Such vulnerability is highlighted by the experiences of past LDC graduates: while they have sustained their development trajectories without major disruptions since graduation, there are indications of persistent vulnerability, including rising debt levels, limited economic diversification, volatile official development assistance (ODA) flows, and in most cases moderate or high levels of poverty. Such strategies should thus focus on the need for structural transformation, both before and after graduation, and apply different instruments and planning techniques to address the macroeconomic and sectoral challenges of development. The international dimension of such an exercise can be addressed by the diagnostic trade integration studies produced under the aegis of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF).