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zc e69 z0 cc sd td79 r53 o0 nb ę9d 7 te o4 :d 4f a24 d245 re ec s7b f ed md a2 ief3 la3a ,73f 26 i4a m0 i3 ę61 52c ia /63 l5b uf61 be11 360 nd84 a9 zd1 w3 ie1 sf k96 of7 ,9bf 51 ncb7 u8cd maa8 e06 r6 61 t5a1 e1 l4 ed ff oe8 nb1 u3a ,7 965 a9 d61a r7e e757 s5 c29 s8 t3 rb52 o3be n15f y7 24 i1 n8d taf e60 re nb9e eb t143 o928 wc2 e4b7 j36 1 -0f3 6 z560 wd6f i5 ąa z84 a7 n0c e37 7d za e49 w127 ieb zf3b y08f tc óf wa7 ka36 ą898 .7e\n9 K9c5 ad6f żf6 d3f5 a7d 9 o3cc s16 ocfb b8c a9 ,c e kf tc17 óa r0d5 e0 ja 5 de9 a1f n4c e8ac 21b db of2d te64 y9 c6 z71 ą28 3 mf aaf fbd p5 ra68 aa7 we5a ob4b 8d1 w0 3 keb a404 ż49 dd e3 j605 1 cab h17 w7c i650 l28 i53 60 da61 ofdd s5 t2d ęd69 p460 u1 8e9 dab7 o0e9 5 dad a1 n2 y1a c1 h194 ,f7 dd s09 pae r4f o46f s532 t099 o637 wb7 a8 n85 ib3d a75 ,b33 32 u1 s2 ub nc8 i429 ęcee cf0 i4 abbf d0 lcf uc4 bb e o6a g8c r18 a331 n1d1 i8 c7 z0 ef2 n3 i3 ad7 8 pf1b r0c zf6 ea tcad w1f ad8 rd z2b8 a41 n9 icb8 a0c ,4b f37 p714 r1 abf w36 od1b 45 sa3 p0 rca zb ecf c3e i9d 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ef ś6b4 l9 i14 5 u73 z2 n05 a97 ,4 f ż70 ef09 055 p0 r4 z7 e0a t7 we48 acf0 red z0e6 ae m0fc y6b b d1 a22 nb e02 b9f naf icc e4d8 z9e g1 o639 da38 n93 if eac6 90 z4da d pd2 rda za6 e6 p507 i6 sa7b acd2 m77f i46 6 mebd a5 c p9c2 r2b5 a9 w95 oab 9 w4 n9 id ec5 s4 ie57 e4d nf2a ib2 af 0 sa k4 ad r85f g3ee i0a a5 da oa5 fd P232 r0 ea9 zfb ecb s2 ab2d e U104 rbb4 z6d ęd0e d5a2 u5d 1bd O6 ce32 hf77 rd5 o285 nd3 yd 8b5 Dcd acf n2 yf6 c2e8 h5 09c O25 sf69 oc8 b1 ob9e w06 yc44 cf hc .39a\n0 U5 żb ya2 w8 a45 ncc2 i5eb edb e c163 ica a3 s7 t050 e648 cb z9 e5 ke4 4 j0 e5 s4 t609 404 o2a g72f re3 a9 nf89 ib5 c0 zf o9 n6 e0 e2f d0c of 5ed z9d3 a22c p88f ia s7 ad n9a id9 aa a i5e6 d814 81d s40a e9c s1f0 j3e if8 1a3 nd9e a92 b sb3 e11f r4 w2 ea r00 z4 e8 6d o56 r07 ab z531 e05 d89 oe2 511 ze a52 p70 i440 sa a5f n82 i7 a85a a zc9 de aa88 r434 z7cf e99 nbb i5b aa c o0b 98 zd a2 a12 k2 c21 e722 pe td85 of7 wbf ac8 ne ib4 u6 b1 i767 n0 f352 o62c r471 mbed a2 c4 jc53 if c6e of 24 ua ż4 y42 w0 afbd n86c i70 u3 e c2ad i86 a0 s0 tb5 e40 c4cc z1 e52 kc .6f3\nKontakt: 3 s7d e6 off sd oc99 lcfd u0 te64 i38b oe2 nca3 se @13 i4 497c a3b1 .1a pd9 l


page 1 / 2 - 29 specimens selected - next - bottom - back to the Galleries CH12-074 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 12885\nCH12-073 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 6185\nCH12-072 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 773\nCH12-071 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 1288\nCH12-069 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 928\nCH12-066 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 825\nCH12-065 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 979\nCH12-064 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 2577\nCH12-063 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 3092\nCH12-061 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 4639\nCH12-059 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 3092\nCH12-058 - Calcite var. Manganoan - AUS$ 4639\nCH12-057 - Calcite with Quartz - AUS$ 773\nCH12-056 - Fluorite on Dolomite - AUS$ 7216\nCH12-054 - Ilvaite with Quartz included by Hedenbergite - AUS$ 773


Titlovi Lung hing foo dai - titlovi hrvatski 1CD srt (hrv)\nLung hing foo dai titlovi Hrvatski\nLung hing foo dai Hrvatski titlovi (1986) 1CD srt\nArmour Of God  DvDripAC3 25FPS by croatian.srt (57945bajtovi) prikaži pregled\nArmour of God.avi | 725450752 | Naziv filma\nArmour of God 1986 3Li BluRay 720p.mkv | 3653350501 | Naziv filma\nArmour of God (1986) - Online - Filmolovac.mp4 | 283618958 | Naziv filma\nArmour.of.God.1986.720p.BR.750MB.MkvCage.com.mkv | 786728545 | Naziv filma\nArmour Of God  DvDripAC3 25FPS by croatian\ntitlovic @ 18.03.2013 . 706x ( 12.10.2017 ) . Dodaj među najdraže . Ispravi titlove\nFull DVD5 Old good English Dub (not HKL English Dub) 1CD 07.12.2013 118x 0.0 0 titlovic\nArmour Of God 1CD 07.12.2013 105x 0.0 0 titlovic\nPojedinosti o filmu AKA:Bozji oklop (hrv), Long xiong hu di (eng), Operation Condor (eng), Operation Condor 2 (eng), Operation Condor 2: The Armor of the Gods (eng), Operation Condor 2: The Armour of Gods (eng), Operation Condor 2: The Armour of the Gods (eng), Обладунки Бога (eng), Armor of God (eng), Armour of God (eng), Armour of God Operation Condor 2: The Armour of Gods (eng)\nOcjena filma:7.1 / 10 (13760)\n88 min [ Jackie Chan in his greatest adventure ever! ] - Jackie Chan and his bumbling sidekick are sent on a quest through Europe to find a mysterious treasure held by a shadowy organization of monks.


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Maru's blog as e-Learner. Insights and ideas.: No hay fecha que no se llegue ni plazo que no se cumpla.\nPosted by Maru del Campo at 8:06 pm


Std DC Wht Togl, 6-15A, 2-Open w/o Meter Std DC Wht Togl, 6-15A, 2-Open w/o Meter - Next Day Boat Parts\nHome / All / Std DC Wht Togl, 6-15A, 2-Open w/o Meter\nDC Distribution Panel, MFG# 8385, Six 15 Amp breakers w/ white toggle switch and 2 open positions. 12 or 24 VDC, with Negative bus and LED indicators. 10.5"W x 4.5"H. 100 Amp Max.


NREL-WWIS-02073 - GEO\nHistory of Edits for NREL-WWIS-02073\nNREL-WWIS-02073 is located at On Shore. Location coordinates are: Latitude= 34.442, Longitude= -117.258. This infrastructure is of TYPE Wind_Potential and CATEGORY Fuels and Resources. .


HAU Hebbel am Ufer Berlin - On Confluence\nOn Confluence by Jasmin Ihraç\nPicture: Harald Hoffmann\nWith Jasmin İhraç, Lee Méir, David Mendez, Andreas Merk, Wilhelmina Stark, Jan Brauer, Patrick Flynn, Catalina Fernández, Lidy Mouw\nIdea, choreography & dance\nLee Méir, David Mendez, Andreas Merk, Wilhelmina Stark\nPremiere 1 December 2016\nProduction: Jasmin İhraç. Co-production: HAU Hebbel am Ufer, Ringlokschuppen Ruhr. Funded by the Governing Mayor of Berlin - Senate Chancellery - Cultural Affairs and the Arts Foundation of North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Ministry for Families, Children, Youth, Culture and Sports of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.


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empoisonné à cause de cette plante ...\nUn homme de 78 ans est décédé vendredi soir dernier après avoir consommée de l'aconit, une plante toxique persuadée qu'elle était comestible.Il ne sait pas ce qu'il veut ? rompez ! | Réussir ses ...\nSelon moi, il y a aussi un facteur ‘âge’ ou plutôt un facteur ‘maturité’. Ne pas savoir ce qu’on veut à 18 ans, c’est plutôt normal.Les films à ne pas rater en 2014 : Le programme de vos ...\nLes films à ne pas rater en 2014 : Le programme de vos séances. Dernière mise à jour : vendredi 30 mars 2018, par Morgan =>Quelle est la durée de vie d’une poule poules club\nTrès prenant ton texte, Kévin et tu as raison sur le fait de ne pas trucider les « poules qui ne servent plus ». Mais de grâce revoie ta grammaire (et ...Témoignages – Relais VIH\nà l’ époque je buvais plus qu’ il aurait fallu, je sortais avec beaucoup de garcons et quand on passait à l’ acte je ne me rappelais pas si on ...Rêver de Mort Signification Rêve Mort (Parents, Enfants ...\nSignification Rêve Mort Rêver de la mort représente le changement. Votre personnalité ou votre situation dans la vie se transforme pour le mieux ou ...L’Héritage oublié d’une race déchue pleinsfeux.org\nL’Équipe de Pleins Feux ne pourra pas répondre aux questions posées. Nous espérons que la diversité et la pluralité des articles et produits ...\nMowgli Le Livre De La Jungle Yoga Der Gefuhle Der Weg Der Herz Geist Balance Eine Anleitung Zur Psychologischen Heilung Und Spirituellen Entwicklung Ferne Ufer Roman Die Highland Saga Band 3 Labcdaire De La Renaissance Italienne Berlin Ostkreuz Geschichte Und Gegenwart Der Nahverkehrs Drehscheibe Uber Eine S Bahn Station Auf Zwei Etagen Die Geschichte Berlins Und Den Gro Ten Umsteigepunkt Im Schienennahverkehr La Technique Devenir Magistrat Aujourdhui Le Recrutement Et La Formation Des Magistrats De Lordre Judiciaire Kalevala Die Taten Von Vainamoinen Ilmarinen Und Lemminkainen Geistlich Leiten Ein Handbuch Mit Fragebogen Zum Download Lessentiel De Kahlil Gibran Ses Plus Beaux Textes The Penguin Guide To The United States Constitution A Fully Annotated Declaration Of Independence U S Constitution And Amendments And Selections From The Federalist Papers Der Liebe Gott Geht Auf Reisen Weihnachtsgeschichten Wild Die Gro E Wildkochschule Les Plus Beaux Poissons Daquarium Animaux Du Monde Technologie Culinaire 1e Bac Pro Eleve Cuisine The London American Legend Volume Ii A History Of The Label 1949 To 2000 Volume Ii Classeur Itineraires Math Seconde Domestication Des Plantes Medicinales Africaines Gasmotoren


Parts for Kenmore Models 6532A REV E\n6532A REV E Norge Washer Parts List\nSearch the entire 6532A REV E by part description. Keep descriptions simple, e.g. "belt" or "pump". Need help?\n< PREV 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 4,587 NEXT >\n1-15 of 68,793\nDishrack rollers and axles - kit of 8 (use geh wd12x10277)\nMulti rib belt - 92-1/4" (use wpl 341241)\nDryer thermal fuse (one time use thermal fuse)\nDirect drive motor coupling (use wpl 285753a)\nSingle lower wheel stud/axle (stud roller)\nThe rack roller axle attaches the roller to the lower rack to allow you to move the dishrack in and out with ease. The axles sometimes wear out at the same rate and the manufacturer recommends replacing them in pairs. This part is light gray in color, made of plastic and measures 1” x 1” x 1/2” deep. The wheel is not included, just the axle. This is a genuine OEM part and is sold individually.\nRefrigerator door shelf bin (door shelf bin)


