Third, developing countries - especially the least developed countries, African, Caribbean and Pacific small island developing states - need to be compensated for the erosion of existing preferences due to further multilateral trade liberalization. Fourth, and most importantly from a development point of view, there are considerable, but uncertain costs involved in developing new or alternative internationally competitive productive and export capacities and capabilities. Fifth, developing countries have emphasized that 'aid for trade' must be truly additional to long promised official development assistance (ODA), which has never been delivered in full four decades after the UN General Assembly resolution of October 1970.