In the case of infrastructure expansion, potential trade-offs between environmental effects and economic and development goals, as well as risks associated with long-term lock-in into dirty technologies, underline the need for a thorough assessment of environmental impacts as part of the planning and decision making process to assure that net benefits outweigh the potential costs of adverse impacts (OECD, World Bank and UN, 2012), and for adequate pricing to prevent the overutilization of underpriced networks. To the extent these result in lowering prices, e.g. in the energy or rail sectors, they can stimulate demand through a so-called rebound effect. In countries where environmental externalities are underpriced (e.g. due to environmentally harmful subsidies), this will bring about excess negative environmental consequences, as there will be an unwarranted competitive advantage for supplying energy from less-environmentally friendly sources.