SciELO - Brazil - Chlorococcales sensu latu (Chlorophyceae) de um ecossistema lótico subtropical, estado do Paraná, Brasil Chlorococcales sensu latu (Chlorophyceae) de um ecossistema lótico subtropical, estado do Paraná, Brasil\nArtigos • Hoehnea 41 (3) • Set 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062014000300010 copiar\nChlorococcales sensu latu (Chlorophyceae) de um ecossistema lótico subtropical, estado do Paraná, Brasil\nChlorococcales sensu latu (Chlorophyceae) from a subtropical lotic ecosystem, Paraná state, Brazil\nO presente trabalho objetivou realizar o levantamento taxonômico das Chlorococcales do rio Cascavel, município de Cascavel Estado do Paraná ou PR, Brasil. As coletas do material biológico (perifítico, metafítico e fitoplanctônico) foram realizadas mensalmente de julho de 2010 a junho de 2011, em três estações de amostragem ao longo do rio. Este trabalho resultou na identificação de 30 táxons, distribuídos em 16 gêneros (Desmodesmus (8) e Pediastrum (4) foram os que apresentaram o maior número de espécies) e seis famílias taxonômicas. Um total de cinco novas citações foi registrado para o Estado do Paraná: Chlorotetraedron incus (Teiling) Kom, Desmodesmus pseudodenticulatus (Hegew.) Hegew., Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Naum.) Kom. & Perm., Oocystis marssonii Lemm. e Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum West & G.S. West.\nalgas verdes; fitoplâncton; perifíton; taxonomia\nThis study aimed to perform the taxonomic survey of Chlorococcales from Cascavel River, municipality of Cascavel, Paraná State, Brazil. Samples of the biological material (periphytic, metaphytic and phytoplanktonic) were collected monthly from July 2010 to June 2011, in three sampling stations along of the river. This paper resulted in the identification of 30 taxa, belonging to 16 genera (Desmodesmus (8) and Pediastrum (4) were the ones that presented the largest number of species) and six taxonomic families. A total of five new citations were recorded for the Paraná State: Chlorotetraedron incus (Teiling) Kom, Desmodesmus pseudodenticulatus (Hegew.) Hegew., Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Naum.) Kom. & Perm., Oocystis marssonii Lemm. and Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum West & G.S. West.\ngreen algae; periphyton; phytoplankton; taxonomy\nIUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Rua Universitária, 2019, Jardim Universitário, 85819110 Cascavel, PR, Brasil\nIIUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Rua Universitária, 2019, Jardim Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brasil\nPalavras-chave: algas verdes, fitoplâncton, perifíton, taxonomia\nKeywords: green algae, periphyton, phytoplankton, taxonomy\nA Classe Chlorophyceae pode ser considerada um dos grupos mais abundantes e diversificados em número de espécies planctônicas em águas continentais brasileiras (Tucci et al. 2006, Rodrigues et al. 2010), destacando-se dentro desta Classe as Ordens Chlorococcales e Volvocales (Komárek & Fott 1983, Comas 1996).\nA Ordem Chlorococcales é composta por aproximadamente 215 gêneros e 1.000 espécies, sendo considerado um grupo heterogêneo de algas devido a sua diversificada morfologia celular, possuindo indivíduos esféricos, fusiformes, ovalados e espiralados (Komárek & Fott 1983).\nGrupo bastante representativo no fitoplâncton e muito importante na produção primária dos ambientes aquáticos (Hoek et al. 1995), as Chlorococcales habitam preferencialmente ambientes mesotróficos e eutróficos, sendo sua ocorrência influenciada ainda por fatores como incidência luminosa e temperatura presentes nos ecossistemas aquáticos (Treviño 2008). Deste modo, exercem papel importante na identificação de alterações nesses ambientes, como contaminações, possíveis efeitos tóxicos ou até mesmo grandes quantidades de nutrientes, sendo utilizadas como indicadores biológicos de qualidade da água (Comas 1996).\nOs autores Komárek & Fott (1983), em sua obra largamente utilizada na sistemática e taxonomia das algas verdes, classificam a ordem Chlorococcales dentro da classe Chlorophyceae (Domingues & Torgan 2012). Entretanto, com o aprimoramento das técnicas em estudos moleculares, o que se tem observado é que as Chlorococcales lato sensu formam um grupo polifilético, abrangendo tanto organismos da classe Chlorophyceae (ordens Sphaeropleales; famílias Hydrodictyaceae, Neochloridaceae, Scenedesmaceae, Selenastraceae) quanto da Trebouxiophyceae (famílias Botryococcaceae, Chlorellaceae e Oocystaceae) (Hentschke & Torgan 2010, Domingues & Torgan 2012).\nTrabalhos taxonômicos e/ou ecológicos realizados no Estado do Paraná, que abordam as clorofíceas de uma maneira geral, bem como os representantes da ordem Chlorococcales, somam um total de aproximadamente 14 contribuições, podendo ser citados: Lozovei & Hohmann (1977), em biótopos de larvas de mosquito em Curitiba; Train et al. (2001) e Train et al. (2003), nos sub-sistemas Paraná, Ivinhema e Baia; Cetto et al. (2004), no Reservatório do Iraí; Rodrigues et al. (2005), Train et al. (2005), Algarte et al. (2006) e Biolo & Rodrigues (2011), no Alto rio Paraná; Moresco & Bueno (2007) e Menezes et al. (2011), no Lago Municipal de Cascavel; Biolo et al. (2009), no Reservatório de Itaipu; Bortolini et al. (2010b), no rio São João e por último, Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012), no tributário de Rosana (ribeirão do Corvo) e rio do Corvo.\nCom isso, o presente trabalho objetivou realizar um inventário taxonômico das Chlorococcales latu sensu do rio Cascavel, região oeste do Estado do Paraná.\nO rio Cascavel (24º32'-25º17'S e 53º05'-53º50'W) constitui-se como um importante recurso hídrico da região oeste do Estado do Paraná, sendo utilizado para captação de água pela Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná - SANEPAR (Sanepar 2011) e como fonte de abastecimento para a população local (Cascavel 2011). As coletas do material biológico foram realizadas em três estações de amostragem ao longo do rio Cascavel (figura 1), de julho de 2010 a junho de 2011, totalizando 108 amostras (três amostras para cada trecho do rio). Segue abaixo a caracterização das estações de coleta:\nEstação P-1 (nascente do rio Cascavel - trecho da região litorânea do lago Municipal com características semi-lênticas e maior profundidade): amostras metafíticas e fitoplanctônicas foram coletadas por meio da passagem de frascos abertos na subsuperfície da coluna d'água, próximo a gramíneas desenvolvidas às margens do lago.