Much depends on the pace of capital accumulation and the building of domestic productive capacities. Public expenditure and general government policies can help support the creation of employment and wage opportunities by developing linkages between export-oriented primary sectors and the rest of the economy. However, unless external shocks can be prevented, such as a real revaluation of the Brazilian real during the past decade, it is impossible to implement reasonable redistribution policies and policies that promote the productive potential of the economy, especially in manufacturing. However, the increasing complexity of economies, owing partly to globalization processes, has made it difficult to find inverted U-curves in inequality data for countries for the period since 1980.