As shown in Figure 3.1, this ecosystem involves the multiple, interconnected layers of networks, services, applications and users.1 In order to expand the broadband ecosystem, policymakers must continue their traditional focus on the supply of competitive access networks (i.e., wireline and wireless broadband networks), as such networks continue to be the critical pipeline linking the other elements within the ecosystem. However, policymakers must also focus on facilitating the supply of, and promoting the demand for, broadband applications and services. Connectivity to broadband networks will increase demand for services and applications such as Internet Protocol television (IP7V) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), cloud computing and online video streaming. Governments must complement and build upon this demand by adopting policies that promote competition and innovation, as well as developing initiatives that encourage the public's engagement in ICTs, including e-government and e-health initiatives.