Fast growing trees are lovely to create a mature looking space quickly, but .....
They then continue to grow fast when they've outgrown the space you've got for them.
You may then have a monumental problem of pruning, pruning and more pruning.
Grow something that fast to create a boundary whilst others mature more slowly, then cut down the fast growers leaving the more beautiful specimens behind to do the job you want.
You could also invest in large plants to start with which would give you maturity more quickly.
Choose wisely not impulsively for this one.
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Lindens/Tilia have a medium growth factor ( 13 to 24 inches per year ).
With their large leaves they create a very tight shade.
Plus, the flowers release a very pleasant and sweet scent in the Summer.
Eucalyptus can grow extremely quick but their shade is sparse.
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All species of Ficus grow very fast, however they have vigorous and invasive root systems.
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If you want shade in a hurry maybe consider a clumping bamboo of an appropriate height.
You could then plant the trees you want long-term and eventually remove the bamboo.
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I will suggest both trees to use and trees to avoid.
Maples are good in temperate climates.
Some grow faster than others.
My Japanese maple grew slower.
I had a maple that produced seeds twice a year.
Anyone know what that was?
Elm, but don't use elm.
They are considered junk trees and are the first trees to fall over in a storm, and their lifespan is fairly short.
As a matter of principle I pull up any elms I find as I find them.
Chinese Mulberry, but
I advise against it.
Very fast growing, but the berries are prolific and can make a big mess.
The area around my mulberry tree often smelled like a brewery in the warm summer months.
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I've heard there are many fast growing trees. Can  anyone tell me the fastest growing one suitable as a shade tree near a house? I bought a new house and need a super fast growing tree. I love maples.
What's the fastest growing shade tree?
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<trees><plant-recommendations><growth><maple>
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Linden trees and ficus grow very fast. Maples are also good in warm climates. Lindens have a medium growth factor of 13 to 24 inches per year.  In addition, all species of Ficus grow very fast, however they have vigorous and invasive root systems and maples are good in temperate climates.
Lindens have a medium growth factor of 13 to 24 inches per year.   All species of Ficus grow very fast, however they have vigorous and invasive root systems. Maples are good in temperate climates.