According to the monotow'n programme, salaries account for around 50%-60% of overall household income in monotowns. In 2009, a few' had a substantially lower share of tertiary-educated residents than the average for urban areas (20%) and the median percentage for Kazakhstan’s 87 towns (see Figure 1.29 above). A low share of tertiary educated residents is common for mining or factory town populations. Self-employment offers an alternative source of income for households after the downsizing or closure of core industries in a town.