\nEstação P-2 (área urbana, próximo à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - Unioeste): o rio apresenta características de riacho, com reduzida profundidade e maior velocidade de correnteza da água, dessa maneira, amostras perifíticas (epilíton) foram coletas em seixos (cerca de dois por amostra).\nEstação P-3 (área rural, próximo a SANEPAR): foram coletadas amostras fitoplanctônicas por meio de arrastos horizontais da rede de plâncton (aproximadamente 25 µm de abertura de malha). Neste trecho o rio apresenta características semi-lóticas e aproximadamente 1,5 metros de profundidade.\nAs amostras foram acondicionadas em frascos de plástico com capacidade de 300 mL e preservadas com solução Transeau na proporção de 1:1, segundo Bicudo & Menezes (2006).\nPara as análises qualitativas foram preparadas lâminas temporárias, em média 10 lâminas por amostra ou até não ocorrerem táxons diferentes. As análises de morfometria e fotografia das microalgas foram realizadas em microscópio trinocular com óptica de correção infinita, marca Olympus, modelo CX31, com câmera fotográfica acoplada. O enquadramento sistemático e taxonômico para os táxons identificados foi realizado com base na literatura clássica de Komárek & Fott (1983), bem como em trabalhos científicos recentes como Hegewald et al. (2010) e Krienitz & Bock (2012).\nO material biológico coletado encontra-se depositado no Herbário da UNIOESTE/Campus Cascavel (UNOP). As medidas (em µm) estão representadas pelos símbolos: C. cél: comprimento da célula; L. cél: largura da célula; Ce: cenóbio; E: espinho e D: diâmetro. A distribuição geográfica e os dados morfométricos foram registrados para todos os táxons. Descrições foram feitas apenas para os táxons primeiramente citados para o Estado do Paraná.\nO levantamento taxonômico da ordem Chlorococcales sensu latu possibilitou a identificação de seis famílias e 16 gêneros (tabela 1), quais foram: Botryococaceae (Chlorella), Chlorellaceae (Ankistrodesmus, Chlorotetraedron, Monoraphidium e Tetraedron), Coelastraceae (Coelastrum), Golenkiniaceae (Golenkinia), Hydrodictyaceae (Pediastrum e Stauridium), Oocystaceae (Oocystis) e Scenedesmaceae (Comasiella, Crucigenia, Crucigeniella, Desmodesmus, Scenedesmus e Tetrastrum). Os gêneros com o maior número de espécies foram Desmodesmus (oito) e Pediastrum (quatro).\nTrinta táxons foram identificados (tabela 1), sendo cinco destes novos registros para o Estado do Paraná: Chlorotetraedron incus (Teiling) Kom., Desmodesmus pseudodenticulatus (Hegew.) Hegew., Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Naum.) Kom. & Perm., Oocystis marssonii Lemm. e Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum West & West.\nChlorella chlorelloides (Naum.) Bock, Krien & Prosch, 2011 ≡ Brachionococcus chlorelloides Naum., p. 15. 1919.\nCélulas esféricas, 3,5-4,8 µm de compr., 2,8-3,8 µm de larg., ligadas entre si por cordões mucilaginosos em forma de cálice, formando colônias gelatinosas com indivíduos livre-flutuantes; mucilagem hialina. Cloroplasto com um pirenoide por célula.\nDe acordo com Krienitz & Bock (2012), a partir de estudos moleculares, Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Naum.) recebeu uma nova nomenclatura, sendo denominado atualmente como Chlorella chlorelloides (Naum.) Bock.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3191), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3195), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3275), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3278), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3386), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3424), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3494), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3496), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3691), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3693), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3695).\nAnkistrodesmus bibraianus (Reins.) Korsh., Protococcineae 302, fig. 265. 1953 ≡ Selenastrum bibraianum Reins., Algenfl. Franken. 64. 1867.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 12,2-14,0 µm; L. cél = 3,1-3,6 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Train et al. (2003) e Bortolini et al. (2010b).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel: 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557).\nAnkistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs, Brit Desm.,180, pl. 34, figs. a-c. 1848 ≡ Micrasterias falcata Corda, Alman. Carlsbad 5: 206, pl. II, fig. 29. 1835.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 33,6-35,2 µm; L. cél = 1,5-1,8 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Bittencourt-Oliveira (1997), Train et al. (2001), Bittencourt-Oliveira (2002), Algarte et al. (2006) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel: 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689).\nAnkistrodesmus fusiformis Corda, Alman. Carlsbad. 8: 197, pl. 2, fig. 18. 1838.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 35,1-40,8 µm; L. cél = 1,4-1,7 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Rodrigues & Train (1993), Train et al. (2001), Cetto et al. (2004), Algarte et al. (2006), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010), Menezes et al. (2011) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3275), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3692).\nChlorotetraedron incus (Teiling) Kom & Kovácik, Preslia, 57: 295. 1985 ≡ Tetraedron regulare var. incus (Teling) G. M. Smith.\nCélula isolada, 14,1-15,0 de compr., 15,1-18,2 µm de larg., livre flutuante, tetraédrica, ornamentada com 4 espinhos cônicos, hialinos, afilando-se gradualmente em direção ao ápice. Cloroplasto único parietal, 1 pirenoide.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488).\nMonoraphidium arcuatum (Korsh.) Hind., Algol. Stud. 1: 19. 1970 ≡ Ankistrodesmus arcuatus Korsh., Protococcineae, p. 296, fig. 257. 1953.