The private sector, including financiers, property developers and small entrepreneurs, is gaining experience in financing discrete facilities (desalination or wastewater treatment plants, distributed infrastructures) at different scales. Public utilities, for their part, recycle some of the capital tied up in water infrastructures to generate cash for use in new projects. National and local governments need to explore innovative ways to jumpstart and leverage private investment where required. The three subsequent chapters address some of these barriers. It first documents trends in traditional sources of finance for urban water services, including tariffs, taxes and transfers (the 3Ts) and repayable finance. It then explores the strategies cities in OECD countries can use to cover their financing needs, these combine options to minimise costs (e.g. through targeted maintenance or amalgamated services), innovative tariff structures and additional financing sources (e.g. innovative business models for water utilities and taxes that harness beneficiaries of enhanced w'ater security).