n, Mo nsi eur Alfr ed s jo b is to bu y c olt an fr om lo cal tr ad ers an d co mp toi rs in DRC a nd to br in g i t t o Ale x 84 I nterv iew with G. K lein and Do ron B. Sand er s, Am sterd am, 1 4 S eptem ber I nterv iew w ith G. K lein and Do ron B. S and ers, Am sterd am, 1 4 S eptem ber I nterv iew G. K lein & D oro n B. San ders, Am sterdam, 14 Septemb er The lease is d ated 6 A pril It mention s a man called Jean Bos co Nk und unk un diy e as lesso r, EWR as tenant an d a mo nthly rent of U SD. 23\n24 St ewarts labo rato ry fo r a na lys is. Howe ver, Ra un was u na ble to s pec ify f rom wh ic h co mp toi rs or tr ade rs Al fre d Rwi gema buy s t he co lt an they imp ort. He was als o una ble t o s ay if Al fr ed Rwigema an d his wi fe ha d o th er bus in ess in te res ts in Rwand a or abr oa d. Rwig ema ha s al so been as ked to p rep are a f ood f or wor k pr ogr amme for t he Ki vu s. Th ro ugh th is pr og ramme, Ea gl e Wing s Res our ce s s ay s i t a ims to make peop le les s dep end en t o n t he tr ans po rt fa ci lit ies of ( dub io us) ca rg o c omp ani es. Wort h ap pr oxi mat el y USD, t he progr amme wi ll al low for the r epa ir of a roa d bet wee n two ma jo r t own s. 88 Conclusion IPIS ha s f ou nd no ha rd evi de nce to c onc lud e th at Eagle Wing s Res our ce s rece iv ed fav ou rab le tr ea tment in Rwand a bec aus e of its r ela tio n wit h Al fr ed Rwige ma. Ne ve rth ele ss, t he fa mil y t ie s be tween Ea gl e Wing s Resou rc es l oc al re pr esentative and t he Rwa nd an Pre si den t r ai ses se ri ous do ub ts abo ut it s i nvo lv eme nt in th e Rwan dan wa r eff ort. Pre sid en t Kaga me ha s b ee n ac cu sed by the UN Pa nel of e xpe rts o f p lay in g a pi vo tal role in th e exp loi tati on of th e nat ura l re so urces of th e DRC be cau se of h is re lat io ns wi th the Rwa nda n b us ine ss co mmu nit y op er ati ng in th e Democra ti c Republ ic of th e Co ng o and o f his c ont rol o ver th e army, an d th e structures invo lv ed in th e i lle ga l a cti vi tie s 89. Th e fact tha t EWR s Euro pea n man age me nt appe ars not to be in for med a bou t t he ex act o rig in of t he col ta n b oug ht by Al fr ed Rwi ge ma is es pe cia lly a lar min g. Fi na lly, q ue sti ons c an als o be r ais ed re gar din g the sc re eni ng of co mpa ni es hi re d f or th e t ran sp ort of t he col ta n. CPH s ma nagement st at ed tha t the co mp any Fl ig ht Lin e is r esponsible for a ll tra ns por t a rra ng eme nts, ad di ng tha t it is al so the ir re spo ns ibi lit y to che ck th e identity of th e own ers o f t he tr anspo rt co mpanies 90. As t hes e c ompan ies c ont inu e to pl ay a pivotal rol e in the h and lin g of min er als or ig inating fro m DRC, f urt he r i nve st iga tio n is re qu ire d t o cla rif y thi s b us ine ss re la tio nsh ip. 88 I nterv iew w ith Ro bert L. Raun, 5 Octob er Rep ort of the UN Panel of experts, 12 Apr il 20 01, U ntil the r elease o f the first UN r epo rt Flig ht Lin e us ually en gaged DAS Air and Sa bena/swiss Car go. In terview with G.K lein and D oro n B. San der s, Amster dam, 1 4 Septemb er\n25 Recommendations Th e trade in co lt an and o the r n at ura l r es our ces o f t he DRC i s c ur ren tly a so urc e of war a nd des tr uct ion. Eu ro pean compan ies i nvo lve d in thi s tra de in dir ect ly, a nd in so me in sta nce s dir ect ly, c ont ri but e t o the co nt inuation of th e war. Th e fol lowin g r eco mmend ati on s a im at in cre as ing th e inc ent iv es for t he war ri ng pa rt ies to seek a ne got iat ed an d s us tai nab le pe ace a gre eme nt wi thi n the fr amewo rk of th e Lus aka ag re ements a nd cre at e a n e nv iro nme nt in wh ic h t he ex plo ita ti on of th e n atu ra l r eso ur ces of Cong o co nt rib ute s to the d eve lop me nt of th e c oun tr y a nd th e r egi on an d t he we llb ei ng of it s p eop le. To the UN Security Council and the EU Council of ministers: 1. Immediately impose a temporary embargo (e.g. for a period of six months), banning the purchase and import of coltan and other natural resources originating from areas in the DRC that are controlled by foreign troops and rebel groups, as well as from the neighbouring countries involved in the Congolese war as has been recommended by the UN