Hummels and Schaur (2010) quantify the costs of time delays, suggesting that each additional day in transit is equivalent to an ad valorem tariff of between 0.6 per cent and 2.3 per cent, and that trade in intermediate inputs is 60 per cent more time-sensitive. The use of GPS (i.e. Global Positioning System) for navigation and route planning has become ubiquitous in recent years. New technologies, such as artificial intelligence (Al), promise to have a similarly pervasive influence, as Al applications currently include autonomous driving capabilities and real time itinerary mapping. This network connects drivers to trucks so that several drivers can divide long drives into four to five hours each, rather than one driver having to cover the entire length of the journey.