According to the most recent OECD review of AfT flows, ‘the delivery of Aid for Trade is increasingly guided by the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness’, implying inter alia that ‘partner countries need to integrate trade objectives into their development strategies and take the lead in their implementation’ (OECD/WTO 2011: 70). In the particular case of the LDCs and their funding via the EIF, the preparation of a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) is considered by its explanatory note as the ‘cornerstone’ for integrating trade into national development strategies, with EIF, donor and national budget flows meant to focus on the action identified within the DTIS. However, the template which guides external consultants in the preparation of the DTIS contains no specific reference to addressing the costs of TRA, although the document refers to the need to, for example, address technical assistance needs in the context of WTO accession (although this is applicable only to a handful of LDCs) (EIF 2011).