The concept of citizenship has traditionally been defined with reference to Marshall’s distinction between three types of citizenship rights: negative, political, and positive rights. Negative rights include civil rights such as religious freedom, privacy, while political rights focus on the right to participate in politics through election and freedom of association, positive rights include those rights that are necessary in order to have a minimum standard of living, that is, welfare rights including access to education, health care, minimum income (Marshall 1950/1973). Citizenship consequently means enjoying these rights that the territorial state and its institutions set out to protect for its members and, in the case of positive rights, to guarantee.