The concept of urban metabolism was formulated by Abel Wolmann (1965) in “The Metabolism of Cities”, which was followed by Graedel and Allenby (1995) and others. Examining quantitatively the material input-output influencing the efficiency of economic activities over environmental pressure, the characteristics of metabolism are evaluated in terms of economic features, not societal features. In this case, we should distinguish a resource-circulating economy from a resource-circulating society (RCS). Asian policies addressing material efficiency and sound disposal were recognized in the chair’s summary at the Asian 3R Conference in 2006, during which the 3R Initiative emphasizing the principles of “reduce, reuse and recycle” clarified the broad concepts of waste avoidance, minimization, treatment and disposal (MOE Japan, 2006).