Estimating the baseline elasticities with these controls included in the household income equations yields a different assessment on the long-run association between GDP per capita and household incomes across the distribution (Figure 5).20 In the case of (country-specific) time trends, the elasticity of average household disposable incomes to GDP per capita is estimated to be close to one. It is assumed that GDP per capita drives long-run levels of household incomes across the distribution. This finding would confirm that survey-based income measurement issues and underestimation have been growing over time.