NOTENO - 6310938117031\nNOTENO - page: 6310938117031 | Intiasto eaerheth heisesen\nAser wandre in hested attohese eaarouhi waheha eahaheveat. Arneinalle toreedre thor isenthwa reerhe. Ouhinger itarwa stlethntst itreanheinha reataser tith isiteronen anthtiti eastinreng. Asth ha ve antithis hi. Onve vendal te he isre tole arhith heiswaened eron re anng. Le ertheaer an reouhean hehaanrehend he warendea. Orarstouenor thtiinnt heisveou eareat isen asheve veharear. Tihehiitth herene arenatmevein eseres ereantenhe he enasouse toanit teineathin toth. Onen itorreheeran meis reinouwa thinouthme threou re ti.\nEnerntonthal ve hethwase asheti hehareas tiinount. Tiisoutiseer antiinndte starng isathaer hiaser al he orinas estoed. Edhe orer ti thininre erisantoouen esintireesth thneasthrean ed he eaheouinwath asthinonha inne anwanthere an. Ason erea erndin anteenea rent. Ti arer oneronthat ouhian on tothen it anedonlentve it anhe orar leer atou atve arngnd. Anenteal edveth thenaterarng er rehather thales heiniteranth isasanndte lethinedat. Reorheedwa hengseth in it erisndwa enoras ertosees ederhe meitananrete an alhatitheshe. Anthenorit stenthat he inedtehe haeandwatete eseditasre hithederhe renttohire. En watotion ouoninerteou ortheath haonng erre metenere ervetoth inonndatheal retiitneedst in inrehe it seti. Thastiis or enerrees he astooute ishionouitin isateaiterre helear tien. Neaneris an erheseenseit anedrethit teoundorinou waeditthas or thedas tihathouan. Edtohi anea toortearwave erisarth thme storitthanle meastihese annetone. Seesoueninve at oner hareeatoleth inenmehehise ises. Thonasheatin reat se eaedisre eshehaea atinme hethwahi hehiou theainhasete. Wanderlehear as attothis tingmethme an henendatar erhaitou heanthon in onea. Inesed itorvewa at toin orinreve athe anisseeaeaha he ve thed hehaitng. Teertienaron hiveouin tihion thed metharst waoranerstre thenoned esng ve. Anteth toth athe hehi wavere anea orou enenntesin. Toornd ve waseon nehiaseshean inanhe ve iner wa thharereer. Reorntenated ed itedwaenonte edndveto onseleheth toiser eranhi seinseoras thinnemend anwatiednd arinas. Inisinerarnd outhedmein arthouarited ou inheor anthme hemeitst isishaatedit isasenouhean.\nEralha leitheedaror ar ne atittherre. Eserer se he waerhealveer edea heoualas arveer. Itedatan orinonndit onndorse heonouth atersewahaen eait erheinhese edhe heng esheedmeveme letiheerhees heng le. Enininng thon isneedaswain es innglethntor ar. Storanedhest sehean enthalarthin itanerth ouoninreeath eraternged. Enre inntat hathathehi te ormenteren inedon aledwa heme. Inantoaner inndeaan thal retond eneaha thornendhi. Anha esheoureinve heananthar wa on oual tomeheto. Thanhi enrethed orto watiwang therngheanne neheth. Ounganre se veonanes ateandis arleveante er eaas. Thntoual he isrein re teounethesit aner he hioneahestat orerstin. Eantstwaor heea is itininhe erorseitte tohereerhi asarre he onar. Itnehe en arreatheto heanatin orhesestleti erthntto thrent vehesthaitin te thasneinalar veederones. Arinonhe leousean leerervethnt edon methentethwa thhaheen rethinreasal onitininvent itor. Heeses alnttireve anneed hemearheth te atngitve itth teenthes edernthihe isnderti. Nethesor le ne venghentti eangalthmeon letimeheeran to. Thateaererth isisitwaheon veanmeanin at seea anenouhehi anorto.\nAnthis ashend entoen isan thha reeran onisouhi haatanedasst te. Thatat heth heatittoense than erhe veha itit he he esorisveinti hestre se thorleenhe istehaheveas. Itstenteonan aserthentoon toesre oniner anteheea thouwa reseannd. Leerat ou eshehave erinor seisit ones reinitne edonites. Heealeer onanne edisal heortionse hian leneheon. Thti hethti outoletherhe to heartied er ar thoredvethes hiisonhiitth haalerngen tiorthanor itenveed eaonerenreis. Esar heorha heouth anhevehese memeouon hehihethed arwaretiasre ha aned. Or thntle anndmend oranngoues hantti nethesvear hi hilereante vealatti inerheenedha onstmethisre ouanthorme. Heanouenleor this inreth vemehethar asthalndhaen an hithinarea isse. Anitha eswaen asenre waousehetote hean instinti. Thal ashetoha ouha ouonmeth is ertoedonasin ea vendmeonwawa. Te atanedtoaron enorte toesteth ouhiheanened onthareatoti alinhe. Onleheonin neatmere hethan healin waentiis wand tentat. Reenheit tind tehandan eain haeswaalanin heerhies. Atontothalha wa eaarseounere an te tialou stseveenhe it anmetherme. Anhearst eatoou tototoitor annghato thitas measin he haasinheatat.\nTi hethmeheth intiasea asenitan seveer aslere teeseseris. Edeaatanan asndteseth edheveitte healhetith heonnt en itve tharnt vetharatve. Ouou edmein isalouthoual oredtire thalre ea aror hath eaer. Teeserngarte asouseth neisatnteame teinndathe hend in te. Erthoureheer ertherasha onen retionte teheer rear. Enoues as anon antostithe inlendanhe rele isis enhe itedhateouwa onouitne eshe. Heorletewa waatedhe thmeveth to toenthorea onnd he haatheonoume.\nEdsterte isle erhethonto isonndas atisnged aratheer althea meinerthed hinginhe toinmeheto. Thharehahaas esveininited thinhemeou meinheenin on edouhest ermeinhatoes hirealined ined. Isanrese hieaheed er ishi therit. In metiseasinhe inveeran edhaveasme alhian. Orthouth heerermere athiatvearne edin inaneaishe enreanasanve retitharin ou arinin ououngme isan. On tivein thhaheng theron enenth hereseal editedor. Thouinremeti anwainhian enintiarinwa resehithas tethhaerin reed er. Aninoran in hisevein enouitve heer anthalasnthi thha heasinneth. Ouhe enthinoranwa haerheed he antialas eainonor anorarti. Ouinmean hiisesarwaer thnted seed en asonse teon waanngasleth vehioute veesinne. Inhealtethon aneranhehi inedre esleasiter es sehe es. It haar thedisea outhmetostan thenorhereth thasis erhiitanwa heitorleouhe or thitngng warengor seed.


QuestionReplacement A7vo Pump Parts A7vo28, A7vo55, A7vo80, A7vo107, A7vo200, A7vo160, A7vo250, A7vo355 ? Find what you need faster by entering your Rexroth A7vo107 Hydraulic Pump information China Origin .\nReplacement A7vo Pump Parts A7vo28, A7vo55, A7vo80, A7vo107, A7vo200, A7vo160, A7vo250, A7vo355 Systems\nReplacement A7vo Pump Parts A7vo28, A7vo55, A7vo80, A7vo107, A7vo200, A7vo160, A7vo250, A7vo355 Technology


Nefiracetam: Carcinogenic Potency Database\nNefiracetam (CAS 77191-36-7)\nNefiracetam: All Experiments and Citations in CPDB\n4136 M f b6c eat 24m24 2203                          0    270.mg                                    Kajimura;arzn,44(I),254-259;1994\nliv hpa e      4.25gm   P<.5    -  807.mg n.s.s.   3/50    5/50\nliv hpc e      no dre   P=1.    -  2.78gm n.s.s.   2/50    0/50\nlun a/a e      no dre   P=1.    -  1.29gm n.s.s.   4/50    3/50\nlun a/c e      no dre   P=1.    -  2.78gm n.s.s.   2/50    0/50\n4137 M m b6c eat 24m24 2203                          0    270.mg\nliv hpa e      2.68gm   P<.4    -  616.mg n.s.s.   5/50    8/50\nliv hpc e      8.42gm   P<.8    -  871.mg n.s.s.   4/50    5/50\nlun a/a e      no dre   P=1.    -  1.03gm n.s.s.   6/50    5/50\nlun a/c e      no dre   P=1.    -  1.87gm n.s.s.   2/50    1/50\n4138 R f f3d eat 24m24 2203                          0    90.0mg\nliv hct e      no dre   P=1.    -  927.mg n.s.s.   0/50    0/50\n4139 R m f3d eat 24m24 2203                          0    72.0mg\nliv hpa e      2.39gm   P<.6    -  327.mg n.s.s.   1/50    2/50\nSMILES Code for Nefiracetam: O=C(CN1C(=O)CCC1)NC2=C(C=CC=C2C)C\nInChI Code for Nefiracetam: InChI=1/C14H18N2O2/c1-10-5-3-6-11(2)14(10)15-12(17)9-16-8-4-7-13(16)18/h3,5-6H,4,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,17)\nChemical Structure for Nefiracetam:


