These arrangements can provide a foundation for cooperation among the many institutions and National Focal Points (NFPs) that implement the Biodiversity-related Conventions. This section outlines some different ways that institutions - and in particular NFPs - can be organized for cooperative working, to reduce and avoid duplication of tasks and increase the effectiveness of implementation. Institutional arrangements and cooperation mechanisms are something of a cross-cutting theme for this sourcebook, and will also be mentioned in the following five thematic sections.