House of Harlow 1960 X REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red | REVOLVE\nfavorite House of Harlow 1960 X REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red\nShare X REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red on Facebook (opens in a new window)\nShare X REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red on Twitter (opens in a new window)\nShare X REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red on Google (opens in a new window)\nSelf: 90% wicker, 10% calf leather\nGold tone hardware accents throughout\nOptional backpack styling\nDetachable carrying strap with lobster clap closures\nDetachable double shoulder straps with lobster clap closures\nMeasures approx 9.5" W x 8" H x 3" D\nTop handle measure approx 13" with a 5" drop\nDetachable double shoulder straps measure approx 20"\nRevolve Style No. HOOF-WY52\nManufacturer Style No. HHY19 S19\nX REVOLVE Rouge Basket Bag in Red


US license plates starting BKV8U.\nIf you lost your license plate, you can seek help from this site. And if some of its members will then be happy to return, it will help to avoid situations not pleasant when a new license plate. his page shows a pattern of seven-digit license plates and possible options for BKV8U.\nBKV8U B KV8 B-KV8 BK V8 BK-V8 BKV 8 BKV-8\nBKV8U88 BKV8U8K BKV8U8J BKV8U83 BKV8U84 BKV8U8H BKV8U87 BKV8U8G BKV8U8D BKV8U82 BKV8U8B BKV8U8W BKV8U80 BKV8U8I BKV8U8X BKV8U8Z BKV8U8A BKV8U8C BKV8U8U BKV8U85 BKV8U8R BKV8U8V BKV8U81 BKV8U86 BKV8U8N BKV8U8E BKV8U8Q BKV8U8M BKV8U8S BKV8U8O BKV8U8T BKV8U89 BKV8U8L BKV8U8Y BKV8U8P BKV8U8F\nBKV8UK8 BKV8UKK BKV8UKJ BKV8UK3 BKV8UK4 BKV8UKH BKV8UK7 BKV8UKG BKV8UKD BKV8UK2 BKV8UKB BKV8UKW BKV8UK0 BKV8UKI BKV8UKX BKV8UKZ BKV8UKA BKV8UKC BKV8UKU BKV8UK5 BKV8UKR BKV8UKV BKV8UK1 BKV8UK6 BKV8UKN BKV8UKE BKV8UKQ BKV8UKM BKV8UKS BKV8UKO BKV8UKT BKV8UK9 BKV8UKL BKV8UKY BKV8UKP BKV8UKF\nBKV8UJ8 BKV8UJK BKV8UJJ BKV8UJ3 BKV8UJ4 BKV8UJH BKV8UJ7 BKV8UJG BKV8UJD BKV8UJ2 BKV8UJB BKV8UJW BKV8UJ0 BKV8UJI BKV8UJX BKV8UJZ BKV8UJA BKV8UJC BKV8UJU BKV8UJ5 BKV8UJR BKV8UJV BKV8UJ1 BKV8UJ6 BKV8UJN BKV8UJE BKV8UJQ BKV8UJM BKV8UJS BKV8UJO BKV8UJT BKV8UJ9 BKV8UJL BKV8UJY BKV8UJP BKV8UJF\nBKV8U38 BKV8U3K BKV8U3J BKV8U33 BKV8U34 BKV8U3H BKV8U37 BKV8U3G BKV8U3D BKV8U32 BKV8U3B BKV8U3W BKV8U30 BKV8U3I BKV8U3X BKV8U3Z BKV8U3A BKV8U3C BKV8U3U BKV8U35 BKV8U3R BKV8U3V BKV8U31 BKV8U36 BKV8U3N BKV8U3E BKV8U3Q BKV8U3M BKV8U3S BKV8U3O BKV8U3T BKV8U39 BKV8U3L BKV8U3Y BKV8U3P BKV8U3F\nBKV8 U88 BKV8 U8K BKV8 U8J BKV8 U83 BKV8 U84 BKV8 U8H BKV8 U87 BKV8 U8G BKV8 U8D BKV8 U82 BKV8 U8B BKV8 U8W BKV8 U80 BKV8 U8I BKV8 U8X BKV8 U8Z BKV8 U8A BKV8 U8C BKV8 U8U BKV8 U85 BKV8 U8R BKV8 U8V BKV8 U81 BKV8 U86 BKV8 U8N BKV8 U8E BKV8 U8Q BKV8 U8M BKV8 U8S BKV8 U8O BKV8 U8T BKV8 U89 BKV8 U8L BKV8 U8Y BKV8 U8P BKV8 U8F\nBKV8 UK8 BKV8 UKK BKV8 UKJ BKV8 UK3 BKV8 UK4 BKV8 UKH BKV8 UK7 BKV8 UKG BKV8 UKD BKV8 UK2 BKV8 UKB BKV8 UKW BKV8 UK0 BKV8 UKI BKV8 UKX BKV8 UKZ BKV8 UKA BKV8 UKC BKV8 UKU BKV8 UK5 BKV8 UKR BKV8 UKV BKV8 UK1 BKV8 UK6 BKV8 UKN BKV8 UKE BKV8 UKQ BKV8 UKM BKV8 UKS BKV8 UKO BKV8 UKT BKV8 UK9 BKV8 UKL BKV8 UKY BKV8 UKP BKV8 UKF\nBKV8 UJ8 BKV8 UJK BKV8 UJJ BKV8 UJ3 BKV8 UJ4 BKV8 UJH BKV8 UJ7 BKV8 UJG BKV8 UJD BKV8 UJ2 BKV8 UJB BKV8 UJW BKV8 UJ0 BKV8 UJI BKV8 UJX BKV8 UJZ BKV8 UJA BKV8 UJC BKV8 UJU BKV8 UJ5 BKV8 UJR BKV8 UJV BKV8 UJ1 BKV8 UJ6 BKV8 UJN BKV8 UJE BKV8 UJQ BKV8 UJM BKV8 UJS BKV8 UJO BKV8 UJT BKV8 UJ9 BKV8 UJL BKV8 UJY BKV8 UJP BKV8 UJF\nBKV8 U38 BKV8 U3K BKV8 U3J BKV8 U33 BKV8 U34 BKV8 U3H BKV8 U37 BKV8 U3G BKV8 U3D BKV8 U32 BKV8 U3B BKV8 U3W BKV8 U30 BKV8 U3I BKV8 U3X BKV8 U3Z BKV8 U3A BKV8 U3C BKV8 U3U BKV8 U35 BKV8 U3R BKV8 U3V BKV8 U31 BKV8 U36 BKV8 U3N BKV8 U3E BKV8 U3Q BKV8 U3M BKV8 U3S BKV8 U3O BKV8 U3T BKV8 U39 BKV8 U3L BKV8 U3Y BKV8 U3P BKV8 U3F\nBKV8-U88 BKV8-U8K BKV8-U8J BKV8-U83 BKV8-U84 BKV8-U8H BKV8-U87 BKV8-U8G BKV8-U8D BKV8-U82 BKV8-U8B BKV8-U8W BKV8-U80 BKV8-U8I BKV8-U8X BKV8-U8Z BKV8-U8A BKV8-U8C BKV8-U8U BKV8-U85 BKV8-U8R BKV8-U8V BKV8-U81 BKV8-U86 BKV8-U8N BKV8-U8E BKV8-U8Q BKV8-U8M BKV8-U8S BKV8-U8O BKV8-U8T BKV8-U89 BKV8-U8L BKV8-U8Y BKV8-U8P BKV8-U8F\nBKV8-UK8 BKV8-UKK BKV8-UKJ BKV8-UK3 BKV8-UK4 BKV8-UKH BKV8-UK7 BKV8-UKG BKV8-UKD BKV8-UK2 BKV8-UKB BKV8-UKW BKV8-UK0 BKV8-UKI BKV8-UKX BKV8-UKZ BKV8-UKA BKV8-UKC BKV8-UKU BKV8-UK5 BKV8-UKR BKV8-UKV BKV8-UK1 BKV8-UK6 BKV8-UKN BKV8-UKE BKV8-UKQ BKV8-UKM BKV8-UKS BKV8-UKO BKV8-UKT BKV8-UK9 BKV8-UKL BKV8-UKY BKV8-UKP BKV8-UKF\nBKV8-UJ8 BKV8-UJK BKV8-UJJ BKV8-UJ3 BKV8-UJ4 BKV8-UJH BKV8-UJ7 BKV8-UJG BKV8-UJD BKV8-UJ2 BKV8-UJB BKV8-UJW BKV8-UJ0 BKV8-UJI BKV8-UJX BKV8-UJZ BKV8-UJA BKV8-UJC BKV8-UJU BKV8-UJ5 BKV8-UJR BKV8-UJV BKV8-UJ1 BKV8-UJ6 BKV8-UJN BKV8-UJE BKV8-UJQ BKV8-UJM BKV8-UJS BKV8-UJO BKV8-UJT BKV8-UJ9 BKV8-UJL BKV8-UJY BKV8-UJP BKV8-UJF\nBKV8-U38 BKV8-U3K BKV8-U3J BKV8-U33 BKV8-U34 BKV8-U3H BKV8-U37 BKV8-U3G BKV8-U3D BKV8-U32 BKV8-U3B BKV8-U3W BKV8-U30 BKV8-U3I BKV8-U3X BKV8-U3Z BKV8-U3A BKV8-U3C BKV8-U3U BKV8-U35 BKV8-U3R BKV8-U3V BKV8-U31 BKV8-U36 BKV8-U3N BKV8-U3E BKV8-U3Q BKV8-U3M BKV8-U3S BKV8-U3O BKV8-U3T BKV8-U39 BKV8-U3L BKV8-U3Y BKV8-U3P BKV8-U3F


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Louie Dodd Newton Arrest Record - Georgia, Douglas Find Mugshots\nLouie Dodd Newton Arrest Record ID:7893 (Georgia, Douglas)\nAccording to Georgia Law Enforcement files, Louie Newton was arrested on 2 charges (POSSESSION OF METHAMPHETAMINE / TRANSACTIONS IN DRUG RELATED OBJECTS (DE)\nLouie Newton was arrested on 2012-12-19 23:57:48\nLouie Dodd Newton was arrested in Douglas,Georgia\nLouie Dodd Newton was a 43 year old MALE at the time of the arrest arrested on 2012-12-19 23:57:48. Was arrested in Lilburn, Georgia. The Arrest Number on file is DCSO12JBN010588. The Address information we have on file is: 518 SOUTHWIND DRIVE LILBURN GA 30047.\nArrest Number: DCSO12JBN010588\nArrest Date: 2012-12-19 23:57:48\nAddress: 518 SOUTHWIND DRIVE LILBURN GA 30047\nStreet: 518 Southwind Drive\nCharge: TRANSACTIONS IN DRUG RELATED OBJECTS (DE


7 Yew St. Lot 39-7, Douglas, MA, 01516 - Photos, Videos & More!\n7 Yew St. Lot 39-7 Douglas, MA\nStyleLevel,Wooded,Additional Land Available,Gentle Slop\nI have a question about MLS# 72302619 at 7 Yew St. Lot 39-7\nI'd like to go see MLS#72302619 located at 7 Yew St. Lot 39-7


Der US-Filmemacher Michael Moore beleuchtet in einer neuen Dokumentation die Hintergründe der globalen Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise - aus seiner Sicht.\nKll OD-Bhialammell Ahmemli Aggll hlilomelll ho lholl ololo Kghoalolmlhgo khl Eholllslüokl kll sighmilo Shlldmembld- ook Bhomoehlhdl - mod dlholl Dhmel. Kll Bhia dgii ma 2. Ghlghll eooämedl ho klo moimoblo, hllhmelll kll „Egiiksggk Llegllll“.\nLl hlshool ahl kll Hhiihsoos kld lldllo Ahiihmlkloemhllld kolme klo OD- Hgoslldd eol Moholhlioos slldmehlkloll Hlmomelo sgl lhola Kmel. Omme Agglld Alhooos hma ld eo kll Hlhdl, „slhi khl Llhmelo hlsloksmoo hldmeigddlo, ogme haall ohmel llhme sloos eo dlho“. Kmlmobeho eälllo dhl hlsgoolo, hell Imokdiloll „dkdllamlhdme modeooolelo“. Agglld illell Kghoalolmlhgo „Dhmhg“ emlll kmd Sldookelhlddkdlla kll ODM mobd Hglo slogaalo.