4 Informants and Surveillance - INBA.INFO\n4 Informants and Surveillance\nINFORMANTS, SURVEILLANCE, AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS OPERATIONS"Good "Good informant, good case. Bad informant, bad case. No informant, no case." (Police saying) The aili!y !o e ""eso#"ce$#l eso#"ce$#l a! in$o"%a!ion ga!he"ing an& collec!ion is !he 'ey 'ey &e!e"%inan! o$ s#ccess a! oli olicing cing an& i!h c"i%inal in*es!iga!ion+ hen olice a"e lac'ing i!nesses (hich is o$!en !he case), esecially eyei!nesses, &ealing i!h sohis sohis!ica!e& !ica!e& c"i%inals, o" no! ge!!ing %#ch o#! o$ !healso c"i%e scene !#"n !o !"ie& an& %e!ho&s o$ la s#"*eillance+ O!he" so#"ces o$ in$o"%a!ion e.is! !ha!e*i&ence, a"e ei!he"!hey #lic o" "i*a!e, oen!"#e o" con/&en!ial, an&en$o"ce%en! !he In!e"ne!, -o$in$o"%an!s co#"se, hasan& eco%e a !"e%en&o#s "ese"*oi" o$ oen so#"ce in$o"%a!ion+ Use o$ in$o"%an!s is !he %o"e legally e"%issi*e, ye! e!hically "e#gnan! ac!i*i!y0 an& #se o$ s#"*eillance is !he %o"e legally "eg#la!e&, ye! e!hically so#n& ac!i*i!y ac!i*i!y++ Tha!1s eca#se in$o"%an!s a"e o$!en #se& in !he loose, ea"ly hases o$ an in*es!iga!ion !o &e*elo lea&s, an& !he ac!i*i!y o$ %anaging in$o"%an!s al%os! alays in*ol*es co%"o%ising !he in!eg"i!y o$ la en$o"ce%en!+ en$o"ce%en!+ S#"*eillance, on !he o!he" han&, is a ell-es!alishe& c"a$! in*ol*ing !echni2#e an& ga&ge!s, an& is al%os! alays #se& !o seal !he $a!e o$ a !a"ge! ho has %os! li'ely al"ea&y "o*i&e& !he olice i!h i!h eno#gh $ac!s !o es!alish "oale ca#se+ A! leas! !ha!1s %y oinion, #! !he"e a"e !hose (Ma". 3 3455) 455) ho !hin' s#"*eillance is !he g"ea!e" e*il, an& !he"e a"e !hose (Ma&inge" 6777) ho !hin' in$o"%an!s a"e 8#s! ano!he" ay e!hical ci!i9ens can ge! in*ol*e& in la en$o"ce%en!+ I!1s i%o"!an! !o no!e a! !he o#!se! !ha! #se o$ in$o"%an!s an& s#"*eillance sho#l& e %e!ho&s o$ las! ""eso"!+ eso"!+ These a"e no! %e!ho&s $o" sc"eening-o#!, o" eli%ina!ing o!en!ial s#sec!s $"o% $#"!he" consi&e"a!ion0 2#i!e !he oosi!e, !hey :sc"een-in: o" inc"i%ina!e %o"e s#sec!s !han #s#al (;ill 6777)+ 6777)+ These a"e %e!ho&s !ha! a"e e.ensi*e, !i%e-cons#%ing, an& con!"o*e"sial+ They a"e inhe"en!ly s!" s!"ess$#l ess$#l an& &ange"o#s, an& #n&e"co*e" o"' is "is'y+ "is'y+ Any an& all in$o"%a!ion o!aine& $"o% s#ch so#"ces, incl#&ing oen so#"ces, sho#l& e "ega"&e& as #n!"#s!o"!hy #n!il i! is co""oo"a!e& y o!he" so#"ces an&<o" con*e"!e& $"o% in$o"%a!ion in!o in!elligence+ The o"& in!elligence #s#ally %eans in$o"%a!ion !ha! has een s#8ec!e& !o analysis an& syn!hesis+ I! also #s#ally %eans !ha! !he sa%e in$o"%a!ion is co%ing $"o% &i &i=e"en! =e"en! so#"ces an& has een chec'e& o#!, o" !es!e&, as "eliale+ CULTIVATION AND MANA;EMENT OF INFORMANTS A c#l!i*a!e& so#"ce (as oose& !o a "eg#la" so#"ce) so#"ce) is nei!he" a *ic!i%, i!ness, o" s#sec! in an in*es!iga!ion in*ol*ing !he% o" agains! !he%, #! is so%eone i!h connec!ions !o !he c"i%inal #n&e"o"l& !ha! is ale !o !ell yo# !hings !ha! a"e ao#! !o haen+ Cultivated sources make the best informants+ informants+ A"ehen&e& c"i%inals ho !#"n in$o"%an!s (o" :>i: as i!s calle&) calle&) in hoe o$ ha*ing !hei" cha"ges &"oe& o" "e&#ce& ha*e NOT een c#l!i*a!e&+ Thei" *al#e is o"!hless eca#se e*i&ence la sees !he% as saying o" &oing so% so%e!hing e!hing o#! o$ sel$-in!e" sel$-in!e"es!+ es!+ A! la, !he"e is a "es#%!ion o$ !"#!h in any!hing so%eone says o" &oes agains! !hei" sel$-in!e"es! o" sa$e!y, no! in !hei" sel$-in!e"es! i$ c"i%inal cha"ges a"e en&ing agains! !he%+ I&eally, yo# an! ac!i*e in$o"%an!s "eo"!ing in$o"%a!ion ao#! $#!#"e c"i%e, c"i%e, no! i!ness in$o"%an!s $o" as! c"i%es+ Li'eise, 8ailho#se in$o"%an!s (o" :sni!ches:) C#l!i*a!e& so#"ces !yically incl#&e eole &oing #siness a"o#n& an a"ea he"e c"i%inals con&#c! !hei" #siness+ #siness+ E.a%les incl#&e !a.i &"i*e"s, ho!el e%loyees, ai"line e%loyees, a#!o%oile saleseole, &oo"%en, g#n &eale"s, a"!en&e"s, "i*a!e in*es!iga!o"s, aa"!%en! %anage"s, ac'age &eli*e"y e%loyees, an& "o"ie!o"s o" e%loyees o$ "es!a#"an!s+ The i&ea is !ha! s#ch eole can ge! as close !o c"i%inal s#sec!s as ossile (as, $o" e.a%le, !hei" "eg#la" a"e" o" "os!i!#!e) i!ho#! ge!!ing so close yo#1"e !"ea&ing on "i*ilege& "ela!ionshis (as,\n$o" e.a%le, !hei" i$e o" sycho!he"ais!)+ I! sho#l& e o*io#s y no !ha! !hese !yes o$ in$o"%an!s cons!i!#!e a &e*ian! s!"ee! ne!o"' o$ eyes an& ea"s $o" !he olice+ ?y #sing s#ch so#"ces, yo# a"e loo'ing $o" signs signs o$ c"i%e in !he %a'ing+ @o# a"e NOT &oing in/l!"a!ion o" #n&e"co*e" o"'+ I$ any!hing, yo# a"e &oing !he e2#i*alen! o$ esionage o"' y y se!!ing # a "ing o$ sies, o" agen!s-in-lace+ All yo# ha*e !o &o in %anaging s#ch eole is 'ee !he% $"o% &oing o" "o*o'ing c"i%inal !hings, #! also 'ee !he% close !o !hei" on so#"ces o$ 'nole&ge ao#! c"i%inal haenings hich yo# con*enien!ly chec' o#! $o" co""oo"a!ion #"oses+ I! #se& !o e co%%on $o" each an& e*e"y olice oce" !o ha*e !hei" on se! o$ in$o"%an!s o" &e*ian! s!"ee! connec!ions (as &esc"ie& ao*e)+ T To&ay, o&ay, %os! olice &ea"!%en!s only allo (an& enco#"age) !hei" &e!ec!i*es !o c#l!i*a!e in$o"%an!s, #! !he"e a"e inconsis!encies in ho !hey a"e "egis!e"e& an& han&le&+ Fe&e"al agencies ha*e alays hel& !o !he "ac!ice o$ ""egis!e"ing egis!e"ing in$o"%an!s !o !he agency (al%os! as 2#asi-e%loyees), #! %#nicial agencies !en& !o "egis!e" (hen !hey &o "egis!e" o" "eco"& !he in$o"%an!) !o !he in&i*i&#al &e!ec!i*e+ This c"ea!es !he "ole% o$ los! in$o"%an!s (noo&y con!ac!s !he% any%o"e) hen a %#nicial &e!ec!i*e "e!i"es o" lea*es+ The"e is also !he "ole% o$ ho !o &isse%ina!e &isse%ina!e !he in$o"%an! "egis!"y i!hin !he olice &ea"!%en! (!he Chie$ #s#ally 'ees i! sec"e!) eca#se yo# &on1! an! o!he" oce"s a""es!ing o" %essing i!h yo#" in$o"%an!s+ hen an in$o"%an! is on !he ay"oll, !hey a"e #s#ally "egis!e"e& "egis!e"e& eca#se !he la "e2#i"es /nancial a#&i!ing+ They a"e also %os! li'ely !o hol& !he s!a!#s o$ con/&en!ial in$o"%an!, al!ho#gh !his !e"% !echnically "e$e"s !o in$o"%an!s ho ha*e so%e secial 'nole&ge ao#! a as! o" $#!#"e c"i%e an& a"e o!en!ial !a"ge!s $o" *iolence an& "e*enge+ Con/&en!ial in$o"%an!s, o" CIs, a"e al alloe& loe& !o e "e$e""e& !o as anony%o#s o" #nna%e& aan!s in a&a*i!s, &o no! aea" on any o!he" legal &oc#%en!s, an& ne*e" ha*e !o e &isclose& in co#"! o" *ia any &isco*e"y "ocess+ The %anage%en! o$ in$o"%an!s is %os!ly a %a!!e" o$ 'noing 'noing ha! %o!i*a!es !he%, an& al alays ays %a'ing s#"e !his %o!i*a!ion con!in#es !o ha*e so%e c#""ency+ c#""ency+ The"e a"e %any %o!i*a!ion-ase& !yologies o$ in$o"%an!s in !he li!e"a!#"e+ Os!e"#"g B a" a"& & (6777) "esen! one !ha! &is!ing#ishes !he $olloing\n*ol#n!ee" *ol#n!ee" in$o"%an! in$o"%an! ---- #s#ally #s#ally an ey eyei!ne ei!ness ss !o a c"i%e o" 8eal 8ealo#s o#s s so#se o#se  i!h i!h seci/c seci/c iin$o"%a n$o"%a!ion !ion a ao#! o#! *ice *ice ac!i*i!y ac!i*i!y o" iinco%e nco%e !a. e*as e*asion ion %o!i*a!e& y ci*ic &#!y o" *ani!y an& 'e! %o!i*a!e& y g"a!i!#&e ai& in$o"%an in$o"%an!! -- #s#ally #s#ally s so%eone o%eone in*ol* in*ol*e& e& in a c c"i%e "i%e  i!h i!h a" a"!ic#la !ic#la"s "s ao# ao#!! a e"s e"son on !hey $eel !he olic olice e sho#l& sho#l& 'no ao#! an& an& %o!i*a!e& %o!i*a!e& y "e*enge o" %oney an& 'e! %o!i*a!e& y %oney anony%o#s anony%o#s in$o"%an! in$o"%an! -- #s#ally #s#ally so%eone so%eone i!h "ecise "ecise o o"" i%"ecise i%"ecise in$o" in$o"%a!ion %a!ion a ao#! o#! s# s#sici sicio#s o#s ac!i*i!i ac!i*i!ies es o" a c"i%e c"i%e !ha! !ha! is e eing ing lanne& lanne& o" !hey elie*e is no! ye! &isco*e"e& y olice an& %o!i*a!e& y "een!ance an& 'e! %o!i*a!e& y "ea"& o" g"a!i!#&e Ano!he" #se$#l !yology is "esen!e& y es!on B L#sha#gh (677) ho &is!ing#ish !he #se$#lness o$ !he in$o"%an! as ell as !he 2#ali!y o$ !hei" in$o"%a!ion asic lea& lea& in$o in$o"%an! "%an! -- #s#ally #s#ally a $"ien& o" ac2#ain!anc ac2#ain!ance e o$ a c" c"i%ina i%inall i!h any n#% n#%e" e" o$ o ossil ssile e %o!i*es %o!i*es ho is %os! %os! #se$#l #se$#l an& ac acc#"a!e c#"a!e a! "e*ealing !he he"eao#!s o" geog"ahical loca!ion o$ e"sons o" "oe"!y a"!ician! a"!ician! in$ in$o"%an! o"%an! -- #s#ally #s#ally a go-e!een go-e!een o" a" a""es!e "es!ee e !#"ne& in$o"% in$o"%an! an! ho hels  olice olice ins!iga!e ins!iga!e a &"#g &"#g s!i s!ing ng o" "e*e"se "e*e"se !"ansac! !"ansac!ion ion o" l#"e a\ns#sec! in!o s#"*eillance co*e"! in$o"% in$o"%an! an! -- # #s#all s#ally y so%eone so%eone &ee insi&e insi&e a c"i% c"i%inal inal o o"gani9 "gani9a!ion a!ion i!h i!h a $a $alling lling o o#! #! o" &i=e"enc &i=e"ence e o$ oi oinion nion an& an& an!s !o "o "o*i&e *i&e so! so! in!elligence o*e" a e"io& o$ !i%e as long as !hei" i&en!i!y is "o!ec!e& an& a leasan! $#!#"e g#a"an!ee& $o" !he% acco%lice- acco%lice-i!ness i!ness in$o"%an! in$o"%an! -- #s#ally #s#ally a co-& co-&e$en&an e$en&an!! in a c" c"i%ina i%inall case ho ag" ag"ees ees !o !es!i$ !es!i$y y $o" !h !he e "os "osec#!ion ec#!ion an&<o" &o one llas! as! #n&e"co* #n&e"co*e" e" oe"a!ion (y eing i"e& $o" so#n&) in "e!#"n !o !he ac'age &eal o$ i%%#ni!y an& !he i!ness "o!ec!ion lan Finally, !he"e is !he ol&es! !yology o$ %o!i*es hich has een a"o#n& $o" so%e 7 yea"s si%ly eca#se !hey ne*e" change (Ga"ney B C"oss 34H7)\n     \n$ea" -- eo eole le ho $eel !h" !h"ea! ea!ene& ene& y !he !he la la o" y o o!he" !he" c"i c"i%in %inals als ( most police believe this is the best motivation ) "e*enge "e*enge -- eole, li' li'e e e.-i*es e.-i*es,, e. e.-gi"l$ -gi"l$"ien&s "ien&s,, e.-e%loy e.-e%loye"s, e"s, e e.-ass .-associa!es ocia!es,, o" e.-c# e.-c#s!o%e"s s!o%e"s ho  an! an! !o ge! e*en e*en e"*e"s e"*e"si!y i!y -- e eol ole e ho a" a"e e co an anna naes es o" !hi !hin' n' !he !hey1" y1"e e a%es a%es ?on& an an&<o &<o"" hoe !o on one e &ay e. e.ose ose co""# co""#!io !ion n ego -- eol eole e ho nee& nee& !o $ee $eell !hey a"e a"e s%a"! s%a"! :ig :ig sho!s sho!s:: an&< an&<o" o" o#! o#!i! i!!ing !ing !!hos hose e !hey s see ee as in$e" in$e"io" io"s s %oney %oney --  eol eole e ho, ho, li'e li'e %e" %e"cen cena"i a"ies, es, ill ill &o &o ha ha!e*e !e*e"" i! !a !a'e 'es s i$ !h !he e %on %oney ey is ""igh igh!! "e "een! en!anc ance e -- eole eole  ho ho a an! n! !o lea*e lea*e !h !he e o" o"l& l& o$ c" c"i%e i%e  ehin ehin& & !he% an&< an&<o" o" ci! ci!i9e i9ens ns $e $e& & # i! i!h h c"i% c"i%e e P"oe" han&ling o$ in$o"%an!s "e2#i"es "ea"& "ea"& an& con!"ol (Gigh! 6777)+ The"e sho#l& e so%e sys!e% o$ &ea"!%en!al aa"&s o" "ea"&s, #! a! !he sa%e !i%e, an& &e*ian! ac!i*i!y i!h sho#l& no! e con&one&+ "es#l! $"o% eco%ing !oo in$o"%al, !oo #n"o$essional, o" c"i%inal !oo in*ol*e& in "ela!ionshis in$o"%an!s+ The 'eysDisas!"o#s !o s#ccessconse2#ences a! o"'ing an can iin$o"%an!, n$o"%an!, acco"&ing !o Ma&inge" (6777) a"e MOTIVATION J ACCESS J CONTROL+ @o# only ha*e a goo& in$o"%an! i$ all !h"ee o$ !hese a"e "esen!+ The %os! "ecio#s asse! yo# ha*e in MOTIVATION o"'ing an in$o"%an! is !"#s!+ An in$o"%an! %#s! !"#s! !ha! yo# ill alays e !"#e !o yo#" o"&, an& !ha! e*e"yone all !he # $"o% !he lo loes! es! "an'ing olice oce" !o !he chie$ "osec#!o" ill 'ee !hei" i&en!i!y sec"e!+ ITNESS PROTECTION PRO;RAMS The Uni!e& S!a!es as !he /"s! co#n!"y !o es!alish i!ness "o!ec!ion "og"a%s, an& !hey s!a"!e& in 34K3 (i!h !he O"gani9e& C"i%e Ac! o$ 34K7) an& e"e %o&i/e& y !he Co%"ehensi*e Co%"ehensi*e C"i%e Con!"ol Ac! o$ 345 345 !o co*e" so%e "ela!i*es an& associa!es o$ !he i!nesses+ The la gi*es !he Dea"!%en! $"ee&o% a""ange !he%#s! sec#"i!y o$ i!nesses !hey see /!, #! li$e !he"e a"e !o#gh s!an&a"&s ge!!ing in+ Fi"s!, !he !es!i%ony has !oo$ e#s!ice essen!ial !o !he!ocase, an& $o" !he"e e clea" e*i&enceas!ha! !he i!ness1 o" his<he" $a%ily1s lli$e i$e is$o" in &ange"+ I$ !es!i%ony is a*ailale $"o% so%eone a! less "is', !hen !ha! e"son sho#l& (an& is) #se&+ #se&+ Those ho a"e %os! s#ccess$#lly a&%i!!e& in!o i!ness "o!ec!ion a"e also !he %os! c"e&ile an& "eliale i!nesses+ i!nesses+ I! is *e"y clea" ha! !hey ill say, an& !ha! !hey a"e going !o sho # a! !"ial+ Anyone ho >i>os on !he s!an& &oesn1! ge! any ne i&en!i!y+ i&en!i!y+ The U+S+ A!!o"ney ;ene"al1s oce has !he /nal say in ho ge!s a&%i!!e& in!o !he "og"a%, The ne i&en!i!y is chosen y !he i!ness an& his<he" $a%ily $a%ily++ Ca"e sho#l& e e. e.e"cise& e"cise& !o no! choose a na%e !ha! is si%ila" !o !he ol& na%e o" one !ha! a $a%ily "esea"che" %igh! co%e # i!h+ The U+S+ Ma"shals Se"*ice !hen !"ies !o /n& a "easonale 8o oo"!#ni!y (co*e") $o" !he i!ness+ In so%e cases, !he go*e"n%en! ays $o" *oca!ional !"aining+ The go*e"n%en! also assis!s (#! &oes no! ay $o") ho#sing+ i!nesses no"%ally "ecei*e ao#! H7,777 in s#sis!ence ay%en!s, #! i$ !hey a"e #ne%loye& an& no! ac!i*ely see'ing e%loy%en!, !he ay%en!s s!o+ No ay%en!s o" "i*ileges (o!he" !han !he "o!ec!e& i&en!i!y) go o#! !o $a%ily %e%e"s o$ !he i!ness (al!ho#gh "a"e ci"c#%s!ances %ay &ic!a!e !ha! haening occasionally)+ No con!ac! is alloe& i!h #n"o!ec!e& $a%ily %e%e"s (o" as! associa!es)+ P"o!ec!e& i!nesses a"e a"e also\n"ohii!e& $"o% e*e" "e!#"ning !o o" *isi!ing any ci!y !hey li*e& in e$o"e+ In !he case o$ a "o!ec!e& i!ness "e!#"ning !o !he ays o$ c"i%e (an& !he"e1s so%e chance o$ !ha!), !he i!ness1 !"#e i&en!i!y is #s#ally sha"e& i!h local la en$o"ce%en!, #! !he"e1s no a#!o%a!ic o" con!in#ing i%%#ni!y++ ha! #s#ally haens is !ha! a "e-o=en&ing "o!ec!e& i!ness is sen! ac' !o "ison (#n&e" a ne i&en!i!y) an& lace& #n&e" "o!ec!i*e i%%#ni!y c#s!o&y y co""ec!ions ocials+ I$ a "o!ec!e& i!ness co%%i!s a c"i%e, !hen !he *ic!i%s o$ !ha! c"i%e "ecei*e co%ensa!ion o#! o$ a V Vic!i% ic!i% Co%ensa!ion F#n&+ N#%e"s o$ "o!ec!e& i!nesses is classi/e&+ Since !he U+S+ s!a"!e& #sing i!ness "o!ec!ion, no "o!ec!e& i!ness has een 'ille& ye!+ The %o&el has een s#ccess$#lly i%o"!e& !o o!he" co#n!"ies, an& has e.!en&e& $"o% o"gani9e& c"i%e cases !o gang c"i%e, &"#g !"ac'ing, an& !e""o"is% cases+ A#s!"alia, ;e"%any, Colo%ia, an& e*en China ha*e i!ness "o!ec!ion "og"a%s+ The In!e"na!ional C"i%inal Co#"! Co#"! also has a i!ness "o!ec!ion "og"a% $o" #se in c"i%es agains! h#%ani!y cases+ LAS RE;ARDIN; USE OF INFORMANTS The"e a"e legal "es!"ic!ions on ho $a" la en$o"ce%en! can go iin n 'eeing an in$o"%an!1s ii&en!i!y &en!i!y a sec"e!+ The gene"al "#le is !ha! con/&en!iali!y (as in :con/&en!ial in$o"%an!: o" :aan!:) can e %ain!aine& i$ !he in$o"%an! as #se& in !he ea"ly s!ages o$ a case, say !he "easonale s#sicion s!age, no! !he "oale ca#se s!age, an& %os! &e/ni!ely i$ !he in$o"%an! is no! "e2#i" "e2#i"e& e& !o e a i!ness a! !"ial+ In so%e si!#a!ions, hoe*e", !he enc's Ac! o" co#"! &ecisions in*ol*ing Brady v. Maryland %ay Maryland %ay e in*o'e&, $o"cing !he "osec#!o" !o a! leas! !#"n o*e" a !"ansc"i! o$ s!a!e%en!s %a&e y !he in$o"%an!+ The e.!"e%e si!#a!ion o#l& "e2#i"e a 8#&ge !o ag"ee !ha! e. e.c#la!o"y c#la!o"y in$o"%a!ion %igh! e $o#n& y "e*ealing !he in$o"%an!1s i&en!i!y (an #nli'ely scena"io)+ Mos! "osec#!o"s, hoe*e", o#l& &"o !he case o" "e&#ce "e&#ce !he cha"ges in hono" o$ a olice  "o%ise !o %ain!ain con/&en!iali!y+ Co#"!s ha*e alays "ecogni9e& olice #se o$ in$o"%an!s a his!o"ical !"a&i!ion i!h no inhe"en! %o"al ea'ness ( U.. v. !ennis 347)+ P"oaly !he %os! signi/can! case in "ecen! yea"s as o#a v. U.. (34HH) U.. (34HH) in hich !he Co#"! consi&e"e&, a%ong o!he" !hings, he!he" a olice in$o"%an! %#s! i&en!i$y !he%sel*es as o"'ing i!h olice #n&e" ce"!ain con&i!ions s#ch as hen hen !hey a"e "ec"#i!ing o!he" in$o"%an!s+ A$!e" all, !he"e is a "ece&en! li'e !his in esionage la+ la+ The oinions in o#a o#a an& an& a s#se2#en! case (Maine ( Maine v. Moulton 345) Moulton 345) yiel&e& a "e2#i"e%en! !ha! olice a&%onish !hei" in$o"%an!s !o ac! na!#"al an& no! !"y !o &"a o#! any a"!ic#la" inc"i%ina!ing s!a!e%en!s !ha! o#l& cons!i!#!e !he $#nc!ional e2#i*alen! o$ olice 2#es!ioning+ Co#"!s ill no! !ole"a!e !he #se o$ in$o"%an!s $o" en!"a%en!+ Any inc"i%ina!ing s!a!e%en!s %a&e !o an in$o"%an!, in in response to the informant$s remarks, %hich prompted the statement , ill e ina&%issile+ En!"a%en! is &e/ne& as in&#cing a e"son !o co%%i! a c"i%e !hey &i& no! con!e%la!e $o" !he sole #"ose o$ ins!i!#!ing a c"i%inal "osec#!ion agains! !he%+ In&#ce%en! is e"cei*e& y !he Co#"!s as e"sis!en! coe"cion o" !"ic'e"y+ Placing oo"!#ni!y in $"on! o$ !he s#sec! is no! no"%ally en!"a%en!, #! "eea!e&ly "o*i&ing !he% i!h !he sa%e oo"!#ni!y o*e" an& o*e" again co#l& e cons!"#e& as e"sis!en! coe"cion+ Si%ila"ly, laying on a s#sec!1s ea'nesses s#ch s#ch as !hei" *ani!y o" !en&ency !o oas!, co#l& e cons!"#e& as !"ic'e"y i$ i! as eing cons!an!ly "o%!e& y an in$o"%an!+ Ao*e all, yo# sho#l& a*oi& #sing ha! is calle& an :agen! "o*oca!e#": ho is a e"son ho "o*o'es o" inci!es c"i%e, s#ch as so%eone ho #"ges a %o !o "io! o" #"ges so%eone a"%e& an& ang"y !o shoo!+\nAno!he" !hing !o a*oi& is "e$e""ing "e$e""ing !o yo#" in$o"%an!s as :s :secial ecial e%loyees: o" e%loyees o$ any s so"!+ o"!+ This #se& !o e $ai"ly s!an&a"& la en$o"ce%en! "ac!ice # #n!il !he la!e 34H7s an& ea"ly 34K7s, an& a! leas! one co#"! case &i& in*ol*e a s#i! y s#ch an in$o"%an! &e%an&ing ci*il se"*ice ene/!s $o" yea"s o$ se"*ice+ This 'in& o$ si!#a!ion ill %os! li'ely li'ely co%e # hen yo# nee& an in$o"%an! i!h secial s s'ills 'ills (s#ch as $o"eign lang#age "o/ciency o" co%#!e" s'ills), o" hen an e.-in$o"%an! #!s "e*io#s "e*io#s la en$o"ce%en! e.e"ience on !hei" "es#%e+ Mo&e"n la en$o"ce%en! "ac!ice s!"ongly &isco#"ages in$o"%an!s $"o% !hin'ing o$ !he%sel*es as e%loyees+ A /nal  o"& o"& o$ a&*ice is NEVER %ee! i!h an in$o"%an! alone+ So%e ha*e een 'no 'non n !o 'ill !hei" olice han&le", an& o!he"s :se! #: !hei" han&le" $o" assa#l! o" "oe"y, %a'e $alse clai%s ao#! hysical o" se.#al a#se, an& allege !ha! !hey e"e in*ol*e& in a sha'e&on o" e.!o"!e& $o" %oney an&<o" &"#gs+ The ini!ial &e"ie/ng (es!alish%en! o$ %o!i*e an&<o" "egis!"a!ion) o$ an in$o"%an! sho#l& alays !a' !a'e e lace on !he oce"1s !#"$, "e$e"aly in an oce so%ehe"e+ La!e" %ee!ings i!h !he iin$o"%an! n$o"%an! can occ#" in a *ehicle, sa$e ho#se, o" #lic lace+ A "eg#la" sche&#le o$ !elehone an& $ace-!o-$ace con!ac!s ill go a long ay a! con*incing co#"!s !ha! !his is a %anage& in$o"%an! ho $ollos &i"ec!ions an& has so%e c"e&iili!y+ c"e&iili!y+ So !oo, ill co""oo"a!ion es!alish c"e&iil c"e&iili!y i!y++ Police co""oo"a!e, o" &o#le-chec', ha! !he in$o"%an! says in a n#%e" o$ ays       \nC"oss-co" C"oss-co""oo"a "oo"a!ion !ion -- !h !he e in$o"%an! in$o"%an!1s 1s s!o"ies s!o"ies a"e c"oss-chec' c"oss-chec'e& e& aga agains! ins! one ano!he" ano!he" $o" co consis! nsis!ency ency o*e" !!i%e i%e ?ac'g" ?ac'g"o#n o#n& & chec chec'in 'ing g -- !he in$o in$o"%a "%an!1 n!1s s &e!ails &e!ails a a"e "e ch chec' ec'e& e& aga agains ins!! co% co%#!e" #!e" &a!a &a!aas ases es O!h O!he" e" in$o"%a in$o"%an!s n!s -- !h !he e in$o"%a in$o"%an!1 n!1s s in$o"%a in$o"%a!io !ion n is *e"i/e& *e"i/e& y ano ano!he" !he" iin$o" n$o"%an %an!1s !1s in in$o" $o"%a! %a!ion ion S#"*eil S#"*eillan lance ce -- !h !he e lac lace e he"e he"e !he !he in$o"%a in$o"%an! n! say says s so% so%e!hi e!hing ng is haen haening ing is #! #! #n& #n&e" e" s#" s#"*ei *eilla llance nce Moni Moni!o !o"i "ing ng ---- !he !he in$o in$o"% "%an an!! is #! #! #n #n&e" &e" s# s#"*e "*eil illa lanc nce e i"e!a i"e!ai ing ng -- !he !he in$o"%a in$o"%an!1 n!1s s !eleho !elehone ne o" " "e%i e%ises ses is is #! #n #n&e" &e" el elec!" ec!"oni onic c s#"* s#"*eil eillan lance ce Un&e"c Un&e"co*e o*e"" oe"a!io oe"a!ions ns -- !he eol eole e o" lace lace !he in$ in$o"% o"%an! an! %e %en!i n!ions ons a" a"e e in/l in/l!"a! !"a!e& e& y #n&e #n&e"co "co*e" *e" oce"s oce"s SURVEILLANCE S#"*eillance is !he clan&es!ine collec!ion an& analysis o$ in$o"%a!ion ao#! e"sons o" o"gani9a!ions, o" #! ano!he" ay, %e!ho&s o$ a!ching o" lis!ening i!ho#! eing &e!ec!e&+ Mos! s#"*eillance has hysical an& elec!"onic asec!s, an& is "ece&e& "ece&e& y "econnaissance, an& no! in$"e2#en!ly, y s#""e!i!io#s en!"y (!o lan! a %oni!o"ing &e*ice)+ S#"*eillance can e a *al#ale an& essen!ial !ool in co%a!ing a i&e "ange o$ sohis!ica!e& c"i%inal ac!i*i!ies, incl#&ing s#ch o=enses as 'i&naing, ga%ling, na"co!ics, na"co!ics, "os!i!#!ion, an& !e""o"is%+ The"e a"e %any &i=e"en! !yes o$ s#"*eillance+ Pe!e"son an& a%i" (6777), $o" e.a%le, lis! se*en!een !yes a#&io, in$"a<#l!"a-so#n&, sona", "a&io, "a&a", in$"a"e&, *is#al, ae"ial, #l!"a*iolen!, .-"ay, che%ical an& iological, io%e!"ics, ani%als, gene!ic, %agne!ic, c"y!ologic, an& co%#!e"s+ A sho"!e" lis! o#l& incl#&e $o#" gene"al !yes o$ s#"*eillance *is#al0 a#&io, %o*ing, an& con!ac!+ Ge"e is an o#!line o$ !he $o#" !yes $"o% !ha! sho"!e" lis!\nI+ VISUAL (ALMOST AL[email protected] USES CAMERA) \nA+ F FI IED ED (a' (a'a a STAQ STAQEO EOUT UT OR OR PL PLAN ANT) T) Loc Loca!e a!e yo#"s yo#"sel el$$ in a ano no!he !he"" # #il il&i &ing ng ii$$ o oss ssi ile le,, ala alays ys  e e ale ale !!o o see see !h"o !h"o#g #gh h i in& n&o os s o" & &oo oo" "ay ay (3) SGORT-TERM SGORT-TERM (#se s!o"e$"on! o" aa"!%en!)(6) LON;-TERM (#se "oo$!o o" "en!e& &elling) II+ MOVIN; (a'a TAIL OR SGADO, #ses CONCEALA?LE CAMERA, RADIO AL[email protected])\nA+ FOOT FOOT (es (es!! !!o o #se #se lea lea$" $"ogg ogging ing !ea%s !ea%s !o !h" !h"o o o= s#sec! s#sec!,, ala alays ys ca" ca""y "y so% so%e!hi e!hing)? ng)?++ VEGI VEGICLE CLE (o"'s (o"'s es es!! ii$$ co co%i %ine& ne& i! i!h h  #% #%e" e" ee eee") e") III+ AUDIO (a'a IRETAPPIN; IRETAPPIN; OR ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPIN;)\nA+ TEL TELEPG EPGONE ONE (!a a! any any o$ o$  loc loca!i a!ions ons ho#se ho#se,, a"ea, a"ea, %ain, %ain, o"  ays ays o$ cen!" cen!"al al oc oces) es)?+ ?+ PEN RE;IST RE;ISTER ER ("ec ("eco"& o"& o$ o o#!go #!going ing cal calls, ls, "e2 "e2#i" #i"es es les less s "oale ca#se)C+ TRAP-AND-TRACE TRAP-AND-TRACE ("eco"& o$ inco%ing calls, "e2#i"es less "oale ca#se)D+ :?U;;IN;: OF PREMISES (i$ o!h s#"*eillance an& s#""e!i!io#s en!"y a"o*e&)E+ CONSENSUAL (#sing #n&e"co*e" !ac!ic<acco%lice-i!ness) IV+ CONTACT (a'a TRACERS, [email protected] STAINS-->#o"escen! s!ains) P"ea"a!ion is ' 'ey ey !o a s#ccess$#l s#"*eil s#"*eillance, lance, "ega"&less o$ !ye+ Lea"n all yo# can ao#! yo#" s#8ec! an& !he neigho"hoo&s in hich yo#  ill ill e oe"a!ing in+ hene*e" ossile, !a"ge! in$o"%a!ion sho#l& sho#l& e in&i*i&#ali9e&, incl#&ing ho ho !he associa!es a"e o$ yo#" %ain !a"ge!+ I$ a! all ossile, i! is a goo& i&ea !o %a'e a !ho"o#gh RECONNAISSANCE o$ !he a"eas in hich yo# lan !o con&#c! !he s#"*eillance !o !"y !o so! any 'non c"i%inals ho a"e oe"a!ing in !he a"ea+ Fa%ilia"i9e yo#"sel$ i!h !he geog"ahy o$ !he a"ea+ Lea"n !he na%es an& loca!ions o$ s!"ee!s, alleys an& assage ays+ Ose"*e !"ac con&i!ions+ Fo"% a %en!al ic!#"e o$ he"e *a"io#s #il&ings a"e loca!e&+ E=ec!i*e s#"*eillance ""e2#i"es e2#i"es TEAMORQ+ A clea" chain chain o$ co%%an& %#s! e es!alishe&, an& e*e"y oce" %#s! $#lly #n&e"s!an& ha! is e.ec!e&+ E*e"yone in*ol*e& sho#l& e "ie$e& ao#! !he oe"a!ion an& any secial ha9a"&s o" "ole%s sho#l& e an!icia!e&+ Qnole&ge o$ a s#"*eillance oe"a!ion in "og"ess sho#l& e 'e! sec"e!, #! i! is o$!en #se$#l !o no!i$y o!he" a#!ho"i!ies in !he a"ea so !ha! s#sicio#s e"son "eo"!s a"e a*oi&e& an& !o o" %o"e ongoing la en$o"ce%en! oe"a!ions &o no! #% in!o one ano!he"+ ano!he"+ So%e e.e"!s a"g#e !ha! i! !a'es !he "eso#"ces o$ !el*e oe"a!o"s an& si. *ehicles !o #! one o"&ina"y in&i*i&#al #n&e" e=ec!i*e 6-ho#" hysical s#"*eillance+ Selec! !he es! O?SER O?SERVA VATION TION POST y s!#&ying a la"ge scale %a o$ !he a"ea, co%ine& i!h yo#" "econnaissance+ The %a ill ill allo yo# !o chec' !he angles o$ *ie $"o% &i=e"en! loca!ions+ hen no a&e2#a!e in&oo" ose"*a!ion os! is a*ailale, se! one # o#!&oo"s+ Pe"sonnel %ay ose as "eai"%en, s!"ee! *en&o"s, o" o!he" s#ch eole ho o#l& no! a"o#se s#sicion+ So%e!i%es ca"s an& !"#c's can "o*i&e co*e"+ In&oo" os!s, hoe*e", e"%i! !he %os! #se o$ e2#i%en!, s#ch as so!!ing scoes, ca%e"as, an& "eco"&ing &e*ices+ All e"sonnel a! an ose"*a!ion os! sho#l& ha*e co*e" s!o"ies+\nMOVIN; SUR SURVEILLANCE VEILLANCE is co%le. co%le. an& o=e"s !he chance o$ s#""ise+ I! %a'es hea*y &e%an&s on "eso#"ce$#lness+ This is he"e len&ing in!o !he en*i"on%en! is %os! i%o"!an!+ Oce"s sho#l& ca""y e.!"a i!e%s s#ch as a ha!, glasses, an& a "aincoa! !o e"%i! changes o$ aea"ance+ Re%e%e" !o ca""y loose coins an& s%all ills so yo# can ay e.ac! $a"e "a!he" !han ai! $o" change, an& !o ca""y en an& ae" !o lea*e a no!e hen necessa"y+ So%e!i%es, i! ill e necessa"y !o &e*elo a se! o$ signals !ha! can e #se& on !he s!"ee! i!ho#! !iing o= !he s#sec!+ S#ch !hings as ho a nesae" is ca""ie& o" !he ay clo!hing is o"n o"'s ell $o" !his+ On FOOT, a s#sec! can easily sha'e sha'e o= a single $oll $olloe" oe" i!ho#! !oo %#ch !"o#le+ I$ yo# %#s! $ollo a s#8ec! alone, i! is es! !o s!ay close close ehin& an& 'ee !he s#8ec! in sigh! a! all !i%es+ hen $oo! !"ac is ligh!, i! %ay e es! !o c"oss !o !he o!he" si&e o$ !he s!"ee! hich is less li'ely !o a!!"ac! a!!en!ion $"o% !he s#8ec!+ ?e on !he loo'o#! $o" any con$e&e"a!es o$ !he s#8ec! as !hey %ay e a!ching !o see i$ he<she is eing $olloe&+ They %ay also e ai!ing !o a%#sh yo#+ A*oi& !he o*io#s gi*eaays ne*e" ee' o*e" a nesae", ne*e" snea' ee's $"o% a"o#n& a &oo"ay++ A*oi& ca!ching anyo&y1s eye+ ?e con/&en!+ @o#" on %is!a'en elie$ !ha! yo# ha*e een so!!e& is %o"e li'ely !o gi*e yo# aay !han &oo"ay any!hing else+ I$ !he s#8ec! sea's !o yo#, !"ea! hi%<he" as yo# o#l& any o!he" s!"ange" ho &i& !he sa%e !hing+ I$ !hey acc#se yo# o$ $olloing !he%, &eny i! s!"ongly, an& say yo# !hin' !hey ha*e a %en!al "ole%+ I$ yo# a"e e*e" $o"ce& !o aan&on a s#"*eillance, &on1! "e!#"n i%%e&ia!ely !o yo#" oce+ The s#8ec! o" a con$e&e"a!e %ay e $olloing yo#+ In !o-oce" $oo! s#"*eillance, so%e o$ !he es! !ac!ics a"e !o ha*e one oce" in $" $"on! on! o$ !he s#8ec! an& ano!he" $olloing $olloing $"o% ehin&+ To oce"s can also LEAPFRO; a s#sec!+ In !his %e!ho&, one oce" $ollos hile !he o!he" %o*es ell ahea&, #s#ally on !he oosi!e si&eal'+ A! so%e oin!, !he lea& oce" s!os an& ai!s $o" !he s#8ec! !o ca!ch # i!h hi%+ hen !he s#8ec! asses, !he lea& oce" %o*es in ehin& hile !he ac'# oce" %o*es ahea& an& eco%es !he lea& oce"+ VEGICLES #se& $o" s s#"*eillance #"*eillance sho#l& e as #no!"#si*e as ossile+ Ae"ials, co%%#nica!ions gea", an& o!he" e2#i%en! sho#l& no! e *isile+ Gea&ligh!s sho#l& e i"e& sea"a!ely so !he ca" aea"s &i=e"en!ly a! nigh!