However, when comparing findings across research, a number of caveats need to be raised. First, broadband exhibits a higher contribution to economic growth in countries that have a higher adoption of the technology (this could be labelled the "critical mass" or "return to scale" theory"14). Second, broadband has a stronger productivity impact in sectors with high transaction costs, such as financial services, or high labour intensity, such as tourism and lodging. Third, in less developed regions, as postulated in economic theory, broadband enables the adoption of more efficient business processes and leads to capital-labour substitution and, therefore loss of jobs (this could be labelled the "productivity shock theory").