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 52,2-70,4 µm; L. cél = 1,8-3,5 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Train et al. (2001), Train et al. (2003), Silva et al. (2005), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3192), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3193), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3195), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3196), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3197), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3236), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3240), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3274), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3275), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3317), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3322), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3386), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3424), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3429), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3430), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3492), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3495), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3560), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3565), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3617), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3618), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3619), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3621), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3622), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3892), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3693), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3695), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3696).\nTetraedron caudatum (Corda) Hansg., Hedwigia 27: 131. 1888.\nMorfometria: C. cél ≈ 7,1 µm; L. cél ≈ 8,4 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Rodrigues & Train (1993), Train et al. (2003), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271).\nTetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansg., Hedwigia, 27: 131. 1988: 591. 1888 ≡ Polyedrium minimum A. Braun, Alg. Unicell: 94. 1855.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 7,6-8,4 µm; L. cél = 7,2-8,2 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Train et al. (2001), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3318), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3382), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3429), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3693), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3697).\nCoelastrum reticulatum var. cubanum Kom., J., Preslia, Praha, 47: 277, fig. 4. 1975.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 9,6-16,7 µm; L.-cél-= 10,9-16,1-µm; Ce = 20,7-34,0 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Rodrigues & Train (1993).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL, PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3125), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3126), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3145), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3148), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3149), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3192), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3195), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3196), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3197), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3237), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3242), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3277), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3386), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3388), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3496), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687).\nCoelastrum pulchrum Schmid., var. pulchrum Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., 10 (4): 206, pl. 11, figs. 1-2. 1892.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 12,5-17,8 µm; L. cél = 13,2-18,8 µm; Ce = 31,5-57,4 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Oliveira et al. (1994), Picelli-Vicentim et al. (2001), Biolo et al. (2009), Bortolini et al. (2010b) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3617), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3691).\nCoelastrum proboscideum Bohl. in Wittr., Nordst. & Lagerh., Alg. Aquae dulc. Exsicc. 26: 1240. 1896.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 5,8-7,4 µm; L. cél = 6,1-8,7 µm; Ce = 15,6-18,7 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Lozovei & Luz (1976).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3429), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3561).\nGolenkinia radiata Chod., J. Bot., 8: 305, pl. 3, fig. 1-14. 1894.\nMorfometria: D ≈ 9,4 µm; E ≈ 21,1 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Bittencourt-Oliveira (2002), Train et al. (2003), Borges et al. (2008), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383).\nPediastrum argentiniense Bourr. et Tell in Tell, G. Rev. Algol, Paris. N.S. 14(1): 43, fig. 15. 1979.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 21,5 µm; L. cél = 15,2 µm; Diâmetro do Ce = 120,9-167,1 µm.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3386).\nPediastrum duplex var. duplex Meyen, Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol. 14: 772, pl. 43, fig. 6-20. 1829.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 7,8-17,1 µm; L. cél = 9,2-15,4 µm; Diâmetro do Ce = 39,2-81,2 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Rodrigues & Train (1993), Oliveira et al. (1994), Bittencourt-Oliveira (1997), Picelli-Vicentim et al. (2001), Train et al. (2001), Borges et al. (2003), Biolo et al. (2009), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010), e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3145), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3149), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3150), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3196), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3277), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689).\nPediastrum duplex Meyen var. gracillimum West & West, J. Bot. 33: 52. 1895 ≡ Lacunastrum gracillimum (West & West), H. McManus. 1895.\nCenóbios planos e circulares, com diâmetro ca. 37,9 µm, formados por 8-16-32 células ca. 8,2 µm de compr., ca. 6,2 µm de larg., dispostas em círculo concêntrico, com espaços intercelulares presentes; células externas poligonais, com dois processos cilíndricos com ápices truncados; células unidas pelas bases; células internas em forma retangulares de "H". Cloroplasto único parietal estendendo-se por todo o processo, 1 pirenoide central por célula.\nDe acordo com Rosini et al. (2012), P. duplex var. gracillimum difere da variedade típica da espécie pelo formato das células. Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum Meyen apresenta células marginais com processos cilíndricos, alongados e estreitos, e células centrais com as mesmas características, enquanto que a variedade duplex possui seus processos levemente cônicos, curtos e alargados.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3322).\nPediastrum longecornutum (Gutw.) Comas, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 82 (Algol. Stud. 55): 142. 1989 ≡ Pediastrum biradiatum var. longecornutum (Gutw.) Comas. 1989.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 8,6-13,3 µm; L. cél = 9,2-14,9 µm; Diâmetro do Ce = 26,2-39,2 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3193), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n.(UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F. G. S Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689).\nStauridium tetras (Ehrenb.) Hegew. in Buchh. et al., J. Phycol., 41: 1051. 2005 ≡ Micrasterias tetras Ehrenb., Infusionsthierchen 1:155. 1838.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 7,1-13,2 µm; L. cél = 7,0-15,8 µm; Ce = 19,2-34,3 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: exceto nos trabalhos de Bortolini et al. (2010a) e Menezes et al. (2011), Stauridium tetras ainda foi mencionado como Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenb.) Ralfs nos demais estudos: Lozovei & Luz (1976), Lozovei & Hohmann (1977), Picelli-Vicentim (1986), Rodrigues & Train (1993), Oliveira et al. (1994), Train et al. (2001), Train et al. (2003), Cetto et al. (2004), Algarte et al. (2006), Borges et al. (2008) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3126), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3145), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3191), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3193), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3237), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3274), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3275), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3496), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3617), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3619), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3621), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623).\nOocystis marssonii Lemm., Bot. Centralbl. 76: 151. 1898.\nCélulas elipsoidais, 8,9-9,7 µm de compr., 4,8-5,7 µm de larg., dispostas em mucilagem com duas proeminências levemente pontiagudas em ambos os pólos. Cloroplasto único, parietal, estendendo-se por todo a célula, 1 pirenoide central.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 1-IX-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623).\nComasiella arcuata (Lemm.) Hegew., Wolf, Keller & Krienitz var. platydisca (G.M. Smith) Hegew., Phycol., 49(4): 332. 2010 ≡ Scenedesmus arcuatus var. platydiscus G. M. Smith, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., 18: 451, pl. 30, fig. 101-105. 1916.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 7,2-11,0 µm; L. cél = 3,8-6,2 µm; Ce = 13,7-26,6 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Menezes et al. (2011) - Ainda citado como Scenedesmus arcuatus var. platydiscus.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3149), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3196), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3237), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3424), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3622).\nDe acordo com Domingues & Torgan (2012), Scenedesmus arcuatus (Lemm.) Lemm. var. platydiscus G.M. Smith é basônimo de Comasiella arcuata Hegew., Wolf, Keller, Friedl & Krienitz, um novo gênero proposto por Hegewald. et al. (2010), a partir de determinações moleculares.\nCrucigenia tetrapedia (Kirch.) West & West, Trans-Roy. Irish Acad.: série B, 32: 62. 1902.\nMorfometria: C ≈ 3,0 µm; L ≈ 4,7 µm; Ce ≈ 7,0 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Moraes et al. (1997), Train et al. (2000), Borges et al. (2003), Train et al. (2003) e Borges et al. (2008).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687).\nCrucigeniella pulchra (West & West) J. Kom., Arch. Protistenk. 116: 39. 1974 ≡ Crucigenia pulchra West & West, p. 63. 1902.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 5,8-6,9 µm; L. cél = 4,0-6,6 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Train et al. (2000, 2003).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379).\nDesmodesmus abundans (Kirch.) Hegew., Algol. Stud., 96: 1. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus caudatus Corda f. abundans Kirch., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien. 2(1): 98. 1878.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 6,8-7,4 µm; L. cél = 2,7-3,3 µm; E = 5,5-6,4 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Bortolini et al. (2010b) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3382), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3384), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687).\nDesmodesmus armatus (Chod.) Hegew. Algol. Stud. 96: 2. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus hystrix Lagerh. var. armatus R. Chod., Alg. Vert. de Suisse. 215, fig. 140.1920.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 8,2-12,1 µm; L. cél = 2,6-4,3 µm; E = 6,5-15,7 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: nos trabalhos de Lozovei & Luz (1976) e Cetto et al. (2004), ainda citado como Scenedesmus quadricauda Chod., Moresco & Bueno (2007), Biolo et al. (2009), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010), Menezes et al. (2011) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3145), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3148), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3150), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3195), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3237), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3274), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3277), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3318), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3319), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3321), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3322), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3386), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3388), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3495), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3496), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3559), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3560), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3561), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3618), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3623), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3691), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3692).