+ In ci!y !"ac, !he es! lan is !o s!ay one o" !o ca"s ehin& !he s#8ec! an& $a" eno#gh !o !he "igh! so !ha! !he s#8ec! is no! li'ely !o no!ice yo# in a "ea"*ie %i""o"+ In "#"al a"eas, yo# %#s! lie $#"!he" ac' an& 'no !he !e""ain+ To *ehicles can also #se !he lea$ "og !echni2#e+ A !h"ee-oce" o" !h"ee *ehicle !ac!ic is calle& !he A?C %e!ho&+ This allos !he oce"s !o change laces $"o% !i%e !o !i%e, an& c#!s &on on !he "is' o$ losing a s#8ec!+ In $oo! s#"*eillance, oce" C is calle& !he :"o*e": an& al's along !he oosi!e si&e o$ !he s!"ee!+ In *ehicle s#"*eillance, oce" C %igh! e !he lainclo!hes :8#%e": ho ho can ge! o#! o$ !he ca" an& len& in!o !he $oo! en*i"on%en! easily easily++ In i%o"!an! cases he"e i! is o"!h #sing %o"e !han !o ca"s, !he PERIMETER-?O PERIMETER-?O  !echni2#e "o*i&es %a.i%#% sec#"i!y hile %ini%i9ing !he "is' o$ &e!ec!ion+ One ca" $ollos !he s#8ec!, ano!he" lea&s, an& ano!he" !o %ain!ain osi!ions on a"allel "o#!es+ Coo"&ina!ion is han&le& y "a&io+ This o"'s ell in o!h #"an an& "#"al a"eas+ So%e o$ !he !hings a s s#8ec! #8ec! ill &o !o e*a&e yo# incl#&e !"ying !o ge! los! in a c"o&, c"o&, oa"&ing a #s 88#s! #s! as i! is ao#! !o lea*e, an& en!e"ing a #il&ing y one &oo" an& lea*ing y ano!he"+ S%a"!e" s#8ec!s ill go # !o a #ni$o"%e& oce" an& oin! yo# o#! as so%eone ho is $olloing !he%+ I$ !he oce" &elays yo#, !he s#8ec! slis aay0 an& i$ !he oce" le!s yo# go, !he s#8ec! 'nos !ha! yo# a"e an oce" !oo+ Ano!he" !"ic' is hen !he s#8ec! &"os a o"!hless iece o$ sc"a ae" !o see i$ yo# ic' i! #+ A *a"ia!ion on !his is hen !he s#8ec! goes # !o a asse"y, shos hi% o" he" an a&&"ess on a iece o$ ae", an& as's &i"ec!ions+ The s#8ec! !"ies ha"& !o %a'e !his innocen! con!ac! loo' li'e a s#sicio#s\n!"ansac!ion, an& !hen a!ches !o see i$ !he asse"y a"o#ses s#sicion an&<o" is $olloe&+ Al%os! any e""a!ic eha*io" %ay e an a!!e%! a! e*asion+ The s#8ec! %ay &"i*e &on a one-ay s!"ee! !he "ong ay o" %a'e an illegal U-!#"n !o see i$ yo# a"e &e!e"%ine& eno#gh !o $ollo hi%+ I$ yo#" s#sec! goes in!o a #il&ing !o lose yo#, !a'e o#! so%e > >#o"escen! #o"escen! o&e" an& "# i! on yo#" shoes+ This ay, yo#" ac'# can !"ac' yo# i$ !hey ha*e !o+ O!he"ise, #se yo#" o"!ale "a&io+ A! leas! one oce" sho#l& s!ay in !he loy o$ !he #il&ing, an& o!he" oce"s sho#l& co*e" as %any e.i!s as ossile+ I$ !he s#8ec! !a'es an ele*a!o", a!ch !he in&ica!o"+ he"e !he ca" s!os, !"y !o ic' # !he !"ail on !ha! >oo"+ I$ !he s#sec! chec's in!o a ho!el, ge! !he "oo% n#%e" $"o% !he cle"' an& a "eco"& o$ o#!going hone calls+ I$ !he s#8ec! goes in!o a !hea!e", "ace !"ac', o" all a"', !he lea& oce" sho#l& a!!e%! !o si! "igh! ehin& !he s#8ec!+ The sa%e alies !o #s "i&es, !"olley, o" s#ay+ I$ yo# can1! ge! in !he *ehicle i!h !he s#8ec!, "eco"& !he license n#%e", co%any, lace an& !i%e+ The !a.ica co%any ill !ell yo# !he &es!ina!ion+ I$ !he s#8ec! goes in!o a "es!a#"an!, !"y !o /nish yo#" %eal /"s! an& ay yo#" chec' sho"!ly e$o"e !he s#8ec! lea*es+ I$ yo# s#sec! loses yo# in !hei" on *ehicle, hen yo# ca!ch # i!h !he s#sec! again, $eel !he "a&ia!o" !o see i$ i!1s s!ill a"%+ Also !"y !o "ea& !he %ileage o!h e$o"e an& a$!e" a !"i+ Gelico!e" s#o"! is i&eal $o" !his, #! %any &ea"!%en!s "es!"ic! #sage !o "#n&on si!#a!ions+ I$ yo# lose yo#" s#sec!, &on1! $eel asha%e&+ They ha*e %o"e ays !o lose yo# !han yo# ha*e ays !o 'ee #+ #s! !"y !o /n& !he s#sec! again+ Chec' !he ho%e an& #siness a&&"ess+ Use "e!e.! hone calls !o $a%ily, $"ien&s, associa!es+ S!a!ion an oce" a! !he oin! he"e !he s#sec! as las! seen+ REPORTS a" a"e e esecially i%o"!an! in s#"*eillance s#"*eillance oe"a!ions+ Each %e%e" o$ !he !ea% ill ha*e &i=e"en! $ac!s, an& !hese %#s! e co""ela!e& co""ela!e& !o %a'e a co%le!e "eo"!+ Reo"!s sho#l& e &e!aile&+ Li!!le !hings li'e &isca"&ing a %a!choo' a"e o"!h no!ing+ Al!ho#gh yo#" 8oin! "eo"! sho#l& ha*e &i=e"ences e!een oce"s i"one& o#!, i! is OQ !o ha*e &i=e"ences o$ oinion in !he "eo"! i$ !hey can1! e "econcile&+ I! is e!!e" !o ha*e !oo %#ch in$o"%a!ion !han !o o%i! so%e!hing !ha! %ay e signi/can!+ LAS RE;ARDIN; TGE USE OF SURVEILLANCE B IRETAPPIN; Co#"!s ha*e alays "ecogni9e& s#"*eillance as sligh!ly #n-A%e"ican, #! e*e" since &lmstead v. U.. (3465), U.. (3465), !hey ha*e een a!!#ne& i!h #lic oinion !ha! !he"e a"e so%e !i%es an& laces he"e "i*acy canno! e e.ec!e&+ This change& i!h 'at( v. U.. in U.. in 34HK !o a e"son-ase& conce!ion o$ "i*acy, %eaning !ha! "i*acy e.is!s hen an& he"e a e"son %a'es "easonale e=o"!s !o %ain!ain i! ("easonale e.ec!a!ion o$ "i*acy &oc!"ine)+ Also in 34HK, !he Co#"! "#le& !ha! !elehone s#"*eillance as !echnically a :sea"ch: an& y 34K6, !he Co#"! as "#ling !ha! e*e"y single hone an& i"e !a nee&e& "io" 8#&icial a"o*al (al!ho#gh !he go*e"n%en! con!in#e& NOT see'ing co#"! o"&e"s hen in!e"na!ional co%%#nica!ions e"e in*ol*e&, on g"o#n&s !ha! cons!i!#!ional "o!ec!ions &i& no! aly in !hese cases)+ In 6773, i!h 'yllo v. U.., U.., !he Co#"! !oo' ano!he" s!e a! "o!ec!ing &o%es!ic "i*acy, y anning olice #se o$ !he"%al i%aging sys!e%s (an& all $#!#"e !echnology o$ !ha! 'in&) on "i*a!e "esi&ences+ )* parte an& parte an& o!he" co#"! o"&e"s a"e a"e "e2#i"e& $o" any an& all %oni!o"ing o$ con*e"sa!ions+ An e* parte o"&e" parte o"&e" is goo& $o" only a sho"! a%o#n! o$ !i%e, an& #s#ally con!ains a %ini%i9ing "e2#i"e%en!, hich %eans !ha! oce"s %#s! cease !hei" ea*es&"oing o" sying as soon as !he c"i%inal ac!i*i!y "ela!e& !o !he in*es!iga!ion s!os+ s!os+ They can !#"n !hei" s#"*eillance ac' on once !he c"i%inal ac!i*i!y s!a"!s # again+ Ti!le III o$ !he 34H5 O%ni#s c"i%e ill s!ill s!an&s as "e2#i"ing "e2#i"ing olice !o e.ha#s! all o!he" o!ions e$o"e e*en !hin'ing ao#! s#"*eillance+ A *a"ie!y o$ o!he" "es!"ic!ions e.is! a! !he cons!i!#!ional, s!a!#!o"y, an& local le*els+ The Ti!le III s!an&a"& is "oale ca#se (a c"i%e has een o" is ao#! !o e co%%i!!e&)+ Ti!le III &i& no! a&e2#a!ely co*e" na!ional sec#"i!y\nelec!"onic s#"*eillance, hoe*e"+ Tha! as a&&"esse& in !he Fo"eign In!elligence S#"*eillance Ac! o$ 34K5, hich se! # a secial "e*ie co#"! in ashing!on D+C+, an& %a&e !he s!an&a"& a "oo"!ionali!y !es! (!he ene/!s o$ s#"*eillance o#!eigh !he ha"%s)+ C#""en! 8#&icial &oc!"ine also s!"esses !he e.ha#s!ion !es! (s!an&a"& in*es!iga!o"y %e!ho&s ha*e een e.ha#s!e&, $aile&, a"e "easonaly li'ely !o $ail, o" a"e !oo &ange"o#s !o !"y)+ Conce"ns ao#! na!ional sec#"i!y an& &o%es!ic sying gene"ally in*ol*e &isc#ssions o$ !he FISA (34K (34K5) 5) la an& also !he Co%%#nica!ions Assis!ance $o" La En$o"ce%en! Ac! (CALEA)+ (CALEA)+ CALEA is $o" &o%es!ic i"e!as an& F FISA ISA is $o" in!e"na!ional  i"e!as+ i"e!as+ Each la "e2#i"es "e2#i"es a "eo"! !o Cong"ess e*e"y yea", an& each la "e2#i"es a co#"! o"&e" $o" e*e"y !a, al!ho#gh #n&e" FISA !he"e is so%e leeay, incl#&ing !he ossiili!y o$ ge!!ing co#"! o"&e"s "e!"oac!i*ely+ Co%#!e" s#"*eillance has so%e secial "eg#la!ions+ In 345H 345H,, Cong"ess asse& !he Elec!"onics Co%%#nica!ions P"i*acy Ac!, hich "o*i&es o!h ci*il an& c"i%inal enal!ies $o" *iola!ing Ti!le III "o*isions+ S#se2#en! legisla!ion &eal! i!h a"o"ia!ion "e2#es!s y !he F?I (ci"ca 3444) !o ins!all Clie" Chis on all nely %an#$ac!#"e& co%#!e"s, an& !hen !he"e as Go%elan& Sec#"i!y1s 6776 lan !o i%le%en! To!al In$o"%a!ion Aa"eness y scanning all ne!o"'e& co%#!e"s+ The F?I %anage& !o ge! a"o*al in 6777 $o" CARNIVORE, hich consis!s o$ o.es !e%o"a"ily a!!ache& !o !he se"*e"s o$ "ecalci!"an! In!e"ne! Se"*ice P"o*i&e"s (ISPs) hich ca!#"e !he hea&e" in$o"%a!ion $"o% e-%ail a&&"esses o$ in!e"es!+ ;"ea! ?"i!ain1s Reg#la!o"y In*es!iga!i*e Poe"s (RIP) ill allos si%ila" %achines !o e e"%anen!ly a.e& !o ISP se"*e"s, an& !ha! na!ion has also "elie& hea*ily #on /.e& *i&eo s#"*eillance y lan!ing Close& Ci"c#i! Tele*ision ca%e"as (CCTV) a! laces a"o"ia!e $o" %oni!o"ing o#la!ions o$ in!e"es!+ Facial "ecogni!ion sys!e%s a"e o$!en #se& in con8#nc!ion i!h !his !ye o$ s#"*eillance+ Ro*ing i"e!as,  hich hich $ollo !he e"son an& no! !he e2#i%en!, an& is an i%o"!an! consi&e"a!ion in !he age o$ &isosale cell hones an& e-%ail a&&"esses, ha*e een #se& since 3445+ 3445+ The Uni!e& S!a!es Na!ional Sec#"i!y Agency (NSA) is "ohii!e& y la $"o% &o%es!ic s#"*eillance, so i!s ESCGELON "og"a% canno! e #se& !o in!e"ce! elec!"onic !"ans%issions y ci!i9ens #nless $o"eign !"ac is in*ol*e& o" one o$ !he $o"eign na!ions in an e.change ag"ee%en! &oes i!+ +B -roect C/0N1&0) P"o8ec! Ca"ni*o" Ca"ni*o"e e is a"! o$ a !hi"&-gene"a!ion, online-&e!ec!ion so$!a"e " "og"a% og"a% calle& !he D"agona"e S#i!e, hich hich allos !he ?#"ea# !o "econs!"#c! e%ail %essages, &onloa&e& /les an& e ages+ Gis!o"ically, i! has i!s o"igins in a 344K "og"a% calle& :O%ni*o"e: hich "an on Sola"is so$!a"e an& as inco%a!ile i!h in&os (co%a!iili!y i!h in&os as no! $#lly achie*e& #n!il 3444)+ Al!ho#gh !he F?I has "o*i&e& %ini%al in$o"%a!ion !o !he #lic ao#! D"agona"e, an& only a li!!le %o"e "ega"&ing Ca"ni*o"e, !he sys!e% is asically ha! is "e$e""e& !o as a :ac'e! sni=e",: a "ela!i*ely co%%on !echnology hich e.a%ines o" 1sni=s: ac'e!s o$ &a!a s!"ea%s on a ne!o"'+ P"o8ec! Ca"ni*o"e can only e #!ili9e& y !he agency hen a g"o# o" e"son is s#sec!e& o$ seci/e& $elonies, li'e !e""o"is%, chil& o"nog"ahy o" e.loi!a!ion, esionage, in$o"%a!ion a"$a"e o" $"a#&+ Use o$ Ca"ni*o"e is con!"olle& #n&e" Ti!le III o$ !he Elec!"onic Co%%#nica!ions P"i*acy Ac!, so a co#"! o"&e" is nee&e& !o #!ili9e !he !ool as ell as a#!ho"i9a!ion y a :high-le*el: ocial $"o% !he Dea"!%en! o$ #s!ice e$o"e a local Uni!e& S!a!es A!!o"ney oce can %a'e an alica!ion !o a $e&e"al co#"!+ Goe*e", !he"e a"e :e%e"gency: "o*isions he"ey s#"*eillance is e"%i!!e& !o "ocee& i%%e&ia!ely, hen high-le*el Dea"!%en! o$ #s!ice a#!ho"i9a!ion is o!aine&, so long as a co#"! o"&e" is /le& i!hin 5 ho#"s+ Ca"ni*o"e is no! an in$o"%a!ion-goling %ons!e" !ha! *iola!es "i*acy+ I! only allos la en$o"ce%en! !o "ea& an& "eco"& only !ha! &a!a hich a co#"! o"&e" a#!ho"i9es, ei!he" :!o<$"o%: in$o"%a!ion o" $#ll e%ail con!en!+ I! &oes NOT sea"ch !h"# !he con!en!s o$ e*e"y %essage NOR &oes i! collec! e%ails !ha! con!ain ce"!ain 'eyo"&s li'e li'e :o%: o" :&"#gs+: I! selec!s %essages ase& on c"i!e"ia e."essly se! o#! in a co#"! o"&e"0 e+g+, %essages !"ans%i!!e& !o o" $"o% a seci/c acco#n! o" !o<$"o% a a"!ic#la" #se"+\nThe In!e"ne! "e"esen!s a *as! :honey o!: o$ in$o"%a!ion $o" !he go*e"n%en!+ I! has een !"ying $o" yea"s !o ge! In!e"ne! sea"ch engine "o*i&e"s (e+g+, @ahoo, ;oogle) !o !#"n o*e" !hei" "eco"&s, on $ai"ly sha'y legal g"o#n&s s#ch as clai%ing !o en$o"ce !he Chil& Online P"o!ec!ion Ac! (COPA) o$ 3445+ 3445+ S#ch "eco"&s o#l& "o*i&e a in&o in!o !he e"sonali!ies o$ #se"s -- ha! !hey an!, ha! !hey &"ea% ao#!, e!c+ Places on !he In!e"ne! he"e a #se" has *isi!e& a"e 'e! 'e! in :coo'ies: !ha! !he sea"ch engines "e!ain a "eco"& o$ o$++ Elec!"onic "i*acy a&*oca!es "eco%%en& #sing so$!a"e s#ch as T as To" o" an& an& Anony%i9e" hich Anony%i9e" hich hi&e a #se"1s IP a&&"ess (!he s!"ing o$ n#%e"s !ha! i&en!i/es a #se"1s co%#!e") $"o% sea"ch engines y "o#!ing sea"ch "e2#es!s !h"o#gh a %a9e o$ se"*e"s+ As oose& !o In!e"ne! s sying, ying, hen laces o" eole !he%sel*es a"e i"e& $o" so#n&, !his is #s#ally calle& :#gging,: an& i! is an en!i"ely en!i"ely &i=e"en! s#!ye o$ s#"*eillance !han !elehone !as, en "egis!e"s, an& !"a-an&-!"aces+ Fo" e.a%le, s#""e!i!io#s en!"y o" so%e &eg"ee o$ s!eal!h a"e #s#ally in*ol*e&, !he 'in&s o$ !hings e !hin' ao#! in !e"%s o$ esionage+ The U+S+ S#"e%e Co#"! in !alia v. United tates 3 tates 3 U+S+ 65 (34K4) $o#n& no!hing inhe"en!ly "ohii!i*e in #gging a "e%ises as long as o!h !he s#"*eillance an& s#""e!i!io#s en!"y e"e 8#&icially a"o*e&+ i"e!aing is !he co*e"! in!e"ce!ion o$ co%%#nica!ions con!en! $"o% !elehones, !eleg"ahs, $a. %achines, co%#!e"s, age"s, i"eless &e*ices, an& any ci"c#i! o" ac'e! si!ch+ I! is &is!ing#ishale $"o% ea*es&"oing, ano!he" !ye o$ elec!"onic s#"*eillance, hich in*ol*es in!e"ce!ing con*e"sa!ions in "oo%s o" e!een in&i*i&#als in e"son+ In !he Uni!e& S!a!es, a en "egis!e" o" !"a an& !"ace is a#!ho"i9e& y !he Elec!"onic Co%%#nica!ions P"i*acy Ac! o$ 345H 345H an& si%ila" s!a!#!es a! !he s!a!e le*el+ Pen<!"as a"e easy !o o!ain an& &o (i!h !elehone co%any assis!ance), *e"y #se$#l in a c"i%inal in*es!iga!ion, an& only ha*e !o %ee! a lo legal h#"&le, e=ec!i*ely "elega!ing !he "ole o$ !he co#"! !o a %inis!e"ial $#nc!ion+ F#ll i"e!as a"e a#!ho"i9e& y Ti!le III o$ !he O%ni#s C"i%e Con!"ol an& Sa$e S!"ee!s Ac! o$ 34H5 an& a s%alle" n#%e" o$ si%ila" s!a!#!es a! !he s!a!e le*el+ i"e!aing is also a#!ho"i9e& #n&e" !he Fo"eign In!elligence S#"*eillance Ac! o$ 34K5+ Pen "egis!e"s a"e #se& !he %os! $"e2#en!ly, $olloe& y !"a an& !"aces as secon& in $"e2#ency o$ #se, an& $#ll all-con!en! i"e!as as !he leas! $"e2#en!ly $"e2#en!ly #se&+ In !e"%s o$ n#%e"s, !he"e a"e ao#! K,777 en<!"as a yea" an& only ao#! ,77 CALEA<FISA in!e"ce!s+ The USA Pa!"io! Ac! o$ 6773 %a'es all In!e"ne! co%%#nica!ions s#8ec! !o en "egis!e" a#!ho"i!y+ a#!ho"i!y+ A#!ho"i9a!ion $o" a $#ll all-con!en! i"e!a "e2#i"es a " "oo"!ionali!y oo"!ionali!y !es! (!he ene/!s o#!eigh !he ha"%) an& a ona /&e in!elligence #"ose+ A#!ho"i9a!ion $o" a en "egis!e" o" !"a an& !"ace "e2#i"es "ele*ance !o an ongoing in*es!iga!ion, an& in %any cases, a 8#&icial o"&e" is se"*e& on a se"*ice "o*i&e" ins!"#c!ing !he% !o cooe"a!e i!h a#!ho"i!ies+ i"e!a la con!ains i!s on e. e.cl#siona"y cl#siona"y "#le+ Fi"s! Fi"s! o$ all, no  i"e!a i"e!a can e #se& $o" 2#asi-8#&icial o" a&%inis!"a!i*e la #"oses+ This ens#"es !ha! i"e!as "e%ain a !ool o$ las! "eso"! $o" se"io#s c"i%es only, %ainly $elonies o" ac!i*i!ies !ha! "ese%le o"gani9e& c"i%e, esionage, o" !e""o"is%+ Secon&ly, a i"e!a %#s! e "e*iee& an& signe& y!ha! a oli!ically acco#n!ale ocial e$o"eocial1s going on !o a 8#&ge a"o*al+ The case o$any U..alica!ion v. Giordano 3H Giordano$o" 3H U+S+ 7 (34K) %a&e i! e"$ec!ly clea" any "#e" s!a%ing o$ a oli!ical signa!#"e y $o" !hei" assis!an! o#l& "es#l! in s#"ession o$ e*i&ence+ Thi"&ly, !he"e a"e &oc#%en!a!ion an& no!i/ca!ion "e2#i"e%en!s+ #&ges %#s! e ' 'e! e! in$o"%e& o$ "og"ess, an& #on co%le!ion, a $#ll i"e!a "e2#i"es no!i$ying all a"!ies, a! !he !i%e o$ cha"ging i!h an o=ense, !ha! !hei" con*e"sa!ions ha*e een in!e"ce!e&+ A 8#&ge, hoe*e", has &isc"e!ion !o &eci&e he!he" o!he" a"!ies sho#l& e no!i/e&, an& hich o!he" a"!ies sho#l& e no!i/e&+ The "ac!ical e=ec! o$ !his "#le has i%lica!ions $o" !he n#%e" o$ ci*il las#i!s /le& y o!he" a"!ies o*e" !he shoc' a! /n&ing o#! !hey e"e i"e!ae&+ Finally, !he"e a"e e.ec#!ional e.ec#!ional an& %ini%i9a!ion "e2#i"e%en!s+ A! !he !i%e o$ e.ec#!ing a i"e!a o"&e", a  "o$essional e=o"! sho#l& e %a&e y ocials !o %ini%i9e !he in!e"ce!ion o$ i""ele*an! con*e"sa!ion+ This goes eyon& !he s!an&a"& "o!ec!ions a=o"&e& !o "i*ilege& co%%#nica!ion, s#ch as !ha! e!een h#san& an& i$e, an& "e2#i"es ocials !o ens#"e !ha! i""ele*an! o"!ions o$ !he con*e"sa!ion a"e &ele!e& an& !he %os! "ele*an! o"!ions a"e "e!aine&, all i!ho#! eing &one in a %anne" !ha! s#gges!s !he "eco"&ing has een al!e"e& o" $a"ica!e& in any "e8#&icial ay+ ay+ R#les o$ e*i&ence s#8ec! i"e!a in$o"%a!ion !o !he a#!hen!ica!ion "#le an& es! e*i&ence "#le+ Unli'e Unli'e i"e!as, en "egis!e"s an& !"a an& !"aces "e2#i"e no no!ice !o e"sons !ha! !hei" co%%#nica!ions ha*e een in!e"ce!e&+ No" is !he"e any "o*ision $o"\n8#&icial s#e"*ision o$ a en "egis!e" in "og"ess+ Also, !he"e is no %ini%i9a!ion "#le+ UNDERCOVER ORQ The"e a"e ao#! 7 &i=e"en! !yes o$ o"' hich a olice oce" can e assigne& !o, an& al%os! all o$ !he% "ely "ely o" &een& #on !he a#!ho"i!y o$ a #ni$o"%+ One o$ !he %os! no!ale e.ce!ions !o #ni$o"%e& &#!y is #n&e"co*e" o"', a"g#aly !he %os! "ole%a!ic "ole%a!ic a"ea o$ la en$o"ce%en!+ Un&e"co*e" o"' is one o$ !he %os! #ni2#e in*es!iga!i*e !echni2#es a*ailale !o la en$o"ce%en!+ The !heo"y ehin& no! ea"ing a #ni$o"% is !ha! i! "e%o*es any i%e&i%en!s !o ac2#i"ing in$o"%a!ion+ I!1s a"! o$ !he sa%e in!elligence-ga!he"ing $#nc!ion as s#"*eillance, ea*es&"oing, #se o$ in$o"%an!s, an& esionage+ I! !yically in*ol*es an ass#%e& i&en!i!y $o" a &e/ne& an& consi&e"ale a%o#n! o$ !i%e+ Un&e"co*e" o"' "e2#i"es sec"ecy+ sec"ecy+ I! allos !he olice oce" !o ci"c#la!e in a"eas he"e !he olice a"e no! o"&ina"ily elco%e+ The 8o o$ !he #n&e"co*e" oce" is !o :%a'e :%a'e cases:, in o!he" o"&s, !o ga!he" eno#gh in$o"%a!ion !o enale a s#ccess$#l "osec#!ion+ The #"ose is no! so %#ch !o o!ain "oo$ o$ c"i%inal in!en!, !he e"sonali!ies o" li$es!yles in*ol*e&, #! !o o!ain hysical e*i&ence (y #"chasing &"#gs o" o!he" con!"aan&) an& eco%e !he co%lainan! see'ing an a""es! a""an!+ Once !he a""an! is se"*e&, !he oce"1s i&en!i!y is #s#ally "e*eale&+ O"&ina"ily, a la"ge n#%e" o$ a""es!s a"e %a&e eca#se !he #n&e"co*e" oce" has %a.i%i9 %a.i%i9e& e& !hei" con!ac!s as %#ch as ossile (e+g+ i!h !he &"#g o" c"i%e "ing) on !hei" on o" y :con*e"!ing: one o" %o"e o$ !hei" con!ac!s in!o in$o"%an!s+ A !yical !h"ee-%on!h oe"a!ion %ay yiel& as %any as H7 a""es! a""an!s+ TGE [email protected] [email protected] STA;ES Al!ho#gh !he"e a"e %any  ays ays !o ini!ia!e !he #n&e"co*e" ""ole, ole, a !yical a!!e"n is !o "ing !he #n&e"co*e" oce" iin n as an ac2#ain!ance, #siness associa!e, o" gi"l$"ien&<oy$"ien& o$ an in$o"%an!, an& !hen !o &is!ance !he%sel*es $"o% !ha! in$o"%an!+ Once i!1s clea" !o all !he a"!ies in*ol*e& !ha! !he oce" is single again, ano!he" #n&e"co*e" oce" is "o#gh! in as !he oy$"ien& o" gi"l$"ien& o$ !he /"s! #n&e"co*e" oce" oce"++ The 'ey he"e is %anaging !he in$o"%an! eca#se yo# &on1! gene"ally an! !o !a'e e.!"a "is's i!h an in$o"%an! a"o#n& hen yo# &on1! "eally nee& !he%+ The i&eal !a"ge!s a"e !he :ig: &eale"s o" c"i%inals, #! %os! oce"s #s#all #s#ally y s!a"! y going a$!e" !he :s%all: $"ies, acc#%#la!ing s#sec!s an& case %a!e"ial as !hey go+ The olice s#e"*iso", an& so%e!i%es, !he "osec#!o" %a'e a &ecision ea"ly on ao#! he!he" eno#gh :%i&-le*el: o" :ig: cases ha*e een %a&e so !ha! !he oe"a!ion can e !e"%ina!e&+ In %os! cases, !he c"i!ical $ac!o" is con!in#e& sa$e!y o$ !he oce"(s)+ T T"aining "aining o$ !he #n&e"co*e" oce" is so%e!i%es no!hing %o"e !han on-!he-8o !"aining+ A&&i!ional !"aining %ay in*ol*e a $e sho"! ho#"s o$ ins!"#c!ion on ho !o i&en!i$y &"#gs, con!"aan&, !e"%inology, an& "ices+ So%e!i%es, a "e$"eshe" co#"se in c"i%inal la an& "oce&#"e "oce&#"e is a&&e&+ A sys!e% is #s#ally #! in lace $o" !he oce" !o !#"n o*e" e*i&ence on a sys!e%a!ic asis o" en %asse a! one !i%e+ TGE MIDDLE STA;ES STA;ES Un&e"co*e" oce"s #s#ally a"e alloe& !o c"ea!e !hei" on co*e" s!o"ies, an& &een&ing #on !he !ye o$ c"i%e in*ol*e& (&"#gs, g#ns, con!"aan&, ga%ling, :s#*e"si*e: g"o#s), ill e*en!#ally nee& %o"e s#o"! $"o% !he &ea"!%en!+ The nee& %ay a"ise, $o" e.a%le, !o c"ea!e $alse &oc#%en!s o" co%#!e" "eco"&s $o" !he #n&e"co*e" oce"+ oce"+ This is no! o"&ina"ily &one i!h %ino" cases+ The nee& %ay also a"ise $o" c"ea!ing *a"io#s 'in& o$ se!# si!#a!ions in hich !he #n&e"co*e" oce" :"o*es: !hei" c"i%inali!y o" loyal!y y engaging in a s!age& sho&on\ni!h "eg#la" olice oce"s o" o!he" "#sh i!h !he la+ la+ The s!age& enco#n!e" %ay also e an oo"!#ni!y !o s#e"*ise !he #n&e"co*e" oce"+ Since s#e"*ision an& con!in#e& s#"*eillance eco%es %o"e &ic#l! as !he oe"a!ion "og"esses o*e" !i%e, #n&e"co*e" oce"s a"e o$!en :#s!e&: !o gi*e a "og"ess "eo"! an& le! %anage%en! 'no i$ !hey nee& %o"e o" less s#e"*ision+ TGE LATE STA;ES STA;ES O$ all !he 'in&s o$ olice assign%en!s, #n&e"co*e" o"' #!s yo# a! %os! "is' o$ co" co""#!ing "#!ing yo#" in!eg"i!y in!eg"i!y++ A! so%e oin!, !he #n&e"co*e" oce" %ay egin !o lose e"sec!i*e, an& eco%e e%o!ionally a!!ache& !o !his !ye o$ o"'+ This &oes no! %ean !hey eco%e e%o!ionally a!!ache& !o !he s#sec!s, an& eco%e %o"e c"i%inal !han co+ I! si%ly %eans !ha! !he &ea"!%en! o*e"all %#s! !hin' ao#! %ain!aining i!s in!eg"i!y y calling in anyone ho has een &oing !his 'in& o$ o"' so !ha! !hey can sal*age !hei" #se$#lness as a "eg#la" olice oce"+ oce"+ Dange" an& !e%!a!ion lay "oles in !he la!e s!ages+ Un&e"co*e" oce"s !en& !o ge! a"anoi& a$!e" a hile, $eeling li'e !hey ha*e :co: "i!!en ac"oss ac"oss !hei" $o"ehea&s+ They ill egin !o $eel insec#"e an& an.io#s ao#! ""eg#la" eg#la" o"' an& con!in#e& e%loy%en! i!h !he &ea"!%en!+ They ill o$!en e a%a9e& an& as!onishe& as so%e o$ !he !hings !hey ha*e e.e"ience& an& !he &ange"s !hey ha*e $ace&+ Us#ally, !hey1"e ca""ying !hei" on g#n a! !his oin! $o" e"sonal "o!ec!ion o" !hey1*e a""ange& so%e o!he" $o"% o$ !hei" on "i*a!e s#"*eillance an& "o!ec!ion $"o% "eal o" i%agine& &ange"s+ I$ a"anoia &e*elos, !he #n&e"co*e" oce" %ay s!a"! ha*ing &"ea%s ao#! engaging in c"i%inal ac!i*i!y+ ac!i*i!y+ They can1! hel i! eca#se s#conscio#sly !hey s#cc#% !o !e%!a!ion+ The "ole% is o"se in &"#g cases eca#se !he oce" %ay no! e #nale !o &ecline !he inhala!ion, inges!ion, o" in8ec!ion o$ con!"olle& s#s!ances, al!ho#gh y s!"ic! olicy, !hey sho#l& %a'e e*e"y a!!e%! !o a*oi& illegal cons#%!ion, e*en alcohol, &#"ing !he oe"a!ion+ Goe*e", i$ cons#%!ion occ#"s, one "#ns !he "is' o$ a&&ic!ion, an& !he "eal ossiil ossiili!y i!y o$ ne#"ological changes+ Anyone ho engages in a"!ician!-ose"*a!ion "#ns !he "is' o$ :going na!i*e:, an& i! !a'es !"e%en&o#s sel$-&isciline !o 'ee $"o% &oing so+ Many oce"s en& !hei" #n&e"co*e" assign%en! hen !hey $eel :#"ne& o#!: o" e."ess !hei" /"s! conce"n ao#! eing :%a&e: o" e."ess a &esi"e !o s#"$ace an& eco%e a "eg#la" oce"+ S#e"*iso"s no"%ally &o no! !"y !o !al' anyone in!o s!aying #n&e"co*e", al!ho#gh !he"e is so%e conce"n $o" he!he" o" no! !he a"o"ia!e cases ha*e een %a&e+ Mos! &ea"!%en!s allo a :&e"ie/ng: e"io& o$ !i%e !o hel !he% a&8#s! a$!e" co%ing o= #n&e"co*e" assign%en!s+ SELECTION OF UNDERCOVER OFFICERS In %any cases, !he #n&e"co*e" oce" is ne !o !he &ea"!%en!, an& so%e!hing ao#! !hei" :loo's :loo's:: %a'es s#e"*iso"s s#e"*iso"s $eel !hey a"e "igh! $o" !he 8o+ They %ay ha*e een in!e"*iee& an& i&en!i/e& $o" s#ch &#!y hile a!!en&ing !he !"aining aca&e%y o" hile ai!ing on so%e ci*il se"*ice eligiili!y lis!, #! gene"ally, !hey /nish # a "oo'ie yea" o" !o /"s! /"s! as a "eg#la" oce" oce"++ In "a"e cases, an alican! is so" so"n n in sec"e!ly y !he Chie$ an& Pe"sonnel Oce" !he /"s! &ay on !he 8o+ The &ea"!%en! %ay ha*e so%e secial nee& in an ongoing oe"a!ion $o" so%eone ho /!s !he :%ol&: an& a ne "ec"#i! %ay /! !he ill+ Rec"#i!s $"o% o#! o$ !on a"e so%e!i%es "e$e""e&, "e$e""e&, as a"e e!hnic-loo'ing "ec"#i!s i!h $o"eign $o"eign lang#age s'ills an& !he occasional $e%ale+ The "eason $o" #sing ne, ine.e"ience& oce"s is !ha! yo# %ay no! an! so%eone ho !hin's, loo's, an& ac!s li'e a co, esecially $o" in!e"nal a=ai"s a=ai"s oe"a!ions o" ce"!ain oli!ical !a"ge!s+ @o# an! so%eone ho has s!ill go! a ci*ilian %in&se!+ GO TO AVOID ?EIN; :MADE:\n#s! as so%e oce"s ha*e !he #ncanny aili!y !o so! c"i%inals, so%e c"i%inals ha*e !he #ncanny aili!y !o so! #n&e"co*e" o oce"s+ ce"s+ To !hings !ha! ill a#!o%a!ically !i any &"#g &eale" o= a"e (3) $a%ilia" c#s!o%e"s in!"o&#cing s!"ange"s ho an! !o #y &"#gs0 an& (6) s%all-!i%e #se"s ho s#&&enly an! !o #y la"ge 2#an!i!ies+ The i&ea ehin& "e2#es!s $o" la"ge 2#an!i!ies is !o $o"ce &eale"s !o con!ac! !hei" :connec!ion+: Mos! "o$essional c"i%inals a"e 'eenly 'eenly aa"e an& "ea&y $o" a!!e%!s !o :>i: !he% o*e" in!o eco%ing in$o"%an!s+ They ill e "ea"e& $o" !his i!h ail %oney se! asi&e an& a laye" on "e!aine" !o se! # an en!"a%en! &e$ense, g#a"an!ees o$ i%%#ni!y, an&<o" a "i!!en sala"y ag"ee%en!+ In!e"%e&ia!e le*el c"i%inals a"e also !he g"o# leas! li'ely li'ely !o ha*e a&&ic!ions o$ !hei" on+ To le*el c"i%inals ha"&ly e*e" %a'e %is %is!a'es+ !a'es+ The i%o"!ance o$ co%ining #n&e"co*e" !es!i%ony i!h !ae "eco"&ings o" *i&eo "eco"&ings canno! e o*e"s!a!e&, esecially hen &ealing i!h a sohis!ica!e& c"i%inal+ A! !he o!he" en& o$ !he sec!"#%, yo# ha*e e"e!"a!o"s ho a"e easily ca#gh! # in a :"e*e"se: oe"a!ion he"e !he olice oce" is !he one selling !he "o&#c!+ Pe"s ho #s#ally ge! ca#gh! # in !hese 'in& o$ #n&e"co*e" oe"a!ions a"e !he s%all $"ies o" :connec!ions: ho %a'e s!#i& %is!a'es+ Al%os! alays, !he %is!a' %is!a'es es a"e %a&e hile in!o.ica!e&, high, o" $a!ig#e& in so%e  ay ay++ Goe*e", e*en a! !his le*el, !he c"i%inal %ay %a'e so%e a!!e%! !o :*e"i$y: so%eone1s s!o"y, o" chec' !he #n&e"co*e" oce"1s co*e" co*e" o#!+ To o$ !he %os! co%%on !hings chec'e& o#! a"e $a%ily his!o"y an& e%loy%en!0 !hese, an& e"has, an ac2#ain!ance o" !o+ Go !he #n&e"co*e" oce" &"esses an& ha! !hey &"i*e a"e also $ac!o"s+ The clo!hing o$ &"#g a&&ic!s alays &oesn1! /! "igh! eca#se !hey1"e cons!an!ly losing o" gaining eigh!+ ?y con!"as!, %os! #n&e"co*e" oce"s can1! si%#la!e !his a"!ic#la" :/!: o$ clo!hing0 !hey1ll only loo' sloy an& ca""y !he%sel*es li'e !hey ha*e !hei" :s!"ee! #ni$o"%: on+ Sc"aggly ea"&s !ha! loo' "ecen!ly g"on also a"e a &ea& gi*eaay+ The ca"s !hey &"i*e a"e also !oo ell-%ain!aine&+ A &oe a&&ic!1s ca" #s#ally has !h"ee &i=e"en! !yes o$ !i"es, a #nch a ha%#"ge" "ae"s all o*e" !he insi&e, an& sc"ea%ing 'i&s in !he ac'+ The"e1s also !he ay #n&e"co*e" oce"s gi*e !he%sel*es aay i!h !hei" eyes+ Thei" eyes a"e !oo $#ll o$ li$e, an& !hey see% !o ea" s#nglasses all !he !i%e+ A &oe a&&ic!, on !he o!he" han&, ill o$!en s!#o"nly o" %asochis!ically lin& !he%sel*es y no! ea"ing s#nglasses e*en hen !hey sho#l&, an& !hei" eyes ill loo' s#n'en, li' li'e e !hey ha*en1! sle! in &ays+ O!he" co*e"-loing %o*es incl#&e eing !oo s#"e ao#! !he "ice0 cons!an!ly %a'ing hone calls &#"ing a &eal0 eing !oo o*e"eage" !o #y0 o=e"ing se. in e.change $o" &oing #siness0 eing !oo $a%ilia"0 an& eing !oo #n$a%ilia"+ INTERNET RESOURCESAssocia!ion RESOURCESAssocia!ion o$ Un&e"co*e" Oce"sCali$o"nia Oce"s Cali$o"nia Na"co!ic Oce"s Associa!ion Associa!ionCo%e!i!i*e Co%e!i!i*e In!elligence an& In!e"ne! In$o"%a!ion ;a! he"ing ;a!he" ingCons!i!#!ional Cons!i!#!ional ;#i&e !o Using Cell%a!e In$o"%an!s;o*e"n%en!ali!y In$o"%an!s ;o*e"n%en!ali!y an& !he a" on Te""o" F?I P"o8ec! Ca"ni*o"e Ca"ni*o"e Go%e Page o$ P"o$+ ;a"y Ma".Go Ma". Go !o So! Un&e "co*e" Agen!s Age n!sIn!e"na!ional In!e"na!ional Associa!ion o$ La En$o"ce%en! In!elligence Analys!s Analys!sIn!e"na!ional In!e"na!ional Associa!ion o$ Un&e"co*e" Oce" Oc e"s sIn*es!iga!i*e Reso#"ces an& P#lic Reco"&s on !he In!e"ne! In!e"ne!La La o$ Un&e"co*e" Un&e"co *e" Oe"a!ions Oe" a!ions Na!ional Associa!ion o$ Legal In*es!iga!o"s In*es!iga!o"sPolice Police Use o$ Con/&en!ial Con/&en !ial In$o"%an!s In$o"% an!s T T"ace "ace Anyo&y Online (Ne!-T"ace Peole Sea"ch)Un&e"co*e" Sea"ch)Un&e"co*e" School Oe"a!ions Oe"a!ionsUse Use o$ In$o"%an!s in F?I Do%es!ic In!elligence Oe"a!ions (Coin!el"o)\nBridging the Gap - Cointelpro Surveillance - Gang Stalking Informants\nSurveillance and Survival _ Frontline


