Hence, the effect of gender-based discrimination on income would be more detrimental for low-income countries. Table 4 summarises the estimated effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income by income groups using quintile regressions of equation 5 as well as OLS regressions of equation 6. In the OLS regressions, whatever the set of controls used, the estimated coefficient of the interaction term is always negative for low-income countries and positive for high-income countries, and statistically significant.