Fortunately, the use of NTMs subsided in subsequent years, assuaging fears of a protectionist backlash. Indeed, the prevalence of TBT/ SPS measures on exports of key interest to LDCs is a key reason why many of these countries have not been able to effectively utilise preferences, diversify their exports or move up in the value chain. From the perspective of structural transformation, therefore, addressing burdensome NTMs is critical to enabling LDCs’ integration into the global economy.