Just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely, approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints (OECD, forthcoming c). The city of Topeka, Kansas, paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater, it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years (Peck, 2007). Faced with the risk of groundwater depletion, the city of Wichita, also in Kansas, transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the High Plains Aquifer. Meanwhile, the district of Santa Clara, California, created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures, its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users, importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater (Borchers et al.,