Greater efforts are therefore needed to systematically integrate impact evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis in the design and implementation of biodiversity policy monitoring. More generally, Gertler et al. ( Lc Velly and Dutilly (2016) propose guidelines and discuss methodological choices in designing impact evaluation for PES programmes and Ahmadia (2015) discusses how impact evaluation monitoring can be integrated into the design of Marine Protected Areas (see Box 4.1). In another paper, Peterson et al. ( Considerable monitoring efforts took place from 2009 to 2014 inside both no-take and use zones of the six Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and in 2012, in areas outside of MPAs, to document baseline ecological conditions (fish and benthic attributes) of coral reefs.