Drop-outs can be reduced through action in a number of dimensions, including early childhood education, targeted assistance during primary and secondary school and sufficient flexibility of the curriculum including a stronger vocational focus. In the United States, both early experience in the 1970s that allow a long-term evaluation and more recent evidence from the state of Oklahoma suggest strong benefits associated with ECE (Heckman and Masterov, 2007). In fact, marginal returns on spending appear to be higher than anywhere else in the US education system. When looking at how children from ECE programmes perform later on in life, evidence suggests complementarities between ECE and later education investments (Felicio et al.,