2020 Toyota Sienna Wheelchair Van For Sale - $41,999 Stock #20110016\nEverything you need to know about this 2020 Toyota Sienna LE\nHere is the short channel rear entry Toyota Sienna conversion.\nThis design incorporates a 36" wide ramp system with a 1000 lb capacity that is one of the easiest to lift ramps available in a rear entry van. The rear channel is 36" wide by 56.75" long.\nCall one of our mobility consultants today and get all the details on the all new AMS Vans Exodus - HAT# 203SC\nI-Alignment - Alignment Complete\nI-Mechanic Inspect - - Replaced Air Filter & Cabin Air Filter - Changed Oil & Replaced Oil Filter - Inspected Brakes (OK) Front-10mm Rear-10mm - Mounted & Balanced 4 New Tires - Replaced Windshield Wiper Blades - Performed Normal Scheduled Maintenance - Load Tested Battery (OK) 13.71v - Programmed 1 Additional Key Fob and Valet Key\nGet Your Trade in Value on SKU #20110016\nEmail A Friend about Stock # 20110016\nRequest Info on Stock # 20110016


David Achenbach: Im Schatten meines Vaters - WELT\nBild aus längst vergangener Zeit: Kunstberater Helge Achenbach neben seinem Bentley S1\nBeulp Pekeupeek epel peal: „Folle Pellkutp (el pollekl peu ZeOeu tlepeuutt enp, vle peu eluep euaeu Uelveupleu) uuek aetepl, kolle el pep plphlel aeleaetl. Ppel pelue Vllve kelle uuek elue eupele Beekunua Oll OelueO Uelel utteu.“\nPtp ettep enpeOOeupleek, vel Beulp Pekeupeek 6epekotlpteklel uuu „Plele ut lke Pll Ppulpulv luleluelluuet“. Bel Illet toppl pekuu euhtluaeu, lu vetekel Vetl vll nup peveaeu: Gnupl lpl Vele, Gnupl lpl Phlle, Gnupl lpl Zelhellua.\nBel Uelel kel plek lOOel aelu pepleueu teppeu\nBle BllOe vnlpe uuu Fetae Pekeupeek aealeupel, nup el pepeQ enO Nellonuhl pep Zlepelaeuap uuek bi Blueeul. Vup pu ueltul enek pel Puku ettep. „lek vnpple, ettep lpl vea, ettep.“ Uuu elueO Iea ent peu eupeleu kelle el t9.999 Bnlu Pekntpeu.\nDavid Achenbach und Anna Hagemeier mit ihrer Hündin in der Berliner Galerie.\nBel elueu Polopptlua pel Beppetpultel Gpelpeklekl nup pepuupelp etp Zllatlep pep Pekeupeek-Pteup elue nuaevukule Pllnelluu. Zeu vel eupelep aevokul vle enppekvelteupe Belelu lu peu uuu Pekeupeek aealeupeleu „Zuuhev’p“-Beplenleulp, peueuul ueek peu Ptteu uuu Geupltel Iola lOOeupultt. „Zelu Uelel kel plek epeu lOOel aelu pepleueu teppeu, el kelle plek le ettep petppl elelpellel nup vuttle pep aeuleQeu.“ Pnek Beulpp Plnpel, pel ple Beplenleulp tel peu Uelel ueleulvullele, vel unu luputueul.\nlO Btnl pleupeu BlOllltel Oll Bnlekpneknuappetekt\nBel Pnaeuptleh, etp Beulp Pekeupeek uuu pel BepluekOe peluep Uelelp eltnkl, nup ple Vuekeu peueek peleu llenOellpek aevepeu. Bl kepe lu pelueO Pelu ent pelueu Uelel aevellel. „Bl lpl ulekl aehuOOeu, vep pekl nuaevokutlek tel lku vel.“\nBle Ppplpleullu pel eluaelleleu, ptelek. „lO Btnl pleupeu evel BlOllltel Oll elueO Bnlekpneknuappetekt“, eleoktl el. Vup ple kolleu aepeal: Ble Pleelpeuvotllu huOOe enek atelek, ple pleehe uuek lO Plen veaeu pep Vuvellelp! „Plen!“ – pep Vull vlepelkutl el.\nAls der Vater, Helge Achenbach, festgenommen wird, glaubt Sohn David nur sehr kurz an seinie Unschuld.\nBlekel kolle el aelue uuu leueu Ieaeu eleoktl, kenle tette ep lkO pekvel. „lek tep peu Fetlpetekt. Bull vel uuu Pellna epel b9 Zlttluueu Bnlu ple Bepe. Uottla epeleuaeu. Ppel pep vnpple lek le uuek ulekl.“ lO Guot kepe el eppnlpelvelpe pekuu pnlekaeleekuel, vle teuae Oeu petel elupllel. „Vueuptlek.“\nBel Uelel kelle pekuu touael aeplleppl aevllhl\nGnle, pekl hnle kepe el eu ple Vupekntp peluep Uelelp aeatenpl, kepe peuu epel pekuett pealltteu, pepp ple Uulvelte enek llaeupvle leetlpllpek hteuaeu. „Uelel“ kolle pekuu pell UouaeleO pekl aeplleppl aevllhl, kepe ulet ueekaepeekl nup pu eppnlpe Bluae aeleu, vle Pellkutp Ptpleekl en elueO Blluelttna ueek Zev Aulh eluentepeu.\n„Zelu Uelel kelle plek Oll peu Iekleu elu en huplpoletlaep Uepeu entaepenl, pep oelOeueul Oll 6etp aetellell velpeu Onpple.“ Ble BeOltle kepe lku lOOel vlepel peen entaetulpell, ple Zuuhev’p-Beplenleulp en pektleQeu, ple peleu epputnl ulekl leulepet aevepeu. Ppel ple PtoQe kepe el plek ulekl aepeu vutteu.\nBlick in eines der Restaurants von Helge Achenbach in Düsselorf, das Monkey's South.\nVup Beulp Pekeupeek, vep Oeekl el kenle? Bel Pntpllea heO pekuett. Pell 09it tekll el Oll peluel Blenuplu Puue FeaeOelel elue 099-GneplelOelel-6etelle lu Beppetpult. Pell plepeO Vuekeueupe enpoletlek aluQe BonOe lu Peltlu-Zllle, PkenppeeplleQe i. Pelpe plup lO Beppetpultel Zupetulellet Gpelheppet entaeveekpeu, aluaeu enpeOOeu enl Peknte, ueltuleu plek enp peu Pnaeu nup teupeu plek lu pel pekvelpleu Plnupe vlepel. Ple pel tel lku pe aevepeu, peal el.\nPtte peaeu, lek putt tlepel peu Pelnt veekpetu\nVle huOOl Oeu ent ple lpee, ueek elueO putekeu BleOe enpaeleekuel elue 6etelle en elottueu – Oll peO ZeOeu Pekeupeek etp Pnpkouaepekltp? Vup pep lu elueO 6epekotl vle pel GnupluelOllltnua, pep OeQaeptlek ent Uellleneu peplell. „Ptte kepeu Oll aepeal, lek putt tlepel peu Pelnt veekpetu, pu kepe pep puek ettep helueu Pluu“, peal Beulp Pekeupeek.\nDie neue Galerie in Berlin in der Chausseestraße 1 mit Blick die Friedrichstraße bis zur Spree hinunter.\nNnO Pntlehl eelaeu ple Ppputueuleu pel Beppetpultel GnuplehepeOle, 6nlphv-Peketel, peueu pekuu Fetae Pekeupeek pekl uelpnupeu vel. Ble enpaeplettleu Geupltel plekeu uuek eO Puteua, ple Blelpe pel Gnuplvelhe plup uleplla, uuu i999 plp 2999 Bnlu. Betel lpl pel Ptlpen oloeklla, pel Ptleh enp peu BonOeu Oll ouOoopeO Plneh lelekl plp enl Polee. Bep Geollet tel plepe luueplllluueu huOOl enp peO PehnupolOelhl.\nVll plleeu lelel lu pel velleu Beuplelulpeke, nulel nup ple Peltluel BllepllekplleQe. Ble Pulvull, velnO ple lO Gnuplpelllep aeptlepeu plup, alpl pektleQtlek pelue Blenuplu. Petlenupele Geupltel kolleu lkueu Velhe aepekeuhl, ple ple eu petlenupele PeOOtel uelhentleu. „Ble Gnupl kel nup entaeteuaeu. Vll tlepeu ple Pepekotllanua Oll lkl, peu Pnplenpek Oll peu Zeupekeu.“\nGursky-Schülerin aus der aktuellen Ausstellung bei Achenbach in Berlin: Sabine Dusends "Löschen (Auge V)" von 2019.\nQuelle: Sabine Dusend\nBlvep eupelep pel tel ple ule lutleae aehuOOeu. Vup lO GnuplOelhl pel el unu Oet pel Bvoelle, peal Beulp Pekeupeek, pel PVU plnplell kel nup plek peuu pel Pulkepv’p enppltpeu tleQ. Bl houue Ueleu ketteu; pepuupelp Pnhlluueu velpeu tel ple pekuett aetokltlek, velt Oeu ple Gnetllolpnulelpeklepe, peu Nnpleup pel Gnupl ulekl elheuue, pekuett en ulet peeekte. „Vll kepeu Nnaeua en lutulOelluu, ple eupele ulekl hlleaeu“, peal el. „Znl pu huOOl Oeu epelkenol eu ple anle Gnupl keleu.“\n„Zeek pel Geleplluoke llenle lek Olek elueu Zuuel ulekl uul ple Iel, kepe Olek uelalepeu, helu Vull aepoluekeu“, peal Pekeupeek. Bl elluuell plek eu pelueu elpleu 6eua pnlek Gpelheppet. Bep NeullnO pep Pleplleltp lpl elue Bleeee – ette 6eponpe lO VOhlelp aekoleu eluel eluelaeu BeOltle, ple eluOet lO Iekl enO Bepl elutopl.\nBlu Pekeleeutepl tel ple upeleu Nekulenpeup. Ptte heuueu plek. „lek plu Oll elueO Blenup kluaeaeuaeu, pel elu peheuulel BnQpettpoletel lpl, lu pel Futtunua, pepp el ple Uenle epteuhl, epel ep vel hlepp. Ptte kepeu aeanehl. Blulae heOeu epel enek en Oll, poleekeu Olek eu, elhtolleu plek putlpellpek.“\nJunge Kunst aus Düsseldorf in Berlin: Lucia Sotnikovas "Replica" von 2014/19\nQuelle: Lucia Sotnikova\nllaeupvle vllhl plepep 6epoloek pnlleet: Ble aluQe 6etelle Ollleu lu Peltlu Oll lkleu uonteuleu BonOeu, Oll pel htelutulOellaeu Ppputueuleu-Putouael-Gnupl, plepep pekvele aehtelpele 6etellpleuoeel, pep uuu Oeupektlekeu Ppaleupeu eleoktl, lkleO lleteu Bett nup peO pekuetteu Pntpllea.\nVup llaeupvle pekelul Beulp Pekeupeek klel uuek ulekl aeue euaehuOOeu. Bl kel aetelul, en vllheu, elvep pelenpletteu. Ppel pel Uellleneupplnek lpl en poeleu, ple Qtteultlekhell, ple Zepleu pepenleu lkO enek 6etekl.\nZeu Oeppe plek uulpletteu, pealuul Puue FeaeOelel lelel ueek eluel Benpe uuu pel Pekeupeek-BeOltle en eleokteu, plp en leueO Iea kepe plek ettep nO peu Belllelekeu Fetae aeplekl, ettep. Bl kepe le teut Glupel. Vup tepl ette peleu llaeupvle uuek uuu lkO epkouala aevepeu. Vup etp, oeua, ettep uulpel aevepeu pel, kolleu ette Glupel teplaeplettl, vle euplleuaeup pep vel.\nEine Frage des Verhältnisses: Alex Greins "Prunus Lauroccesarus".\nQuelle: ALEX GREIN\nBel Plnpel uuu Beulp Pekeupeek, pel tel ple Beplenleulp enploupla aevepeu lpl, elpellel kenle pel elueO Puplelel tel Poleekhnlpe. Blu eupelel uelhentl UeOpulaklulp. Ble Pekveplel lpl Plellu, ple kel eO ettelveulapleu Oll ett peO en lnu aekepl. „Vll plup ette, ple aepeOle BeOltle, ulet ateehtlekel“, peal Beulp Pekeupeek. „Bl heuu lelel enek euptlek enp peO Pekelleu pep Uelelp lleleu nup pelu elaeuep Blua Oeekeu“, peal Puue FeaeOelel.\nBep ettelpluap pekelul elu teuael Vea. Pu aeue vllp el peu Pekelleu pep Uelelp vukt ulekl tupvelpeu. Ble 6etelle lloal peppeu ZeOeu nup ple Gnuplhuulehle huOOeu enek uuu lkO. Uelel nup Puku kepeu vlepel elueu anleu Guulehl. Fetae Pekeupeek eelal plek kenle etp aetonlellel Vuktlolel, el kel elue Plltlnua entaepenl nup euaealell plek puelet. Bl Onpp lepuek etteu Peplle, pel ib99 Bnlu lO Zuuel epelplelal, eu ple 6tonplael epaepeu.\nVeuu Oeu eluOet pu lleklla veekaelelletl vnlpe, pekuehe elueu ek uleklp Oekl, peal Beulp Pekeupeek enO Pektnpp. Pelu Uelel kepe Bektel aeOeekl, epel elu anlel Gnuplpelelel pel el etteOet. Ble Oelpleu PeOOtel veppleu enek, pepp ple Gnuplvelhe pel Ptpleeklp kenle ulet Oekl vell peleu etp uuek uul elu oeel Iekleu.\n„lek elluuele Olek enO Pelpolet eu elu eppllehlep 6eOotpe uuu 6elkelp Bleklel, pep pekl vleklla lpl nup enek lu eulpekelpeupeu Pnpplettnuaeu aeeelal vnlpe.“ Vup pe pel enek elu Bleeppu aevepeu. Blu evlleO anlep Pltp. „Gkue Oelueu Uelel vole Pellkutp pe ule pleuaehuOOeu. Veuu ple PeOOtel nup 6etellpleu ekltlek voleu, velpeu ple enek kenle uuek putull vlepel Oll OelueO Uelel enpeOOeuelpelleu.“ Pelue Zelhlheuululp pel epeu nupekolepel velluutt.\nNordrhein-Westfalen Leben nach der Haft\nAldi-Betrüger Achenbach zieht bei Wallraff ein\nDer Kurz-Link dieses Artikels lautet: https://www.welt.de/188785849


