Secondly, immigration to South Africa and its impact have resulted from the combined effects of the proactive “white” immigration policy of successive nationalist governments with competition between its Afrikaner and British components. Finally the apartheid legislation itself, specifically on residential segregation, influx control and preferential job criteria, has impacted immigration and South Africa’s reaction as well. These different constraints, imperatives and political choices contributed to mainly coercive migration management practices and stereotyped images of foreigners that have shaped approaches to reforming migration policy well into the 21st century.