Samoa graduated 23 years after having met the criteria for the first time, Maldives 14 years after, and Cabo Verde 13 years after. Among these first four historical cases, one was a landlocked country in Africa exporting primarily minerals (mainly diamonds), and three were small island developing states (SIDS), with primarily services exports. All four qualified for graduation by virtue of the income criterion and the human assets index (HAI) criterion (or its forerunner, the augmented physical quality of life index), while none satisfied the vulnerability criterion.