In rural South Africa, mothers are "often demonised as deviant and negligent" through adolescents' accounts of how they became infected with HIV which they trace back to a mother's unplanned, unprotected sex and early pregnancy (Vale &Thabeng, 2016). In South Africa younger mothers were found to participate most and fathers least (Mmotlane, Winnaar & Kivilu, 2009). Gender also influences who adolescents live with: boys are more likely than girls to live with their grandparents, whereas girls tend to live with their siblings, aunts, uncles or other relatives, and in households headed by their husbands (Zimmer & Dayton, 2005).