The conclusion is that the evolution of the two components of the greenhouse gas intensity measure should be separately identifiable. The ratio itself could give an indication about the greening of production and about structural economic shifts, but not necessarily about the greening of growth. A decline in the emission intensity of production gives no indication of whether such a reduction has been achieved through genuine efficiency improvements or changes in the energy mix, or by substituting away from energy-intensive production through purchases of carbonintensive intermediate products abroad, among a number of other explanations.