It is readily evident that the greater self-sufficiency that would follow any decline of migration and remittances would be difficult and painful. There may be inequalities, frustrations and unwelcome social change, but there is little doubt that migration has provided new and beneficial development opportunities and that socio-economic change would have proceeded in the same direction, but much more slowly, without it. Furthermore, in a world where public sector interventions are against the flow of contemporary history, the will to discourage or redirect migration is absent. And in both countries these have been grasped in this century, as in no previous era, to encourage particular migration streams (evident in the RSE scheme), to improve skills (both for national development and for increased revenue generation after migration) and to ensure that remittances are greater and are used more effectively.