Yellow Gold Glitter Vinyl - Embroidery Glitter Vinyl - Canvas Backed Glitter Vinyl - Applique Rainbow Glitter Vinyl - Embroidery Supplies from MonkaDunkSupplies on Etsy Studio\nYellow Gold Glitter Vinyl - Embroidery Glitter Vinyl - Canvas Backed Glitter Vinyl - Applique Rainbow Glitter Vinyl - Embroidery Supplies\nOne roll, approximately 12x52" of yellow gold glitter vinyl for embroidery appliques and in the hoop projects. This is great for towel peaker appliques, hair bows, and craft projects.\nSep 29, 2017 by Lesli Taylor\nGLITTER VINYL EMBROIDERY VINYL IN THE HOOP VINYL MARINE VINYL VINYL FOR EMBROIDERY SEWING VINYL TOWEL VINYL APPLIQUE GLITTER APPLIQUE VINYL GLITTER VINYL ROLLS TOWEL PEAKER VINYL HAIR BOW VINYL Gold Glitter Vinyl


Kll MKO-Hookldlmsdmhslglkolll Ohhgimd Iöhli ehlel dhme ha Eosl kll Mbbäll oa Sldmeäbll ha Eodmaaloemos ahl kll Hldmembboos sgo Mglgom-Amdhlo mod kll Egihlhh eolümh. Ll sllkl dlho Hookldlmsdamokml Lokl Mosodl ohlkllilslo ook mome ohmel alel bül klo oämedllo Hookldlms hmokhkhlllo, llhill Iöhli ma Dgoolms ahl. Eosilhme sllkl ll dlhol Ahlsihlkdmembl ho kll /MDO-Hookldlmsdblmhlhgo dgbgll hlloklo.\n© kem-hobgmga, kem:210307-99-722118/1


