Results from the OECD’s 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that 15-year-old students who attended pre-primary education perform better on PISA than those who did not, even after accounting for their socio-economic backgrounds (OECD, 2013c and 2013d). Enrolment rates in low-income economies are low (less than 50% in all developing economies in the Asia/Pacific region in 2011) compared to richer economies. Macau (China), Korea, Hong Kong (China), Thailand, New Zealand and the Maldives all have pre-primary education enrolment rates exceeding 80%. Pre-primary education: Data refer to 2010 for Australia, Indonesia and Myanmar, 2009 for Philippines, 2008 for Hong Kong (China), 2007 for Maldives, 2006 for the Kyrgyz Republic, 200S for Pakistan, 2004 Macau (China), data are not available for Sri Lanka, Buthan, Timor-Leste, Armenia and India.