As the WHO was moving towards the code it was simultaneously declaring 57 countries (many either small island states or in sub-Saharan Africa, including all the independent Pacific island states, and therefore Samoa and Tonga) short of health workers. The code opposed the ‘active recruitment’ of health workers. While stopping short of the complex and contested concept of ‘compensation’, it emphasised that some reciprocal provisions (‘mutuality’) should be put in place - enabling and encouraging training and return migration - so that skills and skilled workers will return.