It impacts indirectly on the economic development of the country, particularly in the tourism sector. A World Bank study conducted in 2003 estimated the economic costs of environmental degradation in Morocco related to the poor performance of the system for managing solid waste at 0.5 per cent of GDP (about 1.7 billion dirhams), one of the highest rates in the MENA region. This legislation is implemented with the support of various national programmes -especially the National Municipal Solid Waste Management Programme (PNDM), which promotes the collection of household waste, creation of controlled landfills and rehabilitation of illegal dumpsites - designed to reach ambitious objectives over the next few years.