Expanding network infrastructure is generally likely to require allocating new land and to encourage use, increasing associated externalities. More roads or airports will lead to more traffic, and expanding electricity grids in countries such as India or Indonesia,22 will increase the use of fossil-fuel generated electricity. However, investment into improved, more-efficient infrastructure solutions (e.g. public transport or ring roads) can help reduce congestion bottlenecks, contributing to lower local pollution for instance around cities, a significant problem in many countries (Figure 2.6).