\nDesmodesmus armatus (Gugl.) Hegew. var. bicaudatus, Algol. Stud. 96: 4. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus acutiformis Schröd. var. bicaudatus Gugl., Nuova Notarisia 21: 31. 1910.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 8,1-11,1 µm; L. cél = 2,4-4,0 µm; E = 8,3-9,8 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: exceto nos trabalhos de Moresco & Bueno (2007), Bortolini et al. (2008), Biolo et al. (2009), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010), Menezes et al. (2011) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012), Desmodesmus armatus ainda foi citado como Scenedesmus bicaudatus (Hansg.) R. Chord. nos estudos de Train et al. (2001, 2003), Borges et al. (2003) e Algarte et al. (2006).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP 3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP 3145), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3148), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3150), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3193), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3274), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3277), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3424), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3426), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP 3561), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3617), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3621), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3622), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3692), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3693).\nDesmodesmus communis (Hegew.) Hegew., Algol. Stud. 96: 8. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus communis Hegew., Algol.Stud. 19: 151, fig. 12-13. 1977.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 12,3-22,3 µm; L. cél = 5,6-8,6 µm; E = 8,7-17,5 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Rodrigues & Train (1993), Oliveira et al. (1994), Picelli-Vicentim et al. (2001), Moresco & Bueno (2007), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Menezes et al. (2011).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3142), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3192), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3269), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3274), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3279), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3321), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3383), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3388), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3420), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3426), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3488), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3491), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3494), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3618), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689).\nDesmodesmus denticulatus (Lagerh.) An, Friedl et Hegew., Algol. Stud. 96: 9. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus denticulatus Lagerh., Öfv. Kgl- Svensk.Vetensk. Akad. Förh. 39(2): 61, pl. 2, fig. 13-16. 1882.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 9,5-14,3µm; L. cél = 4,1-7,2 µm; Ce = 11,0-27,0 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: exceto os trabalhos de Moresco & Bueno (2007), Biolo et al. (2009), Bortolini et al. (2010b), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010), Menezes et al. (2011) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012); Desmodesmus denticulatus ainda foi citado como Scenedesmus denticulatus (Lagerh.) nos estudos de Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Oliveira et al. (1994), Train et al. (2001), Train et al. (2003) e Algarte et al. (2006).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G. S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3149), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3617).\nDesmodesmus maximus (West & West) Hegew., Algol. Stud. 96: 13. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. var. maximus West & West, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.: série Botânica, 5: 83. 1895\nMorfometria: C. cél = 12,7-21,0 µm; L. cél = 5,4-7,2 µm; E = 13,0-18,2 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Train et al. (2001), Train et al. (2003); citado como Scenedesmus quadricauda e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3121), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3140), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3275), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3382), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3691), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3693).\nSegundo Godinho et al. (2010), Desmodesmus maximus (West & West) Hegew. pode ser confundida com D. communis Hegew., por apresentar tamanhos celulares semelhantes. Alguns indivíduos podem ser encontrados ainda com ausência de dentículos e verrugas na parede celular externa e ausência de espinhos nas células internas, caracterizando a var. maximus.\nDesmodesmus pseudodenticulatus (Hegew.) Hegew., Algol. Stud. 96: 16. 2000 ≡ Scenedesmus pseudodenticulatus Hegew. in Hegew. & Schnepf, Algol. Stud. 20: 312, 315, fig. 6-17. 1978.\nCélulas oblongas, 8,4-9,8 µm de compr., 2,9-4,1 µm de larg., pólos celulares arredondados ou, às vezes, truncados; ausência de costelas. Cenóbio de 12,0-14,6 µm. Parede celular com margens decoradas com pequenos espinhos independentes e distantes uns dos outros. Cloroplasto com 1 pirenoide por célula.\nSegundo Bortolini et al. (2010b) e Godinho et al. (2010), D. pseudodenticulatus pode ser confundido com D. serratus (Corda) An, Friedl & Hegew., já que ambos possuem espinhos, bem como morfologia celulares semelhantes; no entanto, em D. serratus as células apresentam-se elípticas a ovaladas, com costelas que cortam toda a parede celular enquanto que D. pseudodenticulatus apresenta células oblongas com pólos arredondados a levemente truncados, não possuindo costelas.