The ability for farm households to access commercial credit commenced in 1993, previously loans had only been available to households through institutions such as co-operatives.33 This was supported by the 1993 Land Law, which allocated LURCs to households and gave them the right to use these as collateral for bank loans, and the establishment of the state-owned Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD), also known as Agribank. To further expand access to credit, the concept of “trustable mortgage” (tin chap) was introduced in 1999, allowing farm households to borrow up to VND 10 million (USD 700) without collateral.34 This was quickly raised to VND 20 million (USD 1400) in 2000. It achieves this by providing accessible financial services and low interest loans to people living in remote areas, members of ethnic minority groups, students, etc.