Friederike von Hessen-Darmstadt (1752–1782) - Wikipedia\nUr pennad Friederike von Hessen-Darmstadt zo ivez.\nAn Dug Karl II, Dug Mecklenburg-Strelitz, pried da Friedrike\nFriederike Caroline Luise von Hessen-Darmstadt (1752-1782 Hannover) a oa dugez Mecklenburg-Strelitz, mamm d'ar Rouanez Luise.\nFriederike a oa merc'h da Georg Wilhelm von Hessen-Darmstadt (1722–1782) ha d'e bried Maria Luise Albertine zu Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (1729–1818). He zad a oa mab da Ludwig VIII von Hessen-Darmstadt, ha d'ar gontez Maria Louise Albertine von Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg; he mamm a oa merc'h d'ar c'hont Christian Karl Reinhard von Leiningen-Dagsburg.\nDimeziñ a eure da 16 vloaz, e 1768, e kêr Darmstadt, da Karl II, Dug Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1741–1816), unnek vloaz koshoc'h egeti. Hennezh a oa gouarnour rouantelezh Hannover evit e vreur-kaer George III, a oa roue Bro-Saoz ha roue Hannover war un dro.\nDek bugel he deus bet:\nCharlotte (1769-1818), priñsez Sachsen-Hildburghausen;\nTherese ( 1773-1839), priñsez Thurn und Taxis\nFriedrich Georg Karl (1775- 1775)\nLuise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776- 1810), rouanez Prusia,\nFriederike von Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1778- 1841), rouanez Hannover\nGeorg (1779-1860), dug-meur Mecklenburg-Strelitz\nFriedrich Karl Ferdinand ( 1781-1783)\nAugusta Albertina (1782-1782)\nBrudet e oa kened he feder merc'h, Charlotte, Therese, Luise, ha Friederike.\nMervel a eure e Hannover, da 30 vloaz, goude ur gwilioud poanius ma varvas ar bugel.\nHe c'hoar Charlotte von Hessen-Darmstadt (1755–1785) a zimezas d'an intañv daou vloaz goude, e 1784, hag a varvas evelti da 30 vloaz, 2 vloaz goude, er gwentloù.\nEn 1794 e voe anvet he fried da zug Mecklenburg-Strelitz, evel Karl II, hag e 1815, e Kendalc'h Vienna, e voe anvet da zug-meur.\nHe merc'h Charlotte\nHe merc'h Therese\nHe merc'h Luise\nHe merc'h Friederike\nAdtapet diwar « https://br.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friederike_von_Hessen-Darmstadt_(1752–1782)&oldid=1954084 »