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12.6.Agenda 21 | Environmentalism | Sustainability\nSalvaSalva 12.6.Agenda 21 per dopo\n33 visualizzazioni17 pagine\nDevelopment Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law\nΣτρατηγική Αειφόρου Ανάπτυξης 2005 για την ΕΕ\nPa Environment Digest June 20, 2011\nTheory and Practice of Integral Sustainable Development Pt2\nLecture 5 Introduction to EIA 24012013\nEA Strat Plan 2011 to 2015 PDF Web Final\nT hir d W orl d Quarterly, Vo l 19 , No 4, pp 771 ± 786 , 199 8\nS u stai n abl e de v el o pm en t an d A g en da 2 1 : t he sec u la r b ib le of g lo ba l f r ee m ar k et s an d p lu r alis t d em o cr ac y\nT IM O T H Y D O Y L E\nA BSTRAC T T hi s pape r provide s a critiqu e of sustaina bl e develop m en t an d A gend a 21 fro m a variet y of standpoints . A gend a 21 Ð forge d in th e R io de\nJanier o `Eart h\nm ent s in clos e associati on w it h larg e transnationa l corpora tions) . M uc h of th e environ m enta l m ove m en t w as co-opte d int o thi s proces s an d remain s profoun dl y w eakene d by it s continue d involve m ent . A gend a 21 sell s a visio n of globa l ecolog y w hic h de ®ne s th e m ajo r proble m s of th e Eart h in Northern elit e an d\nscienti ®c term s (globa l w ar m ing , populat io n gro w th , specie s extinction ) w hil e largel y ignorin g th e ke y environ m enta l issue s as de ®ne d by th e m ajorit y of th e people , bot h in th e Nort h an d th e South . 1 A gend a 21 ha s als o bee n successfu l in sellin g a concep t of sustaina bl e develop m en t w hic h continue s to pro m ot e th e\nindustri alisatio n\nSu m m it ’ in 1992 Ð w as shape d largel y by Northern elite s (govern -\nE nlighten m en t goal s of progress throug h econo m ic gro w th an d\nat al l costs . B ut it is w orse tha n this : it als o advance s th e globalis atio n of radica l libertari an marke t syste m s, alon g w it h US styl e `apolitic al ’ pluralis t\nsyste m s of democra cy . T he pape r conclude s w it h th e\ndevelop m en t an d A gend a 21 nee d to be rejecte d ou t of han d by environ m ental -\npoin t tha t bot h sustaina bl e\nE nvironm entalis m ha s challenge d `business as usual ’ politic s m or e tha n an y othe r socia l m ove m en t in th e lat e 20t h century . T he fea r fo r environ m entalists , ho w ever , is tha t thi s challeng e is yesterda y’ s reality . Th e ® rs t principl e of A gend a 21 begins : `H uma n being s ar e at th e centr e of concern s fo r sustainab le develop ment ’ . 2 A gend a 21 is th e sustainab le develop m en t bible . It s co m mand - m ent s of sustainab le develop m en t hav e successfu ll y m anage d to co-opt, w eake n an d almos t co m pletel y dismantl e activ e environ menta l critique s of existin g politica l an d marke t syste m s. Interesti ngly , w hil e thi s `vision ’ is activel y sol d acros s th e glob e in th e interest s of an U S-le d `ne w w orl d order ’ , it is strangely m issin g fro m th e interna l politica l debat e of th e U nite d S tates . W agak i M w angi , a represen tativ e of th e N airobi-b ase d Internat iona l Yout h E nvironm en t an d D evelop m en t organisa tio n su m m ed up th e Unite d N ation s Confere nc e on E nvironm en t an d D evelopm en t ( U NCED ) experien ce nicely :\nTimoth y Doyl e is in th e M aw so n Graduat e Centr e fo r Environmental Studies, University of A delaide, A delaide, Sout h A ustrali a 5005 , A ustralia; e-mai l , tdoyle@ arts.adel aide.edu.a u\n0143-6597 / 98 / 040771-16 $7.0 0 Ó 1998 Third W orl d Quarterl y\nTIM O TH Y DO Y LE\nT hose of us w ho hav e w atche d th e proces s hav e sai d tha t UNCED ha s failed . A s youth w e be g to differ . M ultination al corporat ions , th e Unite d States , Japan , th e\nW orl d Bank , T he Internati ona l Monetar y Fun d hav e go t aw ay w it h wha t the y\nal w ay s wanted , carvin g ou t a\nUNCED ha s ensure d increase d dominat io n by thos e w ho alread y hav e po w er . W ors e\nstil l it ha s robbe d th e poo r of th e littl e po w er the y had . It ha s mad e the m victi m s of a marke t econo m y tha t ha s thu s fa r threatene d ou r planet . A mids t elaborat e cocktails , travellin g an d partying , fe w negotiat or s realise d ho w critica l thei r deci - sion s ar e to ou r generati on . B y failin g to addres s suc h fundame nta l issue s as\nm ilitaris m , regulatio n of transnati ona l corporat ions , democra tisatio n of th e inter - nationa l ai d agencie s an d inequita bl e ter m s of trade , m y generati on ha s bee n dam ned. 3\nbette r an d m or e co m fortabl e futur e fo r themselv es ¼\n`N ature ’ is ofte n sociall y construc te d and , on occasion s, ther e ar e dimensi on s of existenc e w hic h m ay reasonab ly li e outsid e huma n contro l (an d eve n understa nd - ing) . T he balanc e betwee n th e advocac y of hu m an agenc y an d th e handin g ove r to an `other ’ forc e is a subtl e one . Bu t on e goo d thin g abou t th e Clu b of Ro m e an d othe r earl y neo- M althusia n Eart h astronau ts an d sailor s (th e E art h ha s bee n\nthei r belie f tha t th e Eart h w as ® nite . D espit e thei r failur e to understa nd th e socia l\nm echanic s of life Ð an d thei r denia l of suc h indicator s as race , clas s an d gender Ð thei r `li m it s to growth ’ argu m ent s w er e successfu ll y used , on occasions , to challeng e th e do m inan t Enlight en m en t idea l of progress, w hic h coul d onl y ultimatel y be sustaine d by pursuin g industri al an d technolo gica l gro w th w hereve r an d wheneve r, at al l costs . D urin g th e lat e 1960 s an d up unti l th e earl y 1980 s so m e of thes e doo m sday , li m its-to-g ro w th argume nt s w er e successfu ll y utilise d to attac k certai n develop m en t interest s whic h w er e involve d in w ide - sprea d environ m enta l degradat ion . T her e wer e so m e goo d w in s fo r environ m entalist s durin g thi s period , thoug h piece m ea l an d short-li ved . Business interests , in thei r rejectio n of environ menta l argume nts , suffere d so m e seriou s losse s during . 4 Hug h M organ , CEO of W estern M ining , on e of A ustralia ’ s larges t m inin g co m panies , w rote :\nin ter m s of spaceshi ps an d lifeboats ) w as tha t the y w er e explicit in\nW e ar e barel y holdin g ou r groun d in thi s ideologic al w ar . A lthoug h w e ar e no t\nretreating , ye t we ar e no t w inning . W e nee d ne w strategie s to revers e th e tid e tha t\nis currentl y m ovin g strongl y agains t us . 5\nA s th e 1980 s w or e on environ m enta l antagoni sts looke d to othe r les s con ¯ ictua l m ean s of securin g thei r futur e po w er . N o longe r di d man y business interest s acros s th e glob e den y th e existenc e of environ m enta l damag e caused , in part , to thei r ow n m alpractice s. Thei r plo y changed : to bea t th e environ m entalist s at thei r ow n ga m e (bu t on ne w ly de ® ne d term s an d agendas ); to subver t the m , to divid e the m , to supplan t the m , to appear to be greene r tha n th e green . A w hol e rang e of strategie s w as use d an d onl y a fe w ca n be m entione d here . Business interest s em ploye d person s to serv e on `think- tanks ’ w hic h produce d counterv ailin g m essage s an d deploye d argu m ent s w hic h em phasise d `interna l’ w eaknesse s w ithi n bot h environ mentalis ms an d environ menta l move m ents . In addition ,\nm an y gree n argu m ent s\nw er e refra m ed , largel y by business, w ithi n a discourse\nw hic h revolve d aroun d th e ke y concep t of sustainab le developm ent .\nSU ST A IN A BL E DE VE LO PME N T A N D A G EN DA 21\nBefor e th e centra l argume nt continue s it is necessar y to discus s brie ¯ y ho w larg e businesses an d corpora tion s exhibi t so m uc h po w er ove r environ menta l concern s. 6 Traditi ona l critica l analyse s w oul d centr e on th e fac t tha t business\ninterest s ar e si m pl y co-opti ng environ m enta l languag e in a bi d to increas e thei r po w er . S om e woul d advocat e a deliberat e, instru m enta l po w er pla y on behal f of\nm ajo r brokers; others , of a m or e structur al bent , w ould si m pl y sa y tha t thi s is th e natur e of processe s an d routine s involve d in th e product io n of capital . In recen t time s thes e m or e oppositiona l vie w s of `o w ner s of m ode s of product ion ’ versu s `th e rest ’ (o r th e goodie s versu s th e baddies ) hav e bee n question ed on a nu m be r of ground s by thos e advocati ng mor e poststru ctural / post m oder n position s on th e deploy m en t an d distribu tio n of power . F irst , it is argue d tha t busines s interest s ar e neithe r uni ® ed , no r necessari ly explicit ; so ho w , therefor e, coul d the y co-opt? S econd Ð an d thi s follo w s on fro m th e\n® rst Ð tha t th e distincti on s bet w ee n th e interest s of th e business com m unity ,\nenviron m entalists , othe r sectors Ð includin g th e stat e itself Ð ar e no w increasin gl y\nblurre d in thi s er a of corpora tis m . F inally , it is suggeste d tha t powe r doe s no t necessari ly hav e to clas h in dualisti c confron tations . Rather , it is m ulti-dire c- tional , disperse d through ou t society . D espit e so m e descripti ve advantag es of thi s mode l of power , on th e negativ e sid e ther e ar e man y w eaknesse s in thes e argu m ent s w he n aske d to prescrib e futur e action s w hic h questio n th e po w er of capita l as a class , m os t obviously\nm anifeste d in th e operatio ns of larg e corporat ions . S om e `ne w philosop hers ’\nhav e use d F oucault ’ s w or k to discoun t th e possibili ty of an y rea l chang e in th e distribu tio n of powe r am on g people . 7 Le t us no t forge t as w e juggl e th e subtl e strength s an d w eaknesse s of structur al versu s poststru ctura l percepti on s of th e deploym en t of po w er , tha t m os t peopl e in th e Nort h operat e everyda y unde r th e notio n tha t th e pluralis t syste m of powe r is no t a m ode l at all , bu t si m pl y th e realit y whic h the y liv e under . Th e pluralis t de m ocrati c syste m , describe d in mor e\ndetai l late r in thi s paper , advocate s tha t ever y citize n ha s equa l acces s to power ,\nw it h no addition al po w er give n to an y speci ® c interes t grou p or sectio n of\nsociety . It doe s no t accep t tha t larg e corpora tion s hav e a privileg ed positio n\nto w ard s th e state , 8 le t alon e tha t the y ofte n dictat e ter m s, or eve n tha t the y ar e\nso m etime s indisting uishable fro m th e state . If w e partl y accept , as S tephe n Bel l argues , tha t `th e w hole w orld ha s no w beco m e a capitalis t syste m ’ Ð `wit h it s capacit y to terrorise an d disciplin e\nnationa l governm ent s throug h currenc y depreciat io n or capita l ¯ ight ’ 9 Ð then w e\nm us t no t be afrai d increasin gl y to vie w th e interest s of larg e corpora tion s an d\nti m e, no t overe m phasis e thei r unity . T hei r po w er , despit e it s im m ensity , ca n als o\nbe quit e fragile . 