For instance, with natural resources being transferred to the private sector and considered as commodities subject to profit maximization, policy options for governments to ensure universal and equitable access, or to restrict their unsustainable exploitation, marketization and consumption became more limited. The associated privatization of economic rents further came at the cost of regular revenue deriving from public assets (b). Consequently, governments increasingly rely on income-based public policies to fund their current and capital expenditures (f and g) through borrowing (c) or, as wealth taxes and environmental taxes are inexistent or insignificant in most countries, by levying taxes on private income and consumption (d).