Investing in the collection of baseline data and providing measurable intermediate outcomes (e.g. port clearance time) and final outcomes to which AfT interventions have made a plausible contribution (e.g. trade volumes) would help to address concerns about attribution (Table 6.4). These improvements are important for economic growth and job creation, helping developing countries to move from reliance on aid to the use of trade to generate higher standards of living. It can aid in improving productivity by addressing many of the market, co-ordination and governance failures. Finally, and importantly, it can be used to leverage private sector funds. Whereas in the past there was a distinct lack of private sector involvement, viewing AfT as a catalyst for private sector investment is likely to grow in the future. There is now greater and much needed recognition and focus on the role of AfT in supporting industrial upgrading, boosting productivity and structural economic transformation.