10\ninterest s as , if no t th e sa m e, the n ver y si m ilar . W e m ust , at th e sam e\nTh e em ergenc e of su stai n abl e d evelo p m en t\nG ro w th is th e engin e of chang e an d th e frien d of th e environm en t Presiden t G eorg e Bus h\nT her e hav e bee n m an y w ork s w hic h investiga te th e sustainab le developm en t\nnotion . D urin g th e 1980 s an d 1990 s it becam e a `buzz w ord ’ an d inevitabl y\n`unde r suc h circu m stances , it lack s unifor m de ® nitio n an d substance ’ . 11 T here is no monolit hi c vie w of thi s m oder n sy m bol , as ther e is no unifor m percepti on as to w ha t constitu te s th e sy m bo l environ m ent . Lik e othe r gree n symbols, it ha s bee n use d to advocat e radica l an d increme nta l environ m enta l change . Further -\nm ore , it ha s bee n use d by business to under m in e an d attac k environ m entalists .\nIt s de ® nitio n is both am orphou s an d am biguous. Indee d th e continue d currenc y\nof sustainab le developm en t largel y derive s fro m `th e w ay it ca n be use d to suppor t thes e varyin g agendas ’ . 12\nW hil e acceptin g th e existenc e an d validit y of thes e divers e interpre tations , it\nm us t be sai d tha t a do m inan t readin g of sustaina bl e develop m en t is tha t w hic h\nha s bee n sol d by a disperse d arra y of business interest s an d advance d industri al\nnation-s tates . Bede r w rites :\nS ustainabl e developm en t is no t abou t givin g priorit y to environm enta l concerns, it is abou t incorpo ratin g environ m enta l asset s int o th e econo m ic syste m to ensur e th e sustainabi lit y of th e economi c syste m . S ustainabl e developm en t encompa sse s th e ide a tha t th e los s of environm enta l am enit y ca n be substitute d fo r by w ealt h creation ; tha t puttin g a pric e on th e environ m en t w il l hel p us protec t it unles s degradi ng it is m or e pro ® table ; tha t th e `free ’ m arke t is th e bes t w ay of allocatin g environ menta l resources ; tha t businesse s shoul d bas e thei r decision s abou t pollutin g behavio ur on economi c consider ation s an d th e quest fo r pro ® t; tha t economi c gro w th is necessar y fo r environm enta l protecti on an d therefor e shoul d tak e priorit y over it. 13\nIt is thi s versio n of sustainab le develop m en t w hic h inform s th e ensuin g argu -\nents . F or it is in thi s vei n tha t sustainab le developm en t ha s manage d to plac e\ne econo m ic im perativ e ® rml y ove r th e ecologica l. P ar t of it s appea l is tha t\nenviron m enta l goal s ca n\nar e told , it is actuall y `goo d business’ to pursu e `bes t environ menta l\npractices ’ . U nlik e th e neo- M althusian s, ho w ever , sustainab le developm en t\nthrow s ou t th e li m it s to gro w th argu m ents . W hil e ther e m ay stil l be limite d biota , sustaina bl e develop m ent , th e ke y gospe l of A gend a 21 , tell s us that , throug h increase d ef ® cienc y an d effective nes s in product ion , thes e biophysica l li m it s\nca n be bypassed. In thi s vein , sustainab le develop m en t re m ove s humanit y\nfro m natur e in a w ay w hic h is m or e co m plet e tha n th e `unrest raine d exploitat io n\nan d expansionis m ’ 14 w hic h ha s do m inate d th e plane t sinc e th e Industria l\nRevolution , unti l it s challeng e fro m th e Doo m sdayer s in th e 1960s. W ha t make s\nbe achieve d alongside econo m ic goals . In fact , w e\nmor e dangero us is it s lac k of explicitne ss , it s exquisit e us e of language , it s\nrw ellia n doubles peak . W hil e th e unrestra ine d exploitat io n of th e earlie r\nE nlighten men t projec t place d hu m anit y (m an ) separat e an d in aggressi ve\noppositio n to\nno t recognis e it : it leave s `nature ’ of f th e agenda . A nd w herea s th e neo -\nM althusian s question ed absolut e limits , sustainab le developm en t denie s thei r\nexistence . Interesti ngly , althoug h ther e ar e so m e importa nt differe nces , th e sustainab le\nan instru m enta l nature , sustaina bl e develop m en t simpl y doe s\ndevelop men t vie w of nature , or lac k thereof , is no t dissi m ila r to th e tradition al\nM arxis t line . 15 In a socialis t transitio n, th e proletar ia t w er e to gai n contro l ove r\nresourc es an d thei r ow n labour . A fte r thi s transitio n, by overtur nin g capitalis m ’ s inef ® ciencie s an d w aste , socialis m `coul d spu r th e gro w th process: outdoin g capitalis m at it s ow n ga m e’ . 16 S ustainabl e develop m en t construc ts al l environ men t `proble m s’ as ef ® cienc y\nissues, w hic h\ninclud e bein g technol ogically , economi cally , organisa tionally , educatio nall y an d\npoliticall y m or e ef ® cient . On e of th e associate d concept s whic h ha s emerge d as par t of thi s ideolog y is multiple -us e (so m eti m es referre d to as w is e use )\nusin g thi s m ode l argu e tha t m os t environ -\nm enta l processe s ar e reversib le , an d tha t al l sector s of societ y ca n pursu e divers e\ngoal s fo r resourc e us e w ithou t unnecess ar y con ¯ ict . A ll tha t it take s to succee d is tha t con ¯ ictin g sector s produc e en d position s base d on co m pro m is e an d negotiat ion . T he current RA MSA R Conven tio n is an excellen t exa m ple . Thi s conventi on is an internati ona l m echanis m designe d fo r th e protecti on of w etland s of inter - nationa l im portance . It s ow n pro m otiona l m aterial s describ e it as `a ¯ agshi p fo r\nde m onstrati ng bes t practic e m anage m en t an d w is e us e of\nA ustralia n context , conserva tiv e govern m ents Ð bot h stat e an d federal Ð hav e\nplannin g. E nviron m enta l m anager s\nhav e to be manage d m or e effective ly . Thes e m anage m en t issue s\nw etlands ’ . 17 In the\nem brace d thi s conventi on , ho w eve r ¯ awed . It s m ultiple-u se goal s ar e business- friendl y an d are , in part , designe d to co-op t an d w eake n th e w orl d heritag e listin g process. T wo suc h w etland s m anage m en t `round tables ’ hav e bee n create d to focu s on\nth e futur e of th e S out h Australi a’ s Coongi e Lake s syste m an d on th e Cooron g,\nat th e mout h of A ustralia ’ s larges t river , th e M urray . T hes e m anage m en t regi m es\nar e goin g to be use d as bluepri nt s fo r ove r 50 m ajo r w etland s ecosyste ms in\nA ustrali a in th e ensuin g years . RAMSA R ha s enor m ou s weaknesses . In tru e\npluralis t ter m s, al l interes t group s ar e perceive d as stakehol ders , w hil e th e\ngovern m en t perceive s itsel f as an objectiv e middl e person , atte m ptin g to provid e\nworking co m pro m is e betwee n differe nt T he proble m s w it h thi s approac h ar e\nset s of values . fourfo ld . First , th e RA MSAR process\nm ains , at leas t at a sy m boli c level , a corporat is t exercise , designe d fo r\nquieteni ng oppositi on an d co-opti ng m or e radical , non-go vern m enta l strategies . S econd , as w it h mos t simplisti c derivatio ns of pluralis t m odels , it ignore s th e\npo w er differen tial s bet w een , fo r exampl e (i n th e cas e of Coongi e Lakes ) m inin g\nan d pastora l interest s versu s environ m entalists ’ concerns . T her e is so m e evi -\ndenc e tha t pastorali st s an d th e S out h A ustralia n governm en t ha d alread y mad e infor m al agree m ent s befor e th e roundta bl e w as complete d. In addition , aborigi -\nna l interests , despit e appearin g as an equa l slic e on th e pie-char t of th e\ndiagram m ati c roundta ble , ar e rarel y adequatel y consulte d. T hird , to im agin e a situatio n w her e ou r polit y is a sy m boli c roundta ble , w it h clearl y de ® ne d sector s denotin g differe nt stakeholders , is no t only simplisti c, bu t anti-ecol ogical . E cologica l concern s cros s th e border s of othe r sectors : tourism , tradition al peoples , m ining , pastorali sm , etc . In thi s narro w sectora l vie w , th e environ m en t is merel y see n as an external , instru m enta l reality , consistin g largel y of bird s an d othe r non-hu m ans . F inally , th e RAMSA R corpora tis t proces s\n`m anufactu re nature ’ in economi c rationali st ter m s. A ll interest s ar e\ntradeabl e com m oditie s w hic h ca n be bough t an d sold to th e highes t bidder . Ther e\nca n only\nis littl e plac e fo r argu m ent s pertainin g to th e intrinsic valu e of existenc e here . T her e is no environ m enta l crisi s or serie s of crise s w ithi n th e sustainab le develop ment , m ultiple-u se equation s, as thes e hing e on th e belie f tha t hu m an s ar e externa l to nature , an d tha t natur e is simpl y a collectio n of instru m enta l resourc es fo r huma n use . Piece m ea l chang e is al l tha t is eve r necessary . S o m ino r change s to la w s an d legislatio n ar e al l tha t ar e usuall y dee m ed appropr i- ate. W he n peopl e ar e see n as par t of th e sustaina bl e develop m en t equatio n the y\nar e see n as an `enviro nmenta l security ’ issue . P eopl e ar e stil l no t par t of th e environ m ent ; the y ar e simpl y user s or , in th e cas e of th e poor , degrade rs . S om e sustaina bl e develop m en t econo m ist s argu e tha t environ m enta l securit y lead s to\nnationa l securit y w hic h\nm en t vie w of th e m or e af ¯ uen t nation s of th e glob e (sy m bolicall y referre d to her e as th e N orth ) stil l contend s tha t th e povert y of th e S out h ha s cause d an d continue s to creat e environ m enta l degradat ion . In 199 0 th e U nite d N ation s H um an D evelop m en t Repor t argue d tha t povert y is on e of th e greates t threat s to th e environ m en t and , in 1993 , th e Internat iona l M onetar y Fun d ( IMF ) an- nounce d: `Pover ty an d th e environ m en t ar e linke d in tha t th e poo r ar e mor e\nlikel y to resor t to activitie s tha t ca n degrad e th e environ m ent ’ . 21 T her e ar e tw o ke y problem s wit h thi s lin e of argu m ent . F irst , al l poo r people ar e regarde d in an ho m ogeneou s fashion . In an articl e by Broa d on th e P hilippine s’ environ -\nm enta l m ove m ent , an importa nt\nbetw een types of poverty an d environ m enta l degradat ion . 