Emphasis on the increased transparency of public budget is another commendable achievement of Peruvian government, allowing tracking public spending on a variety of issues, and the relative prioritisation of different spending categories. For instance, biodiversity-related public spending features in a number of PpR categories, such as ‘0035 sustainable management of natural resources and biological diversity’, ‘0057 conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources in protected natural areas’ and ‘ 0130 competitiveness and sustainable use of forest resources and wildlife’. As an example, the National Protected Areas System (SERNANP) has an estimated annual deficit of around PEN 115 million (CARETAS, 2015), compared to its annual budget of PEN 59 million in the last 5 years (MINAM, 2016c) (Box 5).