A survey by the World Customs Organization (WCO) found that 53 per cent of respondent countries already had such a system in place. The best solutions are not yet clear and are subject to ongoing efforts and discussions, for instance in the WCO's Working Group on E-Commerce. Preliminary experience with SPS e-certificates indicates that transitioning to automated certification systems can reduce the time spent on processing and transmitting data, leading to increased exports and private sector savings (see Box C.5). Electronic certification can also decrease incidences of fraudulent certificates and increase transparency, strengthening trust among trading partners and connections along the value chain.