These limitations are overcome, at least partially, by using more complex modelling tools, based on dispatch and unit commitment models. As previously indicated, these two metrics essentially describe the same effect, and the findings of the different studies are coherent in this respect, it is however not straightforward to translate an estimate of “value” of VRE generation in terms of “utilisation costs” and vice versa. The results for solar PV show a wider range, maybe reflecting the analysis of different systems: for the two penetration levels of 10% and 30%, IEA estimates are in the range of USD 4 and 15 per MWh, while NEA’s results lie in a range of USD 13 to 26 per MWh. These disparities arise as a result of differences in the systems being analysed.