A number of key grain exporting countries, primarily developing economies, adopted export bans or at least partial export restrictions in an attempt to provide enough domestic production for local consumption. At the same time, some major grain importing nations reacted by tendering larger-than-anticipated import bids, reducing pre-existing import restrictions such as tariffs and relaxing tariff rate quotas. If many countries seek to transfer price risk to others, the outcome is likely to be ineffective (Martin and Anderson, 2012). In the case of a large exporter, or if a number of exporting countries that are collectively large in the market impose export restrictions, the effect is to increase the world price of the staple food.