The costs for mitigation of reduced deforestation vary depending on the (i) cause of deforestation, (ii) returns from alternative forest/non forest uses, (iii) any compensation paid to landowners to change land use practices. The cost of emission reduction for plantation and conservation projects varies between 1 Euro and 5 Euro per tonne C02. An abatement cost study by consultants McKinsey28 suggests costs up to EUR 25 for forest and plantation related activities.