More recently, it was developed in a series of studies undertaken for UNCTAD (Cottier, 2006a, and Cottier and Baracol-Pinhao, 2008). In the first instance, members would have to do some scoping. They may opt to implement the entire range of activities and sectors under the Kyoto Protocol, including electricity generation, transport and industrial processes, or they may agree on a particular sector to be taken as an initial target, e.g. electricity generation. For instance, renewable energy obligations for electricity imposed on grid operators and retailers constitute commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and may be specified in their schedules accordingly.42 A potential overlap with certain aspects of GATS negotiations on energy services is not without problems, in particular with respect to the scheduling of commitments. Traditionally, the industry has not distinguished between energy-related goods and services. In ofher words, an energy-neutral classification can always be made energy-based in a schedule of commitments of a member.