However, there were significant negative side effects, the same side effects associated with price support policies in OECD countries. The overall assessment of Chapter 4 of national stockholding policies concludes that countries are better off without these policies. Fundamentally, the lesson is that trade policy is the most effective and least costly approach to controlling domestic price developments for individual countries.29 Stockholding policies can play a supportive role, for example to influence prices in locations that are so remote (in economic terms) from international markets that the effects of border policies are not transmitted to them, or as an element of a social safety net regime aimed at food security.