You can use ÖBB's site also for stations outside of Austria to see departures and arrivals.
Just enter the station you are interested in and click on Display Information , then on Departures (or Arrivals ) and under Settings you can change the date (and some other things, such as type of train).
As always there is the caveat that HAFAS might not know about some regional trains (the same problem as if you use bahn.de to plan journeys) but this should be better than nothing.
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You can look at the departures or arrivals for any station on the UK rail network on the National Rail website .
For example Glasgow Central Departures and Glasgow Central Arrivals .
You can choose to add a second station to the search if you want to see only arrivals at a given station from a certain station.
If you want a more manual option there are also links on the same website to the Electronic National Rail Timetable (hosted on the Network Rail website).
This gives you the long term schedual for every station, similar to what you would find printed out on the platform.
Similar timetables are provided by the operators of the stations or networks that server the stations.
Continuing the example, Glasgow Central is on timetable 225 and 226.
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While not an official source the Wikipedia page for most train stations in the UK has a section labeled services, which give an overview of the trains from a station.
Example for Kyle of Lochalsh:
( https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_of_Lochalsh_railway_station )
Always be sure to check against an official source before traveling.
If your having trouble finding the nearest station you could consider using one of these maps of the network: http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx https://www.openrailwaymap.org/
Also, if you know the date you'll be traveling real time trains is capable of showing all departures from a station on a given day, example for Kyle of Lochalsh: http://www.realtimetrains.co.uk/search/advanced/KYL/2018/02/13/0000-2359?stp=WVS&show=pax-calls&order=wtt
You could also consider posting a more specific question with the island you are actually trying to reach.
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If you're happy to search for trains for a single day at a time, you can use http://www.brtimes.com/ .
Enter the departure station, leave "only trains calling at" blank, and select a date, and it will show you all trains timetabled to depart from that station.
The site says: Information is updated nightly from data feeds provided by Network Rail, except for details of station connection times, train schedules for Ireland (North & South) and some bus and ferry schedules, which are updated weekly from data feeds provided by ATOC.
so it should be reliable.
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On my travels across Europe I always use the Rail Planner app .
It is mainly for use with Interrail tickets, but two features are really useful for "normal" train travels as well:
Find train stations near your current position.
Look up departure and arrival information for every station.
The best part of the app is that it's almost entirely offline (data needed for Google Maps integration), and with regular updates for any changes.
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National rail will list routes from A to B for all trains in the UK
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For the specific example you quote in a comment (Thurso) since this is basically a single line service the downloadable timetable for the line available from the rail operator's site https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/sr1712_north_highlands_12205_web.pdf is useful.
Obviously this does not work well for stations which serve many destinations like Birmingham New Street.
For that the Austrian site mention by @martin in his answer is much better.
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Google maps typically shows a "departure board" for each rail station.
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I suggest Rome2Rio which'll list trains and connections, but also give you options for flights, ferries, buses and taxis depending what is appropriate for the route you are travelling.
I can't guarantee the cost accuracy, but it is a good first tool to look at.
Example Dingwall to Inverness https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Dingwall/Inverness Example Thurso to Fair Isle https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Thurso/Fair-Isle Clicking on the train option for example will give you schedule information and links to scotrail, while the bus option links to the different schedule websites.
Once you find which bus and train companies serve the town, you can then use those links to see all routes out from a given town.
So for Dingwall for example, you can click on the scotrail link for trains and Stagecoach, D&E Coaches and Westerbus links for buses
so you can see all their routes.
To get more trains to or from a station, click on "Explore" in the top right corner.
There you will get additional connections from your "to" and "from" locations.
For example for Thurso there are the local Scottish towns, but also ones such as Thurso to Penzance (Cornwall) and even Gdansk!
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I would like to visit Scotland and the Orkney Islands. I know trainline and scotsrail website, but couldn't really find a single list of trains to and from a station in Scotland / UK. Is there any, can someone provide me a link/address?
Is there a list of trains to and from a UK station?
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<uk><trains><scotland><timetables>
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Departures or arrivals for any station on the UK rail network are available on the National Rail website or the Electronic National Rail Timetable  (hosted on the Network Rail website). Wikipedia has an (unofficial) list of trains from most UK stations under the section labelled Services, or you can try sites like Realtime trains, the departure board on Google Maps, Rome2Rio or the Rail Planner app. There are a number of ways to research your train stations for your journey, the most official being the National Rail website. You can aslo plan your journey using less official means such as Rome2Rio, Google Maps, Wikipedia etc. Links to some platforms have been provided.
The National Rail website is the official site to research train journeys in the UK  and should list all the necessary options available to you. There are a number of less offciail sites and apps that can be used to book and research journey across not just the UK but also the whole of Europe. The include Rome2Rio, Google maps, Rail Planner Wikipedia etc. There are addition links to these less oficial journey planners provided.