They set up an intervention model in three stages. Primary intervention involves district and school wide reforms aimed at providing high quality instruction in a school climate that encourages regular attendance and other positive behaviour. This they suggest can be done through equipping teachers to provide high quality instruction and ensuring a relevant curriculum that keeps students engaged. They also suggest a culture of personalized and orderly learning environment and a strong connection with the family. This corresponds to several of the preventive and pre-emptive measures we have seen targeting pre-primary and primary school level.