In December 2008, the US Department of Energy announced that it would provide an additional USD 200 million for pilot- and demonstration-scale biorefinery projects (USDOE, 2008b). The Canadian government also provides around USD 430 million for RD&D of next-generation biofuels through the NextGen Biofuels Fund in order to promote the development of the new technologies (SDTC, 2008). The Australian government has set up an R&D funding program of USD 12 million for second-generation biofuels, as well (Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, 2009). Second-generation biofuels form only a small part of the overall programme, around 10 second-generation related projects are financed through the FP7 (http://cordis.europa.eu). The only biofuel project within the FP7 that affects non-OECD countries is co-operation between a large Danish enzyme company and the Brazilian Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) with the aim to develop a cost- page | 37 competitive enzyme mix for production of lignocellulosic ethanol.