Growth in expenditure on research and development across groups at all income levels is significant (Fig 4). In low, lower-middle and upper-middle economies, annual growth in expenditure on research and development was between 7.8 and 12.9 per cent from 1999 to 2013. The next largest spender on research in the region was Japan with expenditure of $141 billion in 2013, an increase of one third over the $107 billion spent in 1999, a far smaller increase than that of China. Other countries in the region that invest significantly in research and development include the Republic of Korea ($65 billion in 2013), India ($43 billion in 2011) and the Russian Federation ($25 billion in 2013).