On the other hand, as a repetitive activity, cleaning streets and markets can generate continuous long-term employment. A concern is whether employing women as cleaners reinforces gender stereotypes, as is reflected in this remark by the mayor of N'Djamena: "There is no-one who appreciates cleanliness more than women, who in any case do all the work of maintaining cleanliness in their own homes." Nonetheless, women participants affirmed the vital contribution that the income earnt through N'Djamena Nadif has made to their households' food security, education and housing costs (Watson et al. In response, the Urban Safety Net Programme was launched in 2010.