\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3123), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3144), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3146), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3236), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3242), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3425), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3556), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3561), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3687), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688).\nScenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz. var. dimorphus (Turp.) Hansg., Arch. naturw. Landesdurchf.Böhmen. 6: 116. 1888 ≡ Achnanthes dimorpha Turp., Mém. Mus. Hist. Natur., Paris 16: 313, pl. 13, fig. 12, 1828.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 9,0-22,9 µm; L. cél = 2,4-4,8 µm; Ce = 10,8-18,8 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: exceto nos trabalho de Bortolini et al. (2010b) e Menezes et al. (2011), Scenedesmus obliquus var. dimorphus é citado como Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerh.) e/ou Scenedesmus acutus (Meyen) nos demais estudos: Picelli-Vicentim (1987), Rodrigues & Train (1993), Oliveira et al. (1994), Bittencourt-Oliveira (1997), Train et al. (2001), Borges et al. (2003), Train et al. (2003), Cetto et al. (2004), Algarte et al. (2006), Moresco & Bueno (2007), Borges et al. (2008), Felisberto & Rodrigues (2010) e Felisberto & Rodrigues (2012).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3119), 29-VII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3122), 1-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3141), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3187), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3188), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3189), 27-IX-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3197), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3232), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3233), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3234), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3236), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3237), 28-X-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3238), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3270), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3271), 24-XI-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3273), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3314), 13-XII-2010, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3315), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3378), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3379), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3380), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3421), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3422), 14-II-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3424), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3486), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3555), 18-IV-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3557), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3613), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3614), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3615), 16-V-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3621), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3688), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3689), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3691), 13-VI-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3692).\nTetrastrum heteracanthum (Nordst.) R. Chod., Bull. Herb. Boiss., Genéve, 3: 113. 1895 ≡ Staurogenia heteracanthum Nordst. 1882.\nMorfometria: C. cél = 4,7-5,0 µm; L. cél = 5,7-5,9 µm.\nDistribuição geográfica no Estado do Paraná: Train et al. (2001).\nMaterial Examinado: BRASIL. PARANÁ: Cascavel, rio Cascavel, 13-XII-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3313), 18-I-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3388), 14-III-2011, V.C. Menezes & F.G.S. Pinto s.n. (UNOP3487).\nRelacionando a porcentagem de ocupação de cada táxon da Ordem Chlorococcales em relação aos habitats estudados, foram registrados três táxons (10%) exclusivos para perifíton e metafíton (estação P1): Ankistrodesmus bibraianus, A. falcatus e Tetraedron caudatum; somente um táxon exclusivo (3,3%) para o perifíton e fitoplâncton (estação P2): Golenkinia radiata, e dois táxons (6,6%) para o fitoplâncton (estação P3): Pediastrum argentiniense e P. duplex var. gracillimum. De uma maneira geral, grande parte das espécies ocorreu nas três estações de amostragem, com seus respectivos tipos de comunidades (perifíton, metafíton e fitoplâncton), totalizando 53,3% dos táxons observados (16).\nOs resultados obtidos corroboram com a literatura, que traz as Chlorococcales como sendo uma Ordem que se destaca por sua grande representatividade, diversidade e riqueza de táxons, quando comparada aos demais grupos de algas (Tucci et al., 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2010; Rosini et al., 2012), possuindo distribuição cosmopolita, podendo ser encontrados no plâncton, perifíton e metafíton (Comas 1996).\nAs Autoras agradecem ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, pelo apoio financeiro cedido à primeira Autora por meio da concessão de bolsa de iniciação científica/UNIOESTE/PIBICT/CNPq.\nBicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, M. 2006. Gêneros de algas de águas continentais do Brasil: chave para identificação e descrições. RiMa, São Carlos.\nBiolo, S., Siqueira, N.S. & Bueno, N.C. 2009. Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae) de um tributário do Reservatório de Itaipu, Paraná, Brasil. Hoehnea 36: 667-678.\nBiolo, S. & Rodrigues, L. 2011. Composição de algas perifíticas (exceto Bacillariophyceae) em distintos substratos naturais de um ambiente semilótico, planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 34: 307-319.\nBittencourt-Oliveira, M.C. 1997. Fitoplâncton do rio Tibagi, Estado do Paraná, Brasil: Nostocophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae e Tribophyceae. Hoehnea 24: 1-20.\nBittencourt-Oliveira, M.C. 2002. A comunidade fitoplanctônica do rio Tibagi: uma abordagem preliminar de sua diversidade. In: M.M. Medri, E. Bianchini, O.A. Shibatta & J.A. Pimenta (orgs.). A Bacia do rio Tibagi. FUEL, Londrina.\nBorges, P.A.F., Rodrigues, C.L., Pagioro, T.A. & Train, S. 2003. Spatial variation of phytoplankton and some abiotic variables in the Pirapó River - PR (Brazil) in August 1999: a preliminary study. Acta Scientiarium. Biological Sciences 25: 1-8.