Nearly every species that controls their entire home world/system is named after said home world/home system with the notable exception of two: the Klingons and the Humans.
So it's natural to ask, "okay, if they were going to make an exception for two, why not all of them?"
However, it's much easier to explain if we ask the converse first:
why are Klingons and Humans treated differently?
Qo'noS wasn't established as the Klingon home world until Star Trek VI .
Before that, the only canonical mention of the Klingon homeworld was in " Heart of Glory " when it was actually called Kling .
Klingons from Kling: follows the same convention as all the other species.
The Star Trek Encyclopedia explains why it was changed: At the time the episode was written, Kling was intended as the name of the Klingon Homeworld.
Once the episode was filmed, it was realized that the name sounded pretty silly, so later scripts simply referred to "the Homeworld.
" The only time the Homeworld was given a name was in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, when it was called Qo'noS, pronounced "kronos."
So that just leaves us Humans on Earth: calling us anything other than Humans or Earth anything other than Earth would be too foreign and confusing for the audience.
We're humans, so that's what we're called.
In Human languages, the use of the word predates First Contact and moreso the convention of calling species by their origin planet/world.
You might ask, "why do the species all call themselves by their planet name instead of by a local name like the Humans do?"
Well, they do use localized names: for example, "Klingon" in Klingonese is "tlhIngan".
But due to the magic of the universal translator , whatever localized name species use to call themselves gets translated to follow the Human convention.
That is, Klingons could call themselves "tlhIngan" or " Joey Jo-Jo Junior Shabadoo " in Klingonese, but the word would automatically be translated to "Klingon" by the Human universal translators.
In the same manner, the word "Human" would be translated to the localized word used by Klingons for Humans by their translators.
So to answer the question, the reason why species aren't given more exotic names is because, given the universal translator, it'd be entirely unnecessary.
Humans (and by extension, the audience) wouldn't need to use the localized name in everyday situations.
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Those are their names in English.
In Vulcan, perhaps Earth is called the equivalent of human-world and English is called human-speak.
Keep in mind the country we call Germany calls itself Deutschland.
And many tribal peoples have words for their tribes that also mean all humans.
scifi.stackexchange.com/users/3244/Joe
I'm guessing the main reason is lazy writing.
However, there are some in-universe explanations for some notable cases:
Some races are given English names that are very different from theirnative names.
For example, the Orions call themselves Kolari (thoughthey also call their homeworld Kolar, so I guess that's a badexample).
Conversely, Klingons normally refer to humans as tera'ngan , meaning "inhabitant of Terra".
This also happens on Earth.
The term "Native American" wasn't made up by Native Americans, nor is the word "Aboriginal" derived from an Aboriginal Australian language.
Some have made a conscious choice.
For example, it appears that when the Romulans left Vulcan, they called themselves Rihannsu , meaning "the Declared".
When they found a homeworld, they chose to call it ch'Rihan , meaning "of the declared".
Notice, by the way, that they don't call themselves Romulans; in one very influential Trek novel ("My Enemy, My Ally" by Diane Duane), the main character expresses surprise that humans would use such a strange name for them.
To complicate matters further, in "Klingon for the Galactic Traveler", it's explained that the Klingon words romuluS and romuluSngan (for the planet and species respectively) is based on the word "Romulus", rather than on the native Rihannsu .
So now we have former Vulcans referred to by Klingons with a word presumably made up by Humans.
It's also possible that as the peoples of a world unite, the words they use to describe themselves and their planet will grow to reflect this.
U.S. Americans haven't always called themselves Americans.
Swedes haven't always called themselves Swedes.
Christians haven't always called themselves Christians. ...
and before the great unification, the Federation Standard Dialect was called "English", apparently named after some obscure tribe native to some Federation planet.
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I would expect other aliens call their planet Earth too (land/ground/dirt/soil/etc in their language).
Maybe "Breen" means ground and "Betazed" means Dirtlands and "Vulcan" actually mean rock in vulcanese.
:D
Who knows?
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English:
Earth - EarthlinLatin: Terra - Terranand possibly "human" is also related to an ancient word for Earth which appears in the term humus, from the Latin word for soil.
So folks from the third planet circling Sol (the sun) are named for their home world, just like all the others.
scifi.stackexchange.com/users/56949/Sid Kemp
Andorians come from Andoria (or Andor)  Vulcans come from Vulcan  Romulans come from Romulus  Breen come from Breen  Betazoids from Betazed  Cardassians from Cardassia   The list goes on and on (with a few exceptions, like Kronos).   And then you have humans (terrans) which come from third planet in the Sol system called Humania, err Terra, err Earth.   Why the lack of creativity in planet names for other species?
Why aren't more species' planets named differently from their species name?
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<star-trek><races>
scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/6668
scifi.stackexchange.com/users/1148/Jack B Nimble
The reason why species are not given more exotic names is because, given the universal translator, it would be unnecessary. That said, some races are given English names that are very different from their native names. Just because the name of the planet is wriiten as it is in english does not mean that the planet uses the name on its home world.
Just because the name of the planet is wriiten as it is in english does not mean that the planet uses the name on its home world.