Provincial dummies (PROV) are added to control some unobservable regional factors. Descriptive statistics for the variables are listed in Table 3.11, and the results are presented in Table 3.12. Saint-Paul (1994) argued that the minimum wage may have an adverse effect on the income distribution, because it redistributes income from unskilled to skilled labour as well as from the poorest to the lower-middle quintiles, by generating unemployment.