\nBorges, P.A.F., Train, S. & Rodrigues, L.C. 2008. Estrutura do fitoplâncton, em curto período de tempo, em um braço do reservatório de Rosana (ribeirão do Corvo, Paraná, Brasil). Acta Scientiarium. Biological Sciences 30: 57-65.\nBortolini, J.C., Moresco, C., Siqueira, N.S., Biolo, S., Meurer,T. & Bueno, N.C. 2008. Desmidiaceae do Lago Municipal de Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 6: 19-21.\nBortolini, J.C., Bueno, N.C., Moresco, C., Biolo, S. & Siqueira, N.S. 2010a. Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs (Desmidiaceae) em um lago artificial urbano, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biociências 8: 229-237.\nBortolini, J.C., Meurer, T., Godinho, L.R., & Bueno, N.C. 2010b. Chlorococcales planctônicas do rio São João, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil. Hoehnea 37: 315-330.\nCascavel. Portal do município de Cascavel. Disponível em: http://www.cascavel.pr.gov.br/indicadores.php (acesso em 23-VII-2011).\nComas González, A. 1996. Las Chlorococcales dulciacuícolas de Cuba. In: Bibliotheca Phycologica (L. Kies & R. Schnetter, eds.) J. Cramer, Stuttgart, v.99.\nDomingues, C.D. & Torgan, L.C. 2012. Chlorophyta de um lago artificial hipereutrófico no sul do Brasil. Iheringia. Serie Botânica 67: 75-91.\nFelisberto, S.A. & Rodrigues, L. 2010. Periphytic algal community in artificial and natural substratum in a tributary of the Rosana reservoir (Corvo Stream, Paraná State, Brazil). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 32: 373-385.\nGodinho, L.R., Gonzáles, A.C. & Bicudo, C.E.M. 2010. Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Algas, 30: Chlorophyceae (família Scenedesmaceae). Hoehnea 37: 513-553.\nHentschke, G.S. & Torgan, L.C. 2010. Chlorococcales latu sensu (Chlorophyceae, excl. Desmodesmus e Scenedesmus) em ambientes aquáticos na Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia. Serie Botânica 65: 87-100.\nHegewald, E., Wolf, M., Keller, A., Friedl, T. & Krienitz, L. 2010. ITS2 sequence-structure phylogeny in the Scenedesmaceae with special reference to Coelastrum (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae), including the new genera Comasiella and Pectinodesmus Phycologia, 49: 325-335.\nHoek, C., Mann, D.G & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An introduction to phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nKomárek, J. & Fott, B. 1983. Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen), Ordiniung: Chlorococcales. In: Das Phytoplankton des Süsswasser: systematik und biologie. (G. Huber Pestalozzi, H. Heynig & D. Mollenhauer,eds.). Schweizerbart`sche Verlagsbuchlandlung, Stuttgart, Band 16, Teil 7. Hälfe 1, pp. 1-1044.\nKrienitz, L & Bock, C. 2012. Present state of the systematic of planktonic coccoid green algae of inland waters. Hydrobiologia, 698: 295-326.\nLozovei, A.L., Hohmann, E. 1977. Principais gêneros de microalgas em biótipos de larvas de mosquitos de Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. III Levantamento e constatação da ecologia. Acta Biológica Paranaense 6: 123-152.\nMenezes, V.C., Bueno, N.C., Bortolini, J.C., & Godinho, L.R. 2011. Chlorococcales sensu lato (Chlorophyceae) em um lago artificial urbano, Paraná, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botânica 66: 227-240.\nMoraes, M.F.P.G., Barbosa, F.I., & Guedes, E.A.C. 1997. Alimentação e relações morfológicas com o aparelho digestivo do "Curimbatá", Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) (Osteichthyes, prochilodontidae), de uma lagoa do Sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 14: 169-180.\nMoresco, C. & Bueno, N.C. 2007. Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyceae - Chlorococcales) de um lago artificial urbano: Desmodesmus e Scenedesmus Acta Scientiarium. Biological Sciences 29: 289-296.\nOliveira, M.D., Train, S. & Rodrigues, L.C. 1994. Levantamento preliminar do fitoplâncton de rede (exceto Zygnemaphyceae) do Rio Paraná, no Município de Porto Rico, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Unimar 16: 155-173.\nPicelli-Vicentim, M.M. 1986. Catálogo das Chlorophyta de águas continentais e marinhas do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Estudos de Biologia. Publicação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná 15: 1-28.\nPicelli-Vicentim, M.M. 1987. Chlorococcales planctônicas do Parque Regional do Iguaçu, Curitiba, Estado do Paraná. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 47: 57-85.\nRodrigues, L.C. & Train, S. 1993. Chlorococcales planctônicas do Lago Municipal do Parque Alfredo Nyffeler, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Unimar 15: 19-35.\nRodrigues, L., Leandrini, J.A., Fonseca, I.A., Russo, A.D.P.G. & Algarte, V.M. 2005. Algas perifíticas. Peld UEM. pp. 15-22.\nRodrigues, L.L., Sant'anna, C.L., Tucci, A. 2010. Chlorophyceae das Represas Billings (Braço Taquacetuba) e Guarapiranga, SP, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 33: 247-264.\nRosini, E.F., Sant'Anna, C.L. & Tucci, A. 2012. Chlorococcales (exceto Scenedesmaceae) de pesqueiros da região Metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, Brasil: levantamento florístico. Hoehnea 39: 11-38\nSanepar. Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná. Disponível em http://site.sanepar.com.br/ (acesso em 19-IV-2011.\nSilva, C.A., Train, S., Rodrigues, L.C. 2005. Phytoplankton assemblages in a Brazilian subtropical cascading reservoir system. Hydrobiologia 537: 99-109.\nTrain, S., Oliveira, M.D. & Quevedo, M.T. 2000. Dinâmica sazonal da comunidade fitoplanctônica de um canal lateral (Canal Cortado) do Alto Rio Paraná (PR, Brasil). Acta Scientiarum, Biological Sciences 22: 389-395.\nTrain, S., Rodrigues, L.C., Borges, A.F., Ueda, A.T., Nacagava, M.M. & Bovo, E.M. 2001. Fitoplâncton. PELD, UEM. pp.87-99.\nTrain, S., Rodrigues, L.C., Borges, A.F., Zandonadi, A.P., Pivato, B.M., Bovo, V.M., Ueda, A. T. & Nacagava, M.M. 2003. Fitoplâncton. PELD, UEM. pp. 75-87.\nTrain, S., Rodrigues, L.C., Jati, S., Bovo, V.M. & Pivato, M.B. 2005. Composição e biomassa fitoplanctônica em diferentes biótopos da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. PELD, UEM. pp. 23-28.\nTreviño, I.F. 2008. Estudios taxonômicos en algas verdes cocales del sur de España. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de Granada, Espanha.\nTucci, A., Sant'anna, C.L., Gentil, R.C., Azevedo, M.T.P. 2006. Fitoplâncton do Lago das Garças, São Paulo, Brasil: um reservatório urbano eutrófico. Hoehnea 33: 1-29.


