While columns (2) and (4) use GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. First, the exogeneity of income per capita is rejected by the Wu-Hausman test at the 5% level. Second, the two instruments have significant explanatory power on the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions, while they are not correlated with income per capita. Indeed, the correlation coefficient between the CEDAW date of ratification and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.58 (significant at 10% level) and 0.11 (not significant), and the correlation coefficient between the percentage of respondents declaring that men make better political leaders than women and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.62 (significant at 10% level) and 0.19 (not significant).