Panel of Experts on the illegal exploitation of the natural wealth of the DRC. 2. During the t emp ora ry embar go, e sta bl ish a pe rma nen t mec han is m t o i nv est iga te an d mon ito r t he tr ad e in coltan and o the r n at ura l r eso ur ces fr om th e Gre at Lak es an d o th er con fl ict re gi ons. Giv e t his mo ni toring mech ani sm a man da te and t he res ou rce s t o dev elo p and impl eme nt ad equ ate p rev ent at ive me as ures suc h a s a c ert ifi ca tio n s ys tem an d ide nti fy th ose i ndi vid ua ls and c omp ani es th at sh oul d b e su bmitted to ta rge te d s anc ti ons su ch as a tr ave l b an an d t he fr eez in g o f a ss ets. To all EU member states and other European countries: 3. All European countries should immediately investigate the companies and nationals involved in the trade, transport and processing of coltan originating from the DRC and its neighbouring countries. They should take the necessary measures to put an end to commercial activities that contribute directly or indirectly to the financing of the war in the DRC. Banks and insurance companies (including state provided credit export insurance) facilitating such activities should also be scrutinised. Customs administrations should heighten controls at strategic points of entry of goods coming from Central Africa. 4. In the medium-term, all European countries should develop new legislation promoting transparency and ethical practices of companies active in conflict areas and set up national mechanisms to monitor the purchase and import of natural resources originating from countries at war. On the basis of this report, more specific recommendations can be made to the following European countries: 5. The government and judicial authorities of Belgium and the Commission of inquiry of the Belgian Senate on the Great Lakes should: a. Investigate the commercial activities of Mr Jacques Van den Abeele and his company Cogecom sprl in Rwanda and the DRC and his links with the RCD-Goma. b. Investigate the unregistered company Cogear sarl activities in Belgium and the Great Lakes region. Identify Cogear s management and shareholders and their possible links with the Rwandan military and other armed actors. c. Investigate Ms Aziza Kulsum s business interests in Belgium, the former head of the RCD- Goma s SOMIGL monopoly. d. Investigate Sogem s commercial activities in North Kivu (Beni-Butembo) and the possible relationships of its local partner with the Ugandan army or other armed groups in that region. e. Heighten customs controls at the airport of Ostend and the port of Antwerp. f. Investigate the role of TMK, Steinweg NV, ABAC and other companies involved in the transport and handling of coltan coming from the Great Lakes region. g. Investigate the following companies that were mentioned in the UN Panel of experts report and were not included in this investigation: SDV, Specialty Metals, Trademet, Transintra. 25\n26 6. The government and Parliament of Germany should: a. Investigate Masingiro GmbH and Mr Karl Heinz Albers other business activities in the Great Lakes region such as Somikivu. b. Investigate the commercial relations between the Bayer subsidiary H.C. Starck and Masingiro GmbH and H.C. Starck s commercial policy in relation to coltan from the Great Lakes region. 7. The government and Parliament of the Netherlands should: a. Investigate Chemie Pharmacie Holland s commercial activities in the Great Lakes region and the possible links between its joint venture Eagle Wings Resources and the Rwandan military. b. Heighten customs controls at the airport of Schiphol and other Dutch ports and airports. c. Investigate DAS Air, Flight Line and other companies involved in the transport and handling of coltan from the Great Lakes region. 