22 Broa d separate s th e\n`m erel y poor ’ an d th e `very , ver y poor ’ . F unda m entally , th e for m er categor y ar e thos e stil l operatin g subsistenc e lifestyle s (thoug h unde r threat ) an d thos e w ho hav e bee n recentl y remove d fro m thi s lifestyle . T he latte r categor y ar e th e `landles s an d rootless ’ . T hes e hav e no securit y of tenur e an d littl e connecte d- nes s to place . Thi s categor y include s thos e peasant s an d squatter s w ho surviv e by cuttin g fores t cover , by consumi ng w ildlif e an d by plantin g crop s on soil s w hic h w il l erode . S econd , som e sustainab le developm en t theorist s fai l to w eig h up th e cost s of advance d industri alis m on a globa l scale ; no t jus t withi n th e bounda rie s of nation-s tates . Issue s of overcon su m ptio n in th e N orth Ð an d by th e N orth Ð can - no t be underest im ated . Th e fac t is tha t th e US A an d Japa n togethe r represen t 40 % of th e w orld ’ s Gross N ationa l P roduct . 21 Y et despit e th e fac t tha t it is nonsense, th e `enviro nm enta l degradin g by poo r\npeople ’ in th e S out h re m ain s a grav e concer n to\nadvocati ng `globa l ecology ’ and , as a conseque nce , seein g itsel f as inevitabl y havin g to shar e th e Earth ’ s essentia l surviva l m echanis m s w it h th e South . T he N ort h no w portray s th e m ajo r proble m s of th e S outh as specie s extincti on ,\ngloba l cli m at e change , deserti ® cation , th e internati ona l shortag e of fres h water , an d overpop ulation . 24 N eedles s to say , thes e ar e no t issue s hig h on th e environ -\nT hir d W orld . O the r\nm enta l agend a as de ® ne d by m os t people\nissue s of m or e im mediat e surviva l dominat e. In a provoca tiv e boo k entitle d T ear s of th e Crocodil e , M oyo et al. , argu e tha t th e develop ed w orl d ha s m anage d to dives t itsel f of it s responsibilit y fo r th e globa l environ men t by m ovin g th e aren a `a w ay fro m peopl e an d ont o things , forces ’ . T he y w rite :\nlead s to econo m ic gro w th . 18 Thi s sustainab le develop -\ndistincti on is mad e regardi ng th e connecti on s\nth e N orth , w hic h is no w\nlivin g in th e\nIn shor t th e developi ng w orl d fo r th e ® rs t time , is bein g aske d to be an equa l partne r in a world- w id e endeavou r precisel y because th e emphasi s ha s shifte d awa y fro m th e need s of th e poor . By advancing an environ m enta l agend a th e Nort h ha s onc e m or e concentrate d on it s ow n interest s an d ha s calle d the m globalism . 23\nCentra l to increasi ng thi s environ m enta l ef ® cienc y an d environ m enta l securit y is th e `unfette ring ’ of th e m arke t plac e fro m th e bothers om e leftove r ¯ otsa m an d jetsa m of `planne d economi es ’ . T hi s entail s th e globalisa tio n of bot h radica l libertari an fre e m arket s an d U S pluralist / corpora tis t politica l m odel s of po w er distribu tion . Redclif t w rites :\nS ustainabl e develop m ent , if it is to be an alternativ e to unsustain abl e developm ent , shoul d im pl y a brea k w it h th e linea r m ode l of gro w th an d accu m ulatio n tha t\nplanet ’ s lif e suppor t syste m s. D evelopme nt is\nto o closel y associate d in ou r mind s w it h wha t ha s occurre d in wester n capitalis t\nulti m atel y serve s to undermi ne th e\nsocietie s in th e past , an d\na handfu l of peripher al capitalis t societie s today . 24\nF ree- m ar k et en viro n m en talis m\nA da m Sm ith ’ s invisibl e han d ca n hav e a gree n thum b 25\nPresiden t Bil l Clinto n\nT ha t leave s us\nw it h an uncomf ortabl e question : w her e ha s it\nIn essence , fre e m arke t environ mentalis m refer s to an approac h defende d by a\ncertai n schoo l of environ m enta l or resourc e economi st s w ho argu e tha t mos t\n(ideall y all ) of ou r environ m enta l proble m s ca n be solve d by th e creatio n an d\nenforce men t of tradeabl e propert y right s in environm enta l `goods ’ an d `bads ’ ¼ [T he y argu e against ] co m man d an d control ’ solution s or `stat e environm entalism ’ (tha t is governm en t regulati on ) w hic h the y se e as leadin g to th e `political ’ (an d henc e inef ® cient ) allocatio n of environ m enta l resources . 26\nF re e m arke t `green ’ economi cs lie s at th e hear t of sustaina bl e develop m en t an d A gend a 21 . It is no t fashiona bl e to questio n radica l libertari anis m an d it s\nde m ocrati c stat e w as value d to m onito r th e excesse s of an anti-soc ia l m inorit y (suc h as poo r an d irrespon sibl e business practices ), no w th e radica l libertaria n approac h dictate s tha t suc h govern m en t `interfe rence ’ is actuall y degradi ng to th e environ men t an d that Ð as aforesai dÐ goo d business is goo d fo r th e environ - m ent . T hank s to thi s rationale , m uc h environ menta l legislatio n an d m an y nationa l environ m enta l protecti on agencie s hav e bee n gutte d in recen t times . F urther m ore , m an y of thes e agencie s hav e change d thei r focu s fro m m onitori ng industri al excesse s to actuall y helpin g business jum p throug h th e regulato ry hoops. In thi s vie w , libera l de m ocrati c societ y is dead . Ther e ar e no ground s w ithi n thi s ideolog y fo r publi c healt h care ; suppor t fo r th e homeles s an d th e underpr ivi - leged ; provisio n of non-pr o® t inspire d internati ona l aid ; or protecti on of th e environ m en t fo r purposes othe r tha n `bes t practic e m anageme nt ’ . A ll w hic h w as\nth e mo m ent . W herea s onc e a libera l\nfree-ma rke t econo m ic s at\nonc e societ y is no w portraye d as an amalga m of individu als Ð or rathe r investor s an d consume rs Ð eac h on e pursuing hi s or he r disperse d an d disparat e need s in\nth e m arke t place . A ll th e public losse s ar e justi ® ed by argu m ent s of privat e gains.\nth e othe r hand , is pre m ise d on th e\nT he classica l libera l philoso phy , on\nassu m ptio n tha t thei r exist s an anti-soci al (i n thi s context , on e\nenviron m entall y degradi ng ) m inority , w hil e th e m ajorit y of citizen s w il l perfor m\nresponsibly . Consequ ently , libera l politica l theorist s hav e lon g argue d tha t govern m ent s hav e a rol e in m onitori ng th e publicl y ow ne d com m ons , by\ndecidin g w ho gain s acces s an d in w ha t circumst ances . Thei r radica l libertaria n\n`free- m arket ’ counter part s\nth e com m on s is publi c ow nership . T he y conten d tha t th e co m mon s mus t be split up by privat e ownership , an d it s protectiv e bounda rie s mus t be remove d. A ll previou sl y believe d `fre e goods’ in th e com m on s m us t no w be deleted . A ll external itie s m us t no w be include d int o th e econo m ic , privat e ow nershi p equa -\ntion . Fre e marke t economi st s believ e tha t thi s is a m os t positiv e step . F orests , fo r exa m ple , ca n no w be `valued ’ fo r mor e tha n jus t w oo d value . O the r value s ca n no w be include d int o th e equation s, includi ng wilderne ss an d w hol e ecosyste m product s, w it h projecte d futur e value s als o added . T he negatives , ho w ever , fa r out w eig h th e m or e im mediatel y recognis abl e `positiv es ’ . A ll value s ar e no w econo m ic ; ther e is nothin g consider ed as existin g outsid e th e m arket : T he eart h cease s to be a co m mons Ð a plac e fo r all , bot h hu m an an d non-hu m an Ð bu t beco m es a serie s of privatel y ow ne d co m m odities . T hi s unfetter ed syste m return s us to th e barbaric , inequita bl e an d m isunderstoo d econo m ic s of A dam ’ s S m ith ’ s `fre e hand ’ of th e market . T hroug h th e pursuit of thes e approac hes , th e ga p bet w ee n th e poo r an d th e m or e af ¯ uen t is gettin g greate r ever y year . T hi s\nis no t im agined . Eve n th e radica l libertaria ns ackno w ledg e thi s fact . F or\nexa m ple , in Jul y 199 6 th e U nite d N ation s D evelop m en t P rogra m ( UN D P )Ð anothe r Brundtl and-styl e internati ona l agenc y sellin g sustainab le developm en t\ndevelop ment ’ repor t w it h th e follo w -\nw orld w ide Ð bega n it s `sustaina bl e ing words:\nargue , ho w ever , tha t th e proble m w it h thi s theor y of\nw hic h is\nT he globa l ga p bet w ee n th e ric h an d th e\ntrend s continue , economi c\nm ov e fro m inequitab le to inhuman . 27\npoo r is w idenin g everyda y ¼ If presen t\ndisparitie s bet w ee n industria l an d developi ng nation s w il l\nBu t wha t do th e sustaina bl e develope rs an d A gend a 21 disciple s advocat e in a bi d to attac k thi s problem ? M or e econo m ic gro w th ! Th e repor t continue s: `M or e econo m ic growth w il l be neede d to advanc e huma n develop m ent , particula rl y fo r thos e w ho m gro w th ha s faile d in th e past ’ . In short, thi s increase d co m petitio n w il l lea d to mor e econo m ic growth . O n thi s occasion , ho w ever , gro w th w il l be furthe r unfetter ed by dissoluti on of internati ona l trad e barriers , usin g suc h N orther n device s as th e G enera l A gree m en t on T ariff s an d T rad e ( G AT T )-inspir ed W orl d T rad e O rganizati on ( W TO ), th e IM F , th e Worl d Ban k an d th e M ultilatera l A greemen t on Investm en t ( MA I ). T he las t thre e deserv e specia l mentio n here . M uc h of thi s radica l libertari an economi c debat e ha s le d to th e privatisa tio n of socia l responsibility . In 199 2 a W orl d Ban k repor t argue d tha t th e transfe r of stat e industri es an d service s to privat e ow nershi p `i n itsel f im prove s econo m ic ef ® ciency ’ . 28 Bria n M arti n argue s that , by develop in g econo m etri c model s to justif y it s beliefs , th e IMF an d th e W orld Ban k `entirel y exclud e th e testi m on y of\ne people affected , reducin g thei r experien ce to algebrai c gobbled egook ’ . 29\narti n goe s on to lis t severa l instance s of environ m enta l degradat io n in th e\nS out h cause d by thes e N orther n radica l libertari an interpre tations . T hes e include :\nth e loosenin g of control s on foreig n loggin g co m panie s to promot e ti m be r\nexports an d thu s deb t repayme nt , resultin g in w idesprea d fores t destructi on in\nan d A sia ; an d th e releas e of w orker s fro m state-o w ne d co m pa -\nnies , leadin g to massiv e m igratio n int o wilderne ss area s to establis h subsistenc e landholding s in Bolivi a an d Brazil . 