Payments based on improving fishers’ business operations provided the greatest benefit to fishers and had relatively less tendency to increase fishing effort. If only USD 5 billion in fuel support was converted into support of this type, fishers would see increased income of more than USD 2 billion, while at the same time reducing effort and improving fish stocks. Such a change would also provide relatively more benefit to smaller fishers. The authors are grateful for the input of all the individuals that participated in an expert meeting that contributed to the development of the model, Jesus Anton, Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, Martin von Lampe, the TAD/NRP Fisheries team and the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the document and Fabiana Cerasa of TAD/NRP for statistical support.