Any additional country-specific policy instruments that address emissions under the cap may reduce them in a given country, but, as long as the cap is binding, will not affect overall emissions. Hence for instance, measures facilitating entry of renewable energy producers - which can have various other benefits - will have no effect on the total emission levels. By lowering the price of emissions, the additional measures can however yield less tangible, though not necessarily less important benefits, such as facilitating future tightening of the cap (Braathen, 2011).