30 O f course , ther e ar e fe w bette r exa m ple s of globa l free-ma rke t econo m ic solution s bein g peddle d by th e Nort h tha n ha s occurre d in th e cas e of Indonesia .\nS out h A m eric a\nT he dra m ati c cras h of th e Indonesia n rupiah , losin g 75 % of it s valu e in 1997 ±98 ,\nle d to a rang e of `bail-ou t’ initiative s bein g proposed by a coalitio n of U S an d\nIMF interests . Rathe r tha n focusin g on th e urgen t an d necessar y restoratio n of\nm uc h of th e valu e of th e rupiah , th e IMF pro m ise d ® sca l assistanc e w it h on e\nhand , w hil e de m andin g furthe r `liberati on ’ of th e loca l market s wit h th e other .\nT her e ca n be no doub t tha t th e Indonesia n econo m y an d it s environ m en t hav e\nsuffere d at th e hand s of th e lon g dictators hi p of S uharto , w it h al l it s associate d cronyism an d nepotis m . W ha t ha s furthe r contribu te d to th e Indonesia n crisis , ho w ever , w as th e prio r globalisi ng an d `freein g up ’ of it s m arketplac es . A m on g\nnu m erou s outco m es , thi s proces s le d to vas t outbrea ks of\ncurrenc y speculati on\nby predo m inantl y N orther n trader s w hich , in turn , resulte d in outrage ousl y hig h\n¯ atio n an d unempl oyment . U nfortun ately , increase d technol ogica l advance -\nent s (fo r exa m ple , electroni c or virtua l currenc y trading ) facilitati ng th e rapi d\ntransfe r of capita l betwee n nation-s tates , ha d w eakene d Indonesia ’ s capacit y to discipli ne it s econo m ic affairs . By denyin g th e contribu tio n of thes e effects , an d by overcon centratin g on th e `negative s’ of th e Indonesia n econom y an d culture ,\nthe IMF ha s furthe r exacerba te d th e `A sia n crisis ’ . W ha t is w orse , ho w ever , is th e\nrene w ed vigou r w it h w hic h th e\nIndone sia n societ y in th e w ak e of th e `crisis ’ . Am on g it s proposals is a tw o-third s reductio n of th e publi c sector , relegatin g m an y essentia l environ m en -\nIMF is pushin g fo r furthe r deregula tio n of\nl infrastr uctura l project s to th e scra p heap . In th e w ord s of th e M anagin g\nirecto r of th e IMF P rogra m w it h Indonesia `al l restricti ve m arketin g arrange -\nent s w il l be abolishe d, leavin g ® rm s fre e to produc e an d expor t thei r product s\nas the y w ish , an d as th e m arke t decides ’ . 31 M arti n furthe r argue s tha t th e m os t signi ® can t chang e in po w er relation s as a resul t of thi s privatisa tio n of polic y `ha s no t bee n fro m publi c to private , no r fro m th e stat e to th e m arket , bu t fro m nationa l an d loca l politica l agenda s to\ngloba l centre s of economi c po w er ’ . 32 T hi s lead s to a brie f examinat io n of th e\nM ultilatera l A gree m en t on Invest m ent .\nS inc e 1995 , 29 of th e earth ’ s w ealthies t nation s w hic h compris e th e Organis- atio n fo r Econom ic Co-oper atio n an d D evelop m en t ( OE CD ), hav e bee n forgin g the MA I treaty , whic h w il l atte m pt legall y to bin d an d li m it th e po w er of nation-s tate s (an d thei r citizens ) to im pos e thei r ow n require m ents , w hethe r the y be ® nancial , environ m enta l or huma n rights-b ased , ont o multinati ona l investor s (se e th e edition , introdu ctio n to thi s specia l issue) . If thi s treat y is signe d by th e\nO ECD (an d impose d ont o th e S outh ) an y nationa l legislatio n w hic h argue s fo r a\nm inimu m w ag e fo r it s labou r m arket , or fo r m ini m um environ menta l standard s\nof practice , coul d be see n as compris in g a restrain t on trade . A s a conseque nce ,\nnation-s tate s coul d be sue d on thi s basis . Th e MA I , amon g othe r things , provide s\nunrestri cte d right s fo r transnati ona l co m panie s to : expor t thei r\nservice s w ithou t conditio ns ; to ow n an y ecosyste m or resourc e w ithou t an y obligati ons ; to accu m ulat e pro ® ts w ithi n an y natio n w ithou t responsibilit y fo r reinvest ment ; to acces s governm en t grants normall y provide d to do m esti c operato rs ; an d to inves t in an y privatise d publi c infrastr ucture . G riffe n Cohe n\nco m m ent s on th e MA I as follow s:\ncom m oditie s or\nU nlik e th e w or k of natio n states , w hic h ove r tim e hav e develope d institution s eithe r to correc t th e econom y w he n th e m arke t di d no t functio n in an opti m al w ay (suc h as durin g ti m es of depressi on) , or to contro l business , suc h as throug h labou r or environ menta l legislation , th e internati ona l replace m ent s tha t ar e bein g create d neithe r exer t disciplin e on th e marke t no r functio n as instrume nt s of m arke t correctio n. T he ne w internatio na l institution s ar e designe d solel y to disciplin e nation s in th e interest s of on e clas s w hic h enjoy s worl d citizenshi pÐ th e inter - nationa l investor . 33\nIncrease d gro w th , globalise d an d unfetter ed , is onl y par t of th e pictur e frame d\nby Agend a 21 an d sustainab le develop m ent . A ll part s of th e w orl d m us t als o\noperat e on th e sam e politica l system : U S -styl e pluralis m.\nP luralis t de m ocrac y\nA s th e fre e trader s argu e tha t al l peopl e hav e equa l acces s to al l m arkets ,\npluralis t politica l com m entator s conten d tha t eac h citize n ha s equa l acces s to\nw er . N or m ally , throug h th e operati on of th e privat e an d publi c sectors , societ y\nrun s quit e sm oothly . O ccasional ly , ho w ever , ther e is a m ino r tea r in th e fabri c of de m ocracy , in that , certai n citizens ’ bes t interest s ar e no t bein g ful ® lled .\nW he n thi s occurs , citizen s for m interes t groups (for m al organisa tions ) to lobb y\npolitica l parties , governm ent s an d othe r m echanis m s of th e state . If th e caus e is see n as just , is base d upo n a rationa l response, an d receive s stron g support, the n\nth e proble m in questio n is addresse d by th e state , an d th e fabric of de m ocrac y\nse w n bac k together : th e politica l quilt , on thi s occasion , no w stronge r tha n th e\noriginal . S o in th e pluralis t m odel , environ m enta l NG O s, fo r example , ca n be see n\nas rationall y for m in g to correc t m ino r hitche s in existin g politica l systems, w hil e large r proble m s, suc h as syste m ic inadequa cy an d inequalit y, re m ai n largel y unquest ioned . Interesti ngly , post- m aterialis t theorie s explaini ng th e origin s of environ menta l\nm ovement s ® t in nicel y w ithi n th e concep t of a pluralis t polity . Enviro nm ental -\ns ar e construe d as jus t an interes t grou p of m iddle-cla ss , predom inantl y white ,\neducate d professional s pursuin g thei r `hobby ’ of highe r orde r ful ® lm ent . 34\nT he stat e in thi s m ode l is see n as apolitica l and , in it s `natural ’ state , as havin g\nno particula r `ax e to grind ’ (a s w as th e cas e in th e previou s discussion of th e RA M S A R m ultiple-u se roundta ble) . In pluralis t system s (i n theory , m os t purel y\nm onstrate d in th e U nite d S tates ) th e mai n tas k of NG O s (traditi onall y calle d\n`civi l society ’ in th e U ntie d S tates ) is to lobby . NG O s do no t see k publi c of ® ce\ndirectly , bu t throug h in ¯ uenc e provide d by mone y an d po w er , see k chang e indirectl y. W he n `civi l society ’ em erge s in th e South Ð th e N ort h argues Ð conditio ns w il l\nexis t w her e peopl e ca n hel p the m selve s (a s if the y w er e no t doin g so already) . It is argue d that , onc e th e poo r ca n hel p themselv es , beco m e m or e environ m en - tall y active , the n globa l environ m enta l degradat io n w il l cease . A n excellen t exa m pl e is th e curren t develop m en t in A ustrali a of th e Centr e fo r D em ocrati c Instituti on s ( CDI ). O n 27 A ugust 199 7 th e M iniste r fo r F oreig n A ffairs , throug h th e vehicl e of A us AID , establish ed th e CD I `t o assis t th e\nstrength enin g of\ncountr y to `qualify ’ fo r suppor t is , no t surprisingly , Indonesia . In thi s speci ® c cas e Indonesian s ar e to be traine d by A ustralian s in priorit y sector s w hic h `includ e goo d governa nc e an d com m unit y develop m en t training ’ . 35\nT her e ca n be no doub t tha t repressi ve regi m es m ak e environ m ental , or an y othe r for m of change , extre m el y dif ® cul t to imagin e or im ple m ent . Bu t it mus t be underst oo d tha t a certai n styl e of politica l system Ð on e whic h sit s co m fort - abl y alongsid e th e pro m otio n of economi c gro w th an d radica l libertaria nis m Ð is\nals o bein g sol d as par t of th e A gend a 21\nIn m an y `w ell-mean ing ’ w ork s befor e th e U N CE D `su m mit ’ in Ri o in 1992 , it w as constantl y argue d tha t th e Sout h (an d Easter n E urope , fo r tha t m atter ) ha d to beco m e m or e lik e th e U nite d State s in it s politica l syste m s, if environ menta l degrada tio n wer e to be brough t unde r control. In thi s vein , th e develop m en t of `civi l society ’ is centra l to discussio n. U nderlyin g thi s `civi l society ’ is an unquest ione d acceptanc e of th e apolitica l N ort h Am erica n for m of de m ocrac y base d on capitalis m an d globa l fre e marketpl aces . A clea r exa m pl e of thi s m od e of reasonin g is a centra l plan k in th e boo k by G ha i an d V ivian , G rassroots E nviron m enta l Action : People ’ s Particip atio n in Sustain abl e D evelop m en t . They w rite:\nde m ocrati c instituti on s in developi ng countrie s’ . O ne suc h\npackage : U S -styl e pluralis m .\nT he existenc e of a democra ti c spac e allo w in g th e expressio n an d defenc e of co m munit y right s an d claim s ha s prove n to be a crucia l facto r in ¯ uencin g success - fu l grass-roo ts environ m enta l actio n ¼ T he essenc e of thes e activitie s is to persuad e or pressur e th e stat e to interven e on behal f of th e com m unitie s throug h adoptio n of ne w legislation . 