.: Portal Pez Disco :. - Parejas y Alevines - Categoría: Alevines de Discos - Imagen: Alevines Heckel Blue Face & Pigeon\nPágina de Inicio » Atlas » Parejas y Alevines » Alevines de Discos » Alevines Heckel Blue Face & Pigeon\nAlevines Heckel Blue Face & Pigeon\n3265 3265 3264 3264 3263 3263 3262 3262 2982 2982 2981 2981 2952 2952 2951 2951 2950 2950 2935 2935 2913 2913 2912 2912 2911 2911 2910 2910 2828 2828 2808 2808 2806 2806 2805 2805 2795 2795 2796 2796 2568 2568 2567 2567 2548 2548 2547 2547 2546 2546 2545 2545 2544 2544 2543 2543 2542 2542 2541 2541 2540 2540 2539 2539 2538 2538 2537 2537 2536 2536 2535 2535 2534 2534 2533 2533 2532 2532 2531 2531 2530 2530 2529 2529 2528 2528 2527 2527 2526 2526 2525 2525 2524 2524 2523 2523 2522 2522 2521 2521 2520 2520 2519 2519 2518 2518 2517 2517 2516 2516 2467 2467 2438 2438 2408 2408 1803 1803 1802 1802 816 816 817 817 818 818 819 819 820 820 821 821 822 822 823 823 824 824 825 825 826 826 827 827 828 828 829 829 830 830 831 831 832 832 833 833 834 834 835 835 836 836 837 837\nFotografía 82 de 225\nFotografía 84 de 225\n839 839 840 840 841 841 842 842 843 843 844 844 845 845 846 846 847 847 848 848 849 849 850 850 851 851 852 852 853 853 854 854 855 855 856 856 857 857 858 858 859 859 861 861 863 863 864 864 865 865 866 866 867 867 868 868 869 869 870 870 871 871 872 872 873 873 874 874 875 875 876 876 967 967 877 877 878 878 879 879 880 880 881 881 882 882 883 883 884 884 885 885 886 886 887 887 888 888 889 889 890 890 891 891 892 892 893 893 894 894 895 895 896 896 897 897 898 898 899 899 900 900 901 901 902 902 903 903 904 904 905 905 906 906 1219 1219 1221 1221 1425 1425 1226 1226 1227 1227 1228 1228 1239 1239 1240 1240 1241 1241 1247 1247 1248 1248 1354 1354 1355 1355 1363 1363 1364 1364 1365 1365 1366 1366 1367 1367 1368 1368 1454 1454 1455 1455 1460 1460 1461 1461 1474 1474 1475 1475 1476 1476 1477 1477 1478 1478 1479 1479 1480 1480 1481 1481 1509 1509 1513 1513 1514 1514 1515 1515 1516 1516 1517 1517 1596 1596 1597 1597 1598 1598 1599 1599 1600 1600 1601 1601 1634 1634 1635 1635 1636 1636 1637 1637 1638 1638 1656 1656 1657 1657 1658 1658 1659 1659 1790 1790 1791 1791 1792 1792 1793 1793 1797 1797 1798 1798 1799 1799 1800 1800 1813 1813 1814 1814 1815 1815 1816 1816 1891 1891 1912 1912 1988 1988 1989 1989 2060 2060 2061 2061 2176 2176 2244 2244 2245 2245 2263 2263 2264 2264


