For marine ecological impacts from emissions to water, robust impact assessment methods are in the early stage of development. In general, unresolved issues may be exemplified by contradictory results for toxic effects of long-term metal releases, as discussed in Pettersen and Hertwich (2008), and effects of particle emissions in (Veltman et al., This is unfortunate for LCA research on offshore wind power, as there are operations associated with offshore wind power taking place in ocean waters that must be modelled.