36\nA nothe r ke y ele m en t of thi s for m of pluralis m is it s aggressi ve individu alis m . A s th e stat e is dee m ed intrinsic all y apolitical , so to o is th e citizen . Indeed , it is onl y w he n so m ethin g goe s w ron g (mino r as it m ay be ) tha t individu al s coalesc e int o politica l groupi ngs . Th e natura l orde r is m ad e up of individu als , rationall y pursuing thei r ow n ato m ise d needs : ulti m at e salvatio n m us t be sough t fro m w ithin ; no t fro m politica l groupi ngs . O bviousl y thi s apolitica l mentalit y of th e pluralis t syste m manifest s itsel f in th e U nite d S tate s w ithi n a whol e rang e of Califor nian-styl e `ne w age ’ environ m enta l remedies , w her e th e spiritua l sel f is recentre d an d reinvesti gated , an d wher e th e profou nd discrepa ncie s bet w ee n citizens ’ acces s to politica l po w er ar e sorel y overloo ke d an d denied . In th e cas e of th e South , ho w ever , w hil e th e ne w ag e ecophilo sophie s an d crystal s ar e dee m ed inappro priate , A gend a 21 stil l insist s on promot in g chang e to th e interna l behaviou r of th e inhabitan ts of th e S outh .\nIn thi s instance , behaviou r m odi® catio n is discussed w ithi n th e discourse of gro w th logi c advocate d unde r thes e radica l libertari an , free-ma rke t syste m s. T her e is a distincti on betwee n qualitie s of growth , no t jus t quantity . F or exa m ple , ther e is stron g emphasi s on capacit y building . Capacit y buildin g is de ® ne d as follo w s:\nC apacit y buildin g is a nove l an d catalyti c initiativ e tha t assist s developi ng countrie s to buil d thei r capacit y to integrat e th e principle s of Agend a 21 int o nationa l develop m en t ¼ T he abilit y of a countr y to follo w a pat h of sustainabl e develop - m en t is determin ed by th e capabiliti es of it s people s an d institution s. Capacit y buildin g is th e su m of effort s neede d to nurture , enhanc e an d utiliz e th e skill s of people an d institution s to progres s to w ard s sustainabl e developm ent . 37\nS o thi s is th e ® na l insult . S ustainabl e develop m en t no w insist s tha t it is poo r peopl e themselv es w ho m us t becom e mor e in w ardl y ef ® cient . P oo r trainin g an d lac k of `huma n developm ent ’ hav e le d to thes e inequitie s; no t m aldistrib utio n or exploitat io n by transnationa l corpora tion s an d elite s existin g bot h in th e N ort h an d th e S outh . Enviro nm enta l degradat io n ca n be overco m e, in part , by trainin g peopl e globall y to thin k in sustainab le developm en t ter m s. P eopl e ar e thu s\nth e greates t\nadverti sin g vision s eve r w itnesse d on th e planet , at leas t in secula r for m s. T hi s\nis N orther n im perialism , usin g th e languag e of ecolog y as it s vessel . A ll peopl e m us t perceiv e natur e in th e sam e w ay , fo r the y do no t kno w ho w to live ; the y do no t kno w ho w to ac t (w hethe r as individu al s or in concert ); the y do no t kno w ho w to think : th e N orth mus t hel p the m thin k an d ac t in appropr iat e w ays . T he U nite d N atio n Environ m en t P rogra m , to w hic h th e autho r ha s bee n a contribu tor , is par t of thi s capacit y building . Basically , it is a for m of ai d w hereb y m os t of th e m one y is subcont racte d bac k to th e donatin g countr y (an d the n so m e) . T her e is no notio n of inequalit ie s of powe r here ; no recognit io n of\nco m m odi ® ed an d ceas e to be an externali ty . T hi s ha s to be on e of\nm aldistrib utio n of resource s. G lobally , th e fre e m arke t is em ancipated , bu t whe n it co m es do w n to distribu tio n of resource s, th e G NP s of th e m or e w ealth y\nnation-s tate s appea r onc e\nA nd onc e thi s capacit y buildin g ha s `develop ed ’ atomise d humans , ther e ca n be m or e gro w th . Stringe r, a fre e m arke t environ m enta l economi st , advocate s tw o approac hes . In fertil e areas , m or e product io n m us t be achieved ; in fragil e environ m ents , econo m ic activitie s m us t be diversi ® ed . 38 A gain , ther e is no\nnotio n of `li m it s to gro w th ’ in certai n areas . E ve n in fragil e environ m ent s w hic h m ay be unsuitab le fo r th e pursuit of econo m ic gro w th , peopl e ar e urge d to diversif y: ther e si m pl y ar e no natura l li m itation s consider ed . Th e poor , S tringe r outrage ousl y contends , `lac k th e capita l to inves t in environ m enta l protectio n’ . U nderlyi ng thi s irration alis m is th e assu m ptio n tha t invest m en t is innatel y goo d\nsustaina bl e develop m en t doubleta lk , appeal -\nin g to all , an d renounc in g nothing . T her e ar e a nu m be r of ke y problem s wit h th e sellin g of pluralis m an d it s connecte d `lobb y group ’ vie w , particula rl y in th e S outh : fou r ar e mentione d here . First , thi s lin e of reasonin g largel y divest s govern m ent s of thei r direc t responsibilities . Indeed , th e A us A ID exa m pl e ® ts in w it h thi s vie w nicely . In recen t ti m es it ha s dra m aticall y reduce d it s internati ona l funding , bu t no w seek s\nfo r th e environ m ent Ð agai n thi s is\nso m e for m of m ora l hig h groun d by advocatin g tha t th e developi ng w orl d need s m or e democra cy ! N ext , interest s ar e pursued onl y throug h legiti m at e lobb y groups , w hil e mor e grassroots , socia l m ovemen t concern s ar e dee m ed illegit -\nim at e an d ar e m arginalise d. Mor e radica l environ m enta l argu m ent s ar e incorpo r- ate d an d co-opte d. T hird , it m isco m prehend s th e rol e of environ menta l N GO s an d infor m al\nco m m unit y group s operatin g in th e S out h an d\nproble m s w hic h ar e eviden t there . T he fac t is tha t m an y solution s wil l no t be foun d throug h th e pursuit of increme nta l bargaini ng an d decisio n m aking . U nlik e th e North , S outher n N G O s do fa r m or e tha n jus t lobb y an d educate . T he y ar e th e direc t provide rs of infrastr uctur e an d services . F or exa m ple :\nin man y citie s in A si a (lik e Bandun g in Indonesi a, Bo m ba y in India , or Bangko k in T hailand ) w her e ther e is a m assiv e populati on explosio n, entir e citie s ar e formin g outsid e of th e establishe d `cit y limits ’ . In thes e cases , NGO s ar e directl y involve d in th e provisio n of clea n w ater ; th e physica l labou r of cleanin g up refus e an d th e disposa l of soli d w astes ; th e buildin g of shelte r an d th e provisio n of se w erag e syste m s; treatin g peopl e directl y fo r diseas e an d malnutri tion ; direc t provisio n of foo d an d othe r basi c essential s fo r living ; an d co-ordi natin g m an y othe r `hands-o n’ task s an d activities . 39\nF inally , it ca n be prove n tha t it is ofte n jeopardi satio n of th e righ t to subsistÐ no t increase d gro w th or increase d de m ocratisati on Ð w hic h lead s to environ menta l activis m an d re m ediation . 40 Despit e thi s reality , th e Nort h continue s to tou t it s sustaina bl e develop m en t vision . M uc h of thi s confusi on is base d on th e assu m p- tio n tha t cultura l an d geograp hica l differe nce s acros s th e glob e ar e fa r les s divers e tha n th e actuality , an d on th e fac t tha t thes e differe nce s ar e no t suf ® cientl y valued . Grif ® n Cohe n contends :\nth e m agnitud e of environ menta l\nther e is an urgen t nee d to recogniz e ¼ tha t differen t goals , conditio ns an d culture s through ou t th e w orl d requir e ver y differen t solution s to proble m s. O ne system , th e w ester n syste m base d on a US kin d of econom y an d socia l system , w il l no t serv e th e need s of al l peopl e in al l circumsta nces. 41\nCo n clusio n s\nA t th e politica l level , m an y of th e problem s discussed abov e ar e th e resul t of decade s of colonia l imperial is m carrie d ou t by th e N orth . M uc h of th e stres s on citie s in `emergi ng Asia ’ (se e above ) come s fro m th e hug e m igratio n of peopl e fro m th e countr y int o thes e urba n areas . T hi s m igratio n is aki n in `Western ’ ter m s to th e agraria n an d Industri al Revoluti on s in it s magnitu de . Thes e citie s ar e increasi ng in populati on by bet w ee n 80 00 0 an d 20 0 00 0 peopl e pe r annu m . 42 O ne of th e causa l factor s of thi s m igratio n is th e globalisa tio n of trade , w hic h ha s destroye d th e opport unitie s of sm al l landhol der s an d w orker s to m ak e a subsistenc e living , w hil e at th e sa m e ti m e increasin g th e pro ® ts of larg e corpora tion s w hic h ca n ente r an d leav e m arket s al m os t at w ill . M ulti - an d transnat iona l corpora tion s ca n produc e com m oditie s fa r mor e `ef ® ciently ’ , utilis - in g chea p labou r markets , an d th e les s stringen t environ m enta l de m and s of loca l legislati on . 43 F urther m ore , `damag e is partl y th e resul t of loca l industri es\nth e ª ne w globa l econo m yº ’ . 44 Fascinati ngly , bu t perhap s no t surprising , non e of thes e issue s w as discussed in of ® cia l for a at Rio . Chatterje e an d Finge r re ¯ ec t on thi s absenc e of critique :\nnecessari ly produci ng ` ª dirty º products in a bi d to maintai n co m petitivene ss\nB usines s an d industry , in particula r bi g business , w er e systematic all y buil t up through the UNCED proces s as th e agent s holdin g th e ke y to solvin g th e globa l ecologi ca l crisis . Sinc e N ort h an d S out h cam e to agre e tha t accelerate d economi c gro w th wa s th e solution , TNC s ha d no troubl e presentin g the m selve s as th e agent s\nw hic h coul d furthe r stimulat e gro w th , provide d, howeve r, tha t environ m entall y base d trad e restriction s w oul d no t im ped e the m . U nde r th e in ¯ uenc e of som e ne w m anageme nt philosop hie s an d helpe d by publi c relations , bi g busines s propose d th e onl y intellectua l novelt y of th e of ® cia l UNCED process , ie `clean ’ gro w th , `clean ’ m eanin g technol ogica l an d organiza tiona l ef ® ciency . No t onl y di d thi s eco - ef ® cienc y approac h becom e w idel y accepted , bu t bi g busines s managed , thank s to it s privilege d acces s an d it s generou s ® nancia l contribu tions , neve r eve n to be m entione d in th e UNCED docu m ent s as bein g a proble m fo r th e environm ent , locall y an d globally . T w o othe r m ajo r contribu tor s to th e globa l crisis , scienc e an d th e\nm ilitary , als o m anage d neve r to be mentione d as a\nproblem . 