Finance for biodiversity can be mobilised through government budgets, through economic instruments (and in some cases voluntary approaches) that apply to the private sector, and through civil society via philanthropy for example. In developing countries, support for mainstreaming from development co-operation can play an important complementary role to the government and other stakeholders. It is important to also note that the biodiversity financing challenge is not only about mobilising additional resources, but also about a) avoiding future costs, b) spending existing resources more effectively and efficiently, and c) reallocating existing resources as appropriate.