The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) provides a useful way to compare students' learning outcomes across countries. By setting PISA Level 2 as the “minimum proficiency level", Global Indicator 4.1.1.C reveals large discrepancies in students' performance in mathematics and reading across countries. For example, less than 50% of 15-year-old students achieve at least PISA Level 2 in mathematics in Mexico (43%) and TUrkey (49%) while almost 90% do in Estonia (89%) and Japan (89%) (OECD, 2018,3,).