This need to better align policies across domains of public action was recently highlighted in an OECD report — Aligning Policies for a Low-carbon Economy — that identifies instances in which policy misalignments can hinder the effectiveness of low-carbon policies (OECD, 2015a). Because they reduce the effective price of carbon, fossil-fuel subsidies make it more difficult to operate the necessaiy shift toward low-carbon energy sources. In that sense, they belong to the broader set of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS), which have already been the object of several studies in the OECD context (e.g. OECD, 2003).