Chapter 8 will turn to some of the specific challenges in implementing these policies in practice, and turning a strategy for innovation into effective action and outcomes. As a result, countries face different constraints under which policy responses to their challenges and opportunities need to be developed and differentbarriers that provide a rationale for policy action (as discussed in Chapter 1). Moreover, depending on these conditions, global developments in the area of science, technology and innovation - such as the internationalisation of research and development (R&D) or the changing nature of innovation (as discussed in Chapter 2) -may translate into different sets of challenges and opportunities.