Laurent Gerra - François Hollande - Drucker - 21 septembre 2013\nLaurent Gerra - François Hollande - Drucker - 21 septembre 2013 dans tele-cinema\nLe 21 septembre 2013, 22:00 par\nGerra hollande, gerra drucker hollande, gerra hollande drucker. Drucker - 21 septembre 2013 - Laurent Gerra - François Hollande\nCet article parle de gerra hollande drucker 21 septembre, hollande par laurent gerra emission drucker, laurent gerra drucker septembre, laurent gerra françois hollande drucker, laurent gerra hollande drucker.\nChemisier Gypsy Pompoms\nSauce béchamel végétalienne\ngerra hollande | gerra drucker hollande | gerra hollande drucker | gerra hollande drucker 21 septembre | hollande par laurent gerra emission drucker | laurent gerra drucker septembre | laurent gerra françois hollande drucker | laurent gerra hollande drucker\nVendredi 25 Mai 2018 - On mange quoi (ce soir) ? Idées de repas / Menu de la...


Date:12/19/2014 10:20:18 AM\nHere's a vote 4 uI am glad I met you, little Willow Robo! You have brought a cheery smile to my morning. :O>


SGS Pakistan - IATF 16949:2016 – Automotive Quality Management Systems – Lead Auditor Course - Training Services\nHomeTraining ServicesIndustry Based TrainingAutomotiveIATF 16949:2016 – Automotive Quality Management Systems – Lead Auditor Course\nIATF 16949:2016 Lead AuditorCourseIATF 16949: 2016 Lead Auditor CourseSatisfy the IATF standard clauses. ...\nIntroduction to IATF 16949:2016Module 1Introduction to IATF 16949:2016 - Module 1The Introduction to IATF 16949:2016 Module 1 Course consists of 4 sessions.In order to fully complete the course and understand the IATF ...\nInternal Auditing IATF 16949:2016Module 2Internal Auditing IATF 16949:2016 – Module 2IATF 16949, IATF I6949:2016 lead auditor training, IATF I6949:2016 lead auditor course, IATF 16949:2016 training ...\nIATF 16949:2016 TransitionBrochureIATF 16949:2016 Transition BrochureIATF 16949:2016 is scheduled for release by the International Automotive Task Force (IATF) on 1 October 2016. This version will eventually fully ...\nInternal Auditing IATF 16949:2016