Without exception, all independent Pacific island states, including Samoa and Tonga, have continued to be interested in, and have exerted some pressure on Australia and New Zealand for, more opportunities for their working-age populations to access temporary employment in the two countries. Primarily, that demand is simply for opportunities that will guarantee reasonable incomes and thus benefit households in rural areas of the home states. Samoa particularly has stressed the need for some enhancement of skills that might contribute to developing the labour force within Samoa, but that is more difficult to achieve.