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Adam Smith - Wikipedy\nAdam Smith (Kirkcaldy, ± 5 juny 1723 - Edinboarch, 17 july 1790) wie in Skotske moraalfilosoof en in pionier op it mêd fan de politike ekonomy. Adam Smith wie ien fan de wichtichste figueren fan de Skotske Ferljochting. Hy is de auteur fan The Theory of Moral Sentiments en An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Dat lêste wurk, meastentiids ôfkoarte as The Wealth of Nations, wurdt beskôge as syn magnum opus, it earste moderne wurk yn de ekonomy.\nSmith wurdt beskôge as de heit fan de moderne ekonomy en as ien fan de grûnlizzers fan it klassike liberalisme. Hy fûn dat it neistribjen fan it eigen yndividuele belang ek yn it grutste maatskiplik belang resultearje soe. In frije merk soe it measte opleverje foar de maatskippij as gehiel. De 'ûnsichtbere hân' fan dizze frije merk soe soargje foar harmonij en lykwicht.\nSmith studearre moraalfilosofy oan de Universiteit fan Glasgow en de Universiteit fan Oxford. Nei syn ôfstudearjen joech hy in súksesfolle rige fan iepenbiere kolleezjes oan de Edinboarch, wêrtroch't hy yn kontakt kaam mei David Hume, mei wa't hy dêrnei nau gearwurkjen bleau. Smith krige in heechlearaarskip oan de Universiteit fan Glasgow, dêr't hy moraalfilosofy dosearde. Yn dizze tiid skreau en publisearre hy The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Letter yn syn libben akseptearre hy in tutoring posysje, dy't him by steat stelde om troch Europa te reizgjen. Op syn reizen kaam hy yn de kunde mei in oantal fan de yntellektuele swiergewichten út syn tiid. Neidat Smith wer nei Skotlân gien wie, wurke hy tsien jier oan it skriuwen fan The Wealth of Nations. Dit wurk waard yn 1776 publisearre. Hy ferstoar yn 1790.\n(in) The Wealth of Nations at MetaLibri Digital Library\n(in) The Theory of Moral Sentiments at MetaLibri Digital Library\n(in) Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith. Glasgow edition, 7 volumes at the Online Library of Liberty.\n(in) John Rae, Life of Adam Smith (1895)\nOpfrege fan "https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&oldid=924247"\nDizze side is it lêst bewurke op 20 jul 2018 om 16.39.


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Print Page - Premiere Collection nomination\nAgency Based Discussion => iStockPhoto.com => Topic started by: Graffoto on June 11, 2009, 20:41\nTitle: Premiere Collection nomination\nPost by: Graffoto on June 11, 2009, 20:41\nHere is the image:(http://i185.photobucket.com/albums/x253/graffoto/ist2_7973208-asian-jewelry-model.jpg)\nTitle: Re: Premiere Collection nomination\nPost by: Sean Locke Photography on June 11, 2009, 21:07\nPost by: sharply_done on June 11, 2009, 21:44\nPost by: Graffoto on June 11, 2009, 22:28\nSean your Yiddishe background is showing ;D\nPost by: michealo on June 12, 2009, 03:32\nPost by: Sean Locke Photography on June 12, 2009, 04:02\nPost by: ljupco on June 12, 2009, 04:22\nPost by: runamock on June 12, 2009, 04:39\nPost by: MichaelJay on June 12, 2009, 05:49\nPost by: ShadySue on June 12, 2009, 11:03\nPost by: sharply_done on June 12, 2009, 12:35\nPost by: Graffoto on June 12, 2009, 12:51\nPost by: gostwyck on June 12, 2009, 13:05\nPost by: dirkr on June 12, 2009, 13:35\nPost by: gostwyck on June 12, 2009, 14:07\nPost by: puravida on June 12, 2009, 14:20\nbut then again, i am dreaming , am i? ;)\nPost by: dirkr on June 12, 2009, 14:22\nPost by: sharply_done on June 12, 2009, 19:09\nPost by: Graffoto on June 12, 2009, 20:51\nI find myself wishing these days that I had a background in SEO and keywording, rather than a background of music, art and photography :-\_\nPost by: gostwyck on June 13, 2009, 06:41\nPost by: SNP on June 14, 2009, 01:08\nPost by: michealo on June 14, 2009, 02:26\nPost by: SNP on June 14, 2009, 10:58\nTitle: Vetta sale.\nPost by: Graffoto on July 16, 2009, 17:33\nI never thought this would sell as a Vetta, but I was wrong :-[


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