Source: Garroway and de Laiglesia (forthcoming) based on PovcalNet and Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula (2009). This higher standard demands greater effort in social and economic policies. In those countries where extreme, “dollar-a-day” poverty persists alongside rising relative poverty, it is not a question of choosing to address the latter at the expense of the former. Both are complementary objectives of social and economic policy. Action that addresses extreme poverty should address the multiple deprivations that extreme poverty causes in food security, health, basic education, access to water and sanitation, etc. Poverty reduction programmes addressing these problems should aim to move people out of poverty (with the ultimate goal of eliminating extreme poverty) and require focused efforts with significant transfer components, be they cash or in-kind.