8. The government and parliament of Switzerland should launch a full scale investigation into the business activities of Mr Chris Huber and his various companies (Finconcord SA, Finmining Ltd, Raremet Ltd, ) in Europe, Kazakh stan and the Great Lakes region. Mr Huber s possible links with Viktor Bout and other actors involved in arms trafficking should receive special attention. To the Kazakh government: 9. Investi gat e the co mme rc ial li nk s b etwee n t he Ul ba met all urg ic al pla nt an d c ompan ies i nvo lv ed in th e col tan trad e i n the Gr ea t Lake s reg ion s uch as Fi nmini ng. In ve stigate the ro le of ULBA AVIAKOMPANIA/ IRTYS H AVI A in t he tra ns por t o f col tan f rom th e Gre at La ke s region an d i ts li nks with Vi kt or Bou t and ar ms tr aff ic kin g. 10. Impl eme nt ad equ ate p rev ent at ive me as ure s a nd sa nct io ns to cu rb the p urc has e and impo rt of na tu ral resourc es or igi nat in g f rom t he Gre at La kes a nd oth er co nfl ic t a rea s. Es tab li sh a s pe cif ic sy ste m t o co nt rol these i mpo rt s. To the companies involved in the international trade, the transport and processing of coltan: 11. These companies should immediately observe a moratorium on the purchase, transport and processing of coltan from occupied Congo and from the countries involved in the Congolese war, as recommended by the UN Panel of experts. Leading European corporations such as the Belgian Umicore and the German Bayer can set an example by adopting clear and public policy guidelines for their subsidiaries involved in the trade and processing of coltan. 12. Coop era te wi th the UN t o e st abl ish a pe rma ne nt mec ha nis m t o inv est ig ate an d mon ito r the tr ad e in co ltan and o the r n at ura l r eso ur ces fr om th e Gre at Lak es an d o th er con fl ict re gi ons an d imp lemen t t he me as ures recommend ed by th is me cha ni sm. To the high-tech industry: 13. Alcatel, Compaq, Del l, Eri cs son, HP, IBM, Lu cen t, Mo tor ola, Nok ia, S iemens a nd ot her l ead ing co rp orations us in g t ant al um cap ac ito rs an d o the r compon en ts con ta ini ng ta nta lum a nd compa nie s ma nu facturing t hes e compon en ts suc h as AMD, AVX, Ep cos, Hit ach i, In tel, Kemet, NEC s ho uld ob li ge th ei r supplier s to cer ti fy tha t the y u se no ta nt alu m o ri gin ati ng fr om oc cup ied Cong o o r fro m c ou ntr ies in vo lved in the Co ng ole se wa r a nd to al low f or ind ep end ent v erifi ca tio n. Othe r i nd ust rie s usi ng ta ntalu m su ch as the nuc lea r ind ust ry an d t he ae ron au tic s i nd ust ry sh oul d a ls o f oll ow th is po lic y. To consumer organisations: 14. Raise c ons umer awa re nes s a bo ut the l ink be tween ap pl ian ces u sed in e ver y d ay li fe su ch as mobi le ph one s and co mp ute rs an d t he co nti nua ti on of th e war in th e DRC. Dema nd fr om th e c omp an ies ma nu facturing a nd ma rke tin g the se ap pli anc es th at th ey cer ti fy to co nsu mer s tha t t he ir pro du cts do n ot co nt ain tantalu m o ri gin ati ng fr om oc cup ied Cong o o r fro m c ou ntr ies i nvo lve d in the Cong ole se wa r a nd to a llow for in dep en den t v er ifi cat io n. 26\n27 IPIS (International Peace Information Service) is an independent st udy and inf orm at ion servi ce, coveri ng int er nat ional relat ions in gener al and conf licts in parti cular. The following organisations support the recommendations presented in this report: Belgium : / Fl emi sh North-Sout h Coal it ion, ACT, ATOL, Broederl ijk Delen, Carit as Secours Int ernati onal, CNCD/Op rati on , Entraide et Frat ernit, Foncaba, FUCID, Memi sa, Mi ssio, Oxfam Belgium, Pax Christ i Vl aanderen, Soli darit Soci ali ste, SOS Faim, Vredeseilanden, Wereldsoli darit eit /Soli darit Mondial e; Fran ce: CCFD/Comi t Catholi que cont re la Faim et pour le D veloppement, CI MADE, COSI/ Centre d informat ion et de soli darit avec l Af rique, Secours Catholi que/caritas France; Germ any: EE D/ Evangel ischer Entwicklungsdienst, Mi sereor, Pax Christ i Germany, Vereint e Evangel ische Mission; Th e Neth erl and s: Cordaid, Fatal Transactions/Nederlands Inst ituut voor Zuideli jk Af ri ka, ICCO/Interchurch Organi zat ion for Devel opment Cooperati on, Kerkinacti e, Pax Christ i Netherl ands; Swit zerlan d: Fast enopfer/a ct ion de Car me ; Un it ed Kin gd om: Chri sti an Ai d. Most of these organi sat ions are members of CCAC/Great Lakes Advocacy Network and/or R seau Europ en Congo ( RE C).\nHB 2517. REFERENCE TI TLE: f i r e a r ms ; s t a t e pr e e mpt i on; pe na l t i e s\nREFERENCE TI TLE: f i r e a r ms ; s t a t e pr e e mpt i on; pe na l t i e s St a t e of Ar i z ona Hous e of Re pr e s e nt a t i ve s Fi f t y- f i r s t Le gi s l a t ur e Se c ond Re gul a r Se s