Every immigrant group grapples with issues of separation, belonging, and identity. The diaspora can be for some a place of refuge, for others a hostile environment, and yet for others a welcome albeit temporary abode. Responses and coping strategies may be determined by the political culture and immigration policies of the host country, political and economic conditions in the homeland, and the social class and cultural values of the immigrant. The literature on immigration tends to distinguish among the French, German, and American models of immigration, integration, and citizenship.1 Democratic polities have different democratic arrangements, and the U.S. model is said to recognize ethnic, religious, cultural, and sexual communities as playing roles in political life—even though the downside of the model has been the existence of ghettoes, inner-city slums, de facto discrimination, and public debates about integration and bilingual education.2