Nepal highlights the existence of a “strong poverty-environment-health and vulnerability nexus” in relation to the fact that half of its population lives in rural mountainous areas, w'here poverty, ethnic diversity and vulnerability' are disproportionately higher than in the lowlands. Ethiopia highlights that the exploitation of natural resources brings only a short-term relief to poverty, while in the long term it is fraught with negative consequences for the environment, including biodiversity loss. Non-governmental stakeholders included non-governmental organisations, the private sector, indigenous and local communities, and academia (SCBD, 2016).