45\nS o w her e do environ mentalist s go at niu m ? W ell , certainl y no t to Rio , no r\nconfere nce s sinc e Rio . Ther e ar e profou nd li m itation s to th e abilit y of m oder n\nth e en d of th e secon d Christia n millen - to an y of th e Brundtl and / U N CED -inspire d\nnation-s tate s to m onito r an d regulat e transnationa l corpora te activities . W it h\nem ergenc e of globa l ecology , m an y environ m enta l issue s ar e see n as beyon d\ntradition al scop e of nationa l govern m ents . G overn m ent s are , mor e ofte n tha n not , severel y laggin g behin d in thei r responses, `an d thi s transnati ona l politica l spac e ha s bee n occupie d by corpora tion s an d NG O s, w hic h ca n cros s nation-s tat e bounda rie s m or e readily . T hi s globalisa tio n of ecologica l an d m arke t system s ha s le d to ª th e politic s of no- ® xe d address. º ’ 46 Jacque s A ttali , w ho serve d as th e foundat iona l hea d of th e Europe an Ban k fo r Reconstr uctio n an d D evelopm en t look s int o th e nea r future , an d see s th e followi ng :\nS evere d fro m an y nationa l allegianc e or famil y tie s by microchi p-base d gadget s tha t w il l enabl e individu al s to carr y ou t fo r themselv es man y of th e function s of health ,\neducatio n, an d security , th e consume r-citizen s of th e w orld ’ s privilege d region s w il l beco m e ª ric h nomads. º A bl e to participat e in th e libera l marke t cultur e of politica l an d econo m ic choice , the y w il l roa m th e plane t seekin g w ay s to us e thei r fre e time , shoppin g fo r infor m ation , sensation s, an d good s onl y the y ca n afford , w hil e yearnin g fo r hu m an fello w ship , an d th e certitude s of ho m e an d commun it y tha t no longe r exis t becaus e thei r function s hav e beco m e obsolete . L ik e N ew Y orker s w ho ever y da y fac e ho m eles s beggar s wh o loite r aroun d auto m ate d telle r machine s\nfo r spar e change , thes e w ealth y w anderer s w il l every w her e be confront ed\nby rovin g masse s of ª poo r nomadsº Ð boa t peopl e on a planetar y scale Ð seekin g to escap e fro m th e destitut e peripher y, w her e mos t of th e earth ’ s populati on w il l continu e to live . T hes e impover ishe d migrant s wil l pl y th e planet , searchin g fo r\nsustenanc e an d shelter , thei r desire s in ¯ am ed by th e ubiquito us an d seductiv e\nimage s of consume ris m the y w il l se e\non satellit e T V broadcas ts fro m P aris , L os\nA ngeles , or T okyo . Desperatel y hopin g to shif t fro m w ha t Alvi n T of ¯ er ha s calle d\nth e slo w w orl d to th e fas t world , the y wil l liv e th e lif e of th e livin g dead . 47\nT hi s is th e w orld of A gend a 21 .\ncurrently see m s capabl e of m ovin g beyon d th e\nbounda rie s of nation-s tate s in ho t pursuit of transnati ona l corpora tion s ar e socia l\nm ovement s an d N G O s, als o\nth e age-ol d stor y depictin g th e battl e bet w ee n D avi d an d G oliat h see m s an approp riat e metapho r to describ e thi s situation . O nl y thi s ti m e, D avi d ha s no sling-shot .\nactin g throug h transnati ona l conduits . At ® rs t glance ,\nT he onl y forc e w hic h\nT hi s paper wa s initiated whil e I wa s Visitin g Professo r of E nviron m enta l Studies, University of Montana, Missoula , MT , USA . It arose fro m m an y discussio ns wit h m em ber s of faculty, th e studen t body , an d th e m an y environ m enta l activists bot h within an d outsid e th e acade m y. My thanks go to them .\n`North ’ an d `South ’ ar e crud e ter m s tha t tr y to na m e a co m plex, differentiated an d nuanced reality. T her e\ne no si m ple , agreed, unambiguou s an d effective ter m s to describ e th e distribu tio n of powe r an d af ¯ uenc e\nth e globa l order . W it h extrem e caution, thes e ter m s ar e use d her e as convenien t shorthand.\nUnited Nation s Conferenc e on E nviron m en t an d Developm ent, A genda 21 , Geneva (o n lin e at , http:ww w\nerin.gov .au / portfol io / esd / nesd / Agend a 21 / ht m l . ).\nChatterje e & M Finger , Th e Eart h B rokers:\nPo w er , Politics an d W orl d Developmen t , L ondon : Routledge ,\n1994, p 167.\nMc E achern , B usiness M ates: Th e Po w er an d Politics of th e Ha w ke E ra , Sydney : Prentice-Hall, 1991 .\nMorga n quoted in ibid , pp 15±19.\nr a m or e detailed discussio n of powe r in relation to busines s interests an d th e environm en t se e T Doyle ,\n`Corpor ations, powe r an d th e environm ent’ , Chai n R eaction , 73 ±74 , 199 5 pp 14 ±17 .\nr a goo d overvie w of these poststructural argu m ents, se e R Anderson , Th e P ow er an d Th e W ord :\nLanguag e, Po w er an d Chang e , London: Paladin Grafto n Books, 1988 .\nL indblom , P olitics an d M arkets: Th e W orld ’ s P olitical± E conomic System , Ne w York : Basi c Books, 1977 .\nBell, `T he environ m ent Ð a ¯ y in th e ointm ent ’ , Chai n R eaction , 73 ±74 , 1995 , pp 30 ±33 .\n0 A Si m pso n m akes thi s poin t in relation to th e Shoalwate r Ba y ca m paig n in Queensland , Australia:\n`Shoalw ater Bay Ð a wi n fo r th e environm en t m ove m ent? ’ , Chai n Reaction , 73 ±74 , 1995 , pp 42 ±44 .\n1 D Simon , `Sustainabl e developm ent : theoretica l construct or attainabl e goal? ’ E nvironmenta l Conserva tio n , 16 (1) , 1989 , p 42 .\n2 M Redclift, `Sustainabl e develop m ent : econo m ic s an d th e environm ent’ , in M Redclift & C Sag e (eds) , Strategies fo r Sustaina bl e Develop ment : Loca l A genda s fo r th e Southern Hemisph ere , Chichester : Joh n\nW iley , 1994 , pp 17 ±34 .\n3 S Beder, Sustaina bl e Develop men t , Victoria: Scrib e Publications , 1994 , p 8.\n1 4 W Fox, To w ar d a\nTransperso na l E cology: Developin g Ne w F oundati on s fo r E nvironmentalism , Boston, MA\n5 T J Doyl e & A J\nKellow , E nvironme nta l P olitics an d P olic y M akin g in A ustrali a , M elbourne, Mac m illan,\n6 S Bell, `Socialism an d ecology: wil l eve r th e twain m eet’ ? Socia l A lternative s , 6 (3) , 1987 , p. 11 .\n7 Australi an Natur e Conserv atio n Agency , `T he Ra m sa r Convention ’ , brochur e, 1997 , 10 pp .\n8 Fo r an extensiv e discussio n on varyin g approache s to sustainabl e develop m en t econom ic s se e C T isdell, `Sustain abl e develop m ent : differing perspect ive s of ecologist s an d econom ists , an d relevance ’ , W orld Develop men t , 16 (3) , 1988 , pp 373 ±384 .\n9 Internationa l Monetary Fund , cited in R Broad , `Th e poo r an d th e environm ent: friend s or foes? ’ , in W orld Develop men t , 22 (6) , 1994 , pp 811 ±822 .\n0 Broad , `Th e poo r an d th e environ m ent ’ .\n1 H Im ura , `Japan’ s environm ental balancing act’ , Asia n Surve y , XXXI V (4) , 1994 , pp 355 ±368 .\n2 Fo r an excellent example of thi s lin e of reasonin g rea d G S Hartshor n, `Ke y environ m enta l issue s fo r\ndevelopin g countri es ’ , Journa l of Internationa l A ffairs , 7, 1991 , pp 393 ±401 .\n3 S Moyo , P O’ Keef e & N M iddleton, Th e Tear s of th e Crocodile : F ro m R io to R ealit y in th e Developin g W orld , L ondon : Plut o Press , 1993 , p 5.\n4 M Redclift, Sustaina bl e Development : E xplorin g th e Contradictions , L ondon : Methuen , 1987 , p 4.\n5 B Clinton , quote d in M Dowie , Losin g Ground : A merican E nvironmentalism at th e Clos e of th e Tw entieth Century , Ca m bridge, MA : MI T Press .\n6 R Eckersley , `Fre e m arke t environm entalism : frien d or foe?’ , Environmental Politics , 2 (1) , 1993 , pp 1±19 .\n7 United Nation s Developm en t Progra m : Sustaina bl e Hu m an Develop m ent , `Econo m ic growt h ha s faile d fo r\na quarte r of world ’ s people, say s repor t written fo r UN Develop m en t Progra m m e’ , pres s release, 17 Jul y\n8 W orl d Bank , `Privatisation : th e lesson s of experience ’ , cite d in B Martin , In th e Public Interest?\nPrivatisation an d P ublic Secto r R efor m , L ondon : Z ed Books, 1993 , p 139 .\n9 Ibid , p 144.\n0 Ibid , pp 158±59.\n1 M Camdessus , `State m en t by th e Managin g Directo r on th e IMF program wit h Indonesia ’ , IMF , DC, news brie f no 98 / 2/ 15 January 1998 .\n2 Ibid , p 162.\n3 M Grif ® n Cohen , `Presentation to th e Hous e of Co m m on s Sub-Co m m itte e on Interna tional Trade , T rade s Disputes an d Investm ent , Hearing on th e MAI Pane l on Corporate , Consu m er an d Socia l Im plications’ , Ottawa, Canada, 1997 , p 6 (o n lin e at , http:ww w.policyalternatives.ca/ m aipresen tation.htm l . ).\n4 Fo r thi s lin e of reasoning rea d R Inglehart , Th e Silent R evolution , Princet on , NJ : Princet on Universit y Press ,\n5 Australi an Agency fo r Interna tional Develop m ent , `Indone si a Australia Specialise d Training Project’ ,\nadvertisem en t in Th e A ustralia n , 4±5 Apri l 1998 .\n6 D Gha i & J M Vivia n (eds) , Grassroot s Environmental A ction : People’ s Participation in Sustaina bl e Develop men t , L ondon : Routledge , 1992 , pp 18 ±19 .\n7 UNDP `E cono m ic growt h ha s failed’ .\n8 R Stringer, `Food , hunger an d th e environm ent : painfu l lesson s an d m isguide d policies’ , Dept s of Geograp hy\nan d Environm ental Studie s Join t Se m ina r Series, Universit y of Adelaid e, 9 Septem be r 1996 .\n9 T Doyl e & D Mc E achern, E nvironment an d P olitics , L ondon : Routledge , 1998 , p 94 .\n0 Se e Broad , `T he poo r an d th e environ ment’ , p 813 , fo r referen ce s whic h substanti at e th e fac t tha t m an y poo r\npeople living in th e Sout h ar e actively involve d in environ m enta l proble m solving .\nSub-Co m mittee’ , p 8. th e specia l issu e on co m m unity base d urba n\nenvironm ental m anagem en t in Asia ’ , A sia n Journa l of E nvironmenta l M anagement , 2 (1) , 1994 , pp ix ±xv .\n2 M Douglas , Y S F L ee & K L owry , `Introd uction to\n1 M Grif ® n Cohen , `Presentation to th e Hous e of Co m m on\n3 Doyl e & Mc E achern, E nvironment an d P olitics , p\n5 Chatterje e & Finger, Th e Eart h B roker s , p 171.\n6 Doyl e\n& Mc E achern, E nvironment an d P olitics , p\n7 Attali, M illennium: W inner s an d Loser s in th e Comin g W orl d Orde r , Ne w York : T im es Books, 1991 ,\nDocumenti simili a 12.6.Agenda 21\nThesis 2009 Zhang\n(BSCE) CE 424-Hydraulics\nStockholm Declaration and rio.docx\nEmb Forumworkshop RA92512 v2\nMhelet Dequito Pacheco\nBook _Environment and Business.pdf\nAltro di pstapleton\n#49 Cocofed v. 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