See the discussion of this criticism in Barbour and Gorlick (2008: 554). Traditional justifications under international humanitarian law for forced displacement, e.g. the removal of civilians from besieged or encircled areas or evacuation of civilian populations if the security of the population or imperative military reasons demand (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949: Arts. See the discussion in Hathaway (1991: 31-32,2007: 353).