All other studies identified focus on terrestrial ecosystems. With regard to the former, the majority of IE studies focus on protected areas and on PES (Figure 3.1). In terms of geographical representation, most biodiversityrelevant impact evaluation studies have been conducted in developing countries notably in Latin America, followed by S.E. Asia (Figure 3.2). This is true predominantly for studies evaluating community-based forest management schemes, (terrestrial) protected areas, payments for ecosystem services programmes, and ICDP.