Autor and Salomons' estimates show that the electrical and optical equipment industry and the chemicals and chemical products industries have registered substantial negative employment effects within their industries. Indirect effects (input-output linkages and final demand) are actually one of the biggest contributors to job creation in the whole economy. However, a study by Hallward-Driemeier and Nayyar (2018:139) finds evidence that, "manufacturing will likely continue to deliver on productivity, scale, trade, and innovation, but just not with the same number of jobs”.